K thut gia cng cht do

Ni dung :
Chng I: i cng v cht do Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng Chng III: Cc cht ph gia cho cht do Chng IV: K thut gia cng cht do

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.1 Khi nim cht do : Cht do bao gm cc nhm ln vt liu c cu to hon ton hoc mt phn t cc polyme v c cc giai on gia cng vi tnh cht do. Polyme l nhng hp cht m phn t ca chng gm nhng nhm nguyn t c ni vi nhau bng lin kt ha hc v lp i lp li nhiu ln to thnh nhng mch di c khi lng phn t ln. Tnh do l kh nng ca vt liu i vi s bin dng n hi, s thay i hnh dng vt th di tc ng ca lc c hc bn ngoi khng lm ph v lin kt gia cc phn t, trong khi hnh dng mi c gi nguyn sau khi ngng tc ng bn ngoi. VD: -CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl- (PVC) Polyetylen (PE) Polystyren (PS)

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.2 Lch s pht trin Tuy nhin s pht trin ca vt liu polymer vn tip tc c y mnh thm ch sau khi chin tranh kt thc. Epoxy c tng hp vo nm 1947, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styren (ABS) 1948, polyurethane ( tng hp u tin ti c 1937) c sn xut i tr ti M sau chin tranh th gii th 2. Vi vic pht minh ra xc tc Ziegle-Natta vo nm 1950, polyethylene mch thng (linear PE) v polypropylene stereoregular c tng hp thnh cng. Trong nm acetal, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate cng c tng hp. 2 thp k sau mt s cc polymer c kh nng chu nhit cao nh poly(phenylene oxide) PPO, polysulfones, polyimides, polyamide-imides v polybenzimidazoles c pht trin thnh cng.

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.1 Lch s pht trin Polyme tng hp u tin , phenol-formaldehyde c tng hp bi L.H. Baekeland nm 1909 gn 4 thp k sau khi J.W.Hyatt pht trin thnh cng polyme cellulose nitrite bng cch bin tnh t polymer t nhin cellulose. Tuy nhin tng tng hp v a cc i phn t phn t polymer vo ng dng i tr cha c ti thi im cho n nm 1924, khi Hermann Staudinger a ra polystyrene v cao su t nhin. Sau khng lu, mt lot cc vt liu polymer c tng hp thnh cng PVC, cellulose acetate ( 1927), ureformaldehyde nha (UF). 1938, nylon 6,6 c sn xut bi cng ty Du Pont ( ngi tng hp u tin l W.H. Carothers nm 1935 v I.G. Farbben bt u sn xut nylon-6 (perlon) vo nm 1938 i t caprolactam, polymer u tin c tng hp theo phng php trng hp m vng. Trc chin tranh th gii th hai, chng kin nhiu polymer quan trng c a vo sn xut v thng mi ha nh : acrylic v poly(vinly acetate) 1936, polystyrene 1938, melamine-formaldehyde 1939 v polyethylene , polyester 1941. Vin cnh v nhng ng dng ca polymer trong qun s thc y s pht trin ca nhiu polymer.

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.2 Tnh cht v ng dng ca cht do: Vo nm 1843, Ebonit l vt liu cht do u tin c ng dng trong cng nghip lm cc vt liu cch in v ch to cc sn phm nh. Ngy nay vt liu cht do ang c s dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc phc v i sng hng ngy. S pht trin nhanh ca cng nghip cht do c gii thch do cc u im sau : D to hnh D nhum mu Cch nhit, cch in tt, cch m C bn c hc cao, bn nhit cao, mm do, bn va p cao, bn ma st, bn mi mn cao bn ha hc tt D hn dn Hnh dng bn ngoi p, nhiu cht do trong sut Nguyn liu sn xut khng t Qu trnh gia cng cht do khng phc tp v r tin Xy dng cc nh my sn xut v gia cng cht do khng i hi tn km m thu hi li c vn nhanh.

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.3 Tnh cht v ng dng ca cht do: Nhc im : Chm n hi iu kin lnh di tc dng ca lc c hc bn nhit thp Gim bn khi c lc tc ng ln Nhanh lo ha hn so vi cc vt liu khc H s gin n nhit ln D bt chy ng dng : Trong k thut in : vt liu cch in, v thit b, my mc Trong giao thng: cng nghip ch to oto, lm v tu thuyn v cc phng tin giao thng khc Trong lnh vc xy dng, cht do c dng lm cc vt liu cch in, cch nhit, lm tng bao bc... Mt vi loi cht do trong sut, c tnh cht nng cao, trong cng nghip quang hc, nhiu loi knh thu tinh c thay th bng knh hu c vi cc mu sc khc nhau, cc knh ny r v nh hn. Ngnh c kh : thay th chi tit kim loi bng nha Ngnh y hc , gii tr, nng nghip, ch bin thc n, vn phng phm, dng gia nh.

