Sng kin kinh nghim

TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

T HNH CHNH

TI:

Ngi thc hin: NGUYN V THANH

Nm hc 2008-2009
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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MC LC
------I. PHN M U
1. L do chn ti
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
3. Nhim v nghin cu
4. Phng php nghin cu
5. Mt s kt qu t c

II. NI DUNG NGHIN CU

Chng I. P DNG TNH CHT HM S LIN TC GII TON
I.1.Cc tnh cht
I.2. Cc bi ton
I.2.1. p dng tnh lin tc ca hm s chng minh phng trnh c nghim.
I.2.2. p dng tnh lin tc ca hm s gii cc bi ton v hm s v dy s
I.2.3.Da vo tnh lin tc ca hm s chng minh mt hm s l hm hng .
I.2.4. Phng trnh hm lin tc
Chng II. P DNG NH L LAGRANGE, NH L ROLLE GII TON.
II.1CC NH L
II.1.1. p dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle chng minh phng trnh c
nghim
II.2.2. p dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle chng minh ng thc ,bt ng thc
II.2.3. p dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle gii phng trnh,h phng

trnh
II.2.4. p dng nh l Lagrange gii bt phng trnh
II.2.5. p dng nh l Lagrange tm gii hn dy s

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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I. PHN M U
1. L do chn ti:
T khi tham d cc hi ngh Chuyn Bi dng hc sinh gii THPT do
trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin H ni t chc hng nm t 2002 n nay,c hc tp
cc chuyn do cc ging vin , cc chuyn gia Ton ca B trnh by v c s ng vin
ca thy Trng Thnh Ph chuyn vin mn Ton ca S Gio dc v o to Tin Giang
chng ti c mt tm huyt l s c gng thc hin hon chnh , c th ho cc chuyn ph
hp vi trnh hc sinh tnh nh ng gp vo thnh tch chung ca Tnh trong cc k thi
HSG cp khu vc v cp quc gia.
Trong nhng nm gn y b mn Ton ca tnh Tin Giang c nhng tin
b v t c mt s thnh tch ng k trong cc k thi HSG khu vc. Nhng gn y B
thay i mnh v quy ch thi HSG cp Quc gia l khng cn phn chia hai bng A,B
nh trc m ch c mt bng thng nht chung ton quc. thi kh hn v s lng gii t
hn gy kh khn cho c Gio vin v hc sinh mn Ton tnh nh.
Trong iu kin kh khn vic tm ti liu v vit cc chuyn ny l vic
cn thit trong tnh hnh hin nay.c s ng h ca cc thy c trong t Ton Tin trng
THPT Chuyn Tin Giang chng ti thc hin vit chuyn : p dng tnh lin tc ca
hm s, nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle gii ton.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu:
Nhm h thng v phn loi kin thc cc bi tp c s dng tnh lin tc v cc
nh l Lagrange , nh l Rolle ng thi a ra nhn xt cch gii .Gip cho hc sinh c h
thng kin thc v bit vn dng vo vic gii cc bi ton gii tch , i s ng thi nh
hng suy ngh t duy ton hc v kh nng vn dng sng to trong cc bi ton mi.
3. Nhim v nghin cu:
Trnh by li gii v hng dn gii cc bi ton c s dng tnh lin tc ca
hm s chng minh phng trnh c nghim, gii cc bi ton v hm s v dy s ,
trnh by mt phng php chng minh mt hm s l hm s hng v mt lp cc phng
trnh hm lin tc.
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Tip theo nhng p dng tnh lin tc ca hm s l cc bi tp p dng nh l

Lagrange, nh l Rolle chng minh phng trnh c nghim, chng minh ng thc,bt
ng thc, gii phng trnh,h phng trnh,bt phng trnh v p dng tm gii hn
dy s.
Rn luyn t duy ton thng qua cc bi tp v hm s v gii hn dy s ng
thi trao i v hc tp kinh nghim vi cc thy c b mn Ton ca tnh Tin Giang.
4. Phng php nghin cu
-Da vo cc chuyn hc H Ni v cc ti liu trong tt c cc t bi
dng trnh by h thng cc p dng ca hm s lin tc , nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle
v cc nhn xt.
-Hng dn hc sinh i tuyn tm ti liu c lin quan,phn loi bi tp,nhn
xt cch gii, to tnh hung c vn HS cng trao i nghin cu.
-H thng v sp xp cc dng bi tp t d n kh v c cc li gii c th.
-Phng php phn tch:gip hc sinh nm r bn cht vn , la chn phng
php gii ph hp ng thi m rng v tng t ho bi ton.
5. Mt s kt qu t c
Gip cho hc sinh i tuyn c thm phng php v ti liu cn thit gii
cc bi ton v hm s v dy s.
Qua chuyn ny gip hc sinh khc su thm kin thc v hm s lin tc v
gii hn dy s.
Gip cho hc sinh c thm phng php vit cc chuyn nng cao khc.

II. NI DUNG NGHIN CU

1.Cc tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on c p dng nhiu v rt phong ph
a dng trong cc bi ton v hm s v dy s cng nh cc nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle
cng c s dng trong cc thi HS gii cp Quc Gia gn y.Vi mong mun c mt
chuyn tng i hon chnh v cc cc dng bi tp ny nn chng ti vit chuyn :
p dng tnh lin tc ca hm s, nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle gii ton phc v
ging dy cho hc sinh i tuyn tnh nh.
2. ti c chia lm 2 chng:
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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-Chng I: Trnh by p dng tnh cht ca hm s lin tc, trong chng ny

ch yu p dng tnh cht hm s lin tc trn mt on ng thi s dng nhiu n s tn
ti gii hn hu hn ca dy s v mi lin h gia gii hn dy v gii hn hm.
- Chng II: Trnh by p dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle chng minh
phng trnh c nghim, chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc, gii phng trnh,h
phng trnh,bt phng trnh v p dng tm gii hn dy s.
D c gng nhiu nhng ti khng trnh khi sai st , rt mong nhn c s ng
gp t cc ng nghip mn Ton ca tnh nh.
Sau y v trnh by phn ni dung ca ti.

