Ti liu Cu trc my tnh & Hp ng

B nh

Chng 3 B NH 1. Mt s khi nim

1.1. B nh (memory)
L thit b nh c th ghi v cha thng tin. ROM, RAM, cache, a cng, a mm, CD.... u c th gi l b nh (v chng u lu tr thng tin). Cc tnh cht: Dung lng: kh nng lu tr d liu ca thit b. V d: CD cha c 700MB, a mm cha c 1.44MB, a cng cha c 40 GB, 60GB, cache L1 cha c 16KB, cache L2 cha c 256 KB ... Tc truy nhp: lin quan n tc truyn d liu ca thit b. Tnh v tc th CPU l ln nht, k tip l Cache, sau na l cc loi RAM. Giao tip: cu trc bn ngoi ca b nh. V d, cc RAM c s chn cm v c tnh khc nhau.

1.2. Phn loi b nh

1.2.1. ROM (Read Only Memory) y l loi b nh dng trong cc hng sn xut l ch yu. N c c tnh l thng tin lu tr trong ROM khng th xo c v khng sa c, thng tin s c lu tr mi mi. Nhng ngc li ROM c bt li l mt khi ci t thng tin vo ri th ROM s khng cn tnh a dng. V d in hnh l cc con "chip" trn motherboard hay l BIOS ROM vn hnh khi my tnh va khi ng. 1.2.2. PROM (Programmable ROM) Mc d ROM nguyn thy l khng ghi hay xa c, nhng cc th h sau ca ROM a dng hn nh PROM. Cc hng sn xut c th ci t li ROM bng cch dng cc loi dng c c bit v t tin. Thng tin c th ci t vo chip v n s lu li mi trong chip. Mt c im ln nht ca loi PROM l thng tin ch ci t mt ln m thi. CD cng c th c gi l PROM v chng ta c th lu tr thng tin vo n ch mt ln duy nht v khng th xo c. 1.2.3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) Mt dng cao hn PROM l EPROM, tc l ROM c th xo v ghi li c. EPROM khc PROM ch l thng tin c th c vit v xo nhiu ln theo ngi s dng, v phng php xo l phn cng (dng tia hng ngoi). 1.2.4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) y l mt dng cao hn EPROM, t im khc bit duy nht so vi EPROM l c th ghi v xo thng tin li nhiu ln bng phn mm.

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1.2.5. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM l th h k tip ca ROM, c RAM v ROM u l b nh truy xut ngu nhin, tc l d liu c truy xut khng cn theo th t. Tuy nhin ROM chy chm hn RAM rt nhiu. Thng thng ROM cn trn 50ns x l d liu trong khi RAM cn di 10ns. 1.2.6. SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SRAM (RAM tnh) l loi RAM lu tr d liu khng cn cp nht thng xuyn trong khi DRAM l loi RAM cn cp nht d liu thng xuyn. Thng thng d liu trong DRAM s c lm ti (refresh) nhiu ln trong mt giy gi li nhng thng tin ang lu tr, nu khng th d liu trong DRAM cng s b mt do hin tng r r in tch ca cc t in. Cc khc bit ca SRAM so vi DRAM: Tc ca SRAM ln hn DRAM do khng phi tn thi gian refresh.. Ch to SRAM tn km hn DRAM nn thng thng s dng DRAM h gi thnh sn phm.

1.2.7. FPM - DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) L mt dng ci tin ca DRAM, v nguyn l th FPM - DRAM s chy nhanh hn DRAM do ci tin cch d a ch trc khi truy xut d liu. FPM - DRAM hu nh khng cn sn xut trn th trng hin nay na. 1.2.8. EDO - DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM) L mt dng ci tin ca FPM - DRAM, n truy xut nhanh hn FPM - DRAM nh mt s ci tin cch d a ch trc khi truy cp d liu. Tuy nhin, EDO - DRAM l cn h ca chipset h thng. Loi b nh ny chy vi my 486 tr ln (tc di 75MHz). EDO DRAM cng qu c so vi k thut hin nay, tc ca EDO-DRAM nhanh hn FPM-DRAM t 10 - 15%. 1.2.9. BDEO-DRAM (Burst Extended Data Out DRAM) L th h sau ca EDO DRAM, dng k thut ng ng (pipeline) rt ngn thi gian d a ch. 1.2.10. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) y l mt loi RAM c nguyn l ch to khc hn vi cc loi RAM trc. ng b (synchronous) l mt khi nim rt quan trng trong lnh vc s. RAM hot ng do mt b iu khin xung nhp (clock memory), d liu s c truy xut hay cp nht mi khi clock chuyn t logic 0 sang 1, ng b c ngha l ngay lc clock nhy t logic 0 sang 1 ch khng hn l chuyn sang logic 1 hon ton (tc ng bng cnh xung). Do k thut ny, SDRAM v cc th h sau c tc cao hn hn cc loi DRAM trc, t tc 66, 100, 133 MHz. 1.2.11. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) y l loi b nh ci tin t SDRAM. N nhn i tc truy cp ca SDRAM bng cch dng c hai qu trnh ng b khi clock chuyn t logic 0 sang 1 v t logic 1
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sang 0 (dng c cnh m v cnh dng). Loi RAM ny c CPU Intel v AMD h tr, tc vo khong 266 MHz. (DDR-SDRAM ra i trong nm 2000) 1.2.12. DRDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM) H thng Rambus (tn hng ch to) c nguyn l v cu trc ch to hon ton khc loi SDRAM truyn thng. B nh s c vn hnh bi mt h thng ph gi l knh truyn Rambus trc tip (direct Rambus channel) c rng bus 16 bit v mt xung clock 400MHz (c th ln ti 800MHz). Theo l thuyt th cu trc mi ny s c th trao i d liu vi tc 400MHz x 16 bit = 400MHz x 2 bytes = 800 MBps. H thng Rambus DRAM cn mt chip serial presence detect (SPD) trao i vi motherboard. Ta thy k thut mi ny dng giao tip 16 bit, khc hn vi cch ch to truyn thng l dng 64 bit cho b nh nn k thut Rambus cho ra i loi chn RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module), khc so vi b nh truyn thng. Loi RAM ny ch c h tr bi CPU Intel Pentum IV, tc vo khong 400 800 MHz 1.2.13. SLDRAM (Synchronous - Link DRAM) L th h sau ca DRDRAM, thay v dng knh Rambus trc tip 16 bit v tc 400MHz, SLDRAM dng bus 64 bit chy vi tc 200MHz. Theo l thuyt th h thng mi c th t c tc 200MHz x 64 bit = 200MHz x 8 bytes = 1600 MBps, tc l gp i DRDRAM. iu thun tin l l SLDRAM c pht trin bi mt nhm 20 cng ty hng u v vi tnh cho nn n rt da dng v ph hp nhiu h thng khc nhau. 1.2.14. VRAM (Video RAM) Khc vi b nh trong h thng, do nhu cu v ho ngy cng cao, cc hng ch to card ha ch to VRAM ring cho video card ca h m khng cn dng b nh ca h thng chnh. VRAM chy nhanh hn v ng dng k thut Dual Port nhng ng thi cng t hn rt nhiu. 1.2.15. SGRAM (Synchronous Graphic RAM) L sn phm ci tin ca VRAM, n s c v vit tng block thay v tng mng nh. 1.2.16. Flash Memory L sn phm kt hp gia RAM v a cng, b nh flash c th chy nhanh nh SDRAM m v vn lu tr c d liu khi khng c ngun cung cp. 1.2.17. Mt s thut ng lin quan PC66, PC100, PC133, PC1600, PC2100, PC2400:

PC66, 100, 133MHz l tc ca h thng chipset ca motherboard. PC1600, PC2100, PC2400: ra i khi k thut Rambus pht trin. c im ca loi motherboard ny l dng loi DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM). DDR SDRAM s chy gp i (trn l thuyt) loi RAM bnh thng v n dng c cnh dng v m ca xung clock. Do PC100 s thnh PC200 v nhn ln 8 bytes rng
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bus ca DDR SDRAM: PC200 * 8 = PC1600. Tng t PC133 s l PC133 * 2 * 8bytes = PC2100 v PC150 s l PC150 * 2 * 8 = PC2400. - BUS: gm nhiu dy dn in nh gp li, l h thng truyn d liu gia cc b phn trong my tnh. FSB (Front Side Bus): bus t CPU ti b nh chnh. BSB (Back Side Bus): bus t b iu khin b nh ti Cache level 2.

- Cache memory: L loi b nh c dung lng rt nh (thng nh hn 1MB) v chy rt nhanh (gn bng tc ca CPU). Thng thng th Cache nm gn CPU v c nhim v cung cp nhng d liu thng hay ang s dng cho CPU. S hnh thnh ca Cache l mt cch nng cao hiu qu truy xut ca my tnh m thi. Nhng d liu thng s dng (hoc ang) c cha trong Cache, mi khi x l hay thay i d liu, CPU s d trong Cache trc xem c tn ti hay khng, nu c n s ly ra dng li cn khng th s tm tip vo RAM hoc cc b phn khc. Ly mt v d n gin l nu m Microsoft Word ln ln u tin s thy hi lu nhng m ln ln th hai th nhanh hn rt nhiu v trong ln m th nht cc lnh m Microsoft Word c lu gi trong Cache, CPU ch vic tm n v dng li. Cache rt t tin v ch to rt kh khn bi n gn nh l CPU (v cu thnh v tc ). Thng thng Cache nm gn CPU, trong nhiu trng hp Cache nm bn trong CPU. Ngi ta gi Cache Level 1 (L1), Cache level 2 (L2)...l do v tr ca n gn hay xa CPU. Cache L1 gn CPU nht, sau l Cache L2... - Xen k (interleave): l mt k thut lm tng tc truy xut bng cch gim bt thi gian nhn ri ca CPU. V d, CPU cn c thng tin thng t hai ni A v B khc nhau, v CPU chy qu nhanh nn A cha kp ly d liu ra, CPU phi ch. Khi CPU c th ly d liu t B ri sau tr li A. Do , CPU c th rt bt thi gian m ly c d liu c A v B. - Bursting: l mt k thut khc gim thi gian truyn ti d liu trong my tnh. Thay v CPU ly tng byte mt, bursting s gip CPU ly thng tin mi ln l mt block. - ECC (Error Correction Code): l mt k thut kim tra v sa li trong trng hp 1 bit no ca b nh b sai gi tr trong khi lu chuyn d liu. Nhng loi RAM c ECC thng dng cho server. Tuy nhin khng c ECC cng khng phi l mi lo ln v theo thng k 1 bit trong b nh c th b sai gi tr khi chy trong gn 750 gi (tc l khong 1 thng). - CAS (Column Address Strobe) latency: l din t thi gian tr trong vic truy xut d liu ca b nh v c tnh bng chu k xung clock. V d, CAS3 l tr 3 chu k xung clock. Cc nh sn xut c gng h thp ch s tr xung nhng n s t l nghch vi gi thnh sn phm. S chn ca RAM: thng thng l 30, 72, 144, 160, 168, 184. - Cch tnh dung lng: Thng thng RAM c hai ch s, v d, 16Mx8. Thng s u biu th s hng ca RAM trn n v bit, thng s th nh biu th s ct ca RAM. 16Mx8 = 16 MegaBit x 8 ct = 128 Mega Bit = 16MB.
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- SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module): l loi ra i sm v c hai loi 30 hay 72 chn. Loi RAM thng ti d liu mi ln 8 bit, sau pht trin ln 32 bit. Loi 72-pin SIMM c chiu rng 4" trong khi loi 30-pin SIMM c chiu rng 3".