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.2 Phn loi cht do Hin nay, cc mt hng cht do c tung ra trn th trng rt ln. Cng mt thh phn v tnh cht, vt liu c s dng nhiu nc khc nhau vi tn gi khc nhau, v th vic phn loi cht do theo n v chung l cn thit. Nhiu ngi phn loi cht do theo cc nguyn l khc nhau, theo tnh cht ging nhau, theo phng php iu ch... Phn loi theo phng php tng hp polyme l thng dng nht. Theo cch ny, cht do c chia ra theo cc loi trn c s polyme c nhn bng cch sau: Trung hp chui : PE, PP, PVC, PS, PMMA . Trung hp giai on v trng ngng : UF, EP, UP .. Bin tnh ha hc polyme.

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.3 Phn loi cht do

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.2 Phn loi cht do

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.4 Phn loi cht do v yu t nh hng n ch gia cng

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.4 Phn loi cht do v yu t nh hng n ch gia cng

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.4 Phn loi cht do v yu t nh hng n ch gia cng

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.4 Phn loi cht do v yu t nh hng n ch gia cng

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.3 Phn loi cht do v yu t nh hng n ch gia cng

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.4 Phn loi cht do v yu t nh hng n ch gia cng

 Chng I: i cng v cht do

1.4 Phn loi cht do v yu t nh hng n ch gia cng

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE)

Monomer

Phng php sn xut

ng dng ch yu

LDPE : trng hp gc t do

LDPE : mng v tm (55%), gia dng v chi (16%), bc cp v dy dn (5%)

Ethylene HDPE: trng hp xc tc Ziegle-Natta hoc oxit kim loi HDPE: chai (40%), gia dng, hp ng, chi (35%), ng dn (10%), mng v tm (5%)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE)

PE l polymer c ng dng nhiu nht trong cc nha nhit do. Hai loi chnh ca PE l high density PE (HDPE) v low density PE (LDPE). PE c cu trc mt phn v nh hnh v mt phn tinh th. Mch thng gip cho cc phn t d sp xp hn dn n kt tinh cao hn. Do vy mch nhnh lm gim phn trm tinh th ca PE. Phn tinh th trong PE tng s lm tng khi lng ring, cng, bn, bn nhit, kh nng chu ha cht, bn do, m c nhng lm gim thm kh, bn va p. Bng 1.1 ch ra phn trm tinh th ca 3 loi PE Vt liu Cu trc Khi lng ring kt tinh (%) (g/cm3)

LDPE
LLDPE HDPE

Mch nhnh
Mch thng/t mch nhnh Mch thng

0,912-0,94
0,92-0,94 0,958

50
50 90

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE)

PE c kh nng chu ha cht rt tt, khng b nh hng bi acid, baz, mui tuy nhin PE b tn cng bi tc nhn oxi ha. PE c s dng rng ri v gi thnh thp, d gia cng, tnh cht cch in tt, dai v do ti nhit thp, khng mi v khng c, trong sut thch hp, thm hi nc thp ng dng trong cng nghip bao b, xy dng v nng nghip. Th phn ng dng ch yu ca LDPE l bao b v tm, trong khi HDPE c s dng ch yu trong cc sn phm thi khun (sa chai, gia dng, chai ng m phm, thng cha du, xng ), ng dn, bc dy dn v cp .

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE)

Chlorinated Polyethylene Clo ha PE lm PE gim kt tinh, mm do hn, c tnh cht cao su, d tng hp v ha tan hn. Hm lng clo ha khong 22-26%. Tuy nhin th trng ca vt liu ny tng nhanh bi s xut hin ca closulfur ha (ClSO2) polyethyelene tng hp bi clo ha PE vi s xut hin ca SO2 th nhm ClSO2 vo mch ca PE. Closulfur ha LDPE cha khong 27% clo, 1,5 % sulfur c dn di rt cao, trn th trng thng c gi l cao su CSM c kh nng chu nhit , ozon, thi tit tt cng kh nng chu du v rt nhiu ha cht khc. CSM cao su thng dung trong vt liu bao ph vi, tm mng, h thng ng trong cng nghip xy dng, cng nh v bao ph cp nng lng ht nhn, cp dn khoan ly du.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE)

Cross-Linked Polyethylene To lin kt ngang mch PE lm tng kh nng chu nhit do ng dng trong v bc cp in v vt liu bao ph. Bt LDPE to lin kt ngang (cross-linked LDPE foam) ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip oto nh thm, vt liu cch m , ng dn v phao ni ch du.