Chng I.
P DNG TNH CHT HM S LIN TC GII TON
I.1.CC TNH CHT:
1.Nu hm s f lin tc ti x0 th mi dy (xn) c limxn = x0 th
limf(xn) = f(x0) = f(limxn).
2.Nu hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn on [a;b] th n t c gi tr ln nht v gi tr
nh nht trn on ,ng thi nhn mi gi tr trung gian gia gi tr nh nht v gi tr
ln nht,ngha l :
a/Tn ti x1 [ a ; b ] sao cho f(x1) f(x) vi x [ a ; b ] ,
f ( x)
k hiu m=f(x1)= [min
a ;b ]

b/ Tn ti

x 2 [ a ; b ] sao

cho f(x) f(x2) vi x [ a ; b ] ,

f ( x)
k hiu M = f(x2) = max
[ a ;b ]
c/Vi mi c [ m; M ], x0 [ a ; b ] sao cho f(x0) = c
3. Nu hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v f(a).f(b) < 0 th tn ti
x0 ( a ; b ) sao cho f(x0) = 0,ngha l phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim.Nu c thm gi thit
hm s f n iu trn khong (a;b) th nghim x0 l duy nht.
I.2.CC BI TON:
I.2.1. p dng tnh lin tc ca hm s chng minh phng trnh c nghim:
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Bin i phng trnh v dng f(x) = 0 sau chng minh f lin tc trn [a;b] v f(a).f(b) 0
a2
b2
+
Bi 1: Cho a,b,c khc 0 v p,q ty .CMR phng trnh x p x q = c lun c

nghim.
Gii :* Vi p = q ta c

x p
a 2 + b2

= c a2 + b2
x p
+p
x =
c

phng trnh c nghim.

* Vi p q iu kin xc nh x p v x q .Vi iu kin phng trnh tng ng

vi a2(x-q)+b2(x-p)=c(x-p)(x-q)

c(x-p)(x-q)- a2(x-q)-b2(x-p) = 0

t v tri ca phng trnh l f(x) . Ta c f lin tc trn R v

f(p)f(q) = -a2b2(p-q)2 0.Do tn ti s x0 gia p v q sao cho f(x0) = 0,tc phng trnh
c nghim.
Bi 2: Cho hm f :[a; b] [a; b] lin tc .CMR phng trnh f(x) = x c nghim trong
[a;b]

HD:t g(x) = f(x) x lin tc trn [a;b] v g(a).g(b) 0

Bi 3:CMR phng trnh

HD: iu kin x k

1
1

= m lun c nghim.
cos x sin x

.PT tng ng vi sinx cosx msinxcosx = 0

t f(x) = sinx cosx msinxcosx lin tc trn [0; ] v f (0). f ( ) < 0

2
2
Bi 4:CMR vi mi a,b,c PT sau lun c nghim:

ab(x-a)(x-b)+ bc(x-b)(x-c)+ ac(x-a)(x-c) = 0

HD: t f(x)= ab(x-a)(x-b)+ bc(x-b)(x-c)+ ac(x-a)(x-c) lin tc trn R v
f (a ). f (b). f (c). f (0) 0 f (a ). f (b) 0 hoc f (c). f (0) 0
I.2.2. p dng tnh lin tc ca hm s gii cc bi ton v hm s v dy s:

-p dng nh l gi tr trung gian gia gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca hm lin

tc .
-Dy s n iu v b chn th tn ti gii hn hu hn.
Bi 5: Cho f l hm s lin tc trn R tha mn cc iu kin f(f(x))f(x) =1 vi mi x

v f(2a)=2a-1( vi a>1).Hy tnh f(a)

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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1

Gii: Ta c f(f(2a)).f(2a) =1 v f(2a) = 2a-1 nn [f(2a-1)].(2a-1) =1 suy ra f(2a-1)= 2 a 1

1

V f lin tc trn R v 2 a 1 < a < 2 a 1 nn tn ti x0 (2a-1;2a) sao cho f(x0) = a

1

V f(f(x)).f(x)=1 vi mi x nn f(f(x0)).f(x0)=1 suy ra f ( a ) = a

Bi 6: Cho hai hm s lin tc f,g:[0;1] [0;1] tha mn iu kin

f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) , x [0; 1] .Bit rng f l hm s tng.CMR tn ti a [0; 1] sao cho f(a) =
g(a) = a
Gii: t h(x) = g(x)-x vi x [0; 1] , h l hm s lin tc trn [0;1]
v h(0).h(1) = [g(0)-0] [g(1)-1] 0 nn tn ti x0 [0; 1] sao cho h(x0) = 0 hay g(x0) = x0
Nu f(x0) = x0 th ta c pcm
Nu f(x0)

x0 ta xt dy (xn) c xc nh bi x1 = f(x0),xn+1 = f (xn) vi mi n 1.R

rng x n [0; 1] . Do f l hm s tng nn dy (xn) l dy tng nu x0 < x1 v l dy gim nu x0

> x1 Suy ra tn ti limxn =a [0; 1] .Bng quy np ta chng minh c g(xn) = xn vi mi
n 1.Tht vy vi n =1 ta c x1 = f(x0)

g(x1)

= g(f(x0)) = f(g(x0)) =

f(x0) = x1. Gi s g(xk) = xk .Khi xk+1 = f(xk) = f(g(xk)) = g(f(xk)) = g(xk+1) .

Vy g(xn) = xn vi mi n 1.Do f v g lin tc nn ta c :
f(a) = f(limxn) = limf(xn) = limxn+1 = a v g(a) = g(limxn) = limg(xn) = limxn = a.
Vy f(a) = g(a) = a.
Bi 7: Cho f l hm s lin tc trn on [0;1] tha iu kin f(0) = f(1) .CMR vi bt

1
k s t nhin n no cng tn ti s c thuc on [0;1] sao cho f (c) = f (c + )
n
1
n 1
Gii : Xt hm s g ( x) = f ( x + ) f ( x) , x 0;
khi g lin tc trn
n
n

n 1
0; n v

1
2
n 1
1
2
1
n 1
)
g (0) + g ( ) + g ( ) + ...g (
) = f ( ) f (0) + f ( ) f ( ) + ... + f (1) f (
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
= f (1) f (0) = 0
i
j
T suy ra tn ti i,j sao cho g ( ) 0 ; g ( ) 0 V g lin tc trn
n
n

n 1
0; n nn

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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1
i j
c , : g (c) = 0 .Vy tn ti c [0;1]: f (c) = f (c + )
n
n n
Bi 8: K hiu xn l nghim ca phng trnh
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
=0
x x 1
xn

thuc khong (0, 1)

a) Chng minh dy (xn) hi t;
b) Hy tm gii hn .
Gii
1
x

a/ xn c xc nh duy nht v hm s f n ( x) = +

1
1
lin tc , gim trn
+ ... +
x 1
xn

(0, 1) v lim+ fn ( x ) = + ; lim fn ( x ) =

x 0

x 1

R rng xn c xc nh duy nht vi 0 < xn < 1. Ta c

f n+1 ( x) =

1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
+
= f n ( x) +
suy ra:
x x 1
x n x n 1
x n 1

fn+1(xn) = fn(xn) + 1/(xn-n-1) = 1/(xn-n-1) < 0, trong khi lim+ fn +1 ( x ) = + . Theo tnh cht
x 0

ca hm lin tc, trn khong (0, xn) c t nht 1 nghim ca fn+1(x). Nghim chnh l xn+1.
Vy ta chng minh c xn+1 < xn. Tc l dy s (xn) gim. Do dy ny b chn di bi 0
nn dy s c gii hn.
b/Ta s chng minh gii hn ni trn bng 0. chng minh iu ny, ta cn n kt
qu quen thuc sau:
1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + + 1/n > ln(n)
(Tht vy ta c ln(1+1/n) < 1/n suy ra 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + + 1/n > ln2+ln3-ln2++ln(n+1)lnn=ln(n+1) > lnn)
Tht vy, gi s lim xn = a > 0. Khi , do dy s gim nn ta c xn a vi mi n.
Do 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + + 1/n + khi n + nn tn ti N sao cho vi mi n N ta c 1 +
1/2 + 1/3 + + 1/n > 1/a.
Khi vi n N ta c

