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1
B xy dng

CHONG TRNH B DNG KY S
T VN GM ST XY DUNG


Bi ging
Mn Hc

Gim st thi cng v nghim thu
lp t ng dy v Thit b
Trong cng trnh in

Chng I



2
Nhng vn chung

1. Trang b tin nghi trong cng trnh dn dng ngy cng chim vai tr quan
trng trong vic u t v xy dng cng trnh.

1.1 S pht trin cng ngh v nhng ng dng cng ngh phc v i sng con
ngi.

Trc y chng hn mt th k , hu ht dn c nc ta u thp n du ,
cha bit in l g . Ngay cch y hai mi nhm nm c cu chuyn chng ta m -
c c tht ln Ngh Tnh ct trong t lnh Nam H v ngy nay , tht ln ca chng ta
tiu dng phi l tht nc. Hu nh mi nh thnh ph u c TV. Vido dn dn
khng c chung na m phi dng u a compact ,VCD, DCD . S pht trin cng
ngh v ng dng cng ngh mi phc v con ngi lm cho kin trc s v k s
xy dng phi c thi nghim tc khi thit k v trang b nh v nh dn dng.

1.2 Ngi nh thng minh , phn nh su th thi i.

u nhng nm 1980 trn th gii bt u ni n khi nim " ngi nh thng
minh ". Nhiu nh l lun kin trc a ra nhng nh ngha v " ngi nh thng minh "
t ch cha tho ng n ng dn . Lc u c ngi nu rng " ngi nh thng minh
l ngi nh m mi th u thu ht". Hi tho quc t v " ngi nh thng minh " t
chc vo hai ngy 28 v 29 thng Nm nm 1985 Toronto ( Canaa ) a ra khi
nim " ngi nh thng minh kt hp s i mi theo cng ngh vi s qun l kho lo
khin cho thu hi n ti a c vn u t b ra". Ngi nh khng ch l ni ngh
ngi sau gi lao ng ti sn xut sc lao ng m ngi hin i phi lun lun tip
cn c vi mi ngi , vi cng vic , vi th gii vo bt k lc no v bt k v tr
no trong ngi nh. Ngi nh l s kt hp ti ho 4 nhn t c bn l : kt cu ti -
u , h thng ti u , dch v ti u , v qun l c ti u v quan h cht ch gia
cc nhn t ny. Ngi nh thng minh phi l ni h tr c cho ch doanh nghip ,
nh qun l ti sn , nhng ngi s dng nh thc hin c mc tiu ca h trong
lnh vc chi ph , tin nghi , thch hp , an ton , mm do lu di v c tnh cht th
trng .
Ngi nh thng minh l ngi nh gn lin vi cng ngh hin i. Yu t th
hin s hin i l in t. Quan nim theo in t v s vt th hin qua 4 nhm : (i) s
dng nng lng hiu qu , (ii) h thng an ton cho con ngi , (iii) h thng lin lc
vin thng v (iv) t ng ho ni lm vic. C th ho trn 4 nhm ny thnh 2 l
nhm ln l phng tin iu hnh ( nng lng v an ton ) v h thng thng tin
( thng tin v t ng ho ni lm vic ). Phng tin iu hnh ni chung l vn kt
cu vt cht v cch iu hnh kt cu vt cht ra sao. H thng thng tin lin quan n
s iu khin c th bn trong ngi nh . Ngi Nht khi nhn nhn v ngi nh thng
minh cho rng c 5 vn chnh l : (i) mng li khng gian ti ch , ( ii) s tng nh
nng cao dn , (iii) phng ngang co li phng ng tng ln , (iv) h thng nghe nhn
v (v) th thng minh .
Tm li vn y l cuc sng cng ln cao, s phc v con ngi bng
nhng thnh qu cng ngh hin i cng c gn b vi cng trnh. iu na l thi


3
hin i , gi gic lao ng khng ch b hp trong khun gi hnh chnh v hnh thi
lao ng kiu mi cng thay i v a im lao ng khng b gn trong c quan m
nh , ni i chi gii tr cng l ni lao ng v nhng phng tin lin lc , phng
tin ct cha thng tin khng hn ch ch trong c quan.

2. Vai tr ca ngi k s t vn gim st xy dng trong vic lp t trang thit
b tin nghi s dng cng trnh.

2.1 Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng ni chung :

T vn gim st xy dng c ch u t giao cho , thng qua hp ng kinh
t , thay mt ch u t chu trch nhim v cht lng cng trnh. Nhim v ca gim
st thi cng ca ch u t :
(1) V cng tc gim st thi cng phi chp hnh cc qui nh ca thit k cng
trnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt , cc tiu chun k thut , cc cam kt v
cht lng theo hp ng giao nhn thu. Nu cc c quan t vn v thit k lm tt
khu h s mi thu th cc iu kin k thut trong b h s mi thu l c s gim
st k thut.
(2) Trong giai on chun b thi cng : cn b t vn gim st phi kim tra vt
t , vt liu em v cng trng . Mi vt t , vt liu khng ng tnh nng s dng ,
phi a khi phm vi cng trng m khng c php lu gi trn cng trng .
Nhng thit b khng ph hp vi cng ngh v cha qua kim nh khng c a
vo s dng hay lp t. Khi thy cn thit , c th yu cu ly mu kim tra li cht
lng vt liu , cu kin v ch phm xy dng .
(3) Trong giai on xy lp : theo di , gim st thng xuyn cng tc thi cng
xy lp v lp t thit b . Kim tra h thng m bo cht lng , k hoch cht lng
ca nh thu nhm m bo vic thi cng xy lp theo ng h s thit k c
duyt.
Kim tra bin php thi cng , tin thi cng , bin php an ton lao ng m
nh thu xut . Kim tra xc nhn khi lng hon thnh , cht lng cng tc t
c v tin thc hin cc cng tc . Lp bo co tnh hnh cht lng v tin
phc v giao ban thng k ca ch u t . Phi hp cc bn thi cng v cc bn lin
quan gii quyt nhng pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng . Thc hin nghim thu cc
cng tc xy lp . Lp bin bn nghim thu theo bng biu qui nh .
Nhng hng mc , b phn cng trnh m khi thi cng c nhng du hiu cht
lng khng ph hp vi yu cu k thut nh trong tiu ch cht lng ca b h
s mi thu hoc nhng tiu ch mi pht sinh ngoi d kin nh ln qu qui nh ,
trc khi nghim thu phi lp vn bn nh gi tng th v s c xut ca n v
thit k v ca cc c quan chuyn mn c php .
(4) Giai on hon thnh xy dng cng trnh : T chc gim st ca ch u t
phi kim tra , tp hp ton b h s php l v ti liu v qun l cht lng . Lp
danh mc h s , ti liu hon thnh cng trnh xy dng. Khi kim tra thy cng trnh
hon thnh m bo cht lng , ph hp vi yu cu ca thit k v tiu chun v
nghim thu cng trnh , ch u t t chc tng nghim thu lp thnh bin bn . Bin
bn tng nghim thu l c s php l lm bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc s
dng v l c s quyt ton cng trnh.


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2.2 Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng trong cng tc lp t trang b tin
nghi v an ton :

(i) Quan h gia cc bn trong cng trng : Gim st bo m cht lng
trong cng tc lp t trang b tin nghi v an ton cho cng trnh nm trong nhim v
chung ca gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh l nhim v ca bn ch u t. Di
s ch o trc tip ca ch nhim d n i din cho ch u t c cc cn b gim st
bo m cht lng cng trnh . Nhng ngi ny l cn b ca Cng ty T vn v
Thit k k hp ng vi ch u t , gip ch u t thc hin nhim v ny. Thng
thng ch c ngi chu trch nhim m bo cht lng xy lp ni chung , cn khi
cn n chuyn mn no th Cng ty t vn iu ng ngi c chuyn mn theo ngnh
hp n tham gia h tr cho ngi chu trch nhim chung .

S t chc v quan h in hnh mt cng trng

* * * * * * *

(ii) Phi hp tin l nhim v trc ht ca ch nhim d n m ngi
Ch u t
Nh thu chnh
Thu ph
Hoc Nh my
*Ch nhim d n
*T vn m bo
cht lng
*Cc t vn chuyn
mn
*Kim sot khi
lng
Ch huy
Cng trng
Gim st cht lng v
Phng ban k thut
ca nh thu
i
thi cng
i
thi cng
i
thi cng


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xut chnh l gim st bo m cht lng . Trc khi bt u tin hnh cc cng tc
xy lp cn lp tng tin . Tng tin ch cn vch ra nhng vic thuc bn thi
cng no vo thi im no m mc chi tit c th tnh theo tng nh . Tng tin cho
bit vo thi gian no cng tc no phi bt u cc thnh vin tham gia xy dng
ton b cng trnh bit v phi hp . T tng tin m cc thnh vin tham gia xy lp
v cung ng lp ra bng tin thi cng cho n v mnh trong ht sc ch n s
phi hp ng b to din thi cng cho n v bn .

(iii) Ch tr thng qua bin php thi cng v bin php m bo cht lng.

Trc khi khi cng , Ch nhim d n v t vn m bo cht lng cn thng
qua bin php xy dng tng th ca cng trnh nh phng php o t ni chung ,
phng php xy dng phn thn ni chung , gii php chung v vn chuyn theo
phng ng , gii php an ton lao ng chung , cc yu cu phi hp v iu kin
phi hp chung . Nu n v thi cng thc hin cng tc theo ISO 9000 th cn b t
vn s gip Ch nhim d n tham gia xt duyt chnh sch m bo cht lng ca
Nh thu v duyt s tay cht lng ca Nh thu v ca cc n v thi cng cp i .
(iv) Ch tr kim tra cht lng , xem xt cc cng vic xy lp lm tng ngy
. Trc khi thi cng bt k cng tc no , nh thu cn thng bo t vn m bo
cht lng kim tra vic chun b . Qu trnh thi cng phi c s chng kin ca t vn
m bo cht lng . Khi thi cng xong cn tin hnh nghim thu cht lng v s
lng cng tc xy lp hon thnh.

3. Phng php kim tra cht lng trn cng trng :

Thc cht th ngi t vn kim tra cht lng l ngi thay mt ch u t chp
nhn hay khng chp nhn sn phm xy lp thc hin trn cng trng m kim tra
cht lng l mt bin php gip cho s khng nh chp nhn hay t chi .
Mt quan im ht sc cn lu tm trong kinh t th trng l : ngi c tin b
ra mua sn phm phi mua c chnh phm , c sn phm p ng yu cu ca
mnh. Do tnh cht ca cng tc xy dng kh khn , phc tp nn ch u t phi thu
t vn m bo cht lng.
C s nhn bit v kim tra cht lng sn phm l s p ng cc Yu cu
cht lng ghi trong b H s mi thu . Hin nay chng ta vit cc yu cu cht lng
trong b H s mi thu cn chung chung v cc c quan t vn cha quen vi cch lm
mi ny ca kinh t th trng .
Nhng phng php ch yu ca kim tra cht lng trn cng trng l :

3.1 Ngi cung ng hng ho l ngi phi chu trch nhim v cht lng sn
phm trc ht .

y l iu kin c ghi trong hp ng kinh t gia ch u t v nh thu .
T iu ny m mi hng ho cung ng a vo cng trnh phi c cc ch tiu cht
lng p ng vi yu cu ca cng tc. Trc khi a vt t , thit b vo to nn sn
phm xy dng nh thu phi a mu v cc ch tiu cho Ch nhim d n duyt v
mu cng nh cc ch tiu phi lu tr ti ni lm vic ca Ch u t cng trng.


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Ch tiu k thut (tnh nng ) cn c in thnh vn bn nh l chng ch xut xng
ca nh cung ng v thng yu cu l bn in chnh thc ca nh cung ng . Khi dng
bn sao th i din nh cung ng phi k xc nhn v c du ng xc nhn mu v
c s chp thun ca Ch u t bng vn bn. Mi s thay i trong qu trnh thi cng
cn c Ch u t duyt li trn c s xem xt ca t vn bo m cht lng nghin
cu xut ng . Nh cung ng v nh thu phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v
s tng thch ca hng ho m mnh cung cp vi cc ch tiu yu cu v phi chu
trch nhim trc php lut v cht lng v s ph hp ca sn phm ny.
Cn b t vn m bo cht lng l ngi c trch nhim duy nht gip Ch
nhim d n kt lun rng sn phm do nh thu cung ng l ph hp vi cc ch tiu
cht lng ca cng trnh . Cn b t vn gim st bo m cht lng c Ch u t
u nhim cho nhim v m bo cht lng cng trnh v thay mt Ch u t trong
vic xut chp nhn ny .

3.2 Kim tra ca t vn k thut ch yu bng mt v dng c n gin c ngay ti
hin trng :

Mt phng php lun hin i l mi cng tc c tin hnh th ng vi n c
mt ( hay nhiu ) phng php kim tra tng ng. Nh thu tin hnh thc hin mt
cng tc th yu cu gii trnh ng thi l dng phng php no bit c ch tiu
cht lng t bao nhiu v dng dng c hay phng tin g cho bit ch tiu y . Bin
php thi cng cng nh bin php kim tra cht lng y c t vn trnh Ch nhim
d n duyt trc khi thi cng . Qu trnh thi cng , k s ca nh thu phi kim tra
cht lng ca sn phm m cng nhn lm ra . Vy trn cng trng phi c cc dng
c kim tra bit cc ch tiu thc hin. Th d : ngi cung cp b tng thng
phm phi chu trch nhim kim tra cng chu nn mu khi mu t 7 ngy tui .
Nu kt qu bnh thng th nh thu kim tra nn mu 28 ngy . Nu kt qu ca 7
ngy c nghi vn th nh thu phi th cng nn 14 ngy v 28 ngy xc nh
cht lng b tng . Nu ba loi mu 7 , 14 , 28 c kt qu gy ra nghi vn th t vn
kim tra yu cu lm cc th nghim b sung khng nh cht lng cui cng. Khi
thi cng cc nhi, nht thit ti ni lm vic phi c t trng k bit dung trng ca
bentonite , phi c phu March v ng h bm giy kim tra nht ca dung dch
khoan , phi c ng nghim o tc phn tch nc ca dung dch . . .
Ni chung th t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin qu trnh thi cng v
qu trnh kim tra ca ngi thi cng v nhn nh qua hiu bit ca mnh thng qua
quan st bng mt vi sn phm lm ra . Khi no qui trnh bt buc hay c nghi ng th
t vn yu cu nh thu thu phng th nghim kim tra v phng th nghim c ngha
v bo s liu t c qua kim tra cho t vn t vn kt lun vic t hay khng
t yu cu cht lng. trnh tranh chp , t vn khng nn trc tip kim tra m ch
nn chng kin s kim tra ca nh thu v tip nhn s liu quyt nh chp nhn
hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm . Khi c nghi ng , t vn s ch nh ngi
kim tra v nh thu phi thc hin yu cu ny .

3.3 Kim tra bng dng c ti ch :

Trong qu trnh thi cng , cn b , k s ca nh thu phi thng xuyn kim


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tra cht lng sn phm ca cng nhn lm ra sau mi cng on hay gia cng on
khi thy cn thit . Nhng ln kim tra ny cn c s chng kin ca t vn m bo
cht lng. Mi vic kim tra v thi cng khng c s bo trc v yu cu t vn m
bo cht lng chng kin , ngi t vn c quyn t chi vic thanh ton khi lng
hon thnh ny . Kim tra kch thc cng trnh thng dng cc loi thc nh
thc tm , thc cun 5 mt v thc cun di hn . Kim tra cao , thng ng
thng s dng my o c nh my thu bnh , my kinh v .
Ngoi ra , trn cng trng cn nn c sng bt ny kim tra s b cng b tng
. Nhng dng c nh qu di chun , di laze , ng nghim , t trng k , cn tiu ly ,
l xy , vin bi thp , . . . cn c trang b . Ni chung trn cng trng phi c y
cc dng c kim tra cc vic thng thng .
Nhng dng c kim tra trn cng trng phi c kim chun theo ng nh
k . Vic kim chun nh k l cch lm tin tin trnh nhng sai s v nghi ng
xy ra qua qu trnh nh gi cht lng.
Trong vic kim tra th ni b nh thu kim tra l chnh v t vn bo m cht
lng ch chng kin nhng php kim tra ca nh thu . Khi no nghi ng kt qu
kim tra th nh thu c quyn yu cu nh thu thu n v kim tra khc . Khi tht
cn thit , t vn bo m cht lng c quyn ch nh n v kim tra v nh thu phi
p ng yu cu ny .

3.4 Kim tra nh cc phng th nghim :

Vic thu cc phng th nghim tin hnh kim tra mt s ch tiu nh gi
cht lng trn cng trng c thc hin theo qui nh ca tiu chun k thut v khi
ti cng trng c s khng nht tr v s nh gi ch tiu cht lng m bn thn nh
thu tin hnh .
Ni chung vic la chn n v th nghim , nh thu ch cn m bo rng n
v th nghim y c t cch php nhn tin hnh th cc ch tiu c th c ch
nh. Cn khi nghi ng hay cn m bo tin cy cn thit th t vn m bo cht
lng dnh quyn ch nh n v th nghim .
Nh thu l bn t ra cc yu cu th nghim v nhng yu cu ny phi c
Ch nhim d n da vo tham mu ca t vn m bo cht lng kim tra v ngh
thng qua bng vn bn . n v th nghim phi m bo tnh b mt ca cc s liu th
nghim v ngi cng b chp nhn hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm lm ra
phi l ch nhim d n qua tham mu ca t vn m bo cht lng .
Cn lu v t cch php nhn ca n v th nghim v tnh hp php ca cng
c th nghim . trnh s cung cp s liu sai lch do dng c th nghim cha c
kim chun , yu cu mi cng c th nghim s dng phi nm trong phm vi cho
php ca vn bn xc nhn kim chun .
n v th nghim ch c nhim v cung cp s liu ca cc ch tiu c yu
cu kim nh cn vic nhng ch tiu y c t yu cu hay c ph hp vi cht lng
sn phm yu cu phi do t vn m bo cht lng pht biu v ghi thnh vn bn
trong t nghim thu khi lng v cht lng hon thnh.

3.5 Kt lun v lp h s cht lng



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(i) Nhim v ca t vn m bo cht lng l phi kt lun tng cng tc , tng
kt cu , tng b phn hon thnh c thc hin l c cht lng ph hp vi yu cu
hay cha ph hp vi yu cu .
nh km vi vn bn kt lun cui cng v cht lng sn phm cho tng kt
cu , tng tng nh , tng hng mc l cc vn bn xc nhn tng chi tit , tng vt liu
cu thnh sn phm v h s kim tra cht lng cc qu trnh thi cng. Lu nay cc
vn bn xc nhn cht lng vt liu , cht lng thi cng ghi rt chung chung . Cn lu
rng mi bn xc nhn phi c a ch kt cu s dng , khng th ghi cht lng m
bo chung chung.
Tt c nhng h s ny ng thnh tp theo trnh t thi cng khi tra cu
thun tin.
(ii) i i vi cc vn bn nghim thu , vn bn chp nhn cht lng kt cu l
nht k thi cng . Nht k thi cng ghi chp nhng d kin c bn xy ra trong tng
ngy nh thi tit , din bin cng tc tng v tr, nhn xt qua s chng kin cng tc
v tnh hnh cht lng cng trnh.
kin ca nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc thi cng khi h chng kin vic
thi cng , nhng kin ngh , xut qua qu trnh thi cng v kin gii quyt ca
t vn m bo cht lng v kin ca gim st ca nh thu . . .

(iii) Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu v b phn cng trnh c lp theo
ng qui nh.

Tt c nhng h s ny dng lm c s cho vic thanh ton khi lng hon
thnh v c s lp bin bn tng nghim thu , bn giao cng trnh cho s dng.



9

Chng II

Nhng vn chung
cho cng tc t vn bo m cht lng
cng trnh in

2.1. Ni dung cng tc cn gim st trong cng tc xy lp in :

Cc cng vic cn c t chc gim st trong qu trnh xy lp in bao gm :
* Cc thit b phn phi v trm bin p trong nh , ngoi tri in p n 220
KV.
* Cc b chnh lu
* Cc my in , thit b khi ng , iu chnh v bo v
* Thit b in ca my trc
* Cc h thng thanh ci
* Cc thit tr in phn
* Cc thit b chiu sng
* ng dy in 1 chiu v xoay chiu in p n 1000V
* ng cp in lc n 35 KV
* ng dy dn in trn khng.

Bi ging ny i vo chuyn mn kh su nn phi nghin cu tht t m qua qu
trnh kim tra.

2.2 . Cc cn c v php l khi kim tra cht lng cng tc xy lp in:
* Cc yu cu cht lng k thut nh thu phi p ng trong B H s mi
thu.
* Nu ch no cha ghi trong b h s mi thu c th cn c vo nhng ch dn
trong ti liu ny yu cu nh thu phi p ng.
* Cc tiu chun xy dng hin hnh lin quan n cc cng tc c ghi trong
hp ng giao nhn thu xy lp in m t vn m bo cht lng c nhim v phi
thc hin kim tra .
* Cc tiu chun v An ton lao ng , phng chng chy , n , bo v mi trng
, nhng qui nh trong Qui chun Xy dng Vit nam .


10
* Cc yu cu k thut ghi trong cc bn v thit k c thm nh v c
cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
* Cc ch dn ca nh ch to thit b , nh cung ng vt t ghi thnh vn bn
trong catalogue in chnh thc.

Khi s dng thit b ngoi nhp c c tnh k thut ca thit b c iu g khng
thng nht vi ch dn ti liu ny , phi cn c vo catalogue ca nh ch to , lp
phng n kim tra v thng qua t vn m bo cht lng trnh Ch nhim d n duyt
. Th d nh khe h trong cc trc , khng ng u ca cc khe h khng kh trong
cc my in , cc tr s lc nn ca cc tip im v.v. . .
Trc khi khi cng cc cng tc xy lp in phi kim tra :
* Cc ti liu k thut , h s thit k , d ton . Thit k , d ton c kim nh
cha ? C quan kim nh c khng ngh iu g khng v bn thit k sa cha nhng
ch khng ngh cha ? Nu c nhng iu khng tho thun c gia c quan kim nh
v c quan thit k , cn b t vn m bo cht lng cn xin kin ca ch nhim d
n v gip ch u t t chc nhng cuc hp cn thit t vn cho ch u t quyt
nh cui cng .
* Nh thu trnh bn v cng ngh lp rp , c h s gii trnh bin php thi cng
cha v cn b t vn m bo cht lng xem xt v t vn cho ch nhim d n
duyt cha . Nu bin php thi cng cha c ch nhim d n ph duyt th cha c
khi cng cng tc .
* i vi cc loi cng vic nh : Lp t cc chnh lu thu ngn , cc bnh acquy , cng
tc hn . cng tc neo buc , chng buc , cng tc xy lp c s dng ba hi , ba sng
hoc cc dng c lp t khc , cc cng tc o kim bng my trc c , nhng cn b ,
cng nhn thc hin cng tc u phi qua lp hun luyn v c cp chng ch , vn
bng hp php . Trc khi thi cng , nh thu mt ln na phi ph bin qui trnh thao tc
, trnh t thao tc , cc yu cu k thut , cc ch dn ca qui phm , ca bn thit k v
ca cc tiu chun lin quan . Mi vic hun luyn phi c s chng kin ca t vn m
bo cht lng chng kin .
* Trc khi thi cng cn c bn qui ch an ton lao ng c nh thu son tho cho
cng tc phi tin hnh v qui ch ny phi c ph bin n tng cng nhn v c s
xc nhn ca chnh tng ngi cng nhn.
* Nu nh thu thc hin vic xy lp in theo phng thc cng nghip ho , s dng
cc thit b in hp khi thnh tng cm th cn kim tra k v c bin bn xc nhn
cht lng ca tng cm . Khi giao n cng trng phi c xc nhn cht lng v h s
y ca cm hp khi . Khi tun theo phng php ny th ngay bn v cng phi
tch thnh tng cm v chuyn giao cng vi hin vt c kim tra cht lng .
* Nhng cng tc xy dng cn hon thnh trc khi lp t thit b . Phi kim tra v lp
bin bn nghim thu , chng nhn phn xy lin quan m bo cht lng mi c
lp thit b .
* Khi xy dng kiu lp ghp th trong kt cu lp ghp phi chun b trc cc khe rnh ,
hc bt cc hp u dy v rnh , khe t dy ph hp vi thit k .
* Trong vic lp t dy dn in thnh b , thnh cm , cn kim tra v s lng si , tit
din tng loi si , s thng mch ca tng si . Qu trnh la chn dy, cn ch la
chn mu sc v dy khi ni d dng kim tra s thng mch cho tng dy ni
nhiu on .


11
* Nhng thit b o m lp trong mng in cn c kim tra , kim nh v hiu chnh
trc khi a vo lp t .
* Cc cc cng nh ph kin ni t nn ch sn ti xng v n hin trng ch thc
hin khu lin kt .

2.3 Cng tc chun b thi cng cng tc xy lp in :

2.3.1 Kim tra h s v ti liu :

* Thit k phi ph hp vi qui nh hin hnh v lp thit k v d ton cc cng trnh
xy dng cng nghip . Bn v thi cng phi trnh ch u t ph duyt . Thit k phi
c c quan thit k khc thm nh . Phi s l xong cc kin ngh ca c quan thm
nh .
* H s k thut bn ch d n phi giao cho nh thu phi bao gm :

# L lch , h chiu thit b phi lp v cc ng h thuc thit b trn b .
# Bn v lp rp cc thit b in v thit b trn b , cc s nguyn l v s
lp.
# Ton b cc bn lit k gi km theo hng.
# S nh du nhng cm v chi tit c chuyn n theo hnh thc tho ri.
# Ch dn ca nh ch to thit b trong ghi r cch lp t v khi ng cc
thit b .
# Cc bin bn th nghim xut xng ca nh ch to , nht l v lp rp , kim
tra cn bng , chy r trn th nghim v bin bn kim nhn ca bn ch u t vi nh
cung cp. Nu nh thu c giao c phn mua sm th l bin bn m nh thu
nghim thu vi bn bn thiet b , c s chng kin ca ch u t .
# Kim tra vic ghi cc dung sai thc t v dung sai ch to t c khi nh ch
to lp rp kim tra v th nghim trn bn th .
# Ti liu bng ting nc ngoi phi c dch ra ting Vit . Bn dch ny phi
c c quan chuyn mn thm nh chnh xc v thut ng v ni dung .

2.3.2 V cc yu cu i vi s cung ng thit b :

* Thit b in c kch thc ph thng c th c giao hng di hnh thc lp hon
chnh cn thit b c kch thc ln phi giao hng di hnh thc tho ri thnh nhiu
khi . Kch c cc khi ri c nu trong B H s mi thu vi iu kin khi lp rp
hp khi khng i hi phi tin hnh cc ng tc tu chnh khc .
* Mi thit b in phi km theo s liu chy th , th nghim ca nh ch to .
* Thit b giao nhn phi trong tnh trng bao gi cn thn , c thng cha chc chn ,
chng m , bao nh cha trong thng ln phi bc nylon v ming c hn kn , khng
c du hiu b m trc khi n cng trng .
* Nhn mc hng ho phi y , bn ngoi bao b cn nguyn tiu , s nh du ,
Logo v bng ghi ca nh sn xut , ngi giao hng phi cn nguyn . Cc du hiu
chng ma , ch nh du v tr mc cp phi cn nguyn v thng hng khng c lt
ngc vi chiu t bt buc v phi c che ma, nng . Cc gi ti liu i theo hng
phi c bao ring v cn ang trong tnh trng tt , khng c biu hin b tho m v b


12
tro phn cha bn trong.

2.3.3 Kim tra trong qu trnh tip nhn thit b in

* Trnh t tip nhn thit b , iu kin tip nhn v phng php bo qun cc thit b
in , cc ph kin v cp v vt t cn cha ct trong kho , phi theo ch dn ca nh
ch to .
Lu rng thit b in c th chia ra thnh 4 nhm vi nhng mc yu cu
bo qun khc nhau .

Nhm 1: Thit b khng i hi phi che ma nng , c php ngoi tri nhng phi
t trn gi k , b k. Nhng nu tht tt, nn c nhng tm tn di ng ph chng
ma nng.

Nhm 2 : Thit b chu c s thay i nhit nhng phi chng ma , chng nng
trnh cc tc ng trc tip ca bc x mt tri .

Nhm 3 : Thit b i hi chng ma nng v chng m , t chu nh hng ca nhit
nhng i hi ct gi bo qun trong kho kn , ch yu chng va p c hc v mt mt .

Nhm 4 : Cc ng h , trang b v c cu quan trng khng chu c tc ng ca nhit
, bc x , ma nng nn bo qun trong kho kn v c trang b xy kh chng cc tc
ng ca hi nc .

Trc khi ct cha thit b vo kho , cht bi , cn kim tra h , rnh thot
nc , h ca , chc chn ca mi , v h thng gi , h thng xy hay ht m , thm
ch h iu ho kh hu nu c yu cu .

Cn b t vn m bo cht lng cn chng kin qu trnh giao nhn thit b in
, nhc nh th tc v chng kin cc qu trnh kim tra v ch m bo :
* S ng b ca thit b in :
* M hiu ca cc thit b phi ph hp vi phiu giao hng ca nh ch to , bn
k i lin vi hm hng ho , thit b , v nht l c im v iu kin k thut khi giao
hng.
* Tnh trng ca thit b , hng ho : mi , nguyn vn khng gy , khng
h hng , tnh trng khuyt tt , tnh trng nc sn bn ngoi , bao ph ca du , m
chng g .
* Cht lng tng cm chi tit nhn mt ngoi v phi xem xt k bng mt
thng hoc i khi dng knh lp kim tra .
Qua kim tra , nu thy sai st hoc khng ng vi h s giao th khiu ni vi
bn giao hng iu chnh cho ng s cam kt trong hp ng v ph lc hp ng
mua bn v giao nhn thu mua sm thit b . Khi kim tra xong li phi bao gi cn thn
v nim phong , c s chng kin ca cc bn .
Thit b in ct cha trong kho phi c sp xp theo khoa hc , d tm , d
kim tra v d giao nhn khi ly ra lp t . Cn c bng k , bng hiu ti v tr tng
mn hng nhm d theo di . Thit b nng cn ghi thm trng lng tin iu ng


13
phng tin nng ct , di chuyn . Kho ngoi tri cng c bng treo tn vt liu , chi tit .
Mi thit b ngoi tri u phi c b , gi k . Khng c trc tip ln
t . Nu thy c hin tng t ng nc cn khi thot nc ti ni ct cha thit b
ngoi tri . Cch sp xp sao cho chi tit v b phn thit b khng b cong vnh hoc vt
nng ln lm bin dng. Cc im k phi chc chn , khng bp bnh hay c su
hng nho gy nguy him cho bn thn thit b v ngi i li kim tra , bo qun.
Thit b , chi tit ct cha trong nh phi c bo qun sch s , kh ro v thng
thong gi . Ht sc trnh bi ph tng tng , lp lp . Nhng c trc , st thp khng
sn l u phi bi m bo qun hoc bi vadlin cng nghip . Bi ph bo v bng
loi m hay vadlin no phi theo ch dn ca catalogue , tuyt i khng bi ph tu tin
. Nu catalogue khng c ch nh c bit , phi tra trong s tay s dng du , m m
quyt nh bi ph loi du m no. Quyt nh loi du , m bi ph phi do k s chu
trch nhim ca kho bi ct cha ra lnh bng vn bn .

Nhng chi tit ca my in c giao di hnh thc tho ri nh li thp t ,
cun dy , c trc , c gp hay vnh chi than , bc trc phi c cch bo qun
ring , khng han g , h hng do va chm . My mc m nh ch to hoc nh cung
ng gi n di dng lp rp trn b , tuyt i khng tho ri trong qu trnh bo qun ,
ct cha . Khi nghi ng c s h hng bn trong hay chi tit trong khi lp rp tng th
thnh cm th nh du bng vn bn gn km lu kim tra trong qu trnh lp rp .
Vn bn ny c s chng kin ca bn giao hng v t vn m bo cht lng.
Khi tht cn thit phi tho my kim tra th phi lp bin bn c s chng kin
ca bn giao hng , nh thu v t vn m bo cht lng sau khi ch nhim d n cho
php , phi theo ng ch dn ca nh ch to , v nht thit phi lp vn bn .

Chnh lu thu ngn v cc chi tit phi c bo qun trong nh . Ch ct cha
phi kh ro , thng thong . Qu trnh vn chuyn , chuyn dch v tr ca nhng chnh
lu thu ngn v cc b phn trao i nhit phi ht sc cn thn.. Phi gi nguyn bao
gi . Ch c tho bao gi khi tin hnh lp t . Chnh lu Gcmani v Silic phi bo
qun trong phng c thng gi cng bc v phi t trong mi trng m do sy , si .

My bin p vn chuyn a n hin trng phi tun theo " Qui trnh vn
chuyn v lp t my bin p " hoc theo ch dn ca nh ch to . Cch in c du
phi tho khi bao gi v t ng trn cc gi chuyn dng v bo qun ti ni kh
ro . H thng dn lm mt phi ct cha ti nh c mi che , cc l v mt bch phi nt
kn trnh han g , ng phng n cng cn bt kn trong qu trnh bo qun . Nt trn
bnh dn n phi kn v c vn cht . Trc khi lp t my bin p , nhng chi tit h
hng phi c thay th hoc sa cha , x l cho tht tt mi c lp t.
Cc loi thit b loi trong nh phi c bo qun ni kh ro , khng c hi
m v bi . Cc loi ng h v thit b tng t cng cn c bo v ht sc cn thn v
phi c sy . Cc t phn phi v bng in phi ph hp vi cc thit b lp trong nhng
t .

Cc t in tnh v t in giy tm du phi bo qun trong nh kh ro , nhit
khng qu +35
o
C . Khng c bo qun t in trong cc gian bung cha chu chn
ng nh gn cc my mc ang chy . Bo qun t in trong nh c sy phi trnh


14
vic chng gn ngun pht nhit v khng cho nh sng , d l nh sng n ri vo
t in trc tip . Cc t in t ng , s cch in phi quay ln trn v khng c
xp chng ci n ln ci kia .

Cc bn cc ca acquy ch phi bo qun trong bao gi , t trong nh kh ro .
Cc acquy kim phi bo qun trong nh kh ro v thng gi tt , khng nn trong
nh c s thay i nhit qu nhiu trong thi gian ca mt ngy m. Cm acquy
ch chung vi acquy kim .

Qu trnh chuyn dch hng in nu thy m bo qun b kh , b mt mt phi
b sung hoc thay lp m mi .

Khi cn ct cha kh lu , phi nh k kim tra xem xt , bi li m bo qun .
Nu khng c ch nh ca nh ch to th ti a 9 thng phi kim tra mt ln . Khi kim
tra , khng bi v m lm nh hng cht lng hng ang bo qun . Nu thy trn
mt bao b hoc trn mt thit b b m , c ng sng th phi kim tra bt thng .

Cn ht sc ch khu th tc kim tra . Khng th kho kim tra t tin m
phi c nhm kim tra y cc bn hu quan v lp h s , bin bn cn thn ca tng
ln kim tra . Khi hng ho giao khng trn b v h hng pht hin c , bn giao hng
cn s l nghim tc theo ng trch nhim ca mnh .

Cc rul cun dy cp phi bo qun cn thn chng b va p , u cp phi hn
kn . Khi cn bo qun rul trn 1 nm , cc rul ang cun cp phi bo qun trong nh
c mi che . Phi gi cho vn g bc cc rul cp nguyn vn . Mt rul phi ghi m hiu
, qui cch . Khng cho rul mt kh nng quay .
Cc kt cu kim loi ca ct dy in i trn khng kh , ct thp , ct b tng
phi phn loi v sp xp thnh khu ring , k trn gi , trnh m t .
Ct g v ct b tng khng xp ng cao trn 2 mt , phi c thanh chng kp
gi nhng chng ct , ct chng cch nhau xa nht l 3 mt. Gia cc ng phi c khe i
li kim tra cht lng trong qu trnh bo qun . Gi k , nu ct ngn hn 22 mt , k
hai m , ct di trn 22 mt s c 3 gi . V tr tnh sao cho khng gy mmen qu
ln lm nt ct .

