I HC QUC GIA TP.

H CH MINH

NH HNG CA VIC LUYN TP TH DC TH THAO I VI S PHT TRIN CA CC H C QUAN

Sinh vin lm bi: Nguyn Th Thu Tho Lp: K10402B MSSV: K104020304

TP.H CH MINH, NGY 26 THNG 10 NM 2011

I. KHI QUT CHUNG V TH DC TH THAO: 1. Lch s th dc th thao: Th dc th thao ngay t khi xut hin v pht trin trong x hi loi ngi n khi hnh thnh mt h thng nh ngy nay, tri qua hng ngn nm.Lch s pht trin ca Th dc th thao lun ph hp vi cc thi k pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Thi k nguyn thy: Cuc sng t nhin i hi cc thnh vin nhng yu cu nht nh v s chun b th lc, s kho lo, sc mnh, sc bn, kh nng hon thnh nhim v trong sn bn, chin tranh v chng chi vi s khc nghit ca iu kin t nhin. Chnh v vy hnh thnh v pht trin h thng gio dc th cht a dng. Thi k ny cng chng minh s tn ti v pht trin ca con ngi ph thuc trc tip vo trnh chun b v pht trin cc t cht th lc. Nhiu B tc thi c i bit s dng cc bi tp pht trin th lc v tr chi vn ng nh mt phng tin c bit nhm chun b cho con ngi vo cc lao ng t nhin. mt s b tc c quy nh nghim ngt khng cho php thanh nin c ci v nu cha tri qua nhng th thch nht nh v s chun b th lc.... D trnh pht trin lc lng sn xut x hi n mc no th vai tr quyt nh gi tr pht trin c t cht th lc vn c trong i sng x hi v t nhin. S pht trin ca chng lun l b phn quan trng ca nn gio dc con ngi. Trong x hi n l, in hnh l thi c Hy lp, tin hnh chin tranh xm lc v n p n l; giai cp ch n rt ch trng n vic gio dc cho cc chin binh c nhng kin thc phong ph v c th lc tt; t h c nhng i qun hng mnh. Thi c hy lp, nu ai khng bit c, vit v bi li th b coi l m ch. Gio dc trong cc quc gia c Hy lp: Spart v Afin l mt loi hnh c ca s pht trin Th dc th thao. Ni dung, mc ch ca Gio dc th cht thi k ny nhm m bo tnh ph hp vi iu kin v yu cu ca ch nng n. Ngi hc cc mn khoa hc t nhin, x hi phi hc Th dc- u kimCi nga- Bi li v Chy; t 15 tui tr ln phi hc c Vt v Vt chin u. Nh con ngi c gio dc sc mnh, s kho lo v cc t cht cn
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thit. Tiu biu nht v s pht trin Th dc th thao ca thi k ny l cc i hi Olympic; y l hot ng c gi tr lch s, vn ha cao trong i sng ca thi k hy lp. Nhng ngi chin thng trong Olympic c x hi tn vinh nh v anh hng, c x hi ca ngi- lm th- tc tng. Nhiu nh khoa hc v i thi c i ni ting th gii cng tng l nhng vn ng vin xut sc. V d: Nh ton hc Pitagor l nh v ch Olympic v vt chin u; Nh trit hc Platon cng ni danh v vt. Cc nh trit hc: Socrate v Aristote, din gi Dmosthne, nh vn Lukian v cc v nhn khc nh gi ngha ln lao ca Gio dc th cht v khm phc s biu hin sc mnh, lng dng cm v ho hip. Aristote tng khng nh: Khng c ci g lm tiu hao v ph hy con ngi hn l s ngng tr vn ng. Trong ch nng n, cc bi tp th dc khc nhau (Vt, nho ln, ci nga, u kim) c s dng rng di Ai cp, Babilon, Ba t, Trung quc, n v c bit thnh c Rma. Bt u t ch nng n, Th dc th thao c coi l phng tin phc v cho giai cp thng tr. Trong ch phong kin, Gio dc th cht mang tnh cht phc v chin tranh. Gio dc th cht trong h thng qun i ca tng lp phong kin vi mc tiu nm vng 7 yu cu ca ngi hip s: ci nga, u kim, bn cung, bi li, sn bn, chi c v c th. Nhng hip s lm nn i qun hng mnh giai cp phong kin tin hnh chin tranh xm lc v n p phong tro ni dy ca nng dn. Trong x hi t bn, Th dc th thao pht trin trnh cao. S xut hin v pht trin su rng ca Th dc th thao nh l mt b phn quan trng ca nn vn ha x hi (Th thao nghip d v nh ngh). ng thi trong giai on ny xut hin c s v nn l lun gio dc th cht t sn. Th dc th thao trong x hi t bn biu hin r rt tnh cht giai cp; Giai cp t sn s dng Th dc th thao vi mc ch c quyn ca tng lp bc lt, nh lc hng qun chng lao ng v c bit l li ko tng lp thanh nin ra khi i sng chnh tr x hi v phong tro cch mng; kch ng v o to thanh nin chun b cho chin tranh.