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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0=

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
+
+ ... +
<
+
+
+ ... +
< =0
xn xn 1
xn n xn 1 2
n a a

Mu thun. Vy ta phi c lim xn = 0.

NX : * C th lp bng bin thin thy hm s fn gim t + xung - trn (0 ;1)
* p dng : lim un = + (M > 0, N : n > N un > M )
n +

* Dy (un) gim v b chn di th tn ti gii hn hu hn lim un

n +

Bi 9 : Cho n l mt s nguyn dng ln hn 1. Chng minh rng phng trnh xn =

x + 1 c mt nghim dng duy nht, k hiu l xn. Chng minh rng xn dn v 1 khi n dn
n( x n 1) .
n v cng v tm lim
n

Gii : t fn(x) = xn x 1 ta c fn(1) = -1< 0 ,fn(3) > 0 khi n>1v f tng trn (1 ; + )
nn xn > 1 .Khi fn+1(1) = - 1 < 0 v fn+1(xn) = xnn+1 xn 1 > xnn xn 1= fn(xn) = 0. T
ta suy ra 1 < xn+1 < xn . Suy ra dy (xn) c gii hn hu hn a. Ta chng minh
a = 1. Tht vy, gi s a > 1. Khi xn a vi mi n v ta tm c n ln sao cho: xnn an
> 3 v xn + 1 < 3, mu thun v fn(xn) = 0.
t xn = 1 + yn vi lim yn = 0. Thay vo phng trnh fn(xn) = 0, ta c
(1+yn)n = 2 + yn. Ly logarith hai v, ta c
nln(1+yn) = ln(2+yn)
T suy ra
lim nln(1+yn) = ln2

lim nyn
n+

ln(1 + yn )
= ln 2
yn

ln(1 + yn )
= 1 nn t y ta suy ra lim nyn = ln2, tc l
n +
yn

Nhng lim

lim n( x n 1) = ln 2.
n

NX: * (un) gim v lim xn = a th xn a

* Vi a >1 th lim a n = + nn vi n ln th an > 3
ln(1 + x)
=1
x 0
x

* lim

I.2.3.Da vo tnh lin tc ca hm s chng minh mt hm s l hm hng

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Ta thng p dng tnh cht sau: Nu hm s f lin tc ti x0 th mi dy (xn) c limxn =

x0 th limf(xn) = f(x0) = f(limxn).

x
Bi 10:Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f ( x) = f ( ) , x R
2
Gii:Gi s c hm s f tha iu kin bi ton , bng quy np ta chng minh
c : f ( x) = f (

x
x
x
) , n N .Cho n + th n 0 . V f lin tc nn f ( n ) f (0)
n
2
2
2

Vy f ( x) = lim f (

x
) = f (0) = c .Th li f(x) = c tha yu cu.Vy f l hm s hng.
2n

Bi 11: Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f(x2).f(x) =1 vi x R

Gii : T bi ta c f ( x) 0 , x R v f(0) = 1 , f(1) = 1

Ta li c f(x2).f(x) = f(x2).f(-x) x R nn f(x) = f(-x) x R ,do ta ch cn xt vi x 0

Vi 0 x < 1: f ( x) =

n
1
= f ( x 4 ) = f ( x16 ) = ... = f ( x 4 )
2
f (x )

Khi n + th x 4 0 v do f lin tc nn f(x) = limf( x 4 ) = f(0) = 1

Vi x 1 : f ( x) =

1
1
2

1
4

1
16

= f ( x ) = f ( x ) = ... = f ( x )
4n

f (x )
1

Khi n + th x 4 0 v do f lin tc nn f(x) = limf( x 4 ) = f(1) = 1

n

V f lin tc nn c hai hm hng tha yu cu bi ton l f(x) = 1 v f(x) = -1 vi mi x

NX : x < 1 th lim x n = 0
1
Bi 12: Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f ( x) = f ( x 2 + ) vi x R
4

Gii: Gi s f l hm tha mn iu kin bi ton th f l hm s chn Ta xt hai trng hp

*Vi 0 x0
0 xn

1
1
2
Xt dy x0,x1,,xn, xc nh bi xn+1 = xn + .Bng quy np ta c
4
2

1
1 2
1
2
, n N .Mt khc xn+1 xn = xn xn + = ( xn ) 0 suy ra (xn) l dy n
4
2
2

iu tng nn n hi t .Gi limxn = a th a2 -a+

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

1
1
= 0 suy ra a = .
4
2
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1
1
2
V f l hm lin tc nn lim f(xn) = f( ) , mt khc f ( xn+1 ) = f ( xn + ) = f ( xn ) , n N .
4
2
1
1
Vy f(x0) = f(x1) == f(xn) = nn f(x0) = f( ) vi mi x0 [0; ]
2
2
*Vi x0 >

1
1
Xt dy x0,x1,,xn, xc nh bi xn+1 = xn Nh trn (xn) l dy hi t
4
2

v limxn =

1
1
v f lin tc nn lim f(xn) = f( ) , mt
2
2

1
khc f ( xn+1 ) = f ( xn2+1 + ) = f ( xn ) , n N .
4

1
1
Vy f(x0) = f(x1) == f(xn) = nn f(x0) = f( ) vi mi x0 > .
2
2
Th li f(x) = C tha bi .Vy f l hm hng vi mi x
Bi 13: Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f ( x 2 ) + f ( x) = x 2 + x vi x R

Gii t g(x) = f(x)-x , g lin tc trn R v g(x2)+g(x) = 0 vi x R do g l hm chn v

2

1
4

g(0) = g(1) = 0 .Vi x > 0 ta c g(x)= -g(x ) = g(x ) suy ra g(x) = g ( x )

1
4
n

Vi x0 > 0 ta xt dy x0, x1,, xn, vi xn+1 = x , n N .

