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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010

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Gio vin hng dn: thy KIM SN

Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Li ni u Trang
Phn 1: Cc phng php gii phng trnh nghim nguyn ........................................4
Phng php 1:Xt s d ca tng v. ................................................................................5
Phng php 2: a v dng tng. ......................................................................................5
Phng php 3: Dng bt ng thc ...................................................................................6
Phng php 4: Dng tnh chia ht, tnh ng d . .............................................................8
Phng php 5: Dng tnh cht ca s chnh phng .......................................................11
Phng php 6: Li v hn, nguyn tc cc hn ...............................................................14
Phng php 7: Xt ch s tn cng .................................................................................15
Phng php 8: Tm nghim ring ...................................................................................15
Phng php 9: H bc ......................................................................................................16
Phn 2: Cc dng phng trnh c nghim nguyn .......................................................18
Dng 1: Phng trnh bc nht hai n ...............................................................................19
Dng 2: Phng trnh bc hai c hai n .............................................................................19
Dng 3: Phng trnh bc ba tr ln c hai n. .................................................................21
Dng 4: Phng trnh a thc c ba n tr ln ..................................................................23
Dng 5: Phng trnh dng phn thc ...............................................................................24
Dng 6: Phng trnh dng m ..........................................................................................25
Dng 7: H phng trnh v t ...........................................................................................26
Dng 8: H phng trnh vi nghim nguyn ...................................................................28
Dng 9: H phng trnh Pytago .......................................................................................28
Dng 10: Phng trnh Pel .................................................................................................30
Dng 11: iu kin phng trnh c nghim nguyn. ..................................................32
Phn 3: Bi tp p dng ...................................................................................................33
Ph lc ...............................................................................................................................48
Li cm n .........................................................................................................................52


Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Phng trnh v bi ton vi nghim nguyn l mt ti l th ca S hc
v i s, t nhng bi ton v tnh mi loi tru Trm tru trm c n cc
chuyn gia ton hc ln vi cc bi ton nh nh l ln Fecma. c nghin cu
t thi iphng th k th III, phng trnh nghim nguyn vn cn l i tng
nghin cu ca ton hc.
Phng trnh nghim nguyn v cng a dng, v th n thng khng c quy
tc gii tng qut. Mi bi ton, vi s liu ring ca n, i hi mt cch gii ring
ph hp.
Thi gian qua, nh s hng dn ca gio vin b mn, chng em xin gii
thiu chuyn Phng trnh nghim nguyn. Chuyn ny l s tp hp cc
phng php cng nh cc dng phng trnh khc nhau ca phng trnh nghim
nguyn, do chng em su tm t cc ngun kin thc khc nhau. Chng em mong
mun quyn chuyn s gip ch mt phn cho vic tm hiu ca cc bn hc sinh
v vn nu trn.
Quyn chuyn ny gm c 3 phn chnh. u tin chng em xin gii thiu
cc phng php thng dng gii phng trnh vi nghim nguyn, sau l
vic tm hiu cch gii cc dng phng trnh khc nhau ca n v cui cng l
phn bi tp. Trong qu trnh bin son, su tm v tp hp cc phng php cng
nhng v d, bi tp, tuy chng em c gng rt nhiu nhng thiu st l iu kh
trnh khi. V vy, chng em mong thy v cc bn khi xem xong quyn chuyn
ny hy ng gp kin gip nhng chuyn sau c hon thnh tt hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n!


Nhm bin tp
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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1) PHNG PHP XT S D CA TNG V
V d 1: Chng minh cc phng trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn:
a)
2 2
1998 x y =
b)
2 2
1999 x y + =
Gii:
a) D chng minh
2 2
, x y chia cho 4 ch c s d 0 hoc 1 nn
2 2
x y chia cho 4 c
s d 0, 1, 3. Cn v phi 1998 chia cho 4 d 2
Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim nguyn.
b)
2 2
, x y chia cho 4 c s d 0, 1 nn
2 2
x y + chia cho 4 c cc s d 0, 1, 2. Cn
v phi 1999 chia cho 4 d 3.
Vy phng trnh khng c nghim nguyn.
V d 2: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
2
9 2 x y y + = +
Gii
Bin i phng trnh: 9 2 ( 1) x y y + = +
Ta thy v tri ca phng trnh l s chia ht cho 3 d 2 nn ( 1) y y + chia cho 3
d 2.
Ch c th: 3 1 y k = + , 1 3 2 y k + = + vi k nguyn
Khi : 9 2 (3 1)(3 2) x k k + = + +
9 9 ( 1) x k k = +
( 1) x k k = +
Th li, ( 1) x k k = + , 3 1 y k = + tha mn phng trnh cho.
p s
( 1)
3 1
x k k
y k
= +

= +

vi k l s nguyn ty
2) PHNG PHP A V DNG TNG
Bin i phng trnh v dng: v tri l tng ca cc bnh phng, v phi l tng
ca cc s chnh phng.
V d 3: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2 2
8 x y x y + = (1)
Gii:
(1)
2 2
4 4 4 4 32 x y x y + =

2 2
2 2 2 2
(4 4 1) (4 4 1) 34
| 2 1| | 2 1| 3 5
x x y y
x y
+ + + + =
+ = +

Bng phng php th chn ta thy 34 ch c duy nht mt dng phn tch thnh
tng ca hai s chnh phng
2 2
3 , 5 . Do phng trnh tha mn ch trong hai kh
nng:

| 2 1| 3
| 2 1| 5
x
y
=

hoc
| 2 1| 5
| 2 1| 3
x
y
=


Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Gii cc h trn phng trnh (1) c bn nghim nguyn l: (2 ; 3), (3 ; 2), ( 1 ;
2), ( 2 ; 1)

3) PHNG PHP DNG BT NG THC
Trong khi gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn rt cn nh gi cc min gi
tr ca cc bin, nu s gi tr m bin s c th nhn khng nhiu c th dng
phng php th trc tip kim tra. nh gi c min gi tr ca bin s
cn vn dng linh hot cc tnh cht chia ht, ng d, bt ng thc
a) Phng php sp th t cc n
V d 4: Tm ba s nguyn dng sao cho tng ca chng bng tch ca chng
Gii:
Cch 1: Gi cc s nguyn dng phi tm l x, y, z. Ta c:
. . x y z x y z + + = (1)
Ch rng cc n x, y, z c vai tr bnh ng trong phng trnh nn c th sp xp
th t gi tr ca cc n, chng hn: 1 x y z s s s
Do : 3 xyz x y z z = + + s
Chia hai v ca bt ng thc 3 xyz z s cho s dng z ta c: 3 xy s
Do {1; 2;3} xy e
Vi xy = 1, ta c x = 1, y = 1. Thay vo (1) c 2 + z = z (loi)
Vi xy = 2, ta c x = 1, y = 2. Thay vo (1) c z = 3
Vi xy = 3, ta c x = 1, y = 3. Thay vo (1) c z = 2 loi v y z s
Vy ba s phi tm l 1; 2; 3.
Cch 2: Chia hai v ca (1) cho 0 xyz = c:

1 1 1
1
yz xz xy
+ + =
Gi s 1 x y z > > > ta c
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1
yz xz xy z z z z
= + + s + + =
Suy ra
2
3
1
z
s do
2
3 z s nn z = 1. Thay z = 1 vo (1):
1 x y xy + + =
1 xy x y =
( 1) ( 1) 2 x y y =
( 1)( 1) 2 x y =
Ta c 1 1 0 x y > > nn

Suy ra


Ba s phi tm l 1; 2; 3
V d 5:
Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh sau :
5(x + y + z + t) + 10 = 2xyzt .
x 1 2
y 1 1
x 3
y 2
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Gii
V vai tr ca x, y, z, t nh nhau nn c th gi thit
x y z t.
Khi : 2xyzt = 5(x + y + z + t) +10 20x + 10

3
15 15 2 yzt t t s s s
Vi t = 1 ta c : 2xyz = 5(x + y + z) +15 15x + 15

2
2 30 2 30 3 yz z z s s s
Nu z = 1 th 2xy = 5(x + y) + 20 hay 4xy = 10(x + y) + 40 hay
(2x 5)(2y 5) = 65 .
D thy rng phng trnh ny c nghim l
(x = 35; y = 3) v (x = 9; y = 5).
Gii tng t cho cc trng cn li v trng hp t = 2. Cui cng ta tm c
nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh cho l (x; y; z; t) = (35; 3; 1; 1); (9; 5; 1;
1) v cc hon v ca cc b s ny.

b) Phng php xt tng khong gi tr ca n
V d 6: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:

1 1 1
3 x y
+ =
Gii:
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x v y, gi s x y > . Dng bt ng thc gii hn
khong gi tr ca s nh hn (l y).
Hin nhin ta c
1 1
3 y
< nn 3 y > (1)
Mt khc do 1 x y > > nn
1 1
x y
s . Do :
1 1 1 1 1 2
3 x y y y y
= + s + = nn 6 y s (2)
Ta xc nh c khong gi tri ca y l 4 6 y s s
Vi y = 4 ta c:
1 1 1 1
3 4 12 x
= = nn x = 12
Vi y = 5 ta c:
1 1 1 2
3 5 15 x
= = loi v x khng l s nguyn
Vi y = 6 ta c:
1 1 1 1
3 6 6 x
= = nn x = 6
Cc nghim ca phng trnh l: (4 ; 12), (12 ; 4), (6 ; 6)
c) Phng php ch ra nghim nguyn
V d 7: Tm cc s t nhin x sao cho:
2 3 5
x x x
+ =
Gii:
Vit phng trnh di dng:
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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2 3
1
5 5
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
(1)
Vi x = 0 th v tri ca (1) bng 2, loi.
Vi x = 1 th v tri ca (1) bng 1, ng
Vi 2 x > th
2 2 3 3
,
5 5 5 5
x x
| | | |
< <
| |
\ . \ .
nn:

2 3 2 3
1
5 5 5 5
x x
| | | |
+ < + =
| |
\ . \ .
loi
Nghim duy nht ca phng trnh l x = 1
d) S dng diu kin 0 > phng trnh bc hai c nghim
V d 8: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2 2
x y xy x y + + = + (1)
Gii
Vit (1) thnh phng trnh bc hai i vi x:

2 2
( 1) ( ) 0 x y x y y + + = (2)
iu kin cn (2) c nghim l 0 >
2 2 2
( 1) 4( ) 3 6 1 0 y y y y y = + = + + >

2
3 6 1 0 y y s

2
3( 1) 4 y s
Do
2
( 1) 1 y s suy ra:
y 1 -1 0 1
y 0 1 2

Vi y = 0 thay vo (2) c
2
1 2
0 0; 1 x x x x = = =
Vi y = 1 thay vo (2) c
2
3 4
2 0 0; 2 x x x x = = =
Vi y = 2 thay vo (2) c
2
5 6
3 2 0 1; 2 x x x x + = = =
Th li, cc gi tr trn nghim ng vi phng trnh (1)
p s: (0 ; 0), (1 ; 0), (0 ; 1), (2 ; 1), (1 ; 2), (2 ; 2)
4) PHNG PHP DNG TNH CHIA HT, TNH NG
D
Khi gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn cn vn dng linh hot cc tnh cht v
chia ht, ng d, tnh chn l, tm ra im c bit ca cc bin s cng nh
cc biu thc cha trong phng trnh, t a phng trnh v cc dng m ta
bit cch gii hoc a v nhng phng trnh n gin hn..
a) Phng php pht hin tnh chia ht ca n:
V d 9: Gii phng trnh vi nghim nguyn:
3x + 17y = 159
Gii:
Gi s x, y l cc s nguyn tha mn phng trnh. Ta thy 159 v 2x u chia ht
cho 3 nn 17y 3 do y 3 ( v 17 v 3 nguyn t cng nhau)
t y = 3t ( t e ). Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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3x + 17.3t = 159
x + 17t = 53
Do :
53 17
3
x t
y t
=

( t e )
o li, thay cc biu thc ca x v y vo phng trnh ta c nghim ng.
Vy phng trnh (1) c v s nghim nguync xc nh bng cng thc:
53 17
3
x t
y t
=

(t l s nguyn ty )
V d 10:
Chng minh rng phng trnh :
2 2
5 27 x y = (1) khng c nghim l s
nguyn.
Gii
Mt s nguyn x bt k ch c th biu din di dng x = 5k hoc x = 5k 1 hoc
x = 5k 2 trong k e
- Nu x = 5k th :
2 2 2 2
(1) (5 ) 5 27 5(5 ) 27 k y k y = =
iu ny v l, v v tri chia ht cho 5 vi mi k v y l s nguyn, cn v phi
khng chia ht cho 5
- Nu x = 5k 1 th :
2 2
(1) (5 1) 5 27 k y =
2 2
25 10 1 5 27 k k y + =

