C CH PHAT TRIN SACH (Clean Development Mechanism - CDM )

1. BI CNH RA I
Nhm i pho vi hin tng m ln toan cu, tai Hi nghi cua LHQ v Mi trng v Pht trin Rio de Janeiro, Brazil thng 6/1992, 155 quc gia tham gia k kt Cng c khung lin hip quc

v bin i kh hu ton cu (UNFCCC) mc

tiu cui cng la n inh nng kh nha knh (KNK) trong kh quyn.

1. BI CNH RA I
Nghi inh th Kyoto la hip inh c k kt trong khun kh UNFCCC tai hi nghi ln th 3 cc bn tham gia UNFCCC tai Kyoto - Nht Bn thng 12/1997. Trong nghi inh th nay a ra 3 c ch mm do:
- Bun bn pht thi ton cu (IET - International Emission Trade) - C ch ng thc hin (JI - Joint Implement) - C ch sch (CDM Clean Development Mechanism) gip cc nc thc hin va pht trin c mc tiu gim thi kh nha knh, gop phn at c mc tiu chung cua cng c.

2. TNG QUAN CDM

- CDM la c ch hp tc c xy dng theo Nghi inh Kyoto, h tr cc nc ang pht trin at c PTBV thng qua thc y u t cua cc nc pht trin, ng thi gip cc nc pht trin at c mc tiu PTBV.

- CDM cho phep khu vc Chnh phu va t nhn cua cc nc pht trin thc hin cc d n gim pht thi KNK tai cc nc ang pht trin va nhn c tn dng di dang chng chi gim pht phi(CERs). Khong tn dng nay c tnh vao chi tiu gim pht thi cua cc nc CNH

3. NHNG LI CH KHI THAM GIA CDM

Nc ch nh

- at c PTBV nhanh - Co c li ch b sung nh kim sot nhim mi trng, ci thin s dng nng lng, nhin liu t cc d n - Gop phn xoa oi gim ngheo, gim nhim mi trng - Tng ngun u t nc ngoai - y manh chuyn giao cng ngh va pht trin ngun lc - Gop phn vao mc tiu chung cua UNFCCC

3. NHNG LI CH KHI THAM GIA CDM

Nc u t

- Co c cc n vi gim pht thi (CER) mua c CER - Tng cng mi quan h hu nghi song phng - Cc nc pht trin at c gim pht thi KNK tun thu theo Nghi th Kyoto vi chi ph thp.

3. NHNG LI CH KHI THAM GIA CDM

Cho nhng bn tham gia d an nc u t

- Co c cc n vi gim pht thi (CER) tao ra c - C hi tm c u t mi nc chu nh - Tao ra thi trng cho cng ngh tin b va thn thin vi mi trng

3. NHNG LI CH KHI THAM GIA CDM

- CDM co th khuyn khch u t quc t, cung cp cc ngun lc cn thit cho tng trng kinh t nhiu ni, nhiu khu vc trn th gii. CDM gianh c s quan tm c bit cua c nhng nc ang pht trin va nhng nc pht trin.

- Nng cao va bo tn hiu qu nng lng

- Sn xut nng lng theo hng bn vng

4. IU KIN THAM THAM GIA D.A CDM co th hng li t nhng d n CDM, cc nc phi tha mn 3 iu kin: - T nguyn tham gia - Thanh lp c quan quc gia v CDM (
Vit Nam, c quan ny l V hp tc quc t thuc B Ti nguyn mi trng.)

- Ph chun nghi inh th Kyoto

5. XY DNG MT D AN CDM
Tiu chun i vi mt d an CDM

1) Tiu chun bn vng:

- Ph hp vi k hoach nganh, chnh sch nha nc

- Ph hp vi khun kh php lut nha nc va khng xm pham chu quyn

- Co tc ng tt ti kinh t x hi
- Co nh hng tt ti cc d n khc - Co chng trnh chuyn giao cng ngh va ao tao.