1
4
n

1
16
n 1

Ta c xn+1 = x = x

= ... = x

4
0

n +1

1
4
n

1 v g ( xn+1 ) = g ( x ) = g ( xn ) = g ( xn1 ) = ... = g ( x0 )

V g lin tc nn g(x0) = limg(xn) = g(limxn) = g(1) = 0.Vy g(x) = 0 vi x R do f(x) =

x vi x R .Hin hin hm s ny tha yu cu bi ton
Bi 14: Tm hm f lin tc trn [0;1] v tha mn f(xf(x)) = f(x) , x [0;1]

Gii:Gi s a (0;1] v b = f(a).Khi f xc nh ti a v do xc nh ti ab,ab2,,abn

Bng quy np ta c f(abn) = b, n N .Tht vy vi n=1 ta c f(ab) = f(af(a))=f(a) = b v
f(abn+1) = f(abnf(abn)) = f(abn) = b.Ta c b [0;1] v nu b<0 th ab<0 v nu b>1 th vi n
ln ta c abn>1 ,khi f s khng xc nh ti ab v abn .Do f lin tc nn vi 0 < b <1 th
f(a) = limf(abn) = f(limabn) = f(0).Vy f(a) ch nhn mt trong 3 gi tr 0 ; f(0) ; 1 m f lin
tc nn f(x) = c x [0;1] .Th li ng .
I.2.4.Phng trnh hm lin tc
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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-p dng phng trnh hm Csi:Nu hm s lin tc trn R tha iu kin

f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) vi mi x,y R th f(x) = ax vi a R.
- Nu hm s lin tc trn R tha iu kin f(x+y) = f(x).f(y) vi mi x,y R th f(x) =
0 hoc f(x) = ax (vi a > 0 )
Bi 15: Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f(x+y) = f(x)+f(y)+f(x).f(y) vi mi

x,y R
Gii: t g(x) = f(x)+1 th g lin tc trn R v
g(x+y)-1 = g(x)-1+g(y)-1+[g(x)-1][g(y)-1] suy ra g(x+y) = g(x).g(y) vi mi x,y R .Vy
g(x) = 0 hoc g(x) = ax .Th li ta c f(x) = ax-1 vi mi x R
Bi 16: Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f(x+y) = f(x)+f(y)+2x.y vi mi x,y R

v f(1) = -1
Gii:Thay y = 0 ta c f(0) = 0.theo bi ta c
f(x+y)-(x+y)2-2(x+y) = f(x)-x2-2x+f(y)-y2-2y
t g(x) = f(x)-x2-2x lin tc trn R v g(x+y) = g(x)+g(y) , g lin tc v cng tnh nn g(x) =
ax .Mt khc g(1) = f(1)-3 = -4 = a nn g(x) = -4x.Vy f(x) = x2-2x vi mi x R.
Bi 17 : Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f(2x-y)=2f(x)-f(y) vi mi x,y R

HD : t g(x) = f(x)-f(0) lin tc trn R ta c g(0) = 0 v g(2x-y) = 2g(x)-g(y)

Cho x = 0 ta c g(-y) = -g(y) ; cho y = 0 ta c g(2x) = 2g(x).T suy ra :
g(2x-y) = g(2x)+g(-y) suy ra g(x) = ax.Vy f(x) = ax+b.
Bi 18 : Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f(x)+f(y)- f(x+y) = x.y vi mi x,y R

( x + y)2 ( x 2 + y 2 )
v PT c vit :
HD : Ta c xy =
2
f ( x) +

x2
y2
( x + y)2
x2
+ f ( y) +
= f ( x + y) +
. t g ( x) = f ( x) +
ta c
2
2
2
2

x2
g(x+y) = g(x)+g(y) vi mi x,y R suy ra g(x) = ax v f ( x) = ax
2
Bi 19: Tm hm f lin tc trn R v tha mn f(x+y)+f(z) = f(x)+f(y+z) vi mi

x,y,z R.
HD: t f(0) = c .Thay z = 0 ta c f(x+y)+c = f(x)+f(y) f(x+y)-c = f(x)-c+f(y)-c
g(x+y) = g(x)+g(y) .Suy ra g(x) = ax v f(x) = ax+c
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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CHNG II. P DNG NH L LAGRANGE, NH L ROLLE

GII TON :
II.1.CC NH L :
1.nh l Lagrange : Cho hm s f lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b) khi tn

ti x0 (a;b) sao cho

f (b) f (a )
= f / ( x0 )
ba

ngha ca nh l Lagrange : Ly hai im A(a;f(a)) v B(b;f(b)) vi y=f(x) l hm s

lin tc trn [a;b] v c o hm trn (a;b) . Lc trn cung AB ca th c t nht mt
im C m tip tuyn ti ca th song song vi ng thng AB
2.nh l Rolle : Cho hm s f lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b) v f(a) = f(b)

khi tn ti x0 (a;b) sao cho f / (x0) = 0

ngha ca nh l Rolle: Ly hai im A(a;f(a)) v B(b;f(b)) vi y = f(x) l hm s
lin tc trn [a;b] v c o hm trn (a;b) . Lc trn cung AB ca th c t nht mt
im C m tip tuyn ti ca th cng phng vi trc honh.
H qu : Cho hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b).Nu phng trnh
f / (x) = 0 c k nghim phn bit trn (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = 0 c khng qu k+1 nghim
trn khong .
3.nh l Csi : Cho hm s f v g lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b) khi tn

ti c (a;b) sao cho: [f(b)-f(a)]g/(c) = [g(b)-g(a)]f /(c)

4.Tnh cht : Nu a thc P(x) vi h s thc c n nghim thc phn bit th a thc

P / (x) c t nht n-1 nghim thc.

II.2.CC BI TP P DNG:
II.2.1. p dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle chng minh phng trnh c
nghim:

Ta xc nh hm s y = F(x) lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b) v F(a) = F(b)

Bi 20 : Cho m > 0 , a,b,c tha

a
b
c
+
+ =0 .
m + 2 m +1 m

CMR phng trnh ax2+bx+c = 0 c nghim thuc khong (0;1)

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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HD: Hm s F(x)=

a
b
c
x m+ 2 +
x m+1 + x m lin tc trn [0;1] c o hm trn (0;1) v
m+2
m +1
m

F(0) = F(1) = 0 nn tn ti x0 (0;1) sao cho:

F / (x0)= x0m1 (ax02 + bx0 + c) = 0 ax02 + bx0 + c = 0
Bi 21:Cho a0 +

a
a1 a2
+
+ ... + n = 0 .CMR phng trnh :
n +1
2
3

anxn + an-1xn-1 ++ a1x +a0 = 0 ( an 0 ) c nghim thuc khong (0;1)

ak k +1
x lin tc trn [0;1] c o hm trn (0;1) v
k
+
1
k =0
n

HD :Xt hm s F(x)=

F(0) = F(1) = 0 sau p dng nh l Rolle

Bi 22: Cho cc s thc a,b,c v s nguyn dng n tha c =

6(a + b)
.CMR phng
5(n + 2)

trnh asinnx+bcosnx +csinx+c=0 c nghim thuc (0; )

2
HD: Xt hm s f(x) =

2a
2b
2c
sin n+2 x
cos n+ 2 x + sin 3 x c cos 2 x c
n+2
n+2
3

2a + 2b 5c
f / ( x) = sin2x(asinnx+bcosnx +csinx+c) v f ( ) f (0) =
+
= 0 sau p dng
n+2
2
3
nh l Rolle
Bi 23: Cho n l s nguyn dng v cc s thc ak,bk ( k=1,2,,n) .