2 2
5(5 4 ) 23 k k y =
iu ny cng v l, v tri chia ht cho 5 vi mi k v y l s nguyn, cn v
phi khng chia ht cho 5
- Nu x = 5k 2 th :
2 2
(1) (5 2) 5 27 k y =
2 2
25 20 4 5 27 k k y + =

2 2
5(5 4 ) 23 k k y =
Lp lun tng t nh trn, iu ny cng v l
Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim l s nguyn
V d 11:
Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh sau :
19x
2
+ 28y
2
= 729.
Gii
Cch 1. Vit phng trnh cho di dng
(18x
2
+ 27y
2
) + (x
2
+ y
2
) = 729 (1)
T (1) suy ra x
2
+ y
2
chia ht 3, do x v y u chia ht cho 3. t
x = 3u, y = 3v ( , ) u v e
Thay vo phng trnh cho ta c : 19u
2
+ 28v
2
= 81. (2)
T (2) lp lun tng t trn ta suy ra u = 3s, v = 3t ( , ) s t e
Thay vo (2) ta c 19s
2
+ 28t
2
= 9. (3)
T (3) suy ra s, t khng ng thi bng 0, do
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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19s
2
+ 28t
2
19 > 9.
Vy (3) v nghim v do phng trnh cho cng v nghim.
Cch 2. Gi s phng trnh c nghim
T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x
2
-1 (mod 4), iu ny khng xy ra vi mi
s nguyn x. Vy phng trnh cho v nghim


b) Phng php a v phng trnh c s
V d 12: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
xy x y = 2
Gii:
Bin i phng trnh thnh:
x(y 1) y = 2
x(y 1) (y 1) = 3
(y 1)(x 1) = 3
Ta gi phng trnh trn l phng trnh c s: v tri l 1 tch cc tha s
nguyn, v phi l mt hng s. Ta c x v y l cc s nguyn nn x 1 v y 1 l
cc s nguyn v l c ca 23.
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x v y trong phng trnh nn c th gi s x>y, khi
x 1>y 1
Ta c:


Do :
x 4 0
y 2 -2

Nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: (4 ; 2), (2 ; 4), (0 ; -2), (-2 ; 0)
V d 13:
Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh : x + xy + y = 9.
Gii
Phng trnh cho c th a v dng :
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 10. (1)
T (1) ta suy ra (x + 1) l c ca 10 hay ( 1) { 1; 2; 5; 10} x + e
T ta tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh l :
(1, 4), (4, 1), (-3, -6), (-6, -3), (0, 9), (9, 0), (-2, -11), (-11, -2).

V d 14:
Xc nh tt c cc cp nguyn dng (x; n) tha mn phng trnh sau

3
3367 2
n
x + =
Gii
s dng c hng ng thc a
3
b
3
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) ta chng minh n
chia ht cho 3 .
T phng trnh cho ta suy ra
3
2
n
x (mod 7).
x 1 3 -1
y 1 1 -3
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Nu n khng chia ht cho 3 th 2
n
khi chia cho 7 ch c th cho s d l 2, 4 hoc 7,
trong khi
3
x khi chia cho 7 ch c th cho s d l 0, 1, hoc 6 nn khng th c
ng d thc
3
2
n
x (mod 7).
Vy n = 3m vi m l mt s nguyn dng no . Thay vo phng trnh cho
ta c

3 3
3367 2
m
x + =

2
(2 )[(2 ) 3 .2 ] 3367
m m
x m x x + = (1)
T (1) ta suy ra 2
m
x l c ca 3367
Hn na,
3 3 3
(2 ) 2 3367
m m
x x < = nn (2 ) {1;7;13}
m
x e
Xt 2 1
m
x = , thay vo (1) ta suy ra 2
m
(2
m
1) = 2 561, v nghim.
Xt 2 3
m
x = , thay vo (1) ta suy ra 2
m
(2
m
13) = 2 15, v nghim.
Xt 2 7
m
x = , thay vo (1) ta suy ra 2
m
(2
m
7) = 24 32. T ta c
m = 4; n = 3m = 12, v x = 9.
Vy (x; n) = (9; 12)

c) Phng php tch ra cc gi tr nguyn:
V d 15: Gii phng trnh v d 2 bng cch khc
Gii:
Biu th x theo y:
x(y 1) = y + 2
Ta thy y= 1 ( v nu y = 1 th ta c 0x = 3 v nghim)
Do :
2 1 3 3
1
1 1 1
y y
x
y y y
+ +
= = = +


Do x l s nguyn nn
3
1 y
l s nguyn, do y 1 l c ca 3. Ln lt cho y
1 bng -1, 1, -3, 3 ta c cc p s nh v d 2.

5) PHNG PHP DNG TNH CHT CA S CHNH
PHNG
a) S dng tnh cht v chia ht ca s chnh phng
V d 16: Tm cc s nguyn x 9x + 5 l tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip
Gii:
Cch 1: Gii s 9x + 5 = n(n + 1) vi n nguyn th:
36x + 20 =
2
4 4 n n +
2
36 21 4 4 1 x n n + = + +
2
3(12 7) (2 1) x n + = +
S chnh phng
2
(2 1) n + chia ht cho 3 nn cng chia ht cho 9. Ta li c 12x +
7 khng chia ht cho 3 nn 3(12x + 7) khng chi ht cho 9.
Mu thun trn chng t khng tn ti s nguyn x no 9x + 5 = n(n + 1).
Cch 2: Gi s 9x + 5 = n(n + 1) vi n nguyn
Bin i
2
9 5 0 n n x + =
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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phng trnh bc hai i vi n c nghim nguyn, iu kin cn l l s
chnh phng.
Nhng 1 4(9 5) 36 21 x x = + + = + chi ht cho 3 nhng khng chia ht hco 9 nn
khng l s chnh phng.
Vy khng tn ti s nguyn n no 9x + 5 = n(n + 1), tc l khng tn ti s
nguyn x 9x + 5 l tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip.
b) To ra bnh phng ng:
V d 17: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2 2
2 4 19 3 x x y + =
Gii :

2 2
2 4 2 21 3 x x y + + =

2 2
2( 1) 3(7 ) x y + =
Ta thy
2 2
3(7 ) 2 7 2 y y y l
Ta li c
2
7 0 y > nn ch c th
2
1 y =
Khi (2) c dng:
2
2( 1) 18 x + =
Ta c: x + 1 = 3 , do :
1 2
2; 4 x x = =
Cc cp s (2 ; 1), (2 ; -1), (-4 ; 1), (-4 ; -1) tha mn (2) nn l nghim ca phng
trnh cho.
c) Xt cc s chnh phng lin tip:
V d 18: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn k cho trc, khng tn t5ai s
nguyn dng x sao cho:
( 1) ( 2) x x k k + = +
Gii:
Gi s ( 1) ( 2) x x k k + = + vi k nguyn, x nguyn dng.
Ta c:

2 2
2 x x k k + = +

2 2 2
1 2 1 ( 1) x x k k k + + = + + = +
Do x > 0 nn
2 2 2
1 ( 1) x x x k < + + = + (1)
Cng do x > 0 nn
2 2 2 2
( 1) 1 2 1 ( 1) k x x x x x + = + + < + + = + (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
2 2 2
( 1) ( 1) x k x < + < + v l
Vy khng tn ti s nguyn dng x x(x + 1) = k(k + 2)
V d 19: Tm cc s nguyn x biu thc sau l mt s chnh phng:

4 3 2
2 2 3 x x x x + + + +
Gii:
t
4 3 2
2 2 3 x x x x + + + + =
2
y (1) vi y e
Ta thy:
2 4 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
( 2 ) ( 3)
( ) ( 3)
y x x x x x
y x x x x
= + + + + +
= + + + +

Ta s chng minh
2 2 2
( 2) a y a < < + vi a =
2
x x +
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Tht vy:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 4 3 2
1 11
3 ( ) 0
2 4
( 2) ( 2) ( 2 2 3)
y a x x x
a y x x x x x x
= + + = + + >
+ = + + + + + +


2
2
3 3 1
1 1
3( ) 0
2 4
x x
x
= + +
= + + >

Do
2 2 2
( 2) a y a < < + nn
2 2
( 1) y a = +
4 3 2 2 2
2
2 2 3 ( 1)
2 0
1
2
x x x x x x
x x
x
x
+ + + + = + +
+ =
=



Vi x = 1 hoc x = -2 biu thc cho bng
2
9 3 =
d) S dng tnh cht: nu hai s nguyn dng nguyn t cng nhau c tch l
mt s chnh phng th mi s u l s chnh phng
V d 20: Gii phng trnh vi nghim nguyn dng:

2
xy z = (1)
Gii:
Trc ht ta c th gi s (x , y , z) = 1. Tht vy nu b ba s , ,
o o o
x y z tha mn
(1) v c CLN bng d, gi s
1 1 1
, ,
o o o
x dx y dy z dz = = = th
1 1 1
, , x y z cng l
nghim ca (1).
Vi (x , y , z) = 1 th x, y, z i mt nguyn t cng nhau, v nu hai trong ba s x,
y, z c c chung l d th s cn li cng chia ht cho d.
Ta c
2
z xy = m (x, y) = 1 nn
2 2
, x a y b = = vi a, b
*
e
Suy ra:
2 2
( ) z xy ab = = do , z = ab
Nh vy:
2
2
x ta
y tb
z tab

=
=
=
vi t l s nguyn dng ty .
o li, hin nhin cc s x, y, z c dng trn tha mn (1)
Cng thc trn cho ta cc nghim nguyn dng ca (1)
e) S dng tnh cht: nu hai s nguyn lin tip c tch l mt s chnh
phng th mt trong hai s nguyn lin tip bng 0
V d 21: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2 2 2 2
x xy y x y + + = (1)
Gii:
Thm xy vo hai v:

2 2 2 2
2 x xy y x y xy + + = +

2
( ) ( 1) x y xy xy + = + (2)
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Ta thy xy v xy + 1 l hai s nguyn lin tip, c tch l mt s chnh phng nn
tn ti mt s bng 0.
Xt xy = 0. T (1) c
2 2
0 x y + = nn x = y = 0
Xt xy + 1 = 0. Ta c xy = -1 nn (x , y) = (1 ; -1) hoc (-1 ; 1)
Tha li, ba cp s (0 ; 0), (1 ; -1), (-1 ; 1) u l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
6) PHNG PHP LI V HN, NGUYN TC CC
HN
V d 22: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

3 3 3
2 4 x y z + =
Gii:
Hin nhin 2 x . t
1
2 x x = vi
1
x nguyn. Thay vo (1) ri chia hai v cho 2 ta
c:

3 3 3
1
4 2 x y z + = (2)
Do 2 y . t
1
2 y y = vi
1
y nguyn. Thay vo (2) ri chia hai v cho 2 ta c:

3 3 3
1 1
2 4 x y z + = (3)
Do 2 z . t
1
2 z z = vi
1
z nguyn. Thay vo (3) ri chia hai v cho 2 c:

3 3 3
1 1 1
4 4 x y z + = (4)
Nh vy nu (x , y , z) l nghim ca (1) th
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z cng l nghim ca (1)
trong
1 1 1
2 , 2 , 2 x x y y z z = = = .
Lp lun tng t nh trn,
2 2 2
( , , ) x y z cng l nghim ca (1) trong
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 , 2 , 2 x x y y z z = = = .
C tip tc nh vy ta i n: x, y, z chia ht cho 2
k
vi k l s t nhin ty .
iu ny cha xy ra khi x = y = z = 0.
l nghim nguyn duy nht ca (1)
V d 23:
Tm ba s nguyn dng i mt khc nhau x, y, z tha mn :

3 3 3 2
( ) x y z x y z + + = + +
Gii
V vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau nn c th gi s x < y < z.
p dng bt ng thc :

3
3 3 3
3 3
x y z x y z + + + +
| |
>
|
\ .