Mi chi tit khng m bo cht lng phi a ra khi cng trng trnh cp
pht cho lp t b nhm ln .

Dy in cn bo qun trong nh v phn loi theo ng knh dy , chng loi
dy v c bin hiu , ghi r cht lng .

Vi nhng vt liu xy dng khc nh xi mng , vi th bo qun theo cc qui
nh ca vt liu xy dng . Vt liu n nh thuc n , n dng cho sng thi cng th bo
qun theo cch bo qun vt liu n .

2.3.4 Cc yu cu ca cng trnh xy dng lp t thit b in :



15
Trc khi bt u lp t thit b in trn cc cng trnh xy dng phi tin hnh
cc cng tc chun b trn tng mt bng nh sau:

(i) Lm ng thi cng m bo vn chuyn thit b in ( k c thit b qu kh ).

(ii) Xy dng xong cc cng trnh , ln tri cn thit cho vic lp in .

(iii) t h thng in nc , kh nn c nh hay tm thi cn thit cho vic lp in k
c thit b dng u ni vi my mc thi cng .

(iv) t in chiu sng cho cc khu vc c cc hng mc cng trnh phi lp t in.

(v) Lm ng cho xe cha chy , t ng nc cha chy v t cc phng tin
phng chng chy cn thit .

(vi) Lm thang v dn gio nhng ch my trc khng hot ng c .

(vii) m bo trang b bo h cho cng nhn , m bo nc ung cho cng nhn.

V trnh t xy dng , cn b t vn m bo cht lng cn xut vi ch
nhim d n , yu cu cc cng trnh cung cp in nh trm bin p , hm cp v cc
my trc phi thi cng trc khi lm cc cng trnh khc.
Nhng cng trnh phc v cho vic lp in phi c nghim thu m bo s ph
hp vi cc tit chun xut trong b H s mi thu v cc tiu chun xy dng v cc
yu cu phc v lp thit b in.

Nhng tiu ch sau y phi kim tra cht ch trong qu trnh nghim thu phn
xy phc v tt cho phn lp :

* Phi i chiu vi bn thit k m bo tun th ng thit k.

* Mi ch thay i khc vi thit k , cn lp h s v bn v sa i km theo ng qui
nh v th tc chnh sa bn thit k cho ph hp vi thc t . Bn thit k phi lp bn
v sa i v tun th cch ghi s v nh du ch sa cha ng qui nh mi ca ISO.
H s khi hon thnh phi lp Dessin de recollement ( bn v hon cng ) theo ng qui
nh .

* Cn chun b y cng c s dng trong qu trnh kim tra nh thc o, thc l ,
thanh kim chiu dy , cc loi ng h o v nhng dng c o khc. Nhng dng c o
ny phi c kim tra v hiu chnh cn thn. C quan kim tra v hiu chnh nhng
dng c ny phi l c quan chuyn trch c cp php hnh ngh hp php.

* Ht sc lu kim tra kch thc hnh hc v kch thc hnh hc s nh hng ln n
vic c lp t c hay kh khn i vi cc thit b in. Ch cc kch thc ca
mng t my , v tr bulng neo cho cc bulng neo thit b xung mng my.



16
* Ch gabarit ca gian lp my , m bo tho mn khng gian lp my . Ch c ly t
my n cc rnh cp , n cc v tr c nh dy cp , thanh qut dn in.

* Ch cht lng cc cu kin v kt cu phn xy nh h s kim tra cht lng vt
liu xy , h s kim tra , th nghim b tng , thp . . . Trc ht phi nhn tng th bng
mt , sau cn i chiu h s th nghim i chng . Khi thy nghi ng v cht
lng cng trnh cn b cu kp thi trc khi lp t.

* Cng tc xy dng phi m bo gii phng c a bn cng tc giao cho bn lp.
Khng c tin hnh xen k va xy , va lp trn cung mt a bn thi cng.

* Thit b cn lp mang n hin trng cn c sp xp gn theo th t lp , phi che
y trnh ma nng lm hng , trnh va p v gy cc tc ng h hng do c hc , do
nguyn nhn vt l cng nh nguyn nhn ho hc . Cn ch m bo mi trng ct
cha tm thit b ch lp , khng cho bi v m gy mc , ru v cc tc nhn sinh hc
lm gim cht lng hoc h hng .

* Ch kim tra kch thc ca b tr trong cc gian s lp t my mc v in.

* Trong gian nh lp thit b in c lp cc my mc khc cn phi hp tin lp
t ph hp nht , khng cc cng tc lp t chng cho nhau , cn tr nhau trong
qu trnh thi cng lp my.

* Phi kim tra cc hp t ng , cc h , hc cha sn sau ny lp t cc , cc bng
iu khin , cc my thng tin lin lc thm ch c camera , u c hin s hay v tuyn
truyn hnh nu c trong thit k th bn xy phi chun b xong.

* Nu ng dy dn in chiu sng i ni th cc vic v phn xy nhm hon chnh
cng trnh nh cng tc trt , lng , lt , p cng phi xong hon chnh .

* Nu nhng ng dy i ngm , phi lp t xong cc ng dy ri bn xy tip tc
hon thin mt ngoi trc khi bn giao cu cng.

* Cn kim tra cc l chui vo hm cp , ging cp v kch thc , bn l np y v phi
c kho . Khi lao ng ch ngi c trch nhim mi c gi cha kho v ng m
ng theo qui nh v an ton v v bo qun.

* Phi kim tra li ln , xung hm cp , ging cp , sng chiu vo ni ln xung .
Phi lu n tay vn cho ngi ln xung m bo tin dng , chc chn , sch s .
Bc ln xung phi sch s , khng trn , khng dy du m . Nu bng gch , phi c
mt chng trt , chng trn . Nu bng kim loi , tm lt bc phi l thp dp c mt
chng trn ni g .

* y hm , y ging phi c li thot ht nc khi c nc.

* Trc khi lp cc thit b in , bn giao thu phi giao cho nh thu cc bin bn


17
nghim thu ca cc phn vic tin hnh trc nh bin bn nghim thu vic lp t
ng , bin bn nghim thu cch ni ng , bin bn nghim thu cc cng tc chng thm .
Cc mng t ng cp phi kh ro v sch s.

* Nu tin hnh t cc cu kin ca trm bin p ngoi tri phi tho g cp pha mng
v mng cp , san xong mt bng , lm hng ro quy quanh khu vc dnh ring cho
trm . Khi mi vic xong v n nh mi tin hnh lp.

* Nu c cng trc rt rut my bin p , cc thng du , h thng dn du ca trm
bin p phi hon thnh xy lp hon chnh trc khi kim tra my bin p v lp my ct
in.

* Thit b in s lp trong phn xng , khu vc s lp my phi che chn chng ma ,
bi . Cc b phn ph nh thang ca my trc , sn thao tc , phi lp t xong trc khi
lp my in .

* Mi cng vic v phn xy gian acqui k c h thng gi v si m cng vi cc vic
kim tra nhng phn vic ny phi lm xong trc khi lp acqui. Ring vic sn ph lp
sn chng axit hay chu kim tng , trn v nn nh phi lm sau khi t xong cc
kt cu c nh thanh dn v dy in chiu sng. Khi thi cng trong gian acqui cn c
my iu ho khng kh v cho chy my ny m bo nhit ti gian t acqui
khng di 15
o
C.

* Mi cng vic xy lp gian chnh lu thu ngn phi hon chnh trc khi lp chnh lu.
Nhit trong gian t chnh lu khng thp hn 15
o
C.
Mng my t cc b chnh lu phi r cp pha xong , sa sang ht cc vt r , tho ht
cc nt cc l , ty cho mt b tng ht g gh .
Mt trn ca mong my phi phng v thng bng. Mng cc my ln v trung bnh phi
c bn v v cc ng tm , cao trnh phi c xc nh v tr trn bn v v c bn
giao ghi thnh vn bn do cn b o c lp thnh ph lc trong b h s bn giao sau
ny.
Mi sai lch v mt bng mng my phi c ghi chp y . Ch chp nhn khi g
gh nh hn 10 mm v sai s v nghing nh hn 1/100 .

* Trc khi s my in chun b cho lp t , mi vic chun b phi lm xong . My
phi c v sinh sch s. H thng thng gi phi c kim tra k cng , phi sn v
ch kh sn . Ca h thng thng gi lp y v vn hnh nh nhng .

* Nhng mng kim tra , t tiu chun a vo lp t phi lp h s nghim thu gia
bn thi cng v ch u t , c s c mt ca bn lp my v coi nh tin hnh nghim
thu , bn giao tay ba cho bn lp.

* Mi cng c phc v cho cng tc lp phi a ti hin trng v chun b t th thi
cng c theo phng n lp nh thu lp trnh vi ch u t xem xt v duyt .

* Lnh khi cng lp phi do ch u t giao cho bn lp bng vn bn sau khi kim


18
tra cc i kin chun b nh phn trn.

Chng III

KM TRA VC LP AT CC THT TR PHN PH
VA TRAM BN P

3.1 Cc thit tr phn phi .

3.1.1. Yu cu chung trong lp t.

Phi quan st trong qu trnh thi cng cc thit tr c c nh chc chn vo
v tr . Khi cc thit tr chu rung hay chn ng trong qu trnh khai thc phi s dng ai
c hn hay vng m vnh , vng m hm. Ren bulng ca cc thit tr ca trm bin p
ngoi tri phi bi m xlidn .

Du cha trong thit b c du phi n mc ch dn ca nh ch to. Khng
du r r qua mi hn , qua mt bch , ng ni van , vi , giong , ng ch bo mc du .



19
Nhng b phn khng dn in v cc l xo phi bi m vadlin cng nghip theo
ch dn ca nh che to thit b .

Cn kim tra cc v tr t ni t di ng , c gi l ni t an ton , trn cc
b phn mang in ca 3 pha . Cn bo m sao cho cc phn c ct d sa cha ,
u nm pha c ni t di ng ( i vi ngun cung cp in ) hay nm gia cc ni
t di ng . Nhng v tr t ni t di ng trn cc thit b u c co sch , bi
vadlin c hai mt tip xc , phi k 2 vch sn en pha ngoi . Bng sau s hng dn
cc v tr t ni t di ng :

Cc phn c ct ra sa cha V tr t ni t

- T thit b phn phi

- Cc my in trn 1000V

- Cc my bin p

- Phn on hay mt trong cc h thng
thanh ci

- Thit tr phn phi kiu nhiu tng

- Di dao cch ly thanh ci, dao cch ly
cp hay ng dy . Ti thit b phn phi
kiu nhiu tng th t t my ct in
kiu c du.

- Ti cc u ra.

- Ti thanh ci hay cp pha in p cao v
in p thp

-Trn cc thanh ci ca phn on hay ca
h thng

- C hai pha ca thit b mi tng

3.1.2 Lp thanh ci cc thit tr phn phi trong nh :

* Cc thanh ci c nn thng tp , khng c c ch cong vnh . Vi cc thanh ci c
tit din ch nht th bn knh cong ch un khng ng nh hn hai ln chiu dy
thanh nu un theo phng mt :

R 2



20
m = chiu dy thanh ci .

Nu un theo cnh th

R 2 b

m b = chiu rng ca cnh.

Nhng ch un thanh ci khng c c vt ra , nt . Chiu di ch un thanh ci
khng b hn 2 ln chiu rng ca n . Ch thanh ci b un phi xa ch thanh ci b ni (
nu c ) t nht l 10 mm k t mp mt tip xc . Ht sc lu rng khi thay i nhit
, thanh ci s co dn theo chiu dc nn chi c c nh thanh ci vo vt cch in
im gia thanh ci . Khi thanh ci c nhng b phn b dn n th v tr c nh thanh
ci nn c nh thanh ci nm gia hai ci b . Khi ni thanh ci vo thit b phi o , un
chnh xc , khng pht sinh ng sut cng v phi t cho cc mt ni p st vo nhau.

* Thanh ci c ni bng bulng phi kim tra v tr ni v cht xit ni . V tr ni
phi cch xa cc u vt cch in , ch u phn nhnh t nht 50 mm.

* Sau khi lp xong thanh ci , cc l ca vt cch in phi c bt bng cc bn c bit
. Thanh ci ghp h ch vo v ra khi vt cch in phi c kp cht li vi nhau.

* Khi dng in ln hn 5000A th trn nhng kt cu bng thp c nh cc vt cch
in thanh ci t h , phi t cc vng ni tt bng kim loi dn in gim bt s
pht nng cc kt cu do nh hng ca t trng. iu ny phi tm k trong ch dn ca
thit k. Nu trong ch dn ca thit k thy st, khng ghi , yu cu thit k ghi b sung.

* Khi dng in ln hn 600 A th cc vt c nh thanh ci v cc b phn kp thanh ci
khng c to nn mch t khp kn chung quanh thanh ci. Mun t c iu ny , 1
trong cc tm p hay tt c cc bulng b tr cng mt pha ca thanh ci phi lm bng
vt liu khng nhim t nh ng thau , nhm v cc hp kim ca n. C th p dng
kiu kt cu c nh thanh ci khng to nn mch t kn.

* Ni chung nhng ch ni c nh ca thanh ci c tit din ch nht u nn hn in
hay hn hi , v nu c iu kin nn hn p lc . Nhng ch ni c yu cu tho khi cn
thit th ni bng bulng hay bng tm kp.

* Phi kim tra rt k nhng u thanh ci nhm ni vo u cc ng ca cc my mc ,
thit b , phi tun theo cc qui nh di y:

+ Nu u cc ni loi dt , c ni trc tip , khng k tr s dng in l bao
nhiu.
+ Nu u cc trn cho php ni trc tip khi dng in di 400 A.
+ Vi dng in trn 400 A v nhng thit b ngoi tri th ni phi qua tm
tip xc ng - nhm.



21
Khi dng in di 200A , thanh ci bng thp c th ni trc tip vo u cc
ng ca thit b . Trong nh kh ro , mt tip xc ca thanh ci bng thp phi nh
sch v bi vadlin. Trong nh m t hoc c kh n mn , mt tip xc phi m km ,
m cadmi , m ng hay trng thic. Mt tip xc ca thanh ci dp phi phng khi ni
bng bulng , bng tm p hay ni vo u cc b mt ca thanh ci nhm , hay thp phi
bi mt lp mng vadlin cng nghip.
Cc ch ni tip xc bng bulng c th tho m c cc thit b phn phi
trong nh phi dng bulng v ai c m km. Cc bulng v ai c b tr sao cho khi
khai thc d kim tra. Khi ni cc thanh ci bng ng v bng thp th bulng phi c
vng m bng thp.

Khi u ni cc thanh ci v cc u ct bng nhm vo cc u ct thit b cn
kim tra m bo vic s dng ng vng m theo bng di y:

n v : mm

Bulng c
ren
ng knh trong ca vng
m
ng knh ngoi ca vng
m
Chiu dy
vng m
M8 8,5 18 3

24
+

M10

10,5
28

4
28
+
4
M12

12,5
32

6
M16 16,5 40 6
M20 21 46 6

Ghi ch : Du + dng cho nhng khong cch gia cc l bulng b gim nh
i.

i vi cc cc thanh trn phi dng ai c c bit do nh sn xut thit b cung
cp ng b vi thit b. ng knh ngoi ca vng m l xo kiu a tnh trng p
khng c ln hn ng knh ngoi ca vng m nm di l xo cho bng trn.

Nn dng vng m vnh hm cc ch ni bng bulng ca thanh ci ng v
thp cn thanh ci nhm th khng nn dng vng m ny.

Tr mt tip xc , ch ni thanh ci trong cc gian nh t thit b m t phi
qut 2-3 lp sn. Trong mi trng c kh n mn , phi qut 3 lp sn chng n mn ,
tr ngay ti mt tip xc.
Cc ch ni thanh ci b hn th vt hn khng c c so , r hay nt rn , vnh
v chy . Sau khi hn phi ty ht x hn v thuc hn.



22
Trc khi tin hnh hn thanh ci cn kim tra trnh ngh nghip ca th hn .
Ngi c php hn thanh ci phi qua st hch v c Gim c Cng ty Xy lp
in cp chng ch kim tra tay ngh v cho php c hn thanh ci.

c hn p lc nhng thanh ci c kch thc di 100 x 10 mm nhng thit b
t 1000 V tr ln t mi trng kh ro tr my pht in , thit b in t dng ca
cc nh my in my bin p t 20.000 KVA tr ln v cc thit b chu rung ng. Vic
ni thanh ci ng vi nhm bng phng php hn p lc ch c tin hnh vi cc
thit b ng cp III. Trc khi ni , cc mt tip xc thanh ci phi nh sch cc lp
xyt v lau ra sch du m . S lng v cch b tr cc mi t dng phi chn la
cho thch hp vi kch thc v vt liu thanh ci. Cng nhn tin hnh cc thao tc ny
phi qua hun luyn chuyn mn mi c thi cng. Vic kim tra s lng ch ni phi
tin hnh ngu nhin vi s lng trn 10% ch ni. Cch kim tra l o vi sai s nh
hn 0,01 mm thng s chiu dy lp kim loi b p hoc c th o in tr tip xc ca
on ni , in tr ny khng c ln hn in tr ca mt on thanh ci nguyn c
cng di. Ch ni thanh ci sn cng mu vi thanh ci. Cc tm tip xc ng-nhm
phi c nh ch to kim tra v cp chng ch kim tra.

3.1.3 Lp thanh ci ca thit tr phn phi ngoi tri :

Kim tra sai s vng ca thanh ci mm , so vi sai s cho php ca thit k
c x dch trong phm vi 5 %. Trn ton b chiu di ca thanh ci mm , khng c
c ch vn , ch xon hoc t ra hay c mt s si ring b hng.

Phi b tr h thng thanh ci c ch r nhnh v s mi ni l t nht. Cn ht
sc lu tm n s dn n nhit khi ni thanh ci vo u thit b khng gy ra lc tc
ng thm vo u cc ngoi trng lng bn thn thanh ci v p lc gi.
Khi ni thanh ci nhm vi thanh ci ng ngoi tri phi dng cc tm tip xc
ng nhm. Ch ni thanh ci thit b ngopi tri phi qut sn chng r. Bulng , ai
c v vng m phi m km.
Cc thit b t trong nh, vt liu cch in v xuyn t trn cng mt mt
phng phi c c nh sao cho b mt cc m chp ca chng khng nghing qu 2
mm. ng tim ca cc vt cch in xuyn hoc t trong cng mt dy khng c
lch qu 5 mm v m pha. Khi c nh cc vt cch in phi m bo c th thay
th m khng cn ca ct thanh ci. m lt di mt bch ca vt cch in khng c
li ra ngoi mt bch. ng knh ca l trn tm hay vch ngn lun vt cch in
xuyn qua phi ln hn ng knh chn vt cch in 5 ~ 10 mm. i vi vt cch in
xuyn t 1000V tr ln phi c bin php loi tr kh nng to nn cc machj vng dn t
kn trong tm bng thp. Cc tm ny phi lm bng hai na ghp v khng c ni
vi nhau qua vt ni bng thp. Ct thp ca tm v ca vch ngn bng b tng ct
thp khng c to nn mch vng kn xung quanh 1 pha.

Vic lp t cc chui cch in thit b phn phi ngoi tri phi p ng cc
yu cu :
Ph kin ca chui nh ti , mc , kp phi ph hp vi kch thc ca vt cch
in v dy dn. Cc tai mc v khu trung gian u phi c cht ch bng thp.


23
Khi treo cc chui cch in ln vt treo bng g thit b phn phi ngoi tri
phi lu tm kim tra m bo :
ai c ca mc treo phi c hm li. Kch thc cc vng m t di cc u
bulng v cc ai c khng c b hn 70x70 mm v chi dy khng di 5 mm.
Khng c khoan , o x g sau khi x l chng mc.

3.1.4 Cc my ct in trn 1000V v cc b phn truyn ng ca my ct ny:

Cng nh qui trnh chung, vic lp rp v hiu chnh nhng my ny phi cn c
vo ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to , nh cung ng my v qui trnh lp my.
Cn xc nh v tr cn lp t bng cch i chiu v tr trong bn v vi thc a
cn c vo cc ng trc qui nh. S dng my kinh v v t ra l s dng dy di
cn chnh nghim chnh v kch thc hnh hc v thng bng. Vi cc my ct du
c ba bnh , phi ch ht sc n cc ng trc. Cc my pht in phi c nh vo b
chu sc rung khi vn hnh. Chn thng cha du hay cc v tr cn c nh vo b vi
cc thit b b tr ngoi tri , khng c trt ph va xi mng bay b tng.
Cc b phn truyn ng ca my ct in v cc c cu b truyn ng phi th
thy s vn hnh nh nhng, khng vng hay b cng bc do mc kt v sai lch khi
lp. Khi my ct in v tr ng hon ton th b truyn ng cng v tr tng
ng.

Cc lin kt bulng ca b truyn ng , c cu truyn ng ca cc tip im
ng v tnh phi c xit cht m bo hm chc chn. Khi ng cc b phn truyn
ng phi trong tnh trng lm vic, chc chn d vi in p lm vic gim thp hoc
tng cao. Cc b phn lm vic bng kh nn cng lm vic tt. Cc tip im ca my
ct in v b phn dp h quang phi hiu chnh tht chnh xc v kim tra cht ch.
Qu trnh kim tra b phn ny phi t cc yu cu sau y:
* p lc tip xc , hnh trnh ca h tip im ng, s ng trc ca cc tip
im ng hay tnh cng phi ph hp vi ch dn ca nh ch to.
* B mt tip xc ca h tip im ng kiu nm, cc tip im chi hay cht
khng c b hn 70% ton b b mt tip xc. Cng c kim tra l s dng l cn
0,5 mm la kim tra. Nhng mt tip xc ny phi nhn v sch trc khi lp rp.
* Cc tip im dp h quang v cc tip im chnh phi iu chnh m bo
tnh ng thi khi ng v m.
* Khi ng, m cc tip im chnh, tip im dp h quang, tip im ng, tip
im trung gian v tip im tnh phi lm vic ng trnh t.
* Khi ng, tip im ng khng c ngp su qu mc qui nh do nh ch to
qui nh trnh s dp mnh vo y hoa th.
* Cc c cu truyn ng phi c kim tra khi my ct in v tr ng v ct.

Vi cc my ct khng kh , khi kim tra phi t cc yu cu sau y:
* Mt trong , tip xc vi kh nn phi lm v sinh sch s trc khi lp rp.
* Khi xit cc bulng mt bch ni cc tng cch in phi s dng cl mmen
xit u , khng nn xit qu gng hay cn lng.
* Lp ng ng chnh dn kh nn phi dt dc 2/1000 v phi hng gp nc
ng.


24

Cc chi tit cch in trong cc bnh ca my ct in b m , nht l trong iu
kin thi tit nc ta, nht thit phi sy. nh gi mc m bng cch kim tra in tr
cch in , phi m bo tnh ph hp vi qui phm trang b in.
Cc np y cc on ng x phi cht.

3.1.5 Dao cch ly v b phn truyn ng ca chng:

B truyn ng ca dao cch ly v ton b h thng truyn dn cn hot ng nh
nhng chng xc. Cc gi phi c c nh chc chn vo , tay cm phi lp t
chc chn vo trc, cc chc khuu phi lp cht vo cn ko. Mi sai lch hay khe h v
bin dng n hi ca h thng truyn dn k t tay quay ca b truynf ng n li
dao khng c lm cho hnh trnh khng ti ca tr quay vt qu 5
o
. Cn a tay quay
li tin nh nhng bng tay quan st li dao khi tip xc vi hm cu dao. Gi
khng c php rung lc khi ng ct dao cch ly.

Cn ko ca dao cch ly loi dng trong nh phi lun qua vng bo him
cn khng b chm vo cc b phn ca mng in. Khi ng dao cch ly , cc li dao
phi cch hm dao khong 3 ~ 5 mm v li dao phi ri vo gia hm tip xc c nh
v khng p mnh vo hm lm cho hm b vnh.
m ca dao cch ly v gc quay ca li dao khi ct phi trong gii hn c
nh ch to qui nh. Mc khng ng thi ca cc li dao khi ng dao cch ly 2 pha
v 3 pha , khong cch gia li dao v hm tip xc c nh khng c vt qu 3 mm.

Cc tip im kiu tip xc mt phi c t nht 3 im tip xc khng cng nm
trn mt ng thng . Nu ch l cc im tip xc im th t nht phi c hai im tip
xc. Dng cn dy 0,05 mm , rng 10 mm kim tra cc im tip xc ny. L cn
khng lt su 5 mm bn trong mt tip xc hay dc theo ng tip xc.
Mt tip xc gia li dao v hm tip xc c nh phi lm sch bng bn chi
st hay da c sch v bi mt lp vadlin cng nghip. Nu mt tip xc bng bc th
khng cn mi , da.

Khng c p cng l xo tip xc ca cc m dao cch ly. Cc vng l xo phi
c h ti thiu l 0,5 mm khi li dao t th ng. Gc cm tip im ca b truyn
ng dng bo tn hiu v kho lin ng, v tr dao cch ly, phi m bo tn hiu
"ct" khi li dao i c 75% hnh trnh v ch pht tn hiu "ng" khi li dao
chm vo hm tip xc c nh.
Dao cch ly ngoi tri, sng di ng ch c trt trn mt sng c nh vi lc
ma st nh.

Cn kim tra cc chi tit kho lin ng c kh gia my ct in vo dao cch ly,
cc chi tit ny phi c hiu chnh tht khp vi cc thit b. S lin ng gia dao cch
ly vi my ct in cng nh gia li chnh vi li tip t ca dao cch ly phi hot
ng chnh xc. Khoa lin ng khng cho php quay c cn truyn ng dao ch ly
khi my ct in ang v tr ng.



25
3.1.6 Cc my bin in o lng:

Nhng u dy cha s dng ca cc cun dy th cp my bin dng in phi
c u tt. Trong mi trng hp, tr ra nhng trng hp ghi trc trong thit k,, mt
trong cc u cun dy th cp my bin ng in t trong mch c in p t 500 V
tr ln v ca my bin in p u phi c tip t.
Cn kim tra m bo rng cc kt cu thp t my bin dng in kiu
xuyn t 1000A tr ln khng c to nn cc mch t kn chung quanh 1 hay 2 pha.

Cn kim tra sao cho cc my bin p c b tr khi khai thc, du c th n
c nt x du. Cc nt x du phi thng cc l thng hi. Trc khi my a vo khai
thc, cn kim tra xem ming m bo qun ca nh ch to c ly i cha. Nu
cha, cn ly i.

3.1.7 Cc khng in:

Cn kim tra cc cun khng b tng khng c c vt rn nt hay v cnh v
bong sn trn cc tr b tng. Khng c c ch hng trn cc cch in v trn cch
in cc vng dy. Trng hp cc pha cun khng t chng ln nhau phi tun theo
ng k hiu. Nu k hiu theo ting Nga th ch H ( ) l pha di, C () l
pha gia, B (x ) l pha trn ng thi chiu ca cun dy pha gia phi ngc vi
chiu ca cc cun trn v di.
Mi pha cun khng phi ta ln qua ton b cc s. Di cc u cch in v
cc mt bch ca chng phi t m. Cc cun khng b tng phi cun bng dy bc
cch in nu lu ngoi tri hoc lp sn trn mt b tng b hng nng. Khi sa tr b
tng phi sy nhng cun khng ny. Vic sy coi nh t nu in tr cch in ca
cun khng t 1 M.

3.2 Cc my bin p in lc.
3.2.1. Kim tra my:

Cn kim tra m bo cc quy nh trong mc ny khi lp t cc my bin p
( k c my bin p t ngu v cun khng c du ) in p n 220 KV.
Cn kim tra rut my bin p nu ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to quy nh.
Trong khi vn chuyn v bo qun nu thy hin tng c kh nng gy ra h hng bn
trong my th phi kim tra rut my.
Vic kim tra rut my v tnh trng trc khi lp phi thc hin theo quy nh ca nh
ch to.
Sau khi kim tra nu thy rut my bin p b bn th phi dng du sch v kh
ra vi p sut nh ( khng qu 1,15 kg/cm
2
).
kim tra cc b phn trn cao ca my bin p t c IV tr ln phi lp cc
thanh c nh.
Khi kim tra, nu thy giong np my b hng, cho php thay cc giong np
my v b chuyn ng ca b i nc in p b hng, bng nhng giong c cng chiu
dy vi giong ca nh ch to.


26
Vic c phi sy my hay khng, phi cn c vo quy nh ca nh ch to v tiu
chun cch in ca my bin p v phi lp thnh bin bn c i din c quan lp v
giao thu tham gia.
Cc ch ni mt bch ca my bin p phi m bng giong chu du hoc bng
lie ( in in ). Trng hp khng c th cho php dng giong lm bng vt liu chu
du khc nh paraphp tm sn baklit.
Cc b phn lm mt phi dng du bin p ra sch v phi th nghim theo ti
liu hng dn ca nh ch to, kt qu phi ghi vo bin bn.
Ring cc cch in trc khi lp vo my bin p, phi c th nghim theo ti
liu hng dn ca nh ch to, hoc theo quy trnh k thut hin hnh.
Cc cch in c du khng c h hng, v cch in v bnh dn n bng
thu tinh, khng c r r du. Cc cch in phi c du vo n gia bnh gin
n ng vi nhit 15-20
0
C. Cc bu gin n bng thu tinh ca cc cch in phi sn
trng v phi cha li mt vch khng sn rng 15 -20 mm quan st mc du.
Trc khi t bnh gin n ln my bin p phi ra bng du bin p sch. ng
dn du ni thng bin p vi bnh dn n phi c dc t nht 2% v pha my bin p,
khng c dc ngc li. ng thu tinh ch mc du bnh dn n t v pha d quan
st v phi c 2 vch nh du mc du tng ng vi nhit + 35
0
v

+ 15
0
ca mi
trng.

3.2.2 Kim tra b phn iu khin :

R le hi phi c kim tra phng th nghim trc khi lp t. R le hi phi
t ngang ca (l ) quan st phi t v pha d nhn. Thn rle hi h thng phao v np
rle hi phi t trn my bin p sao cho mi tn ch v pha bnh dn n.
ng phng n ca my bin p phi c lau sch bi bn v ra bng du bin
p sch. Ming knh mt bn trn ca ng phng n v ht x khng kh, phi c m
giong cao su chu du hay bng li-e ( in in ).
Phi t ng phng n sao cho cc u cp, thanh dn v cc thit b gn, khng b
phun vo khi s c du pht ra.

Khi lp cm bin nhit ca cc nhit k kiu p k thu ngn hay nhit k o
xa, phi dng chn kn. Cc m ny l nhng vng m ch, hoc dy aming tm sn
baklt hay sn gliptan. Cc ui lp nhit k thu ngn hay nhit k tip im thu
ngn phi y du my bin p v phi y kn trnh hi m lt vo. Nhit k phi
b tr ch d quan st v an ton. Cc nhit k ( thu ngn, kiu tip im thu ngn,
kiu p k v kiu o xa ) phi c kim tra phng th nghim, trc khi lp vo my
bin p v phi c bin bn th nghim.
Du vo my bin p phi t cc yu cu quy nh ca nh ch to. in p
nh thng v mu du khng c thp hn c tr s ghi trong bng sau y:

Tr s in p xuyn thng nh nht cho php
ca cc mu du my bin p.



27
Cp in p cun dy cao p
in p xuyn thng ca du trong khe h
phng in tiu chun ( KV )
n 15 KV 25
T 15 - 35 KV 30
T 60 - 220 KV 40

Nhit ca du b sung khng c khc vi du trong my bin p qu 5
0
C.
Khi b xung phi b sung loi c mu du ph hp.
H thng lm mt ( b lm mt du, cc ng du phi c th nghim theo
hng dn ca nh ch to ).
Cn thit phi kim tra cch in cu ch nh thng ca my bin p c
trung tnh cch in khi in p nh mc pha h p n 660V.

Cc my bin p c r le hi, phi t cao sao cho np my c dc cao hn t
nht 1=2,5% v pha r le hi. on ng dn du gia bnh gin n ca my bin p v r
le hi phi t van.

Cc bnh xe ca my bin p phi c chn chc v mi pha.

Trn cc thng my bin p mt pha phi sn mu phn bit pha.
Trn thng my bin p 3 pha v trn thng pha gia ca t my bin p 1 pha,
phi ghi r s hiu myv ghi c s hiu theo quy nh ca iu .
Trn ca trm v bung my bin p phi ghi r s hiu my v phi treo bin bo
nh nu trn . Ca trm v bung my bin p phi c kho.
Cc my bin p ngoi tri phi sn mu xm sng.

3.3. Cc thit b chnh lu.

Cc iu quy nh v kim tra , gim st v phi tun th trong mc ny p dng
lp rp cc trm i in p c cc chnh lu in lc loi kim loi, thu ngn, c hc
v bn dn.

3.3.1 Cc chnh lu thu ngn khng hn lin ( kiu tho ri ).

Cc chnh lu thu ngn kiu kt cu tho ri phi c lp rp li. Vic m ra v
lp rp li cc chnh lu thu ngn phi tin hnh trong cc gian nh ring cch ly vi cc
gian nh khc. Phi thng bo cho mi ngi nhn ra a bn tin hnh cng tc ny.
Vic tho lp phi tun theo cc ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to v phi tun theo cc
iu quy nh di y:

(i). Ch tin hnh lp rp li sau khi lp v th nghim h thng lm mt v h thng
ht gi.

(ii). Khi lp rp li phi dng cc dng c chuyn dng c lau ra sch du m bng
xng.


28

(iii). Tt c chi tit sau khi rt ra khi v chn khng phi ly giy bc li v vo t
c ht gi.

(iv). Nhng chi tit thng xuyn lm vic trong chn khng cn phi clp rp li vi
thi gian ngn nht.

(v). Nhng ngi lm cng vic lp rp li chnh lu phi mc o khoc ngoi, i m
chp v mang gng tay si trng.

(vi). Khi m cc van ca chnh lu loi axt sau khi lp rp li phi rt ngay chn khng.
Rt chn khng ti tr s chnh lu lm vic lu di.
Khi tin hnh cng vic, nhit trong gian nh kim tra v lp rp li chnh lu
thu ngn phi t 25
0
C .

Bm ht chn khng th phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:

(1). Thng bm phi y du, tuc bin loi thch hp du phi kh v sch n mc
vch du trn knh quan st thy cc b phn lm vic ca blc bm v van ht nm hon
ton trong du.

(2). Du khng c chy hoc d qua vng chn du ca thng bm.

(3). Chiu quay ca trc bm phi ph hp vi chiu quay quy nh ca nh ch to. Cm
cho trc quay ngc.

(4). Np van phi c r chnh xc v hon ton p kht vo van.

(5). Van t ng phi c iu chnh thi gian ng v m khng qu 30 giy.

(6). Trong thi gian khng qu 40 pht, bm phi to c mt p sut 40 mmHg trung
bnh chn khng th trong dung tch khong 5 lt.

(7). p sut trong h thng " chn khng th " khng c qu 40 mm Hg.

Bm thu ngn ht " chn khng cao " phi c kim tra cc phn sau:

(i). Lng thu ngn cha trong bu cha thu ngn.

(ii). Tnh trng vi phun.

(iii). S nguyn vn ca m t.

(iv). Gii hn ht ( p sut d khng c qu 0,1 mm Hg ) chn khng k thu ngn
phi c kim tra cc phn sau:



29
(a). S nguyn vn ca b phn bng thu tinh.

(b). Thanh o phi tht ng.

(c). Lng thu ngn cn thit.
Khi vn chuyn v lp khng c lm h on ng nh my ch to hn sn
ht chn khng.
Trc khi lp rp cc chnh lu phi c thng ng trong nh kn. Trc khi
t van vo t thit b chnh lu chn b phn kim tra tnh trng thit b v vic lp t
t, vic vn cht cc bu lng v lau sch lp m chng r bng vi tm xng.