2. Khi nim chung v th dc th thao: Con ngi trong qu trnh tin ho, sinh tn trong s u tranh vi t nhin hnh thnh v pht trin nhng k nng nh chy, nhy, bi leo tro... Tri qua qu trnh sng, con ngi nhn bit rng s thnh thc cc k nng trn s gip ch nhiu trong vic tm kim thc n, c th hnh thnh nhng k nng ch c thng qua tp luyn thng xuyn, t cc bi tp th cht ra i. C th ni th dc th thao hnh thnh cng vi s tin ho ca loi ngi thng qua con ng lao ng v u tranh sinh tn vi thin nhin. Th k XIX, chn u xut hin mt thut ng Th dc (Physical education - Gio dc th cht), hm ngha ca n l mt loi hnh gio dc nhm duy tr v pht trin c th. Cng vi s tin b khng ngng ca tin b loi ngi v thc tin th dc th thao ngy cng phong ph th khi nim th dc th thao vi hm ngha bn trong v bn ngoi ca n cng khng ngng thay i. Ngy nay hm ngha th dc vi ngha rng ln l mt qu trnh gio dc ng thi cng l mt hot ng vn ho x hi, ly s pht trin c th, tng cng th cht, nng cao sc kho lm c trng c bn. N l hin tng x hi c th bao hm gio dc th cht, th dc th thao thnh tch cao v rn luyn thn th. Th dc th thao l nhng hot ng phc v cho mt nn chnh tr, x hi, kinh t nht nh, ng thi cng chu s nh hng v hn ch ca nn kinh t, chnh tr, x hi . Gio dc Th cht: L qu trnh s phm nhm gio dc v o to th h tr, hon thin v th cht v nhn cch, nng cao kh nng lm vic v ko di tui th ca con ngi. H thng Gio dc th cht: l s tng hp cc c s khoa hc v quan im v phng php lun ca Gio dc th cht cng vi cc c quan t chc thc hin v kim tra cng tc Gio dc th cht quc dn. Vn ha Th cht: l mt b phn ca nn vn ha chung, l mt loi hnh hot ng c bit nhm hnh thnh cc t cht th lc, tng cng sc khe v kh nng lm vic ca dn chng. Cc yu t c bn ca hot ng ny
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l cc bi tp th lc c lin quan cht ch vi qu trnh hnh thnh, pht trin ca nn vn ha, gio dc chung ca con ngi. Gio dc Th cht l b phn cu trc nn nn vn ha th cht. Phong tro Th thao: l mt hnh thc c bit ca cc hot ng x hi, c nhim v phi hp nng cao trnh vn ha th cht v pht trin th thao trong nhn dn. Phong tro th thao l hot ng c tnh mc ch ca cc t chc nh nc, x hi nhm pht trin Th dc th thao. Phong tro th thao l mt b phn hot ng vn ha, gio dc; n c v tr v chc nng quan trng trong gio dc s hi ha v nhn cch v th cht con ngi. Pht trin th cht: l qu trnh bin i v hnh thnh cc tnh cht t nhin v hnh thi, chc nng c th trong i sng t nhin v x hi. Pht trin th cht ca mi ngi ph thuc vo nhng c im sinh hc, iu kin sng v qu trnh gio dc ca x hi. Cc ch s nh gi trnh pht trin th lc l: chiu cao- cn nng- lng ngc- dung tch sng. Chun b th lc: L ni dung ca qu trnh gio dc th cht, y l hot ng chuyn mn ha nhm chun b cho con ngi hc tp, lao ng v bo v t quc. Trnh th lc: L kt qu ca qu trnh chun b th lc, k nng vn ng cho mt loi hnh hot ng no . Hc vn th cht: L s xc nh cc tri thc chung, cc h thng k nng- k xo iu khin cc hot ng ca c th trong nhng iu kin sng v hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi.

II.

C S KHOA HC SINH HC TRONG VIC LUYN TP TH DC TH THAO:

Vic rn luyn th dc th thao ng cch c xy dng da trn nhng thnh tu ca cc khoa hc Y sinh hc v c th con ngi nh: Sinh l, Sinh ha, Sinh c, Gii phu, V sinh, Y hc.... Khng c nhng kin thc v cu to ca c th, v quy lut hot ng ca tng c quan ca cc h c quan chc
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nng ca c th cng nh c im ca cc qu trnh sng phc tp th khng th t chc v tin hnh cng tc gio dc th cht t hiu qu. 1. C th con ngi l h sinh hc thng nht. Trao i cht v nng lng: 1.1. C th con ngi l h sinh hc thng nht: Y sinh hc hin i khi nghin cu c th sng thng tch n ra thnh cc c quan, h c quan v cc chc nng ring bit. Tuy nhin, c th con ngi lun l mt h sinh hc hon chnh v thng nht, c kh nng t iu chnh v t pht trin. S thng nht th hin c hai mt: Gia cc c quan, h c quan hoc cc chc nng ca c th lun c s tc ng qua li vi nhau; s bin i ca mt c quan nht thit s nh hng n hot ng ca cc c quan khc v ni chung n ton b c th. Hot ng ca c th bao gm s phi hp ca hot ng tm l, hot ng dinh dng v vn ng trong mi lin h cht ch vi mi trng xung quanh v chu s tc ng ca mi trng. S thay i ca mi trng bao gm c s thay i ca mi trng t nhin v x hi s dn n nhng thay i trng thi ca c th. - Trao i cht v nng lng: S thng nht ca c th vi mi trng bn ngoi th hin s trao i cht v nng lng. Khng mt t bo no ca c th c th tn ti nu khng lin tc nhn c cc cht dinh dng, xy v o thi cc sn phm phn gii. S trao i cht v nng lng lin tc ca c th c phn chia ra lm hai qu trnh. Qu trnh ng ha l qu trnh hp th cc cht dinh dng v xy tch ly tim nng vt cht ca c th; Qu trnh di ha l qu trnh lin tc phn gii cc cht ha hc phc tp hp th c o to thnh nng lng cho c th sng v hot ng. Qu trnh trao i cht ca c th c chia lm Ba giai on: - Giai on 1: a cc cht dinh dng v xy vo c th - Giai on 2: Cc c quan- t chc hp th cc cht dinh dng v xy tch ly v gii phng nng lng - Giai on 3: o thi cc sn phm phn gii