Vi mi x, y, z 0 ta suy ra x + y + z 9.
Du bng khng xy ra v x, y, z i mt khc nhau.
Vy x + y + z 8. (1)
Mt khc: x + y + z 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra {6;7;8} x y z + + e
T y kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta tm c x, y, z
Vy (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3) v cc hon v ca b ba s ny


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7) PHNG PHP XT CH S TN CNG
V d 24: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh :

2
1! 2! ... ! x y + + + = (1)
Gii: Cho x ln lt bng 1; 2; 3; 4, ta c ngay2 nghim nguyn dng (x ; y) c
phng trnh l (1 ; 1), (3 ; 3)
Nu x > 4 th d thy k! vi k > 4 u c ch s tn cng bng 0
1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + + x! = 33 + 5! + + x! c ch s tn cng bng 3.
Mt khc v phi l s chnh phng nn khng th tn cng l 3.
Vy phng trnh (1) ch c hai nghim nguyn dng (x ; y) l (1 ; 1) v (3 ; 3)
V d 25: Tm x, y nguyn dng tha mn phng trnh:

2 2 1
1 3
y
x x
+
+ = (1)
Gii:
Cho x cc gi tr t n 9, d dng xc nh c cha s tn cng ca
2
1 x x +
ch nhn cc gi tr 1; 5; 9. Mt khc ta thy
2 1
3
y+
l ly th bc l ca 3 nn ch s
tn cng ca n ch c th l 3 hoc 7, khc vi 1; 5; 9.
Vy (1) khng th xy ra. Ni cc khc phng trnh (1) khng c nghim
nguyn dng.
8) PHNG PHP TM NGHIM RING
a) Cch gii
Xt phng trnh 0 ax by c + + = (1)
trong , , a b c e , 0, 0 a b = =
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi thit rng (a, b, c) = 1. Tht vy, nu
( ) a, b, c 1 d = = th ta chia hai v ca phng trnh cho d.
Ta c hai nh l:
nh l 1: Nu phng trnh (1) c nghim nguyn th (a, b) = 1 (*)
Chng minh: Gi s ( , )
o o
x y l nghim nguyn ca (1) th
o o
ax by c + =
Nu a v b c c chung l 1 d = th c d , tri vi gi thit (a, b, c) = 1.
Vy (a, b) = 1
nh l 2: Nu ( , )
o o
x y l mt nghim ca phng trnh (1) th phng trnh (1) c
v s nghim nguyn v mi nghim nguyn ca n u c th biu din di
dng:

o
o
x x bt
y y at
= +


trong t l mt s nguyn ty ( 0, 1, 2,...) t = .
Chng minh:
Bc 1: Mi cp s ( ; )
o o
x bt y at + u l nghim nguyn ca (1). Tht vy
( , )
o o
x y l nghim ca (1) nn
o o
ax by c + =
Ta c: ( ) ( )
o o o o
ax by a x bt b y at ax by c + = + + = + =
Do ( ; )
o o
x bt y at + l nghim ca (1)
Bc 2: Mi nghim (x, y) ca (1) u c dng ( ; )
o o
x bt y at + vi t eZ
Tht vy, do ( , )
o o
x y v (x, y) l nghim ca (1) nn
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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o o
ax by c
ax by c
+ =
+ =

Tr tng v:
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( )
o o
o o
a x x b y y
a x x b y y
+ =
=
(2)
Ta c ( )
o
a x x b m (a, b) = 1 ( theo nh l 1) nn
o
x x b
Vy tn ti s nguyn t sao cho:

o
x x = bt
Tc l:
o
x x bt = + .
Thay vo (2):
( )
o
abt b y y =

o
o
at y y
y y at
=
=

Vy tn ti s nguyn t sao cho:

o
o
x x bt
y y at
= +


b) V d:
V d 26: Tm mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
3x 2y = 5
Gii:
Cch 1: Ta thy 3; 2
o o
x y = = l mt nghim ring.
Theo nh l 2, mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:

3 2
2 3
x t
y t
=

(t l s nguyn ty )
Cch 2: Ta thy 1; 1
o o
x y = = l mt nghim ring
Theo nh l 2, mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:

1 2
1 3
x t
y t
=

(t l s nguyn ty )
Ch : Qua hai cch gii trn, ta thy c nhiu cng thc biu th tp hp cc
nghim nguyn ca cng mt phng trnh.
c) Cch tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh bc nht hai n:
tm mt nghim nguyn ring ca phng trnh ax by c + = , ta c th dng
phng php th chn: ln lt cho x bng s c gi gi tr tuyt i nh
(0; 1; 2...) ri tm gi tr tng ng ca y.

9) PHNG PHP H BC
V d 27:
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Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
x
3
+ 2y
3
4z
3
= 0 (1)
Gii
(1) x
3
= 4z
3
2y
3
(2)
R rng v phi ca (2) chia ht cho 2 nn x
3
2 do x 2. t x = 2x
1
(x
1
e Z).
Thay vo (2) ta c :
(2) 8x
1
3
= 4x
3
2y
3
y
3
= 2z
3
4x
1
3
(3)
Lp lun tng t ta c y 2, t y = 2y1 (y1e Z). Bin i tng t, ta c:
z
3
= 4y
1
3
+ 2x
1
3
(4)
Lp lun tng t ta c z 2, t z = 2z
1
(z
1
eZ). Bin i tng t, ta li c:
(4) 8z
1
3
= 4y
1
3
+ 2x
1
3
x
1
3
+ 2y
1
3
4z
1
3
= 0 (5)
R rng nu b s (x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) l nghim ca (1) th b s
0 0 0
( ; ; )
2 2 2
x y z
cng l
nghim ca (1), hn na x
0
, y
0
, z
0
l s chn v
0 0 0
; ;
2 2 2
x y z
cng l s chn. Qu
trnh ny c th tip tc mi v cc s
0 0 0
; ;
2 2 2
n n n
x y z
l s chn vi mi n l s
nguyn dng.
Vy x = y = z = 0







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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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1) PHNG TRNH BC NHT HAI N
V d 1: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
11x + 18y = 120
Gii:
Ta thy 11 6 x nn 6 x . t x = 6k (k nguyn). Thay vo (1) v rt gn ta c:
11k + 3y = 20

Biu th n m h s ca n c gi tr tuyt i nh (l y) theo k ta c:

20 11
3
k
y

=
Tch ring gi tr nguyn ca biu thc ny:

1
7 4
3
k
y k

= +
Li t
1
3
k
= t vi t nguyn suy ra k = 3t + 1. Do :

7 4(3 1) 3 11
6 6(3 1) 18 6
y t t t
x k t t
= + + =
= = + = +

Thay cc biu thc ca x v y vo (1), phng trnh c nghim ng.
Vy cc nghim nguyn ca (10 c biu th bi cng thc:

18 6
3 11
x t
y t
= +

vi t l s nguyn ty
Cch gii:
- Rt gn phng trnh, ch n tnh chia ht ca cc n
- Biu th n m h s ca n c gi tr tuyt i nh (chng hn x) theo n kia.
- Tch ring gi tr nguyn biu thc ca x
- t iu kin phn b trong biu thc ca x bng mt s nguyn
1
t , ta
c mt phng trnh bc nht hai n y v
1
t
- C tip tc nh trn cho n khi cc n u c biu th di dng mt a
thc vi cc h s nguyn
2) PHNG TRNH BC HAI HAI N
V d 2: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
5x 3y = 2xy 11
Gii: Biu th y theo x:
(2x + 3)y = 5x + 11
D thy 2x + 3 = 0 ( v x nguyn ) do :

5 11 5
2
2 3 2 3
x x
y
x x
+ +
= = +
+ +

y e phi c 5 2 3 x x + +
2( 5) 2 3 x x + +
2 3 7 2 3 x x + + +
7 2 3 x +
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Ta c:





Th li cc cp gi tr trn ca (x , y) u tha mn phng trnh cho.
V d 3: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2 2
2 11 x x y =
Gii:
Cch 1: a v phng trnh c s:

2 2
2 1 12 x x y + =
2 2
( 1) 12 x y =
( 1 )( 1 ) 12 x y x y + =
Ta c cc nhn xt:
a) V (1) cha y c s m chn nn c th gi thit rng 0 y > . Th th
1 1 x y x y + >
b) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 2 x y x y y + = nn 1 x y + v 1 x y cng tnh chn l.
Tch ca chng bng 12 nn chng cng chn.
Vi cc nhn xt trn ta c hai trng hp:

x 1 + y 6 -2
x 1 - y 2 -6
Do :
x - 1 4 -4
y 2 2
x 5 -3
p s: (5 ; 2), (5 ; -2), (-3 ; 2), (-3 ; -2)
Cch 2:
Vit thnh phng trnh bc hai i vi x:

2 2
2 (11 ) 0 x x y + =

2 2
' 1 11 12 y y = + + = +
iu kin cn (2) c nghim nguyn:
' l s chnh phng
2 2
12 ( ) y k k + = e
2 2
12 ( )( ) 12 k y k y k y = + =
Gi s 0 y > th k + y > k y v k + y > 0
(k + y) (k y) = 2y nn k + y v k y cng tnh chn l v phi cng chn.
T cc nhn xt trn ta c:

6
2
k y
k y
+ =


Do : y = 2
2x + 3 1 -1 7 -7
x -1 -2 2 -5
y 6 -1 3 2
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Thay vo (2):
2
2 15 0 x x =

1 2
5, 3 x x = =
Ta c bn nghim: (5 ; 2), (5 ; -2), (-3 ; -2), (-3 ; 2)
V d 4: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2 2
2 3 3 0 x y xy x y + + + = (1)
Gii:
Vit thnh phng trnh bc hai i vi x:

2 2
(3 1) (2 3) 0 x y x y y + + + = (2)
2 2 2
(3 1) 4(2 3) 2 11 y y y y y = + =
iu kin cn v (2) c nghim nguyn l l s chnh phng
2 2
2 11 ( ) y y k k = e (3)
Gii (3) vi nghim nguyn ta c
1 2
5, 3 y y = =
Vi y = 5 thay vo (2) c
2
14 48 0 x x + + = . Ta c:
1 2
8, 6 x x = =
Vi y = -3 thay vo (2) c
2
10 24 0 x x + = . Ta c
3 4
6, 4 x x = =
p s: (-8 ; 5), (-6 ; 5), (6 ; -3), (4 ; -3)
3) PHNG TRNH BC BA TR LN C HAI N:
V d 5: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2
( 1)( 2)( 3) x x x x y + + + = (1)
Gii:
Nu y tha mn phng trnh th y cng tha mn, do ta gi s 0 y >
(1)
2 2 2
( 3 )( 3 2) x x x x y + + + =
t
2
3 2 1 x x a + + + = , ta c:

2 2 2
( 1)( 1) 1 a a y a y + = =
( )( ) 1 a y a y + =
Suy ra a + y = a y, do y = 0
Thay vo (1) c:
1 2 3 4
0; 1; 2; 3 x x x x = = = =
p s: (0 ; 0), (-1 ; 0), (-2 ; 0), (-3 ; 0)
V d 6: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

3 3
8 x y xy = + (1)
Gii:
Cch 1:
2 2
| | . | | | 8 | x y x xy y xy + + = +
D thy x y = , v nu x = y th (1) tr thnh
2
0 8 x = + , loi.
Do x, y nguyn nn | | 1 x y >
Suy ra:
2 2
| | | 8 | x xy y xy + + s +
Do :
2 2
| 8 | x xy y xy + + s + (2)
Xt hai trng hp:
a) xy + 8 < 0. Khi (2) tr thnh:

2 2 2
8 ( ) 8 x xy y xy x y + + s + s , loi
b) 8 0 xy + > . Khi (2) tr thnh:
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2 2 2 2
8 8 x xy y xy x y + + s + + s (3)
Do :
2 2
, {0;1; 4} x y e
Nu x = 0 th t (1) c
3
8 y = nn y = 2
Nu y = 0 th t (1) c
3
8 x = nn x = 2
Nu x, y khc 0 th
2 2
, {1; 4} x y e . Do x y = nn ch c:

2
2
1
4
x
y
=

hoc
2
2
4
1
x
y
=


Nh vy trong hai s x v y c mt s chn, mt s l. Khi v tri ca (1) l cn
v phi ca (1) chn, khng xy ra.
p s: (0 ; -2), (2 ; 0)
Cch 2:
3 3
8 x y xy = (1)

3 3
27 27 27 216 x y xy =

3 3
27 27 1 27 215 x y xy = (2)
Ta thy
3
27x ,
3
27y , 1 l lp phng ca 3x, 3y, 1 cn 27xy l ba bn tch
ca ba s y. p dng hng ng thc:

2 2 2
3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
3 ( ).
2
a b b c c a
a b c abc a b c
+ +
+ + = + +
Vi a = 3x, b = -3y, c = 1 , ta bin i (2) thnh:
2 2 2
(3 3 ) (1 3 ) (3 1)
(3 3 1). 215
2
x y y x
x y
( + + + +
=
(