Trng hp cc van c bo qun lu, trc khi lp t vo t thit b trn b
phi c kim tra bo dng li.

3.3.2. H thng lm mt bng nc.

Khi cc chnh lu thu ngn c lm mt bng nc trc lu hay tun hon, th
cc ng dn nc u phi cch in vi h thng c lm mt ca chnh lu mang in
p ca chnh lu.

Thng thng cch in, phi ni vo nhng on ng cch in. on ng
cch in gia chnh lu v b trao i nhit phi di t nht l 4 mt v c ng knh 50
mm, cn on ng cch in lm mt bm thu ngn phi di 2,5 m v ng knh 18
mm.

Mi ch ni ng u phi hn, ch dng mt bch ni ngvo thit b v ph
kin. Cc van nc iu chnh dng nc lm mt phi t trn ct bn cnh chnh lu
thu ngn, ct phi trong t g c ca i din vi van. Mt trong v ngoi t phi qut
sn du.

Cc ng dn nc phi cch xa v chnh lu thu ngn 1,5m hay phi bc cch
in ( cao su hay vi nha ).

H thng lm mt bng nc ca chnh lu thu ngn 1 Ant phi theo ng
hng dn ca nh ch to khi khng c hng dn phi thc hin cc iu sau:

(i) i vi chu trnh lm mt kn ca chnh lu thu ngn c b trao i nhit ch c
dng ci khng cho php lm mt bng nc trc lu ( trong thi gian ngn ).

(ii) Nhit nc lm mt i vo chnh lu c lm mt theo chu k trnh kn phi t
35
0
C- 47
o
C. chnh nhit gia nc vo v nc ra khi v chnh lu ca chu trnh
kn khng c qu 5
o
C. Lu lng nc ca chu trnh kn phi lun lun gi khng i.
Khng cho php iu chnh lu lng trong chu trnh kn.

(iii) Nc trc lu lm mt b trao i nhit v bm thu ngn phi l nc sch
khng c tp cht c hc.


30

(iv) Nhit nc lm mt bm thy ngn khng c qu 25
o
C gii hn khng di
mc quy nh.

Nc ca h thng lm mt kiu trc lu ca chnh lu thy ngn nhiu Ant,
phi theo ng hng dn ca nh ch to. Nu khng c hng dn ring phi theo cc
yu cu sau:

(1). cng khng qu 10
o
theo thang cng, in tr khng c di 2000 cm ,
cc cn khng ho tan khng c ln hn 0,5 mg/lit.

(2). p sut nc ng dn nc phi nm trong quy nh ca nh ch to.

(3). Nhit nc lm mt i vo chnh lu phi nm trong gii hn 15-55
o
C. chnh
nhit gia nc vo v nc ra khi chnh lu khng c qu 15
o
C.

3.3.3. To hnh cc chnh lu thu ngn.

Cc chnh lu thu ngn kiu kt cu tho ri sau khi lp li xong phi to
c hnh dng thch hp. Vic to hnh phi c tin hnh vi in p thp, vi dng
in to hnh n 120% dng in nh mc ca chnh lu thu ngn v bt buc dng
in phi phn b u gia cc Ant.

Vic to hnh chnh lu thu ngn kiu kt cu tho ri phi tin hnh theo hng
dn ca nh ch to vi nhng iu kin sau:

(i). Phi kim tra khi iu chnh bo v my bin p chnh cho thch hp vi cc dng
in ngn mch ca ch to hnh.

(ii). Trong qu trnh to hnh phi duy tr chn khng trong gii hn 3 - 4 micr ct
thu ngn. Khi to hnh t ng, cho php nng p sut d n 15 micr ct thu ngn.

(iii). Vic to hnh xem nh kt thc nu ng vi ph ti cc i v bm ht chn khng
th ct, trong vng 3 gi, p sut trong v chnh lu thu ngn t 0,1 micr ct thu
ngn c nng ln khng qu p sut cho php khi khai thc l 0,5 micr ct thu ngn .

Vic to hnh b sung cc van ca chnh lu thu ngn kiu hn sn: Trong trng
hp chng bo qun t lu th tin hnh nh sau: ng in vo chnh lu trong 2 gi
v cho mang ti bng 50% dng in nh mc vi in p Ant c gim xung t
50 - 100 V.

Cc chi tit c kh ca my in t ng tc ng nhanh phi c lau chi ht
bi bn, phi c th theo hng dn ca nh ch to.

B mt ca cc tip im phi c nh sch g, bi bn bng bn chi. Khng
c php dng da, hoc dng giy nhp nh cc mt m bc. Cc mt thng


31
xuyn tip xc nhau trong qu trnh ng ct ca cc li nam chm in ( cun in t )
bn trong my ct phi c lau bng r tm xng sch.

Phi dng p k kim tra p lc ca cc tip im.

Cc thanh dn khi b nng khng c gy ra ng lc c hc ln cc b phn ca
my ct in.

Vi cc chnh lu bn dn:

Cc chnh lu gic-ma-ni v xi-lc phi hon ton kn khi lp, mi b phn kim
loi bn ngoi chnh lu phi c bi mt lp mng vadlin cng nghip.

Cch sn v ghi k hiu:

Cc thit b trong thit ch chnh lu thu ngn v b trao i nhit phi sn bng
men hay sn du mu sng. Trn cc cnh tn nhit Ant nn sn mu en c k vch .
Cc kt cu c nh trn thit b sn mu en.

Trn v chnh lu thu ngn phi v mi tn v ghi cc ch ch r tr s in p
chnh lu ln nht. Trn cc thit b phi ghi ch nh trong thit k quy nh.

3.4. Cc bng v t in.

Cc quy nh trong mc ny c p dng kim tra khi lp cc t v bng in
cng nh cc chi tit km theo.

3.4.1. Lp cc kt cu, ng h, thit b v h thng thanh ci.

Cc t in v bng in phi c cn chnh cho c cng ng tm v phi c
c nh chc chn.

Mi chi tit kim loi khng ct in vi t ( bng ) dng c nh cc thit b v
thanh ci u phi bt cho dn in vi v t.

Cc ptmt, cc ng h t ghi v cc r le c nhy cao nn t trn cc m
n hi nh cao su dy 3 - 4mm.

Phi kim tra b truyn ng ca cc thit b phi lm vic nh nhng, khng
b kt v khng c tu tin ct. Cc thit b b phn bo v tr lm vic ca cc b
truyn ng phi hot ng chnh xc, chiu quay ca b truyn ng cu dao, ptmt
cn t bn cnh cu dao tng ng vi quy nh sau:

- Khi quay ln ng vi v tr ng ca thit b.

- Khi quay xung ng vi v tr ct ca thit b, v tr t cu dao ptmt phi t sao cho


32
h quang pht sinh khi ct khng th lm h hng cc thit b v cc ng h khc.

Cc hm cu dao v cu chy ng phi t sao cho cc li dao cm vo c nh
nhng v kht cht, khng c cc khe h, khng b vnh b kt. Lp cc thit
b c tip im trt ( cc kho chuyn mch bin tr v.v... ) phi bo m cho cc tip
im ng p cht ln cc tip im c nh.

Khi cc thit b in, cc kp u dy v cc dy dn in in p 380/220V c
b tr trn cc ngn gn cc trang thit b c in p di 220 V th cc b phn mang
in phi c bo v trnh trng hp ngi vn hnh hay thao tc v chm phi
m gy tai nn. Nhng ni phi c bin bo v phi sn mu khc nhau.

Vic lp t cc cng tc, cc trang b khi ng, t thanh dn ca mch nh th
v ni t cc t, bng in phi theo ng thit k.
Cc cu ch t trn cc t in phi c ng kn.
Vic ni cc thit b vi thanh ci ca t phi dng bulng hay cht.
Vic ni thanh ghp chnh vi thanh dn r nhnh cng nh gia chng vi nhau
trong mt bng in phi hn hay p ( tr nhng ch ni c lc cn tho ra ) th ni bng
bulng.

Cc bulng, ai c v vng m bng thp dng ni cc thanh ci vi nhau hay
ni thanh ci vi cc thit b u phi m km.

Ch tip xc ca thit b, ch ni thanh gp bng bulng v cc kp u dy
mch o lng, tn hiu u phi b tr ch d n gn kim tra.
Cc bulng v cht ch c nh cc thit b ng ct cc ngn t u phi c
bin php ngn nga t ni lng.

Khong cch d in theo b mt khng c b hn 20mm, cc khe h in
khng c b hn 12mm.

3.4 2. Cch sn v ghi k hiu.

Mt trong v mt ngoi ca t v cc chi tit bng kim loi dng c nh cc
thit b, ng h, thanh ci, dy dn v cp khng m km hay m bng kim loi, th phi
sn mt lp sn lt sau phi sn ph ln mt lp sn du, sn men mitr mu xm (
sn khng c vt m hay chy ) mun sn mu khc phi c s ng ca c quan
giao thu.

Ti cc b phn truyn ng ca thit b phi c bin nh pha chnh din, bin
ny c ghi k hiu ch r tn ng dy. Mt sau ca t in cng phi ghi k hiu tng
ng.
Pha sau t c t cc thit b ng ct, mi mch u phi c bin nh c ghi k
hiu ch r tn mch dn.

Cc kho, nt n v cn iu chnh phi ghi k hiu ch r tn gi theo s v


33
ni dung thao tc chng. V d: " ng ", " Ct ", " Tng ", " Gim" v.v... bin bo hiu
v cc dng c bo hiu khc u phi ghi r c tnh ca tn hiu. V d:" mc du thp
", " qu nng " v.v... cc b truyn ng ca thit b ng ct c hp bc kn, hoc t
phn sau t nhng c iu khin pha trc t, u phi ghi r v tr ng, ct v trn
cc cu ch phi c ghi dng in thuc loi in p khc nhau, hay loi in khc nhau
u phi ghi k hiu tng ng v d " T in 380 ", " bng in ca b c quy".
3.5. Cc mch th cp.

Cc quy nh trong mc ny p dng rng ri kim tra v hng dn lp t
cc dy dn ca mch iu khin, o lng, bo v, lin ng v tn hiu, ngha l cho tt
c cc mch th cp t trong cc ngn thit b phn phi, cc t, bng iu khin, v cc
t, bng iu khin truyn ng cc t, bng iu khin v cc t, bng iu khin truyn
ng cc t my cng ngh.

3.5.1. Cc dy dn in.

Khi t dn dn in ca cc mch th cp trong cc ngn thit tr phn phi, t
v bng in th cho php:

(i). t trc tip ln mt kim loi hay cch in hoc ln tm hay cng xn. Trong
phm vi tng ngn, t in cc gian nh kh ro cho php t trc tip cc dy dn ln
b mt kim loi c chng g v cc dy dn ny c th t st nhau.

(ii). Khi xp thnh nhiu chm hay b theo phng ng hoc ngang khng cn c nh
cht dy dn vo cc ngn trn sut ton b chiu di ca dy ( bin php ny khng
p dng cho cc t in trn 1000 V ). Cc chm v b dy phi c kp gi bng cc
ai cch in v cch nhau 150 - 200 mm. Phi ghp chung cc si thuc 1 mch dy,
mt t my thnh tng chm.

(iii). t kn trong cc hp hoc trong cc ng c lp m hay lp sn chng g. Trng
hp ny khng phi lt thm cch in cho hp v khng cn c nh dy dn trong hp.

(iv). Khi t dy dn pha sau t, bng in, cho php ko dy theo ng ngn nht t
u kp ny n u kp kia, khng cn c nh dy dn vo mt ca bng in v ghi k
hiu cc u dy theo cch thng thng.

Cc dy dn ni vi cc thit b v ng h t trong mt ngn t, c th ni qua
hng kp u dy hoc ni trc tip t thit b ny sang mt thit b khc.

Ch cho php ni u dy dn cc kp u dy hay u cc dn ca ng h
v thit b. on dy gia cc kp u dy khng c ni bng cch hn. Ch cho php
ni rut cp kim tra, nu chiu di ch to ca cp ngn hn chiu di thit k.

Cc dy in thoi trn cc bng in k, iu khin t xa v thng tin lin lc
phi t thnh chm, vic ni dy in thoi v ni chng vo thit b cho php ni bng
cch hn.


34

Khong cch gia cc im c nh cp v dy dn t h c cc kiu kp cng
phi thc hin ng vi cc s liu quy nh trong bng sau y:
Khong cch gia cc im c nh cp v dy dn.

Khong cch ( cm ) M hiu cp v dy dn
Theo hng ng Theo hng ngang
- Cc cp c cch in bng cao su c v
bc bng ch, bng cao su hay bng vinyl v
khng c v gai.
- Dy dn cch in cao su, ngoi bc vi
hay bc nha vinyl

300 - 400

250 - 300

250 - 300

175 - 200

Khi t cc dy dn v cp xuyn quy nh nh sau:

(i). Khi xuyn qua tng b tng v tng phi lun trong ng thp hay ng cch in
hoc qua cc l c hp st.

(ii). Cc ngn t bng kim loi phi t trong cc ng cch in hoc qua cc l c hp
st.

(iii). Cc ngn t bng vt liu cch in th cho php t trc tip.

Cc dy dn ni vo thit b c du ( nh n r le hi ) phi c lp cch in chu
du v c s bo v trnh cc h hng v c hc.

Cc dy dn v cp rut ng nhiu si ni vo cc hng kp u dy v thit b
u phi c cc u ct hay cc vng khuyn c p cht. Cho php un cc u cp
thnh hnh vng khuyn v hn li.

Cc rut dy dn v cp ni vo cc kp u dy phi c mt di d tr cn
thit khi b t c th ni li vo cc u kp dy .
Cc dy dn, cp nhiu rut c cch in bng cao su c tch ra nn bo v
cho lp cch in bng cao su khi b lo ho bng cch lun chng vo cc ng nha
plyvinyl chu nhit, chu nh sng.
Cc dy dn ca mch th cp c s dng cc ng nha bng nha plyclovinyl
chu nhit, chu nh sng hoc bng si vi qut sn cch in. trong cc gian nh m t
th qut sn chng m.

Cc rut ca cp nhiu rut ch ra khi v bc phi dng bng nha
pliclovinyl, sau bng bng si vi, hay qun bng si bn ri qut sn cch in.

Vic un cc dy dn bng nhm phi dng cc dng chuyn dng cn ch :
bn knh un gp 3 ln ng knh ngoi ca dy dn. Phi dng km c m bng un


35
cc dy dn v rut ra bng nhm, khng cho php un i un li nhiu ln.

Khi phi ko dy dn qua cnh ca hay cc b phn thng phi ng m ( ca t
bng in... ) phi l loi dy c rut ng mm. Trng hp ny ch c ni rut ng
vi rut nhm bng cc kp u dy, nhng phi ni qua bng hai vt ring.

i vi dy dn ( hay rut cp ) c mt ct 2,5 n 4 mm
2
nn dng dng c
chuyn dng bc v cch in, cho php dng dao bc lp cch in. Nn dng cc
dng c chuyn dng un rut mt si dy ca dy dn ng v nhm thnh vnh
khuyn khng cho php un bng km loi c m bng.

Khi nh sch rut dy nhm phi dng giy nhp nh nh mt lp sau nh
sch bng bt vadlin thch anh hay vadlin cng nghip. Cm dng dao co rut
nhm. Sau khi nh sch v lau sch phi bi mt lp bt nho vadlin thch anh hay
vadlin ch nguyn cht ri un thnh vng khuyn.

Khi ni dy dn ( hay cp ) rut nhm 1 si vo cc kp u dy ca ng h v
thit b, hoc vo cc hng kp u dy v.v... phi lm nh sau:

(i). t thm vng m rng ca hoc vng m vnh ln cc u dy un thnh vng
khuyn.
(ii). p rut dy c nh sch v c bi bt nho vadlin thch anh hay vadlin
cng nghip vo u ct v t thm vng m vnh ln cc u ct.
Phng php "(i)" nn dng cho trng hp kp u dy ca thit b hay ca chi tit vi
b mt phng c lp m v c vt tip xc ( cc r le trung gian, my bin dng, hng kp
u dy v.v... ).
Phng php "(ii)" nn dng ni vo cc ng h v thit b c kp u dy kiu
guging vn ai c ( cc ng h o lng t bng, cc r le v thit b kiu t mt
sau t, bng in )

Cc vng m vnh, l ca cc vng m rng ca phi ph hp vi ng knh
ca vt kp u dy.

p rut dy nhm vo u ct, nn dng km chuyn dng km theo b khun
dp tng t nh b khun dng cho rut ng nhng c kch thc ph hp vi mt ct
rut nhm v ng knh ca vt tip xc.

3.5.2. Cc hng kp u dy.

Kiu hng kp u dy phi ph hp vi in p ca mch in. Cc kp u dy
thuc nhng i tng khc nhau phi chia thnh tng nhm ring. Khi t chung cc kp
u dy c in p khc nhau th cc kp u dy ca mch in t 380/220V tr ln phi
c tch ring, phi c np y v phi c ch ch r s tr in p.

Cc kp u dy ca mch ct hay mt rle tc ng ct i qua khng c t
gn nhng kp u dy c cc tnh hay pha khc tn ca ngun in thao tc Gia cc


36
kp u dy c cc tnh hay tn pha khc nhau nn 1 s kp trng ( khng u dy vo
).

Cc kp u dy trong thit tr phn phi trn 1000V, cc cm tip im ca my
ct in v dao cch ly phi b tr khi kim tra hoc x l chng, vn khng phi ct
in mch s cp.

Cc kp u dy khng c h hng, cu bn v phi c c nh chc chn.
Cc hng kp u dy t trn cc ngn t thit tr phn phi phi c cc hp che y
chc chn. Khong cch gia thnh hp dn cc kp u dy khng c nh hn 40mm.
Cc mp hp phi cch cc dy dn t nht 15mm.

Cc hng kp u dy c th t ng hoc t ngang, cho php t nging cc
kp u dy ( so vi mt t hoc bng ). Khi t ngang th hng kp u dy di cng
nn t cao hn nn t nht l 30mm.
Khi t t hai hng kp u dy tr ln th khong cch gia cc hng khng c
nh hn 150mm.

Cho php t hai vng khuyn ca cc rut ng vo mt vt ca kp u dy.
Khng cho php t hai rut nhm vo mt vt nu ch ni khng c nhng kp u dy
c cu to c bit.

i vi cc kp u dy c kiu cm ch cho php t vo mt rut ng hay mt
rut nhm v mt pha.

3.5.3. Cc k hiu.

Cc dy dn ca mch th cp c ni vo hng kp u dy, cc tip im ca
ng h, thit b v bn thn cc hng kp u dy u phi c k hiu bn chc v r
rng ( bng sn, bng mc sn... ) theo ng ch dn ca thit k.

Cc bin nh cui u dy ghi k hiu v cc ng ghen bc cc u dy phi
lm bng vt liu cch in. Ch cho php lm bng kim loi nu nh chng khng chm
vo rut mng in cc u ct. Cc bin nh ny khng cho php lp vo u dy hoc
rut cp di hnh thc treo.

cho cc k hiu trn cc biu nh v trn cc kp dy khng b m, b bm
bn. Phi dng loi vt liu trong sut bo v chng, hoc qut ln mt lp sn
trong sut.

3.6. H thng c qui t c nh.

Cc quy nh trong mc ny c p dng kim tra v hng dn lp cc t c
quy axt v kim t c nh.

3.6.1. H thng thanh dn.


37

Nn dng cc thanh dn trn bng thp, ng, nhm.

Cc Puli hay cch in c nh thanh dn phi c lp chc chn vo cc chn
cch in hay mc cch in c trn thm dy gai hay dy ay tm du sn.
Nu buc thanh dn trn vo Puli phi dng:

- Dy thp m km dng knh 2 - 3 mm ( dng cho thanh dy bng thp ).
- Dy ng ng knh nh nht l 2,5mm ( dng cho thanh dn bng ng ).

Vic ni thanh dn v u r nhnh phi thc hin bng cch hn. Ni thanh dn
vi cc guging ca tm xuyn phi thc hin bng ren c.

Cc u thanh dn ni vo c qui axt phi m thic v phi hn vo u ct ch
trn cc bn ni ca c qui.
Cc u thanh dn ni vo c qui kim phi c u ct hn sn v c c nh
vo cc u kp dy bng ai c.

Cc ch ni thanh dn thng phi tho phi bi mt lp vadlin mng.

Tm xuyn phi c lp theo cc iu kin sau:

(i). Tm phi lm bng vt liu cch in khng chy, khng thm nc, chu c tc
ng ca cht in phn bc hi ( aming, xi mng tm nha, cht do vinyl, bxt )
khng cho php lm bng g dn, cm thch, hoc cc vt liu cha bit c tnh cht
chu cht in phn bc hi d chy, d thm nc v.v... ).

(ii). Cc guging xuyn hay cc u c ren ca thanh dn trn mi pha ca bn, phi
c 2 vng m ch v thp l accu axt v bng cao su v thp nu l accu kim cc bu
lng m xuyn cng phi m cht theo cc cch ni trn.
(iii) Khong cch gia thanh dn dng v thanh ci m gn nht phi gp i khong
cch gia cc thanh dn m. Trong trng hp khong cch trn khng m bo th dn
ra cc thanh ci dng phi tng cng thm cch in (dng ng lt cch in hay s
nguyn).

Cc kt cu v thanh dn bng thp khng nn t pha trn cc bnh accu trnh
cc hi ng v nc r vo accu.

3.6.2. Lp cc b accu.

Cc gi phi m bo cc yu cu:

- Cc gi nn lm bng g thng x loi I, kh, m khng qu 15% v phi dng
matt trt phng, cch hai lp du sn sng v sau phi sn chn axit (vi loi accu
axit) hay sn chn kim (vi accu kim).
Cho php s dng cc gi bng b tng ct thp lp ghp cho c accu axt v


38
accu kim.

Mi gi khng c di qu 6m. B mt ca cc phin g phi gia cng tinh,
cho php dung sai v chiu dy v chiu rng l 2mm v dung sai v chiu di l
30mm. Cc phin dc ca gi c ni vi nhau bng mng c hai cht g, mi
mng ni c t trn trc cc gi phi t cho tht bng phng.

Cc accu phi t ln vt, cch in hnh cn cn cc m cn bng t gia cc
vt cch in v y bnh accu bng cht do, bng ch. y ln ca vt cch in phi
quay v pha trong, ni tip gip y bnh accu cc vt cch in t trong khong 2
trc v c gng t gn thanh ng ca cc bnh accu. Phi dng niv v qu di
kim tra vic t accu cho ngang bng thng ng.

Cc bnh thu tinh ca accu axt khng c dt rn. Cc bnh phi c knh y,
kch thc ca tm knh y phi ln hn kch thc trong ca ming bnh 5,7 mm.

Khi lp accu axt phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:

(i) Cc bn cc phi t song song vi nhau v khng c c cc vt nt rn.

(ii) Khng cho php cm bn cc t nghing trong bnh v khng ni bn cc trong
cm bi cong.

(iii) Ch hn ui bn cc vo tm ni khng c b v, b bavia v khng c cho
ch chy theo bn cc.

(iv) Mi bnh thu tinh phi c 2 l xo bng cht nha clo vinhin p cc bn cc cn
pha i din vi bn cc phi m a cao su to nn khe h gia bn cc v thanh
bnh.

Khi lp accu kim phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:
(i) Accu phi c th t trn cc vt cch in hay cc ng thu tinh. Trng hp ny trn
phim g ca gi x rnh t ng, rnh phi sn bng loi sn chu kim.

(ii) Gia y mi bnh accu v vt cch in hay ng thu tinh phi c m lt bng cht
do. Cho php dng tm lt bng tn c sn nha ng. i vi accu nh khng nht
nhit phi c m lt.

(iii) Khong cch gia cc bnh accu phi bng 50 mm. Nu c m lt gia cc bnh th
vn phi m bo khong cch trn.

(iv) Khi ni cc bnh accu phi vn cht cc ai c.

Khi rt cht in phn vo accu axt phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:

(i) Dung dch nc ct v axitsunfua - rc dng lm cht in phn phi m bo theo tiu


39
chun hin hnh.

(ii) Mc ca cht in phn phi cao hn mp trn ca cc bn cc t nht l 10 mm.

Khi rt cht in phn vo accu kim phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:

(i) Cht in phn phi l dung dch hyrxyt kali hau hyrxyt natri c pha thm
mnhyrat hyroxtliti, dng nc ct iu ch dung dch in phn.

(ii) Khi rt cht in phn vo accu mc cht in phn theo bng II- 6.
Phi mt lp du vadlin ln trn mt cht in phn ca accu, nu khng c vadlin
th dng du ho vi s lng qui nh theo bng sau y:
Mc cht in phn tr4n cc bn cc accu kim.

Kim accu
Mc cht in phn phi cao hn bn
cc (mm)

10-12
12-15
40
25
30
30
60

Lng du vadlin phi ln trn mt cht in phn ca accu kim.

Kim accu
Lng du vadlin (cm
3
)

5
8
10
15
18
20

Cc bnh accu axt sau 2 n 4 gi k t khi xong cht in phn vo accu, mi
c np in. Phi np ng qui nh ca nh ch to, sau ln np u tin phi t c
dung lng t nht bng dung lng ca ch phng 10 gi.

Vic np in c xem nhu kt thc khi:

(i) in p ca mi bnh accu trong lc np in gi nguyn khng i mc 2,75 V
trong 1 gi lin.

(ii) Nng cht in phn ngng tng trong 1 gi lin.



40
(iii) Cht in phn si mnh thnh nhng bt kh ln.

(iv) in p ca mi bnh accu sau khi ngng np l 2,05 - 2,1V.

(v) Khi phng in trong 10 gi lin tc dng in phng qui nh, in p ca mi bnh
accu cui thi k phng khng c nh hn 1,8V v in p chnh lch gia cc bnh
khng c qu 0,1V.

Vic np accu kim c xem nh kt thc khi:

(i) in p ca mi bnh accu trong lc np in gi nguyn khng i mc 1,8 - 2V
trong 1 gi lin.

(ii) Khi phng in trong 8 gi lin tc vi dng in phng qui nh in p trn mi
bnh accu khng c gim xung di 1 vn.

3.6.3. Thit b ph.

Vic lp b chuyn mnh phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:
(i) Cc chi in phi trt theo cc phn tip xc v p cht vo chng khi chuyn tip t
phin ny sang phin khc, chi khng c gy gin on mch in.

(ii) C cu ca b chuyn mnh phi lm vic mt cch nh nhng, u n v dt khot.

(iii) S lng bnh accu phng in khng c vt qu s lng bnh accu c np
in ng thi.

(iv) S lng bnh accu c phng hoc c np phi tng dn ln, i vi b chuyn
mch truyn ng bng tay th tng s lng bnh bng cch quay tay quay phng hoc
tay quay np, theo chiu kim ng h, cn i vi b chuyn mnh kiu phng c xec-
v-mt-t th khi tng s bnh th thanh ngang di chuyn ln trn.

3.6.4. Cch sn v k hiu:

Cc kt cu c nh cc Pu-li hay vt cch in v thanh dn phi sn tht
cn thn bng sn chu axt hoc chu kim. C th dng sn men mu xm sng loi chu
axt.

Cc accu axt hay accu kim t trong cc t ht, mt trong ca t phi sn bng
sn chu axt hay chu kim cho tng loi accu.

Cc bnh accu phi c nh s th t, s th t phi ghi tn cc bin nh
bng nha v gn vo phn gi accu.
i vi accu axt cho php dng bin chi cn vi accu kim cho php dng bin
thp c sn bng sn chu kim.



41
3.7- Cc thit tr t nhin nng cao h s cng sut.

Cc qui nh trong mc ny c p dng lp cc b t in hoc tng bnh t
in loi cch in giy tm du nng cao h s cng sut ca thit tr in xoay chiu
tn s 50 Hz v in p n 10 KV.

3.7.1.Cc t in.

Khi lp cc t in phi tun theo cc qui nh:
(i). Cc t in mt pha phi b tr trn khung mi pha ca b t hoc mi nhnh trong
mi pha u c dao cch ly ring. Tng dung lng danh nh khng c sai khc vi
dung lng trung bnh ca 1 pha ca b t in, hay dung lng trung bnh ca 1 nhnh
tng ng qu 5%.

(ii) iu chnh cc t in t theo hng ng v hng ngang, cho php dng cc
m cn chnh bng thp, cc m ny phi hn lin vo khung.

(iii) Cc t in phi t sao cho cc nhn ghi thng s ca chng phi quay v pha hnh
lang phc v.

(iv) Khe h gia y ca cc t in hng di cng vi nn nh hay vi y h gom
du, khng c b hn 100mm.

Vic b tr cc thanh dn v phng php ni chng vo t in phi m bo vic
thanh t in c thun tin trong qu trnh khai thc, mun vy cc t in phi c
ni vo thanh ci chung ca b t theo kiu phn nhnh bng cc u ni kiu cht cm.

H thng thanh dn khng c to nn lc un trn cc cch in u ra ca t
in.

Vic ni t t in phi lm theo cc yu cu trong mc ni t. c bit
mi v bnh t phi c ni bng cch: ni v vi khung t b t in hoc vi ng
trc ni t.
Dy dn ni t phi oc b tr khng cn tr vic thay cc t in trong khi
khai thc.

3.7.2. Cch sn v k hiu.

S th t ca cc bnh t in phi k bng sn chu du ln thnh bnh ca mi t
in, v quay v pha hnh lang.

Cc cch in u ra ca cc t in phi nh s (1 v 2 i vi cc t in 1 pha
v 1,2,3, i vi cc t in 3 pha) bng sn chu du ln np bnh, cnh nhng cch in
u ra tng ng.



42
Th t cc s phi ging nhau i vi tt c mi bnh t in (v d bt u t
cch in tm nhn ghi thng s ca nh ch to).
S hiu ca mi nhnh phi ghi:

(1). cnh b truyn ng dao cch ly ca nhnh.

(2). Trn khung ca b t in hay trn tng gn nhnh.

(3). Trn cc ca trong trng hp nhnh c b tr trong tng thi gian.

Chng IV

Cc thit b in lc

4.1 - Cc my in.

Nhng qui nh trong mc ny p dng kim tra vic lp t cc my in
thuc loi cng sut v in p dng truyn ng cc my mc (c cu) v bin
i in nng. Khi a n ni lp t my in, c th c lp t trn b hoc gm
nhiu b phn tho ri.

Nhng qui nh ny khng p dng lp t my pht in tua bin hi, my pht
in tua bin nc, tua bin kh, izen, my b ng b, ng c in ca u ko, tu
thu v cc my in chuyn dng khc.

Vic ng in, cc my in xoay chiu khng cn sy phi cn c vo cc kt
qu kim tra s b cch in cc cun dy, kim tra phi tin hnh theo qui trnh xc nh
kh nng ng in vo cc my in xoay chiu khng cn sy.
Khi cch in ca cc cun dy my in khng m bo, nht thit phi sy v
x l trc khi ng in.

4.1.1. Cc mng, gi trt v bulng.

B mt ca cc mng cha c cn chnh, ch c php c cc ch
lm nh hn 10 mm, v nghing nh hn 1/100.
Cc m cn chnh my lm bng thp dt dy 10 - 20mm. Trng hp


43
my hay khung my t cao hn mt mng 50 mm th cc ming m cn chnh c
lm bng gang hay bng thp vung.
Chiu di ca ming m cn chnh phi ln hn chiu rng mt ca my t
50 - 75 mm v phi li ra ngoi mp my c mi pha. Chiu rng ca m cn
chnh phi bng 1/ 4 chiu di ca n nhng khng c nh hn 50 mm.
Khi cn chnh ln cui cng t c ngang ca my, c th dng cc
m cn ph bng thp mng c dy cn thit. Cc m cn ph ny c chiu rng,
chiu di nh cc m cn chnh chnh, cc m cn chnh phi thng u v cc mt
phi p kht vi nhau v p kht vo mt mng v mng.
Cm dng cc m cn chnh c hnh dng tu tin v vi s lng qu 5 (khng
k cc m cn chnh ph). Khi my l hp th cc m cn chnh phi t mi
pha bulng mng v nhng ch ti trng tp trung (tc di cc tr trc, di cc
chn b my v.v...) khi my khng c chn phi t cc m cn chnh di tt c mi
cnh ngang cng.

i vi cc my c a n ni lp t di hnh thc tho ri, khi t cn
chnh phi theo cc trc chnh v cc ct chun my.
my phi nng cao hn mt mng t nht l 30 - 40 mm chn va b tng.
Khi cn chnh cao t cc tr trc (Pu-li) v cc stato ca my, nn dng cc m
cn chnh c chiu dy trong gii hn l 3 - 7 mm.
Cc ai c c vn bng tay vo bulng mng, nhng khng c lng. Bulng
mng phi nh ln khi ai c hay ai c hm t nht l 2
1/2
ren. Di cc my (
khong gia ca my v mt mng) phi b tng ng mc thit k. Trc khi
b tng phi lm sm mt mng, qut ht rc bn v dng nc ra sch mt mng c
tip sc c tt.

Chiu dy lp b tng di my phi theo ng qui nh ca thit k, trng
hp thit k khng qui nh th lp b tng ny n mc thp hn mt trn ca my
l 2 - 3 cm. Ring phn trong lng ca my, th lp b tng ny phi n mc
ngang mt trn ca my, tr nhng ch cha ra sit cht bulng.
Nu lp b tng ny c chiu dy ln hn 100 mm th phi c ct thp v ct thp ny
phi c lin kt vi ct thp chnh ca mng.

Khi mt mng qu thp so vi ct thp thit k cho php t my khi my hoc
t my c trng lng n 20 tn trn cc dm ch I c chiu cao khng qu 160 mm th
khi cm dng cc m cn chnh chnh v ph (ch c m cc ming cn chnh
mng iu chnh thng bng).

Khi lp t cc tr ca cc my m cc my c a n di hnh thc
tho ri, th phi tun theo nhng yu cu sau:

(i) Khi t cc tr thng ng phi m bo cho trc t my ngang bng. Trng hp
ny cho php t m cn chnh di tr .

(ii) Cc tr ca trt phi t tr s khe h ca rto (phn ng) ph hp vi s liu
ca nh my ch to. Trng hp khng c ch dn ca nh ch to th:


44
- Khe h ca rto l 2 - 4 mm vi ng knh tr nh hn 200 mm.
- Khe h ca rto bng 2% ng knh trc vi ng knh trn 200 mm.
Khi quay rto trc khng c va p vo cc trc.
(iii) Mi tr phi c c nh ln b mng bng 2 cht kim tra.
(iii). Mt cc h du ca cc t my phi m bo sch s (khng r, khng bm t bn).

Khi t cc , ln cc tm m cch in (do nh ch to quy
nh) c cc quy nh sau:
(1) Cc bu lng c nh, cc cht kim tra, cc ng ng du, cc ng ng nc v v
kim loi ca cp phi c cch in chc chn vi cc tr cc trc.
(2) Cc tm cch in phi lm bng tcxtolt, fibrlt hay cc vt liu p tng t. Cc
tm m cch in phi nh ra ngoi ca cc tr t nht l 5mm i vi cc ng cc
vng m, v cc cht th cc tm m cch in c chiu dy khng nh hn 2 - 3mm.
(3) Trc khi t cc trc vo cc , phi dng Mgomet 1000V o in tr cch
in ca tr trc vi my. Tr s in tr cch in khng c nh hn 0,5 MQ
i vi ng c in, v 1,0 MQ i vi cc my pht in. Khi xit cht cc bu lng
c nh tr v my. Cc kt qu o lng phi ghi vo bin bn hay h s lp t my.

Phi chnh lp cc bc, trc kiu trt theo ng hng dn ca nh ch to.
Nu khng c cc ti liu hng dn th tun theo cc iu kin sau:

(i) Lp ghp trc vo trt bi trn bng vng u theo kiu lp lng cp 4 (C4) cho cc
my d 1000 vng / pht v theo kiu lp lng cp 5 (L5) cho cc my t 1000 vng /
pht tr ln.
Khe h gia c trc v bc trc, phi tng ng vi cc s liu bng sau y:

Khe h gia c trc v bc trc.