 xy c a vo c th bng h h hp v h tim mch; cn cc cht dinh dng (ng- m- m- mui khong- vitamin) vo c th cng thc n. Qu trnh trao i cht xy ra mnh v lin tc trong sut cuc i con ngi; Cc t bo lun phn hy v c sn sinh; trong 3 thng c th thay i gn lng Prtin. V d : sau 5 nm hc, nim mc d dy ca sinh vin thay i ti 500 ln. S trao i cht ca c th lun xy ra song song vi s trao i nng lng; s cn bng gia nng lng hp th v nng lng tiu hao l ch s quan trng nh gi s trao i nng lng. Cn bng dng khi hp th ln hn tiu hao, lc ny c th o ln, a vn ng, nu cn bng dng ko di s b bnh bo ph, sc khe gim st; cn bng amaam s lm st cn, ngi mt mi, gim kh nng vn ng; nu ko di s dn n bnh suy dinh dng. Qu trnh to nng lng cho c th hot ng c din ra theo 2 cch: - t chy ng & m: Khi c th c cung cp xy th qu trnh to ra ngun nng lng ln; mu m nhim vic vn chuyn cht dinh dng v cc sn phm phn gii; c ch t chy l ngun nng lng chim u th lc yn tnh khi vn ng nh, thi gian di. - Phn hy cc cht giu nng lng (khi c th hot ng trong iu kin ngun cung cp xy khng p ng ) : C ch ny to ra nng lng nhanh, khng cn phi c xy song li to ra Axit lactic l cht tch t trong c lm nh hng n hot ng ca c (gy chut rt). ng (Gluxit) l cht cung cp nng lng chnh ca c th (1g ng cung cp 4,1Kcal). ng c s dng mnh no v c. C th lun c bo ha ng di dng Glucoza cha trong tt c cc m ca c th; ngun cung cp ng ch yu l cc thc n c ngun gc thc vt. Trong mu, hm lng ng glucoger lun n nh khong 80 120 mg %. Ngoi ra c th cn d tr ng di dng Glucogen gan v c. Hm lng Glucogen d tr ny khong300g. nhng vn ng vin trnh cao lng Glucogen ny ln ti 500g. Trong cc hot ng th lc v tr c cng thng, lng Glucoza tng ln theo phn x gip cho c th hot ng tt hn v thch nghi nhanh hn vi hot ng. Khi hot ng cng thng- ko di th hm lng ng trong mu gim xung. Vi ngi bnh thng nu lng ng
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gim xung ti 70 mg % th hot ng ca no s b ri lon v nu xung ti 60 mg % th no khng hot ng c na; nhng vi cc VV c trnh cao th vn tip tc thi u c thm ch c khi hm lng ng trong mu xung ti 40 mg %. iu cho thy rng tp luyn thng xuyn, ng phng php nng cao kh nng chu ng ca c th. M (lipit) l cht dinh dng cung cp nng lng rt cao (1g m khi phn gii cung cp 9,3 Kcal); m c nhiu trong c thc n ng vt v thc vt. Trong c th, m cn c chc nng bo v c th khi b mt nhit, bo v cc c quan ni tng khi c va chm c hc. M cn tham gia cu to mng t bo. Khi cung cp nng lng m c s dng di dng cc Axit bo, v ch yu cho c trn; con c vn ch s dng m to nng lng trong cc hot ng nng ko di v khi lng d tr ng cn; 80 % nng lng ca c th c cung cp bng cch phn gii m. V vy vic tp luyn TDTT c tc dng kch thch vic s dng m, chng c bnH bo ph. m (Prtin) l cht cu to c bn ca c th. Song nu b i ko di, ng v m d tr cn th m cng c th s dng cung cp nng lng (1g m khi phn gii cung cho 4,1 Kcal); m khng c d tr trong c th, v vy khi b i- m ca c quan ny s c s dng duy tr s sng ca c quan khc quan trng hn. Mui khong, vi tamin, nc: l nhng cht khng sinh nng lng. Nc v mui khong ch yu duy tr p sut th dch ca c th v n nh mi trng bn trong c th. Vitamin c tc dng xc tc cc qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht v nng cao kh nng hot ng ca c th, c bit l cc hot ng th lc. 1.2. C th con ngi l b my vn ng: Vn ng; iu kin c th tn ti v pht trin. C th con ngi c cu to v hot ng ging nh mt b my vn ng. B my vn ng ca c th gm c xng- c- dy chng (l nhng b phn trc tip m nhim chc nng vn ng); cc h c quan (h hp- tun hon& mu) m bo cung cp xy v vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng cho c tn ti, pht trin v cung cp nng lng cho c quan vn ng hot ng. Tt c cc hot ng u chu s iu khin ca h thn kinh trung ng.
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1.2.1 B my vn ng: (Gm xng, c, dy chng & thn kinh iu khin hot ng ca c) trong xng, c, dy chng l b phn trc tip thc hin cc ng tc. - B xng: (Gm hn 200 chic) L gi thn th v bo v cc c quan ni tng. Cc xng lin kt vi nhau to nn cc khp xng; trong khp c sn v dch nhy; xung quanh khp c dy chng gi cho khp n nh vng chc. Mi khp ch c kh nng hot ng theo mt hng v mc nht nh nhng nu c tp luyn th mc linh hot ca khp s tng ln ng k song cu trc gii phu mi l yu t quyt nh n vic la chn ng tc trong tp luyn. - C bp: (c 3 loi l c trn, c vn, c tim). C trn cu to mch mu, cc c quan ni tng v da; c tim cu to tim hai loi c ny hot ng khng theo mun, chng hot ng rt bn b. C vn c c im l co nhanh nhng chng mt mi v hot ng theo mun. - Thn kinh c: c c th hot ng th phi c cc xung thn kinh i n c theo cc si thn kinh. Cc si TK i n c l cc si nhnh ca t bo thn kinh vn ng; thn ca t bo nm ty sng hoc no; mt t bo TK c th c rt nhiu nhnh i n nhiu si c. T bo TK v nhng si c m n iu khin to thnh mt n v vn ng. n v vn ng c th rt nh, ch cha vi si c, nhng cng c th rt ln, cha n 2000 si c.