(3)
t biu thc trong du mc ca (3) l A. Ta thy A > 0 nn A v 3 3 1 x y l
c t nhin ca 215. Phn tch ra tha s nguyn t: 215 = 5.43 nen 215 c bn
c t nhin: 1, 5, 43, 215.
Do 3 3 1 x y chi cho 3 d 2 nn 3 3 1 {5; 215} x y e
Xt hai trng hp:
3 3 1 5(4)
43(5)
x y
A
=

v
3 3 1 215
1
x y
A
=


Trng hp 1: t (4) suy ra x y = 2. Thay y = x 2 vo (5) c:
2 2 2
[3 3( 2)] [1 3( 2)] (3 1) 86 x x x x + + + + =
Rt gn c: x(x 2) = 0
1 2
0, 2 x x = =
Vi x = 0 th y = 2. Vi x =2 th y =0
Trng hp 2: T A = 1 suy ra:

2 2 2
(3 3 ) (1 3 ) (3 1) 2 x y y x + + + + =
Tng ca ba s chnh phng bng 2 nn c mt s bng 0, hai s bng s 1. S
bng 0 khng th l 1 3y hoc 3x + 1, do 3x + 3y = 0. Nghim nguyn ca h:

2
2
3 3 0
(1 3 ) 1
(3 1) 1
x y
y
x
+ =

+ =

l x = y = 0, khng tha mn 3x 3y 1 = 215.


p s: (0 ; -0), (2 ; 0)
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Cch 3:
3 3
8 x y xy = +

3
( ) 3 ( ) 8 x y xy x y xy + = +
t x y = a, xy = b ta c:

3
3 8 a ab b + = +
3
8 (3 1) a b a =
Suy ra:
3
8 3 1 a a

3
27( 8) 3 1 a a

3
27 1 215 3 1 a a
Do
3
27 1 3 1 a a nn 215 3 1 a
Phn tch ra tha s nguyn t: 215 = 5.43
Do 3 1 { 1; 5; 43; 215} a e
Do 3a 1 chia cho 3 d 2 nn 3 1 { 1;5; 43; 215} a e
Ta c:
3a 1 1 5 43 215
a 0 2 14 72
3
8
1 3
a
b
a


8 0 64 1736
Ch rng
2
( ) 4 0 x y xy + > nn
2
4 0 a b + > , do trong bn trng hp trn ch
c 2; 0 a b = = . Ta c: x y = 2; xy = 0
p s: (0 ; -2) v (2 ; 0)
4) PHNG TRNH A THC C BA N TR LN
V d 7: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
6 15 10 3 x y z + + =
Gii:
Ta thy10 3 z nn 3 z . t z = 3k ta c:
6 15 10.3 3 x y k + + =
2 5 10 1 x y k + + =
a v phng trnh hai n x, y vi cc h s tng ng 2 v 5 l hai s nguyn t
cng nhau.
2 5 1 10 x y k + =
1 10 5 1
5 2
2 2
k y y
x k y

= = +
t
1
2
y
= t vi t nguyn. Ta c:
1 2
5 2(1 2 ) 5 5 2
3
y t
x k t t t k
z k
=
= + =
=

Nghim ca phng trnh: (5 5 2;1 2 ;3 ) t k t k vi t, k l cc s nguyn ty .
V d 8: Chng minh rng phng trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn:

2 2 2
1999 x y z + + = (1)
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Gii:
Ta bit rng s chnh phng chn th chia ht cho 4, cn s chnh phng l th
chia cho 4 d 1 v chia cho 8 d 1.
Tng
2 2 2
x y z + + l s l nn trong ba s
2 2 2
; ; x y z phi c: hoc c mt s l, hai
s chn; hoc c ba s l.
Trng hp trong ba s
2 2 2
; ; x y z c mt s l, hai s chn th v tri ca (1) chia
cho 4 d 1, cn v phi l 1999chia cho 4 d 3, loi.
Trong trng hp ba s
2 2 2
; ; x y z u l th v tri ca (1) chia cho 8 d 3, cn v
phi l 1999 chia cho 8 d 7, loi.
Vy phng trnh (1) khng c nghim nguyn.
5) PHNG TRNH DNG PHN THC
V d 9: Tm cc nghei65m nguyn dng ca phng trnh:

1 1 1 1
6 6 x y xy
+ + =
Gii:
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh vi 6xy:
6 6 1 y x xy + + =
a v phng trnh c s:
( 6) 6( 6) 37 x y y =
( 6)( 6) 37 x y =
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x v y, gi s 1 x y > > , th th 6 6 5 x y > > .
Ch c mt trng hp:

6 37 43
6 1 7
x x
y y
= =


= =


p s: (43 ; 7), (7 ; 43)
V d 10: Tm cc s nguyn x sao cho
17
9
x
x

l bnh phng ca mt phn s


Gii:
Gii s
2
17
9
x a
x b

| |
=
|

\ .
vi
*
, a b e e .
Xt a = 0 th x = 17
Xt 0 a = . Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s (a, b) = 1. Do
2 2
( , ) 1 a b = nn:

2
17 x a k = (1)

2
9 x b k = (2) k nguyn
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
2 2
( 9) ( 17) ( ) x x b a k =
8 ( )( ) b a b a k = +
Ta thy b + a v b a l c ca 8. Ch rng (b + a) (b a) = 2a nn b + a v b
a cng tnh chn l. Ta li c b + a > b a v b + a > 0. C cc trng hp:


Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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b + a b a k b a
2
9 x b k = +
4 2 1 3 1 18
4 2 1 1 3 8
2 2 2 0, loi
2 4 1 1, loi

C ba p s:
x = 17 th
2
17 17 0
0
17 9 8

= =


x = 18 th
2
18 17 1 1
18 9 9 3

| |
= =
|

\ .

x = 8 th
2
8 17
9 3
8 9

= =


6) PHNG TRNH DNG M
V d 11: Tm cc s t nhin x v cc s nguyn y sao cho:

2
2 3
x
y + =
Gii:
Ln lt xt cc gi tr t nhin ca x:
Nu x = 0 th
2
4 y = nn 2 y =
Nu x = 1 th
2
5 y = , khng c nghim nguyn
Nu 2 x > th 2 4
x
, do v tri chia cho 4 d 3, cn y l nn v phi chia cho 4
d 1. Mu thun.
Kt lun: Nghim ca phng trnh l (0 ; 2), (0 ; 2)
V d 12: Gii phng trnh vi nghim nguyn dng:

2
2 57
x
y + = (1)
Gii:
Xt hai trng hp:
a) x l. t x = 2n + 1 ( ) ne . Ta c:
2 1
2 2 2.4 2(3 1) 2( 3 1) 3 2
x n n n
BS BS
+
= = = + = + = +
Khi v tri ca (1) l s chia cho 3 d 2, cn v phi l s chnh phng chia cho
3 khng d 2, loi.
b) x chn. t x = 2n
*
( ) ne . Ta c:

2 2
2 57
( 2 )( 2 ) 3.19
n
n n
y
y y
=
+ =

Ta thy 2
n
y + > 0 nn 2
n
y > 0 v 2
n
y + > 2
n
y
Do c cc trng hp:
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2
n
y +
57 19
2
n
y
1 3
2
n

28, loi 8
n 3
y 11
x = 2n 6
Ta c:
6 2
2 57 11 + =
Kt lun: nghim ca phng trnh l (6 ; 11)
V d 13: Gii phng trnh vi nghim t nhin:
2 2 2 1024
x y z
+ + = (1) vi x y z s s
Gii:
Chia hai v ca (1) cho 2 0
x
= ta c:

10
1 2 2 2
y x z x x
+ + = (2)
Do
10
2
x
> 1 nn
10
2
x
l bi ca 2. Ta li c z > x, v nu z = x th x = y = z, khi
(2) tr thnh
0 0
1 2 2 2 BS + + = , loi. Do 2
y x
l bi ca 2.
Suy ra 1 2
y x
+ l bi ca 2. Do 2
y x
= 1, vy y = x.
Thay vo (2):

10
10
1 10
1 9
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
2(1 2 ) 2
1 2 2
z x x
z x x
z x x
z x x




+ + =
+ =
+ =
+ =

Do
9
2
x
> 1 nn
9
2
x
l bi ca 2. Do
1
2
z x
= 1 v 2 =
9
2
x
. T x = 8; y =
9; z = 9.
7) PHNG TRNH V T
V d 14: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 1 2 1 y x x x x = + +
Gii:
iu kin: 1 x >
( 1) 1 2 1 ( 1) 1 2 1 y x x x x = + + + +
| 1 1| | 1 1| x x = + +
1 1 | 1 1| x x = + +
Xt hai trng hp:
a) Vi x = 1 th y =2.
b) Vi 2 x > th 1 1 1 1 2 1 y x x x = + + =
Do :
2
4( 1) y x = . Do 2 x > nn c th t x 1 =
2
t vi t nguyn dng.
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Ta c:
2
1
2
x t
y t
= +


Ktt lun: nghim ca phng trnh l: (1 ; 2), (
2
1 t + ; 2t) vi t l s nguyn
dng ty .
V d 15: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
x x x x y + + + =
Gii:
Ta c: 0, 0 x y > >
Bnh phng hai v ri chuyn v:
2
( ) x x x y x k k + + = = e
Bnh phng hai v ri chuyn v:
2
( ) x x k x m m + = = e
Bnh phng hai v:
2
x x m + =
Ta bit rng vi x nguyn th x hoc l s nguyn hoc l s v t. Do
2
x x m + = ( ) me nn x khng l s v t. Do x l s nguyn v l s t
nhin.
Ta c:
2
( 1) x x m + =
Hai s t nhin lin tip x v 1 x + c tch l s chnh phng nn s nh bng
0:
x = 0
Suy ra: x = 0; y = 0 tha mn phng trnh cho.
Nghim ca phng trnh l (0 ; 0)
V d 16: Tm cc nghei65m nguyn ca phng trnh:
1980 x y + = (1)
Gii:
1980 x y = (2)
Vi iu kin 0 , 1980 x y s s :
(2) 1980 2 1980 x y y = +
1980 12 55 x y y = +
Do x, y nguyn nn 12 55y nguyn. Ta bit rng vi y nguyn th 55y hoc l
s nguyn hoc l s v t. Do 55y l s nguyn, tc l 55y l s chnh
phng:
11.5.y =
2
k . Do : y =
2 2
11.5. 55 a a = vi a e
Tng t: x =
2
55b vi be
Thay vo (1):
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55 55 6 55
6
a b
a b
+ =
+ =

Gi s y x s th a b s . Ta c:


a b
2
55 x a =
2
55 y b =
0
1
2
3
6
5
4
3
0
55
220
495
1980
1375
880
495
C 7 p s: (0 ; 1980), (1980 ; 0), (55 ; 1375), (1375 ; 55), (220 ; 880), (880 ; 220),
(495 ; 495)
8) H PHNG TRNH VI NGHIM NGUYN
V d 17: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca h phng trnh:

3 3 3
3
3
x y z
x y z
+ + =

+ + =


Gii:
Ta c hng ng thc:
3 3 3 3
( ) ( ) 3( )( )( ) x y z x y z x y y z z x + + + + = + + +
Nn : 27 3 3( )( )( ) x y y z z x = + + +
8 ( )( )( ) x y y z x z = + + +
t x + y = c, y + z = a, z + x = b.
Ta c: abc = 8 , , { 1, 2, 4, 8} a b c e
Gi s x y z s s th a b c > > .
Ta c: a + b + c = 2(x + y + z) = 6 nn 2 a >
a) Vi a = 2 ta c
4
4
b c
bc
+ =


Suy ra: b = c = 2
Ta c: x = y = z = 1
b) Vi a = 4 ta c
2
2
b c
bc
+ =


Khng c nghim nguyn.
c) Vi a = 8 ta c
2
1
b c
bc
+ =


Suy ra: b = c = 1
Ta c: x = y = 4; z = 5
p s: (1 ; 1 ; 1), (4 ; 4 ; 5), (4 ; 5 ; 4), ( 5 ; 4 ; 4)
9) PHNG TRNH PYTAGO
V d 19: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