CMR phng trnh

n

x + (ak sin kx + bk cos kx) = 0 c nghim trong ( ; )

k =1

HD: Xt hm s f ( x) =

n
x2
1
1
+ ( ak cos kx + bk sin kx) lin tc trn [ ; ] c o hm
2 k =1 k
k

trn ( ; ) v f ( ) = f ( )
cn
cn .2n
c1 c2
c2 .23
= 2c0 + 2c1 +
+ ... +
= 0.
Bi 24: Cho c0 + + + ... + +
2 3
n +1
3
n +1

CMR phng trnh c1+2c2x++ncnxn-1 = 0 c nghim thuc khong (0;2)

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

1
1
1
HD:Xt hm s F ( x) = c0 x + c1 x 2 + c2 x3 + ... +
cn x n+1 c F(0) = F(1) = F(2) = 0 nn F/
n +1
2
3
c t nht 2 nghim x1, x2 tha 0<x1<1<x2<2.T F/(x1) = F/(x2) = 0 suy ra phng trnh
F//(x)=0 c nghim thuc khong (0;2)
Bi 25: Cho a thc P(x) vi h s thc c n nghim thc phn bit .CMR a thc P /

(x) c t nht n-1 nghim thc.

HD:Gi s P(x) c n nghim thc phn bit x1 < x2 < < xn .Khi P(xi) = 0 vi i=1,2,,n
.p dng nh l Rolle trn n-1 on [xi;xi+1] vi i =1,2,,n-1 ta c kt qu .
Bi 26: Cho a 0 , ax2+bx+c = 0 c 2 nghim thc v a thc P(x) h s thc c 3

nghim thc.CMR a thc Q(x) = aP(x)+bP/(x)+cP//(x) cng c t nht 3 nghim thc

HD: Gi , l nghim ca phng trnh ax2+bx+c = 0 .

t f ( x) = e P( x) f ( x) =

P( x) P / ( x) . f c 3 nghim thc (do P c 3

nghim) th f / c 2 nghim thc nn Q( x) = P( x) P / ( x) c t nht 2 nghim thc .Ta

chng minh Q(x) c t nht 3 nghim thc
i/Nu P(x) c bc l th Q(x) c bc l , Q c 2 nghim thc a,b th
Q(x)=(x-a)(x-b)Q1(x) , Q1(x) c bc l nn c t nht 1 nghim thc , vy Q c t nht 3
nghim thc.
ii/Nu P(x) c bc chn , P c 3 nghim thc c,d,e th P(x) = (x-c)(x-d)(x-e)P1(x) ,
P1(x) c bc l nn c t nht 1 nghim thc , vy P(x) c t nht 4 nghim thc suy ra P/(x) c
3 nghim nn Q(x) c t nht 3 nghim thc.Khi T(x) = Q( x) Q / ( x) cng c t nht 3
1
nghim thc , m T ( x) = (aP ( x) + bP / ( x) + cP // ( x))
a
NX: a thc bc l c t nht 1 nghim thc

Tng qut : a thc f(x) = tm+a1tm-1++am c cc nghim u thc th

Q(x) = P(x)+a1P/(x)+ a2P//(x)+ amP(m)(x) c s nghim thc khng t hn s nghim thc
ca P(x)
II.2.2. p dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle chng minh ng thc ,bt ng
thc :
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

Bi 27(nh l Csi): Cho hm s f v g lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b) khi

tn ti c (a;b) sao cho: [f(b)-f(a)]g/(c) = [g(b)-g(a)]f/(c)

HD:Xt h( x) = f ( x)

f (b) f (a )
[ g ( x) g (a )]
g (b) g (a )

( g (b) g (a ) )

Ta c h(a) = h(b) = f(a) suy ra tn ti c (a;b): h/(c) =0 suy ra pcm

Nu g(a) = g(b) th tn ti c (a;b): g/(c) = 0
Ch : Nu g(x) = x th ta c nh l Lagrange
Bi 28: Cho hm s f v g lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b) khi tn ti

c (a;b) sao cho:

1
( af (b) bf (a) ) = f (c) cf / (c)
ab

HD: p dng nh l Csi cho cc hm s h( x) =

f ( x)
1
, g ( x) =
x
x

Bi 29:Cho hm s f :[0;1] [0;1] lin tc v c o hm trn (0;1) ,f(0)=0 , f(1)=1

.CMR a, b (0;1) a b sao cho f / (a ) f / (b) = 1

HD: Xt hm s g(x) = f(x)+x-1 lin tc trn [0;1] c o hm trn (0;1) v

g(0) = -1,g(1) = 1.
V g lin tc trn [0;1] v g(0).g(1) < 0 nn c (0;1); g (c) = 0 .p dng nh l Lagrange trn
[0;c] v trn [c;1] ta c a b v g / (a ) =

g (c) g (0) 1
g (1) g (c)
1
; g / (b) =
=
=

c
c
1 c
1 c

f / (a ). f / (b) = ( g / (a ) 1).( g / (b) 1) = 1 .

Bi 30: Cho f :[a; b] R + lin tc trn [a;b] v c o hm trn (a;b) .