S cu to n v vn ng
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1.2.2 Mu v tun hon mu: a. Mu: l cht lng mu , lu thng trong h thng tun hon khp kn. Mu l mt m lin kt c bit gm cht lng c bit (huyt tng) v cc t bo mu (huyt cu). C ba loi huyt cu: Hng cu- bch cu v tiu cu. - Hng cu: L nhng t bo khng nhn hnh a lm gia, cu to t mt cht m c bit gi l huyt cu t (hemoglobin). Huyt cu t c kh nng kt hp vi xy thnh mt hp cht v nh xy c vn chuyn ti cc t chc c quan v kh cacbonic li c chuyn t cc t chc c quan ra phi, - Bch cu: Ch yu thc hin chc nng bo v; chng tiu dit cc cht l xm nhp vo c th. - Tiu cu: nh hn hng cu v c vai tr qua trng trong vic lm ng mu. Cc t bo mu nm trong huyt tng, trong huyt tng cn c cc cht dinh dng, mui khong, cc sn phm phn gii ca qu trnh trao i cht, cc ni tit t, cc loi vi khun v cc khng th i vi cc cht c hi... - Mu c tun hon trong h mch mu m nhim cc chc nng rt quan trng: + Chc nng dinh dng: cung cp cc cht dinh dng n cc m cho hot ng sng ca cc t bo + Chc nng iu khin: cc ni tit t v cc cht khc c trong mu c tc dng iu ha hot ng ca cc c quan - t chc. + Chc nng bo v: Nh qu trnh thc bo v qu trnh min dch ca bch cu. + Chc nng iu nhit: Mu lm nhim v vn chuyn nhit, lm cho c th khng b qu nng v si m cho cc b phn b lnh.
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b. H tun hon: (Gm c Tim v h thng cc mch mu) Mu c di chuyn trong h tun hon nh lc bp ca tim v s nhu ng ca thnh mch mu; mu c y t tim vo cc ng mch, sau chia nhnh nhiu ln, cui cng cc c quan v t chc l mao mch (cc mch mu rt nh c cu to cc mng bn thm). Tim l b phn quan trng nht ca h tun hon; cu to nh mt ci bm y mu i v ht mu v; nh tim m mu tun hon trong c th. Tim hot ng t ng song cng chu s tc ng gin tip ca cc c quan t chc khc c bit l h thn kinh. Tim c chia lm 4 ngn, hai bung pha di l tm tht phi v tri, hai bung pha trn l tm nh phi v tri. S tun hon din ra theo hai vng: Vng ln bt u t Tm tht tri theo ng mch mang cc cht dinh dng v xy ti cc t chc c quan sau theo tnh mch tr v tm nh phi. Vng tun hon nh t Tm nh phi xung tm tht phi ri t theo theo ng mch em kh ccbonic ln phi i ly xy v tr v tm nh tri; t tm nh tri mu li xung tm tht tri chun b mt vng tun hon mi.

S vng tun hon

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1. ng mch ch 2. ng mch gan 3. ng mch rut 4. Li mao mch 5. Tnh mch ca 6. Tnh mch gan 7. Tnh mch ch di 8. Tnh mch ch trn 9. Tm nh phi 10. Tm tht phi 11. ng mch phi 12. Li mao mch 13. Tnh mch phi 14. Tm nh tri 15. Tm tht phi Cc ch s sinh l c trng ca h tim mch l: huyt p- mch p- th tch tm thu- th tch pht. - Mch (tn s co bp ca tim) : ngi bnh thng khong 60- 80 ln/ pht; ngi tp luyn thng xuyn c th xung 50 ln/ pht thm ch cc VV bi, chy di mch xung di 50 ln / pht (khi yn tnh) - Huyt p l p lc ca mu ln thnh mch. Khi tim co bp, p sut ln n 120mmHg v c gi l h/a ti a hay h/a tm thu; khi tim gin ra, p lc ng mch khong 70-80mmHg gi l h/a ti thiu hay l h/s tm trng. Khi tp luyn TDTT th mng li mch mu dy c hn, n hi ca thnh mch ln hn nn s tun hon ca mu tt hn. - Th tch tm thu:l lng mu tm tht tri y ra trong mi ln co bp. - Th tch pht l: l lng mu tm tht tri y i trong mt pht. Khong 5 6 lit khi yn tnh v khi vn ng th c th tch tm thu v mch p u tng ln theo cng vn ng; VV th tch tm thu khi vn ng c th t 30- 40 lt c. H h hp: H hp l t hp cc qu trnh sinh l m bo vic cung cp xy cho c th v o thi kh Cacbonic do b my h hp v h tun hon m nhim. B my h hp gm c : Mi, Ph qun v quan trng nht l Phi; phi c cu to t cc ph nang, (din tch tri ra ca ph nang khong 100 m2); thnh cc ph nang mng, pha ngoi l mng li cc mao mch dy c nn s trao i kh gia phi v mu rt thun li. Qu trnh h hp c chia thnh h hp ngoi v h hp trong. H hp ngoi l qu trnh trao i kh gia khng kh ph nang v mu- s vn chuyn cc cht kh trong mu ( ph nang XY thm qua thnh ph nang vo mu, Cacbonic thm t mu thi ra khng kh ph nang). H hp trong cn gi l h hp t bo xy ra gia mu v t chc c quan ca c th; xy s i t
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mu qua dch k ri vo t bo cn kh Cacbonic th ngc li. Qu trnh h hp thng c nh gi bng cc ch s sinh l: Tn s h hp- Th tch h hpThng kh phi- Dung tch sng- nhu cu xy- Hp th xy. Tn s h hp: l s ln th trong mt pht; bnh thng khong 16-20 ln/pht; khi vn ng c th tng ln n 30- 40 ln/pht. Th tch h hp: L lng khng kh i qua phi trong mt ln th; bnh thng khong 250- 700 ml; khi hot ng nng c th ln ti 2- 2.5 lt. Thng kh phi: l lng khng kh i qua phi trong mt pht (= Th tch h hp X tn s h hp) Dung tch sng: L lng khng kh ti a m ngi ta c th th ra sau khi ht vo ht sc; dung tch sng ph thuc vo tui- gii tnh- tnh trng sc khe- trnh tp luyn v nhiu yu t khc...; Bnh thng khong 2.5- 3.5 lt cn VV c trnh cao c th ti 6- 7 lt. Nhu cu xy: L lng xy m c th cn trong mt pht m bo s trao i cht; n tng ng vi mc nng lng tiu hao ca c th. Hp th xy l lng xy thc t c th s dng trong mt pht; Vo2 max l kh nng hp th xy ti a; ngi bnh thng khong 2- 3.5 lt, cc VV cc mn th thao sc bn c th ln ti 6 lt. d. iu ha s hot ng ca c th: Mi s hot ng ca c th u chu s iu khin ca h thn kinh trung ng v c ch iu ha th dch. - H thn kinh trung ng iu khin s hot ng ca cc c quan bng cc xung ng thn kinh v vic tip nhn cc tn hiu t bn ngoi v bn trong c th; h thn kinh hot ng theo c ch phn x; mi mt phn x ca c th xy ra theo mt ng lan truyn hng phn c nh (cung phn x) - C ch iu ha th dch iu ha hot ng ca cc c quan thng qua cc cht cha trong mu. Cc cht ha hc c th l ni tit t do cc tuyn dch tit ra- cc cht kh- cc sn phm trao i cht