2 2 2
x y z + = (1)
Gii:
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Trc ht ta gi s x, y, z nguyn t cng nhau. Tht vy nu b ba s , ,
o o o
x y z
tha mn (1) v c CLN l d, gi s
1 1 1
, ,
o o o
x dx y dy z dz = = = th
1 1 1
( ; ; ) x y z cng
l nghim ca (1)
Vi x, y, z nguyn t cng nhau th chng i mt nguyn t cng nhau, v nu
hai trong ba s y c c chung l d th s cn li cng chia ht cho d.
Ta thy x v y khng th cng chn (v chng nguyn t cng nhau, khng th
cng l (v nu x v y cng l th z chn, khi
2 2
x y + chia cho 4 d 2, cn
2
4 z ).
Nh vy trong hai s x v y c mt s chn, mt s l.
Cch 1: Gi s x l, y chn th z l. Ta vit (1) di dng:

2
( )( ) x z y z y = +
Ta c z + y v z y l cc s l. Chng nguyn t cng nhau. Tht vy, gi s
, z y d z y d + (d l) th:
(z + y) + (z y) = 2z d
(z + y) (z y) = 2y d
Do (2,d) = 1 nn ; z d y d
Do (y,z) = 1 nn d = 1. Vy (z + y, z y) = 1
Hai s nguyn dng z + y v z y nguyn t cng nhau, c tch l s chnh
phng
2
x nn mi s z + y v z y cng l s chnh phng.
t
2
2
z y m
z y n
+ =
=

Vi m, n l cc s l, nguyn t cng nhau, m > n.
Ta c:

2 2
2 2
2
2
x mn
m n
y
m n
z

+
=


Vi m v n l cc s l, nguyn t cng nhau, m > n.
o li, d thy b ba s (x, y, z) ni trn tha mn (1)
Cch 2: Gi s x chn, y l th z l s l.
Ta c:
2
( )( ) x z y z y = +

2
.
2 2 2
x z y z y +
| |
=
|
\ .
. Do z, y l cc s l nguyn t cng nhau nn
2
z y +
v
2
z y
l cc s nguyn v nguyn t cng nhau (tht vy, gi s
2
z y
d
+
,
2
z y
d


th
2 2
1
2 2
z y z y
d
z d
d
z y z y y d
d
+


=

+

)
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Hai s nguyn dng
2
z y +
v
2
z y
nguyn t cng nhau c tch l s chnh
phng
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .
nn mi s l s chnh phng.
t
2
2
z y
m
+
= ;
2
2
z y
n

= (m, n e ) th:

2 2
z m n = + ;
2 2
y m n = .
Do y, z l nn m, n chn l khc nhau.
Do
2 2
( , ) m n = 1 nn (m, n) = 1
Nh vy:

2 2
2 2
2 x mn
y m n
z m n
=

= +


Vi m v n l cc s nguyn t cng nhau, chn l khc nhau, m > n.
o li, d thy ba b s (x, y, z) ni trn tha mn (1)
Ta gi ba b s (x, y, z) ni trn l b ba s Pitago gc. Nhn b ba s ny vi
mi s nguyn dng, ta c tt c cc b ba s Pitago, l tt c cc nghim
nguyn dng ca phng trnh
2 2 2
x y z + = .
10) PHNG TRNH PEL
Phng trnh
2 2
1 x Py = vi P l s nguyn dng khng chnh phng gi l
phng trnh Pel, mang tn nh ton hc Anh l Pel (Pell)
Thc ra nh ton hc Php Lagrng, cng thi vi Pel, l ngi u tin cng b
li gii y ca phng trnh trn nm 1766.
Phng trnh Pel c v nghim nguyn. Ngoi nghim tm thng 1; 0 x y = = ,
tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh, ta ch cn tm nghim nguyn dng
ca n.
Ta gi
1 1
( , ) x y l nghim nguyn dng nh nht ca phng trnh Pel nu n l
nghim khng tm thng v
1 1
x y P + l s nh nht trong tp hp:

{ }
* 2 2
| , , 1 x y P x y x Py + e =


Bng sau cho ta cc nghim nguyn dng nh nht
1 1
( , ) x y ca mt s phng
trnh Pel:







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P
2 2
1 x Py =
1
x
1
y
2
3
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
2 2
2 1 x y =
2 2
3 1 x y =
2 2
5 1 x y =
2 2
6 1 x y =
2 2
7 1 x y =
2 2
8 1 x y =
2 2
10 1 x y =
2 2
11 1 x y =
2 2
12 1 x y =
2 2
13 1 x y =
3
2
9
5
4
3
19
10
7
649
2
1
4
2
3
1
6
3
2
180
Ngi ta chng minh c rng: nu
1 1
( , ) x y l nghim nguyn dng nh nht
ca phng trnh ( , )
k k
x y ca phng trnh c xc nh bi:
1 1
( )
k
k k
x y P x y P + = + vi k = 1, 2, 3
V d 20: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
2 1 x y = (1)
a) Kim tra rng: (3 ; 2) l mt nghim ca (1).
b) Khai trin (3 2 2)
k
+ c 2 a b + ( , ) a be . Chng minh rng (a, b) l
nghim ca (1)
c) Bng nhn xt cu b, hy tm thm hai nghim nguyn dng khc ca (1)
Gii
a)
2 2
3 2.2 1 = . Vy (3, 2) l mt nghim ca (1)
b) Ta c: (3 2 2)(3 2 2) 1 + =
(3 2 2) (3 2 2) 1
k k
+ =
Ta bit rng nu (3 2 2) 2
k
a b + = + th
(3 2 2) 2
k
a b = . Do :
( 2)( 2) 1 a b a b + =

2 2
2 1 a b =
Vy (a, b) l nghim ca (1)
c) Ta tnh:
2
(3 2 2) 9 8 12 2 17 12 2 + = + + = +
3
(3 2 2) (17 12 2)(3 2 2) + = + +

51 34 2 36 2 48
99 70 2
= + + +
= +

Vy: (17; 12), (99; 70) cng l nghim ca (1).
V d 21: Tm nghim nguyn dng nh nht ri tm thm hai nghim nguyn
dng khc ca phng trnh sau:

2 2
15 1 x y =
Gii
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Kim tra ta c (4; 1) l nghim nguyn dng nh nht.
2
3
(4 15) 31 8 15
(4 15) 244 63 15
+ = +
+ = +

Hai nghim nguyn dng khc (31; 8) v (244; 63)
11) IU KIN PHNG TRNH C NGHIM
NGUYN
V d 18: Tm cc s thc a cc nghim ca phng trnh sau u l s
nguyn:

2
( 2) 0 x ax a + + = (1)
Gii:
Gi
1 2
, x x l nghim nguyn ca (1). Theo nh l Viete:

1 2
1 2
2
x x a
x x a
+ =

= +


Do :
1 2 1 2
1 2 2
1 2
( ) 2
( 1) ( 1) 3
( 1)( 2) 3
x x x x
x x x
x x
+ =
=
=

1
1 x v
2
2 x l c ca 3. Gi s
1 2
x x > th
1
1 x >
2
2 x . Ta c hai trng
hp:
a)
1 1
2 2
1 3 4
1 1 2
x x
x x
= =


= =


Khi a = 6
b)
1 1
2 2
1 1 0
1 3 2
x x
x x
= =


= =


Khi a = 2
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Bi 1: Tm tt c cc cp nghim nguyn (x, y) tha mn :
y(x 1) = x
2
+ 2.
Hng dn:
Ta c y(x 1) = x
2
+ 2
2
2 3
1
1 1
x
y x
x x
+
= = + +


V x, y nguyn nn x 1 l c ca 3
Vy (x, y) = (4, 6) ; (2, 6) ; (-2, -2 ) ; (0, -2)
Bi 2: Tm x, y e tha mn :
2x
2
2xy = 5x y 19 .
Hng dn:
(x, y) = (0, -19) ; (1, 16) ; (9, 8) v (-8, -11)
Bi 3: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
xy
2
+ 2xy 243y + x = 0
Hng dn:
Ta c xy
2
+ 2xy 243y + x = 0 x(y + 1)
2
= 243y (1)
T (1) vi ch rng (y + 1; y) = 1 ta suy ra (y + 1)
2
l c ca 243.
Vy (x, y) = (54, 2) ; (24, 8)
Bi 4: Tm nghim ca phng trnh:
2
x
3 = 65y
Hng dn:
Ta chng t phng trnh cho khng c nghim nguyn. Gi s phng trnh 2
x
3
= 65y c nghim nguyn ta suy ra
2
x
3 (mod 5) v 2
x
3 (mod 13)
T 2
x
3 (mod 5) suy ra x 3 (mod 4) (1)
T 2
x
3 (mod 13) ta suy ra x 4 (mod 12), tri vi (1)
Bi 5: Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh sau :
a) 15x
2
7y
2
= 9
b) 29x
2
28y
2
= 2000
c) 1999x
2
2000y
2
= 2001
d) x
2002
2000.y
2001
= 2003
e) 19x
2
84y
2
= 198
Hng dn:
a) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra y chia ht cho 3. t y = 3y
1
. Ta c
5x
2
21y1
2
= 3 (1)
T (1) suy ra x chia ht cho 3. t x = 3x1. Ta c
15x1
2
7y1
2
= 1 (2)
T (2) suy ra y
1
2
-1 (mod 3), v nghim
b) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x
2
5 (mod 7). Vy phng trnh cho v
nghim
c) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x
2
-1 (mod 4). Vy phng trnh cho v
nghim
d) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x l v x
2002
1 (mod 4)
Suy ra 2003 1 (mod 4), v l. Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
e) Gi s phng trnh cho c nghim. Khi : y
2
+ 1 0 (mod 19). V 19 l s
nguyn t c dng 4k + 3 nn y
2
+ 1 0 (mod 19) ta suy ra 19 \ 1, v l
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Bi 6: Tm cc s nguyn dng tha mn :
x < y < z v 5
x
+ 2.5
y
+ 5
z
= 4500.
Hng dn:
Nu z < 5 th 5
x
+ 2.5
y
+ 5
z
< 4500.
Nu z > 5 th 5
x
+ 2.5
y
+ 5
z
> 4500.
Vy x = 3, y = 4, z = 5.
Bi 7: Tm cc s t nhin x, y, x tha mn:
a) 2002 2001 1
x y
=
b) 5 1 2
x y
= +
c) 5 1 2
x y
+ =
d) 2 .3 1 5
x y z
= +
Hng dn:
a) Ta c 2002 2001 1 2(mod4),
x y
= + suy ra x = 1 v y = 1.
b) Nu x chn th 5 1(mod3)
x
suy ra 2 0(mod3)
y
: loi
Nu x l th 5 5(mod8)
x
suy ra 2 4(mod8)
y
. Suy ra y = 2
p s : (x; y) = (1; 2)
c) Nu x l th 5 1
x
+ chia ht cho 3 cn 2
y
khng chia ht cho 3: loi
Nu x chn th 5 1 2(mod 4)
x
+ suy ra 2 2(mod 4)
y
. Suy ra y = 1 v x = 0
p s : (x; y) = (0; 1)
d) Ta c 1 5 2(mod 4)
z
+ suy ra 2 .3 2(mod 4)
x y
do x = 1.
Khi ta c 2.3 1 5
y z
= +
Nu y = 0 th z = 0. Nu y = 1 th z = 1.
Nu y > 1 th 2.3 0(mod9)
y
nn 5 1(mod9)
z
.
Suy ra z chia ht cho 3 v z l.
Vy z c dng z = 6 3( ). k k + e Nhng khi ,

2 1
2.3 1 125 0(mod7)
y k +
= + : loi
Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim t nhin l: (1; 0; 0) v (1; 1; 1)
Bi 8: Tm cc s nguyn dng x, y, z tha mn:
a)
2
1! 2! ... ! x y + + + =
b) ! ! 10 9 x y z + = +
Hng dn:
a) y l bi ton lin quan n ch s tn cng ca mt s chnh phng.
Nu 4 x > th 1!+2!++x! tn cng bi 3 v khng c s nguyn dng y no tha
mn.
p s : x= y = 1 hoc x = y = 3.
b) Nu x, y > 1 th x!+y! chia ht cho 2; loi
Nu y = 1 th x! = 10z + 8 8(mod10), suy ra 4. x s
p s : v nghim .
Bi 9: Tm cc s nguyn t x, y, z tha mn :
x
y
+ 1 = z
Hng dn:
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V x, y nguyn t nn x, y 2. T phng trnh cho ta suy ra z 5 v z l (do z
nguyn t). V z l nn x chn hay x = 2. Khi , z = 1 + 2
y
.
Nu y l th z chia ht cho 3 (loi). Vy y = 2.
p s : x = y = 2 v z = 5.
Bi 10: Tm tt c cc cp s t nhin (n, z) tha mn phng trnh :
2
n
+ 12
2
= z
2
3
2