5. XY DNG MT D AN CDM
Tiu chun i vi mt d an CDM

2) Tiu chun b sung a. B sung v gim pht thi khi khng c d n CDM D n co kh nng gim KNK co b sung la d n co pht thi thp hn d kin k hoach khng co CDM. D n s khng xut hin nu khng co hoat ng CDM.
b. B sung v ti chnh, ngun ti chnh CDM s b sung cho pht trin theo k hoch bnh thng.

Xu th C

Co K hoch

C CDM

150 Khng b sung

B sung

140

130

120

110 1995 2000 2005 2010

5. XY DNG MT D AN CDM
Tiu chun i vi mt d an CDM
3) ng c s * ng c s la: - Kich bn gi thit - La mt thit k h thng cho tng lai trn c s ng hc cua h thng - Tao c s so snh gia co va khng co d n CDM Mi d n c th chi tn tai mt ng c s duy nht. 4) Ti chnh - Tai chnh cua d n CDM khng c lam gim qu ODA. - Tai chnh cua d n CDM la phn h tr thm vao ngun vn u t thng mai, phn chi ph gim pht thi gip no co th canh tranh c vi d n nm trong ng c s. - T khon thu v CERs phi ong gop mt khon chi ph qun l.

ng c s v phn b sung cua d n CMD

5. XY DNG MT D AN CDM
Tiu chun i vi mt d an CDM

5) Kh thi - Co bo him bng s ung h va bo tr cua Nha nc. - Phng thc gim st, thc hin r rang. - Co kh nng thng mai ho cao. - Hp dn u t.
6) K hoach kim tra, gim st - Phi c vach ra t u, la mt tai liu d n - Phi c ph duyt nh i vi ng c s.

Quy trnh d n CMD

1. Thit k v xy dng d n 2. Ph duyt quc gia 3. Ph chun/ng k 4. Ti chnh d n 5. Gim st Ti liu thit k d n

C quan thc hin A

Cc nh u t
Cc bn tham gia d n Bo co gim st

6. Thm tra/chng nhn

C quan thc hin B

Bo co thm tra/bo co chng nhn/ ngh ban hnh CERs 7. Ban hnh CERs

Lnh vc xy dng, u t thc hin d n CDM

a) Nng cao hiu qu s dng, bo tn va tit kim nng lng; b) Khai thc, ng dng cc ngun nng lng ti tao;

c) Chuyn i s dng nhin liu ho thach nhm gim pht thi

KNK; d) Thu hi va s dng kh t ng hanh t cc m khai thc du; ) Thu hi kh CH4 t cc BCL, t cc hm khai thc than tiu hu hoc s dng cho pht in, sinh hoat; e) Trng rng hoc ti trng rng tng kh nng hp th, gim pht thi KNK; f) Gim pht thi kh CH4 t cc hoat ng trng trt va chn nui; g) Cc lnh vc khc mang lai kt qu gim pht thi KNK.

6. MT S THNG TIN TH GII

- D n CDM u tin trn th gii c thc hin tai Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (2004), gim pht thi KNK t bi chn lp bng cch thu hi kh CH4 sn xut in. Theo tnh ton, mi nm d n gim c 31 ngan tn CH4( 670 ngan tn CO2).

- n la ni co nhiu d n CDM nht, con Trung Quc la quc gia ng u v nhn c CERs, chim 43,46 % trong tng s gn 172 triu CERs. - u t vao cc d n CDM nhiu nht la cc nc Anh, Ailen, Ha Lan va Nht Bn.
Nganh nng lng la lnh vc nong bng nht cho cc d n CDM trn toan th gii (52,68%), sau o la cc nganh x l va tiu huy cht thi (20,77%) va nng nghip (7,8%).

6. MT S THNG TIN TH GII

Tnh n ngay 16/10/2008, co 1184 d n CDM c Ban chp hanh CDM ng k cho thc hin. Trung bnh 228 triu n vi gim pht thi c chng nhn (CER)/nm, tc la gn 228 triu tn CO2 qui i/nm. Nu tnh n nm 2012, tng s CER cua cc d n c ng k s la hn 1,330 t. Nu tnh cho toan b s d n co trong danh mc, s CERs d tnh n 2012 la hn 2 t 700 triu n vi.