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2. C s sinh l ca nng lc vn ng: Khi nim nng lc vn ng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc, c bit l vn ha th cht. Nng lc vn ng hay kh nng hot ng th lc l kh nng thc hin mt c bp nht nh no vi thnh tch cao. V bn cht chnh l qu trnh to ra s thch nghi ca c th con ngi vi cc hot ng c bp nh hon thin s iu khin v phi hp gia cc h chc nng trn c s bin i su sc v cu trc, chc phn sinh l v sinh ha bn trong ca c th. 2.1 K nng vn ng: L mt hnh thc hnh ng c hnh thnh theo c ch phn x c iu kin nh qu trnh tp luyn thng xuyn; hay ni cch khc k nng vn ng l cc ng tc c thc hin mt cch t ng ha do tr thnh thi quen nh : i, ng, ngi, chy, nhy l cc k nng vn ng c bn ca mi ngi. Tt c cc k thut Th thao u l nhng k nng vn ng. K nng vn ng c hnh thnh dn dn theo ba giai on: Lan to; Tp trung; T ng ha. - Giai on lan to: hng phn lan rng trn v i no v cha hnh thnh c mt t hp cc phn x ti u; nhiu nhm c khng cn thit cng tham gia vo vn ng, ng tc v th khng chnh xc, thiu kinh t, nhiu c ng tha. (v d v ngi tp i xe p) - Sau mt thi gian tp luyn, ng tc c hon thin dn tc l giai on lan to chuyn dn sang giai on tp trung; giai on ny, hng phn c tp trung nhng vng nht nh trn v no cn thit cho vn ng, cc ng tc tha mt i, c co dui hp l, ng tc tr nn nhp nhng chnh xc v thoi mi; k nng vn ng c hnh thnh tng i n nh nhng khi thc hin ng tc ngi tp vn cn c s tp trung nht nh nu khng rt c th ng tc s li b ph v. - Khi k nng c thc hin lp li nhiu, c cng c n mc khi thc hin bi tp, c ng ca ngi tp hu nh t ng khng cn c s ch ca thc. K nng vn ng giai on ny rt n nh, s t ng ha k nng vn ng cho php c th thc hin chnh xc nhiu ng tc khc nhau cng mt lc (va i xe p va ni chuyn.....). nh cao ca cc k nng vn ng l cc k xo; mt s ng tc nht nh ng tc k thut pht trin ti
14

mc ngoi suy, ngi ta c th thc hin ng tc trong cc tnh hung rt phc tp m vn t kt qu tt: i xe p bt cho tay, b hai tay, nhc bnh trc.... 2.2. Cc t cht vn ng (Sc nhanh- sc mnh- sc bn- kho lo) - Sc nhanh: L kh nng thc hin ng tc vi thi gian ngn nht; sc nhanh c th c biu hin bng hnh thc n gin (1 l thi gian tim tng ca phn ng, l khong thi gian t khi kch thch cho ti khi c phn ng tr li; 2 l thi gian ca ng tc n l; 3 l tn s ng tc) hoc hnh thc phc tp l kt qu ca cc th nghim vn ng v bi tp th thao nh chy ngn, tn s nh bng, tc p bng.... thc hin cc hnh thc sc nhanh th cc qu trnh hng phn v cc qu trnh sinh ha trong thn kinh v c phai xy ra tht nhanh, cc trung tm thn kinh phi c tnh linh hot cao; trong hot ng th thao th sc mnh v tc c lin quan mt thit vi nhau; s pht trin sc mnh nh hng rt ln n tc . Trong qu trnh tp luyn th sc nhanh pht trin chm v kh khn hn nhiu so vi sc mnh v sc bn; sc nhanh pht trin tt nht l tui thanh thiu nin. - Sc mnh: L kh nng khc phc lc cn bn ngoi ca c bp; Sc mnh c bp ph thuc vo c tnh ca cc qu trnh thn kinh iu khin s co c v s lng cc n v vn ng cha trong c. c th thc hin sc mnh ti a, c phi c huy ng vi s lng ti a ng thi s hng phn cng phi rt tp trung trnh cc nhm c i khng cng tham gia vo mt c ng. S cung cp dinh dng cho c cng c vai tr ht sc quan trng c pht hy sc mnh. C s sinh l c bn pht huy sc mnh l cn phi c s lng ln c tham gia co cng mt lc ng thi cc c i khng th li th lng (tng cng s phi hp gia cc nhm c, mun lm c iu phi c qu trnh tp luyn). Ngoi ra luyn tp cn lm si c pht trin (tng tit din ngang do tch ly dnh dng chun b cho vic chuyn ha thnh nng lng). - Sc bn: L kh nng thc hin hot ng trong mt thi gian di; l s th hin kh nng chng ca c th i vi nhng bin i bn trong xy ra khi hot ng c bp ko di. S pht trin ca sc bn ph thuc vo mc hon thin ca s phi hp chc nng vn ng v chc nng dinh dng; vo s bn vng chc nng ca cc c quan ni tng, c bit l c quan h hp v tim mch; s pht trin sc bn ph thuc vo mc pht trin chc nng
15