Linear low-density Polyethylene (LLDPE) LDPE mch thng (LLDPE) c cu trc khc vi LDPE (mch nhnh) v ging vi cu trc mch thng ca HDPE mc d LLDPE c kt tinh v khi lng ring thp hn. LLDPE c kh nng chu chc thng, bn ko, gin di, dai ti nhit cao v thp tt hn so vi LDPE. LLDPE ang thay th dn LDPE trong rt nhiu ng dng. Mng LLDPE c nhiu tnh cht vt tri hn so vi mng LDPE. Mng LLDPE c th t c dy di 10 m c trong, bng cao kt hp vi dai tt. LLDPE mng ang ngy cng dng nhiu trong cng nghp bao bi thc phm nh ti ng .

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE)

Linear low-density Polyethylene (LLDPE) mm do v kh nng cn tr pht trin vt nt do ng sut ( environmental stress-crack resistance) kt hp vi bn va p ti nhit thp cao khin sn phm c phun t LLDPE c nhiu ng dng trong gia dng, ng. ng n t LLDPE s hu kh nng chu vt nt gy bi ng sut v bn tt. Sn phm thi t LLDPE nh chi, chai, trng c bn, mm do cao. LLDPE cng c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip bc dy dn cp, dt may. Mt vt liu mi t PE mch thng c khi lng ring t 0,890 n 0,915 g/cm3 vi tn gi very low density polyethyelen (VLDPE) c thng mi ha bi Union Carbdie 1984. VLDPE nm trong nhm vt liu c bn thp nh ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, PVC ha do.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE) Linear low-density Polyethylene (LLDPE) mm do v kh nng cn tr pht trin vt nt do ng sut ( environmental stress-crack resistance) kt hp vi bn va p ti nhit thp cao khin sn phm c phun t LLDPE c nhiu ng dng trong gia dng, ng. ng n t LLDPE s hu kh nng chu vt nt gy bi ng sut v bn tt. Sn phm thi t LLDPE nh chi, chai, trng c bn, mm do cao. LLDPE cng c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip bc dy dn cp, dt may. Mt vt liu mi t PE mch thng c khi lng ring t 0,890 n 0,915 g/cm3 vi tn gi very low density polyethyelen (VLDPE) c thng mi ha bi Union Carbdie 1984. VLDPE nm trong nhm vt liu c bn thp nh ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, PVC ha do. VLDPE c ng dng lm ph gia tng bn va p. N thng c trn vi PP v HDPE lm tng bn x t. Ngoi ra VLDPE vi kh nng to mng rt mng c ng dng lm gng tay s dng 1 ln, mng ph ni tht

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE) High Molecular Weigh High Density Polyethyelen HMW-HDPE l PE mch thng vi trng lng phn t trung bnh khong 200.000 n 500.000. HMW-HDPE c nht cao v trng lng phn t ln v vy kh gia cng cho nn trn th trng HMW-HDPE c sn xut vi di rng khi lng phn t. S kt hp trng lng phn t v khi lng ring cao em li cho HMW-HDPE cng cao, bn mi mn, chu ha cht kh tt. V nhit nng chy cao nn khi gia cng cn thm ph gia chng oxi ha v tr gia cng. HMW-HDPE thng c p dng trong cng ngh n him khi dng trong cng ngh c phun. ng dng ch yu ca HMW-HDPE l mng, ng dn chu p sut, sn phm thi khun ln, tm n. HMW-HDPE mng ng dng lm ti ng rc, mng ph cng nghip. Tm t HMW-HDPE c s dng lm vt liu p h bi nhn to, b cha. HMW-HDPE ng c s dng trong cng nghip ng dn ga, nc, ng bo v cp ngm di t, ng dn nc thi. Nhng b cha dung tch ln t 50 gal n 500 gal t HMW-HDPE bng phng php c thi c ng dng trong cng nghip vn chuyn ha cht c hi.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE) Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethyelen UHMWPE l PE c trng lng phn t ln hn 3 triu. Ngoi nhng u im ca HDPE , UHMWPE s hu bn va p, bn mi mn, dai. Tuy nhin do trng lng phn t cao nn kh gia cng theo phng php c khun hay n. UHMWPE thng c ch to tm theo phng php p v profile bng ram extrusion. Tm UHMWPE c th dng nhng phng php hon thin ging trong cng nghip g. Tm t UHMWPE c kh nng chng mi mn tt hn thp v polyurethane. Chng cng c bn va p cao ti nhit thp, h s mi mn thp, mi tt, chu ha cht n mn, tc nhn phng x tt. Cht n nh garphit, bt tan, mica, si thy tinh c th trn vi UHMWPE tng cng, gim kh nng ko gin, un di ti trng.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyetylen (PE) Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethyelen Vng m, bnh rng t UHMWPE c s dng trong cng nghip lp rp v ch to my mc. Tt c b cha (shelf-unloading container) u ph mt lp UHMWPE gim ma st, chng dnh, tng tc qu trnh vt cha ra ngoi. UHMWPE em li b mt trn, c kh nng trt gip qu trnh sn phm d dng hn thm ch khi sn phm trong b cha t hoc ng lnh. UHMWPE c ng dng trong giao thng vn ti, gii tr, cng nghip giy v ch to my mc. Mt s phn kim loi trong my trong mt s trng hp c ph hay thay th bi UHMWPE gim mi mn v n mn. Nh my x l nc thi x dng polymer ny thay th kim loi trong giy chng mi mn, ng ray, bi, bnh rng. Thm ch c nhiu n lc thay th xch truyn chuyn ng kim loi bng UHMWPE tng kh nng chng n mn trong mi trng. Si UHMWPE c ch to theo phng php gel spinning c bn siu cao ngy nay c dng trong o gip chng n.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