Khe h gia c trc v bc trc c bi trn bng vnh du (mm)
Khi np ghp kiu lp lng cp
4 (L4) cho cc my di 1000
vng / pht
Khi lp ghp kiu lp lng cp
5 (L5) cho cc my t 1000
vng / pht tr ln
ng knh danh
nh ca trc
(mm)
nh nht ln nht nh nht ln nht
T 80 n 120
120 - 180
180 - 200
260 - 360
360 - 500

0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,17
0,12
0,15
0,18
0,21
0,24
0,12
0,15
0,18
0,21
0,25

0,17
0,21
0,25
0,29
0,34
(ii) Cc bc ca cc trc phi p kht vo nhn gia cc c trc theo
mt cung t 60
o
n 120
o
, thng thng ch chnh lp cc b phn lm vic ca cc bc
di, cc bc trn ch c chnh khi truyn ng bng dy curoa, dy curoa hnh nm v
bnh xe rng kha.
(iii) Cc gc ca cc rnh trong bc phi c r tht bng v khng c li ra ngoi mt
u.
(iv) Khi cc mp bc c cc vnh chn kn, th khi chnh lp cc bc vo trc khng


45
c c qu 2 vt (m) trn 1 cm
2
b mt bc v hon ton khng c c vt xc, vt
r hay cc khuyt tt khc.
(v) My lm vic khng c sinh ra ma st gia cc mt mt ca bc vi g sc ca c
trc, khi xc nh cc khe h phi lm sao khi trc quay th c trc khng chm vo
phn trn ca o lt bc.
(vi) Cc bc trc phi p kht mt cch chnh xc v cc hc () v cc np phi oc
xit (vn) chc bng cc bu lng vo cc o lt bc c nh (khng cn phi tho m) th
phi dng inh vt hm m nh v (c nh) vo tm np.

Vic lp t cc vng (vnh) trong ca hm ln trc v vic lp t cc vng
ngoi vo (hc ca thn my) phi m bo c khe h hng tm gia cc vng v cc
bi (bi trn hay bi a) trong gii hn cc tr s cho php i vi cc trt khi cc
vng khng c quay trn trc v trong .

Vng chn kn cc ln (cc rnh du, cc vng pht, cc vng chn hnh rng
lc) khng c php l du vo phn trong ca my hay r bn du ra ngoi.

Mt c trc ca my c trt phi tht nhn (khng c vt xc, vt r v.v...)
dung sai v chnh xc kch thc hnh hc xc nh bng micromt hay Indicateur
(dng c ch th) khng vt qu 0,02 mm i vi c trc c ng knh cha n 200
mm v i vi cc c trc c ng knh trn 200 mm th khng qu 0,03 mm.

Nhit ca cc khi my lm vic khng c vt qu cc tr s sau:
- i vi cc trc trt l 80
o
C
- i vi cc trc ln l 95
o
C.
Roto (phn ng) v Stato (phn ln).

Khi lp rp my in phi m bo s b tr i vi cc t trng ca (stato
varto). Cc my in c stato loi ri th nhng ch tho m phi lp ghp cho tht kht
cht vic ni cc nhnh cun dy v bc cnh in phi lm ng theo dn ca nh my
ch to.

Chn ca stato phi c lp kht, cht vo b my. Sau khi cn chnh ln cui
phi dng cc cht kim tra (cht c nh v) c nh stato ln b my.
Tr s cc khe h khng kh gia roto v stato gia roto v cc cc chnh phi o
c hai pha ca rto. Ti cc im i xng theo ng knh khng c chnh lnh qu
10% tr s trung bnh ca cc khe h.

i vi my cc m c ng knh rto 500 600 mm phi o khe h ti 4 im
i xng ca ng kinhs (theo trc ng v trc ngang). i vi nhng my rto 600
mm th o 8 im ring cc my cc li o di mi cc.

4.1.2. Cch ni trc.

Vic ni trc ca my in vi trc ca c cu hoc vi my in khc bng dy


46
curoa nh hoc dy curoa hnh thang phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:

(i). Phn di ca dy curoa phi l phn dn ng.

(ii). Phn dy thm ca mi ni phi t quay ra pha ngoi ca dy cu roa.

(iii). ng tim ca trc my in v ca trc c cu ghp ni vi n phi song song. Cc
rng rc (Pu-li) phi cng nm trn mt mt phng.

(iv). Cc gi trt phi c di d tr cng thm dy cu roa khi cn.

Vic ni trc my in vi trc c cu hay vi trc my in khc bng khp ni,
phi thc hin theo cc iu kin sau y:

(1) ng trn (ng trc) ca cc trc c ni trc tip vi nhau phi thng u
khng c gy khc. ng tim ca cc trc ni vi nhau phi trng nhau, khng ph
thuc vo cc ni cht, cng hay n hi.

(2) Cc mt u ca trc ni vi nhau theo kiu ni cht song song vi nhau. Phi kim
tra bng cch o khe h gia cc mt u trc. Khi o phi tho cc bu lng ni trc v
cc na khp ra trong phm vi iu chnh. o tr s ca khe h ng trc v hng tm
ti 4 im khi quay c 2 trc vi cc gc 90
o
, 120
o
, 270
o
, 360
o
. Kt qu o khng c
chnh lch qu tr s cho trong bng nu. Khong cch gia cc mt u ca cc na,
mt ghp phi c xc nh theo cc ch dn ca nh ch to, hoc theo cc khe h theo
chiu trc rto cc my in ni vi nhau.

(i). Cc l hai mt khp ni trng nhau.

(ii). Cc ai c ca bu lng ni phi c hm li trnh t tho lng.

chnh xc khi gia cng cc trc ca khp ni pu-li v bnh rng, v vic lp
ghp chng ln trc my in phi ph hp vi tiu chun hin hnh ca nh nc v vi
qui nh ca nh ch to.
Khi doa phi m bo ng tm ca l thng gc vi khp ni u trc.

rung cc trc ca ng c in khng c vt qu cc tr s:

- Khi tc quay 3000 vng/pht l 0,05 mm

4.3. C gp in v b phn chi than.

C gp in phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:



47
- Mt c gp in phi lng bng.
- C gp in khng c c vt xc, bavia (g).

Cc gi chi than ca cc my in c vn chuyn n di hnh thc tho
ri, phi lp li ng theo hng dn ca nh ch to. Nu khng c th phi theo cc yu
cu sau:

(i) Khong cch gia cc gi chi than theo chu vi c gp c o theo cc mp chi
than phi bng nhau. Sai s cc khong cch ny (ly tr s trung bnh) khng c php
vt qu:
- 2% i vi cc my in di 200 kw.
- 0,5% i vi my in trn 200 kw.
(ii) Khong cch t mt c gp n vng chi than khng c ln qu 2 ~ 4 mm (tu
theo ng knh c gp v kch thc chi than). Cc khong cch phi bng nhau
c mp u v cui ca vng. Mt trong ca chi than phi phng, u v sch, khng c
vt xc v g sc.

(iii) Cc gi chi than phi t theo th t hnh c cho mt c gp mn u. Nh
vy phi iu chnh cc chi than sao cho cc chi khc cc k tip nhau trt theo mt
ng trn mt phng c ghp.

(iv) Cc gi chi than kiu mp vt phi t sao cho khi my quay cc phin c gp
chy hng v pha gc nhn ca chi.

Khi lp cc chi than vo gi , phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:

(i) M hiu chi than phi ph hp vi s liu ca nh ch to vi kiu v tnh cht lm
vic ca my in.

(ii) Cn chi than phi lp theo vch du ca nh ch to, ng thi cc my in c
cc ph th cc chi than phi t theo ng trung tnh.

(iii) Cc chi than c th b lt vo vng chi than mt cch t do vi khe h 0,1 - 0,4
mm theo hng quay, v 0,2 - 0,5 mm theo hng ng tim ca c gp, cc my in
khuch i cc khe h ca chi than trong cc vng khng c ln qu 0,08 - 0,1 mm
theo hng quay v 0,15 - 0,2 mm theo hng tim c gp.

(iv) Cc chi than phi p st ton b mt tip xc ca chng vo c gp
in.

(v) p lc ca chi than ln c gp o bng lc k phi ph hp vi m hiu chi than
(khong 150 - 250 g/cm
2
). ng thi p lc ca tng chi than khng c sai khc 10%
so vi p lc trung bnh.



48
(vi) Cc dy bn mm dn in ca chi than phi c lp chc vo cn gi chi than
v chi than khng c x dch mt cch t do trong cc vng .

(vii) Cc mp u (mp ti) ca chi than mi cn phi nm ln cnh bn ca phin
gp.
Ton b b mt lm vic ca chi than phi p kht vo c gp in v p kht vo
vng tip xc. Khng c treo lch ra ngoi mp c gp v vng tip xc, v phi tnh
n khe h.
C cu nng chi than ca ng c khng ng b rto kiu cun dy, phi m
bo ch nng c chi than ln sau khi ni tt cc vng tip xc. Phi nh du v tr
khi ng v lm vic vo cn iu khin ca c cu nng chi than:

4.1.3. Thng gi bi trn

Cc v bn ca my in c thng gi cng bc phi c lp cht vi thn my.

S r r khng kh nhng my c khng kh vo trong my v kh nng xut
hin ng nc phi khng ch ti mc ti thiu, do :

a) Cc ng ng dn kh v cc ngn khng kh nng phi c cch nhit. V d: bng
aming tm dy 5 mm v ngoi c bc tn tm.

b) Tt c ch ni ca ng dn khng kh ... u phi c m lt bng da hay bng n
dng nha gn cht chng ln mt trong cc mt bnh chn kn.

Cc b lm mt bng nc v tt c mi ng ng dn kh th p lc, khng
c c hin tng r r. Tr s p lc nc th nghim phi l 3 at. v thi gian th
nghim ko di 5 - 10 pht.

Cc b lc khng kh bng du phi c v sinh v tra du vislin hay du cc si
(tu theo cu to b lc) c cu cung cp du phi hot ng tt. Cc li lc khng c
mc kt vo cc dn hng.

Cc thit b in lp ngoi tri phi c lp theo ng cc iu kin sau:

a) Cc dy dn to nn vng quang in phi ko cng, phi loi tr c s chn
ng ca dy dn.

b) Tt c cc v tr du ni v cc kp u dy phi c nh sch v ni chc, khng
sinh ra tia la phng in trong khi thit b lm vic.

c) Cc b phn kim loi khng mang in p ca thit b u phi c ni t chc chn.

Vic bi trn cc trt, phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:

a) Phi dng du ho ra sch cc , sau dng du ra li tht kh ri mi du bi


49
trn cho n du ca nh ch to vch trn knh kim tra mc du.

b) Loi du rt vo phi theo ng ch dn ca nh ch to.

c) Du khng c r r ra ngoi trc. ng dn du v cc b phn khc ca h thng
bi trn khng c du rt vo cun dy.

d) Cc vng du bi trn phi quay u n khng c quay ngt qung v nm im.

Cc ln ca my in phi tra m bi trn y 2/3 dung tch ca . Loi m bi
trn phi theo ng cc iu kin lm vic ca cc .

4.5. Cc u dy ra v vo ngn. Cch sn. Cch k hiu.

Cc ch ni bn trong my in phi co sch v m thic cc mt tip xc. Ni
kiu bulng phi c bin php hm khng c t ni lng.

Vic ni cc u dy ra ca my in vo li in phi ph hp vi s ni bn
trong ca cc cun dy ca my v vi thit k. Cc y dy ra ca cc cun dy phi c
k hiu r rng.

Cc ng c in ch quay mt chiu (khng c quay ngc) v cc c cu
chuyn ng phi c mi tn ch r chiu quay. Cc my ng c qut gi vi cnh
xin ch c quay theo chiu qui nh ca nh ch to.

Cc truyn ng bng dy curoa nh v dy curoa hnh thang, bnh rng khp ni
v u trc phi c hp che hoc ro chn bo v.

Trong trng hp phi sa cha phc hi li my, th cc cun dy phi c qut
sn cch in, cn cc u ni thanh dn bn trong my, phi qut sn bng sn men m
hiu ca sn cch in phi chn ph hp vi ch dn ca nh ch to.

Trn thn my phi c k hiu theo nh ch dn trong thit k.

4.6 - Cc trang thit b khi ng - iu chnh v bo v in p n 1000V.

Cc qui nh trong mc ny c p dng lp t cc thit b khi ng, iu
chnh v bo v in p n 1000V t trong cc gian sn xut.

4.6.1. Cc yu cu chung

Cc b phn mang in ca thit b khi ng, iu chnh, v bo v phi c
che chn phng ngi v chm phi. Trong cc gian c bit (cc gian my in v
bng in, cc gian iu khin...) cho php t h (khng c np, hp bo v) cc thit b.

Cc ca ra vo ca cc trm ng lc, cc bng t in ca phng iu khin v


50
cc thit b khc u phi c kho chc chn.

Cc thit b u phi che chn trnh cc ngun nhit bn ngoi (cc l cng
nghip, l si. . .) nh hng vo.

Cch in ca thit b v cun dy bo qun lu trong kho hay ngoi tri
b m u phi c sy.

4.6.2. Cc khi ng t, tcte, ptmt.

Khi t cc khi ng t, tcte, ptmt kiu h (khng c hp che) phi m bo
khong cch ti thiu ( kh h quang) t bung dp h quang n cc b phn mang
in gn nht ca cc thit b khc, v n cc kt cu ni t.
Khi t khi ng t khng c t nghing qu 5
o
so vi phng thng ng.

Cc b phn ng ca thit b phi chuyn ng mt cch nh nhng v khi ng
ct khng c mc kt. Cc dy ni nm bn trong thit b khng c cn tr s
chuyn ng ca cc b phn. Phn ng in ca nam chm ng phi bt cht vo li
thp. Cho php h thng t c c ting ku r r u n chng t thit b hot ng
bnh thng.

Trn b mt tip im ca thit b khng c c cc vt chy xi do nng
qu, cc tip im phi nh sch theo ch dn ca nh ch to v khng c bi m,
cc phn tip im ca cc tcte khi bt u chm vo nhau cho n lc ng hon
ton, phi to nn s tip xc ng trn ton b chiu rng, khng c ch h v vnh,
lch nhn c bng mt. Cc lc p, khe h chun ca cc tip im chnh v ph phi
theo ng ch dn ca nh ch to. Cc bung dp h quang u phi c t vo v tr
theo ng qui nh trong cu to ca thit b.

Kho lin ng c kh ca cc tcte, ca khi ng t o mch v.v... khng c
cn tr n s ng t do v ng hon ton chnh ca mi mt thit b c lin ng.

Cc thit b khi ng ct, phi tc ng dt khot khng chm tr, khng b mc
kt. Khi mt in hay rle tc ng, h thng chuyn ng ca thit b tr v v tr ban
u do tc ng ca l xo tip im hay do trng lng bn thn.

4.6.3. Cc bin tr v in tr.

Khi t cc bin tr kiu cun dy hay kiu phin phi m bo khng kh lm
mt c th lu thng d dng t di ln v thot ra pha trn bin tr, khong cch gia
bin tr v sn nh t nht l 100 mm.

Cc bin tr c du phi c dy bin p n vch du b phn ch mc du. Cc
bin tr loi c thng c th h xung c, kh t phi m bo cn li mt khong trng cn
thit gia bin tr v thng c h xung.



51
Cc li dao ca bin tr 3 pha kiu c cht lng phi c ngp chm vo cht
lng. Khi mi pha c 1 thng th dung dch trong c 3 thng phi c cng mt nng .

C cu ca bin tr phi lm vic nh nhng, trn tru, cc bin tr c cc nc
nh v th khi chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc th phi nh v nc dt khot v chnh
xc.

Cc chi in c p ln cc tip im tnh vi mt tip xc t nht 75%.

Cc tip im kiu hnh trnh v cc tip im tn hiu lin ng ca cc bin tr
c truyn ng bng ng c phi hiu chnh m bo tin cy. Khi bin tr truyn
ng bng xch th cho php xch c di ng t do trong gii hn na mt xch.

Khi lp cc hp in tr phi m bo cc phn t in tr trong hp u trn mt
phng thng ng. Khng cho t cc in tr gn nh nhng b phn pht nhit. Khng
cho php t chng ln nhau qu 4 hp in tr ( m bo n nh v trnh pht nng
qu mc). Khi c gi th cho php t chng ln nhau khng qu 7 ci. Khong cch
t cc b phn mang in ca cc hp in tr n cc ro chn bng kim loi kn (khng
c l rng) t nht l 100 mm.
Vi in tr c hp phi m bo cho lung khng kh d dng lu thng t di ln
lm mt cc b phn in tr.
Cc l xo b tr p cc cm in tr, phi tip xc cht n ht c.

Cch in ca cc dy ni vi hp in tr phi bc i 1 on t nht l 100 mm t
u cc. Khng c t dy dn c cch in bn trn cc bin tr. Khi ni cc hp in
tr vi nhau nn dng thanh dn hay dy trn.

4.6.4 Trm iu khin, b khng ch (controleur ) cng tc hng trnh, nam chm
hm.

Cc bng ca trm iu khin phi t trn mt chung (bng st L hay st U)
chn vo nn nh. Cc mt phng, cc trng cha lp thit b trn bng phi dng tn
bt li.

Cc tip im ca b khng ch phi c hiu chnh ( h xung v lc p ca
con trt) theo ch dn ca nh ch to. Khi mi, r cc con trt v m hnh qut phi
dng a mn khng c dng giy gip.

Cc puli ca tay n dng tch m cc tip im trong b khng ch v trong
thit b iu khin kiu cam, khi di chuyn theo bnh cam phi quay v khng c trt.

Cc tip im ca b khng ch kiu tang trng (cc con trt v m hnh qut)
phi c bi mt lp mng vadlin cng nghip. Cn b khng ch kiu cam v thit b
iu khin, khng c dng vadlin bi ln cc tip im.

Tang trng hay trc ca b khng ch v ca thit b iu khin, phi quay nh


52
nhng khng b hm v phi c sn nh v chc chn tng nc ca n.

Chiu chuyn ng ca tay quay v v lng, nn b tr tng ng vi chiu
chuyn ng ca c cu b iu khin.

Cc rng trong b truyn ng bnh rng v trong b iu tc phi n khp vi
nhau trong sut hnh trnh ca n. B truyn ng phi c bi trn v khng b hc kt
khi lm vic.

Phi kim tra s lm vic chnh xc ca cc tip im ng trong cng tc hnh
trnh theo biu trnh t ng cc tip im. Cc b phn phi chuyn ng nh nhng,
khng b hc kp. Khng c bi m ln cc tip im ca cng tc hnh trnh.
Vic lp t v hiu chnh cng tc hnh trnh (cc khe h v lc nn ca cc tip
im) phi lm ng theo ch dn ca nh ch to.

Vic lp nam chm in xoay chiu vi b truyn ng hay b hm, phi m bo
mt nhn phn ng ca nam chm khi b ht hon ton phi chm vo mt nhn ca
li,
Cc mt ny phi sch, khng c c vt lm v phi c lau sch lp vadlin bo
qun. Nam chm in khng c ku qu to.

trnh cho phn ng ca nam chm khng p vo y ca n th: khi v tr
ca phn ng khng c tin n gii hn, m phi cch ng mt khong cch t nht
l 10% ton b hnh trnh.
Hnh trnh ca li nam chm hm in mt chiu, phi c hiu chnh v tr
ng th li khng dnh lin vo np v tr st li , khng c tin n gii hn m
phi cch y mt khong t nht l 10% ton b hnh trnh.

m cn khng kh ca nam chm hm, phi c hiu chnh khi ht li khng b p
mnh vo ct ht hnh cn v khi hm in nhanh v dt khot.

4.6.5 Nhng c im khi lp thit b trong cc gian d n.

Khi lp cc thit b in trong gian d n phi theo ng cc ch dn ca nh ch to.
c bit phi thc hin ng h qui nh gia mt tip gip ca tng b phn v chng
n cu thit b. Cc mt tip gip phi c lau sch, bi bn v sn khng c h hng.
Cm sn hay bi du m ln cc mt tip gip. Phi xit u cc bulng c nh cc b phn
v chng n ca thit b, mc du trong cc thit b c du, phi tng ng vi vch du ca
nh ch to. Cc thit b b tr sao cho cc khe h mt bch ca v bc loi khng b xuyn
thng, khi n phi nm cch xa mt tng v thit b cng ngh t nht l 100 mm.
4.6.6. Cch sn v cch k hiu:

Cc bng iu khin, bng t, thit b khi ng iu chnh b in tr, cu ch,
u phi ghi k hiu ch s chng thuc v ng c hoc my mc no. Ngoi ra cn phi
ghi dng in danh nh ca dy chy.



53
Cc b khng ch cc thit b iu khin, kho chuyn mch vn nng, ngoi cc
k hiu trn s cn phi ghi r cng dng v chc nng ca chng. mi v tr tay
quay chy ngng tin li. Phi c mi tn ch chiu quay ca v lng hoc tay
quay, truyn ng ca thit b. Mi tn phi v ch d thy khi iu khin b truyn
ng.

Cc n tn hiu, ng h v thit b bo hiu u phi c ch ghi gn nh t.
Bn trong t cng phi ghi r k hiu ca cc ng dy v dng in danh nh ca dy
chy.

4.7 - Thit b in ca cc my trc chuyn v cc dy (thanh) trly.

Cc qui nh mc ny c p dng lp cc thit b in ca my trc, my
vn chuyn hng, my luyn cc, xe ch, bng ti my, luyn kim c bit v cc phng
tin trc chuyn khc t trong nh v ngoi tri.

Mc ny b sung cc yu cu c bn nu cc mc khc v vic lp cc dy
dn v thit b khi ng iu chnh.Trong mc ny cn qui nh cc yu cu lp t dy
trly phn xng v my trc.

4.7.1. c im khi lp cc dy dn:

Vic lp t c mi loi dy trn cc my trc phi theo quy nh trong chng 6
t dy dn in ca ti liu ny v phi tun theo cc iu sau y.

Cch b tr dy dn phi m bo thun li cho ngi n kim tra trong khi vn
hnh. Phi bo v dy dn t cc b phn c kh ca my trc hay do du m bi trn
ri vo dy hoc do b qu nng v cc ngun bc x nhit trong phn xng.

Khi cc dy dn c bc cch in t ni (tr cc dy dn c cch in bng cht
do) phi theo ng cc qui nh sau:
a) Khng c t qu 2 lp dy dn trn cc cu lm bng cc st dt v thanh st c
khoan l lp ghp, hoc lm bng thp tm dy 2 - 3 mm, k c khi t trong mng v
hp theo dc cu.
b) bo v dy dn khi b h hng c hc hay b du ri vo, c th t trong cc ng
thp hay hp thp.
c) C th b cc dy dn ko t nhng ng c in khc nhau n bng iu khin, bo
v khng ch v.v . . .
d) bo v u dy dn khi h hng do chn ng phi kp cht chng. V tr kp cht
ny phi cch ch ni vo thit b mt khong t nht l 100 mm.

Khi t dy dn trong cc ng phi tun theo iu kin sau:

a) Cho php t dy dn c cng dng khc nhau trong cng mt ng (tr mch in
chiu sng).
b) Cc ng ng trn my trc t trong cc gian c mi trng bnh thng khng cn


54
bt kn.
c) Vic ni di cc ng, hp trong cc nh nhiu bi, c cha cc hi hay kh c tc dng
ph hoi cch in dy dn, trong cc gian nh d chy n, hoc trn cc my trc t
ngoi tri phi thc hin ng cc yu cu trong chng 6 t cc dy dn in.
d) Phi c nh cc ng c ng knh dn 3,4 pt nhng on thng vi gin cch 1,5
m v vi gin cch 2,5 m i vi ng c ng knh 1 pt tr ln.

nhng ch dy dn i ra khi ng v i vo cc cng tc cui hnh trnh, thit
b v kho iu khin, phi bo v dy bng ng ghen cch in.

4.7. 2. Nhng c im khi lp cc thit b khi ng iu chnh.

Cc bng iu chnh (hp iu khin) hay cc cng tc t nn t cc ng kt cu
vi vng m cao su dy 4 - 5 mm gia ca thit b v kt cu.

Cc ng c in, thit b iu khin v in tr khi t ngoi tri phi c che
ma, theo ng thit k.

Khi lp cc b khng ch v iu khin phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:
a) Khong cch gia cc b khng ch phi theo ng thit k, v phi bo m cch
nhau 100 mm v phi m bo vic kim tra hay sa cha c thun li.

b) Tay iu khin v v lng phi t cao t nht l 1050 mm v khng cao qu 1,50
M so vi nn iu khin.

c) Chiu chuyn ng ca tay iu khin v v lng phi ph hp vi chiu chuyn ng
ca cn trc, xe ra v cp.

Khi lp cc hp in tr phi theo ng cc qui nh sau:

a) Khi s hp t chng ln nhau qu 2 hp, phi c nh c pha trn trnh chn ng.

b) Cc hp in tr phi c b tr v ro chn sao cho c th loi tr c kh nng
ngi v l chm phi trong lc lm vic.

c) Cc phn t in tr phi b tr theo mt phng ng v mt phng ny nn trng vi
hng chuyn ng ca cn trc my trc.

Khi t cc tip im cui hnh trnh v cc thc ct phi theo ng cc yu cu
sau:

a) Khi cn gt t c gc quay quy nh th tip im cui hnh trnh phi ct ngay
mch iu khin ng c in tng ng v khi cn gt quay v v tr ban u th phi
phc hi mch .

b) Cc tip im cui hnh trnh hay cc hn ch hnh trnh ca c cu nng phi t sao


55
cho mc cp ca my trc ngng li cch v tr gii hn trn cng t nht l 200 mm.

c) Cc bulng c nh tip im cui hnh trnh phi c ai c hm.

Chiu di v v tr thc ct ca tip im cui hnh trnh phi m bo cho cn
trc hay xe ra ang di chuyn phi ngng li cch trc hm gii hn t nht l 200 mm.
Khi thc ct phi hon ton loi tr c kh nng tip im cui hnh trnh quay v
v tr ban u, ngay c trong trng hp cn trc hay xe ra tip tc di chuyn cho n lc
ng phi tr gi hn. Chiu rng thc ct cng phi tnh n kh nng cn trc xe
ra b lch ngang.
Khong cch theo hng thng ng gia thc ct vi ng tim ca cn gt, khng
c lch qu 2% so vi kch thc thit k.
Thc ct v kt cu ca n phi c kh nng iu chnh c. Sau khi lp thc xong,
phi dng bulng hm c nh chc chn.
Cc thc ct hn ch hnh trnh ca 2 my trc k cnh nhau, phi m bo cc my
trc ngng hn khi cn cch nhau 0,4 m. Khi cc thc ct phi m bo iu kin
nu trn, khng cho tip im cui hng trnh quay v v tr ban u.

Cc tip im, cc bulng chn v l so dng a cc cng tc s c v cng
tc kiu li dao tr li v tr ban u, phi c hiu chnh theo ng hng dn ca nh
ch to.

trnh lm h hng s tip xc gia cc phin ca b chnh lu bn dn t b
chnh lu trn m n hi.

Cc thit b hm cn phi:

a. Lm vic nhanh dt khot, khng b va p.
b. v tr nh th gia ai phanh hay guc phanh (m phanh) v puli phi c khe h u
(1 - 2mm).
c. Khng cho cn trc v cc b phn ca n (mc, gu, ngom, xe ra) chy theo qun
tnh qu gii hn thit k 15 - 25 mm. Cc bu lng c nh nam chm, phi c ai c
hm.
Ghi ch: Vic lp rp v hiu chnh cc b phn c kh ca phanh phi do n v lp rp
c kh lm.

4.7.3. Cc dy hoc thanh trly.

Cc dy trly t dc dm cn trc phi m bo ngi v khng chm
vo khi ng sn cn trc, bung iu khin v sn ngh; hoc c phi ro chn
theo ng thit k. Li chn gia dy trly chnh v bung iu khin cn trc phi c
chiu rng nh cn trc.

Khong h gia cc b phn mng in ca dy trly vi nhau v gia cc b
phn mang in v cc kt cu khng cch in vi t phi t t nht l 500 mm.



56
Cc hp cu dao cung cp in cho cc dy trly phn xng v cu dao ca
cc on dy trly dng cha cn trc phi c cc tip im nhn thy khi chng
v tr ct, cn iu khin cu dao phi c c cu kho, v tr ct v phi c cc ch th v
tr ng ct.

4.7.4. Cc thanh trly lp cng.

Cc thanh trly phi c nn thng, chng phi c c nh chc loi tr
kh nng x dch theo phng hng thng gc vi ng tim ca thanh.

Trn ton b chiu di ca chng, cc thanh trly khng c lch khi ng
tim chnh ca chng qu 10 mm theo mt ngang v 20 mm theo mt phng ng.

Vic t cc b dn n nhit phi lm theo cc iu kin sau:

a) Khe h gia cc u thanh ch khe co dn ca nh phi m bo cho m nhn in
c th trt qua c d dng v t do. Mp ca mt tip xc ca thanh ch khe h phi
c da trn nhn.
b) im chnh gia mi thanh trong hai ci b dn n phi c c nh cht. Cn nhng
im khc phi c nh sao cho thanh vn x dch dc c.

Cc on thanh trly bng thp dng sa cha cu trc, phi cch ly vi cc
thanh chnh bng khong h khng kh, phi mi da nhn mt ca cc thanh m
nhn in khi b kt, khi trt qua ch ni thanh. Phi t gi c hai pha ch ni.

Dy dn ni vo thanh trly bng thp treo cng phi c u ct v c th c
nh u ct ny trc tip vi thanh hoc qua mt ming hn p.
Mt tip xc ca ming thp hn c hay ca thanh trly, phi c nh sng bng v
bi mt lp mng vadlin cng nghip. Nu mi trng c ho cht n mn, th sau khi
ni xong phi qut ln mt lp sn chng n mn. Cc ch ni bng bulng phi c
hm cht trnh t tho. Trn cc thanh trly phi t n bo hiu c in.

Cc dy dn hay thanh dn trn t dc theo thanh trly bng thp cung cp
in cho chng, phi tip xc chc chn vi cc thanh.
Khi dng dy dn hay thanh dn nhm, th phi ni chng vo cc thanh trly theo
ng thit k.

4.7.5 Cc dy trly treo vng.
Cc dy trly khng c x dch khi ng tim gia theo phng thng ng
ca cc gi dy qu 20 mm.

Cc kp u dy phi cho php iu chnh lc cng dy. Khi lc cng dy trly
di 600 kg th cho php c nh dy bng cch buc ln cc vt cch in, cn khi lc
cng trn 600 kg phi dng cc kho kp thch hp.
Khi cn trc hay xe ra ca my trc quay n v tr tn cng, th m nhn in


57
ca n cch ph kin c nh u dy trly t nht 200 mm.

ni dy cung cp in vi dy trly mt ct trn, phi dng cc u kp c
bit. cung cp in cho pa-lng in (tlphrch) c th dng dy dn di ng hay
cp mm, c c nh vo cc vng khuyn, cc vng khuyn ny di chuyn cng vi
pa-lng in dc theo cp thp hay theo mnray trn cc con trt c bit.

4.7.6. Cc m nhn in.

Khi lp t m nhn in ln cc kt cu c nh gn my, trc (my nhn in
chnh) hau ln xe ra (m nhn in ca xe ra) phi theo ng cc yu cu sau:
a) Khi my trc di chuyn m nhn in phi m bo tip xc chc chn vi thnh hoc
dy trly trn sut chiu di ca chng.
b) B phn tip xc ca m nhn in kiu trt, khng c c cc cnh g sc.
c) ng cch in ca bulng chnh c nh m nhn in phi tt.
d) Cc l x bulng c cch in ca m nhn in vo kt cu phi c khot
rng ph hp.
e) Cc l xo phi c hiu chnh thch hp.
f) Phi m bo c vic d n gn cc m nhn in kim tra v sa cha. Trng
hp c li chn gia bung iu khin v cc thanh trly chnh phi c ca i ti
kim tra sa cha m nhn in.

i vi dy trly mt ct trn, phi m bo khng gy tr ngi cho m nhn
in kiu puli v kiu trt, cc gi dy trn sut chiu di ca dy trly.

4.7. 7. Cch sn v k hiu.

Cc kt cu di cc thit b v dy hoc thanh trly, cc hp, cc ng thp v
cc b phn khng mang in cho ca gi u phi sn.

Cc thanh trly bng thp, tr mt tip nhn in ca chng, u phi sn khc
mu vi cc cu kin ca nh ca, v x dm cu trc (nn sn mu ). ng thi ch
ni vi ngun in phi nh du cc hai pha. Trn cc thanh trly phi t cc bin
bo nguy him c in. Cc u dy dn phi c k hiu theo thit k. K hiu c ghi
trn cc bin bo nh bng nha, g, php, cc tng (cm dng bng kim loi) v c
buc vo dy gai (cm dng dy thp) cng c th dng ng ghen bng nha trong, lng
vo u dy ghi k hiu.
Thit b khi ng iu chnh v bo v, u phi c k hiu theo ng cc yu
cu iu nu trn.

4. 8. Cc thng thanh dn c ln.

Cc qui nh trong mc ny dng lp h thng thanh dn t h c ln c nhiu
thanh trong 1 pha hay trong 1 cc cc phn xng in phn, l in, hn in v cc
trm bin i in, mc ny b sung cho cc qui nh ch yu v h thng thanh dn


58
trnh by chng II cc thit b phn phi v trm bin p.

Vt liu cch in ca dy dn phi ph hp vi iu kin ca mi trng xung
quanh, ngha l phi chu c tc ng v ho, v nhit v v c hc.

Trong cc bung my bin p l in, cch in cc dy dn ca pha th cp,
c th dng cc kp g kh tm du sn hay parafin.

Khi thit k v lp h thng thanh dn mt pha c ln phi trnh to nn nhng
mch vng kn bng vt liu dn t bao quanh thanh dn.
Dy dn cc gian nh sn xut phi c phn bit bng cch qut cc vch sn
mu thch hp cch 100 mm ch dy dn i vo hay i ra khi nh v c 2 pha ca
ci b dn n nhit.
Thanh dn trm i in, cho php sn kn hay sn thnh tng vch trn ton b
chiu di. Mu sn nh qui nh chung .

Cc b phn bng kim loi c nh thanh dn, gi thanh dn, cc tm kp
.v.v..) u phi sn.

Cch b tr thanh dn trong h thng thanh ci phi theo ng thit k.
Thanh dn hp (c tit din hnh hp) phi ni vi nhau bng hn. Th hn phi c chng
ch hn c cc thanh dn bng kim loi mu.
Que hn v thuc hn thanh dn phi m bo ng yu cu k thut hn.

Trong mi trng c tnh n mn, mt ngoi ch ni thanh dn bulng hay bng
tm kp, phi sn chng r theo ch dn trong thit k.

Cc kt cu bng kim loi (thp) t gn cc thanh dn, phi c cc vng kh t
lm bng vt liu dn in, gim bt s pht nng ca kt cu do nh hng ca t
trng, theo ch dn trong thit k.

4.9 - Thang my

4.9.1.Cch t dy dn in v dy dn in trong bung li.

Cch in t dy dn trong gian my, trong ging thang v bung thang my
phi tun theo cc quy nh trong chng VI cch t dy dn in v cc yu cu sau:

a) Phi dng cc dy dn hay cp cch in bng cao su hoc loi cch in tng t.
Khng cho php s dng cp in v cp kim tra c cch in giy tm du.

b) Mt ct nh nht ca cc rut cp v dy dn phi l 1,5 mm
2
i vi rut ng v 2,5
mm
2
i vi rut nhm. Phi s dng dy dn rut ng, cc mch iu khin t hng
kp u dy ca cc tng v hng kp u dy trong bung thang n cc thit b bo
him, v cc mch d hng do phi chu va p hay rung ng thng xuyn (kho
chuyn mch tng, tip im ca, cng tc ca cc thit b bo him v.v..)


59

c) Khi lp bng iu khin, cc thit b v cc dy ni chng vi hng kp u dy, phi
dng cc dy dn hay cp rut ng loi nhiu si c mt ct nh nht 0,5 mm
2.

d) Mi u dy dn phi c k hiu theo thit k.