ca h tun hon v h h hp; kh nng d tr nng lng ca c th... Trong cc hot ng th thao, c cc loi: Sc bn, Sc bn chuyn mn, Sc bn tc , Sc bn mnh. - Kho lo: L kh nng thc hin cc ng tc phc tp v phi hp vn ng trong iu kin mi trng thay i. C s sinh l ca t cht ny l cc phn x phi hp phc tp, trng thi ca h thn kinh trung ng, tc x l thng tin v cc chng trnh hnh ng; ngoi ra t cht kho lo cn ph thuc vo mc pht trin ca cc t cht khc. S tp luyn th dc th thao c h thng s pht trin cc t cht vn ng, c ch pht trin ca cc t cht c nhiu im tng ng v vy kh tp hon thin mt t cht th cc t cht khc mt mc no cng s bin i. Tuy nhin s c mt s bi tp pht trin t cht ny s nh hng xu ti t cht khc (bi tp t pht trin sc mnh tuyt i s nh hng ti sc bn trong chy c ly di....); khi ngng tp th cc t cht cng s ngng pht trin v dn thoi ha tr v trng thi ban u, sc nhanh l t cht gim nhanh nht, sau n sc mnh, sc bn; trong mt ngy cc t cht vn ng mc thp nht lc mi ng dy v trc khi i ng. 2.3 Chc nng vn ng v s thch nghi ca c th vi mi trng: S thch nghi ca c th c ngha rt ln i vi cuc sng ca con ngi; s vn ng trong qu trnh GDTC l nhm lm cho c th thch nghi vi cc hot ng c bp, tng cng s phi hp hot ng ca tt c cc b phn chc nng ca c th; tt c cc bin i thch nghi trong qu trnh tp luyn TDTT tc ng mnh m ti qu trnh thch nghi ca c th vi nhng bin i ca mi trng xung quanh.

III.

NH HNG CA VIC LUYN TP TH DC TH THAO I VI H C QUAN:

1. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi h vn ng.

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Cc hot ng thng thng ca con ngi u l da vo h vn ng. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th c th tng cng c cc cht ca xng, tng cng sc mnh c bp, tng cng tnh n nh v bin hot ng ca cc khp, t m nng lc hot ng ca c th c nng ln, xng v khp c cu to thnh. Xng trong c th l mt kt cu kin c, n bao gm hn 200 chic xng, nhng chic xng cu to thnh mt chic khung gi c tc dng bo v cho cc c quan b phn bn trong ca c th nh no, tim, phiXng cn c mt chc nng khc na l to mu cho c th. Do vy, s sinh trng v trng thnh ca xng khng ch c tc dng quan trng i vi hnh thi c th m cn c s nh hng quan trng i vi nng lc vn ng v lao ng ca con ngi. Rn luyn thn th c th ci bin kt cu ca xng, thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao c th tng cng cc cht trong xng. Tp luyn th dc th thao lm cho c bp c tc dng li ko v p lc i vi xng lm cho xng khng ch bin ho v phng din hnh thc m cn lm cho tnh c gii ca xng c nng ln. S bin i th hin r rt nht trn phng din hnh thi ca xng l: C bp bm ngoi xng tng ln nhiu, cht lin kt cc lp ngoi ca xng cng t c tng ln, s sp xp ca cc cht mm (xp) bn lp trong ca xng cng cn c vo p lc v lc ko ca c m thch nghi. y chnh l s tng ln v s kin c ca xng, t c th chu ng c ph ti ln, nng cao nng lc chng chu p lc, trng lng ln, s ko di v xoay chuynca xng. V d: Vn ng vin th dc thc hin ng tc ko tay x n. Khi thc hin ng tc ny, hai tay ca vn ng vin lun phi chu trng lc ca c th v lc ko tay ca c bp. Nu thng xuyn tp luyn ng tc ny s lm cho xng ca hai tay c s thch nghi vi vic chu ng 2 lc k trn v t nng lc chu ti ca xng 2 tay c nng ln. Cng nh th, i vi cc ng vin cu lng, bn sng th tay thun s to v kho hn, cc vn ng vin nhy cao, nhy xa, xng chn s kho hn ngi thng iu ny ni r mt vn : Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao th s pht trin ca xng c nng ln r rt. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao s y mnh s pht trin chiu cao ca cc em thiu nin nhi ng. Chiu cao hoc tc trng thnh c quyt
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nh bi tc tng trng ca thi k di xng ca cc em thiu nin nhi ng. i vi s pht trin ca xng th u mt xng l ht sc quan trng. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao s tng nhanh tc tun hon mu, t m tng c lng vt cht dinh dng m s pht trin m u mt xng i hi. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao cn c th nh hng n h thng ni phn tit l kch thch s sinh trng ca u mt xng, do vy m thc y s chuyn ho vitamin D, tng cng s cung cp cc nguyn liu to ra xng, iu ny c li cho pht trin v trng thnh ca xng. Cn c vo iu tra, khi so snh nhng ngi thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao v nhng ngi khng thng xuyn tp luyn cho thy chiu cao chnh lch t 4- 8 cm.. Trc khi c th trng thnh, thng qua tp luyn th dc th thao c th ci thin s cung cp mu ca xng, tng cng s trao i cht, kch thch s pht trin ca xng, lm cho s ct ha c din ra lin tc. ng thi rn luyn thn th vi cc loi ng tc cng c tc dng kch thch rt tt i vi s pht trin ca xng, c th thc y phn tit kch thch t cng c tc dng thc y vic pht trin chiu cao ca cc em hc sinh la tui 10-14 gia trng TDTT chuyn nghip v trng khng chuyn (xem bng 1). Bng 1: Bng so snh chiu cao nam, n hc sinh trng chuyn v khng chuyn TDTT Chiu cao Tui Nam Trng chuyn Trng TDTT chuyn 10 11 12 13 14 138.57 144.6 148.2 158.13 162.9 135.46 140.58 145.6 152.38 153.4 N khng Trng TDTT 140.39 149.57 155.53 158.0 158.0 chuyn Trng chuyn 134.26 140.8 147.33 151.64 151.64 khng