CMR tn ti c (a;b):
f / (c)

(ba )
f (a)
f (c )
=e
f (b)

HD:p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s g(x) = lnf(x) trn [a;b]

Bi 31: Cho f , g :[a; b] R

g ( x) + g / ( x) 0 , x (a; b) v

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

lin tc trn [a;b] v c o hm trn (a;b) v

f (a ) f (b)
.CMR tn ti c (a;b) sao cho:
=
g (a ) g (b)

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Sng kin kinh nghim

f (c ) f / (c )
=
.
g (c ) g / (c )
HD:p dng nh l C si cho hai hm s h( x) = ln f ( x) , k ( x) = ln g ( x)
Bi 32: Cho f :[a; b] R

lin tc trn [a;b]

v c o hm trn (a;b) .v

f ( x) 0 , x (a; b) . CMR tn ti c (a;b) sao cho:

f / (c )
1
1
=
+
f (c ) a c b c
HD:p dng nh l Rolle cho hm s g(x)=(a-x)(b-x)f(x) trn [a;b]
Sau y l mt s p dng tnh cht : Nu a thc bc n P(x) c n nghim phn bit (c th
trng nhau) th P/(x) c n-1 nghim.
Bi 33: Cho P(x) l a thc bc n c n nghim thc phn bit x1,x2,,xn.
P // ( xk )
=0
CMR: /
k =1 P ( xk )
n

HD: Ta c P(x)= a ( x xi ) (a 0) v P / ( x) = P( x)(

i =1

1
1
1
) (1)
+
+ ... +
x x1 x x2
x xn

P (x) c n nghim phn bit nn P/ (x) c n-1 nghim phn bit y1,y2,,yn-1 vi
x1<y1<x2<y2<<xn-1<yn-1<xn .Ta c P // ( x) = P / ( x)(

1
1
1
)
+
+ ... +
x y1 x y2
x yn1

Thay x = yk vo (1) ta c 0 = P / ( yk ) = P( yk )(

P( yk ) 0 suy ra

1
1
1
)
+
+ ... +
yk x1 yk x2
yk xn

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
= 0 k {1,2,..., n 1}
yk x1 yk x2
yk xn

P // ( xk ) n
1
1
1
)= 0
= (
+
+ ... +
Ta c /
xk y2
xk yn1
k =1 P ( xk )
i =1 xk y1
n

Bi 34: Cho a,b,c,d > 0.

CMR: 3

abc + abd + acd + bcd

ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd

4
6

Du bng xy ra khi no ?
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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vi

Sng kin kinh nghim

HD:Gi s a b c d v F(x)=(x-a).(x-b).(x-c).(x-d) Ta c F(a)=F(b)=F(c)=F(d)=0 nn

F/(x) c 3 nghim y1,y2,y3 trn cc on [a;b],[b;c],[c;d] v a y1 b y2 c y3 d
Ta c F(x) = x4-T1x3+T2x2-T3x+T4 vi T1 = a+b+c+d , T2 = ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd ,
T3 = abc+abd+acd+bcd , T4=abcd
F/(x)= 4x3-3T1x2+2T2x-T3 c 3 nghim dng y1,y2,y3 . Theo nh l Vit ta :
y1 y2 + y2 y3 + y3 y1 =

T
T2
; y1 y2 y3 = 3 .p dng BT Csi ta c :
2
4
2

T
T
T
1
2
T
( y1 y2 + y2 y3 + y3 y1 ) 3 ( y1 y2 y3 ) 2 3 3 3 3 2
3
6
4
6
4

Bi

35:

Cho

a , b, c , d 0

tha

2(ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd)+abc+abd+acd+bcd=16

2
.CMR: a + b + c + d (ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd ) (Thi QG nm 1996)
3
HD:t F(x) , Ti (i=1,2,3,4) nh bi 34 ta c F/(x) c 3 nghim khng m x1,x2,x3 .Theo nh

l Viet ta c : x1 + x2 + x3 =

T
3T1
T
, x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1 = 2 , x1 x2 x3 = 3
4
2
4

T gi thit ta c 2T2+T3 =16 suy ra x1 x2+ x2 x3+ x3 x1+ x1 x2 x3 = 4 (1)

2
Ta li c T1 T2 x1 + x2 + x3 x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1 (*)
3
D0 (1) nn trong 3 s x1 ,x2 ,x3 c nhiu nht mt s bng 0 ,gi s x1,x2 >0 t (1) suy ra
x3 =

4 x1 x2
x1 + x2 + x1 x2

T (*) ta c
(*) x1 + x2 +

4 x1 x2
4 x1 x2
4 x1 x2

x1 + x2 + x1 x2
x1 + x2 + x1 x2

( x1 + x2 2) 2 x1 x2 (1 x1 )(1 x2 ) (**)
Nu (1-x1) (1-x2) 0 th (**) ng
1
Nu (1-x1) (1-x2) > 0 th t 0 < (1-x1) (1-x2) (2 x y ) 2 v 0 < xy 4 suy ra (**) ng.
4

Sau y ta s chng minh bi tng qut ca bi 34

Bi 36: Cho xi > 0 v Tk =
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

1i1 <i2 <...<ik n

xi1 xi2 ...xik .

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Sng kin kinh nghim

CMR:

T3
Tn
T1
T2
3
n
...

Cn1
Cn2
Cn3
Cnn

HD: Ta chng minh bng quy np

Vi n=2 BT ng
Gi s BT ng vi n-1 v 0<x1<x2<<xn
Xt P(x)=(x-x1) (x-x2) (x-xn) = xn-T1xn-1+T2xn-2++(-1)nTn c n nghim suy ra
P/(x)= nxn-1-(n-1)T1xn-2+(n-2)T2xn-3++(-1)n-1Tn-1
x1<y1<x2<y2<<xn-1<yn-1<xn Khi

c n-1 nghim y1,y2,,yn-1 vi

n 1 n 2
1
T1 ,
T2 ,..., Tn1 l cc hm c bn ca
n
n
n

y1,y2,,yn-1 (theo nh l Viet )

Nn theo gi thit quy np (cho y1,y2,,yn)

Tn1
n 1 T1
n 2 T2
n 3 T3
3
n 1
. 1

...

n Cn1
n Cn21
n Cn31
nCnn11

T
T1
T2
n

... n1 nn11 ( do
Cnk1 = Cnk )
1
2
Cn
Cn
Cn
nk

Cui cng

n 1

Tn1
T
T
n nn n1 n (Tn ) n1
n 1
Cn
Cn
n

Theo BT Csi

x x ...x
1
1
1 1
1
Tn1 = ( x1 x2 ...xn )( + + ... + ) 1 2 n = n Tnn1 (pcm)
n x x ... x
n
n
x1 x2
xn
1 2
n

Bi 37: Cho p l s nguyn t v a,b,c,d l cc s nguyn dng phn bit sao cho

a p + b p = c p + d p .CMR: a c + b d p
HD:Theo nh l Fermat ta c : a + b c d a p + b p c p d p (mod p ) a + b c d M p
i/ a + b c d 0 a + b c d p a c + b d a + b c d p
ap cp bp d p
ii/ a + b c d = 0 a c = d b
=
ac
bd

Ta c th gi s a < c < b < d

p dng nh l Lagrange ta c pt1p 1 = pt2p 1 t1 = t2 (v l v t1 (a; c), t2 (b; d ) )