Hnh 3.1 Dng chn ca SIMM - DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Modules): cng gn ging nh loi SIMM nhng c s chn l 72 hoc 168. Mt c im khc phn bit DIMM vi SIMM l cc chn ca SIMM dnh li vi nhau to thnh mt mng tip xc vi memory slot trong khi DIMM c cc chn hon ton cch ri c lp vi nhau. Mt c im ph na l DIMM c ci t thng ng trong khi SIMM th n vo nghing khong 450. Thng thng loi 30 chn ti d liu 16 bit, loi 72 chn ti d liu 32 bit, loi 144 (dng cho notebook) hay 168 chn ti d liu 64 bit.

Hnh 3.2 Dng chn ca DIMM

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SO DIMM (Small Outline DIMM): l loi b nh dng cho notebook, c hai loi chn l 72 hoc 144. Loi 72 chn dng bus 32 bit, loi 144 chn dng bus 64 bit. RIMM (Rambus In-line Memory Modules) v SO RIMM (RIMM dng cho notebook): l k thut ca hng Rambus, c 184 chn (RIMM) v 160 chn (SO RIMM) v truyn d liu mi ln 16 bit (th h c ch c 8 bit) nn chy nhanh hn cc loi c. Tuy nhin do chy vi tc cao, RIMM t nhit rt cao nn cch ch to cng phi khc so vi cc loi RAM truyn thng. Nh hnh v bn di bn s thy RAM c hai thanh gii nhit kp hai bn gi l heat speader.

Hnh 3.3 Dng chn ca RIMM

2. B nh trong
2.1. T chc b nh
B nh thng c t chc t nhiu vi mch nh ghp li c rng bus a ch v d liu cn thit. Cc chip nh c y chc nng ca mt b nh bao gm: Ma trn nh: gm cc nh, mi nh tng ng vi mt bit nh. Mch gii m a ch cho b nh. Mch logic cho php c. Mch logic cho php ghi. Cc mch m vo, ra.

Cch t chc n gin nht l t chc theo word. Mt ma trn nh c di ca ct bng s lng word W v di hng bng s lng bit B ca mt word. Phng php ny c thi gian truy xut ngn nhng i hi b gii m ln khi tng s word ln.

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Phng php gii m hai bc cho php gim kch thc ca phn gii m a ch bng cch s dng khi nim word logic v word vt l. Word vt l bao gm tt c cc bit trong mt hng ca ma trn v word logic l s bit tng ng c gi ra ng thi. Lc ny, b nh cn hai mch gii m: gii m hng chn word vt l v mch gii m ct c cc mch dn knh (multiplexer) chn mt word logic t mt word vt l. V d nh: 1 RAM dung lng 2048 x 8 c t chc gii m 2 bc nh hnh v: A0 A6 m ng vo Gii m hng Ma trn nh 128 x 128 bit

A7 A10

8 mch gii m ct

m ng ra

Hnh 3.4 Gii m hai bc cho b nh Ma trn nh l 128 x 128 bit, c 128 = 27 word vt l. Mt word vt l c chn bi 7 ng a ch t A0 A6. gii m hng chn 1 hng t 128 hng. Mt word vt l c chia lm 16 nhm 8 bit. Nhm th nht cha bit cao nht ca 16 word logic. Nhm th 2 cha cc bit tip theo v nhm cui cng cha cc bit thp nht. Nh vy mch gii m ct gm 8 b dn knh 1 16 cung cp 1 word logic 8 bit. Cc bit a ch t A7A10 u khin mch gii m ct. Trong trng hp c bit khi s phn t trong 1 word vt l bng s bit trong 1word vt l th l b nh t chc theo bit ngha l mi word logic c di 1 bit. Cc mch m ng ra m bo khng nhng mc logic mong mun v cung cp dng m cn c ng ra cc thu h hay ba trng thi cho php kt ni chung vi mt vi b nh khc. Mch m ng ra c iu khin bng cc tn hiu chn mch CS , cho php b nh CE , cho php ng ra OE .

2.2. DRAM
2.2.1. Cu to ca DRAM a ch xc nh nh chia thnh 2 phn: a ch hng v ct. Hai a ch ny c a ln lt vo b m. Qu trnh dn knh a ch iu khin bng cc tn hiu RAS (Row Access Strobe) v CAS (Column Access Strobe). B iu khin nh ca CPU phi
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thc hin 3 cng vic sau: chia a ch t CPU thnh cc a ch hng v ct; tch cc cc chn RAS , CAS v WE mt cch chnh xc; truyn v nhn cc d liu c, ghi. S t chc ca mt DRAM:

RAS CAS WE

iu khin

Tin np (precharge)

Ma trn nh a ch m a ch Gii m hng

D liu vo

m d liu

Khuch i nhy

m d liu D liu ra

Gii m ct

Hnh 3.5 S cu to DRAM Mt nh ca DRAM c th biu din nh hnh v:

Word line

Bit line Hnh 3.6 Cu to mt t bo nh DRAM FET hot ng nh mt cng tc, khi ng word tch cc th cho php m FET. Do hin tng r r trn FET, nn sau mt thi gian, in p trn t s gim dn.

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B nh

2.2.2. Qu trnh c / ghi b nh

VDD

Mch tin np (precharge) T bo nh

+

Gii m hng

Khuch i nhy (sense amplifier)

VDD

Bit line m ng vo

Bit line

m ng ra

Gii m ct Hnh 3.7 S nguyn l ca DRAM Mch tin np cho php xm nhp v kch hot word line khi np tt c cc bit line bng Vcc/2. Qu trnh tin np s dng khi cc cp dy ny c gi tr bng nhau v in p. Thi gian i hi cho qu trnh ny gi l thi gian tin np RAS. Khi qu trnh ny kt thc th mi c th thc hin truy xut nh. Mch tin np lm tng tnh n nh ca in p ra. Do in dung ca t in rt nh so vi in dung ghp gia cc bit line nn in p trn cc bit line thay i nh, khong 100 mV. Nu in tch ca t in ban u bng
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0 th in th trn bit line s gim xung v ko in p ny xung mc 0. Ngc li, nu in tch khc 0 th in th trn bit line s tng ln v nng in p ny ln Vcc. Tn hiu gii m ct c cp sau tn hiu gii m hng cho php chn chnh xc ct. Gin thi gian c d liu ca DRAM c th biu din nh sau: tchu k tRAS tPR tCAS RAS

CAS

a ch

D liu Hnh 3.7 Gin thi gian c DRAM tRAS: thi gian thm nhp RAS l thi gian t lc t a ch hng cho ti khi d liu ra khi b m. tCAS: thi gian thm nhp CAS l thi gian t lc t a ch ct cho ti khi d liu ra khi b m (tCAS < tRAS). tPR: thi gian hi phc (thi gian tin np RAS) thi gian cn thit t lc ng ra n nh cho n khi c th cung cp mt a ch mi. 2.2.3. Lm ti DRAM in tch trn t in b gim theo thi gian do chng phng qua FET v lp in mi oxide lm cho d liu c th b mt. Do , t in phi c np li mt cch tun hon (refresh), thng thng khong t 1 16 ms ty theo loi RAM. C 3 phng php refresh: Ch tc ng RAS: to chu k c gi (dummy read) lm ti nh. Trong chu k gi ny, tn hiu RAS tch cc v a ch hng c a vo DRAM nhng CAS b cm nn khng th truyn d liu ra ngoi c. lm ti ton b b nh th tt c cc a ch phi c cp ln lt. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cn phi dng mch logic hay mt chng trnh lm ti. Trong my tnh, iu ny thc hin bng knh 0 ca DMAC 8237, tc ng nh k bng b m 1 ca PIT 8253.

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Tc ng CAS trc RAS: DRAM c mt mch logic lm ti ca ring n vi mt b m a ch. Tn hiu CAS s tch cc trong mt khong thi gian trc khi RAS tch cc. a ch lm ti c pht ra bn trong bng b m a ch m khng cn mch logic bn ngoi. Sau mi chu k lm ti, b m a ch s t ng tng ln 1 ch a ch k tip. n: Chu k lm ti c cha sau chu k c b nh. Tn hiu CAS gi nguyn mc thp trong khi ch c RAS ln mc cao. y, b m a ch cng t pht ra a ch lm ti.Vic c d liu trong chu k c cng c th thc hin ngay c khi ang thc hin chu k lm ti. Phng php ny s tit kim c thi gian do thi gian lm ti thng ngn hn so vi thi gian c.

2.2.4. Cc ch hot ng nhanh ca DRAM DRAM c kh nng thc hin mt hay nhiu ch ct gim thi gian tCAS. Ch trang: qu trnh truy xut nh ch thay i a ch ct. Nh vy, mt trang s tng ng vi mt hng trong ma trn nh. khi ng qu trnh c, mch iu khin nh tc ng tn hiu RAS nh thng thng nhng li b qua a ch hng. Trong ch ny, nu nh tip theo trong cng mt trang th tn hiu RAS vn gi lin tc mc tch cc. Do , thi gian truy xut c th gim xung 50%. Ch ct tnh: tng t nh ch trang nhng tn hiu CAS gi nguyn khng i. DRAM s t pht hin s thay i a ch sau mt khong thi gian CAS khng i. Ch nibble: thay i tn hiu CAS 4 ln chuyn 1 nibble d liu. Ch ni tip: tng t nh ch nibble nhng khng phi ch chuyn 4 ln trng thi ca tn hiu CAS . V nguyn tc, ton b hng c th a ra tun t. Ch xen k: ch ny l phng php hn ch tr do thi gian tin np RAS. B nh chia thnh vi bank xen k nhau theo mt t s xc nh. D liu c a ch chn t bank 0 v a ch l t bank 1. Khi , thi gian tin np ca bank 0 l thi gian truy xut ca bank 1 v ngc li.