Ni cc xng trong c th kt ni vi nhau v cng da vo hot ng gi l khp, bao gm c dy chng v c. Dy chng c tc dng gia tng s kin c cho khp, cn c th khng nhng c th gia tng s kin c cho khp m cn
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c tc dng li ko lm cho khp vn ng. Khp l u mi quan trng cho s lin kt cc xng vi nhau. Tp luyn th dc th thao mt cch khoa hc, h thng va c tc dng lm tng tnh n nh ca khp, va c th tng cng s linh hot v bin ca khp. Tp luyn th dc th thao c th gia tng mt v dy ca mt khp, ng thi cng lm pht trin cc c bao quanh khp, tng cng sc mnh cho khp v dy chng bao quanh khp. Do vy, c th lm tng thm tnh n nh v kin c ca khp, tng cng cho khp lc chng li cc ph ti tc ng ln khp. V d:Trong khi biu din xic, c mt din vin cao ln pha di cn mt s din vin khc th ng ln trn anh ta thc hin mt s tit mc, nh vy cc khp ca v din vin cao ln ny phi gnh chu mt p lc ln tng ng vi tng trng lng ca s din vin kia. Khi tng cng tnh n nh v kin c ca khp, do v khp, dy chng v c bao quanh khp c tng cng v tnh n hi v tnh co dui th bin v tnh linh hot ca khp cng khng ngng c tng cng. Trong biu din mn th dc t do, cc khp ca VV hot ng vi bin rt ln v nh lm ng tc un cu vng hay xoc ngang, nu nh khng thng xuyn tp luyn s khng th thc hin c. Bt k vn ng no ca con ngi u biu hin bi hot ng ca c bp, do vy s pht trin ca c bp l ht sc quan trng i vi vic nng cao nng lc lao ng v vn ng. Trong hot ng vn ng ca con ngi, sc mnh c trng bi mc cng c trin khai bi cc c. Nh s iu ha thn kinh m cng mt nhm c, nhng li c th trin khai mt lc cng thay i t vi gam n hng chc kylgam. S s dng sc mnh c th rt chnh xc, nht l trong nhng ng tc phi hp i hi chun xc cao nh nm r, nh bng... Nhng yu t nh hng n sc mnh c: - Nhng c im v cu to ca c c nh hng ln n sc mnh. Tp luyn lm cho c ph i, to iu kin tng cng sc mnh v gy nhng bin i trong t chc xng, khp v dy chng.

19

- Nhng c im v ha hc ca c c ngha rt ln i vi vic pht trin sc mnh C ch sinh l ca vic pht trin sc mnh: C rt nhiu c ch sinh l to iu kin cho s pht trin sc mnhnbng cch ci thin s phi hp hot ng gia cc chc nng vn ng v chc nng thc vt. Trong , nhng c ch sinh l quan trng nht gm c: - Tng s lng n v vn ng c ng vin trong cc c ch vn. - c ch hot ng ca cc c i khng. - Truyn n c nhng xung t thng qua h thn kinh giao cm. - Lc cng c ti a ph thuc vo s lng si c co. Nhng nghin cu thc nghim ca nhiu tc gi chng minh rng trong nhng phn ng khng iu kin, ch c mt s si c ch khng phi tt c cc si ca c. Hun luyn pht trin sc mnh lm hnh thnh ngi nhng phn ng c iu kin cho php ng vin mt s lng n v vn ng ln hn. - Sc mnh ti a khng ch lin quan vi hot ng ca cc trung tm thn kinh ch huy cc c ch vn m cn lin quan n hot ng ca cc c i khng. Trong cc ng tc c tc u v khng mang vt nng, sc mnh l kt qu ca s cng c ch vn v c i khng, nhng s cng c ch vn mnh hn. Trong cc ng tc c mang vc vt nng hoc git cc, s cng c i khng gim v c th gim ti khng. V vy, pht trin sc mnh ti a, trong hun luyn cn phi hnh thnh nhng phn x c iu kin phi hp hot ng ca cc trung tm thn kinh cc c ch vn c th co trong khi hot ng ca cc c i khng b c ch. - Ngoi ra, h thn kinh trung ng bng nhng phn x c iu kin v khng iu kin, cn c nh hng n dinh dng ca cc c thng qua cc dy thn kinh thc vt c bit l dy thn kinh giao cm. Nhng dy thn kinh ny lm tng hot ng c tim (Paplp) v ca c vn (Ocbli). - Khi vn ng, nht l khi thi u, h thn kinh giao cm hng phn v lm tng kh nng hng phn, tnh linh hot ca c nng, kh nng hot ng ca cc c v cc trung tm thn kinh. S cung cp mu cho cc c quan hot ng c
20