Hng dn:
Nu n l th 2
n
-1 (mod 3). T phng trnh cho ta suy ra z
2
-1 (mod 3), loi.
Nu n chn th n = 2m (m N) v phng trnh cho tr thnh:
z
2
2
2m
=153 hay (z 2
m
)(z + 2
m
) = 153.
Cho z + 2
m
v z 2
m
l cc c ca 153 ta tm c m = 2, z = 13.
p s : n = 4, z = 13.
Bi 11: Tm x, y nguyn tha mn :
x
2
y
2
x
2
8y
2
=2xy
Hng dn:
Vit li phng trnh cho di dng:
y
2
(x
2
7) = (x + y)
2
. (1)
Phng trnh cho c nghim x = y = 0. Xt x, y 0. T (1) suy ra x
2
7 l mt s
chnh phng. t x
2
7 = a
2
, ta c
(x a)(x + a) = 7
T tm c x
p s: (0, 0) ; (4, -1) ; (4, 2) ; (-4, 1) ; (-4, -2)
Bi 12: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh :
2 3 x y z + = +
Hng dn:
V vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau nn c th gi s . y z > T phng trnh cho ta suy ra
2 3 2 . x y z yz + = + + Suy ra

2
( ) 4 3( ) 4 12. x y z x y z yz + = (1)
V 3 l s v t nn t (1) ta suy ra :
x y z = 4yz 12 = 0 yz = 3 y = 3, z = 1 v x = y + z =4
p s : phng trnh c 2 nghim l (4; 3; 1) v (4; 1; 3)
Bi 13: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng a, b, c i mt khc nhau sao cho biu thc :
A =
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c ab bc ca
+ + + + + nhn gi tr nguyn dng.
Hng dn:
Ta c A.abc = ab + bc + ca + a + b + c (1)
T (1) ta CM c a, b, c cng tnh chn l. V vau tr ca a, b, c nh nhau v a, b, c
i mt khc nhau nn c th gi thit a < b < c.
Nu 3 a > th 5, 7 b c > > v A < 1, loi. Suy ra a = 1 hoc a = 2
Nu a = 1 th 3, 5 b c > > do 1 < A < 3 suy ra A = 2. Thay a = 1, A = 2 ta c:
2(b + c) + 1 = bc hay (b 2)(c 2) =5. T ta c b = 3, c = 7. Trng hp a = 2
xt tng t.
p s : (2; 4; 14), (1; 3; 7) v cc hon v ca 2 b s ny
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Bi 14: Tm tt c cc b ba s t nhin khng nh hn 1 sao cho tch ca hai s bt
k cng vi 1 chia ht cho s cn li
Hng dn:
Gi s ba s cho l 1. a b c > > > Ta c
, ,
1 1 1
c a b
ab bc ac + + +

Suy ra

( 1)( 1)( 1)
abc
ab ac bc + + +

ab + bc + ca + 1 abc
ab + bc + ca + 1 = k.abc, . k
+
e (1)
V ab + bc + ca + 1 s 4abc nn k s 4
Nu k = 4 th a = b = c = 1 (tha mn)
Nu k = 3 th t (1) ta suy ra 3abc s 4ab suy ra c s 1
Do c = 1 a = 2, b = 1
Trng hp k = 2, k = 1 c xt tng t nh trng hp k = 3
p s : (1; 1; 1) , (2; 1; 1) , (3; 2; 1) , (7; 3; 2)
Bi 15: Tm ba s nguyn dng i mt khc nhau x, y, z tha mn :

3 3 3 2
( ) x y z x y z + + = + +
Hng dn:
V vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau nn c th gi s x < y < z
p dng bt ng thc

3
3 3 3
3 3
x y z x y z + + + + | |
>
|
\ .

, , 0 x y z > ta suy ra x + y + z s 9
Du bng khng xy ra v x, y, z i mt khc nhau
Vy x + y + z s 8 (1)
Mt khc x + y + z > 1 + 2 + 3 =6 (2)
T (1) , (2) ta suy ra x { } 6, 7, 8 e
T y kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta tm c x, y, z
p s : (1, 2, 3) v cc hon v ca b ba s ny
Bi 16: Tm tt c nghim nguyn (x; y) ca phng trnh :

2 2 3
( )( ) ( ) x y x y x y + + =
Hng dn:
Bin i phng trnh v dng

2 2 2
[2 ( 3 ) ( 3 )] 0 y y x x y x x + + + = (1)
TH 1: y = 0
TH 2: y 0 = . Khi
(1)
2 2 2
2 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 0 y x x y x x + + + = (2)
Xem (2) l phng trnh bc 2 i vi bin y. (2) c nghim nguyn th
2
( 1) ( 8) x x x A = + phi l mt s chnh phng, tc l

2
( 8) ( ) ( 4 )( 4 ) 16 x x a a x a x a = e + =
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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T ta tm c x
p s : (x; y) = (9; -6) , (9; -21) , (8; -10) , (-1; -1) v (m; 0) vi me
Bi 17: Tm cc s nguyn khng m x, y sao cho :

2 2
1 x y y = + +
Hng dn:
Nu y = 0 th x = 1
Nu y > 1 th t phng trnh cho ta suy ra y < x < y + 1, v l
Bi 18: Tm cc s nguyn x, y, z, t sao cho :
a)
2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y + + =
b)
2 2 2
2 x y z xyz + + =
c)
2 2 2 2
2 x y z t xyzt + + + =
Hng dn:
S dng phng php xung thang
a) Phng trnh cho :
2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y + + = (1)
Nu c x v y u l th t (1) suy ra z chn. Khi ,
2 2 2
2(mod 4) x y z + + cn
2 2
1(mod 4) : x y v l
Vy 1 trong 2 bin x, y phi chn
Gi s x chn, t (1) suy ra
2 2
4 y z + do c y v z u phi chn
t
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 , 2 , 2 ( , , ) x x y y z z x y z = = = e .
Thay vo (1) ta c
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
4 . . x y z x y + + = (2)
T (2) li lp lun nh trn ta suy ra
1 1 1
, , x y z u chn
C tip tc nh vy s dn n 2 , 2 , 2 , .
k k k
x y z k e
iu ny ch xy ra khi x = y = z = 0
b) , c) tng t
Bi 19: Tm cc s nguyn x, y, z, t tha mn:

{
3 1
2.
xy zt
xz yt
=
+ =

Hng dn:
Ta c
3 1
2
xy zt
xz yt
=
+ =

2
2
( 3 ) 1
3( ) 12
xy zt
xz yt
=
+ =

Cng theo tng v ta c
2 2 2 2
( 3 )( 3 ) 13 x t y z + + =
p s : (x; y; z; t) = (1; 1; 2; 0) , (-1; -1; -2; 0) , (1; 1; 0; 2) , (-1; -1; 0; -2)
Bi 20: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca h phng trnh :

{
3 3 2
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ =
Hng dn:
Kh z a n phng trnh :
2 2
( 1) 0 y x y x x + + =
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Xem y l phng trnh bc 2, bin y, t iu kin tn ti nghim ta suy ra x = 1 hoc
x = 2
p s : (x; y; z) = (1; 2; 3) , (2; 1; 3) , (2; 2; 4)
Bi 21: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
7(x + y) = 3(x
2
xy + y
2
)
Hng dn:
p s : (x, y) = (4, 5) hoc (5,4)
Cch 1: i bin u = x + y, v = x y ta a v phng trnh:
28u = 3(u2 + 3v2). (*)
T (*) chng minh c u chia ht cho 9 v 0 u 9 suy ra u = 0 hoc u = 9
Cch 2: Xem phng trnh cho l phng trnh bc hai i vi x.
3x2 (3y + 7)x + 3y2 7y = 0 (1)
(1) c nghim th bit thc A phi l s chnh phng
T tm c y
Bi 22: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn (x, y) tha mn
12x
2
+ 6xy + 3y
2
= 28(x + y)
Hng dn:
p s (x, y) = (0, 0) ; (1, 8) ; (-1, 10)
Phng trnh : 12x
2
+ 6xy + 3y
2
= 28(x + y) (*)
Cch 1
Ta s nh gi min gi tr ca x :
T (*) suy ra

2
2
2 2
2 2
14 14 196
9 3( ) 28( ) 3 ( )
3 3 3
7 {0,1, 4}
x x y x y x y
x x
(
= + + + = + s
(

s e

Cch 2 : tng t Bi 24
Bi 23: Tm x, y
+
eZ tha mn :
x
2000
+ y
2000
= 2003
2000
(1)
Hng dn:
p s: phng trnh v nghim
Gi s x y. T (1) suy ra x < 2003 v x + 1 < 2003
Ta c
2003
2000
(x + 1)
2000
> x
200
0 + 2000.x
1999

y
2000
> 2000.x
1999
2000.y
1999
2003 > x y > 2000
Vy x = 2002, y = 2001
Th li khng tha mn (1)
Bi 24: Tm : 2 ... 2 2 3 x x x x x x e + + + + =
Hng dn:
p s : x = 0 hoc x = 3
Xt cc trng hp ca x v nh gi hai v
Bi 25: Tm , , : x y z eZ
3 2
2 7 8 2 x x x y + =

3 2
2 7 8 2 y y y z + =

3 2
2 7 8 2 z z z x + =
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Hng dn:
p s : x = y = z =1 hoc x= y = z = 2
t (t) =
3 2
2 7 8 2 t t t + v s dng tnh cht (a) (b) ( ) a b a b =
Bi 26: Tm x, y eZ : 2001 x y + = (*)
Hng dn:
iu kin , 0 x y >
T (*) suy ra 2001 y x = . Bnh phng hai v ta c
2001 2 2001. 2001. y x x x = + e
V 2001 = 3 667, ta li c 3 v 667 l cc s nguyn t nn
x = 3 667 a
2
= 2001.a
2
(trong ) ae
Lp lun tng t ta c y =
2
2001. ( ) b be
Thay
2 2
2001 , 2001 x a y b = = vo (*) c rt gn ta suy ra : a + b =1
T c hai nghim : (x; y) =(2001; 0) hoc (0; 2001)
Bi 27: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng (a, b) sao cho
2
2
2
a
ab

+
l s nguyn
Hng dn:
T gi thit suy ra
2( ) ( 2) 2( ) ( 2) a b ab a b k ab + + + = + (1)
T (1) chng t k = 1 suy ra a = 4, b = 3
p s : (a; b) = (4; 3)
Bi 28: Tm n nguyn dng sao cho phng trnh x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= nx
2
y
2
z
2
c nghim
nguyn dng. Vi cc gi tr va tm c ca n, hy gii phng trnh trn.
Hng dn:
p s : n = 1 hoc n = 3
Bi 29: Cho phng trnh : x
3
3xy
2
+ y
3
= n
a) Gi s phng trnh cho c mt nghim nguyn (x, y). Chng minh rng
phng trnh cho c t nht ba nghim nguyn
b) Gii phng trnh tm nghim nguyn vi n = 2002
Hng dn:
a) Ta c
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
3 ( ) 3( ) ( ) ( ) 3( )( ) ( ) . x xy y y x y x x x y y x y x y + = + = +
b) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra
3 3
1(mod3). x y +
Suy ra 1(mod3) x v 0(mod3) y hoc 0(mod3) x v 1(mod3) y
C hai trng hp ta u c
3 2 3
3 1(mod9) x xy y + . Do phng trnh cho
khng c nghim khi n = 2002.
Bi 30: Chng minh
*
, n e phng trnh
1 2 1 2
... . ...
n n
x x x x x x + + + = lun c
nghim trong
*
.
Hng dn:
Cho
1 2 2
... 1
n
x x x

= = = = ta i n phng trnh

1
( 1)( 1) 1.
n n
x x n

= (1)
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D thy
n
x n = v
1
2
n
x

= tha mn (1)
Vy phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim nguyn dng l

1 2
( ; ;...; ) (1;1;...; 2; )
n
x x x n =
Bi 31: Chng minh rng phng trnh x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz = 2001
n
lun c nghim
nguyn vi mi n 2
Hng dn:
t 2001 9
n
m = . B ba s (m; m 1; m + 1) l mt nghim ca phng trnh cho
Bi 32: Chng minh rng phng trnh x
2
+ y
5
= z
3
c v s nghim nguyn (x, y, z)
tha mn xyz 0
Hng dn:
D thy b cc b ba sau l nghim ca phng trnh cho
(3; -1; 2) v (10; 3; 7)
Ta thy nu (x; y; z) l nghim ca phng trnh cho th