2.3. SRAM
i vi SRAM, ni dung nh vn gi nguyn khi cha mt ngun cung cp m khng cn phi tn thi gian lm ti nh. Do in p chnh lch ln nn thi gian x l khuch i s nh hn trong DRAM (thi gian truy xut ca DRAM l khong 1ns trong khi ca DRAM khong 40ns). T , SRAM khng thc hin phn knh a ch hng v ct (iu ny s lm gim thi gian truy xut). Sau khi d liu n nh, b gii m ct chn ct ph hp v a d liu n b m ng ra.

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VDD

Mch tin np (precharge)

1 2

T bo nh

Gii m hng

Khuch i nhy (sense amplifier)

Bit line

VDD

Bit line

m ng vo Gii m ct Hnh 3.8 S nguyn l ca SRAM

m ng ra

2.4. ROM
RAM khng thch hp cho cc chng trnh khi ng do d liu trn RAM s mt khi khng cung cp in. Do , phi dng n ROM, l chip nh trong d liu s c lu tr mi khng cn duy tr ngun cung cp. 2.4.1. ROM ROM c ch to trn mt phin Silic theo mt s bc x l nh quang khc v khuch tn to cc tip xc bn dn dn in mt chiu (diode, FET, ). Ngi thit

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k xc nh chng trnh mun ghi vo ROM v thng tin ny dng iu khin trong qu trnh to ROM. S n gin v ROM c th biu din nh sau:
VCC

Hng

Ct Hnh 3.9 ROM n gin dng diode Giao gia mt hng v mt ct l mt v tr nh. Nu v tr ny tn ti mt diode th s lu tr d liu 0, ngc li th lu tr d liu 1. Khi c mt nh no trn mt hng th b gii m s t hng xung mc 0, cc hng cn li mc logic 1. Nu giao gia hng v ct khng c diode (ngha l lu tr d liu 1) th gi tr tng ng trn ct l 1 (do ct ni vi Vcc thng qua in tr R). Nu c diode (lu tr d liu 0) th diode s phn cc thun nn in p ri trn diode khong 0.7V in p trn ct cng l 0.7V tng ng vi mc logic 0. Cng ngh ch to ROM c s dng l lng cc v MOS. Thi gian truy xut ca b nh lng cc khong t 50 90 ns cn ca MOS ln hn khong 10 ln nhng b nh MOS c kch thc nh hn v tiu th nng lng t hn. 2.4.2. PROM Cng tng t nh ROM nhng tt c cc im giao gia hng v ct u c mt diode mc ni tip vi mt cu ch. Khi cha lp trnh, cc cu ch vn cn nguyn th ni dung trn ROM l 0. Khi lp trnh, nu cn bit no bng 1 th ta t mt xung in ng vi bit , cu ch s b t v xem nh ti v tr ny khng c diode (ng vi mc logic 1).

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B nh

2.4.3. EPROM i vi EPROM, d liu c th ghi vo bng in v c th xa c. EPROM s dng mt transistor c cu trc FAMOST (Floating gate avalanche injection MOS transistor). i vi transistor loi ny, cu to cng ging nh dng FET thng thng nhng trong cc gate tn ti thm mt cc, gi l cc ni (floating gate). Nu cc ni khng c in tch th transistor ny hot ng nh mt FET thng thng, ngha l nu cc Gate c in p dng th FET dn, cc drain ni vi cc source cc drain c mc logic 1. Nu cc ni c cha in tch th n s to ra trng in t sc ngn chn khng cho FET dn cc drain c mc logic 0. Qu trnh np in t vo ca ni c thc hin bng cc xung in c rng khong 50 ms v bin 20V t vo cc gate v cc drain. in t c lu tr ti vng ca ni khi xung in tt (thi gian lu tr t nht l 10 nm). xa d liu trn EPROM, ta phi chiu nh sng t ngoi vo chip nh. Cc in t s hp thu nng lng c th vt ra khi cc ni lm cho cc ni khng cha in t ton b EPROM cha gi tr 1. Do , trn cc chip EPROM s c mt ca s bng thch anh cho php nh sng t ngoi i qua. 2.4.4. EEPROM Do vic s dng ca s thch anh khng tin li nn nhng nm gn y xut hin them chip ROM c th xa bng in. Cu to ca EEPROM cng ging nh EPROM nhng lc ny c thm mt lp mng mng oxide gia vng cc ni v cc drain cho php cc in t di chuyn t vng cc ni sang cc drain khi t mt in p m. Nh vy, qu trnh lp trnh cho EEPROM tng t nh EPROM trong khi xa d liu th ch cn t mt in p -20V vo cc gate v cc drain vi thi gian thch hp (v nu thi gian qu di th cc in t s di chuyn thm sang cc drain lm cho cc ni s c in tch dng FET s khng hot ng nh bnh thng).

2.5. B nh Flash v b nh Cache

B nh flash c cu trc ging nh EEPROM nhng lp oxide mng hn nn ch cn in p 12V l c th xa c d liu. B nh flash c th hot ng nh RAM nhng c th lu tr c d liu khi mt ngun cung cp. Thnh phn chnh ca flash l ma trn nh gm cc nh FAMOST v khng thc hin phn knh a ch. Qu trnh c d liu thc hin bng in p 5V v lp trnh dng in th 12V. Thi gian lu tr ca flash t nht l 10 nm. Do s ra i ca cc CPU tc nhanh, khi s dng cc DRAM th tc p ng ca DRAM khng theo kp tc ca CPU nn hot ng ca h thng s b chm li lm gim hiu sut ca my tnh (do phi thm vo cc khong thi gian ch). Mt gii php c th thc hin l thay bng cc SRAM c tc cao hn nhng li i hi gi thnh cao. B nh cache ra i bng cch kt hp tc cao ca SRAM v gi thnh r ca DRAM. Cache s c t gia CPU v b nh chnh DRAM, l b nh SRAM c dung lng nh, b nh ny s lu tr cc d liu tm thi m CPU thng s dng nhm lm gim thi gian ch i ca CPU. Khi CPU cn d liu, n s c d liu trc t cache.
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 61

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3. B nh ngoi
B nh chnh bng vt liu bn dn khng th lu tr mt khi lng rt ln d liu nn cn phi c thm cc thit b nh bn ngoi nh bng giy c l, bng cassette, trng t, a t, a quang, Cc thit b lu tr ny cn c gi l b nh khi (mass storage). Thit b nh khi thng dng nht l a t. a t l mt tm a trn, mng lm bng cht do, thy tinh cng hay kim loi cng, trn c ph mt lp bt t tnh oxide st t. a t s dng k thut ghi t lu tr d liu. Khi ghi d liu trn a, d liu c th tn ti khi khng cn ngun cung cp v cng c kh nng xa i, thay th bng d liu mi.

3.1. a mm v a mm (Floppy disk and floppy disk drive)

3.1.1. a mm a mm gm mt a t bng nha do c bo v bng mt bao giy hay nha cng. Trn bao c khot mt l di cho php u c ca a c th tip xc vi mt a c / ghi d liu. C 2 loi a mm: ng knh 5.25 inch (hu nh khng cn s dng) v ng knh 3.5 inch (ch dng dung lng 1.44 MB). Mi a mm c t chc thnh cc n v sau: Track (rnh t): l vng ng trn ng tm lu tr d liu. Mt ghi d liu tnh bng n v track/inch. Track c nh s bt u t 0 k t vng ngoi vo. Sector (cung t): mt track s c chia thnh nhiu sector, mi sector cha 512 byted liu. S sector/track ty thuc vo tng loi a (t 8 36). Sector c nh s t 1. Cluster (lin cung): l mt nhm gm 2, 4 hay 8 sector. Head Opening: l khot Nhn Write Protect: bo v chng ghi

Hnh 3.10 a mm 3.5 inch Dung lng a mm = s track s sector/track s mt 512 byte
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 62

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Loi a 5.25 SS/SD 5.25 SS/DD 5.25 DS/DD 5.25 DS/DD 5.25 DS/HD 3.5 DS/DD 3.5 DS/HD 3.5 DS/ED

Dung lng S track S sector/track Tng s sector Track/inch 160KB 180KB 320KB 360KB 1.2MB 720KB 1.44MB 2.88MB 40 40 40 40 80 80 80 80 DS: Double Side 8 9 8 9 15 9 18 36 320 360 640 720 2400 1440 2880 5760 48 48 48 48 48 135 270 540

SS: Single Side

SD: Single Density DD: Double Density

HD: High Density ED: Extra High Density Chng trnh nh dng a mm (format) cho php to ra cc track v sector trn a. Ngoi 512 byte d liu, cc track v sector cn cha cc byte lu tr thng tin dng cho mc ch nh v v ng b. 3.1.2. a mm a mm cho php CPU c / ghi d liu ln a mm. Khi , a c quay bng mt ng c iu khin vi tc 300 vng/pht i vi a 300 KB hay 360 vng/pht i vi cc loi a khc. a mm c hai mt th phi cn hai u t c / ghi d liu. u t c gn u cn truy xut (arm access). Chuyn ng quay ca mt ng c bc s bin thnh chuyn ng tnh tin theo phng bn knh ca cn truy xut qua c cu bnh rng. u t c mt cun dy cm ng. Khi c, s bin thin t thng ca phn t lu tr to thnh in th cm ng hai u ra cun dy to nn tn hiu d liu. Khi ghi, cun dy s pht ra t trng qua khe t t ha bt oxide st trn mt a thnh cc trng thi tng ng vi mc d liu 0 v 1. Mch iu khin a mm: Mch iu khin a mm thng c cm trn mt khe cm m rng. B iu khin c mt vi x l ring vi chng trnh trong ROM ca n, thng thng l NEC PD765 hay Intel 8207A. Vic ghi d liu c thc hin qua cc bc sau: D liu truyn t bus vo b giao tip bus. B iu khin xc nh byte CRC (Cycle Redundancy Check), i d liu song song thnh ni tip v nh dng thch hp B tch d liu i chui d liu thnh chui m FM hay MFM (Modified FM) v pht ra cc xung nh du. Mch giao tip SA-450 truyn chui d liu m ha ti a. u t ghi s liu m ha ln a.
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GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh

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a ch cc thanh ghi ca mch iu khin a mm: S cp Th cp R/W a ch c s Thanh ghi trng thi A Thanh ghi trng thi B Thanh ghi ng ra s DOR Thanh ghi trng thi chnh Thanh ghi chn tc truyn d liu Thanh ghi d liu Thanh ghi ng vo s Thanh ghi iu khin cu hnh Knh DMA Yu cu ngt IRQ Ngt INTR 3F0h 3F1h 3F1h 3F2h 3F4h 3F4h 3F5h 3F7h 3F7h 2 6 0Eh 370h 371h 371h 372h 374h 374h 375h 377h 377h 2 6 0Eh R R R/W R W R/W R W

Thanh ghi ng ra s (DOR - Digital Output Register): iu khin ng c, chn a v khi to b iu khin D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2
RESET

D1

D0

MOTD MOTC MOTB MOTA DMA

DR1 DR0

MOTD, MOTC, MOTB, MOTA: iu khin ng c (motor) cho cc a

DMA : cho php (=1) hay cm (=0) knh DMA v IRQ RESET : cho php (=1) hay cm (=0) reset b iu khin

DR1, DR0: chn a

00 (A), 01 (B), 10 (C), 11 (D)

Thanh ghi trng thi chnh (main status register): l thanh ghi ch c, cha thng tin v b iu khin a mm D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 MRQ DIO NDMA BUSY ACTD ACTC ACTB ACTA MRQ: sn sng (=1) hay khng sn sng (=0) ghi d liu.
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 64

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DIO: chiu truyn t b iu khin ti CPU (=1) hay ngc li (=0). NMDA: c ch DMA (=0) hay khng (=1). BUSY: kch hot v lnh (=1) hay khng (=0). ACTA, ACTB, ACTC, ACTD: chn a tng ng (=1).

3.2. a cng v a cng

3.2.1. Cu to a cng gm mt hay nhiu a t bng kim loi hay nha cng c xp thnh mt chng theo mt trc ng v c t trong mt hp kn. Dung lng a cng ln hn nhiu so vi a mm. a cng c nhiu u t, cc u t ny gn trn mt cn truy xut v di chuyn thnh mt khi. Khi a quay, u t khng chm vo mt a m cch mt lp m khng kh. Khong cch gia mt a v u t ty theo tc quay v mt ghi d liu ca a v rt nh so vi kch thc a (khong 0.3 m).

Hnh 3.11 Cu to a cng a cng cng c phn thnh cc n v vt l nh a mm. Ngoi ra, n cn mt khi nim na l cylinder. Cylinder l v tr ca u t khi di chuyn trn cc mt to thnh mt hnh tr, l mt chng cc track xp nm ln nhau i vi mt v tr u t. Dung lng a cng = s head s cylinder s sector/track s mt 512 byte Tc quay ca a cng l 3600 vng/pht nn thi gian truy xut ca a cng nhanh hn a mm nhiu. Thi gian truy xut d liu (data access time) l mt thng s quan trng ca a cng, bao gm thi gian tm kim (seek time), thi gian chuyn u t (head switch time) v thi gian quay tr (rotational latency). Thi gian tm kim l thi gian chuyn u t t mt track ny sang track khc. Thi gian chuyn u t l thi gian chuyn gia hai trong s cc u t khi c hay ghi d liu. Thi gian quay tr l thi gian tnh t khi u t c t trn mt track cho n khi ti c sector mong mun.

GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh

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3.2.2. nh dng cp thp (low level format) a cng phi c nh dng cp thp trc khi s dng. l to ra cc track v sector trn a bng cch ghi ln a cc thng tin lin quan n chng. Vi cc sector, thng tin ny c ghi vo vng tiu nhn dng sector, c t u mi sector. Vng tiu ny cha cc thng tin nh s th t u t, s sector, s cylinder, khai bo nhn dng ID v m CRC pht hin li d liu. Trong a cng c thm mt khi nim l h s xen k (interleave factor) ca cc sector nhm lm khp tc quay ca a t vi tc m u t c th x l d liu khi chng qua ht mt sector. V d nh vi a c 17 sector/track, u t s c c 512 x 16 x 60 = 522,240 byte/s. Do , vng m s y ln rt nhanh. ng thi, CPU cn phi x l d liu nn s mt thm mt khong thi gian na. Nh vy, nu d liu c ghi ln cc sector lin tip th CPU khng th x l kp sector k tip s t cch n sector. Khi , a cng s c h s xen k n cc sector d liu khng lin tip nhau v mt vt l. Chng trnh nh dng cp thp s nh s th t cc sector lin tip theo mt trt t nh trc ph thuc vo h s xen k. Nu a cng khng c nh dng vi h s xen k ti u th hiu sut s dng s thp. Sector xu (bad sector): trong qu trnh nh dng cp thp, cc sector xu khng th lu tr d liu s c nh du khng dng na. Qu trnh ny gi l nh bn cc sector xu. 3.2.3. B iu khin v giao tip a cng Khc vi b iu khin a mm ch dng cc byte CRC, b iu khin a cng cn dng thm cc byte ECC (Error Correcting Code) cho php sa li v dng mch giao tip ST412/506. 3.2.3.1. Chun giao tip IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) Vi cch giao tip thng thng, a ch cha cc linh kin in t ti thiu i hi cho vic iu khin ng c v cc cng logic cn qu trnh iu khin lnh (c sector, c tn hiu m ha, ) c thc hin trn mch iu khin a cng. Nh vy, cc d liu c m ha phi i t a qua cable truyn, ti b iu khin gii m c th lm sai lc d liu. Giao tip IDE gii quyt vn ny bng cch tch hp c a v b iu khin vo cng mt khi. Vic kt ni gia bus v mch giao tip IDE c thc hin bng mch host-adapter, mch ny cung cp mt s b m v gii m dng cho kt ni a. Giao tip IDE cho php phc v nhiu nht l hai a (master gn a ch 0 v slave gn a ch 1). Mt s a IDE trang b thm b nh cache cho t nht 2 track nhm gim thi gian truy xut trung bnh ca a. CPU truy xut b iu khin IDE qua mt s thanh ghi d liu v iu khin. Chng c phn thnh hai nhm vi a ch c s 1F0h v 3F0h. Thanh ghi Thanh ghi d liu a ch rng thanh ghi R/W 1F0h 16 R/W

GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh

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Thanh ghi li B trc S cc sector S sector Cylinder LSB Cylinder MSB a / u t Thanh ghi trng thi Thanh ghi lnh Thanh ghi trng thi bin i Thanh ghi ng ra s a ch a

1F1h 1F1h 1F2h 1F3h 1F4h 1F5h 1F6h 1F7h 1F7h 3F6h 3F6h 3F7h

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

R W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R W R W R

Chng trnh giao tip CPU vi IDE gm 3 bc: Giai on lnh: CPU chun b cc thanh ghi v chuyn m lnh khi ng vic thc thi lnh. Giai on d liu: a nh v u t v truyn d liu vi b nh chnh. Giai on kt qu: b iu khin cung cp thng tin trng thi cho lnh chy trong cc thanh ghi tng ng v pht mt ngt ti IRQ14 (INT 76h). 3.2.3.2.

Chun giao tip SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) SCSI l mt chun giao tip gia a v PC rt mm do v mnh. Chun ny xy dng mt bus giao tip gm 8 n v SCSI trong mt host-adapter ni 7 n v cn li vi bus h thng. Khc vi IDE, host-adapter ny phc tp hn v n phi thc hin cc chc nng ca bus SCSI v khng b rng buc bi cc hn ch ca bus h thng. Bus SCSI ch phc v cho qu trnh trao i d liu gia cc n v c ni vi n. Trong mt thi im ch c hai n v c th hot ng. Vic trao i d liu c th thc hin gia host-adapter v a hay gia hai n v SCSI m khng c s tham gia ca CPU.

3.3. T chc logic ca a mm v a cng

3.3.1. Sector logic BIOS dng cc sector vt l qun l d liu trong khi h iu hnh dng mt s khc gi l sector logic. l nh s cc sector lin tc t 0. V d nh mt a mm 3 2 mt vi 80 track v 18 sector/track, dung lng 1.44 MB nh sau: Sector vt l
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh

Sector logic
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Head 0, track 0, sector 1 Head 0, track 0, sector 18 Head 1, track 0, sector 1 Head 1, track 0, sector 18 Head 0, track 1, sector 1 Head 0, track 1, sector 18 Head 1, track 79, sector 1 Head 1, track 79, sector 18

0 17 18 35 36 53 2862 2879

3.3.2. Phn vng (Partition) Mt a cng c th chia thnh nhiu a logic v c xem nh nhng a vt l ring bit. V mt logic, mt phn vng c xem nh mt a cng v c th ci t mt h iu hnh ty ln . C 3 loi phn vng trn a cng: DOS chnh (Primary DOS), DOS m rng (Extended DOS) v phi DOS (non-DOS). lu tr thng tin v cc phn vng, DOS lu tr trong mt vng c nh: head 0, track 0, sector 1 (sector vt l u tin ca a cng), sector ny c gi l sector phn vng (partition sector). Thng tin v tng phn vng c lu tr bi cc im vo phn vng (partition entries) trong bng phn vng (partition table). Cu trc ca sector phn vng: MBR (chng trnh kim tra bng phn vng v gi boot sector): 446 byte Bng phn vng: 64 byte Nhn dng (thng l AA55h): 2 byte Mt v d ca sector phn vng nh sau: MBR chim 664 byte u tin ca sector v kt thc bng k hiu nhn dng a (in m: FD 4E F2 14). Phn cn li l bng phn vng v nhn dng (in nghing)

Physical Sector:Cyl 0,Side 0,Sector 1 00000000:00 33 C0 8E D0 BC 00 7C -8B F4 50 07 50 1F FB FC .3.....|..P.P.. 00000010:BF 00 06 B9 00 01 F2 A5 -EA 1D 06 00 00 BE BE 07 ................ 00000020:B3 04 80 3C 80 74 0E 80 -3C 00 75 1C 83 C6 10 FE ...<.t..<.u.....

GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh

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Ti liu Cu trc my tnh & Hp ng

00000030:CB 00000040:CB 00000050:56 00000060:BB 00000070:4F 00000080:55 00000090:69 000000A0:6C 000000B0:20 000000C0:6D 000000D0:69 000000E0:00 000000F0:00 00000100:00 00000110:00 00000120:00 00000130:00 00000140:00 00000150:00 00000160:00 00000170:00 00000180:00 00000190:00 000001A0:00 000001B0:00 000001C0:01 000001D0:41 000001E0:C1 000001F0:C1 75 74 BB 00 75 AA 64 65 6F 00 6E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 97 2D 93 EF 1A 07 7C ED 75 20 00 70 4D 67 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 07 05 01 CD 80 00 B8 BE C7 70 45 65 69 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0F 0F 0F 0F 18 3C B4 01 A3 8B 61 72 72 73 73 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7F FF FF FF 8B 00 0E 02 06 F5 72 72 61 73 79 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 96 2C 92 A6 14 74 CD 57 EB EA 74 6F 74 69 73 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3F 90 30 D0 8B F4 10 CD D3 00 69 72 69 6E 74 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 42 81 12 -4C -BE -5E -13 -BE -7C -74 -20 -6E -67 -65 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -00 -FD -00 -06 -0C -0E 02 8B EB 5F C2 00 69 6C 67 20 6D 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4E 00 00 00 00 8B 06 F0 73 06 00 6F 6F 20 6F 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 F2 51 A0 A0 C0 EE AC EB 0C BF 49 6E 61 73 70 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 42 3E 91 4E 83 3C FE 33 FE 6E 20 64 79 65 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 06 01 00 C6 00 BF C0 7D 76 74 69 73 72 45 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 74 05 CD 81 61 61 6E 74 61 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 55 FE 0B 00 13 3D 6C 62 67 65 74 15 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 AA

B nh
.u......L....... .t..<.t.....<.t. V.......^....... ..|...W.._s.3... Ou...........}.= U.u.....|..Inval id partition tab le.Error loading operating syste m.Missing operat ing system...E.. ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ .........N...... .. .....?...QB.... A....,.B...>.... .-....0......... ...........N..U.

Cu trc ca bng phn vng: Bng phn vng c 64 byte chia thnh 4 im vo, mi im vo c v tr bt u ti byte th 446 (phn vng 1), 462 (phn vng 2), 478 (phn vng 3) v 494 (phn vng 4). Byte offset Kch thc 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 12 1 byte 1 byte 6 bit 10 bit 1 byte 1 byte 6 bit 10 bit 4 byte 4 byte Head bt u Sector bt u (bit 0-5, bit 6-7 dng cho cylinder) Cylinder bt u Loi phn vng Head kt thc Sector kt thc Cylinder kt thc Sector tng i Tng s sector
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ngha Phn vng c khi ng c (=80h) hay khng (=00h)

GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh

Ti liu Cu trc my tnh & Hp ng

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Loi phn vng: Gi tr 01h 04h 05h 06h 07h 0Bh 0Ch 0Eh 0Fh ngha FAT-12 hay a logic vi s sector < 32680 FAT-16hay a logic vi s sector 2680 v 65535 Phn vng m rng BIGDOS FAT (> 32MB) NTFS chnh FAT32 chnh, dng INT 13 m rng FAT32 m rng, dng INT 13 m rng FAT16 m rng, dng INT 13 m rng FAT16 chnh, dng INT 13 m rng

4 loi phn vng sau cho php dng h thng file FAT m Windows NT khng th nhn dng c. Sector tng i: l di ca sector bt u ca phn vng vi sector bt u ca a.
000001C0:01 000001D0:41 000001E0:C1 000001F0:C1 00 97 2D 93 06 07 05 01 0F 0F 0F 0F 7F FF FF FF 96 2C 92 A6 3F 90 30 D0 00 42 81 12 -00 -06 -0C -0E 00 00 00 00 51 A0 A0 C0 42 3E 91 4E 06 06 01 00 00 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 55 01 00 00 00 AA .. .....?...QB.... A....,.B...>.... .-....0......... ...........N..U.

Xt phn vng u tin: 80 01 01 00 06 0F 7F 96 3F 00 00 00 51 42 06 00 Byte 0 = 80h: phn vng khi ng c Byte 1 = 01h: head 1 Byte 2 = 01h = 0000 0001b: sector 1 (ch dng 6 bit 000001b) Byte 3 = 00h = 0000 0000b: cylinder 0 (kt hp vi 2 bit cao ca byte 2) bt u ti Head 1, Sector 1, Cylinder 0 Byte 4 = 06: phn vng BIGDOS Byte 5 = 0Fh:head 15 Byte 6 = 7Fh = 0111 1111b: sector 63 (dng 6 bit thp 111111b) Byte 7 = 96h = 1001 0110b: cylinder 406 (= 01 1001 0110b) kt thc ti Head 15, Sector 63, Cylinder 406 Byte 8-11= 0000003Fh: di so vi sector u tin l 63 sector.
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 70

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Byte 9-12 = 00064251: tng cng c 410.193 sector trong phn vng 3.3.3. H thng file FAT (File Allocation Table) H thng file FAT l h thng file n gin thit k cho a dung lng nh v cu trc folder n gin. i vi h thng file ny, h iu hnh lu tr file ln a cng theo n v cluster. Mi cluster gm mt hay nhiu sector. theo di nhng cluster ny, h iu hnh s dng mt cu trc l bng nh v file (FAT). bo v a, mt bn sao ca FAT s c lu tr thm trnh trng hp FAT hng, ng thi FAT v folder gc s c lu tr ti mt v tr c nh c th ly c cc file cn thit khi khi ng h thng. S khc nhau gia cc h thng FAT: H thng file S byte/cluster FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 1.5 2 4 S cluster ti a < 4087 65,526 v 4087 268,435,456 v 65,526

Partition Boot Sector

FAT1

FAT2

Folder gc

Folder v file khc

Hnh 3.12 Cu trc ca FAT 3.3.3.1. Sector khi ng phn vng PBS Sector khi ng di 512 byte t ti sector logic 0 ca a logic. N cha mt chng trnh cho php np nhn (kernel) ca h iu hnh khi ng h thng. Cu trc ca PBS: Byte Offset Kch thc [byte] 00h 03h 0Bh 24h 3Eh 1FEh 3 8 25 26 448 2 Lnh nhy Tn nh sn xut Khi thng s BIOS (BPB) Khi thng s BIOS m rng M khi ng (bootstrap code) nh du kt thc sector ngha

GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh

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Cu trc ca BPB (BIOS Parameter Block) v BPB m rng (Extended BPB): Byte Offset Kch thc [byte] 0Bh 0Dh 0Eh 10h 11h 13h 15h 16h 18h 1Ah 1Ch 20h 24h 25h 26h 27h 2Bh 36h 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 4 1 1 1 4 11 8 S sector/cluster S sector dnh cho boot sector S lng FAT (thng l 2) S im vo gc (root entry) S sector/a (nu < 16 bit). Ngc li th = 0 Mi trng lu tr, F8h ch a cng S sector/FAT S sector/track S head S sector n (ging nh sector tng i) S sector/a (nu > 16 bit). Ngc li th = 0 S th t ca a vt l (thng l 80h) Head hin hnh, khng dng cho FAT Nhn dng (=28h hay 29h WinNT c th nhn ra) S serial ca a Nhn a Nhn dng h thng file ngha S byte/sector (thng l 512)

3.3.3.2. Bng nh v file FAT FAT l mt bng gm mt s im vo ng vi s cluster trn a. S cluster bng vi tng s sector trn a chia cho s sector trn mt cluster. Kch thc ca mi im vo ty thuc vo h iu hnh, c th l 12, 16 hay 32 bit (ng vi FAT12, FAT16 v FAT32). Hai im vo u tin dng nhn dng loi a (a cng, a mm, bao nhiu mt, bao nhiu sector/track, ). Ni dung ca mt im vo: 0000h: cluster trng FFF7h: cluster xu FFF8h FFFFh: cluster cui cng ca file Cluster ang s dng bi file

Mi cluster cha mt con tr ch ti cluster k tip trong file hay gi tr FFFFh xc nh cluster kt thc file. File1.txt cha trong 3 cluster lin tc, file2.txt cng cha trong 3 cluster nhng b phn mnh cn file3.txt ch cha trong 1 cluster.
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Hnh 3.13 V d ca FAT Mt v d ca bng FAT16 nh sau (16 byte):

F8 FF FF FF 03 00 00 04 00 05 00 FF FF B1 05 01 A9

Byte 1,2 (F8 FF): nhn dng a Byte 3,4 (FF FF): cluster kt thc ca mt file no . Btye 5,6 (03 00): cha gi tr 0003h Byte 7,8 (04 00): cha gi tr 0004h Byte 9,10 (05 00): cha gi tr 0005h Byte 11,12 (FF FF): cluster kt thc file Cc byte tip theo: dng cho cc file khc. 3.3.3.3. Folder gc Folder gc cha cc im vo cho cc file v folder nm trn gc ca a. Folder gc khc vi cc folder khc l n c v tr v kch thc c nh (512 im vo i vi a cng). Mt im vo folder gc c ni dung nh sau: Byte offset Kch thc [byte] 00h 08h 0Bh 0Ch 16h 18h 1Ah 1Ch 8 3 1 10 2 2 2 4 Tn file Phn m rng Thuc tnh file D tr Gi thay i thng tin cui cng Ngy thay i thng tin cui cng Cluster u tin ca file Kch thc file ngha cluster k tip l cluster 3. cluster k tip l cluster 4. cluster k tip l cluster 5. file cha trong 4cluster.

Folder c mt tp cc im vo folder 32 byte (folder entry) cho mi file v folder con cha trong n. im vo folder bao gm: Tn: 8.3 k t
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Byte thuc tnh: 1 byte bao gm thuc tnh lu tr (archive), n (hidden), h thng (system) v ch c (read-only). User c th bt hay tt cc thuc tnh ny. Thi gian to: 3 byte Ngy to: 2 byte Ngy truy xut cui cng: 2 byte Thi gian thay i thng tin cui cng: 2 byte Ngy thay i thng tin cui cng: 2 byte S th t ca cluster bt u file: 2 byte Kch thc: 2 byte Tn file:

Bt u t WinNT 3.5, file c to trn a FAT dng cc bit thuc tnh h tr tn file di m khng nh hng n cc h iu hnh trc (DOS). Khi to mt file, nu tn file di th Windows s to mt tn dng 8.3 cho file v s thm cc im vo th cp ca file, mi im vo cha 13 k t. DOS s b qua cc im vo ny, xem nh chng khng tn ti v x l nh dng file 8.3 chun.