Monomer

Phng php sn xut Trng hp xc tc Ziegle-Natta

Propylene

ng dng ch yu Si (30%), chi v gia dng (15%), chi tit trong oto (15%), chi tit trong thit b (5%)

Polypropylene hin nay trn th trng tn ti mt di rng cc chng loi PP khc nhau vi tnh cht khc nhau ph thuc vo loi polymer (homopolymer, random hay block copolymer), khi lng phn t, s phn b khi lng phn t, cu trc hnh thi v tinh th, ph gia, cht n , cht tng cng cng nh cng ngh ch to.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

Polypropylene hin nay trn th trng tn ti mt di rng cc chng loi PP khc nhau vi tnh cht khc nhau ph thuc vo loi polymer (homopolymer, random hay block copolymer), khi lng phn t, s phn b khi lng phn t, cu trc hnh thi v tinh th, ph gia, cht n , cht tng cng cng nh cng ngh ch to. Homopolyme thng mi c 95% l PP isotactic, phn cn li l PP atactic v syndiotactic ( mt phng php xc nh mt cch tng i isotactic ( isotactic index) l xc nh % polymer khng ha tan trong heptanes), % isotactic cng cao, kt tinh cng ln v im chy mm, cng, bn, chng xc cng cao.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

Mc d tng t HDPE, PP c t trng thp hn (0,90 g/cm3), im chy mm cao hn gip PP chu c v ng dng trong cc qu trnh un si nc, ty trng hi. PP c cng cao hn v dng nh khng chu nh hng bi vn pht trin vt nt do ng sut bi mi trng ( environmental stresscracking), nhng PP b nh hng trong axit sunfuric, HCl c v nitrohydrocloric . Tuy nhin do s tn ti cacbon bc 3 trong mch polymer, PP d b nh hng bi tia UV v s oxi ha ti nhit cao. Trong khi PE to lin kt ngang trong qu trnh oxi ha, PP li b ct mch thnh sn phm c khi lng phn t thp. khc phc nhc im trn tt c PP thng mi u c trn sn cht chng oxi ha. Tnh cht in ca PP ging nh PE. Gi thnh thp v nhiu c tnh u vit gip PP c kh nhiu ng dng t si, filament, mng, sn phm n. Phn ln PP s dng trong sn phm c khun nh hnh l, gh gp, thit b tit trng trong y t, b cha nc thi, chi tit trong my git, oto.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

Mc d PP c kt tinh cao nhng sn phm PP t m c hn PE bi v s cch bit gia t trng ca v nh hnh v tinh th trong PP ( 0,85 so vi 0,94) khng nhiu nh trong trng hp ca PE (0,84 so vi 1,01) Mt tnh cht c bit ca PP l kh nng chng s tip tc gin, un ca chi tit mng. iu ny s xut hin kh nng c phun mt ln hp ng, pedal tng tc m trong bn l nm trong sn phm c khun lun. Mng PP nh hng mt chiu ( monoaxially oriented PP film) c ng dng trong thm, bao ti ( thay th bao ti t si ay).Kt hp gia bn v nh, di mng nh hng PP c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip ng gi.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

Mng PP khng nh hng trong sut c dng nhiu trong bao b. Tuy nhin mng PP nh hng hai chiu BPO (bizxially oriented PP film) c tm quan trong nht v trong sut, bn va p, tnh cht ngn cn tt hn. BPO ph (coated BPO) s dng trong cng nghip ng gi bao b thc phm nh bimbim, bnh m, bnh bich quy ( trong ca BPO l do dn ngang mng ca lp cu trc tinh th). Si PP cng c nhiu tnh cht u vit nh : tr vi nc v vi sinh vt, gi thnh r dn n chng c ng dng trong cc lnh vc nh thm, vi, trang tr ni tht. Random ethylene-propylen copolymer mt trong nhng loi quan trng ca PP c nhng tnh cht nh : trong cao, di nhit nng chy thp v rng hn so vi PP homopolymer, cng thp hn, bn khi nng chy cao hn. Ch s chy ca copolymer thay i t 1g/10 pht i vi loi thi mng cho n 35g/ 10 pht vi loi p phun. T trng khong 0,90 g/cm3 v bn va p Izod c kha khong t 1 cho n 5 ft.lb/in.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