Dy dn in vo bung thang, phi l cp mm nhiu rut hay dy mm nhiu
si, c lng trong mt ng chung bng cao su mm. Khi phi c t nht 2 rut cp
hoc 2 dy dn d phng.
Cc cp v ng mm phi chu c ti trng c hc do trng lng bn thn. C
th treo dy dn vo cp thp tng thm kh nng chu lc c hc.

Cc cp v ng mm lng dy dn phi c b tr v c nh m bo bung
thang chuyn ng chng khng b c st vo cc kt cu thang. Cp thp trong ging
thang khi dn in bng nhiu cp hay nhiu ng mm th nn b chng li vi nhau.

Trm t phi t thng ng, nghing cho php theo phng thng ng khng
c qu 5 mm.

Cc hp v bng t thit b phi c c nh chc chn.

4.9.2. Ni t:

Vic ni t thang my (my nng) phi tun theo cc yu cu trong chng 5 ca
ti liu hng dn ny v cc yu cu sau:

a) Phi ni t nhng b phn bng kim loi ca thit tr thang my c th mang in p
khi cch in ca cc b phn mang in b hng.

b) Cc u ng v v bc bng kim loi u phi c ni tt bng cch hn (c th lm
thiu).

c) ni t cc bung thang nn dng mt trong cc rut cp hay rut trong cc dy
dn cp in. Nn li dng cc vt sau y lm dy ni t b sung mn chc kim loi
ca cp v cp thp chu lc hoc k c cp thp chu lc ca bung thang.

d) Khi b phn truyn ng, thang my v cc thit b c t trn cc m gim sc v
m cch m, th cc dy ni t phi c cc vng b tr.

) Cc bung dn hng bng kim loi, cc i trng v cc kt cu kim loi ca ro chn
ging thang, u phi c ni t.

Khi h ni t hon thnh, phi kim tra s lin mch v in gia cc b phn
c ni t v dy ni t ni vo thang my. Khi khng c c nhng ch t
mch, nhng ch tip xc xu .v.v...
Cc kt qu kim tra ni t phi lp thnh bin bn.


60

Chng V

Cc thit b in chiu sng

Lp t thit b in cho h thng chiu sng trong nh v ngoi tri cn thi cng
v kim tra theo nhng ch dn ny v ti liu " Thi cng v nghim thu cng tc lp t
trang thit b trong cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip " do cng tc gi son tho.

5.1. Yu cu chung

Cc u dy ca cp v dy dn rut ng, nhm ni vo cc thit b, t in, n
v.v.. phi theo cc quy nh trong chng ny v chng v "Cch t dy dn in". Cc
u dy ni vo cc thit b, t in v n phi di tha 1 on d phng cn ni
li khi dy b t.

Cc b phn kt cu ca thit tr chiu sng nh: Gi , mc, hp, cn, cc chi
tit c nh lin kt v.v. . . u phi c m hoc sn chng r.

5.2 - n chiu sng

Phi kim tra vic b tr cc n chiu sng theo dy dn v theo quy nh ca
thit k. Khi lp t cc n chiu sng ni cng trnh kin trc c hoa vn v cc vt
trang tr thm m v.v. . . th phi theo ng v tr quy nh ca thit k.
Hng chiu sng ca n phi ri thng xung pha di nu khng c quy nh
ring ca thit k.

Cc kt cu c nh thit b chiu sng phi tnh ton sc chu gp 5 ln khi
lng thit b, ng thi phi ph hp vi sc chu nu thy cn thit phi c ngi ng
trn n thao tc lp rp v sa cha. i vi gi hoc ct treo n chm phc tp phi tnh
cng thm 80 kg.

Mi n pha u phi c iu chnh tiu c cho ng theo hnh dng m sng
trn mt phng ng, nu khng c mt phng ng th m sng c ly theo mt
phng ngang khi thn n pha t nghing n gc ln nht, sau iu chnh li gc
nghing ca n theo thit k. Sai s gc quay v nghing ca ng tim n khng
cho php qu 2
o
. n pha phi c c nh chc chn vo b phn quay.

n chiu sng kiu kn, kiu phng bi v cc kiu tng t u phi c giong,
phi chn kn l t dy vo n nu n khng c np y.


61
n chiu sng cc gian nh d n phi lp cht c giong kn. Cc ai c tai
hng v.v... phi vn cht, ch lun dy dn vo n phi chn chc chn ph hp vi cu
to ca n.

Khi ni n chiu sng vi dy dn trong cc nh , nh cng cng sinh hot, cc
xng sn xut nn dng cc kp u dy.

cc li in quy nh phi ni t thn n vo dy trung tnh th khng c
ni vo dy pha. Quy nh ny khng qui nh cho cc dng di ng v n bn (v
chng c ni vo li in bng phch cm).

Vi trung tnh ni t, th thn n chiu sng ni t c thc hin nh sau:
- Khi dy n t ni th dy ni t ca n vi dy trung tnh phi l dy mm v im
ni t tr c nh gn n nht.
- Khi dy dn bc cch in nm trong ng thp lp vo thn n li mt chi tit chuyn
dng th thn n c ni dy trung tnh ti ngay n.

Khng c lm h hng dy dn ch lun vo n v cc tip im ca ui n
khng c trng thi chu lc c hc.

Cm ni dy n bn trong gi hay trong ng dng lp t n. Dy dn bc
ch phi c c nh chc chn trn tng hoc gi .
Cn treo n nu dng ng thp th phi c chiu dy thch hp chu lc c hc
v phi c c nh chc chn vo gi n.
Dy dn cung cp in cho cc n chiu sng cng cng phi dng dy mm
rut ng vi mt ct 0,4 mm
2
cho n trong nh v 1 mm
2
cho n ngoi tri.
Dy dn cung cp in cho cc thit b chiu sng phi c cch in chu c
in p xoay chiu 500 vn v in p 1 chiu 1000 vn.
Dy cung cp in cho thit b chiu sng cc b phi dng hai dy mm rut
ng, mt ct nh nht l 1 mm
2
khi n t trn kt cu c nh.

ng thi phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:

a) Cc dy dn phi t trong ga hoc c bin php bo v dy khng b h hng do
lc tc dng c hc.
b) Dy dn bn trong cc b phn c bn l khng c b cng hoc xon.
c) Cc l lun dy dn vo trong cc gi phi c ng knh ti thiu l 8mm, ch
cho php mp mo cc b cn li l 6 mm. Ti nhng ch lun dy vo phi dng cc
ng ghen cch in.
d) Cc kt cu di ng ca thit b chiu sng phi loi tr kh nng lm thit b chiu
sng x dch hoc u a.

nhng ch lun dy dn v cp vo n v thit b t ngoi tri phi c giong
kn.



62
Thit b chiu sng trn my trc hay trn cc thit b chu chn ng, chu rung
phi treo bng cc ph kin kiu n hi.

nhng ni cc vt d chy, n, nguy him ( k c trong nh v ngoi tri) th
phi loi tr kh nng ngi v chm vo dy dn, ui n, v bng n.
Trong bung nh , cc b n chiu sng bng kim loi treo vo mc c nh
bng kim loi phi c vng m cch in.

5.3. Phng tai nn trong cc thit b ca h thng in chiu sng.

Cc my ct h p v cu chy kiu nt vn phi c u vo li in sao cho
khi tho nt vn ra th pha sau cu chy hoc my ct h p khng cn in na.

Cng tc tip im thng t ni i vo nh (pha trong hoc ngoi) nhng phi
b tr sao cho chng khng b che khut khi m ca. Cc cng tc bung tm, h x
phi b tr ngoi ca.

Cc my m in (cng t) t trn bng, t tng phi c c nh chc chn.
cao t my m in theo thit k quy nh.

Khi dy dn in t ni, cc thit b u phi t trn m cch in dy t nht
10 mm nu cu to ca thit b khng c loi chuyn dng lp trc tip ln tng.

5.4 Cc bng in phn phi.

Phi t cc bng in trong t thp c ca bng thp hoc ca thp ghp knh c
kho; ng thi phi c l lun dy bt kn. Yu cu ny p dng cho cc i tng sau:

a. Cc bng in t trong cc gian in v phng th nghim.
b. Cc bng in t cao t 2,5 m tr ln (tr cc bng in t trong bung
thang my ca nh v nh dn dng).
c. Cc bng in m t thp l 1 phn kt cu ca bng in .
d. Cc bng in c my m in t trong nh .
e. Cc bng in t trong hc tng.

Khi t bng in gia cc b phn trn mang in v cc b phn kim loi khng
mang in th phi m bo c khong cch nh nht l 20 mm tnh theo b mt cch
in v 12 mm tnh theo khong h khng kh.
S u in trong cc bng v ch ni vi ng dy cung cp in phi m
bo khng c in p trn cc b phn ng ca cc thit b ng ct (my ct h p
li dao ca cu dao) khi chng v tr ct.
Cc tip im ni dy vo v dy ra vi bng phi t ch d kim tra, sa
cha. Cc bng c cc tip im b tr v tr pha sau phi l bng biu bn l hoc
phi m bo khong cch t mt sau ca bng n tng theo qui nh trong bng V - 1

Bng V - 1


63
Khong cch nh nht t bng in n tng

Kch thc ca bng in tnh theo b
ngang, mm
Khong cch nh nht t mt sau ca bng
n tng mm

400
500
800
1200

200
300
400
600

Cc l lun dy dn vo cc hp thp (t) v cc ngn t bng vt liu dn in
phi c cc ng ghen in.
Cc bng in phi nh k hiu ch r: S hiu, cng dng ca bng v s hiu
ca tng l ra. Khi trn cng mt bng c nhiu loi in khc nhau th phi c cc k
hiu r rng v sn mu phn bit cho tng loi in.

u ni cc thit b vi bng in phi ng thit k v phn b ph ti u gia
cc pha.



64

Chng VI

H thng ni t

Khi lp t h thng ni t cc thit b in xoay chiu v mt chiu phi tun
theo cc hng dn v thi cng v nghim thu vit ti chng ny.

6.1 Yu cu chung.

Phi ni t cc b phn kim loi ca cc thit b in v ca cc thit b in c
th mang in p nu cch in b hng.

a. i vi in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu c in p t 500 vn tr ln trong mi
trng hp.

b. i vi in xoay chiu v 1 chiu c in p trn 12 vn cc gian nh nguy
him v c bit nguy him cng nh cc thit b ngoi tri.
Khng phi ni t cc thit tr in xoay chiu n 12 vn v thit tr in 1
chiu 110 vn tr trng hp c quy nh ring.

Trong cc gian d n v cc thit tr d n t ngoi tri, phi theo nhng yu
cu khc vi mi trng bnh thng nh sau :

a. Cc thit tr in xoay chiu di 127 vn v 1 chiu di 220 vn u phi ni t.
b. Khi ni t phi dng dy dn trn hoc dy bc cch in chuyn dng ni t hay
cc dy trung tnh. Vic li dng cc kt cu nh ng, dn v ko, v ch ca cp v.v... ch
c coi l bin php ph.
c. Cc tuyn ni t chnh phi c u vo cc vt ni t t nht 2 im v nn ni


65
ti cc u hi ca nh.

Cc b phn phi ni t l:
a- V my in, my bin p, cc thit b, cc n chiu sng v.v....
b- B truyn ng ca cc kh c in.
c- Cc cun dy th cp ca my bin in o lng.
d- Khung ca t bng in phn phi, t iu khin v cc t, bng in khc.
e- Cc kt cu kim loi ca trm bin p v cc thit b phn phi ngoi tri, v kim loi
cc hp cp, v kim loi ca cp ( k c cp kim tra v dy dn) ng thp lun dy dn
in v.v....
g- Cc ro chn, li chn hay tm chn bng kim loi bo v cc b phn mang in,
cc dn, cc x, cc sn thao tc kim loi v cc b phn khc c th mang in p.
h- Cc ct thp v b tng ct thp ng dy dn trn khng. Vic ni t cc kt cu
phi theo ng quy nh ca thit k.

Khng phi ni t:

a- Cc ph kin v cc thit b lp t trn ct g ng dy dn trn khng v trn cc
kt cu bng g ca trm bin p ngoi tri sau y nu khng c yu cu phi bo v
trnh qu in p kh quyn.
- Ph kin ca cch treo in.
- Chn cch in cng ( tige ).
- Cc gi , cn n v chp n.

b- Cc thit b t trn cc kt cu kim loi c ni t, nhng b mt tip xc gia
thit b v kt cu kim loi phi c nh sch v khng c sn.

c- V cc dng h o lng in, trm bin p v cc x nghip cng nghip.

d- Cc b phn thng phi tho hoc m ra cc t thit b phn phi, cc ro chn, cc
t, cc ca, cc khung bng kim loi v.v... c ni t.

g- Cc dng c s dng in c cch in cao gp i.

Cho php thay th ni t ca tng ng c in, cc thit b khc t trn cc
my bng cch trc tip ni t thn b my ci, nhng phi tip sc tt gia thn thit b
in v b my.

Nhng b phn cn ni t ca thit tr in phi dng dy ring ni vo h ni
t chnh. Cm ni lin tip nhiu b phn cn ni t vo h ni t bng mt dy ni
chung.

Khi thc hin ni t nn tn dng cc vt ni t t nhin.

a- Cc ng dn nc v ng kim loi khc chn di t, tr ng dn nhin liu lng, ng
dn nhin liu kh d chy n.


66
b- Cc ng ti nc.
c- Cc kt cu kim loi ca cc cng trnh xy dng chn t mt phn.
d- Cc tm c bng kim loi ca cc cng trnh thu li v.v...
e- Cc v ch ca cp chn t ( tr v nhm ca cp phi cch in vi t). Trng hp
ch dng v cp lm vt ni t th t nht phi c 2 cp.

Cc vt ni t t nhin phi c ni vi h thng ni t chnh t nht ti 2 im
khc nhau. Yu cu ny khng quy nh cho trng hp cc ni t lp li ca dy trung
tnh v cc v kim loi ca cp.
Bng VI-1.

Cc kch thc nh nht ca vt ni t bng thp v ca cc dy ni t.

Cch t dy dn
STT Tn gi n v o lng
Trong nh
Cc thit b
ngoi tri
Chn di
t
1 Dy dn trn / knh mm 10 10 12
2
Dy dn mt ct ch
nht
Mt ct mm
2
64 64 64
3 Thp gc Chiu dy bn mm 3 4 4
4
ng thp kim loi
khng hn
Chiu dy thnh ng 2,5 2,5 2,5
5
Cc ng thp thnh
mng hn in
Chiu dy 1.5 Khng cho php

lm cc vt ni t nhn to nn dng:
a- Thp gc hay cc kim loi ng thng ng v.v...
b- Cc thanh thp dt, thp trn v.v... t nm ngang kch thc nh nht ca cc vt ni
c quy nh trong bng VI-1, mi trng d b n mn nn dng cc vt ni t m
ng hay m km.

Nn p dng cc vt ni t kiu chn su, nhng vt ni t ny c kt hp t
trong lc thi cng mng cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng v cng nghip cng nh dy
dn in trn khng.

6.2 t cc dy ni t.

lm cc dy ni t th trc ht phi s dng:
a- Cc dy trung tnh ca cc li in cung cp.
b- Cc kt cu kim loi ca nh ( cc dn, ko, ct ...).
c- Cc kt cu kim loi dng cho sn xut ( cc dm, cn trc, cc khung thit b phn
phi, cc lan can, cc sn thao tc, bung thang my, cc my nng, my cu v.v...).
d- Cc ng thp lun dy in.
e- Cc v ch v v nhm ca cp.
g- Cc ng kim loi, ng dn nc, thot nc, ng dn nhit v.v... ( tr ng ng dn


67
nhin liu v kh d chy n ) u c th dng lm y ni t cho cc thit tr in di
1000 vn.
Trong cc trng hp k trn, cc dy dn dng ni t u phi c ni chc
chn vi h thng ni t hay vi dy trung tnh.
Cc dy dn hay cc b phn ni trn c th lm cc vt ni t duy nht nu
chng tho mn c cc yu cu chung ca chng ny.

Dy dn ni t thng thng dng bng thp. Yu cu ny khng p dng cho
cc dng c hoc thit b dng in di ng, cc ng cp chiu sng thuc h thng 3
pha 4 dy v nhng trng hp dng thp s gp kh khn v mt kt cu.

Cc dy dn ni t bng thp phi c mt ct khng b hn cc s liu nu
trong bng V-1.
Cm dng cc dy dn trn bng nhm chn trong t lm cc vt ni t hay
dy dn ni t.
cc thit tr in di 1000 vn th dy dn ni t bng ng hoc bng nhm
phi c mt ct khng b hn cc s liu trong bng VI-2.

Bng VI-2.

Mt ct nh nht ca cc dy ni t bng ng v nhm cc thit tr in di 1000
vn.

Mt ct dy dn mm
2

STT Tn gi dy dn
Bng ng Bng nhm
1 Cc dy dn trn khi t h 4 6
2 C dy dn cch in 1.5 2.5
3
Cc rut ni t ca cp hoc ca dy dn nhiu
rut trong v bo v chung vi cc dy pha
1 1.5

Cc dy ni t cho cc dng c dng in di ng phi nm trong v chung vi
cc dy dn pha v bng mt ct ca dy pha .
Rut dy dn v cp dng cho cc dng c dng in di ng phi l dy mm,
phi c mt ct nh nht 1.5mm
2
.
Cc dy ni t t trong nh u phi ni d n gn kim tra, nhng yu
cu ny khng p dng cho:
- Cc rut trung tnh v cc v ca cp.
- Cc ng lun dy t chm.
- Cc kt cu kim loi chn di t.

Cc dy ni t phi c bo v trnh cc tc ng c hc v ho hc, ch
dy ni t giao cho vi cc cp, cc ng ng, ng st v cc ch khc c th gy ra
cac h hng c hc u phi c bo v.
Dy ni t nhng ch xuyn tng phi t trong cc hc tng, trong ng
hoc trong cc vt bao che cng.


68
Ni cc dy ni t vi nhau phi m bo tip xc chc chn tt nht l bng hn
trc tip. Chiu di mi hn phi bng 2 ln chiu rng ca dy khi dy c mt ct ch
nht hoc bng 6 ln ng knh dy khi dy c mt ct trn.
Vic ni dy trung tnh ca cc mnh in v ca dy dn in trn khng cho
php thc hin nh phng php ni cc dy pha.
Trong cc gian nh m t v c cc hi hay kh c hi ( n mn ) th vic ni
t u nn hn. Trng hp khng hn c th cho php ni bng bulng, khi phn
tip xc ca dy v kho ni phi c lp bo v.
Vic ni dy ni t vi vt ni t ko di ( nh ng ng nc) phi thc hin
ch cha vo nh bng hn. Nu khng th hn c th dng cli v mt tip xc ca
cli vi vt ni t phi bo c in tr ni t cn thit bng cc bin php k thut
thun tin. Cc ng h o nc, cc van v.v... phi c on ni t.

Cc dy trn ni t phi t h phi t ng hay t ngang, cho php t cc
dy ni t song song vi cc kt cu t trn ca nh. i vi y ni t mt ct ch
nht phi t mt dt ca y song song vi b mt ca kt cu. Trn cc on t thng
ca dy khng c c cc ch un ln v gp khc m mt c th nhn thy c.

Cc dy ni t mt trn b tng hoc trn gch phi c bt cht trn cc vt
( Puly s... ) cch mt tng t nht l 5mm, trong cc gian nh m t hoc c hi n
mn th phi cch mt tng t nht l 10mm. Cn trong cc gian nh kh ro khng c
mi trng n mn th cho php t trc tip dy ni t bng thp dt nn mt b tng
thay gang. c nh thanh ni t nn dng inh gn v sng bn chuyn dng s c
hiu sut cao.
Trong cc rnh, cc dy ni t phi t cch mt di cc tm an t nht l 50mm.
Khong cch gia cc vt y ni t cc on thng l 600-1000mm.

Cc dy t h trong nh khi giao cho vi cc rnh ( nhng ch c ti trng
nng di ng qua li ) phi c bo v chc chn trnh b h hng c hc.

Cc dy ni t khi t ngang qua cc khe ni gin n ca pha ( khe co gin ) phi
c vt m n hi co gin . dn in ca vt m phi bng dn in ca on
dy ni t c cng chiu di.

Cc tm hay gc ni dy ni t di ng tm thi phi c lm sch v bi
vadlin. Cc tm hay cc gc ny phi hn vo cc dy ni t hoc cc kt cu kim loi
c ni t ca cc h thng thanh ci trn cc t phn phi, cc trm bin p ngoi
tri.....
t dng lp rnh cp c t dy ni t phi khng c v rc ri ln vo.
Cm dng cc ng dn nc n mng n gia sc v n cc thit b vt sa tri
chn nui gia sc lm dy ni t.

Ni cc dy ni t vo kt cu c ni t phi bng hn, cn khi ni vo
cc v cc thit b, cc my in v.v... c th dng hn hoc dng bu lng bt ni,
ch hay b chn ng, hay b rung phi c bin php chng hin tng t tho ca ai c
ch tip xc ( dng ai c hm vng m hm v.v... ) khi ni t cc thit b thng hay


69
b tho ra hoc t trn cc b phn chuyn ng phi dng cc dy mm.

B mt tip xc ch ni dy ni t vi kt cu hoc thit b v.v... phi c nh
sch v bi mt lp vadlin mng.

Yu cu ny phi c thc hin i vi cc mt tip xc gia v thit b, cn iu khin,
b truyn ng vi cc b phn khc ca thit b, t trn cc kt cu thp, trn cc ngn t, trn cc
khung thp ca t thit b phn phi, trn cc gi v.v...
Ghi ch:
1- trnh lng ph khng nn s dng cc ng thp lm cc vt ni t nhn to, ch
nn dng cc ng thp khng hp cch l ph liu. Nn s dng thp gc hoc thp trn.
2- ng knh nh nht cu dy ni t ghi trong bng V-1 cng p dng cho c dy
trung tnh ca mch in v ca dy dn trn khng kh dng ni t. Khi c ng
knh ca dy trung tnh 1 si phi bng ng knh ca cc dy pha.

6.3 Ni t cc thit b phn phi.

Cc u dy cn ni t ca cun dy th cp my bin in o lng c ni
vo bu lng ni t trn v ca my bin in y hoc c ni t hng kp u dy
theo ch dn ca thit k.

Cc cun khng in khi cc pha b tr ngang phi c ni t bng cch ni
trc tip dy ni t vo cc bu lng ni t trn cc cch in . Khi cc pha t theo
phng thng ng th cc cch in ca pha di cng phi c ni t. cc dy ni
t bng thp khng c to nn mch vng kn bao quanh cc cun khng in.

6.4 Ni t thit b in ng lc.

Khi cc my in t trn cc gi trt th dy ni t phi bt vo c 2 gi trt.
Cc mt tit xc gia my in v gi trt phi theo ng iu trn.
ni t cc my cng c ( cc my ci v.v... ) cc dy ni t hoc cc ng
thp c ni t ca cc dy dn in phi c ni vo v my, khi phi m bo
s ni thng in tht tt gia v thit b in v v my cng c k c cc mi ni ng.
Thit b in t trn cc b phn ng ca my c cung cp in bng cp
mm phi c ni t bng mt rut dnh ring trong cp .
C th dng ng ray, dm cu trc trong nh xng lm dy ni t cho cc
thit b in ca my trc.
Cc ng ray, dm cu trc c dng lm dy ni t cc thit b in ca my
trc trong nh hoc ngoi tri ( tr cc gian nh d n ) u phi c ni chc chn vi
h thng ni t 2 ch cc ch gip ni ca cc ray, dm cu trc phi dng cu ni
mm hn p vo bo m cho mch in c lin thng. Thit b in t trn


70
cc my trc va xe ra trong cc gian bnh thng phi c ni t theo ng quy nh
cc iu trn.
Trong cc gian c nhiu bi khng dn in ( xi mng, tro, t lm khun v.v... )
th trc cc bnh xe ca cu trc v xe ra ca cc my trc phi t cc chi gt bi ra
khi ray khi my trc v xe ra di chuyn.
ni t cc thit b in ca cc my trc cc thit tr d n phi dng rut
th t ca cp cung cp in cho my trc .

6.5. Ni t mch in v ng cp.

Khi ni t v kim loi ca cc cp th v kim loi v ai thp phi ni vi nhau
v ni vi v hp cp, ( phu cp, hp ni ) bng dy ng mm. Khi khng yu cu
phi dng cc dy ni t c dn in ln hn dn in ca v cp. Nhng trong
mi trng hp phi m bo mt ct ca chng khng c nh hn 6mm
2
v khng
c ln hn 25 mm
2
.
cc thit tr c li dng v nhm ca cp 3 rut lm dy trung tnh, phi tun
theo quy nh v cch lp dy trung tnh.
Cc u ct c lp dy ni t phi thc hin bng cch p hoc hn.
i vi cu ni mm ni t th mt u ca cu phi dng dy thp cun cht
vo v v ai thp ca cp ri hn li, cn u kia ca cu th dung bu lng ni vo cp v
kt cu kim loi c ni t.

Ch ni cc cu ni vo v nhm ca cp sau khi hn song phi bi nha ng (
t phan ) hay sn glptan hoc sn du. Trong cc gian m t, cc tuy nen v cc rnh,
ch hn phi qut bng bitum nng. Mt ct cu ni mm phi tng ng vi mt ct cc
dy ni t thit tr in .
Cc ng thp lun dy dn in dng lm dy ni t hay ni t phi c
ni chc chn. Khi cc ng trn t h c th dng ng ni c bi bt ch hoc mt loi
kt cu khc c s tip xc chc chn.
Khi ng t ngm ch c dng ng ni c bi bt ch. m bo tnh lin tc
ca mch ni t phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

a- Trong mi trng hp ng lun dy t ngm v i vi trng hp c li trung tnh
ni t m ng lun dy th t h, cc ch ni ng phi hn thm 1; 2 im v mi pha
ng ni, cng cho php hn cu ni bng kim loi c dn in.
b- nhng ch ni ng vo cc hp, cc kh c v v thit b in phi dng loi " ai c
ng ni " ( Rc co ) ni t hoc cc bin php khc bo m tip xc tt v in hay
ni vo hp, ( Hm, t, v ) bng cch hn p cc cu ni kim loi c dn in.

cc li in chiu sng phn nhm cm dng v kim loi ca ng lun dy
dn hoc v ch ca dy dn lm dy ni t.
Trong cc gian i hi phi ni t cc v th chng phi c ni t chc
chn trn ton b chiu di, cc ng ni v hp ni ng phi c ni vo v kim loi ca
ng lun dy bng cch hn hay bng bu lng.
V kim loi ca ng lun dy, v ch ca cp phi c ni t vi cc t nhm,


71
t cung cp hay t phn phi bng dy ng bn nhiu si mt ct bng 1.5 - 2.5mm hay
bng cli thp phi c kp cht v v ni t v phi hn p vo v.
ni dy ni t vo v kim loi ca hi, t, bng, v.v... phi hn p hay dng
inh vt. Trng hp dng inh vt th ch ni dy ni t phi c nh sch.

6.6. Cch sn v nh du.

ch cc dy ni t chui vo nh phi c cc du hiu d phn bit.
Cc dy ni t t h, cc kt cu, dy dn v thanh st dt ca li ni t u
phi sn mu en tr cc dy trung tnh.
Cc dy ni t t h c php sn mu khc cho ph hp vi mu trang tr
tng nh, nhng cc ch ni v ch r nhnh ca chng phi k t nht 2 sc mu en
cch nhau 150mm.
Trc khi lp t cc dy trn ni t t h v chi tit c nh chng phi c
nh sch v sn ht mi mt. Cn ch ni th sn sau khi hn xong cc mi ni.
Trong cc gian m t v c cc kh n mn phi sn bng loi sn chu c tc
ng ho hc.
ch dng ni vi dy ni t lu ng phi nh du bng sn vit ln tng
v k ch ni t, k hiu ni t.
Khng nn sn cc vt ni t v cc dy ni t chn di t sau khi nghim
thu cc mi hn u phi qut bitum khp mi mt.

o o
o

Chng VII

cch t dy dn in

Cc hng dn trong chng ny p dng lp t v nghim thu cc dy dn
in ng lc v chiu sng in p 1 chiu v xoay chiu n 1000 vn trong nh v
ngoi tri bng dy dn cch in v cp khng c v thp mt ct b. Cn dy dn trn
phi tun theo chng VIII sau y.

7.1. Yu cu chung

Kiu, mt ct v loi dy dn do thit k quy nh theo ph ti v c im ni
t.
Ch ni v phn nhnh cc dy dn v cp khng c chu cc ng sut c hc.
Ch ni v phn nhnh rut cp v dy dn phi c cch in tng ng vi cch


72
in nhng ch cn nguyn vn. Phi dng cc hp ni v hp phn nhnh ni cng
nh phn nhnh cc dy dn trong cc hp bt kn, trong cc ng v trong cc ng lng
mm bng kim loi khi t h cng nh khi t ngm.
Cu to ca cc hp ni v hp phn nhnh phi ph hp vi cch t dy iu
kin mi trng.
Bn trong cc hp c np ng m c v cc mng nn ni v phn nhnh dy
dn bng cc kp chuyn dng c v cch in m bo.

ch dy dn chui ra khi hp, mng, ng cng v ng lng mm bng kim loi
u phi c bo v trnh h hng. nhng ch dy dn giao cho vi cc mi ni
co dn phi c vt b tr co dn.

Khng quy nh cao lp t cch nn nh hoc sn nh cho dy dn cch in
c bo v, dy dn lun trong cc ng thp v cc ng lng mm bng kim loi, cp
mm lm vic trong iu kin nng. nhng ch dy dn v cp c th b h hng do c
hc th phi c bo v thm.

Cc ng cch in c v kim loi, cc ng giy bo v dy dn in, cc cp v
ng lng mm bng kim loi cn phi c nh vo cc mt . Vi khong cch c nh
l: 0,8 - 1 m vi ng 0,5 - 0,7m vi dy dn, cp v ng lng mm bng kim loi.

Khi t song song vi cc ng ng th khong cch t dy dn v cp n
ng ng t nht l 100 mm v phi ch cc ng ng nhin liu lng v kh t nht l
250 mm.
Khi t gn cc ng c nhit cao th dy dn v cp phi c bo v chng tc
hi do nng hoc phi dng doi dy dn v cp thch hp.

Trong cc hp v mng, dy dn v dy cp phi t cch nhau mt khong l
5mm thnh tng dy. Cho php t dy dn ni trn thnh tng b khng qu 12 giy v
cc b phi cch nhau t nht l 20 mm. Khi cc b dy dn phi c c nh cht
bng cc vng kp, vng ai v.v).
Khi cc hp t dy b tr thng ng hay t quay np xung di th bt buc
phi c nh cht cc dy dn.
Trong cc gian i hi phi ni t th cc hp v cc mng t dy dn ni vi
nhau phi to nn mt mch in lin tc trn ton b chiu di ca chng.

Cc dy dn t h phi phi hp vi cc ng nt kin trc ca nh v cng
trnh m bo m thut.
Chiu di ca cc dy dn t trong cc gian m t (git, tm.v.v.v) cng ngn
cng tt. Cc dy dn nn t bn ngoi cc gian ny v n chiu sng nn t gn dy
dn trn tng.

Dy dn t theo b mt kt cu b h thng xuyn nung nng (ng dn khi, ng
dn kh l v.v..) khng cho php t kn. Khi t h trn b mt ng dn khi, ng
dn kh l .v.v... th nhit ca khng kh xung quay dy dn khng c vt qu
35
o
C.


73
nhng on thng ca tuyn dy, cc vng kp dng c nh dy dn, cp v
ng c t trc tip trn mt phi cch u nhau. Trn cc on thng v cc ch
vng, cc vng kp phi t thng gc vi ng tim t dy dn.
Khi dng cc vng ai v cc vng kp bng kim loi c nh dy dn th phi
lt cc m cch in.
Cc inh dng c nh dy dn vo cc kt cu cng trnh thng dng sng
chuyn dng thi cng hoc dng cc bin php khc thch hp. Cc inh phi c la
chn v c nh ln cc mt theo ng ti liu hng dn.
Cc vng kp bng kim loi dng c nh dy dn, cp v ng thp u phi
sn chng r.
Cc dy dn t ngm phi c 1 on d phng t nht 50 mm cnh nhng ch
ni trong cc hp phn nhnh v cnh ch ni vi cc n chiu sng, cng tc v
cm.
Khi dy dn t ngm th cc hp ni, cc hp t cng tc, cm cng phi t
chm trong kt cu xy dng sao cho mt hp ( mt cng tc, cm) ngang bng vi mt
tng.
Trong cc cu kin c sn thnh tm ln v cc khi ln ca cc cng trnh nh
ca c sn xut nh my, cng trng th cn lm sn cc rnh t dy dn in,
cc hc t cng tc, cm, cc hp phn nhnh v cc bng in ph hp vi bn v
thit k cc cu kin .
Cc rnh v cc hc cha li phi bng phng. Chiu dy ca lp bo v tim rnh
ng, hc phi m bo t nht l 10 mm.

7.2. t dy dn in ln cc vt cch in (cc puli, cc cch in, cc kp dy
...)

Khi t dy dn cch in loi khng c bo v ln cc puli cch in th
cao t dy phi cch mt sn t nht l 2,5 m. Nhng trng hp sau y cho php t
dy cch mt t 2m.
- Vi in p ti 40 V tr ln cc gian t nguy him.
- Vi in p di ti 40 V cc gian khc.
- cc gian sn xut cng nghip
Quy nh ny khng p dng cho cc sn phc v ca my trc v cho nhng ch
kp dy n cng tc, thit b khi ng.
Cc gian nh sn xut, nhng ch kp n cng tc, cm, cc thit b v bng in u
phi c bo v trnh h hng do tc ng c hc v phi t cao t nht l 1,5m
so vi nn nh hau sn cng tc.
nhng gian sinh hot ca x nghip cng nghip, nng nghip, cc phng nh
v phng sinh hot qua cc cng trnh cng cng th on dy ni vo cng tc, cm v
bng in .v.v.. khng cn thit phi bo v chng h hng c hc.

Bng VII.1

Khong cch cho php (m) vi tit din dy dn (mm
2
) Cc phng php c nh
dy dn Di 2,5 4 6 10 16-25 35-70 Trn 95


74
1.
Trn cc puli
0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1 1,2 1,2
2.
Trn cch in t trn
tng v trn nh
1 2 2 2 2,5 3 6
3.
Trn cch in t trn
tng khi dy dn in
t ngoi tri
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4.
Trn cch in t
theo dn gia cc
tng hay cc ct i
vi dy dn c rut:

t 12 - 15
- Bng ng
- Bng nhm
6
1,5
12
6
6 12

T 12 - 25

Khong cch gia cc ng tim cc dy dn cch in loi khng
c nbo v ca cng 1 mch hay ca cc mch khc nhau t trn cc vt
cch in khng c b hn tr s nu trong bng VII-2 sau y:

Bng VII - 2
Khong cch nh nht gia cc ng tim ca dy dn cch in loi khng c bo
m t trn cc vt cch in

Khong cch cho php (mm) ng vi mt ct dy dn
(mm
2
)
S TT Cc phng php c nh
dy dn
Di 10 16 - 25 35-50 70-95 120
1 Trn cc puly hoc cc
kp dy
35 50 50 70 100
2 Trn cc cch in 70 70 100 150 150

Cc chn in kiu cong, cc gi cng vi cch in phi c nh chc vo vt
liu chnh ca tng. Cc puly hoc cc kp dy dng cho cc dy dn mt ct 4 mm
2
tr
xung c th c nh ln lp va trt hay ln g lt mt phng.