Hnh 3.14 V d v tn file di

3.3.4. FAT32 FAT32 l mt dng m rng ca h thng file FAT h tr lu tr ln hn 2 GB. a FAT32 c th cha nhiu hn 65256 cluster v mi cluster nh hn so vi FAT16 nn hiu sut s dng s cao hn. File ln nht c th lu tr trn a FAT32 l 4GB-2.
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Thay i trong boot sector v bootstrap: Thay i trong boot sector: Thay i Cc sector dnh ring Thay i ca boot sector M t FAT32 cha nhiu sector dnh ring hn FAT16 v FAT12, thng l 32 Do FAT32 BPB ln hn BPB chun, MBR trn a FAT32 ln hn 1 sector ng thi 1 sector trong khu vc dnh ring cha s lng cluster cha s dng v s lng cluster mi s dng gn nht. Cc gi tr ny l thnh phn ca cu trc BIGFATBOOTFSINFO cho php h thng khi to cc gi tr m khng cn c ton b FAT. Folder gc trn a FAT32 khng cha ti mt v tr c nh nh FAT16 hay FAT12. Folder gc l mt chui cluster thng thng. Thnh phn A_BF_BPB_RootDirStrtClus trong cu trc BPB cha s th t ca cluster u tin ca folder gc v BPB_RootEntries s b b qua. Thnh phn A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerFAT ca BPB lun bng 0 trn a FAT32 m thay vo l 2 thnh phn A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFat v A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFatHi.

Folder gc

S sector/FAT

BPB (BIOS Parameter Block): BPB trong FAT32 l phin bn m rng ca BPB FAT16/FAT12. N cng cung cp thng tin nh trc nhng ng thi thm vo mt s trng: Tn A_BF_BPB_BytesPerSector A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerCluster A_BF_BPB_ReservedSectors A_BF_BPB_NumberOfFATs A_BF_BPB_RootEntries A_BF_BPB_TotalSectors A_BF_BPB_MediaDescriptor A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerFAT A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerTrack A_BF_BPB_Heads A_BF_BPB_HiddenSectors A_BF_BPB_HiddenSectorsHigh
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Kch thc M t [byte] 2 S byte/sector 1 S sector/cluster 2 S th t ca sector dnh ring, bt u bng sector 0 1 S lng FAT 2 B qua 2 Tng s sector 1 Tng t nh FAT16 2 =0 2 S sector/track 2 S head trn a 2 S sector n trn a 2 S sector n trn a (2 byte cao)
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A_BF_BPB_BigTotalSectors A_BF_BPB_BigTotalSectorsHigh A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFat A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFatHi A_BF_BPBExtFlags A_BF_BPB_FS_Version A_BF_BPB_RootDirStrtClus A_BF_BPB_RootDirStrtClusHi A_BF_BPB_FSInfoSec A_BF_BPB_BkUpBootSec A_BF_BPB_Reserved

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 12

Tng s sector trn FAT32 Tng s sector trn FAT32 (2 byte cao) S sector/FAT S sector/FAT (2 byte cao) Bit 7 xc nh thng tin trn FAT hin hnh c cp nht c tt c cc FAT khc hay khng. Phin bn ca h thng file S th t ca cluster u tin ca folder gc S th t ca cluster u tin ca folder gc (2 byte cao) S th t ca sector cha thng tin h thng file. S th t ca bn sao boot sector. Dnh ring

Cu trc BIGFATBOOTFSINFO: Cu trc ny cha cc thng tin v h thng file trn a FAT32. Kch thc M t [byte] bfFSInf_Sig 4 Nhn dng ca sector thng tin h thng file. Gi tr ny l FSINFOSIG (0x61417272L). bfFSInf_free_clus_cnt 4 S cluster khng s dng (=-1 nu khng xc nh) bfFSInf_next_free_clus 4 S th t cluster nh v gn nht bfFSInf_resvd 12 Dnh ring Phn chiu FAT (mirroring): Trn FAT16/FAT12, FAT u tin lun l bn s cp v bt k thay i no u c t ng cp nht trn cc bn sao. i vi FAT32, phn chiu FAT c th b qua v mt bn sao khc vi bn u tin c th l bn s cp. Phn chiu c cho php bng cch xa bit 0080h trong thnh phn extddpb_flags ca cu trc DPB. Phn chiu Cho php (xa bit 0080h) Khng M t Bt k khi no mt sector FAT thay i th n s cp nht cho cc FAT khc. Ch mt FAT tch cc, thng dng khi FAT c bad sector.
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Tn

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DPB (Drive Parameter Block): Cu trc ca DPB:

DPB STRUC dpb_drive dpb_unit dpb_sector_size dpb_cluster_mask dpb_cluster_shift dpb_first_fat dpb_fat_count dpb_root_entries dpb_first_sector dpb_max_cluster dpb_fat_size dpb_dir_sector dpb_reserved2 dpb_media ifdef NOTFAT32 dpb_first_access else dpb_reserved endif dpb_reserved3 dpb_next_free dpb_free_cnt ifndef NOTFAT32 extdpb_free_cnt_hi extdpb_flags extdpb_FSInfoSec extdpb_BkUpBootSec extdpb_first_sector extdpb_max_cluster extdpb_fat_size extdpb_root_clus extdpb_next_free endif DPB ENDS DB DB DW DB DB DW DB DW DW DW DW DW DD DB DB DB DD DW DW DW DW DW DW DD DD DD DD DD ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Tn dpb_drive dpb_unit dpb_sector_size dpb_cluster_mask dpb_cluster_shift dpb_first_fat dpb_fat_count dpb_root_entries dpb_first_sector dpb_max_cluster

M t S th t a (0 = A, 1 = B, ) S th t ca n v a (unit number), cho php trnh iu khin thit b phn bit a. S byte/sector S sector/cluster 1 S sector/cluster biu din theo s m ca 2 S th t ca sector u tin cha FAT S FAT/a S im vo/folder gc S th t sector u tin ca cluster u tin S cluster/a -1 (khng dng trong FAT32)
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dpb_fat_size

S sector ang s dng /FAT (= 0 i vi FAT32, thay th bng extdpb_fat_size) dpb_dir_sector S th t ca sector u tin cha folder gc (khng dng trong FAT32) dpb_reserved2 Dnh ring dpb_media Mi trng tr tin reserved Dnh ring dpb_first_access Xc nh a c dng c hay khng dpb_reserved3 Dnh ring dpb_next_free S th t cluster nh v gn nht dpb_free_cnt S lng cluster trng (=FFFFh nu khng xc nh) extdpb_free_cnt_hi 2 byte cao xc nh s cluster trng extdpb_flags M t a extdpb_FSInfoSec S th t ca sector cha thng tin h thng file extdpb_BkUpBootSec S th t ca bn sao boot sector extdpb_first_sector Sector u tin ca cluster u tin extdpb_max_cluster S sector/a + 1 extdpb_fat_size S sector s dng bi FAT extdpb_root_clus S th t ca cluster u tin trong folder gc extdpb_next_free S th t cluster nh v gn nht Loi phn vng: Loi phn vng hp l cho trong bng sau (gi tr tng ng cha trong thnh phn Part_FileSystem ca cu trc S_PARTITION. Gi tr M t PART_UNKNOWN (00h) Unknown PART_DOS2_FAT (01h) FAT12 PART_DOS3_FAT (04h) FAT16 (< 32 MB) PART_EXTENDED (05h) Phn vng DOS m rng PART_DOS4_FAT (06h) FAT16 (> 32 MB) PART_DOS32 (0Bh) FAT32 (c th ti2047GB) PART_DOS32X (0Ch) FAT32 dng Int 13h m rng PART_DOSX13 (0Eh) Ging PART_DOS4_FAT (06h) dng Int 13h m rng PART_DOSX13X (0Fh) Ging PART_EXTENDED (05h) dng Int 13h m rng

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Cu trc S_PARTITION:
s_partition STRUC Part_BootInd Part_FirstHead Part_FirstSector Part_FirstTrack Part_FileSystem Part_LastHead Part_LastSector Part_LastTrack Part_StartSector Part_NumSectors s_partition ENDS DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DD DD ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Tn Part_BootInd Part_FirstHead Part_FirstSector Part_FirstTrack PartFileSystem Part_LastHead

M t Phn vng c khi ng c (=80h) hay khng (=00h) Head u tin ca phn vng Sector u tin ca phn vng (bit 0-5; 6-7 dng cho Part_FirstTrack) Track u tin ca phn vng H thng file ca phn vng The last head of the partition. This is a 0-based number that represents the offset from the beginning of the disk. The partition includes the head specified by this member. Part_LastSector Sector u tin ca phn vng (bit 0-5; 6-7 dng cho Part_LastTrack) Part_LastTrack Track u tin ca phn vng Part_StartSector S th t ca sector u tin trn a Part_NumSectors S sector/phn vng 3.3.5. H thng file NTFS (New Technology File System) NTFS l h thng file c hiu sut cao v c th t sa li s dng cho Windows XP, 2000, NT. H thng ny h tr vn bo mt cp file, nn file v kim nh. N cng h tr a dung lng ln v gii php lu tr cao nh RAID. NTFS cung cp kh nng kt hp gia s thc thi, tin cy v tnh tng thch khng c trong h thng FAT ng thi lm gim thi gian thc thi cc hot ng trn file nh c, ghi, tm kim v c cc hot ng nng cao nh khi phc h thng file cc a cng dung lng rt ln. NTFS bao gm cc c trng bo mt cn thit cho cc my dch v file (file server) v cc my tnh c nhn u trn (high-end) trong mi trng lm vic theo nhm. NFTS cng h tr iu khin x l d liu v cp quyn qun l d liu nhm bo m tnh chnh xc ca d liu. NTFS c th cho php cp quyn x l cho file hay folder theo tng user ring l.