Sn phm chai l thi c trong cao thng c sn xut t PP copolymer. nhn bng v di hn nhit rng gip cho copolymer ny c nhiu ng dng trong mng nh mng bo v card v ti liu. Copolymer PP c ch s chy bng hoc cao hn 35 g/10 pht thng c ng dng cho nhng chi tit thnh mng ch to bi phng php p phun trong cng ngh thc phm nh hp ng thc n, cc sa chua. Nhng hp ng ny c thnh mng vi t l chiu di trn chiu dy khong 400:1 nhng vn gi c cc tnh cht c trng ca PP nh bn cao, bn va p tt, kh nng ti ch.

Block copolymer t PP, c bn va p cao c bit ti nhit di 00 C. Mc ethylene cng nh kch thc ca nhng on mch ny quyt nh tnh cht ca block copolymer. PP c rt nhiu ng dng. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn mang li s a dng trong ng dng ca PP l do PP c kh nng gia cng bi nhiu phng php nh n, thi mng, c mng, thi khun, p phun, to hnh nng.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

T v si PP c th phn ng dng ln nht c bit trong lnh vc thm, chiu trong xy dng, ni tht oto, xe ti, c nhn to. Kh nng thm t ca PP c ng dng trong nhng lnh vc nh t lt, ti ng, mng ph tng, ti ng ch, mn rm, vi lau. Th phn ng dng ln th hai ca PP l mng bao gm mng nh hng ( OPP) v mng c (khng nh hng). Mng nh hng ng dng trong bao b nh n nhanh, bnh m, kh, ko, thc n, phomat, c chua v t in. Mng c hay mng khng nh hng cng c ng dng trong cng nghip bao b dt may, phomat, n nhanh, bnh m. Phn ln sn phm p phun PP ng dng trong cng nghip giao thng vn ti. Vi trng lng nh sn phm PP p phun cn s hu nhng tnh cht sau : kh nng chu mi, ro cao, bn va p, kh nng chu n mn tt. Ngoi ra sn phm PP p phun cn c dng nhiu trong cng nghip ng gi nh bao ng v hp ng. Copolymer chu va p c s dng lm hp bo n, hp ng thc n.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polypropylen (PP)

PP cng c dng nhiu trong y t nh xylanh, khay phu thut , dng c trong phng lab. Trc khi c s dng chng thng c tit trng bi hp hay bc x. Xy lanh dng mt ln c tit trng bi phng php bc x i hi c mt cng thc c bit trnh s mt mu , gin gy ra bi qu trnh phn hy to lin kt ngang trong qua trnh bc x. PP cng c ng dng ch to nhiu chi tit trong my mc t n gin n phc tp nh my git, my ra bt, cnh qut, b phn phn tn bt git, van, ng x, my bm, bn l ca, my pha c ph, my sy, my ht bi, m hp, thit b lm m v ht m, qut trn, iu ha.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.1 Polyallomer (PA)

Polyallomer l copolymer ca olefin c kt tinh cao ngang vi polymer nhn c bi homopolymer. Copolymer thng thng c kt tinh thp hn so vi homopolymer. Polyallomer kt hp nhng tnh cht u vit nht ca PP tinh th v HDPE v bn va p cao gp 3 n 4 ln PP. Kh nng chu bin dng bi nhit tt hn HDPE nhng vn khng bng PP. Polyallomer c bn mi mn tt hn PP v c tnh c th lm khp ni va phi. Hp nh Polyallomer c th c phun ton b trong mt ln. Mt sau, mt trc, khp ni, tay cm v mc kha c th c phun cng mt lc vi cc mu khc nhau. Polyallomer c dng trong cng ngh ch to hp dng c cu c, v my in, hp cha mt n phng hi c v ti ng qu bowling. Dp x ngn ch to t Polyallomer c th chu c m khng to thnh vt nt, lm khi lin tc p ba vo. Nhit hot ng t -400 C n 1500 C v chu c lc ln ti 1335 N. Polyallomer c th gia cng d dng bi p khun, c n. Masterbatch mu ca PP c th s dng to mu cho Polyallomer v Polyallmoer tng hp tt vi PP.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

Monomer

Phng php sn xut

ng dng ch yu

Vinyl chloride

Trng hp gc t do

ng v ng ni (35%), mng v tm ( 15%), vt liu lt sn ( 10%), dy dn v cp cch in (5%), chi tit trong oto ( 5%), keo v sn (5%)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.1 c tnh ca PVC

PVC l polymer v nh hnh vi trng lng phn t Mw = 100.000 200.000 v Mn = 45.000 64.000. Trong thc t, nht ca PVC theo tiu chun ISO c s dng nh gi trng lng phn t ca PVC polymer