II.2.3. p dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle gii phng trnh,h

phng trnh:
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

Bi 38: Gii phng trnh 2x+5x = 3x+4x

(1)

HD:x=0 l nghim phng trnh .Xt f(t)=tx lin tc trn [2;3] v [4;5] c o hm trn (2;3)
v (4;5).theo nh l Lagrange tn ti t1 (2;3) v t2 (4;5) sao cho
f(3)-f(2) = f / (t1) ; f(5)-f(4) = f / (t2)
suy ra 3x 2 x = xt1x 1 ;5 x 4 x = xt2x 1 .T (1) suy ra 3x 2 x = 5 x 4 x t1x 1 = t2x 1 x = 1 (v
t1 t2 ).Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim x=0;x=1
Bi 39:Gii phng trnh 3x+2 = 26x+29

HD: R rng PT c 2 nghim x = -1,x =2.Ta CM PT ch c 2 nghim

Xt hm s f(x) = 3x+2 - 26x-29 vi x R
Ta c f / (x)= 3x+2ln3-26 , f / (x)=0 3x + 2 =

26
26
x = log 3
2
ln 3
ln 3

Nh vy PT f /(x) = 0 ch c mt nghim nn PT f(x) = 0 khng c qu 2 nghim.Vy PT ch

c 2 nghim l x = -1, x = 2.
2
2
2
2
x + y = u + v
Bi 40:Cho u,v > 0 .Gii h phng trnh : 3
3
3
3
x + y = u + v

x 2 u 2 = y 2 v 2
HD: (u,v) , (v,u) l nghim ca h .H tng ng vi 3
3
3
3
x u = y v
Gi s x u v y ( u x y v xt tng t )
t X=x2 , Y=y2 , U=u2 , V=v2 ( X U V Y )
X U = Y V
H tng ng vi 3
3
3
3
2
2
2
X U = Y V 2
3
2

Gi f (t ) = t lin tc trn [U;X] v [Y,V], c o hm trn (U;X) v (Y,V) nn theo nh l

Lagrange tn ti t1 (U;X) v t2 (Y,V) sao cho
1

f ( X ) f (U )
f (Y ) f (V )
3
3
= f / (t1 ) ;
= f / (t2 ) t12 = t22 t1 = t2 (v l )
X U
Y V
2
2

II.2.4. p dng nh l Lagrange gii bt phng trnh :

Bi 41 :Gii bt phng trnh 3x

+ ( x 2 4)3x 2 1

HD: t f(x) = 3x ta c f / (x) = 3xln3.BPT tng ng vi

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

f ( x 2 4) f (0) + ( x 2 4)3x 2 0
f / (c)( x 2 4) + ( x 2 4)3x 2 0 (vi c nm gia 0 v x2-4 )
( x 2 4)(3c ln 3 + 3x2 ) 0
x 2
x2 4 0
x 2
II.2.5. p dng nh l Lagrange tm gii hn dy s:
Bi 42: Cho s thc a > 2 v fn(x) = a10xn+10 + xn + +x + 1.

a) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, phng trnh fn(x) = a lun c ng mt

nghim dng duy nht.
b) Gi nghim l xn, chng minh rng dy (xn) c gii hn hu hn khi n dn n v
cng. Tm lim xn (HSG QG 2007)
Gii: Kt qu ca cu a) l hin nhin v hm fn(x) tng trn (0, +) v 0 < xn < 1. Ta s
chng minh dy xn tng, tc l xn+1 > xn.
Ta c fn+1(xn) = a10xnn+11 + xnn+1 + xnn + + xn + 1 = xnfn(xn) + 1 = axn + 1
V ta c fn+1(1) = a10 + n + 1 > a nn ta ch cn chng minh axn + 1 < a l s suy ra
xn < xn+1 < 1(do axn + 1 = f n+1 ( xn ) < a < f n+1 (1) ). Ta cn chng minh xn < (a-1)/a. Tht vy, nu
xn (a-1)/a th
a 1
f n ( xn ) a

n +10

10

a 1
1

+
a 1
1
a

n +1
n

a 1
a 1
= (a 1)
+

a
(
a
1)

>a
a
a
10

(do a 1 > 1). Vy dy s tng (xn) tng v b chn bi 1 nn hi t.

Ta CM:lim xn = (a-1)/a. Tht vy, t c = (a-1)/a < 1
n

a 1
a 1
Ta c fn(c)= (a 1)
+ a (a 1)
suy ra
a
a
10

fn(c) fn(xn) = kcn (vi k = (a-1)((a-1)9 1) > 0)

Theo nh l Lagrange th
fn(c) fn(xn) = f /()(c xn) vi thuc (xn, c)
Nhng f /() = (n+10)a10n+9 + nn-1 + + 1 > 1 nn t y suy ra
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

kcn > c - xn
T ta c c kcn < xn < c .Vy lim xn = c.
Bi 43 : Cho n l mt s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng phng trnh
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... + 2
= c mt nghim duy nht xn > 1. Chng minh rng khi n dn n
x 1 4x 1
n x 1 2

v cng, xn dn n 4. (HSG QG 2002)

Gii:
t f n ( x) =

1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... + 2
Ta c lim+ fn ( x ) = + , lim fn ( x ) = 2 v fn gim
x +
x 1 4x 1
x 1
n x 1 2

trn (1; +) nn gi xn l nghim ln hn 1 duy nht ca phng trnh fn(x) = 0.

Ta c
f n (4) =
=

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... + 2
=
+
+ ... +

4 1 16 1
(2n 1)(2n + 1) 2
4n 1 2 1.3 3.5

1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
1
=
+ + ... +
2 1 3 3 5
2n 1 2n 2
4n

p dng nh l Lagrange, ta c
1
= |fn(xn) f(4)| = |f /(c)||xn-4|
4n
vi c thuc (xn, 4) (ch rng fn(4) < 0 )
Nhng do | f n ' (c) |=
nn |xn 4| <

1
4
1
+
+ ... > (V 1 < c < 4 )
2
2
9
(c 1)
(4c 1)

9
suy ra lim xn = 4.
4n

Bi 44: Cho hm s f lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm trn (a;b) tha f(a) = f(b) =0 v

f ( x) 0 , x (a; b) . k l s thc cho trc ,CMR tn ti dy (xn) vi xn (a; b) sao cho

f / ( xn )
lim n
=k
( e 1) f ( xn )
HD:Xt hm s Fn ( x ) = e

kx
n

f ( x) , x [a; b], n N .Fn lin tc trn [a;b] c o hm

trn (a;b) v Fn(a) = Fn(b) theo nh l Rolle tn ti xn (a; b) sao cho Fn/ ( xn ) = 0
Ta c
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

kx

kx

n
k n
Fn/ ( xn ) = e n f ( xn ) + e n f / ( xn ) = 0
n
f / ( xn ) k
f / ( xn )
k

= lim n
= lim
=k
1
f ( xn ) n
e f ( xn )
n(e n 1)