6. MT S THNG TIN TH GII

Bn nc ng u v s d n c thc hin va s CER thu c hang nm la - n , chim 30,24% s d n, thu c hn 31 triu CER/nm (13,67% tng CER thu c) - Trung Quc, chim 23,73% s d n, tao ra hn 120 triu CER/nm (52,74%) - Brasil chim 12,25% s d n va thu c hn 19 triu CER/nm (8,53%)

- Mexico chim 8,95% s d n vi hn 7 triu CER/nm (3,25%).

7. NHNG C HI CUA VIT NAM

Tim nng CDM cua Vit Nam chu yu trong lnh vc nng lng (nh sn xut in theo cng ngh sach hn, chuyn i t nhit in sang thu in, in sc gio hoc in mt tri, tit kim nng lng), trong lm nghip (nh trng rng, ti tao rng). Ngoai ra mt s lnh vc: trng rng, thu hi kh t bi rc, Theo c tnh cua nhom nghin cu Chin lc quc gia v c ch pht trin sch, d kin Vit Nam co th thu nhp thm n 250 triu la t vic bn CER trong giai oan t 2008 n 2012.

Thu hi kh ng hnh ti m Rng ng

1. a im: M Rng ng, cch b pha nam 140km 2. Ch d n: TCT DK VN, CT DK Vit-Nht, CT Thm d&SX du kh, ConocoPhilips(UK). 3. Pht trin d n: CT DK Vit-Nht 4. Ni dung: Xy dng trm bm &ng ng thu hi kh ng hnh a vo b s dng 5. K hoch: - Xong: 12/2001. - Thi hn hp ng bn CO2: 10 nm t1/12/ 2001. 6. Lng CO2 gim c: 6,8-12 MtCO2 cho 10 nm.

Chuyn i nhin liu cho t my 3, nh my in Th c

1. ia im: Thu c, H Ch Minh 2. Chu d n: EVN va nha my. 3. Pht trin d n: NEDO( Japan) and EVN ( Vietnam). 4. Ni dung: Chuyn t FO sang kh cho t my 66MW 5. K hoach: - Xong: 1/4/ 2006. - Thi han hp ng bn CO2: 10nm t1/4/ 2006. 6. Lng CO2 gim c: 825.000tCO2 cho 10 nm.

MT S D AN CDM VIT NAM

T hp gi+Diezel cp in cho o Ph qu
1. ia im: o Ph qu, Binh thun, cch t lin 120km. 2. Chu d n: Cng ty in lc 2, EVN 3. Vit d n CDM: Trung tm NC Nng lng&Mi trng 4. Ni dung: in gio kt hp diezel. 5. Cng sut: 6.6 MW- 6 ct gio 6. K hoach: - Ct u tin 1/1/ 2006. - Kt thc: 2009. - Thi han hp ng bn CO2: 10 nm t 1/1/2006. 6. Lng CO2 gim c: 106.372tCO2 cho 10 nm.

Thay th l gch th cng bng l kiu ng t lin tc 1.ia im: Tinh Hi dng. 2. Chu d n: S KHCN 3. Vit d n CDM: S KHCN va TT NC NL&MT 4. Ni dung: Thay th lo thu cng kiu c bng lo ng kiu mi. 5. Cng sut: 25l x 4triuvin.nm/lo = 100 triu vin/nm. 6. Lng CO2 gim c: 440.370tCO2 cho 10 nm.

Bi rc ng Thanh va Phc Hip 1

D n CDM u tin c trin
khai hai bi chn lp rc Phc Hip 1 (Cu Chi) va ng Thanh (Hoc Mn). Thanh ph chn Cng ty KM Green (Han Quc), vi hnh thc 100% vn u t nc ngoai, thc hin d n CDM nay.

Giai oan 2008-2012, tai hai bi rc trn s thu c khong 4 triu tn CO2 ( dang qui i tng ng), th tng doanh thu cua d n khong 56 triu USD. Tp.HCM c hng 40% trong s nay, tng ng ngun thu khong 22,4 triu USD (14USD/ tn CO2).

Hnh nh thu kh tai bi rc