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.1 c tnh ca PVC Polyme PVC thng dng trong PVC ha do c s nht l 125. Bi v vn gia cng kh khn nn polymer dng trong PVC khng ha do c trng lng phn t thp hn, s nht ISO l 105 vi cng nghip ng dn, 85-95 i vi tm phng cng v 70 i vi cng ngh p phun. Trong cc polymer PVC thng mi, s khc bit ln nht l c tnh ca ht nh kch thc ca ht, hnh dng, s phn b kch thc v xp rng. Nhng s khc bit ny s quyt nh n c tnh gia cng ca polymer. Nhng n lc ng k c a ra pht trin qu trnh ph hp iu khin rng xp, din tch b mt v h s khuych tn ca ht PVC v iu ny lm ci thin ng k c tnh gia cng ca PVC. Nu ht PVC c trn vi cht ha do ti nhit phng, sn phm trung gian s tn ti mt trong hai dng sau. Nu s lng cht ha do khng in kn cc l trng gia cc ht PVC, dng nho c st s c to thnh. Nu tt c l trng c in y, ht PVC s tn ti dng l lng trong cht ha do v dng paste c to thnh.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.1 c tnh ca PVC

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.1 c tnh ca PVC

nht ca PVC paste c trn t t l PVC/ha do c nh ph thuc ln vo kch thc v phn b ca ht. nhn c paste PVC c nht thp , hm lng ca cht ha do cn in y cc khong trng gia cc ht PVC phi thp sao cho cht ha do d s ng vai tro nh cht bi trn cho cc ht PVC to iu kin cho ht PVC chuyn ng trong th paste huyn ph. V vy nhn chung PVC paste m polymer c di phn b kch thc ht rng s c nht thp hn PVC paste m polymer c kch thc ht ng u bi v cc ht s sp xp hiu qu hn li t l trng hn.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.1 c tnh ca PVC

Dng Polyme n trong vic tng lng ca PVC paste s dng nguyn tc ny. Nhng polymer n c ch to bi trng hp huyn ph v thng c kch thc ht qu to s dng mt mnh trong PVC paste. Tuy nhin trn ln nhng ht PVC to ny vi nhng ht kch thc nh hn rt nhiu s to c PVC paste n nh . Nh hnh di y s thay th khong trng gia ht PVC v cht ha do bng cc ht kch thc PVC to gii phng vai tr ca cht ha do t cht in ch trng sang cht bi trn lm gim nht ca paste.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC PVC l vt liu cng khng mu, bn nhit thp v c xu hng dnh ln b mt kim loi khi gia nhit. Chnh v nhng nguyn nhn ny, m cn thit phi trn hp PVC vi nhng cu t khc to thnh sn phm hu ch. Trn hp c th d dng to ra mt di rng cc sn phm khc nhau t ng dn cng cho n vt liu mm do c ngn. Hn hp PVC ngoi polymer PVC cn tn ti cc thnh phn sau : cht n nh, cht ha do, cht ko di, cht bi trn, cht n, bt mu v cht tr gia cng. Ngoi tra cn mt s thnh phn t dng khc nh : cht bin tnh va p, cht lm chm chy, cht ty trng quang v cht to kh.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.1 Cht n nh Nhm cht n nh quan trong nht l hp cht ch m to thnh PbCl2 trong phn ng vi HCl thot ra trong qu trnh phn hy. Ch cacbonate (ch trng) vi gi thnh thp thng c s dng. Nhc im ca ch trng l to thnh CO2 ti nhit gia cng cao dn n sn phm b r xp. V nguyn nhn ny Pb4O3(SO4)H2O c s dng thay th ch trng, mang li PVC c tnh cht cch in tt hn mc d gi thnh cao hn. Nhng hp cht n nh t ch khc c nhng ng dng ring bit. Nh 2PbO.C8H4O4Pb l cht n nh nhit xut xc, thng c dng trong hn hp cch in khng nhit cao ( dy in 1500 C), cht ph PVC cho thp. S dng hp cht ch lm cht n nh b hn ch bi quy nh v c. Nhn chung cht n nh ch khng c s dng trong PVC bao b bc thc n nhng trong phn ln cc nc h vn cho php dng trong ng dn nc sinh hot PVC nhng vi liu lng cho php i vi cht n nh t ch.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.1 Cht n nh Ngy nay, cc hp cht t Cd, Ba, Ca, Zn cng c s dng lm cht n nh cho PVC. Cht n nh hin i gm mt lng ln hn hp cc cht khc nhau. V d nh cht n nh i t Ba v Cd c th l hn hp sau : Cd-Ba phenate 2-3 phn, du epoxy ha 3-5 phn, trisnonyl phenyl phosphate 1 phn, acid stearic 0,5 -1 phn, km octoate 0,5 phn trng lng. Nhm cht n nh khc l hp cht ca hydrocacbon vi Sn. S pht trin vt liu vi c t thp, tnh cht n nh xut sc, gi thnh tt dn ti s pht trin nhanh ca nhm cht n nh t Sn. V c ca butyl thic m n khng c dng cho nhng ng dng tip xc trc tip vi thc n, hp cht octylin nh dioctylin dilaurate, dioctylin octylthiog-lycolate p ng c yu cu cht ch ca nhng ng dng lin quan n thc phm.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.1 Cht n nh Hp cht hu c l mui ca alkyltin oxide v axit cacboxylic (dioctylin dilaurate) thng c gi l organotin carboxylate. Trn thi trng cn xut hin hp cht di t lin kt Sn-S nh sau : Mt c tnh quan trng ca cht n nh i t Sn-S v Sn l c tnh tinh th trong sut gip n ng dng trong chai, hp ng, mng, tm ly sng . Mt c tnh quan trng ca cht n nh i t Sn-S v Sn l c tnh tinh th trong sut gip n ng dng trong chai, hp ng, mng, tm ly sng .