Cc puli v cc cch in gc nh phi t cch trn hoc tng k bn 1,5 - 2
ln chiu cao ca puly hay cch in, cc puli hay cch in ch xuyn tng cng theo
khong cch nh trn.
Cc dy dn cch in mt rut loi khng c bo v phi dng dy thp mm
buc cht vo puli hay cch in. cc gian nh m t v ngoi tri th dy thp buc
phi c qut sn chng r. Ch buc dy dn phi c qun bng cch in bo v.
C th dng cc vng khuyn hay dy nha mm (pliclovinyl) c nh dy dn loi
khng c bo v vo puli hay cch in (tr cc v tr gc v cc u cui).


75
Cc ch kp cht dy dn phi m lt khng h hng cch in.
Vic t dy trn cch in phi theo quy nh sau:
- Cch in trung gian - t dy c hoc nh cch in.
- Cch in gc: t c cch in.
- Cch in no cui: Dng kho hm.
Quy nh ch ni dy r nhnh phi thc hin ngay ti puli hoc cch in.

i vi dy dn c cch in v tr gc, cui, r nhnh vng qua x v.v... phi
dng bng vi, hoc dy gai buc vo puli.
Khi dy dn cch in loi khng c bo v giao cho nhau m khong cch
gia chng nh hn tr s bng VI - 2 th dy cp c mt ct ln hn phi lun trong ng
cch in v phi c c nh chc chn. Nu cc dy cch in loi c bo v m
khong cch gi chng nh hn 10mm th ph p dng bin php nh trn ca iu ny.

Khi dy dn cch in giao cho vi ng ng th khong cch gia chng t
nht phi l 50 mm i vi cc ng dn nhin liu lng hay khi th khong cch t nht
phi l 100 mm hoc dy dn phi lun trong ng cch in hay ng thp t trong rnh.

Khi giao cho vi ng ng c nhit cao hn nhit bnh thng th phi c
bin php cch nhit thch hp.
Khi dy dn cch in loi khng c bo v xuyn qua tng th hi lun dy
trong ng cch in cng v phi c nh. pha trong nh kh ro phi dng ng lt
cch in cn m t v pha chui ra ngoi phi dng phu.
ng dy xuyn qua vch ngm v vch g gi cc gian nh kh ro cho php
lun trong ng cch in c v kim loi trong ng dy - kim loi.
Khi dy dn cch in loi khng bo v xuyn qua t gian nh kh ro ny sang
nh kh ro khc, cho php tt c cc dy dn c cch in ca cng 1 ng dy lun
chung trong 1 ng cch in. Trong cc trng hp khc (t ni kh ro vo ni m t
v.v...) t mi dy phi lun trong mt ng cch in ring, khi dy dn i vo ni m t
c nhit , m v.v... khc nhau th c 2 pha u phi trt kn bng nha cch in.
Khi dy dn chui t gian kh ro sang gian m t hoc chui ra ngoi tri m phi ni
dy th ch ni phi t pha kh ro.

Dy dn cch in v cp i xuyn t tng ny sang tng khc ca nh phi lun
qua ng hoc l cha sn trn cu kin. Cm dng dy bn xuyn qua sn nh gia 2
tng.
Khi dy dn xuyn qua sn nh gia tng cho php lun trong ng cch in t
di lp va trt ca tng. Cc ng cch in phi t lin tc c ng lt v phi t ti
mp ngoi.
i vi loi dy bn c 2 hoc 3 rut ch i vng trong cc gian nh kh ro nu
c gp chng ngi th cho php lun chung trong 1 ng cch in khng cn t ra.
Bn knh un ca dy dn mt rut cch in loi khng c bo v t nht phi
bng 3 ln ng knh ngoi ca dy dn.

7.3. Dy dn t treo



76
Cc loi dy dn chuyn dng loi cp in v cc loi dy dn khc c lp t
treo vo cp thp chu lc bng loi kp ring hoc bng phng php qun buc thch
hp.

Khi lp t dy dn in kiu treo chuyn dng phi theo cc yu cu sau:
a) Ph kin no dy t trong hp ch to t thp tm dy t nht l 3mm, cc mp ch
lng dy v ph kin no phi c da trn khng lm hng v ca t cp treo.
b) Dy dn ko qua l hp phn nhnh bng kim loi phi lun trong ng lt cch in
lin tc hoc phi qun bng dnh t 3 - 4 lp.

Cc thp chu lc dng treo dy dn c th bn t cc si thp m km c
ng knh t 1,05 - 6,5 mm. Cho php dng dy thp cn nng c qut sn hay m km
ng knh t 5,5 - 8 mm lm cp treo. Vic la chn cp chu lc treo dy phi
theo yu cu ca thit k tnh ton xc nh.

Khi treo dy cp thp phi cng n vng nh nht, ng lc khng c vt
qu 0,7 ng lc cho php i vi loi cp thp .
Ch ch t hp li phn nhnh, hp ni kiu cm v n chiu sng th mi
treo dy thng ng. Dy treo ng nn dng loi dy thp c ng knh t 2 - 3 mm i
vi dy in ng lc v t 1,5 - 2 mm i vi dy in chiu sng. Tt c cc b phn
kim loi ca dy in t treo, k c cp chu lc u phi ni t.
Trong cc gian sn xut thng thng, cho php dng dy cp lm dy chung tnh lm
vic trong li in phn nhm ca h thng in c trung tnh ni t.
Cm dng cp chu lc lm dy ni t - nn dng mt dy dn ring hoc mt
rut ring ca dy dn (hoc cp) lm dy ni t. Tt c cc loi b phn kim loi ca
dy in t treo nh:
- B phn h trn ca cp thp.
- Cc b phn kho cp, kt cu no cui, kp treo dy v.v. u phi bi trn du
xilidn.
Khi treo dy dn cch in loi khng c bo v vo cp chu lc khi khong
cch gia cc im c nh dy dn khng c ln hn cc tr s sau:
i vi dy dn cch in khng c bo v.
- Mt ct 1mm
2
: 1m
- Mt ct 1,5 - 6 mm
2
: 1,5m.
i vi dy dn c bo v trong mi trng hp: 0,5 m.

7.4. t dy dn loi c bo v v cp cch in bng cao su.

nhng on thng th khong cch gia cc ch c nh gy dn c bo v v cp
khng c ln hn cc gi tr trong bng VI - 3 sau y:

Khong cch ln nht (mm) gia cc ch c nh dy dn
c bo v hoc cp
STT Loi dy
on t ngang on t thng ng
1 Dy dn 500
500
700
600


77
2 Cp 500 500

Phi dng mc kp c nh dy dn v cp nhng ch lun dy vo hp kh
c in hoc phu cp v phi t cch mp ca chng t 50 - 70 mm.
Khong cch t ch dy bt u un cong n mc gn nht phi t 10 - 15mm.

Khi dy dn cp n c t theo ng ngang th nhng im c nh trung
gian c th dng loi kp mt tai v tai kp phi t thp hn dy dn hoc cp.
Khi dy dn hoc cp t thng ng theo tng trn nh, gc nh phi dng kp
2 tai hoc ai c vng khuy c nh dy.

Bn knh un cong ca dy phi ln hn:
- Dy dn TIIP v IIPII: 6 ln ng knh ngoi
- Dy dn CPr v BPr : 10 ln ng knh ngoi.

Khi cp v dy cch in loi c bo v i qua tng gch, tng btng phi
t trong ng kim loi hay ng cch in l cha sn c trt va.
Cho php t nhiu dy dn ca cng 1 mch hay nhiu cp trong cng mt ng.
i vi dy cch in v cp c cch in bng cao su chui qua tng gch bng btng
th 2 u ng lun dy phi c ng lt.

Khi dy xuyn qua sn gc cng phi lun trong ng th u ng phi cch mt
sau 1,5 m. Khi chui qua trn nh th u di ca ng lun cng phi cch trn 1,50m
nhng on no c th lm hng dy cng phi dng bin php bo v.

Khi 2 tuyn cp hoc dy dn giao cho nhau th mt trong hai tuyn phi c
bo v bng cch:
- Lun trong ng cch in.
- Xy rnh
- t trong ng kim loi.

Mi ghp ca ng lun bng kim loi phi quay v pha mt ng. Khi ng t
ngang theo tng th mi ghp phi hng xung di trnh hi m lt vo.

Ch tch cc u dy v kim loi phi b gp ra ngoi khi lm hng cch in. Dy
dn c v thp IIPII phi c ai hoc u trnh b tut.

trnh b lo ho cch in ca cc si n mn mnh th phi dng loi sn
thch hp. Yu cu ny khng p dng cho cc rut dy dn v cp i vo trong hp c
ng lun dy ca my in hoc kh c in kiu kn, kiu chng bi hoc kiu chng
nc.

Cm t cp CPr ln cc ch mi qut sn hoc qut vi cn t. Nu cn t
ngay th v cp phi c qut bng mt loi sn chng kh trc khi t.

Vic ni dy hoc r nhnh cp v dy dn loi c bo v phi thc hin trong hp.


78
Khi cho dy vo hp, kh c, ng h phi lun c v bo v.

Nu v kim loi ca cp v ca dy dn cng nh cc hp kim loi cn phi ni
t th ni chung vi dy trung tnh ni t v phi bo m tnh cht lin tc v in trn
ton b tuyn dy.
Tt c cn ni lin mch phi c qut sn trn v kim loi khng c c cc vt h
hng.

7.5. t h v t ngm dy dn in

Cho php t dy dn dt nh, nh lm vic, bnh vin, trng hc, nh tr,
cc nh sn xut cng, nng nghip, cc nh cng cng, nh ht, cu lc b, nh bp, nh
v sinh, trn thang gc, nh hm .v.v.. (tr nhng trng hp quy nh cc iu ca
chng ny).

C th t h cc dy dn dt:
a) - Trc tip ln tng, vch ngn, sn c trt thch cao kh hoc va t.
b) - Ln tng bng vt liu khng chy, vch ngn c dn lp bi (ngay trn mt
lp bi).

Khng cho php t h dy dt trc tip ln tng, vch ngn lm bng g. Trong
trng hp c bit phi t th nht thit phi lt di dy tip xc vi g lp aming
tm du t nht l 3mm.
Vic t dy dt ngm trong tng hoc vch ngn bng granhit hoc trt va
thng phi theo cc iu kin sau y:
a) - Nu tng hoc vch ngn bng vt liu khng chy th t dy trong rnh
lt va hoc di lp va t.
b) - Cng trng hp trn nhng va bng thch cao kh th t dy vo rnh
lt va n ngang mt tng hoc vch ngn hay t dy trong lp va thch cao mn c
qunh, hoc t di lp aming tm.
c) - Trong cc rnh v cc kt cu xy dng rng.
d) - t sn trong cc kt cu xy dng c sn t xng ch to (theo ch dn
ring).

t ngm dy dn dt trn nh phi theo mt trong cc phng php sau:
a. t di lp va t ca trn nh lm bng cc tm khng chy.
b. t trong khe h gia cc tm btng c sn, bn ngoi trt va thch cao mn.
c) t trong cc rnh cha sn trong cc tm b tng ct thp c ln, ngoi cng trt va
thch cao mn.
d) Trong cc tng v cc hc trng ca cc tm btng ct st ca panen v trong rnh
cc tm c bit ca nh kiu tm ln.
) t sn trong cc cu kin c sn t xng ch to (theo ch dn ring).
e) t trn nn sn th ca mi tng, trn nh khng chy ca tng cui cng (k c tng
hm), di lp va, xi mng ct hoc thch cao dy 10mm. Trng hp ny, nu khng
p dng c theo cc im a,c,d th dng theo cc im b,. i vi dy dt t ngm
trn nh yu cu chung l phi t ch no m bo khng b h hng v mt c


79
hc.
Khng cho php dng dy dn dt trong cc trng hp sau y:

7.5.1. t h

a) Trong cc gian d chy
b) Trn cc trn thng

7.5.2. t h v ngm:

a) Trong cc gian d n
b) Trong cc gian c bit m t.
c) Trong cc gian c mi trng n mn mnh.
d) Trn sn g ca nhng nh tr, bnh vin, cung vn ho, cu lc b, trng hc v k
tc x ca cc trng.
) cung cp in cho cc thit b chiu sng kiu treo.
e) sn khu v ch ngi ca khn gi.

Cc dy dt c cch in bng cht do khng chu c nh sng (trong sut -
mu vng nu) ch cho php t ngm.

Khi t ngm dy dn dt phi la chn tuyn nh sau:

a) Thng thng, khi t ngang theo tng th phi t song song vi cc ng giao
nhau qua tng v trn v cch trn 10 - 200 mm hoc cnh g, mi ua hoc x ngang t
50 - 100 mm. Cc cm in ln t thnh hng ngang.
b) Khi ko n cc n chiu sng, cc cng tc v cm phi t d theo chiu thng ng.
Trong cc nh lp ghp tm ln, cho php ko theo rnh c sn.
c) Khi t dy treo trn (trong lp va, trong cc khe, trong lp rng ca tm sn) nn ko theo
khong cch ngn nht gia hp phn nhnh v n chiu sng.

Khi ko dy dn giao cho vi cc ng ng dn nhin liu lng hay khi phi t
dy cch ng ng 100 mm, hoc lun dy trong ng cch in hoc trong rnh.
Khi dy dn giao cho hoc i song song vi cc ng ng c nhit cao th
dy dn phi c bo v cch nhit.
Khi dy dn t h song song vi ng ng th khong cch gia dy v ng phi
trn 100 mm v vi ng dn cht lng, nng th t nht l 250 mm.
Cn trnh t dy dn dt giao cho vi nhau. Nu tht cn thit phi giao cho th
ti phi cun tng cng 3 n 4 lp bng nha dnh hoc bng cao su.
Khi dng dy dn dt 3 rut trong li in chiu sng th dng cc rut ngoi
cng lm dy pha cn rut gia lm dy trung tnh.
Khi cn phi un cong cc dy dn dt ti gc lng 90
o
trn mt tng v trn
nh phi theo mt trong 3 phng php sau:
a) Nu un dy theo b dt mt gc 90
o
th khng cn phi rch gii bng cch ly, khng
c dt ny gip vi rut kia.
b) Mun un theo cnh th phi rch gii bng cch ly dc theo dy v mt rut c un


80
vng vo pha trong.
c) Nu dy dn khng c gii bng cch ly c un theo cnh vi g bn knh un m
bo khng lm gy cch in ch un.
Dy dn dt h i qua cc vch chn v sn phi lun trong ng cch in, 2 u ng
phi lng ng lt bng cao su hoc s hay nha.
Ch dy dn t ngm chui ra khi mt tng hoc sn (th d ni vo n ,cng tc
.v.v...) phi lun dy trong ng cch in hoc dng phu.
Tt c cc ch ni hoc nhnh dy dn dt u phi hn hoc dng cc kp dy trong hp
phn nhnh.
Hp phn nhnh phi bng cht cch in hoc bng kim loi trong m - lt cch in.
Khi dy t ngm th cho php phn nhnh dy cc hp u dy v cng tc, cm
hoc n, trong cc gian kh ro hoc m, cc hp phn nhnh, c th lm bng cc c
trong tng hoc sn, c thnh phng cha sn khi xy dng nhng phi c np y.
Khi ni v phn nhnh cc dy dn dt t ngm phi cha mt on dy d tr di t
nht l 50mm.
Khng cho php treo trc tip cc n ln dy dn dt.
Cc hp kim loi nhng ni lun dy dn dt vo u phi c ng lt cch in
hoc qun tng cng cch in bng 3 n 4 lp bng nha dnh hoc cao su.
Khi ni u dy vo cm, cng tc v.v.. th ch c rch mt on ti thiu cn
thit ca gii bng cch ly gia cc rut.
Vic c nh cc dy dn dt h c tin hnh nh sau:

a) Vi dy c gii bng cch ly th dng bin php dn, ng inh dng kp nh,
kp cao su.
b) Vi dy khng c gii bng cch ly th dn hay dng kp.
c) Dng cc kim loi kp dy v gn vo mt . inh dng ng trc tip
gii bng cch ly ca dy dn dt nn dng loi c ng knh 1,4 - 1,8 mm di t 20 -
25mm, vi ng knh m inh 3mm, inh phi ng cch nhau 200 - 300 mm v ng
ng gia bng cch ly.
Ba dng ng inh phi l loi nh v dng ming trnh ba p vo
dy.
Trong cc gian nh m th di m inh nn c vng m bng cao su hay nha.
Khi dng kp th khong cch gia hai kp khng c qu 400 mm.
Khi dng dy dt t ngm th trc khi trt va nn dng va thch cao mn
gn tm dy vo. Ngoi ra c th dng kp hoc ai bng cht cch in (cao su, nha
v.v...) c nh dy dt.
Cm dng inh c nh dy dt t ngm.
Khi vn chuyn v bo qun dy dn dt phi trnh h hng v c hc v trnh
nh nng chiu vo.

7.5.3. t ngm dy dn trong cc ng khng phi l kim loi.

Tuyn t ng trong trng hp ny khng c trng hoc giao cho st vi cc
ng dn khi v cc b mt kt cu b nung nng.
Tuyn t ng trn tng nn b tr song song vi kin trc no (khung ca,
g, mi ua .v.vvv)


81
Cc on tuyn i vng qua cc chng ngi vt on t ngang khng c
t nc.
ng lun trong tng, sn v.v.. thuc loi kt cu d chy th phi dng aming
tm dy t nht 3 cm lt. Cng c th dng va dy t nht 5 cm v rng hn mi bn
thnh ng t nh 5 cm.
Cm dng cc loi ng khng phi l kim loi hay ng giy kim loi di nn cc
phn xng nng (c, hn, rn .v.v)
Khi nhit mi trng ni t tuyn thng xuyn cao hn + 35
o
C th cm dng
ng bng cao su bitum.
Khi dng ng cao su bitum di nn nh th phi t ng di 1 lp va b tng
dy t nht 50 mm. Nhng khng qu 400 mm.
ch ng cao su bitum giao cho vi ng vn chuyn ni b phn xng th
phi lun trong ng thp. Trng hp lp b tng pha trn ng dy hn 100 mm th
khng cn dng ng thp.
nhng ch ng cao su bitum chui ra khi mng, tng v nn nh thng thng phi
dng nhng on ng thp mng bc bo v pha ngoi v u ng phi c chn kn, ch
ng cao su bitum chui ra khi mng v nn nh i ln tng khng chy phi c bo v
bng thp hoc st gc n cao 1,5m.
Cng vic ni cc on ng cch in vi nhau phi dng mngsng cng loi vt
liu vi ng v 2 u ng ni phi p kht nhau.
Khi ni 2 on ng bng cao su bitum vi nhau phi dng mngsng cng vt
liu c ng knh ln hn v di 100 mm, hoc bng kim loi. Cc mng sng phi c
chn kn v dng dy thp qun ai cho chc.
Khi ni 2 on ng bng cao su bitum vi nhau phi dng mngsng cng vt
liu c ng knh ln hn v di 100 mm, hoc bng kim loi. Cc mng sng phi c
chn kn v dng dy thp qun ai cho chc.
C th dng ng thp mng ni cc ng cao su bitum vi nhau. Ch ni ng
vi ng thp phi chn cht nh khi ni bng mng sng.
Ch ni cc ng giy - kim loi vi nhau dng cc mng sng chuyn dng c
ch to t nhng on ng mng v t trong hp ni.
Vic r nhnh v ni dy in trong cc ng khng bng kim loi v ng giy -
kim loi phi thc hin cc hp ni, hp r nhnh. Cu to ca hp ni trn phi ph
hp vi phng php t dy v mi trng xung quanh.
Cho php t cc loi ng cng v ng cao su bitum c dy dn lun sn trong
ng vi iu kin m bo thay dy dn c.
ng knh trong ca ng cch in phi m bo vic thay d dng dy in t
trong ng ph hp vi s lng v ng knh ca dy dn ng thi khng c b hn
11mm.
m bo ko dy dn cng nh ng c d dng, k c trng hp cn thay
chng th khong cch gia hai hp ni khng c vt gi tr s ghi bng VII - 4 di
y.



82
Bng VII - 4.

Khong cch gia hai hp (m) on tuyn gia cc hp
ng cao su cng va ng dy kim loi v cao su
bitum
Thng
10 12
C 1 gc 7,5 8
C 2 gc 5 5
C 3 gc 5 3
C 4 gc 5 3

i vi ng giy th khong cch gia hai hp khng c di qu 9m.
Trng hp do c im kt cu ca cng trnh on tuyn c chiu di di 20 m
khng th t cc hp no c (nh on gia cc tng thang my ca nh lp gip tm ln)
th cho php bn knh un ng n 15 ln ng knh ngoi ca ng. S lng ch un khng
c qu 2. Ngoi ra nn chn ng ln hn trng hp khong cch gia cc hp i qui nh
bng VI - 4.
Bn knh un ng cao su cng va v cao su bitum khng c nh hn 40 ln
ng knh trong ca ng, i vi ng giy kim loi 6 ln.
Khng cho php un cc ng giy - kim loi khng xp np. Ch thay i hng
tuyn v cc gc phi t hp ni hay cc on ng bng cao su cng va hoc cc loi
tng t.
i vi loi ng cng va v ng cao su bitum ch un phi dng dy thp 1,5
mm qun ngoi vi bc ai l 8 - 10mm bo v khi ch un c th xy ra dp nt.
ng cch in v ng giy- kim loi lun dy cch in qua tng, sn gc
phi lin v khng c ni. Khi t ng trn b mt lt g c trt va, khng cho php
dng mng sng ni cc ng cch in trn on tuyn gia hai hp.
i vi ng khng bng kim loi v ng giy kim loi khi a vo hp, t, bng,
hp bo v lm bng vt liu khng cch in, cng nh khi a vo cc hp th cc u
ng phi c ng lt hoc phu cch in.
Khi cc ng cch in khng a vo hp hoc v ca kh c in, ng h th
u ng phi c ng lt hay phu cch in.

7.5.4. t dy ngm trong ng thu tinh.

ng thu tinh phi ng tiu chun d dng lun dy dn khi t ngm.
Dy dn t ngm lun trong ng thu tinh c php p dng cho cc li in
chiu sng v ng lc vi in p di 500 V v cc li in thoi truyn thanh t
trong tng hoc sn khng chy, cc nh cp phng ho loi III, cc nh cng cng
cp phng ho loi II k c tng hm v cc loi nh khc. Cng cho php t tng trn
ca cc nh ni trn khi trn lm bng vt liu khng chy.
Cho php t dy theo iu VI - 104 trong cc nh sinh hot, nh vn ho c cp
phng ho loi II v cc x nghip cng nghip vi iu kin khng b nh hng n rung
chn ng ca cc thit b sn xut.
Khng cho php t dy dn nh iu VI - 104 nhng ni: Gian nh d n


83
thuc mi cp, gian c bit m t, ch khn gi ngi (k c sn khu) ca rp ht, nh,
trin lm, cu lc b, cung vn ho .v.v v cc nh vng c ng t cp 7 tr ln,
vng c ln cp II, III v cc mch in ngoi tri.
Khng cho php t chung dy dn ca mch , dng in mnh vo mch c
dng in yu (thng tin) trong cng mt ng.
ng t trong sn nh nn i theo ng ngn nht cn trong tng th phi t
thng ng hoc nm ngang. ng phi t trn tm lt v tm lt phi nm trong ton b
chiu di ca ng. Chiu dy lp bo v (b tng, xi mng, nha ng) bn trong ng
dy t nht l 10 mm. Khi t ng trn cc tm c lt khng chy tng trn th phi dy
t nht 20mm.
Cc ng thu tinh t trong tng gch v vch ngn b tng x, thch cao, phi
t trong cc mng rnh c vy va t, ngay sau phi va thch cao hay xi
mng xut ton b chiu di cho ngang vi mt ngoi ca tng hoc vch. Mng phi c
su ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng t l 10mm, cn cc tng hm, tng trn l
20 mm.
Cc ng t song song phi cch nhau t nht l 50 mm.
Khng cho php t trc tip ng thu tinh trong t, di nn nh ca tng th nht, nu
nh c tng hm th di nn tng hm.
Khi t ng cho cc ng trc cung cp in t thit b u vo n cc tr ca
bung thang my d l nh c tng hm hay khng u nn t trn sn ca tng th
nht hoc t trc tip trong cc tng chu lc khng chy.
Khi cn thay i hng tuyn ca ng thu tinh lm cc on ng vng qua s,
ct phi dng cc on ng cong bng thu tinh ch to sn. Khi khng c loi trn th
cho php dng ng g lm bng vt liu cng va hoc vt liu tng t.
ni ng thu tinh vi nhau hay cc ng bng vt liu cch in khc phi dng
mng sng bng cao su cng, va , bng cht do hoc mng sng bng kim loi. Khi ni
vi ng kim loi th nht thit dng mng sng bc kim loi.
Ch ng thu tinh chui vo cc hp u vo, hp phn nhnh cng nh ng h
u in. Bng in, n, cng tc v cm t h th u ng phi lt mt on ng
bng cao su. Ch ng chui ra khi hc t bng in th u ng cng phi c ng lt.
Cc mc treo n chiu sng phi c c nh c lp vo vch, khng c
lin quan n u ng thu tinh v cc u dy ra.
Khi cc ng thy tinh giao cho vi cc khe gin n th phi dng on ng
chuyn tip bng cao su hoc bng cc ng mm tng t.

7.5.4 - t h v ngm dy dn trong ng thp.
+ Dng ng thp c thnh dy bnh thng.
Dng ng thp (ng nc, ng hi) ko dy dn in ch c dng trong
phm vi v thit k quy nh.
Phi ty sch cc ba via trong ng v ng khng c mp mo bp. Nu ng
cha c lp bo v chng r (lp m) th phi nh sch ri sn mt trong ngoi, ng t
trong b tng ch cn sn mt trong.
ng t trong nh c hin tng n mn th phi sn theo ch dn ca thit k.
Khi tuyn ng cn r gc phi un ng th bn knh un ng khng c b hn
10 ln ng knh ngs:


84
a) Khi t ng trong cc khi b tng (trng hp ngoi l th cho php bnknh
ung bng 6 ln ng knh.
b) Khi trong ng t cc v nhm, v ch hay nha, vi moi hnh thc di h hay
ngm, khng c b hn 6 ln ng knh.
c) Trong cc trng hp t ngm cn li vi iu kin l t ngm ng khng
gy nn cc kh khn c bit.
d) Khi t h cc ng c ng knh t 3 pt tr ln. Tr cc trng hp nu
mc (b) khng c b hn 4 ln ng knh.
) Khi t h cc ng c ng knh n 2 pt. tr trng hp nu (b).
Cc ct khng c bp mo hayc ba via.
Khong cch c nh ng khi t h khng c vt qu 2,5 m- i vi ng
ng c ng knh di 1/2 pt; 3m i vi ng ng knh di 1 pt ri v 4m - i
vi ng ng knh 2 pt tr ln.

C nh ng thp t h, c th dng mc, vng ai v.v... cc ng dn nc... kh
(khng m km) c th hn vo kt cu ca nh nh ct n v.v... nhng khng clm
chy ng, phi hn ng trc khi t dy.
Khong cch gia hai hp no khng c ln hn cc tr s sau:
ng t trong mng ca thit b cng ngh phi c nh vo kt cu hay ct
thp trc khi b tng.
Ch ng ra khi mng chui vo t phi thc hin theo thit k trnh gy ng
khi t hay mng b ln.
ch giao cho vi khe gin n phi t ng trong cc hp c bit c b phn
gin n, hoc ni vi b phn ln gin n mm vo ng.
Vic ni ng vi nhau trong gian kh ro c bi (tr cc gian d n, d chy hay
cc gian du, nc hoc nh tung c th lt vo ng) cho php dng ng bc, mng sng
khng cn chn kn ch ni dy nhng ni dn nc hoc nh tng c th chui vo
ng v cc thit tr in ngoi tri u phi dng loi mng sng c ren rnh vi m
kn ch ni, cc gian c bi, ch ni ng phi chn chng bi.
Trong mi trng hp t ng ngm v t trong b tng, bt buc phi ni ng
bng mng sng c ren v chn kn ch ni.
Cht lng phn ren rng u ng thp phi m bo vic vn mng sng mt
cch bnh thng. Mng sng phi vn cht mt trong hai u ng vi nhau. Chiu di
on ren phi bng chiu di mng sng cng vi chiu dy ai c hm.
Cc u ng phi ty sch ba via v g sc.
Trc khi kp dy trong ng th u ng phi c ng lt trnh h hng dy.
Khi lp ng vo hp, t, kh c in, v thit tr in phi dng mt trong cc bin
php sau m bo cho ng tip xc tt v in vi chng.
a) Xit cht cc ai ng v c mt nhm vo mi pha thnh t hoc kh c in
cho php thay ai c c mt nhm bng ai c hm nhng phi hn vo t, hp v ng
1,2 im hoc trc phi nh sch g ch tip xc gia ai c v t.
b) Dng mng sng c ren vn cht ng vi on ng th ra ca t, ngoi ra
cn c th dng ng hoc ng ni nu iu VI - 127. Cc ng ni mng sng trn
phi hn vo ng v on ng th ra t t 2 im mi pha.
d) nhng ch khng cn chn kn, cho php a ng vo hp hoc kh c m


85
khng cn dng ai c c nh, nhng phi dng cu ni kim loi c dn in
ni ng vi hp hoc kh c.
) Cc hp, hay hm kim loi v.v.. phi c sn chng r.
cc ni m t, nng, bi hay c ho cht n mn .v.v.. nu khng a c
u ng vo trong hp kh c v.v... phi dng nha cch in chn kn gia ng v dy.
Dy dn t trong ng thng ng phi c c nh chc chn. Khong cch gia
cc im c nh dy khng c ln hn:
- 30 mm i vi dy dn n 50 mm
2
.
- 20 m i vi dy dn n 185 mm
2

- 15 m i vi dy dn n 240 m
2
.
c nh dy vi ng, phi c thc hin nh sau:
a) Dng kp dy hau kp u dy kp cht vo u ng.
b) Dng kp dy hay kp u dy trong cc hp trung gian, kp dy
v kp u dy phi bng vt liu cch in, hoc ch bt c nh phi lt thm cch
in.

Tt c moi dy trong cng mt mch xoay chiu, k c dy trung tnh phi t
trung trong mt ng.
Trong mch xoay chiu, cho php t cc dy dn ca cng mt pha chung trong
mt ng thp nu chng c bo v dng in danh nh khng vt qu 25A.
S dng ng thp mng thnh:
Loi ng thp ny ch dng c nhng ni do thit k quy nh.
a) t h, khng cn chn kn ch ni ng v ng a ng vo hp i vi nhng
gian kh ro, bnh thng.
b) t h v t ngm c chn kn ch ng ni v ch a ng vo hp t trong
tng, sn, trong lp va chn hay lp lt ca sn, trong mng v trong cc kt cu xy
dng khc ca cng trnh i vi cc gian bnh thng, m, nng, bi d chy, ring i
vi nhng gian bnh thng cho php t trong t.
Khng cho php dng loi ng ny :
a) Cc gian m hoc c bit m.
b) Cc gian d n, gian cho cht n mn.
c) Thit tr in ngoi tri.
d) Chn di t ngoi tri.
Ghi ch: cc thit tr d n , cho php dng cc ng thp hn mng
thnh, c chiu dy nh hn so vi ng bnh thng l 0,5 mm vi iu kin l phi dng
mng sng c ren rng ni ng.
Khng cho php dng hn in c nh ng thp thng mng vo kt cu kim
loi.
Khi ch ni khng cn chn kn th phi dng mng sng tiu chun c ren.
Khi ni t cc ng mng thnh hay dng chng lm dy ni t phi thc
hin ng theo yu c k thut ch dn chng V (h thng ni t).

7.5.5. Dy dn t h v c bao che (thanh ci) vi in p di 1000Vn

Nhng ch ni dy dn khng cn tho m th thng thng dng bin php hn.
nhng ch ni dy bng kim loi khc nhau phi c bin php chng h hng do n


86
mn phn dn in.
Trong nh, khong cch t phn dn in ca cc b dn in trn dn cc ng
ng khng c nh hn 1000 mm, n thit b cng ngh 1500mm.
Khng quy nh khong cch t b dn in loi c bo v, loi c bao che,
loi chng bi, loi chng nc bn vo n cc ng ng v thit b cng ngh.
Khong cch gia cc vt dn in ca cc pha khc nhau hay khc nhau trong b
dn in cc tnh, v t cc vt dn n tng nh v n cc kt cu c ni t,
khng c nh hn cc tr s bng VI - 5.
Cc b dn in t trong cc nh sn xut, m nhng ngi khng c nhim v
c th n gn, phi t cao cch mt sn t nht 3m5 - khi t trn (cc thit b t
trong nh 2,9m khi c lp bo v v khng quy nh khi c bao che cch in an ton.
Cc kt cu xy dng trn t b dn in phi l loi khng chy.
Khi b dn in trn xuyn qua sn, tng v vch ngn th phi i trong l hay
cc tm cch in.
Cc kh c t trn b dn in cung cp hay phn phi t ngay cnh cc im
r nhnh, cc ch c th n gn kim tra v sa cha. Chng phi c b tr hay
che chn ngi lm vic v khng chm phi cc b phn mang in.

Bng VI - 5.
STT Tn cc b dn in Cc khong cch nh
nht mm
1. Cc b dn in trn 50
2 Cc b dn in gm nhiu dy dn vi khong
cch gia hai im c nh dy:
n 2m
Trn 2m n 4m
Trn 4m n 6m
Trn 6m

50
100
150
200
3 Cc b dn in loi c bo v bao che, chng
bu:
- Tnh theo b mt cch in
- Tnh theo khng kh

20
12
4 Cc b dn in loi chng nc bn vo:
- Tnh theo b mt cch in
- Tnh theo khng kh

70
50

Cho php t kh c in di thp, nu t trn cao kh khn cho ngi thao
tc vn hnh.
iu khin cc kh c ng ct t cao qu tm ngi, th cn phi c cc trang
b thch hp tin hnh thao tc, cc khi c cngk phi c cc k hiu ch r v tr
ng ct m ngi ng sau c th nhn ra.
Trn sut tuyn ca b dn in t cch nhau 10 - 20 m v cc ch c ngi
thng qua li phi t bin bo cnh gii, ch ghi phi theo quy phm k thut an ton
trong quy trnh in.
B dn in loi bao che phi c t hoc treo cng cao. Tr v gi b


87
dn in phi chc chn. Khong cch gia cc im c nh ca b rnh phi theo ng
ch dn ca thit k.

Khi u ni, r nhnh v lm u dy cho cc dy dn hoc cc rut nhm hay
ng th c th dng mt trong cc cch sau: p, hn, thic, kp chuyn dng.
Ti ch ni hay r nhnh dy dn phi qun bng cch in cao su hoc nha
(Policlovynil) nhng gian m cn phi qut sn hay vadlin cng nghip trc khi qun
bng.
u ct, ng ni phi chn ph hp vi mt ct ca dy.
ng knh l ca tai u ct phi ph hp vi ng knh ca ng ni hay on
ng ca u ct. Vt p phi gia on ng v nm v pha chnh din ca u ct. Phi
kim tra su vt p so vi yu cu ca nh ch to,s lng vt p phi kim tra t l
%.
mi trng m t, sau khi p xong u ct, phi dng bng cch in cun
chm ln c vt p.
Khi cc phu cp t cc cao khc nhau, c kh nng chy du u cp,
phi bt kn li bng cch dng bng dnh cch in cun ln rut cp v on hnh tr
ca u ct ch lng rut cp vo u ct.
Phi dng thic hn hay nha hoc Epoxi bt kn mi ghp gia cc thnh b
p dt ca tai, u ct hnh ng c c nh vi rut cp bng cch p.
Khi u ni hoc r nhnh dy nhm 1 si hoc nhiu si mt ct 20 mm
2
th phi
dng phng php hn nhm hoc p.
Mi hn lm u ct cho rut nhm nhiu si ca dy dn v cp bng cch hn
phi thc hin sao cho tt c cc si dy bn ngoi ca rut c bc kn trong kim loi
chy lng vo rut, nhng khng c lm cho rut dy co li v trn b mt rut dy
khng c vt nt, chy v chy.
trnh cho dy cch in ca rut cp qu nng, bt buc phi t vt lm mt
nn rut cp hn vo u ct.
Khi hn phi dng cht tr dung (thuc hn) sau khi hn, ch ni v ch lm u
ct phi c ty sch ht thuc hn v x hn, ra bng xng (khng dng nc) cho
sch, bi nha chng m v qun bng cch in. Khi lm u ct cho rut cp th dng
bng cch in phi qun ph kn phn ng ca u ct v qun chm ln c cch in
ca rut cp. Tr phn tip xc ra, u ct ca cp phi bi nha .
Nu ng h, kh c in c sn tip im hoc ni trc tip vi nhm th cho
php ni trc tip dy dn hoc cp rut nhm vi chng.
cc thit b in ngoi tri d n v cc gian d n, d chy thuc mi cp,
vic ni v lm u ct cho dy dn v cp rut nhm phi thc hin bng cch hn hoc
p (tr nhng ni cm dng cp rut nhm).
Phm vi p dng cc phng php ni, r nhnh, lm u ct vi cp v dy dn
rut nhm s theo bng VI - 6.