15 6 10
( , , ) k x k y k z
cng l nghim ca phng trnh cho. T c iu phi chng minh
Bi 33: Chng minh cc phng trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn?:

2 2
2 2
2 2
5 3
5 3 2
)3 4 13
)19 28 2001
) 2 8 3
) 5 4 24(5 1)
)3 6 18 2001
a x y
b x y
c x y y
d x x x y
e x x x x
=
+ =
= +
+ = +
+ =

Hng dn: dng phng php xt s d ca tng v. T ta thy s d ca hai v
phng trnh s khng bng nhau. iu dn ti cc phng trnh v nghim.
Bi 34: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:

1 1 1
4 x y
+ =
Hng dn: Gi s 1 x y s s th
1 1
x y
>

1 1 1 2
8
4
1 1
4
4
x
x y x
x
x
= + s s
< >

Vy 4 8 x < s , th chn tm nghim.
p s: (5 ; 20), (20 ; 5), (6 ; 12), (12 ; 6), (8 ; 8)
Bi 35: Tm ba s nguyn dng sao cho tch ca chng gp i tng ca chng.
Hng dn: 2( ) xyz x y z = + +
Gii s x y z s s . Ta c 2( ) 2.3 6 xyz x y z z z = + + s =
Suy ra 6 xy s , th chn ln lt xy = 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6.
p s: (1 ; 3 ; 8), (1 ; 4 ; 5), (2 ; 2 ; 4) v cc hon v.
Bi 36: Tm bn s nguyn dng sao cho tng ca chng bng tch ca chng.
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Hng dn: x y z t xyzt + + + =
Gi s z t z y x > > > > . Ta c 4 xyzt x y z t t = + + + s nn 4 xyz s .
Th chn ln lt xy = 1; 2; 3; 4.
p s: 1 ; 1 ; 2 ; 4.
Bi 37: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca cc phng trnh:

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
) 2
)
) 3 3 3
) 2 5 1
a x xy y x y
b x xy y x y
c x xy y y
d x xy y y
+ + = +
+ + = +
+ =
+ = +

Hng dn: a cc phng trnh v dng phng trnh bc hai theo n x, tm iu
kin ca phng trnh c nghim nguyn.
p s: a) (1 ; -1), (2 ; -1), (0 ; 0), (2 ; 0), (0 ; 1), (1 ; 1)
b) (0 ; 0), (1 ; 0), (0 ; 1)
c) (0 ; 0), (0 ; 1), (3 ; 1), (3 ; 3), (6 ; 3), (6 ; 4)
d) (1 ; 0), (-1 ; 0)
Bi 38: Tm cc s t nhin x sao cho: 2 3 35
x x
+ =
Hng dn: Th x = 0, 1, 2, 3 vo phng trnh.
Vi x > 3, phng trnh v nghim.
p s: x = 3
Bi 39: Tm cc s nguyn x v y sao cho:

3 2 3
1 x x x y + + + =
Hng dn: Chng minh y > x ri xt hai trng hp:
y = x + 1 v y > x + 1
Bi 40: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
x! + y! = (x + y)!
Hng dn: Gi s x y > th ! ! x y > . Do

( )! ! ! 2 !
2 ( 1)( 2)...( )
x y x y x
x x x y
+ = + s
> + + +

Ch c x = 1, y = 1 tha mn.
p s (1 ; 1)

Bi 41: Chng minh rng phng trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn dng:

17 17 17
19 x y + =
Hng dn: gi s
17 17 17
19 x y + = v 1 19 x y s s <
Ta c:

17 17
17 17 16
19 ( 1)
19 17
y
y y
> +
> +

Vy x > 17, ch c th x = y = 18.
Th li, x = y = 18 khng tha.
Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim nguyn dng.
Bi 42: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
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2 2
3 4 6 13 x y x + = +
Hng dn: bin i
2 2
3 6 3 16 4 x x y + =

2 2
3( 1) 4(4 ) x y =
p s: (3 ; 1), (3 ; -1), (-1 ; 1), (-1 ; -1), (1 ; 2), (1 ; -2)
Bi 43: C tn ti hay khng hai s nguyn dng x v y sao cho
2
x y + v
2
y x + u l s chnh phng?
Hng dn: gi s y x s . Ta c:

2 2 2 2
( 1) x x y x x x < + s + < +
Vy khng tn ti hai s tha mn bi.
Bi 44: Chng minh rng c v s s nguyn x biu thc sau l s chnh
phng:

2 2 2 2 2
(1 2 3 4 ... )(1 2 3 4 ... ) x x + + + + + + + + + +
Hng dn: t
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1 2 3 4 ... )(1 2 3 4 ... ) x x y + + + + + + + + + + =
Ta c:
2
( 1) ( 1)(2 1)
.
2 6
x x x x x
y
+ + +
=

2
2
( 1) 2 1
.
2 3
x x x
y
+ +
(
=
(


Phng trnh ny c v s nghim nguyn:

2
6 6 1 x n n = + +
Bi 45: Tm cc s nguyn x biu thc sau l s chnh phng:

4 3 2
1 x x x x + + + +
Hng dn: gi s
4 3 2 2
1 x x x x y + + + + =
Bin i v dng:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(2 ) (2 ) 2 ( 2) (2 ) y x x x x x x = + + + + > +
Nn
2 2 2
(2 ) (2 1) y x x > + +
1 3 x s s .
Xt x = -1; 0; 1; 2; 3.
p s: x = -1; x = 0; x = 3
Bi 46: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
a) x
3
3y
3
9z
3
= 0
b) 8x
4
4y
4
+ 2z
4
= t4
Hng dn:
a) D thy x, y, z u chia ht cho 3.
t x = x
1
, y = y
1
, z = z
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
Z), ta c :
x
1
3
+ 3y
1
3
9z
1
3
= 0
Suy ra x = y = z = 0
b) p s : x = y = z = t = 0
Bi 47: Tm nm sinh ca Nguyn Du, bit rng vo nm 1786 tui ca nh th
bng tng cc ch s nm ng sinh ra.
Hng dn:
Gi nm sinh ca nh th 17xy
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Ta c: 1786 -17xy = 1 + 7 + x + y (0 x 8, 0 y 9)
11x +2y = 78
p s: 1766
Bi 48: Ba ngi i cu c mt s c. Tri ti v mi ngi u mt l, h
vt c trn b sng, mi ngi tm mt ni ln ra ng. Ngi th nht thc dy,
m s c thy chia 3 tha 1 con, bn vt 1 con xung sng v xch
1
3
v nh.
Ngi th hai thc dy, tng hai bn mnh cn ng, m s c vt 1 con xung
sng v xch
1
3
v nh. Ngi th 3 thc dy , tng mnh dy sm nht, li vt 1
con xung sng v mang
1
3
v nh.
Tnh s c 3 chng trai cu c? bit rng h cu rt ti..
Hng dn:
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
x y
(
=
`
(
)

8x - 27y = 38 ( x, y e N)
x = -2 + 27t , y = -2 + 8t
Cho t = 1 x = 25, y = 6
Bi 49: gii cc phng trinh nghim nguyn:

a) x
2
- 4y
2
= 1
b) x
2
- y
2
= 91
c) 2x
3
+ xy = 7
d) x
2
+ y
2
= 2z
2
e) x
2
+ 2y
2
= z
2

f) x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
+ 1
g) 2x
2
+ 3y
2
= z
2

h) x
2
- y
2
+ x = 0
i) x
3
+7y = y
3
+ 7x
j) 3x
2
+ 10xy + 8y
2
= 96
k) 19x
2
+ 28y
2
= 729
l) xy + 3x -5y = -3
m) x + y = xy
n) x + y +1 = xyz
o) x
3
- 2y
3
- 4z
3
= 0
p) y
2
= x
3
+ 7
q) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2xyz
r) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ u
2
= 2xyzu
s) 8x
4
+ 4y
4
+ 2z
4
= t
4
t) x(x + 1)(x +7)(x + 8) = y
2

u) ( x + 2)
4
- x
4
= y
3
v) x
1
4
+ x
2
4
+ .+ x
14
4
=1599

Hng dn
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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b) ( x + y)( x - y) = 91, m 91= ( 1)( 91) = ( 13)( 7)
c) x(2x
2
+ y) = 7 = (1)(7)
d) x v y phi cng chn hoc l, suy ra x + y v x - y cng chn
t x + y = 2u, x -y = 2v, c 4u
2
+ 4y
2
= 2( x
2
+ y
2
). gii phng trnh u
2
+ v
2
=
z
2
, ri ly x = u + v, y = u - v
e) x = 2m
2
- 1, y = 2m, z = 2m
2
+ 1.
C th p dng pp gii phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
=z
2
gii phng trnh ax
2
+ y
2
=
z
2
( a > 0)
f) Dng hng ng thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
n n 1 2n 1 n n 1 1 + + + = + + +
hoc ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 3 3
[2n 4n 1 ] 16n 1 16n 1 16n 2n 1 + + = = + +
g) C th ga thuyt ( x, y,z) = v nu x = dx, y = dy, z= dz( d> 1) th cng c
2x
2
+ 3y
2
=z
2
. x v z khng th l bi ca 3( nu x = 3u, z =3v th y =3t). Ta c
2x
2
= z
2
_ 3y
2
, chng t 2x
2
v z
2
c cng s d (= 0) khi chia cho 3, iu na
khng th xy ra. Phng trnh v nghim
h) x(x +1) = y
2
,m (x, x+1) = 1
j)x = y hoc x
2
+xy + y
2
= 7( vi x = y)
(x - y)
2
= 7 - 3xy suy ra xy <
7
3
(x =1, y =2) v (x = 2, y = 1)
(x + 2y)(3x + 4y) = 96. Ch rng (x +2y ) +( 3x +4y ) = 2( 2x +3y) , chng t
rng x + 2y v 3x + 4y u chn
k) (18x
2
+ 27y
2
) + ( x
2
+ y
2
) =3243 suy ra x
2
+ y
2
chia ht cho 3 suy ra x = 3u,
y =3v suy ra 19u
2
+ 28q
2
= 81. Tng t u =3s, v =3r suy ra 19s
2
+ 28r
2
= 9
s =3p, r =3q suy ra 19q
2
+ 28p
2
= 1. Phng trnh v nghim.
l) Gi s x y
x = y th 2x +1 + x
2
z khi v ch khi x(xz - 2) =1 (x = y = 1, z = 3)
x < y th xyz < 2y + 1 khi v ch khi xyz 2y khi v ch khi xz 2
s: x = 1 y = 2 z = 2, x = 2 y = 2 z = 1
m,n) tong t
o) x
3
= 2(y
3
+ 2z
3
) suy ra x
3
chn. Do x chn: x = 2x, suy ra 8x
3
= 2(y
3
+
2z
3
) hay y
3
= 4x
3
- 2z
3
. Do y = 2y, z = 2z. Vy x
3
= 2(y
3
+2z
3
). Qu trnh
ny c th tip tc mi, phng trnh ch c nghim ngun (0,0,0).
p) y
2
= z
3
+ 7, chng minh x l
y
2
+ 1= x
3
+ 8 = (x + 2 ) ( x
2
- 2x + 4) = (x -1)
2
+ 3 c dng 4k +3. Suy ra y
2
+ 1
khng phi l bi ca 9. Vy phng trnh v nghim
q,r,s ) tng t p
t) y
2
= (x
2
+ 8x)( x
2
+8x + 7) = z
2
+7z (vi z = x
2
+8x)
Chng minh nu z > 9 khng c y tha
Suy ra x
2
+ 8x 9 -9 x 1. th trc tip chn ga tr ca y
u) y
3
= 8(x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2). t y = 2z, c z
3
= x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2. Thy ngay :
x = -1, y = 0 l nghim . Chng minh rng phng trnh khng c nghim no khc.
v)Vi n = 2k, n
4
= 16k
4
chia ht 16
Vi n = 2k +1, n
4
-1 = (n -1)(n +1)(n
2
+1)chia ht cho 16.
Nh vy khi chia x + x +.+ x cho 16,c s d bng cc s l trong dy x,
x,,x, tc l khng vt qu 14. cn 1599 = 1600 -1, chia 16 d -1, tc l 15
phng trnh v nghim.
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
46
Bi 50: Tm iu kin cn v cho s k phng trnh c nghim nguyn.
x
2
- y
2
= k
Hng dn:
Nu x
2
-y
2
=k c nghim nguyn th k = 4t +2
Xt trng hp k chn k l
Bi 51: Chng minh rng phng trnh :