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.2 Cht ha do Cht ha do l dung mi khng bay hi ca PVC. Ti nhit gia cng 150o C, s trn gia cc phn t xy ra mang li tnh do rt ln cho PVC. Phthalate t ri n hin nay chim khong 70% th phn cht ha do.

Diisooctyl phthalate

DIOP C6H4[COO(CH2)5CH(CH3)2]2

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, DOP C6H4[COOCH2CH(C2H5)(CH2)3CH3]2 Diallyl phthalate DAP C6H4(COOCH2CH=CH2)2

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.2 Cht ha do DIOP t mi trong DAP c tnh n nh nhit tt. DBP ( dibutyl phthalate) v DIOP l nhng cht ha do hiu qu v c s dng nhiu trong PVC bt chp kh nng bay hi cao v tch nc. Cht ha do Phosphate nh tritolyl phosphate , trixylyl phosphate c s dng khi yu cu c tnh chng chy nh tm cch in, bng ti trong hm m. Nhng n lm cho PVC c, chu nhit thp km ( -50 C). Vi nhng ng dng i hi kh nng chu nhit thp ngi ta dng cht ha do este ca axit bo nh dibutyl sebacate (C18H34O4) dioctyl sebacate ((CH2)8(COOC8H17)2 c th chu c nhit m 420 C Ester t allyl ri nh diallyl phthalate (DAP) v polymer khng no t acrylate c c tnh hu ch l ci thin kh nng kt dnh gia PVC v kim loi. Trong PVC paste n c th to lin kt ngang vi s xut hin ca peroxide khi paste tip xc vi kim loi em li lp ph ng rn c kt dnh cao vi kim loi.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.3 Cht b sung (extender) Trong n PVC thng thng ngi ta khng thay th cht ha do bi cht b sung v c tnh tng hp km ca cht b sung vi PVC. Tuy nhin v cht b sung r hn cht ha do nn thng c s dng thay th 1/3 cht ha do m khng lm nh hng nhiu n tnh cht ca PVC. C 3 loi cht b sung thng dng cho PVC : paraffin wax clo ha, paraffin lng clo ha, du chit tch.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.4 Du bi trn (Lubricant) Trong PVC ha do, ngi ta thng cho thm cht bi trn ngn cn s dnh ca PVC vi thit b gia cng. Cht bi trn c tng hp thp nn n s to thnh lp mng mng ngn cch gia PVC v mt kim loi ca thit b gi l cht bi trn ngoi. M thng dng cht bi trn ngoi l ch stearate. N s nng chy trong qu trnh gia cng v bi trn ging nh wax. Anh axit stearic c s dng nhng sn phm trong sut, Ca stearate sn phm khng cn s trong sut. PVC khng ha do ngi ta s dng cht bi trn ni, ci thin kh nng chy ca PVC bng cch gim nht (cht bi trn ni). Khng ging cht bi trn ngoi , cht bi trn ni tng hp tt vi PVC , c vai tr ging cht ha do ti nhit gia cng trong khi ti nhit thng khng c tc dng ha do. Cht bi trn ni hay dng trong PVC l : sp montan, glycerol monostearate, este mch di nh cetyl palmitate.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.5 Cht n (Filler) Cht n hay dng trong PVC c gim gi thnh sn phm, tng tnh cch in, kh nng chng gin n nhit ca cp, tng cng ca hp cht ph sn, gim dnh ca PVC ha do cao. Ca carbonate, t st c s dng cho PVC cch in, amiang cho ng dng sn. Ngoi ra silica, bt tan, Mg carbonate cng c s dng lm cht n cho PVC