Bng VI - 6


88
Phm vi p dng cc phng php khc nhau lm du ct ni dy, r nhnh cc loi
dy dn v cp rut nhm

Phng
php
c im ca
phng php
Thao tc Cu to rut
dy
Mt ct
mm
2

in p cc
i cho php
KV
1 2 3 4 5 6

Hn in
xoay
chiu
bng
cch t
nng
kiu tip
xc (hn
khng
c h
quang)
Hn in cc rut
dy
- Bng kim in t
2 rut dy vo 2 in
cc
- Vn xon u dy
trc khi hn v
cng hn bng kim
hn hai u in cc
c dng thuc hn.
- Dy c vn xon
trc v p cht
trong khun gi ri
hn bng in cc
thn c thuc hn.
- Dy c vn xon
trc v c hn
bng my hn BK2-
1 (khng c thuc
hn)

Ni v r
nhnh
Ni v r
nhnh

Hn u
dy

Dy dn v
cp 1 si
Dy dn v
cp 1 si

Dy 1 si
v nhiu si

2,5 - 1

2,5 - 10

16 - 400

1

1

35

1 2 3 4 5 6

- Hn bng in cc
than kiu gip mi,
ni theo dng mng
h (u tin phi lm
cho dy nhiu si
chy thnh1 khi
lin)
- Hn in khi rut
dy t thng ng.
- Cng hn u dy
nng chy thnh mt
khi lin (hnh tr
ghp).
Ni v r
nhnh

nt
nt

dy dn
nhiu si
nt

16 - 150
nt

1


89
Hn kiu
gia nhit
- Hn rut dy trong
khun gia nhit c
ng lt bng nhm.
Ni Dy dn v
dy cp
nhiu si
16 - 240 10
Hn hi

- Hn (kiu gip
mi) khi rut dy
dn t thng ng
bng m hn n
hay kp.
Hn u
dy
Dy dn
dy cp 1
si hoc
nhiu si
16 - 400 35

- Hn rut dy thnh
mi ni theo dng
mng h (lm cho
rut dy chy thnh
mt khi lin).
- Hn rut dy t
thng ng bng
cch lm rut nng
chy thnh thanh
lin khi (hnh tr
ghp)
Ni v r
nhnh

nt
Dy dn
dy cp 1
si, nhiu
si

Dy dn v
dy cp
nhiu si
16 -400

16 - 150
35

1
1 2 3 4 5 6


90
Cc
phng
php c
hc

- p rut dy trong
ng ni nhm bng
cch p khc c
dng bt nho.
- p rut dy bng
dng c chuyn
dng khng c ng
ni v khng s
dng bt nho.
- p rut dy trong
ng ni bng nhm,
bng cch p khc.
- Dng loi kp m
bo duy tr p lc
khng i trn rut
dy v c km ph
kin khng lm bp
v rut dy.
- Kp r nhnh (r
nhnh t trc chnh).
- Kp kiu c vt
hm
ni v r
nhnh

Ni

nt

r nhnh

ni

Cc dy dn
mt si

Cch dy
dn 1 si

Dy dn 1
si

Dy dn
nhm v
ng mt
si

2,5 - 10

2,5 - 10

2,5 - 10
1

1

1



91
Hn
thic
- Dng thic hn
ghp u dy so le
v to thnh mng.
- Dng thic hn
nhm v trc khi
hn m thic cc u
dy, dng m hn
lm nng chy thic.
- Nh trn nhng
un chy thic ri
rt vo
Ni v r
nhnh

Lm u
dy hp
ni phn
nhnh

ni
Dy dn v
cp 1 si

Dy dn
dy cp 1
si v nhiu
si

Cp in
nhiu si
2,5 - 10

16 - 150

25 - 240
35

35

35

Khng bt buc phi lm u ct cc dy dn v cc nhm 1 si mt ct n 10
mm
2
.
i vi cc nh my in c t my pht 50 MVA tr ln, cc trm bin p khu
vc vo li cp thnh ph cn hn ch dng phng php hn in ni cp c mt ct
16 -120mm
2
in p 1KV v phng php F ni rut cp 1KV c mt ct 16 - 95
mm
2
.
i vi dy ng mt ct n 10 mm
2
, nn ni bng cch p c dng ng ni
hoc l ng mng. Trng hp ngoi l cho php dng l ng thau. Chiu dy ca l,
s lp, khong cch v su vt p phi theo ti liu hng dn c th. mi ni khng
c c k h gia l ng v rut dy.
Khi ni dy ng nhiu si c mt ct n 10 mm
2
vo cc kh c in th phi p
vo u ct hoc un u dy theo chiu vng xuyn.
Vi dy hoc cp rut ng mt ct ln hn 10 mm
2
phi dng cch p khc hoc
p lin (lin tc) ni v lm u ct. Trong trng hp cn thit c th dng phng
php hn thic.

7.6 - t dy trong cc gian d chy d n

Khi t dy dn cc thit tr d n, phi lun dy trong ng thp v tun theo cc
yu cu ring: Ch ni ng phi c t nht 5 ng ren nguyn vn, ch ni chn bng si
gai tm du sn pha bt ch, cm khng c hn.
Cc hp phn nhnh cc gian cp B - I. B - II phi l kiu chng n, cn cp
khc c th dng kiu chng bi hoc chng n.
Trn ng ng lun dy, phi c ch x nc ng, khi lung dy dn t trong
ng v v ng c, kh c, ng h, v cc b phn ni dy v a dy dn ra ngoi
gian d n, hoc a dy dn t gian d n ny sang gian d n khc u phi lun trong
ng. Khi cc ng phi c chn kn tng on. Cm li dng cc b phn ng ni
cu c chn kn u ni hoc r nhnh dy dn.
Cao su v nhng vt liu khc dng chn kn, hoc cch in khng c
tip xc vi nhng cht lng c th lm hng chng.
Ch ni ng phi c th chu p lc: 2,0 atm. i vi gian cp B - I, 0,5 atm.
i vi cc gian cp B - Ia, B - II, B- IIa. Sau 3 pht p lc th khng c gim qu
50%.
Ch ng ng xuyn qua tng phi chn cht bng vt liu khng d chy


92
Khi t cc b dy dn trn bng ng hoc nhm trong cc gian d n, cp B- Ia,
B - Ib v cc gian d chy thuc mi cp, phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Ch ni thanh dn khng cn tho ri phi hn.
- Nhng ch ni thanh ci vo kh c in bng bulng phi ni chc chn v phi
c bin php thch hp chng ai c t tho.
- Thanh dn phi c hp bo v, c l khoan thng gi ng knh khng qu
6mm.
- Trong cc gian d n, hp bo v phi c lm bng kim loi v ch c tho
m bng kho.
- Trong cc gian d chy cp II - I, II - II th cc hp bo v phi thuc loi chng
bi.
Hp ni v phn nhnh t gian nh d chy phi l loi chng bi lm bng
thp hoc vt liu bn chc, kch thc thch hp c ni dy c chc chn v d
thy, nu hp lm bng thp th trong phi c lp lt cch in, nu hp lm bng nha
(cht do) th phi l loi nha khng chy.
Trong cc gian cp II - II v II - IIa, cho php dng cc loi hp ni, hp r nhnh,
v loi hp kiu kn.
Khi lp t h thng ni t phi thc hin theo quy nh ca chng ni t (V).
Khi t dy ngm cc gian d chy vic ni dy vo gian khng c hp u dy,
phi ni qua hp chuyn tip t trn nh.

7.7 - Sn v nh du.

Tt c cc b phn kim loi u phi c bo v chng r thch hp vi iu kin
mi trng.Trong nh mi trng bnh thng th sn d, sn nha ng.
a) Trong nh c mi trng ho cht n mn th phi dng sn thch
hp.
b) Ngoi tri dng sn nha ng hoc loi tng ng.

Cc b dn in t h loi c bo v tr cc b dn in lm bng dy dn th
u phi sn. Mi pha phi sn mu ging nhau tt c mi ch trong pha A - vng,
pha B - xanh l cy, pha C - .
Cc b phn mang in ca b dn in loi bc kn u phi sn mu - ch dy i
ra khi hp bc phi sn mu pha khc nhau mt on di 0,3m.
Cc mt hp t ngoi tri th sm mu xm khi dng in n 1500A.
cc s phc tp, cc ng v dy dn in u phi nh s theo nht k cp,
ng thi nh du dy cc hp phn nhnh, ch u vo kh c hay thit b dng in.
Cn cc ng th nh du u ng.
Cc dy dn in v cp in t trong cc hp v mng ( k c b hay t ring
tng si ) cng u nh du.



93

Chng VIII.

Cc ng cp ngm.

Cc quy nh trong chng ny c p dng lp t cc ng cp in c
cch in bng giy tm du, in p ti 35KV, c cch in bng cao su in p ti
1KV, c cch in bng cht do n 20 KVv cc loi cp kim tra.

i vi cc ng dy ca cc thit tr c bit ( xe in ngm, ng hm,v.v.. )
th theo cc quy phm ring.

8.1 - Yu cu chung:

Kiu cp, mt ct v s lng rut cp, tuyn cp v phng php t cp phi
theo ng thit k. Trong trng hp cn thit mun thay i phi c s ng ca c
quan thit k v tun theo quy phm trang b in (QT ).

Trc khi t cp phi xem xt tnh trng cp cn qun ru l. Khng c lp
t cp hng.
v ch ca cp khng cho php c vt nt, lm, xc, rch... Nu phi x l do
cc khuyt tt k trn th chiu dy v cp sau khi x l ti khng c nh hn tr s
quy nh ca nh ch to.
Phi t ng cp sao cho khi lp t cng nh khi khai thc vn hnh khng c
hin tng b cng c hc hoc b h hng.

a) Cp phi c d phng t 1 - 3% chiu di ( t ngon ngoo ). Cm cp d phng
bng qun vng.
b) Cp t trn gi trng, sn vv... phi c c nh cc im cui, ch un v cnh
mi ni.
c) Khi cp t thng ng theo kt cu v tng phi c nh sao cho trng lng bn
thn on cp khng lm hng mi ni hoc hng v cp.
d) Nu cp khng c ai thp bo v, khi t ln phi c m lt.


94
Cp t ch c kh nng h hng do cc phng tin vn ti, hoc do cc vt nng v
do ngi gay ra phi c bo v cao 2 m tnh t mt nn.
e) Khi cp i t rnh cp vo nh, vo hm v.v... Cng nh xuyn qua sn, tngm trong
tng u phi dng ng t trong cu kin ring.
Cp ko xong phi chn cht khe h gia ngv cp bng dy tm btum. Phi c bin
php chng nc t hm cp chy qua ng vo nh.

im c nh cp phi cch hp cp v phu khng qu 0,5m.

Cp t h phi c bo v khng cc bc x nhit tc ng trc tip vo cp.
Bn knh un pha trong ca cp so vi ng knh ngoi ca cp khng c nh
hn:

a) 25 ln i vi cp ng lc 1 rut, cch in bng dy tm du trong v ch.

b) 25 i vi cp ng lc nhiu rut cch in bng giy tm t du c v ch v ai thp.

c) 15 ln so vi cp ng lc v cp kim tra nhiu rut cch in bng dy tm du, v
ch hoc nhm.

d)10 ln so vi cp ng lc v cp kim tra cch in bng co cao su, c v ch hoc
cht do, ngoi c ai thp - ring loi khng c ai thp l 6 ln.
Khi ni cp c cch in dy tm du vi cp c cch in tm t du phi dng
hn hp ni nh pxy hoc hp kiu hm du - nu cp nhiu du t cao hn
cp t du.
chnh lch cho php gia im cao nht v im thp nht ca cp khi cp t
thng ng hay dc nging nu trong bng VII-1.

Bng VII-1
Loi cp D chnh lch cho php ( m) i vi
loi cp ( KV )
V ch V nhm
1-3 6-10 20-35 1-3 6
Cp cch in bng dy tm du thng thng:
- C ai thp
- Khng c ai thp.
Cp cch in bng dy tm t du:

25
20

15
15

5
5

25
25

20
20
- C ai thp v chung mt v ch 100 100 100
- Nh trn nhng tng rut cp c v ch ring 300 300 300
Khng hn ch
khng hn
ch



95
Ghi ch: 1- chnh lch trn c p khi cha dng cc bin php ni c bit ( hp
ni nha pxy hoc hp ni vi kiu hm u ).
2. chnh lch ca v cp c v bng cht do, cch in bng cao su hoc v nhm
cch in bng giy c tm bitum m in p di 1KVA th cng khng b hn ch.
3. Cc hp u cp v phu cp khi ng cp mang ti bnh thng khng c r du,
nu chnh lch ln hn mc quy nh.
4. i vi cp c in p 20 v 35 KV cch in bng giy tm du u phu cp c bt
gi c nh th chnh lch cho php ti 10m. Tuy nhin phi tnh ton n vic nh k
thay cp.
Vic lp hp u cp, hp ni, hp phn nhnh ca cp 3 rut v nhm c lm
dy trung tnh cng tc, phi thc hin theo quy nh ring.
Khi vic ni v cp trong cc hp ni v hp phn nhnh cng nh ni dy trung
tnh bn ngoi vo v cp trong hp u cp, phi thc hin bng cu ni. Cu ni lm
bng cc dy ng mm nhiu si phi hn thic chc chn vo v cp, ch hn thic phi
c cch in tt khng b n mn.
i vi cc thit b in c dng cp 3 rut v nhm m v nhm c dng lm
dy trung tnh cng tc th phi thc hin cc yu cu nh i vi cp 4 rut.

8.2 t cp trong rnh.

Khi t cp trc tip trong t th cp phi c lt di v ph bng mt lp
t mn, mm. Sut tuyn cp phi c bin pho bo v trnh h hng c hc: vi cp c
in p 35KV tr nn dng cc tm an b tng ct thp dy t nht l 50 mm, in p
n 35 KV th dng cc tm an b tng hoc gch ( cm dng gch silict ) to thng
nht 1 lp ngang trn tuyn. i vi in p t 1000 V ch phi t gch nhng on d
b h hng do c hc ( nhng ch d b o bi ). Mt ng ri nha c xem l ch
t b o bi.

Lp t mn lt cng nh lp t ph ct phi c chiu dy t nht l 100 mm.
Khng c t cp trong cc vng t c n mn ho cht (* t c mui, m
ly, t bi, c x, rc ri v.v.. ) v c dng in ti. Nu khi tht cn thit th phi dng
loi cp c v ch hay v nhm bc cht do bo v. Trng hp khng c lp cht do
bo v th phi t cp trong ng cch in.
Phi t cp theo ng tuyn thit k quy nh ti ch giao cho nhau quan trng
phi c cc nh du. Khi lm xong phi c bn v hon cng.

8.3 - Cc kch thc yu cu khi t cp.

su chn cp bnh thng i vi cp ti 35 KV l 0,7 m. Cn khi vt qua
ng ph hoc qung trng l 1 m.
Trong phm vi 5 m trc khi dn vo nh cho php su chn cp cn 0,5 m,
ch giao cho cng c thc hin nh trn nhng cp phi c lun vo trong ng.
Khi t cp dc theo nh th khong cch t cp ti mng nh phi l 0,6m.
Khi t cc ng cp song song vi nhau th khong cch gi hai cp phi l:


96
a) Vi cp kim tra khng quy nh.
b) i vi cp in lc vi nhau ti 10KV v cp in lc vi cp kim tra l 100 mm.
c) i vi cp in lc ni vi nhau, cp in lc vi cp thng tin l 500 mm.
Trng hp a hnh cht hp v c cc c quan qun l thng nht th c th
gim tiu chun mc (c), ( d) xung cn 100 mm gia cp in lc 10 KV vi cp
thng tin cn 250 mm ( tr cp thng tin cao tn ) vi iu kin phi c bo v chng
chy khi cp in lc b ngn mch ( bng cch lun trong ng hoc c vch chn ).

Khi tuyn cp i qua vn cy th khong cch t cp n thn cy t nht phi l
2 m.
Khi tuyn cp i song song vi ng st th nht thit tuyn cp phi i ngoi
phm vi hnh lang ca ng st, tr trng hp c bit c c quan qun l ng st
tho thun th cho php khong cch ti thiu t cp ti ng dy gn nht l 3 m, vi
ng st in kh ho l 10 m.
Trong iu kin hn ch qu c bit c th cho php cp i gn hn nhng phi
chn trong ng, nu c ng st in kh ho th phi cch in on ng ny ( xi mng
aming, tm nha ng v.v... ).

Khi tuyn cp giao cho vi ng st, ng t, th nht thit phi lun cp qua
ng, cng ngm su t nht l 1 m tnh t nn ng hoc 0,5 m k t y rnh thot
nc, trn sut b ngang ng k c hnh lang ca ng.
Nu ng st hoc ng t khng c hnh lang th ng hoc cng phi di
trn 2 m k t mp ng.
Nu tuyn cp giao cho vi ng st in kh th ng hoc cng ngm lun cp
phi lm bng vt liu cch in.
u ng phi c chn kn bng dy gai (ay) trn t st khng thm nc su
vo trong ng t nht 30 mm.
Khi tuyn cp giao cho vi cc ng nhnh chuyn dng ca x nghip cng
nghip c mt lu thng nh th cp c th chn trc tip trong t.
Khi ng cp phi chui ra ngoi tri th khong cch ti thiu t mp ng hay
y nn ti ch chui ra khng nh hn 3,5 m.
Ch giao cho vi ng tu in, cp phi t trong ng cch in, ch giao cho
phi cch t nht 3 m n cc v tr c bit ca ng tu ( ng r, ghi v.v... ).
Khi tuyn cp i song song vi ng tu in th khong cch t cp n ray gn
nht khng nh hn 2m. Trong iu kin trt hp cho php gim khong cch ni trn
nhngcp phi t trong ng cch in trn sut on i gn.
Khi ng cp t song song vi ng t th cp phi t ngoi rnh ng v
cch vch t nht 1 m.
Trng hp c bit, nu c s ng ca c quan qun l ng c th gim bt
khong cch trn.
Khi tuyn cp i song song vi ng dy ti in trn khng in p 110 KV tr
ln th khong cch t tuyn cp n hnh chiu ca dy dn gn nht khng c nh
hn 10m.
Khong cch t tuyn cp n cc phn ni t ca ct iu kin t 1 KV tr ln khng
nh hn 10 m, di 1 KV l 1 m vfa 0,5 m nu cp t trong ng.
Khi cc tuyn cp giao cho nhau, gia chng phi cch nhau bng mt lp t


97
dy 0,5 m. Cho php gim khong cch trn xung cn 0,25 m nu gia hai tuyn cp
c phn cch nhau bng tm b tng, hoc cp lun trong ng trong phm vi 1 m tnh
t ch giao cho ra.
Lc th cp thng tin phi t trn cp in lc v cp c in p thp hn t trn cp
c in p cao hn.
Khi tuyn cp t song song vi ng ng th khong cch gia chng khng
c b hn 0,5m. Ring vi ng dn du v dn kh t t nht phi l 1 m.
Nu cp t trong ng th cho php khong cch trn cn 0,25 m trn sut ton b
on i gn.
Cm t cp song song trn hoc di ng ng trong cng mt mt phng
thng ng vi ng ng.
Khi tuyn cp giao cho vi ng ng, k c ng ng du v kh t khong
cch t nht gia chng phi l 0,5 m khong cch trn cn 0,25 m nu cp lun trong ng
ch giao cho ( mi pha ra 1 m ).
Khi tuyn cp giao cho vi ng ng dn nhit th khong cch ti vtche
yng ng dn nhit t nht phi l 0,5 m. Khi c ng ng dn nhit phi cch nhit
trn on giao cho cng thm 2 m v mi pha v m bo sao nhit ca t ch y
khng tng thm 10
0
C so vi nhit cao nht ma h v 15
0
C vo ma ng.
Nu iu kin v nhit trn khng m bo c th thc hin cc bin php sau:

1. Ch chn su cp n 0,5 m ch khng phi 0,7 m.
2. Dng cp c mt ct ln hn:
3. Cho cp vo ng v chn xung di ng ng dn nhit t nht l 0,5 m. Lc phi
t ng sao cho khi cnthay cp khng cn phi o t.

Khi tuyn cp i song song vi ng ng dn nhit th khong cch gia chng t
nht phi l 2m hoc l trn ng ng d nhit phi c cch nhit trn ton b on i
gn cp m ba t khng tng qu 10
0
C vo bt k thi gian no trong nm.

8.4- t cp trong ng ng, mng v trong cc gian sn xut.

t cp trong ng cng, mng cng nh cc gian sn xut khng c dng
loi g c v gai bc ngoi. Tr trng hp cho php t loi cp cc gian m t,
c bit m t v c mi trng n mn ho hc v kim loi ca cp.

Thng thng trn cc on thng t ngang ca cc khong cch ca cc gi
cp phi l 0,8 n 1 m hoc theo quy nh ca thit k i vi mi loi cp.
Nu cp khng c ai thp d l v nhm hay ch, ch t ln gi phi c m lt
mm.
Nu cp v nhm trn i men theo tng gch trt va hoc tng b tng th phi
c khong h cch gia tng v cp. Trng hp tng c sn du th cho php cp i
st tng.
VII-34. Khi t cp trong nn nh hay trong sn gc phi t cp trong ng hay mng
rnh. Cm chn cp trc tip trong cc kt cu xy dng.

Khi t cp nn cc nn hoc kt cu bng g, khng c trt lng th gia cp th


98
gia cp v nn phi c khong trng t nht l 50 mm. Trong cc gian c tng trn bng
g, cp khng c ai thp phi t trong ng hoc hp bng cht khng chy.
Khi cp xuyn qua tng sn bng g, cp phi t trong ng v u phi nh ra
mi bn t nht l 50 mm, gia cp v ng phi chn cht bng vt liu khng chy nh
b tng, va v.v... Nu on ng nh ra khi mp tng hoc mp sn 100 mm tr ln th
khng cn chn, nhng cp khng c gn tng di 50mm.

Trong mng cp th cp cng khng phi t trn gi nu mng khng su
qu 0,5 m th cho php t cp xung y mng.
b) Nu hai bn thnh ng cng u c gi cp, th cp kim tra v cp in lc di 1
KV nn t v mt bn, cn bn kia t cp trn 1 KV.
c) Cp trn 1 KV lm vic v d phng ca my pht in, my bin p v.v... cung cp
in cho cc h tiu th cp I nn t hai hng gi khc nhau.

Nu tt c cc cp cng t y mng th khong cch gia nhm cp in lc
trn 1 KV vi nhm cp kim tra t nht phi l 100 mm hoc gia chng phi phn cch
nhau bng mt vch chn khng chy.
Khong cch nh nht cho php gia tng si cp ring r nu strong bng VII-2 sau y:

Khong cch nh nht i vi cng trnh cp.

Kch thc nh nht khi t cp ( mm )
Tn gi, kch thc - Trong ng
- Tng ng trong gin cp
Trong
mng cp
- Chiu cao 1800 Khng quy nh
Khong cch nm ngang gia hai gi
khi t chng thnh 2 hng ( gia c li
i li )

1000

100
Khong cch t gi n tng khi t 1
hng( c cha li i li )

900

300
+ i vi cp in lc, s lng cp trn
gi t 2 - 4 v khi in p ca n:

- n 10 KV 200 150
- 20 - 35 KV 250 200
Khong cch gia cp kim tra v cp
thng tin
Khng quy nh
Ghi ch: Khong cch trn cng c p dng cho cp t trong hm cp.

Cm dng ct lp cc tuyn cp in lc t trong mng, tr cc gian d n.

Vic t cp trong ng cng, trong mng cngnh trong cc gian khc phi
t cc yu cu sau:


99
a) Thng thng cp kim tra phi t di cp in lc, ring cp in lc di 1 KV
cho php t ngang hng vi cp kim tra.
Kch thc ca cng trnh cp, chiu cao cng trnh, chiu rng hnh lang v
khong cch gia cp n cc cu khc khng c nh hn cc tr s nu trong bng
VII-1.
ni cht hp, cho php gim chiu rng ca hnh lang xung cn 0,6 m n 1
on di 0,5m.

8.5. t cp trong Blc v ng.

Trc khi lp t cc Blc lun cp th bn xy lp v bn qun l khai thc cp
sau ny phi tin hnh nghim thu cn thn.

Khi nghim thu phi kim tra nh sau:
-Tuyn cp theo thit k.
- su trn cp.
-Cng vic chng thm cho cp.
-Khong cch t b mt Blc cp n cao mt bng.

Ti cc ch ni Blc hay ni ng vi nhau th cc u ng v u Blc phi gia
cng nhn khi lm hng cp khi ko cp v khi khai thc cp.

ng knh trong ca ng lun cp t nht phi ln hn 1,5 ln ng knh ngoi
ca cp. Ring cp c rut mt si t 25 - 70 mm
2
th phi ln hn t nht 2 ln. Cc l
ca Blc khng c nh hn 90 mm.
Khi t cp trong ng chn di t, khong cch gia ng lun cp vi cc cng
trnh ging nh khi chn cp trc tip trong t.
Trong ging cp th cp v hp cp phi k trn gi hoc c b .
Trc khi lun cp vo Blc hay ng th cp nn bi m vadlin trung tnh.

8.6- t cp bi ly, on bn ly v di nc.

Khi cp giao cho vi sui, bi ct bi, mng nc v.v... th cp phi c lun
trong ng.
y knh, sng v.v... ch t cp phi bng phng khng c ch mp m sc
nhn lm hng cp hoc lm cp phi chu lc c hc. Nu vng chng ngi vt nh (
tng ... ) th tuyn cp phi i vng hoc dn sch chng ngi vt hoc chn xuyn
cp qua chng.
Khi tuyn cp giao cho vi sng, knh v.v... cp phi c chn su di y nh
sau:
a) t nht l 0,8 m on ven b v ch nc nng.
b) t nht l 0,5 m cc on c tu b qua li.
c) cc on c tu b qua li, lng sng thng xuyn no vt th su chn cp
phi tho thun vi c quan qun l ng thu khong cachs gia hai cp chn di
y sng khng c nh hn 0,25m.



100
Khi ng cp giao cho vi sng c dng chy mnh hoc y sng c ngm,
th cho php t cp trc tip y sng. Khi , khong cch gia cc hng cp khng
nh hn 10% chiu rng ca sng, nhng khng c nh hn 20 m. Ch cp ra khi mt
nc phi chn su xung t hoc cho vo trong ng bo v.

on cp vt sng phi d phng ni bn b t nht 10m v khi t di bin
l 30m.
i vi b sng xy k... th ch cp chui ra phi xy ging cp.

Ti cc ch b sui, b sng thng b st l th bo v ng cp bng cch
xy k p quai, c v.v...
Cm khng cho cc ng cp giao cho vi nhau di nc.
Ti ch cp giao cho vi sng, knh phi c bin bo hiu theo quy nh ca
ngnh giao thng ng thu.

8.7- Ni cp v lm u cp.

Cng tc lm u cp, ni cp phi lm theo ch dn bng VI-6 ca hng dn
ny.

Lm u cp loi c cch in bng giy tm du in p n 10KV c th khng
dng phu cp ( lun rut cp qua cc ng ch, cao su nha v.v... ) hoc c th dng phu
bng tn ( thp ).
Trnghp cn thit nu thit k quy nh th phi dng hp cp c bit bng
ngang, bng kim loi c cch in ( s ).
i vi cp in p t 3 KV tr ln c v ch hay nhm, phi dng cc hp ni
bng nha epoxy bng ch, bng ng hoc ng thau.
Vi cp in p di 1 KV c v ch hoc nhm, nu chn trc tip trong t, cng c th
dng hp ni bng gang. Khi cp t h th cho php ni trong hp ni bng nha epoxy
hoc ch.

Nu cp chn trc tip trong t m c mi ni th khong cch t mp thn hp
ni ti cp i cnh n t nht phi l 250mm. Nu khong trn khng m bo th phi c
bin php bo v cc hp ni t t gn cp khc ( xy gch, chn su thm hp ni cp
).
Hp ni phi sp t sao cho rut cp khng gy ra lc cng c hc cho ng ni v lm
hng mi ni ( bng cch chn cp, lm cn bng lc cng ca cp ).
Khng cho php c hp ni nhng ch tuyn cp t dc ng v ch mng nc
xi. Nu cn t ti ch th bt buc phi to ra mt phng ngang ch hp ni.

Vic ni cp t trong cc Blc nht thit phi thc hin trong hp ni t trong
ging cp.
i vi cc ng cp in p t 2KV tr ln c v bng cao su v trong ng
mm bng cao su th ch ni phi tin hnh bng cch lu ho nng ri qut nha chng
m.



101
Nhit ca nha cp c bitum hay nha thng khi vo hp cp khng c
vt qu cc tr s sau y:
+ 190
0
C i vi cp cch in bng giy.
+ 110
0
C i vi cp cch in bng cao su.
+ 130
0
C i vi cp c v bng cht do.
cc hp cp c s, nhit nha vo khng c qu 130
0
- 140
0
C . Trc khi ,
hp cp v s phi c sy nng n 60
0
C.

Phn u cp loi cch in bng cao su c th dng phn thp hay phu nha
y paraphin. Nu u cp trong nh c th dng u cp kh c qun bng nha hay
bng vi.
Vic ni, phn nhnh cp cch in bng cao su th phi dng hp ni bng ch
hoc gang y paraphin. Cn trong nh cho php ni kh bng bng cch in, sau
qut sn m khng phi t trong hp ni, nu khng c kh nn h hng do c hc.
Cc rut cp c cch in bng giy, u phu phi c qun bng bng nha
hoc bng vi c qut sn chng m, hoc ng cao su chu du hay ng nha chu nhit
v nh sng.

Cc rut cp c cch in bng cao su cng phi thc hin cch qun u ra nh
iu trn. Ngoi ra c th qut lp nha sn Mairit ( IKZ).

Tu theo nhit cch in, chiu di rut th ra khi phu cp t trong nh
khng c b hn:
+ 150mm i vi cp di 1 KV.
+ 200 mm i vi cp di 3 KV.
+ 200 mm i vi cp di 6 KV
+ 400 mm i vi cp 10 KV.
Bn knh un pha trong ca rut cp khng c nh hn 12 ln ng knh ngoi ca
rut i vi cp cch in bng giy, 3 ln i vi cp cch in bng cao su.

8.8- t cp trong cc gian d n v cc thit tr ngoi tri d n.

Cc yu cu ca mc ny c p dng lp t mi loi cp in lc 1 chiu v
xoay chiu trong cc gian d n v cc thit tr ngoi tri d n.
Cm t hp ni cp v hp r nhnh cp trong cc gian d n, st gn cc thit
b cng ngh ca cc thit tr ngoi tri d n.
Cp phi t xa cc van, cc bnh ngng t v cc thit b cng ngh khc theo
ng thit k ch dn, nhng khng c h hn 100 mm.
Cp khng c c lp bc bng cht d chy ( si gai, bi tum v.v... )

Ti ch ng cp giao cho vi ng ng ho cht c tnh n mn, cp phi
c lun trong ng thp ( loi thnh mng ) v c nh chc chn.
Cc l trong nn nh lun cp qua v cc ng phi bt kn bng vt liu
khng chy.
Trong cc gian cp B-I v B-Ia c cha hi v kh nng c trng lng ring ln


102
hn 0,8 so vi khng kh trong cc gian cp B-II, cc mng cp phi lp y ct.
Nu cp t trong mng i st tng ca cc gian d n cp B-I, B-Ia, nht thit
phi dng ct lp mng trn 1 on di 1,5 m k t ch cp chui vo mng.
on cp i t cc b phn ca nh n cc thit b cng ngh tnh ti m khi lm
vic c th lm bn ho cht n mn vo cp th phi bao che on cp bng vt liu
khng chy. Kch thc ca hp sao cho phi m bo ni cp d dng on i ti
tng.

Ch cp i trong cc my in, cc kh c in nht thit phi dng hp u cp,
c chn gi chc chn, khe h gia cp v hp khng phi chn kn.
Trong cc nh cp B-Ia v B-IIa, i vi my cng sut ln khng c hp u vo
( nh ng c c tc chm v phng n cao ) th c th dng phu cp hay hp u
cp kiu kh, t trong cc hp chng bi t ch ch c nhn vin qun l c php
n.
cc thit tr ngoi tri cp B-I, cc ng thp lun dy dn v cp c qun ai
thp, t trn cu ni i chung vi ng ng cng ngh khc, cho php t trong nhng
trng hp sau:

1) V pha cc ng cng ngh dn cht khng chy.
2) di cc ng ng dn kh hoc hi nng c t trng ring b hn 0,8.
3) Trn ng ng du kh hoc hi nng c t trng ln hn 0,8.

8.9- Cch sn v k hiu.

Khi t h cp v ch hoc v nhm khng c ai thp, hoc c ai thp nhng
khng c lp bc ngoi, cc kt cu cp, hp cp, phu cp u phi sn.

a) Sn du hoc nha- khi t trong nh c mi trng bnh thng.
b) Dng sn chng tc ng ho hc thch hp - Khi t trong mi trng c tnh n mn
nhm, ch,,thp.
c) bng nha ng hoc loi tng t khi t ngoai nh.

Cc hp ni cp v cc kt cu ca cp chn trong t hoc t di nc phi qut
nha ng hoc bi tum nng.

Mi ng cp in t 2 KV tr ln phi c s hiu ring hay tn gi ring. Nu
c ng cp gm nhiu cp song song vi nhau th mi si cp phi c cng s hiu nh
nhau, c thm ch A, B, C...
Nhng cp t h v tt c cc hp cp, phu cp, u phi c bin nh ghi r: in p,
mt ct, s hiu hay tn gi.
Ring hp ni v phu th phi ghi r: s hiu ngy thng thi cng, tn ngi lm.
Ring tm bin hp u cp cn phi c s hiu, k hiu ca cc im ko cp i v
dn ti, bin phi chng c h hng v iu kin mi trng xung quanh.

Cc bin hiu ca cp t trong mng, trong cng di t hoc trong nh, phi
t ch cp chuyn hng c hai pha ch cp xuyn qua sn, tng, ch cp i vo


103
mng, cc ging cp, trn hp ni, phu cp v.v...

Cc bin hiu phi lm bng vt liu sau:
a) Bng cht do, nhm, tn c qut sn nu t trong nh c cu kin bnh thng.
b) cht do, nhm hoc tn sn k nu t trong nh m t hoc ngoi tri.
c) Bng cht do: Nu t trong nh c tnh n mn thp v khi t di t.
Ch s k hiu ghi trn bin trong iu kien bnh thng c th vit bng sn tt
- cc ch c bit th phi dp hoc c.

Bin k hiu phi buc vo cp dy thp m km c ng knh t 1 - 2 mm tr
trng hp c bit c quy nh ring.

Vic buc dy thp, phi lm chc chn, sau khi buc phi qut bi tum chng g.

Bin ca cp phn tch v hp ni t trong t phi qun 2, 3 lp bng nha
trnh khi b h hng.

Chng IX

ng dy ti in trn khng ( DK )
in p ti 220 KV.

9.1- Yu cu chung.

Khi xy lp DK iu kin in p ti 220 KV nht thit tun theo quy trnh ny.
H thng in kh ho giao thng v cc dng h thng in chuyn dng khc c qui
trnh v ch dn ring quy phm ring.