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Partition Boot Sector

Master File Table

System File

File area

Hnh 3.15 Cu trc ca NTFS PBS (Partition Boot Sector) bt u ti sector 0, di 16 sector. File u tin trn a NTFS l MFT (Master File Table). MFT cha cc thng tin v tt c cc file v folder trn a. Cc c trng mi trong NTFS5 (Windows 2000): M ha: h thng file m ha (EFS Encrypting File System) cung cp k thut m ha li file lu tr tn a NTFS. Ch tiu a (disk quota): qun l v gii hn dung lng a c th s dng. im phn tch li (Reparse point): dng cho nhiu c trng lu tr ca Windows 2000. im ci t a (Volume mount point): da trn cc im phn tch li cho php ngi qun tr x l kt hp th mc gc (root) ca mt a nh l cu trc folder ca mt a khc. File phn mnh (Sparse file): cho php to file rt ln (dng tt c dung lng a). Hiu chnh lin kt sp xp (Distributed link tracking): cung cp dch v hiu chnh lin kt bo m tnh ton vn ca shortcut. 3.3.5.1. PBS Partition Boot Sector

Boot sector ca a dng nh dng NTFS m t nh sau: Byte Offset 00h 03h 0Bh 24h 54h 01FEh Kch thc [byte] 3 8 25 48 426 2 M t Lnh nhy Tn nh sn xut BPB Extended BPB Bootstrap code Kt thc sector

Trong a NTFS, d liu trong trng BPB v trng BPB m rng cho php chng trnh np (Ntldr NT loader program) tm kim MFT trong sut qu trnh khi ng. Trn a NTFS, khng ging nh trong FAT, MFT khng c ch r trn mt
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sector xc nh trc. Do , MFT c th di chuyn sang v tr khc nu nh tn ti sector li ti v tr mc nh. Tuy nhin, khi d liu b sai, Windows NT/2000 s xem nh l a cha nh dng. Trng BPB v BPB m rng trn a NTFS m t nh sau: Byte OffsetKch thc [byte] M t 0Bh 2 S byte/sector 0Dh 1 S sector/cluster 0Eh 2 Sector d tr 10h 3 Lun bng 0 13h 2 Khng dng 15h 1 Media Descriptor 16h 2 Lun bng 0 18h 2 S sector/track 1Ah 2 S lng head 1Ch 4 Cc sector n 20h 4 Khng dng 24h 4 Khng dng 28h 8 Tng s sector 30h 8 S cluster vt l cho file $MFT 38h 8 S cluster vt l cho file $MFTMirr 40h 4 S Cluster/File Record Segment 44h 4 S Cluster/Index Block 48h 8 S serial ca a 50h 4 Checksum Mt v d ca a NTFS chy Windows 2000 nh sau: Byte 00h 0Ah: cha lnh nhy v OEM ID (Original Equipment Manufacturer Identification) (in m) Byte 0Bh 53h: BPB v BPB m rng. Phn cn li: m t khi ng v nh du kt thc sector (in m).

Physical Sector:Cyl 0, Side 1, Sector 1 00000000:EB 00000010:00 00000020:00 00000030:04 00000040:F6 00000050:00 00000060:8E 00000070:10 00000080:08 00000090:0F 52 00 00 00 00 00 D8 E8 CD B6 90 00 00 00 00 00 E8 53 13 D1 4E 00 00 00 00 00 16 00 73 80 54 00 80 00 01 FA 00 68 05 E2 46 F8 00 00 00 33 B8 00 B9 3F 53 00 80 00 00 C0 00 0D FF F7 20 00 00 00 00 8E 0D 68 FF E2 -20 -3F -4A -54 -14 -D0 -8E -6A -8A -86 20 00 F5 FF A5 BC C0 02 F1 CD 20 FF 7F 07 1B 00 33 CB 66 C0 00 00 00 00 74 7C DB 8A 0F ED 02 3F 00 00 C9 FB C6 16 B6 06 08 00 00 00 1B B8 06 24 C6 41 00 00 00 00 74 C0 0E 00 40 66 00 00 00 00 1C 07 00 B4 66 0F .R.NTFS ........ ........?...?... ........J....... ........T....... ...........t..t. .....3.....|.... ..........3..... ..S.h..hj....$.. ...s......f...@f .....?.......Af.

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000000A0:B7 000000B0:16 000000C0:74 000000D0:03 000000E0:00 000000F0:0F 00000100:B4 00000110:66 00000120:66 00000130:1A 00000140:01 00000150:FF 00000160:C3 00000170:B4 00000180:EB 00000190:20 000001A0:0D 000001B0:6E 000001C0:6D 000001D0:20 000001E0:20 000001F0:00 C9 24 04 06 66 85 42 58 F7 00 02 06 A0 01 F2 65 0A 67 70 43 72 00 66 00 FE 1C 50 0C 8A 66 F1 86 CD 10 F8 8B C3 72 4E 00 72 74 65 00 F7 CD 06 00 06 00 16 58 FE D6 13 00 01 F0 0D 72 54 0D 65 72 73 00 E1 13 14 66 53 E8 24 1F C2 8A 0F FF E8 AC 0A 6F 4C 0A 73 6C 74 00 66 72 00 3B 66 B3 00 EB 8A 16 82 0E 09 3C 41 72 44 4E 73 2B 61 00 A3 0F C3 06 68 FF 16 2D CA 24 19 0E 00 00 20 20 52 54 65 41 72 00 20 81 66 20 10 80 1F 66 66 00 00 00 A0 74 64 6F 20 4C 64 6C 74 00 -00 -FB -60 -00 -00 -3E -8B -33 -8B -8A -8C -0F -FB -09 -69 -63 -69 -44 -00 -74 -0D -83 C3 55 1E 0F 01 14 F4 D2 D0 E8 C0 85 01 B4 73 63 73 52 0D 2B 0A A0 B4 AA 06 82 00 00 CD 66 66 C0 05 6F E8 0E 6B 75 20 20 0A 44 00 B3 41 75 66 3A 80 00 13 0F C1 E4 20 FF 03 BB 20 72 6D 69 50 65 00 C9 BB 09 A1 00 3E 0F 66 B7 EA 06 00 07 00 07 72 72 69 73 72 6C 00 00 AA F6 10 1E 14 84 58 0E 10 0A 8E 1F FB 00 65 65 73 20 65 20 00 00 55 C1 00 66 00 61 5B 18 F7 CC C0 66 EB CD 61 64 73 63 73 74 00 55 8A 01 66 6A 00 00 07 00 36 B8 66 61 FE 10 64 00 69 6F 73 6F 00 AA

B nh
..f..f....A..U. .$...r...U.u.... t......f`..f...f ....f;....:..fj .fP.Sfh.....>... ........>.....a. .B..$......fX [.. fXfX.-f3.f...... f......f..f....6 ......$......... ..............f ..........o...fa ................ .....<.t........ .....A disk read error occurred. ..NTLDR is missi ng...NTLDR is co mpressed...Press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart........ ..............U.

3.3.5.2.

Bng file chnh (MFT Master File Table)

Hnh 3.16 - Cu trc ca MFT Mi file trn a NTFS i din bng mt bn ghi (record) trong mt file c bit gi l MFT. NTFS dnh ring 16 sector u tin cho cc thng tin c bit. Bn ghi u tin m t chnh MFT, sau l bn ghi MFT nh (MFT mirror record). Nu bn ghi u
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tin b sai th NTFS s c bn ghi th hai tm file MFT nh trong bn ghi u tin ca MFT nh ging ht nh trong MFT. V tr ca on d liu ca c hai file MFT v MFT nh c ghi li trong boot sector. Mt bn sao ca boot sector c lu tr ti v tr gia (vt l) ca a. Bn ghi th ba l log file dng cho mc ch khi phc file. Bn ghi th 17 v cc bn ghi pha sau dng cho mi file v th mc trong a. MFT cp mt khng gian no cho mi bn ghi. File v th mc nh (1500 byte hay nh hn) c th cha hon ton bn trong MFT. Thit k ny lm cho tc x l file nhanh hn. i vi h thng file FAT (dng FAT lit k tn v a ch ca mi file), mi im vo (entry) FAT cha mt ch s trong bng. Nh vy, tm mt file trong h thng FAT, u tin phi c bng nh v file m bo file tn ti. Sau , FAT ly file bng cch tm kim chui cc v tr c gn cho file. i vi NTFS, file s c ly ra ngay lp tc. Standard information File or directory name Security desciptor Data or index

Hnh 3.17 - Bn ghi MFT cho file nh v th mc Bn ghi th mc c cp ch trong MFT ging nh bn ghi file (th mc khng cha d liu m cha cc thng tin ch s). Bn ghi th mc nh c th cha hon ton bn trong cu trc MFT trong cc th mc ln hn s c cha di dng cy nh phn (B-tree) v dng con tr xc nh cc cluster cha cc mc khng cha trong cu trc MFT. 3.3.5.3. Phn loi file NTFS Thuc tnh file NTFS: NTFS quan nim mi file (hay folder) nh tp hp cc thuc tnh file. Cc phn t ca tp hp ny l tn file, cc thng tin bo mt file v c d liu trong file. Mi thuc tnh c xc nh bng m v tn thuc tnh. Khi cc thuc tnh cha trong bn ghi file MFT, chng c gi l cc thuc tnh ni tr (resident attribute). V d nh tn file v c tnh thi gian lun cha trong bn ghi file MFT. Nu cc thng tin ca file qu ln so vi bn ghi MFT, mt s thuc tnh ca chng phi l ngoi tr (nonresident). Cc thuc tnh ngoi tr c nh v trn mt hay nhiu cluster bt k no trn a. NTFS to thuc tnh Attribute List (danh sch thuc tnh) m t v tr ca tt c cc bn ghi thuc tnh.

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Cc thuc tnh nh ngha bng h thng file NTFS: Loi thuc tnh M t Thng tin chun c trng thi gian v s lng lin kt (Standard Information) Danh sch thuc tnh Danh sch v tr cc bn ghi thuc tnh khng cha trong MFT (Attribute List) Tn file (File Name) Tn file di c th n 255 k t Unicode, tn file ngn c dng 8.3, khng phn bit cha hoa v thng M t bo mt Xc nh tc gi v cc user c php x l file (Security Descriptor) D liu (Data) Cha d liu file. NTFS cho php nhiu thuc tnh d liu trn mi file. V c bn, mi file c mt thuc tnh d liu khng tn v c th c thm cc thuc tnh c t tn, mi thuc tnh c c php ring Nhn dng i tng Duy nht cho mi file, dng cho dch v hiu chnh lin kt v (Object ID) khng phi file no cng c thuc tnh ny Logged Tool Stream Tng t lung d liu nhng dng cho hot ng lu tr log file im phn tch li Cc im ci t a, dng cho IFS (Installable File System) (Reparse Point) Ch s gc (Index root) X l folder v cc ch s khc Ch s nh v (Index X l folder v cc ch s khc allocation) Bitmap X l folder v cc ch s khc Thng tin a (Volume Cha phin bn a information) Tn a (Volume name) Nhn a File h thng NTFS: File h thng l file lu tr d liu (metadata) ca h thng file v b sung thm cho h thng file. Cc file h thng c t trn a bng ng dng Format. File h thng MFT Tn file Bn ghi MFT $Mft 0 M t Cha mt bn ghi file c s cho mi file v folder trn a NTFS. Nu thng tin ln hn mt bn ghi n th s dng thm cc bn ghi khc. nh ca 4 bn ghi u tin ca MFT. Cha danh sch cc bc dng cho kh nng khi phc NTFS. Kch thc log file ph thuc vo kch thc a
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MFT2 Log file