1 1 1 1
1991 x y z
+ + = ch c mt s hu hn nghim nguyn dng.
Hng dn:
Ga s 0 <x y z. Ta c
1 1 1 1 1 3
1991 x y z t x
+ + + = s suy ra 1991 < x 3.1991 nn
x c hu hn gi tr
Vi mi gi tr ca x c y
2.1991
1991
x
x
2
2
.1991 suy ra gi tr tng ng ca z vi
mi ga tr ca x,y
Bi 52: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
1 1 1
)
14
1 1 1
)
a
x y
b
x y z
+ =
+ =

Hng dn:
a) Xt
1 1 1
x y a
+ = ( a nguyn dng) Vi x = 0, y = 0, phng trnh tng ng
ax + ay = xy hay (x - a)(y - a) = a
2
. C tt c 2m -1 nghim, vi m l cc c s ln
hn 0 ca a
2
.
Vi a = 14, a
2
=196 C 9 c s dng v phng trnh c 17 nghim.
Bi 53: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
1! +2! + + x! = y
2

Hng dn:
Th trc tip, thy x < 5, Phng trnh c nghim, tm nghim
Chng minh vi x 5 phng trnh v nghim
Bi 54: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
xy + 3x 5y = -3
2x
2
2xy 5x + 5y = -19
Hng dn:
a) 3 5 3 ( 5)( 3) 18 xy x y x y + = + =
p s : (x;y) =(4;15), ( -13;-2), (3;6), ( 14;-5), (2;3), (11,-6), (8;-9), (23 -4), (6;-21), (-
1;0), (-4;-1), (7;-13)
b) tng t
Bi 55: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
4x + 11y = 4xy
x
2
656xy 657y
2
= 1983
Hng dn:
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
47
4 11 4 (4 11)( 1) 1 x y xy x y + = =
Xt 4 h phng trnh
p s (x; y) (0;0), (3;12)
b) ( 7) (2 7 2 )(2 7 2 ) 49 z z y z y z y + = + + + =
2 2
656 657 1983 ( )( 657 ) 1983 x xy y x y x y = + =
p s : (x;y );(-4; -1), (4; -1) , (-660 ;-1), (660;1)
Bi 56: Tm cc cp s nguyn dng (x ; y) tha mn phng trnh :
7x xy 3y = 0
y
2
= x
2
+ 12x 1923
Hng dn:
7 3 0 ( 3)(7 ) 21 x y xy x y = + =
Ch rng x Z
+
e nn x +3 4, do ch c hai phuong trnh
p s : (4;4 ), (8, 16)
Bi 57: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
a) x(x + 1)(x +7)(x + 8) = y
2

b) y(y + 1)(y + 2)(y + 3) = x
2

Hng dn:
2 2 2
( 1)( 7)( 8) ( 8 7) x x x x y x x y + + + = + + =
t x
2
+ 8x = z ( ) z Z e
Ta c : ( 7) (2 7 2 )(2 7 2 ) 49 z z y z y z y + = + + + =
p s : (0;0), (-1;0), (1;12), (1;-12), (-9;12), (-9; -12),( -8; 0), (-7;0), (-4;12), (-4; 12)

Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
48













Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
49

1) nh l ln Fecma:
Ta bit c v s b ba s nguyn dng tha mn phng trnh
2 2 2
x y z + = .
ng nhin xut hin mt cu hi: c ba s nguyn dng no tha mn phng
trnh
3 3 3
x y z + = khng?
Vo nm 1637, nh ton hc Php Fecma (Pierre de Fermat, 1601 1665)
nu ln mng sau, c gi l nh l ln Fecma:
Phng trnh
n n n
x y z + = (vi n l s nguyn ln hn 2) khng c nghim
nguyn dng.
Fecma vit vo l cun S hc ca iphng, cnh mc gii phng trnh
2 2 2
x y z + = : Khng th phn tch c mt lp phng ng thnh tng ca hai
lp phng, khng th phn tch c mt trng phng thnh tng ca hai trng
phng, v ni chung vi bt c ly tha no ln hn 2 thnh tng ca hai ly tha
cng bc. Ti tm c cch chng minh k diu mnh ny, nhng l sch ny
qu cht nn khng th ghi li c.
Nm 1670, nm nm sau khi Fecma mt, con trai ng cng b mnh ny.
2) Lch s v chng minh nh l ln Fecma:
Ngi ta tm thy chng minh ca Fecma vi n = 4, nhng khng bit c
ng gii bi ton tng qut nh th no? Liu li gii ca ng c sai lm hay
khng?
Ch bit rng phi n mt th k sau, le mi chng minh c bi ton vi n
= 3 nm 1753 trong th gi Gnbach. Nm 1825, bng nhng pht minh mi v l
thuyt s, irichl v Lgingr chng minh c vi n = 5. Nm 1839 Lam
chng minh c vi n = 7. Sau khong nm 1850 Kume chng minh c vi
mi 100 n s . Nm 1978, nh my tnh in t ngi ta chng minh c bi
ton vi mi n nh hn 125000.
Phng trnh
n n n
x y z + = c gi l phng trnh Fecma. N li cun cc
nh ton hc chuyn nghip v nghip d sut hn ba th k. Trn con ng tm
cch gii phng trnh , nhiu l thuyt ton hc mi c sng to ra. Trong
bn chc nm gn y, nhiu nh ton hc t c nhng kt qu quan trng.
V chng minh nh l ln Fecma, ch cn chng minh gi thuyt do Taniyama
nu ra: mi ng cong elliptic u l ng cong Weil.
Chng ta tm hiu i cht v iu ny.
Ta xem mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l mt in c to nguyn ca
mt ng cong. ng cong elliptic c Taniyama a ra nm 1955 trong mt
hi ngh quc t Nht Bn, l ng cong cho bi phng trnh
2 3 2
y x mx nx p = + + + tha mn iu kin khng c im k d.
Nh ton hc c Frey l ngi u tin gn vic chng minh nh l ln
Fecma vi cc ng cong elliptic: gi s nh l ln Fecma khng ng th tn ti
cc s nguyn a, b, c khc 0 v s t nhin n sao cho
n n n
a b c + = . Khi tn ti
mt ng cong elliptic c bit dng Frey.
Nm 1986, Ribet chng minh c rng: ng cong elliptic dng Frey nu tn
ti th n khng phi l ng cong Weil.
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
50
Nh th, nu nh l ln Fecma khng ng th tn ti mt ng cong elliptic
m khng phi l ng cong Weil, tri vi gi thuey61t Taniyama. iu c
ngha l nu chng minh c gi thuyt Taniyama th cng chng min hc nh
l ln Fecma.
Thng 6 nm 1993, trong mt hi ngh ton hc quc t Anh, nh ton hc
Anh Andrew Wiles (Enriu Oail), sinh nm 1953, cng b chng minh gi thuyt
Taniyama cho cc ng cong elliptic dng Frey dy 200 trang, tc l chng
minh c ng l ln Fecma.
Thng 12 nm y, ngi ta tm thy mt l hng trong chng minh ca Wiles.
Tuy nhin cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny cho rng con ng i ca Wiles l
hp l, sai lm ca Wiles l c th khc phc c.
ng nh vy, mt nm sau, thng 10 nm 1994, A.Wiles cng vi R. Taylor
cng b mt bi bo di 25 trang hon thin cc chng minh ca Wiles trc y.
Vic chng minh c nh l ln Fecma cho thy b c ca con ngi tht k
diu: bt c nh cao tr tu no con ngi cng c th vn ti. Khng c bi ton
no m con ngi khng gii c, ch c sm hay mun.
3) Chng minh nh l ln Fecma vi n = 4
chng minh nh l ln Fecma vi n = 4 tc l chng minh tng ca hai
trng phng khng bng mt trng phng, ta ch cn chng minh tng ca hai
trng phng khng bng mt s chnh phng, tc l ch cn chng minh phng
trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn dng:

4 4 2
x y z + =
Hng dn: dng nguyn tc cc hn
Gi s ( , , )
o o o
x y z l nghim ca phng trnh cho c
4 4
o o
x y + nh nht. Hy
chng minh tn ti nghim ca phng trnh l
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z m
4 4 4 4
1 1 o o
x y x y + < +
S dng b : cc s nguyn t cng nhau x, y, z l nghim nguyn dng
ca phng trnh Pitago
2 2 2
x y z + = , iu kin cn v l:

x = 2mn;
2 2
y m n = ,
2 2
z m n = + (gi s x chn, y l) trong m v n l hai s
nguyn dng ty , nguyn t cng nhau, chn l khc nhau, m > n.

Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
51

Pytago sinh khong nm 580 v mt khong nm 500 trc Cng nguyn. ng
sinh trng trong mt gia nh qu tc o Xa- mt, mt o giu c ven bin
- gi thuc a trung hi.
Mi 16 tui , cu b Pytago ni ting v tr thng minh khc thng. Cu
theo hc mt nh ton hc ni ting Talt v chnh Talt cng phi kinh ngc v tr
thng minh, ti nng ca cu.
tm hiu khoa hc ca nn vn hc cc dn tc, Pytago dnh nhiu nm
n n , Babilon, Ai Cp v tr nn uyn bc trong hu ht cc lnh vc quan
trng: s hc, hnh hc, thin vn, a l m nhc, y hc, trit hc.
Vo tui 50, ng mi tr v t quc ca mnh. ng thnh lp mt ngi trng
min nam , nhn hng trm mn sinh, k c ph n, vi thi gian hc 5 nm gm
4 b mn: hnh hc, ton hc, thin vn, m nhc. Ch nhng hc sinh gii vo cui
nm th 3 mi c ng trc tip dy. Trng phi Pytago ng mt vai tr
quan trng trong s pht trin nn khoa hc ca th gii c i, c bit v s hc
v hnh hc.
Pytago chng minh h thc gia di cc cnh ca mt tam gac vung . H
thc ny c ngui Ai Cp, ngi Babilon, Trung Quc, Ngi n bit n
t trc, nhng Pytago l ngi u tin chng minh h thc y.
Trng phi Pytago kho st hnh vung c cnh di 1 n v v nhn ra rng
khng th biu th di ng cho ca n bng mt s nguyn hay phn s, tc
l tn ti cc on thng khng biu th c theo on thng n v bi mt s
hu t. S kin y c so snh vi vic tm ra hnh hc clit th k XIX.
Trng phi Pytago cng nghin cu v m nhc. H gia thch rng cao ca
m thanh t l nghch vi chiu di ca dy v ba si dy n c chiu di t l vi
6, 4, 3 s cho mt hp m m tai.
Pytago cn nghin cu c kin trc v thin vn. ng cho rng tri t c hnh
cu v tm ca v tr.
Pytago v cc mn ca ng tn th cc con s v gn cho mi con s mt
ngha thn b : h cho rng s 1 l ngun gc ca mi s, s l l s nam, s chn l
s n, s 5 biu th vic xy dng gai nh, s 7 mang tnh cht ca sc khe, s 8
biu th cho tnh yu Trc lc vo nghe ging, cc hc tr ca Pytago c
nhng cu kinh nh: Hy ban n cho chng ti, hi nhng con s thn linh
sng to ra loi ngi
Pytago cng c nhng cu th v nu ln nhng phng chm x th:
Hy sng gin d, khng xa hoa.
Hy tn trng cha m.
Hy tp chin thng s i kht, s li bing v s gin d.
Ch coi thng sc khe. Hy cung cp cho c th ng lc nhng n thc
ung v s luyn tp cn thit.
Cha nhm mt nu cha sot li nhng vic lm trong ngy.
ng thy ci bng tr ca mnh trn tng m tng mnh v i.


Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
52








Trong qu trnh bin son quyn chuyn ny, chng em tham kho v
trch dn t nhiu ngun sch, bo v ti liu khc nhau.
- Phng trnh v bi ton vi nghim nguyn, tc gi V Hu Bnh.
- Mt s chuyn mn ton trung hc c s, tc gi V Dng Thy v
Nguyn Ngc m.
- Mt s chuyn s hc, cc tc gi H Ni.
- Tp ch bo Ton Tui Th 2, do nh xut bn gio dc.
- Mt s ti liu t mng.
Cm n cc tc gi sch, bo ni trn c nhng quyn sch hay gip chng
em hon thnh tt chuyn ny.
Chn thnh cm n thy v cc bn dnh thi gian xem chuyn . Nhm
bin tp hn hnh n nhn nhng ng gp t thy v cc bn./.


Nhm bin tp

Nguyn Hong Anh Th
Trng Thanh Th
L Th Thu Tho
Phm Ngc Xun o
Nguyn Th M Huyn

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