Bi 45:Cho hm s f : R R c o hm .Gi s lim f ( x) = a v lim xf / ( x) tn ti

x +

x +

.Tm gii hn lim xf / ( x) .

x +

HD:Gi s n < N l hai s t nhin. p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s g(x)=xf(x) trn

[n;N] , khi tn ti cn (n; N ) sao cho g / (cn ) =

Nf ( N ) nf (n)
.
N n

Nf ( N ) nf (n)
1
= a nn vi n ln g / (cn ) a < .Ta li c lim cn = +
n +
N +
N n
n

V lim

g / ( x) = f ( x) + xf / ( x) c gii hn hu hn nn lim g / ( x) = lim g / (cn ) = a .

x +

n +

Vy lim xf / ( x) = lim g / ( x) lim f ( x) = a a = 0 .

x +

x +

x +

Bi 46:Tnh gii hn :

1 n+1
1

lim n (1 +
) (1 + )n
n +
n +1
n

1
HD:Xt hm s f ( x) = (1 + ) x trn (0; +) .Vi n N ,p dng nh l Lagrang cho hm s f
x
trn [n;n+1] th tn ti cn (n; n + 1) : f (n + 1) f (n) = f / (cn ) .Ta cn tnh
lim n f / (cn ) .M f / (cn ) = (1 +

n +

f / (cn ) < (1 +

1 cn
1
1
) (ln( + 1)
) .Do :
cn
n
n+2

0 lim n f / (cn ) lim n (1 +

n+

1 cn
1
1
) (ln( + 1)
) , v n < cn < n + 1 suy ra
cn
cn
cn + 1

n +

1 cn
1
1
1
) (ln( + 1)
) = 0 v lim (1 + )cn = e v
n +
cn
n
n+2
cn

n
1
(ln( + 1) n+ 2 1) = 0
n + n + 2
n
lim

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

1 n+1
1

) (1 + ) n =0.
Vy lim n (1 +
n +
n +1
n

Bi 47: Cho n l mt s nguyn dng ln hn 1. Chng minh rng phng trnh

x = x + x + 1 c mt nghim dng duy nht, k hiu l xn. Hy tm s thc a sao cho gii
n a ( x n x n +1 ) tn ti, hu hn v khc 0.
hn lim
n
n

Gii. t Pn(x) = xn x2 x 1. Pn(1)<0 , Pn(2)=2n-3>0 v Pn tng trn (1; +) nn Pn c

nghim duy nht xn (1;2)
Ta c Pn+1(x) = xn+1 x2 x 1 = xn+1 xn + Pn(x) = xn(x-1) + Pn(x).
T Pn+1(xn) = xnn(xn-1) + Pn(xn) = (xn2+xn+1)(xn-1) = xn3 1.
Ta c Pn+1(1)<0 v Pn+1(xn)>0 nn 1< xn+1 < xn.Suy ra (xn) hi t
p dng nh l Lagrange, ta c
(xn2+xn+1)(xn 1) = Pn+1(xn) Pn+1(xn+1) = (xn xn+1)Pn+1(c)
vi c thuc (xn+1, xn), Pn+1(x) = (n+1)xn 2x 1.
xn2+1 + xn+1 + 1
1
2
n +1
n
= xn+1 + 1 +
Ta c xn+1 xn+1 xn+1 1 = 0 xn+1 =
xn+1
xn+1
T
(n+1)(xn+1+1+1/xn+1) 2xn+1 1 = Pn+1(xn+1) < Pn+1(c)
< Pn+1(xn)= (n+1)(xn2+xn+1) 2xn 1. (Do P/n+1 tng )
Ta CM lim xn = 1
Gi s lim xn = a>1 v i n l n ta c xnn > a n > 7
f n ( xn ) = 0 xnn = xn2 + xn + 1 < 7 (v l).Vy lim xn = 1, ta suy ra
Pn'+1 (c)
lim
=3
n
n

Tip tc ta CM lim n(xn 1) = ln3.Ta c

ln( xn2 + xn + 1)
x = x + xn + 1 n ln xn = ln( x + xn + 1) n( xn 1) =
( xn 1)
ln xn
yn
ln( yn2 + 3 yn + 3) ln 3 .Vy lim n(xn 1) = ln3.
t yn = xn 1 0 ; nyn =
ln( yn + 1)
T suy ra
lim nPn'+1 ( c )( x n x n +1 ) = lim n ( x n2 + xn + 1)( x n 1) = 3 ln 3
2
n

n
n

2
n

lim n a ( x n x n +1 ) = lim n a 2 .nPn'+1 ( c )( x n xn +1 ).

n

= lim n a 2 . lim nPn'+1 ( c )( x n x n +1 ). lim

n

n
=
P (c )
'
n +1

n
Pn'+1 ( c )

Vi a=2 th lim n a ( xn xn+1 ) = ln3

n

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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Sng kin kinh nghim

Vi a > 2 th lim n a ( xn xn+1 ) = +

n

Vi a < 2 th lim n a ( xn xn+1 ) = 0.Vy a=2 l p s ca bi ton.

n

Bi 48: ( d b VMO 2008) Cho s thc a v dy s thc (xn) xc nh bi:

x1 = a v xn+1 = ln(3+cosxn + sinxn) 2008 vi mi n = 1, 2, 3,

Chng minh rng dy s (xn) c gii hn hu hn khi n tin n dng v cng.
Gii. t f(x) = ln(3+sinx+cosx) 2008 th
cos x sin x
3 + sin x + cos x
Ta c: | cos x sin x | 2 , | sin x + cos x | 2 ta suy ra
f ' ( x) =

| f ' ( x) |

2
3 2

= q < 1.

p dng nh l Lagrange cho x, y thuc R, ta c

f(x) f(y) = f /(z)(x-y)
T suy ra |f(x) f(y)| q|x y| vi mi x, y thuc R.
p dng tnh cht ny vi m > n N, ta c
|xm xn| = |f(xm-1) f(xn-1)| q|xm-1-xn-1| qn-1|xm-n+1 x1| qN-1|xm-n+1 x1|.
Do dy (xn) b chn v q < 1 nn vi mi > 0 tn ti N ln qN-1|xm-n+1 x1| < . Nh
vy dy (xn) tho mn iu kin Cauchy do hi t.
NX : Tiu chun C-si: Dy (xn) c gii hn hu hn khi v ch khi vi mi > 0, tn ti s
t nhin N sao cho vi mi m, n N ta c |xm xn| < .

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn V Thanh

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