$MftMirr $LogFile

1 2

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(c th ti 4 MB). a $Volume 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cha thng tin a nh nhn a v phin bn. Tn thuc tnh, s th t v m t. Folder gc M t cluster no s dng Bao gm BPB v m khi ng (bootstrap loader). Bad cluster ca a Cha cc m t bo mt ca file Chuyn ch thng thnh ch hoa thch hp vi k t Unicode. Dng cho cc mc ch m rng nh ch tiu a, im phn tch li v nhn dng i tng nh ngha $AttrDef thuc tnh Ch s tn $ file gc Cluster bitmap $Bitmap

Boot sector $Boot File cluster $BadClus xu Bo mt file $Secure Bng hoa ch $Upcase

File m$Extend rng NTFS

1215 Dnh ring a lung d liu NTFS: NTFS h tr a lung d liu trong tn lung ng nht vi thuc tnh d liu mi ca file. Mi lung d liu, tp hp ca thuc tnh file, i din bng mt handle. c trng ny cho php qun l d liu nh cc n v ring l. Khi sao chp mt file trn a NTFS sang a FAT, cc lung d liu v cc thuc tnh khc khng h tr bi FAT s b mt. File nn NTFS: WinNT/2000 h tr nn file, folder ring l v ton b a NTFS. File nn trn a NTFS c th c / ghi bng cc ng dng trn nn Windows m khng cn gii nn bng cc chng trnh khc. Khi c file, file s c t ng gii nn v sau nn li mt ln na khi ng hay lu file. Thut ton nn trn NTFS h tr kch thc cluster ln ti 4 KB. Nu kch thc cluster ln hn 4 KB th khng s dng chc nng nn. Mi lung d liu NTFS cha cc thng tin xc nh c phn no ca lung c nn hay khng. H thng file m ha (EFS - Encrypting File System): Files and Folders (ch trong NTFS5): EFS cung cp k thut m ha file lu tr file trn a NTFS. EFS cung cp kh nng lu tr an ton, chng li s xm nhp t bn ngoi. User lm vic vi file v folder m ha ging nh vi cc file thng thng. H thng s t ng gii m khi x l file
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hay folder v sau s m ha li. Nu user khng c cp quyn th s khng th x l c file. EFS c cc li ch sau cho cc ng dng m ha ca hng th 3: + Trong sut i vi user v ng dng: user khng cn nh mt m gii m file. + bo mt t kha cao. + Cc qu trnh m ha / gii m thc hin ch nhn (kernel), trnh ri ro mt t kha. + Cung cp c ch khi phc d liu rt c gi tr trong mi trng thng mi, cho php khi phc d liu ngay c khi nhn vin m ha ri cng ty. User c th hin th cc c trng EFS bng cch dng lnh cipher.exe hay dng Windows Explorer (right-click trn file, chn th General, click nt Advanced).

Hnh 3.18 Ca s thuc tnh Advanced

Hnh 3.19 Ca s Encryption Warning

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Sau , Windows yu cu user xc nh ch m ha mt file hay ton folder. Khi x l file, Windows s to ra mt bn sao n khng m ha v lm vic trn bn sao ny. Sau khi x l xong, Windows s cp nht file v xa bn sao. Bn sao ny chnh l mt l hng bo mt do n c lu tr dng khng m ha. Qu trnh m ha ton folder s gii quyt c vn ny. EFS: EFS kt hp k thut kha cng cng v m ha kha i xng bo v file. D liu trn file c m ha dng thut ton i xng. Kha m gi l kha m ha file (FEK File Encryption Key). FEK c m ha dng thut ton cng cng RSA (1024 bit) v lu tr trn file. Sau khi file m ha, ch c cc user c DDF v DRF ph hp mi c th x l file.

Hnh 3.20 S m ha v gii m

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3.3.6. So snh NTFS v FAT

Tiu chun H iu hnh Gii hn Kch thc a ti a 2TB S file ti a S cluster ti a Khng gii hn Khng gii hn Kch thc file ti a Theo kch thc a 2TB Khng gii hn Theo kch thc a Khng gii hn 255 2TB Khng gii hn 4GB 268,435,456 255 2GB ~65000 2GB 65,535 Chun: 8.3 M rng: 255 K t h thng Bn sao FAT ca NTFS5 Win2000, XP NTFS WinNT, 2000, XP FAT32 Win98, 2000, XP ME, FAT16 DOS, Windows

Chiu di tn file ti 255 a c trng ca h thng file Tn file Unicode K t Unicode

K t Unicode File MFT Mirror v Sector u cuicng Chun v ty C C Khng C Khng Khng Khng C C Thp trn a nh Cao trn a ln Ln tin v

K t h thng Bn sao ca FAT Sector u tin Chun Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng

nh bn ghi h thng File MFT Mirror V tr boot sector Thuc tnh file Lung lin tc Nn M ha Cp quyn Ch tiu a File ri rc im phn tch li Hiu sut ton a T bo mt C Sector u cuicng Chun v ty C C C C C C C tin

Sector u tin Chun Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng

Kh nng khi phc C Thp trn a nh Cao trn a ln

Hiu sut

Thp trn a Thp trn a ln ln Cao trn a nh Cao nh Trung bnh trn a

Tit kim khng gian Ln a

Nh trn a ln

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3.4. Truy xut a qua DOS v BIOS

3.4.1. a mm 3.4.1.1. DOS DOS cung cp 3 ngt cho qu trnh truy xut a mm v cng l 25h, 26h, 21h. Ngt 25h: c sector Thanh ghi AL CX DX BX DS CF Ngt 26h: ghi sector Thanh ghi AL CX DX BX DS CF M li tr v nh sau: M Li 01h Lnh khng hp l 02h Che a ch khng chnh xc 04h Khng tm thy sector 08h Trn DMA 10h Li CRC hay ECC 20h Li b iu khin 40h Li tm kim 80h a khng sn sng Gi tr gi S th t a S sector Sector u Offset ca vng m ghi on ca vng m ghi Li nu > 0 M li Tr v Gi tr gi Tr v S th t a S sector Sector u M li Offset ca vng m c on ca vng m c

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3.4.1.2. BIOS Vic truy xut a dng ngt 13h: Hm 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h Chc nng Khi ng a c trng thi v tc v cui cng c sector Ghi sector Kim tra sector nh dng track

3.4.2. a cng Ging nh a mm, cc sector logic c th truy xut bng ngt 25h, 26h ca DOS. Cc sector vt l truy xut bng ngt 13h ca BIOS. Cc hm dng cho a cng nh sau: Hm 05h 06h 07h 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 10h 11h 19h Chc nng nh dng track v cylinder nh dng v nh du track xu nh dng v nh du a Xc nh cc thng s a Ci t thng s a c sector m rng Ghi sector m rng Tm kim Khi to a cng c b m sector Ghi b m sector Kim tra a xem sn sng cha Chun li a Nng u t c / ghi

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M li iu khin: M 00h Khng li 02h Khng c tn hiu tm kim 03h Li ghi 04h a khng sn sng 06h Khng tm ty track 0 10h Li ECC trong trng ID 11h Li ECC trong trng d liu 12h Khng c che a ch ID 13h Khng c che a ch d liu 14h Khng c trng ID 15h Li tm kim 16h Li b iu khin bn trong 17h Li DMA 18h Li d liu c th sa c Li

3.5. a quang
Ngy ny, a quang c s dng ph bin, chng c mt ghi thng tin cao hn a t thng thng. Cc a quang da trn cng mt cng ngh c s dng trong Compact Disc ghi m nn c gi tn l CD ROM. Nguyn l ch to: Cc a CD ROM c to ra bng cch dng mt tia laser mnh t chy cc hc ng knh 1 m trn mt a ch, t a ch ny s to ra cc khun to cc bn copy trn a cht do. Sau , ph mt lp nhm mng ln trn mt a v li ph mt lp cht do trong sut ln lp nhm bo v. Lp nhm c tc dng phn x tia laser. Cc hc nh c gi l pit, din tch khng b dt nng gi l land. Chng c phn x khc nhau nn c th phn bit c pit v land. T chc d liu: Thng tin trn CD ROM c ghi theo mt ng xon c duy nht v ghi thnh tng nhm 24 byte, mi byte c m rng thnh 14 bit bng cch dng m sa sai Reed Solomon. Ba bit c thm vo gia cc nhm v mt byte ng b c b sung to thnh 1 frame. 98 frame to thnh mt block cha 2 KB d liu. CD ROM c th cha 270,000 block tng ng vi dung lng 553 MB.
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Cc a CD ROM c c bng mt u d o nng lng phn x t b mt a khi chiu ln mt tia laser cng sut nh. D liu c c vi tc 75 inches/s, cho tc c d liu l 153.6 KBps. WORM (Write Once Read Many): Cc CD ROM m t nh trn khng th ghi c, do th h a quang th hai ra i, l WORM. Thit b ny cho php ngi s dng t mnh ghi thng tin nhng sau khi to ra cc pit th khng th thay i c na. C ch ghi ca WORM c 2 loi ty vo cu trc b mt: + Lp ph a vng b t nng s bay hi v lm l ra b mt ca vng a di khng cn lp ph. Hai vng ny c h s phn x khc nhau nn lu tr bit khc nhau. + cui qu trnh ghi bng xung laser, lp ph a b chy ra s c lm lnh nhanh v kt rn li dng v nh hnh. Lp ny s c h s phn x khc vi lp ph c. a quang t (Magneto Optical): Cc a quang th h th 3 l nhng mi trng quang hc c th xa c. a c mt lp ph ng nht lm bng vt liu hp kim latan st t. Khi tia laser phn cc t b mt a, hng phn cc ca tia phn x c quay ph thuc vo mc nhim t ca b mt. Khi cn ghi mt bit ln a, mt xung laser ngn v mnh s t b mt a vng cn thit lm mc nhim t ca vng ny bng 0. Cng lc , mt nam chm pht ra t trng c hng ph thuc vo bit cn ghi l 0 hay 1.Hng ca t trng s xc nh hng ca cc domain t trong vng b t nng khi c lm lnh xung. Khi c mt bit, tia laser s qut b mt a v h phn cc s nhy vi hng phn cc ca tia phn x. Nu chiu tia laser trn vng ghi d liu, hng ca mt phng phn cc tia phn x ph thuc vo hng ca cc domain t. T , nh sng s c th ti b lc phn cc (ng vi mc 1) hay khng (ng vi mc 0). xa d liu, ta phi lm nng cc im xc nh vi hng ph hp ca t trng.

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