104

Nhng cng vic xy lp DK phi thc hin theo ng thit k, theo tiu chun
xy dng Nh nc, quy phm trang thit b in ( QT ) v quy phm k thut an ton
hin hnh.

Nhng cng vic pht sinh ngoi thit k, trong tng trng hp c th phi c
s ng ca c quan thit k, c quan giao thu ( Ban QLCT ) v c quan qun l cp
trn.

thc hin c hiu qu nhng cng vic ch yu ca cng trnh iu kin, c
quan xy lp phi m bo thc hin cc yu cu sau:

- Lp thit k t chc thi cng ( TCTC ).
- Chun b chu o vt t, k thut v nhn lc.
- Nng cao vic s dng c gii khi thi cng v ng dng tin b k thut trong thi cng.
- Nghin cu t chc thi cng hp l.

Thit k t chc thi cng ( TCTC ) DK iu kin t 35 KV tr ln phi bao gm
cc ni dung sau:

- S t chc thi cng.
- Phn on, tuyn thi cng.
- c im k thut cng trnh.
- Bng tng hp khi lng thi cng ch yu.
- Biu tin thi cng.
- Cc bin php thi cng ch yu ( km theo cc s cng ngh thi cng nh o c
mng, lp rp dng ct, ri v cng dy v.v... ).
- B tr kho bi tip nhn v vn chuyn vt t v thit b ra tuyn.
- Phn b nhn lc theo nhu cu tin cho tng on tuyn.
- Nhu cu cung cp xe my, cu kin, vt liu v ph kin mc dy cho tng on tuyn
theo tin .
- T chc c s gia cng c kh v sa cha xe my trn tuyn.
- Xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr tm thi ( nh ca, in nc, thng tin lin lc, kho
bi v.v... ).
- Bin php thi cng c bit cho cc on iu kin thi cng bn cnh ng dy ang
mang in, dng ct v ri cng dy phi yu cu ct in, thi cng nhng ch vt
ng dy in lc 35 - 110 KV v ng st in kh ho, dch chuyn cc cng trnh
xy dng c ra khi hnh lang an ton ca tuyn DK.
- Nhng vn an ton cho cng vic xy lp ch yu:

i vi DK in p 35 KV nu khng c c im k thut phc tp th cho
php thc hin n gin ngn gn, nhng phi c y ti liu cn thit tin hnh ch
o t chc thi cng c hiu qu.

C quan giao thu ( Ban QLCT ) phi chuyn cho bn xy lp nhng ti liu sau
y:


105
- n thit k c duyt ( bao gm c thit k t chc xy dng cng trnh ).
- Giy php cp t xy dng.
- Nhng ti liu php l c tho thun thng nht ca cc c quan c lin quan n
vic thi cng cng trnh nh:
+ S trng dng phn t c php tin hnh thi cng trn tuyn.
+ c php lm vic nhng ni c iu kin, ng dy thng tin, nhng on
ng st, ng t cp I ang khai thc v nhng ni c cng trnh ngm khc ( ng
cp in lc, ng cp thng tin, ng ng hi, nc, du v.v... )
+ c php cht cy pht tuyn v dch chuyn cng trnh xy dng trn phn t c
tin hnh thi cng.

C quan giao thu ( Ban QLCT ) phi giao tim mc tuyn DK cho bn xy lp
cng vi cc ti liu k thut v nn mng ca tuyn khng t hn 1 thng trc khi thi
cng. Nhng cng vic trc c thng tuyn v gic mng do bn xy lp lm.
Ghi k hiu cc tim mc DK phi dng sn. Cc phi b tr sao cho khng gy
tr ngi giao thng nhng ni c kh nng h hng cc phi c bo v.

Khi nhn ct in bng b tng ct thp phi kim tra nh sau:

- L lch xut xng bao gm: ngy ch to, ngy xut xng, mc b tng v dng ct
thp.
- C k hiu ct vit bng sn, phn ct khng sn di t.
- Khng c vt r v vt trn b mt ct vi kch thc khng qu 10 mm theo mi pha.
Cc vt r v v nh hn 10 mm khng c nhiu hn 2 trn 1 mt di, cc vt r v v
ny phi c trt phng bng va xi mng - ct cp phi 1: 2.
Ct b tng ly tm khng c c nhiu hn mt vt nt dc ct vi b rng ti
0,2mm trong cng mt mt ct, khng c c vt nt ngang ct - vi b rng qua 0,2
nu ct dng ct thp thanh v khng c 0,1 mm nu ct c dng ct thp nhiu si.
S lngvt nt dc c b rng ti 0,1 mm l ki hn ch, cc vt nt c b rng t
0,1 n 0,2 mm phi c ph kn bo v.
VIII-9. Khi nhn tr mng v cc mng bng b tng ct thp phi kim tra nh sau:
- L lch xut xng bao gm: Ngy ch to, ngy xut xng, mc b tng v dng ct
thp.
- Ghi k hiu tr mng v ct bng sn.
- Khng c c vt nt v st v mt b tng c bu lng no.

Tt c nhng chi tit kim loi ca ct g v ct b tng ct thp phi sn hoc m
chng g theo quy nh ca thit k.

Kt cu ct thp khi ch to, lp rp phi theo ng thit k, ghi nhn kt cu
a vo xy lp phi kim tra nh sau:

L lch ct ca nh my ch to c ch r v kiu ct, m hiu v chng ch
thp, m hiu que hn, s th t ca tng b phn chi tit ct, ngy thng sn xut.
Vic ghi s hiu ct phi ph hp vi s lp rp ca nh my v bn v thit
k. Sn hoc m chng g cho ct phi thc hin ti nh my, v ph hp vi thit k.


106

Khi nhn cch in v ph kin mc dy phi ki m tra nh sau:

- Phi c ti liu kim tra cht lng tng l cch in ca nh my ch to. Trn b mt
cch in khng c c vt nt, st m, hng men v cc khuyt tt khc. Cc cch in
c nhng khuyt tt k trn phi loib, ph kin mc dy khng c c cc vt nt, r.
ai c phi vn ra lp vo d dng sut chiu di ren lp bo v khng c c khuyt
tt. Tt c cc ph kin mc dy u phi c chng ch k thut ca nh my ch to.

Tt c cc kt cu ca ct thp, ct b tng ct thp, tr mng v ct mng b
tng ct thp kho bi phi c bin php bo qun cht lng tt.

Trong trng hp phi thi cng bn cnh ng dy ang mang in, cc
khong vt sng, vt ng dy in lc v thng tin, vt ng st, ng b v.v...
th cc bn giao thu ( QLCT ) nhn thu ( xy lp ) v cc c quan c lin quan phi lp
cc vn bn tho thun bao gm ni dung sau:

- Ngy v gi thi cng, ngy v gi cm cc tu thuy xe c hot ng v.v... ngy
v gi tt in, bin php bo v nhng cng trnh nm k iu kin trnh h hng,
bin php k thut an ton cho tng phn vic thi cng ch yu, h tn ngi ch huy tthi
cng ca bn c quan xy lp. H tn ngi i din chp c quan gim st, bin php t
chc thc hin cc cng vic c th t khi cng n khi hon thnh.
Khi xy lp DK vng ni c a hnh phc tp cng nh khi xy lp cc
khong vt c bit th lc bt u cc cng vic c bn phi lm ng tm mbo
cung cp vt t, thit b v c gii thi cng cho tng v tr.
Cng tc o c mng, lp dng ct phi tin hnh theo s cng ngh c
lp trong thit k t chc thi cng. i vi tng khong no phi c s cng ngh ri
v cng dy cho ph hp vi a hnh c th ca tng khu vc.

9.2- Cng tc vn chuyn.

Trc khi vn chuyn ct in, cc loi tr mng v cc mng b tng ct thp ra
tuyn thi c quan xy lp phi kho st tnh trng cc tuyn ng cho ph hp vi
phng tin vn chuyn. Nu trn tuyn ng cn phi ci to sa cha cu, ng
th c quan thi cng phi tho thun vi c quan thit k b sung d ton.

Khi vn chuyn nhng ct c chiu di ln phi dng xe ko ct chuyn dng v
phi c bin php chng buc chc chn. Khi bc r ct ln xung phng tin vn ti
phi dng cu hoc thit b tng ng. Cm by ct gy nt v ct. Khi vn chuyn tr
mng v cc mng b tng ct thp phi c bin php bo v bu lng khng b h hng.
Cm dng bin php by lt cu kin di chuyn trn mt bng.

Ru l dy dn v dy chng st khi vn chuyn phi lun lun t th thng ng
( t th ln ).

Cch in khi vn chuyn phi c bao gi trong thng g, trnh vn chuyn


107
chung cch in vi cc vt rn, c kh nng va p gy h hng.

9.3 - Pht tuyn.

Khi bt u t chc cng vic pht tuyn phi tun theo nhng qui nh nu
phn trn, ngoi ra phi c bin php k thut thi cng v bin php an ton phng
trnh tai nn.

Gc cy sau ca ct khng c cao trn mt t khng qu 10 cm , i vi cy
c ng knh ti 30 cm v khng qu 1/3 ng knh ca cy khi ng knh ln hn 30
cm v ti v tr ct th phi ca ct di mt t.

Khi Tuyn DK qua rng v cy xanh ( cy n qu ) khng nht thit phi pht
tuyn. Quy nh khong cch t dy dn c vng thp nht khi nhit cao nht v b
gi thi nging lch ti cy v khng c nh hn 1 m. Ngoi ra cn phi xem thm quy
phm trang b in ( QT).

Vic dn sch tuyn DK thi cng l do c quan m nhn pht tuyn thc
hin. Khng c cht cc bi cy vng t d b si l trong thi gian ma l, gp
trng hp nh vy phi thc hin theo quy nh ca quy phm trang b in ( QT) v
khong cch dy dn ti cy xanh.

G cy c xp ng trn tuyn trong thi gian thi cng phi c bin php phng
chng chy.

9.4 - Cng tc lm mng.

o t h mng DK phi thc hin theo quy nh v o t v s cng
ngh c lp trong thit k t chc thi cng. Trc khi o phi gic mng chnh xc.

y h mng sau khi o phi dn sch s, bng phng, v phi kim tra cao
tng i ca y so vi thit k. Sa phng y h mng bng phng php xn phng
t khng lm h hng kt cu nguyn th ca t y mng. Ch cho php p t
lm phng mt bng y h khi c chnh di 100 mm v sau phi tin hnh m
k.

y h mng no phi lm sch v phng theo gc nging quy nh ca thit k.
Nu sai v nging th khng c vt qu 10%.

H hnh tr dng cho ct ly tm chn trc tip phi o bngmy khoan, trng
hp o bng th cng th kch thc h mng v bin php gia c phi theo ng thit k
quy nh.

Cho php dng n mn, p t to h hnh tr i vi loi t st, st v t do.
trong phng php n mn ny th thuc n c tnh ton nh lng phn b theo chiu
su ca l khoan mi c ng knh 70cm.


108

Khi tin hnh n mn to h mng k trn phi c php ca c quan chuyn
mn ( cng an ) v phi chu s gim st cht ch ca c quan .

Cho php hon chnh h mng, ni t bng phng php n mn, gii hn
an ton ca vng n mn phi tun theo quy phm an ton v n mn.

Cng nhn vin lm vic n mn phi c st hch kim tra k thut nh mn v
quy phm an ton v cng tc n mn, ng thi phi c s nht k n mn.

Ch cho php n mn khi tri sng, cm n mn khi tri cha sng r hoc khi c
ging bo. Cng vic n mn phi tin hnh cn trng trong mt phng n k thut chnh
xc v thng nht d s ch huy ca mt ngi chu trch nhim chnh.

Nu trong h mng c nc trc khi lp t mng hoc c mng hay lp t h
mng phi tin hnh bm nc ra ngoi.

su y h mng phi theo ng thit k. Trng hp o h mng kh thc
hin su thit k th phi c c quan thit k ng .

Khi thi cng tr mng v cc mng b tng ct thp phi tun theo quy phm xy
dng nn v mng. Cc mi hn hoc cc lin kt ca cc tr mng lp ghp phi c
bo v chng r. Trc khi hn phi co sch r cc chi tit hn. i vi mng b tng
ct thp c sn nu c b dy ca lp b tng bo v nh hn 30mm v tt c cc mng
t mi trng xm thc phi c bin php bo v.

Mi trng xm thc c tc hi ti b tng phi c c quan kho st thm d
a cht xc nh bng phn tch ho hc. V tr trn tuyn DK c mi trng xm thc
v tr ct trn tuyn DK phi c ch dn trong thit k.

Sau khi c mng hoc lp t mng ng yu cu k thut v ng thit k th
tin hnh lp vn bn nghim thu v lp mng. t lp mng phi ph hp vi thit k v
c m nn cn thn theo tng lp.
Dng lp t tr mng lp ghp ch c tho sau khi lp t n cao
1/2 mng.

Chiu cao lp t au m nn cn phi tnh ti kh nng ln ca t p.
Sai s cho php trong lp t mng v cc mng lp ghp phi thc hin theo
bng VIII-1.

Bng VIII-1
TT Tn gi Sai s cho php i vi ct
Khng dy no C dy no
1 chnh lc bng phng y h mng 10 mm 10 mm
2 Khong cch gi cc tr ca cc tr mng trong mt
phng
20 mm 50 mm


109
3 Chnh lch cao trnh pha trn mt tr mng 20 mm 20 mm
4 Gc nghing trc dc ca tr mng 0
0
, 30'
1
0
30'
5 Gc nghing ca trc mng no
2
0
30'
6 S dch chuyn tr mng trong mt phng 50 mm

Phi dng nhng ming m thp khi lp rp ct chnh s chnh lch cao trnh
mt trn tr mng.

Khi c mng b tng ti ch phi thc hin theo qui phm xy dng kt cu b
tng ct thp.
Sai lch kch thc ca bu lngmng chn ct khng c vt qua:

- Khongcch theo chiu ngang gia cc tr bu lng chn ct l 10 mm.
- Chnh lc cao trn nh bu lng chn ct 20 mm

9.5 - Lp rp v dng ct.

Mt bng lp rp mi v tr ct phi m bo thun li cho vic thi cng cc chi
tit. Ngoi ra cn phi tnh ti ng qua li phc v lp, dng ct ca cc phng tin c
gii, vn ti. Lp rp ct phi tin hnh theo ng trnh t v s cng ngh c lp
trong thit k t chc thi cng.

Lp rp ct g phi ph hp vi bn v thit k. Cht lng lin kt bu lng lp
rp ct phi m bo theo yu cu sau:

Kch thc quy cch bu lng, phi ng thit k khng cho php lp bu lng c
ng knh nh hn vo l lin kt khng trng tm gi hai chi tit ghp. Bu lng phi
i sut v cht l khoan. Lin kt bu lng th trc phi thng gc vi mt phng lin kt
v phn ren bu lng khng c n su vo pha trong hn 1 mm.

u bu lng v ai c phi tip xc cht vi mt phng chi tit lin kt v vng
m, phn nh ra ca bu lng khng c nh hn 40 mm v khng ln hn 100 mm.

ai c phi xit cht ti chi v phi ph ren c su khng ln hn 3 mm
hoc phi xit thm mt ai c chng t tho. Ti tt c cc ai c cao ln 3 m k t
mt t phi dng phng php ph ren chng t tho.

Vng m phi t di ai c t 1 n 2 ci. Cm khng c s rnh di vng
m. Trng hp phn ren bu lng khng di xit cht lin kt bu lng th cho php
t thm mt vng m u bulng.

Trc khi dng ct b tng ct thp nht thit phi kim tra li xem b mt thn
ct c b st, nt v v qu tiu chun cho php hay khng.
Nu c, phi x l theo iu ch dn trn. B mt ch v, xc di tiu chun
khi x l phi x x khng nhn m bo lin kt cht vi lp va xi mng - ct trt v.



110
Kim tra cht lng ng hn ca thp ngoi hin trng, thng thng quan
st bng mt bng o kch thc ng hn, tin hnh g nghe m thanh. Khi ngi
kim tra yu cu khoan kim tra cht lng ng hn th ch cho php khoan khng
qu 1 mi trn tng chiu di 20 m ng hn. Cng nhn hn tham gia hn kt cu ct
thp phi l cng nhn chuyn nghip v hn.
Sai s cho php khi lp rp ct thp phi tun theo quy phm v ch to, lp rp v
tip nhn kt cu thp.

Cp thp dng lm dy no ct, phi c lp bo v chng g, cp phi c ch to
v ghi s hiu cho tng v tr ct trn tuyn v vn chuyn ti tng v tr tng ng.

Cp thep dng thi cng phi tt u cp v tnh ton cho ph hp vi yu cu
k thut.
Cp thp thi cng phi c kim tra ti trng thi im bt u dng ct vo
mng bng cch nng ti cao khng qu 30 cm tnh t mt t hoc mt gi k. Vic
nng ti phi tin hnh t t u n, nu khng b tut t, gy l c. Khi tin hnh
dng ct vt phc tp phi c bin php ring c lp trong thit k t chc thi cng.
i vi ct bnh thng th theo s cng ngh lp dng nh hnh.

Chn chn ct vo h hnh tr cho ct ly tm chn trc tip c tin hnh sau khi
dng ct v iu chnh ng v tr thit k. Lp chn ct phi lm ng theo yu cu
ca thit k quy nh v m cht bng cng c chuyn dng.

Vic chn chn ct b tng ct thp, g, thp vo l mng hnh cc phi tin hnh
sau khi dng ct vo ng v tr thit k v kim tra c nh ct bng nm b tng c
sn, lp va chn chn ct phi theo quy nh ca thit k v phi lm trong cng ngy
dng c.

Trc khi dng ct theo phng php bn l xoay th tr mng kiu nm v cc
mng phi b tr thanh chng lc y ca bn l vo mng khi dng ct. Cm dng ct
khi cha hon thin cng vic lm mng, lp mng v thanh chng k trn.

Ghi nht k cng trnh thi cng mng v lp rp ct bo m yu cu k thut,
phn mng c bin bn nghim thu, th ngi ph trch thi cng c php ra lnh
dng ct vo mng. Trc khi ra lnh dng ct, ngi ph trch thi cng phi cho tin
hnh kim tra cc cng vic nh sau:

- Kim tra mng, o li kch thc v tr bu lng mng chn ct xem c sai lch so vi
thit k khng ; phn ren bu lng mng c sch v st v khng ? ai c c d vn v
tho ra khng ?

- Kim tra cht lng lp rp ct, cht lng mi hn v sit cht bu lng, ph ren bu
lng chng t tho ... nu c thanh ct cong vnh phi nn thng.

Khi dng ct bng phng php bn l xoay th phi kim tra cc chi tit mi
buc ca b dng v phi th ti thi im bt u dng ct. Khi cn thit phi tnh


111
ton gia c thm cho kt cu ct bo m vng chc mi c tin hnh dng ct. Pha
i din vi chiu dng ct phi b tr thit b phanh hm chc chn. i vi ct c dy
no v ct ly tm khi dng nht thit phi c dy tng cnh m bo tr ct lun trng
vi tim hng dng ct.

Cc phng n k thut lp dng ct phi tnh ton kh nng chu lc ca ct v
cc chi tit kt cu thi cng theo lc thi cng m bo an ton trong sut qu trnh lp
dng ct, khng lm bin dng h hng ct.

Nhng ct t trn mng b tng ct thp hoc cc mng phi c c nh cht
bng bu lng mng chn ct, ai c bu lng chn ct phi xit cht ti chi v phi
ph ren chng hin tng t tho, nhng su khng qu 3 mm.

Ti bu lng chn cc loi ct phi t 2 ai c v sau khi dng ct, xit cht ai c
phi c bao bc b tng theo yu cu thit k.

Khi c nh cht ct vo mng th ch cho php gia chn ct v mt phng tr
mng sai lch cao khng qu 40 mm. m c chiu dy tng cng khng qu 40 mm.
Kch thc v hnh dng bn ngoi ca tm m phi xc nh theo thit k kt cu
ct.

Tin hnh kim tra ct theo chiu thng ng nu l ct khng dy no v ct
hnh th thng thng dng qu di, cn i vi ct thp hnh thp phi dng my kinh
v.

Sai lch cho php ca ct btng ct thp v ct khng dy no so vi thit k
phi tun theo bng VIII-2.

Bng VIII-2.

Tr s cho php Tn gi
Ct g Ct b tng
1- Sailch ca ct so vi trc thng ng dc
tuyn v ngang tuyn
1: 100 1 : 150
2- Lc tim tuyn nh ra ngang tuyn vi
khong ct ti 200 m
100 mm 100 mm
Ln hn 200 m 200 200 mm
3- nghing ca x so vi mt phng nm
ngang
1 : 50 1 : 100
4- xoay ca x so vi trc thng gc tuyn
hoc chuyn v u x
5
0
100 mm chuyn v
u x

Sai lch cho php i vi cng hnh phi theo bng VIII-3.



112
Bng VIII-3.

S Tn gi Sai s cho php
1 Sai lc thng ng theo dc v ngang 1 : 100
2 Lch tim tuyn ( nh ra ngang tuyn ) 100 mm
3 Sai lch khong cch gia cc tr ct
100 mm
4 Sai lch cao trnh ca x ti v tr c nh vo x ct 80 mm
5 Sai lc cao trnh cc tr ca bulng lin kt c nh vo x ct 50 mm
6 Chuyn v cc tr ct theo tm tuyn
50 mm

Sai s cho php khi dng ct thp n phi ph hp vi yu cu ca bng VIII-4.

Bng VIII-4.

1 Sai lc thng ng theo dc v ngang tuyn 1 : 200
2 Chuyn v u x so vi trc thng gc vi tuyn 100 mm
3 Lch ngang tuyn ( nh ra ngang tuyn ) vi khong ct
Ti 200 m
200 - 300 m
Ln hn 300 m

100 mm
200 mm
300 mm

Sai s cho php khi dng ct thp hnh cng c dy no phi theo bng VIII-5.

Bng VIII-5

1 Sai lc thng ng theo dc v ngang tuyn 1 : 200
2 Sai lch trc x so vi mt phng nm ngang khi chiu di x l L(m).
Ti 15 m
Ln hn 15 m
100 mm
1 : 150 L
1 : 250 L
3 Chuyn v u x so vi trc thng gc vi tuyn 100 mm
4 Lch ngang tuyn khi chiu di thng ct:
ti 250 m
Ln hn 250 m

200 mm
300 mm

Thit b chng st, tip a phi c thc hin theo yu cu lp t thit b chng st ca
quy trnh ny.

9.6- Lp rp cch in v ph kin mc dy.

Cch in v cc ph kin mc dy phi m bo ph hp vi tiu chun k thut
Nh nc hin hnh v yu cu k thut ca nh ch to.



113
La chn cch in v ph kin mc dy phi tin hnh t trc khi chuyn ra
tuyn. Mi l cch in phi c ti liu chng ch k thut xut xng ca nh my ch
to.

Trc khi lp rp cch in v ph kin mc dy phi kim tra xem xt cn thn
la chn chnh xc. S cch in phi m bo, khng c vt nt, v, v phi lau sch
sn, xi mng cng nh bi bn khc bng d lau vi xng, cm dng bn chi st lm
v sinh cch in. cch in ca vt cch in phi c kim tra bng mgmt 2500
V v trong cch in ca mi ci cch in treo hoc ng khng c nh hn
300 Mga m.

Thng thng lp t x tin hnh trong giai on lp rp ct v lp cch in
trong giai on dng ct hoc gii cng dy.
Chn cch in ng phi lp t chc chn vo x hoc ct, v phi m bo
thng ng cc loi cch in ng lp trn x v ct phi ngay thng, loi cch in c
chn ren th phi vn chn ren n ht ren. Loi khng c chn ren phi chn chn bng
xi mng Poclng mc khng nh hn 400 - 500 v 60% ct vng sch, khng nn va
xi mng ct chn chn cch in qu dy.

Sau khi va xi mng ct chn chn cch in ng kt chc chn th phi sn
ph mt lp bitum mng 0,1 mm. Trc ca chn cch in ng phi b tr thng ng
ch cho php lp t cch in ng vi gc nghing 45
0
nhng ch mc dy th trng.
Nhng chi tit ph kin mc dy ni cch in, kiu treo phi dng cht ch v
mng ghp ni phi dng kho M cht ch v kho M phi bng thp v c sn xut ti
nh my ch to ph kin mc dy, cm khng c thay bng ng.
Tt c cht ch v kho M phi b tr trn mt ng thng hng v pha mt ct
nu l ct cn i vi chui no th phi nm v pha di.

9.7. Lp rp dy dn v dy chng st.

Dy nhm v dy nhm li thp khi lp rp vo kho hoc no (kho bu
lng hoc kho nm) phi c tm m lt bng nhm bo v, nu l dy ng phi c
tm m lt bng ng.
C nh dy dn vo cch in ng bng cch dng si dy dn qun buc theo
s cng ngh lp t dy do thit k quy nh.
ng knh si dy dn dng qun bn c nh dy dn vo cch in ng
phi tun theo bng VIII-6.

Bng VIII-6

Vt liu dy v dy buc Mt ct dy dn ng knh si du buc mm
Thp bt k 2 + 2,7 mm
Nhm bt k 2,5 + 3,5 mm

M hiu v mt ct dy dn v dy chng st phi theo ng thit k.



114
Khi tin hnh ni dy dn phi thc hin nh sau:

a) Dy ging ca ct no: Dng kho no bulng, kho nm, kho no p, u ct p, pin
hn nhit.

- Khi dy nhm li thp t 95 - 240 mm th ni dy trong dy ging dng pin hn nhit.
- Khi dy nhm li thp mt ct t 300 mm tr ln dng u ni p.

b) Trong khong ct: Bng ng ni kiu xon, kiu p khc v p ton thn.
- i vi dy nhm mt ct t 95 mm. Dy nhm li thp mt ct ti 180 mm v dy cp
thp mt ct ti 50 mm th bng ng ni van kiu xon.
- i vi dy nhm mt t 120 n 185 mm v dy dn bng thp mt ct t 70 - 95 mm
bng ng ni van xon hoc p khc v hn pin nhit b sung.
- Dy nhm v dy nhm li thp mt ct t 240 mm tr ln bng kho ni p ton thn.

Trong mi khong ct ch cho php khng nhiu hn 1 mi ni.
Khng cho php ni dy dn v chng st trong nhng khong vt giao cho vi ng
ph ng c ngi qua li. ng dy khng ln hn 1000 V, ng dy thng tin,
ng t, ng st, ng cp ... cho cc loi dy dn mt ct nh hn 240mm.

Ch cho php mt mi ni cc on giao cho k trn cho cc loi dy dn mt
ct ln hn 240mm.

Khong cch nh nht t mi ni n kho kiu trt phi khng nh hn 25 m.
bn kp cht dy dn trong ng ni v kho no khng c nh hn 90% bn gii
hn ca dy dn v dy chng st c ni. Sai lch kch thc ng ni khng c vt
qu sai s cho php ca nh ch to, sau khi p hoc xon nu ng ni xut hin vt nt
th phi loi b.

ng ni v kho no cng nh hm p phi ph hp vi m hiu ca dy. Trong 1
b hm t c hai na phi cng thng nht 1 m hiu, ng knh hm p phi ph hp
vi quy trnh p i dy, sai s cho php v ng knh tiu chun ca hm p khng
c vt qu 0,2 mm v ng knh ca kho sau khi p khng c vt qu ng
knh ca hm p tiu chun l 0,3 mm, nu sau khi p khng tho mn c iu kin k
trn th phi p li theo mt b hm p mi cng loi. Nu sau khi p li vn khng thc
hin c theo ng knh yu cu th phi ct b thay bng kho no hoc ng ni mi.

Nhng yu cu c bn i vi ng ni v kho no bao gm:

- Kch thc hnh hc phi ph hp vi yu cu quy trnh lp rp ca kiu kho.
- Trn b mtca ng ni hoc kho no khng c c vt nt, han g ng k v h
hng phn c kha chu lc.
- cong vnh ca kho sau khi p khng c ln hn 3% so vi chiu di ca kho.
- ng thp ca ng ni p phi b tr cn i trong v nhm.
- Tr s st p hoc in tr trong kho hay ng ni, khng c vt qu 1,2 ln tr s
st p hoc in tr ca on dy dn c cng chiu di.


115

Nhng ng ni v kho no, kho khng c nghim thu k thut, khng c
chng ch xut xng, phi loi b khng c dng.

Hn pin nhit ni dy phi thc hin theo ng quy trnh k thut. Khi thc hin
mi hn pin nhit phi tun theo cc yu cu sau y:

Khng c t chy cc si dy dn, r ch hn phi m bo khng c su
bng 1/3 ng knh ca si dy dn, ngoi ra khng c lm cho dy b un cong ch
hn. Nu mi hn khng t yu cu k trn th phi loi b.

Khi dy dn nhiu si b h hng ( t mt s si ) phi tin hnh xem xt nu
trong phm v cho php th qun bo dng hoc lp t ng v nu khng cn trong
phm vi cho php phi ct ni bng ng ni.

Cc dng sa cha dy dn h hng phi tun theo bng VIII-7 sau y:

S lng si dy t S si dy t hoc thiu
trn di 15 m
Dng sa cha
6 - 19
24 - 30
37 - 54
61 - 96
1
ti 3
- 4
- 5
Ch si t qun ai bo dng b
vo ch thiu v t ng v
6 - 7
18 - 19
24 - 30
37 - 54
61 - 96
2
3 - 5
4 - 8
5 - 10
6 - 13
Ch si t v ch thiu si phi
qun ai bo dng b vo ch thiu
hoc t ng v
6 - 7
18 - 19
24 - 30
37 - 54
61 - 96
3
6
9
11
14

Phn h hng phi ct b v t mt
ng ni ni dy

i vi ch h hng cc b ca dy dn ( ch lm c chiu su vt qu bn knh ca si
dy ) th dng sa cha cng theo bng VIII-7 v tnh vi 3 si h hng cc b tng ng vi
hai si t. Khi trn dy dn c lp dy pha ngoi b phng mt on L mm th ch h
hng s t mt ng v c chiu di L + 100 mm, hoc t hai ng v c chiu di nh
hn t cch nhau mt on 20 mm.

Khi ri dy dn phi t dy trn cp rng rc treo trn ct phi dng bin php
chng h hng dy theo b mt tip xc vi t v cc vt cn khc trn a hnh.
Ri dy qua ng phi t dy nm trn dn gio cao quy nh. Trong
trng hp cn thit nhng ch c kh nng gy h hng dy th phi c bin php
thch hp bo v dy.



116
Lp rp dy dn trong khong vt phi tin hnh theo thi gian cho php ca c
quan qun l cng trnh di khong vt v cn c s gim st ca c quan ny.

vng khi lp dy dn v dy chng st phi theo ng thit k. Sai s cho php
khng qu 5% vi iu kin m bo khong cch ti t hoc ti cc cng trnh khc
phi theo ng quy phm trang b in ( QT ).

Chnh lch vng ca dy dn v dy chng st trong cng mt khong ct khng
c vt qu 10%. Ngm vng dy dn v dy chng st c th tin hnh trong nhng
khong ct xa nht v khong gn nht n thit b ko dy.

lch chui cch in dc tuyn so vi phng thng ng khng c vt
qu:

- 50 mm i vi DK in p 35 KV .
- 100 mm i vi DK in p 110 KV.
- 200 mm i vi DK in p 220 KV

Khong cch gia chng rung v kho no, kho phi theo ng thit k vi sai
s khng qu 25 mm.

Khong cch t dy dn ti mt t v cc cng trnh xy dng phi tho mn cc
yu cu ca quy phm trang b in QT.

Khong cch gia dy dn v ct in cng nh khong cch gia cc dy dn
trn ct khi chng giao nhau ch o pha r nhnh hoc chuyn i v tr khng c
nh hn kch thc thit k 10%.

9.8 -Lp t chng st ng.

Lp t chng st ng trn ct in phi theo ng thit k v s cng ngh
ch to, ng thi phi pin phng in d nhn thy t mt t.
Khe h phng in ngoi phi lp n nh v m bo loi tr kh nng phng in do
nc ma chy t m phng in trn xung m phng in di. Chng st ng phi lp
c nh chc chn vo ct v m bo tip t tt.

Khi lp chng st ng phi kim tra ng knh trong ca ng. ng chng st
khng c vt rn nt.

- Gi v m phng phi c lp bo v chng g.
- Khe h ngoi phi iu chnh chnh xc v khng cho php vt qu 10% so vi
quy nh ca thit k.
- Vng tn hi pht ca chng st ng khng c ct ngang cc phn t ca ct,
dy.
- Ming tn bo hiu chng st tc ng phi t vo u ng chng st, khng


117
c lng thng.

9.9- nh s hiu v sn.

Trn nhng ct in cao t 2,5 - 3 m, phi k s hiu th t ct. S hiu DK
phi c hai ct u v cui tuyn dy, nhng ct giao cho vi ng dy c cng
in p, ng st v ng t t cp I-V v trn tt c nhng ct chy song song vi
DK c khong cch trc tuyn nh hn 200 m.
- trn nhng ct DK nhiu mch c in p t 35 KV tr ln nhng ct cui,
nhng ct k vi ct o pha v trn nhng ct phn nhnh.

Bin bo nguy him cm tro phi t trn tt c nhng ct trong vng dn c
ng c cn cc vng khc t cch mt ct.
Tt c cc bin k m hiu s th t ct v k hiu DK phi t pha hng ct v
pha tri hoc pha phi tuyn dy. Cn ct vt ng th mt hng v pha ng
d nhn thy.

Nhng ct st, x st v cc chi tit kim loi ca mng ct v tr mng b tng
ct thp phi thc hin chng r ch yu ti nh my ch to. Trn tuyn ch cho php sn
li nhng ch h hng.
Ch hn ni lp rp ca ct thp phi sn li sau khi hn.
Khng c sn ch ni ct vi h thng ni t, khng c sn cc chi tit
chn ngm trong kt cu b tng lin kt lp ghp. Trn b mt tip xc lin kt lp
rp gia cc on ct khng c sn.
Cm sn li nhng ch h hng lp bo v chng r ca kt cu v chi tit kim
loi trn tuyn trong thi gian ma v b mt kim loi b m t.

9.10 - Nghim thu bn giao cng trnh a vo khai thc.

Nghim thu cc cng vic xy lp hon thnh phi tun theo quy phm trang b
in ( QT) v cc quy phm v nn mng, kt cu cng trnh xy dng v quy trnh
cng ngh ch to cch in v ph kin mc dy.
Nghim thu cng trnh khng nht thit phi tin hnh sau khi cng trnh hon
thnh ton b, m c th tin hnh tng phn theo s tho thun gia bn xy dng v bn
giao thu.

Bn giao thu phi c ngi i din kim tra cc cng vic theo tin trnh xy
lp DK k c " phn b che ph hoc lp " v lp bin bn xc nhn.
Nu bn giao thu khng thc hin vic kim tra v nghim thu trn hin trng
trong qu trnh thi cng th vic kim tra cht lng v lp bin bn nghim thu vn tin
hnh do bn xy lp lm.

Sau khi kt thc cng vic lp rp dy dn v dy chng st trong mt khong no
ring bit th bn xy lp c th ngh vi bn giao thu tin hnh kim tra v nghim
thu cht lng trong khong no .



118
Khi bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc th bn xy lp phi giao cho Hi ng
nghim thu nhng ti li sau y:

- n thit k cng trnh.
- Nhng ti liu thay i thit k.
- Nhng bin bn xc nhn cht lng mng v tip a.
- Cc bin bn o in tr ni t.
- Bin bn xc nhn ch giao cho v vt sng c cc c quan qun l cng trnh
lin quan tho thun.
- Bn lit k nhng cng vic lm sai vi thit k.
- Nhng vn bn php l v s dng t cho tuyn D K vcc ti liu v n b phn
t di tuyn dy c cc c quan hu quan ph duyt.
- Bn lit k cc vt t d phng ca cng trnh ( nu c )

H s c lu tr theo ch c bit n khi cng trnh s dng , khai thc
hon vn u t./.

o o
o

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