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.5 Cht bin tnh va p PVC khng ha do thng kh gia cng do nht cao v tnh cht gin nn gii quyt vn ny ngi ta thng thm cht bin tnh va p tng dai ca PVC. Cht bin tnh va p thng l cao su v tng hp va phi vi PVC. Nhng cht bin tnh va p quan trng trong cng nghip PVC : cao su butadiene acrylonitrile, nha ABS, metharylate butadiene styrene (MBS), PE clo ha v mt s polyacrylate. ABS c s dng nhiu v n mang li c v c tnh chng lo ha va phi. MBS c s dng khi ng dng i hi trong cao nh mng , chai. PE clo ha dng khi i hi tnh cht chng lo ha cao.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.3 Tnh cht v ng dng ca PVC PVC l loi nha a dang v ng dung nhiu t xy dng n chi v giy. Hp cht PVC c di rt rng n nn rt kh tng qut ha tinh cht ca n. Tnh cht ca PVC b nh hng ln bi hm lng v loi cht ha do

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.6 Tnh cht v ng dng ca PVC UPVC ( PVC khng ha do) cng trong khi PVC ha do th mm, dai thm ch ging cao su vi hm lng ha do cao. Hm lng ha do cao l cn thit mang li tnh cht va p tt cho PVC. Di 20% ha do khng ci thin bn va p so vi UPVC. Do vy ha do thp khi m c tnh d gia cng c yu cu ch khng phi bn va p. PVC bn vi phn ln dung mi, bao gm c kim v axit long, hydrocacbon. Khng bn vi cyclohexanone v tetrahydrofuran. Ti nhit thng, PVC cch in tt vi di tn s in rng. Nhng khi trn nhit ha thy tinh tnh cch in ch tn ti vi tn s in thp. in tr sut khi gim khi tng hm lng cht ha do.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.6 Tnh cht v ng dng ca PVC PVC c u im so vi olefin l c tinh chng chy t nhin v tn ti 57% hm lng clo. Copolyme ca PVC v vinyl acetate lm gim nhit chy mm, d gia cng, to hnh nhit d dng hn homopolyme. Chng tan trong ketone, ester, hydrocarbon clo ha. 90% PVC sn xut l homopolymer, 10% l copolymer v terpolymer. ng dng ln nht cho UPVC l cho ng dn, khp ni.

UPVC chu thi tit tt, chi ph lp t r. UPVC ngy cng c s dng thay th dn cc vt liu truyn thng nh mi nh vi kh nng chng chy, khung ca, ng dn m khng b n mn cng nh mc.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.6 Tnh cht v ng dng ca PVC PVC dng cho ng dn cht rn, nc thi v thng trn mt t. UPVC gn y c dng thay th g v l do kinh t khi n chi phi ban u v lp t nh gh ti sn vn ng, khp ni ca s, ph tng, hng ro. UPVC chai c trong, khng du, c tnh cn tr tt hn PE. So vi thy tinh chng nh hn, t gin, d thit k to hnh dn n ng dng trong vt liu bc ph hoa qu, ung, dng c v sinh c nhn. Bao ti ch to hon ton t PVC c s dng ng phn bn v cc sn phm khc c th lu gi ngoi tri. ng dng ln nht ca PVC ha do l bc dy dn, cp cch in, tm, mng. PVC cch in tt vi dng in 1 chiu v xoay chiu tn s thp. Ngoi ra cn ng dng trong ph sn, vi da, ng, profile, c phun, laminate, paste.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.6 Tnh cht v ng dng ca PVC Khi lp PVC ha do mng c gn ln tm kim loi. Chng kt dnh tt n ni tm kim loi c th p, ct, to hnh m khng tch lp. Vi da PVC c s dng nhiu nm trong vt liu bc, trang tr trong oto, ni tht, may mc. S thay th vi da tht bng PVC gi da vo nhng thp nin 50,60 do PVC mi mn, s mm do, kh nng git sch tt hn. Ni tht trong nh gm bc bn gh, mn thm, mn che phng tm. Dn tng c th git c lm t giy x l bi hp cht PVC. Loi PVC c bit c dng trong ph kim loi v d nh gh xp. Cn lng tm PVC ha do c s dng lm o ma, qun tr em bng cng ngh hn nhit. PVC cng c s dng trong bng ti hm l, giy dp. mi mn rt tt lm PVC c s dng lm giy. Keo dnh PVC gm cht ha do polymer c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip.

 Chng II: Vt liu cht do, tnh cht v ng dng

II.1 Nha nhit do thng thng II.1.4 Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) 4.2 Cu t trn hp trong hn hp PVC 4.2.6 Tnh cht v ng dng ca PVC ng dng quan trng ca copolymer vinyl actate v PVC l lt sn vinyl. Copolymer c khong 13% vinyl acetate. PVC ph sn c 30-40 phn ha do, 100 phn copolymer, 400 phn trng lng cht n ( amiang v bt nh), qu trnh gia cng gm trn nhit 1300 C , cn nhit 1200 C.