iu ha bi h thn kinh thc vt. Cc hormon c tit ra nhiu khi h thn kinh giao cm hng phn, c bit l Adrenalin lm tng kh nng hot ng ca cc c v sc mnh cng tng. Hun luyn v sc mnh vi t cn i hi h tim mch phi hot ng rt cao v trong mt bui tp VV c khi phi nng ti 15 20 tn. Rn luyn thn th s ci bin c bp mt cch r rt, lm cho s lng si c tng ln t m th tch bp c tng ln. ngi bnh thng th trng lng c bp chim 35- 45% trng lng c th, nhng thng qua tp luyn th dc th thao c th tng ln n 50%. Sau 15 20 bui hun luyn bng nhng bi tp vi hot ng, sc kho mnh ca mt s nhm c c th tng t 35 80%. trung hc v tiu hc c rt nhiu em chn tay ngc khng thy c bp, ch cn thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao th hin tng ny s gim i, thay vo l mt c th kho mnh v p. Khi tp luyn, c bp v xng c tng cng hot ng, s cung cp mu c tng ln, Prtin v dinh dng c tng cng, nng lc d tr ca c cng tng ln, s lng si c tng ln, v vy m bp c to dn ln, sc mnh ca c bp cng theo m tng ln. Do cc t bo c c tng cng, nng lc kt hp vi xy tng ln, kh nng d tr cc cht dinh dng v ng tng ln, s lng mao mch trong c bp tng ln nhiuiu ny thch ng vi cc yu cu ca lao ng v hot ng. C th s dng c hot ng ng v hot ng tnh pht trin sc mnh ca cc nhm c: Theo mt s tc gi, cho cc c tp luyn theo ch ng trng vi lc cng c ti a cng lm cho sc mnh ca c tng cao. V vy, pht trin sc mnh, c th cho cc c tp luyn phi hp theo c ch ng trng v ng trng. Nhng bi tp vi ch hot ng ng trng ca c c mt tt l thi gian tp luyn ngn v hnh nh c nhng ng lin h tm thi ng vin c mt s lng n v vn ng cao nht nu tp gng sc tnh lc vi lc cng c ti a. Mt bi tp gm 5 6 ng tc tnh ch ko di t 2 3 pht. Mi ng tc ch ko di 5 6 giy. Nhng nhng bi tp ny li c nhng mt khng tt nh sau:
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- Lm gim kh nng th lng ca c. - Lm gim tc trin khai cng c. - Lm gim kh nng phn bit tinh vi cng , thi gian v tc cng c. Trong i a s cc mn th thao, li rt cn c s th lng c cc c quan v phn bit mt cch tinh vi lc cng c. Chnh v th m trong nhng bi tp pht trin sc mnh, hot ng ca cc c vn chim mt phn ch yu. V trng lng t thch hp nht pht trin sc mnh, kin ca cc tc gi cng khng thng nht. C ngi (Hellinger 1961 1966) cho rng trng lng t c hiu qu nht l 2/3 lc cng c ti a (ch hot ng ng trng), c tc gi (Menvep 1960) li ch trng s dng trng lng t bng 50% trng lng ti a. Nhng li c nhng tc gi (Zimkin 1956, Mngarp 1958, Berger 1960, Nagle 1960) cho rng trng lng t thch hp nht khng phi l tiu chun c nh. Trng lng ny thay i tu theo trnh tp luyn ca cc i tng, nhp ng tc, thi gian ngh gia cc bui tp.... Thng qua tp luyn th dc th thao cn c th nng cao nng lc khng ch c h thng thn kinh i vi h thng c bp, iu ny th hin bi tc phn ng, chun xc v tnh nhp iu u c nng ln. Khi c bp lm vic, s tiu hao nng lng c gim xung nhng hiu qu vn c nng ln. Nhng iu ny lm cho sc mnh, tc , sc bn v tnh linh hotu tt hn nhiu so vi ngi bnh thng. Ngoi ra vn cn gip cho c th phng trnh c cc loi chn thng do s hot ng kch lit ca c bp trong qu trnh tp luyn hay trong hot ng i sng hng ngy. 2. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi h thng h hp Chc nng ca h thng h hp mnh hay yu ph thuc bi nng lc CO2 ca c th, khi tp luyn th dc th thao c th i hi nhiu hn v Oxy, chnh v vy m tn s h hp tng ln. p ng nhu cu trn, cc c quan ca h thng h hp bt buc phi ci thin nng lc lm vic ca bn thn. Do vy, tin hnh tp luyn th dc th thao trong thi gian di c th nng cao nng lc hp th Oxy, t nng cao c chc nng ca cc c quan trong h thng h hp, ci thin c nng h thng h hp.
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Qu trnh hot ng sng ca con ngi l mt qu trnh tiu hao nng lng, nng lng c ly t ngun d tr cc cht trong c th. Nhng vt cht d tr ny khi c em ra bin i thnh nng lng i hi phi c mt qa trnh Oxy ho, do vy, c th bt buc phi khng ngng s dng Oxy t mi trng bn ngoi v th ra CO2. Qu trnh trao i ny gi l qu trnh h hp. H thng h hp bao gm phi, kh qun, mi.. trong phi l ni trao i kh, cn li u l ng h hp. C th khi trong trng thi yn tnh mi pht i hi 0,25- 0,3 ml kh, nh vy ch cn 1/20 s ph nang trong phi hot ng l c th p ng. Nu c nh vy trong thi gian di th nhng ph nang khng c s dng s b thoi ho i, t chc nng ca h thng h hp s gim i mnh m v rt d mc bnh. Bng: S khc bit v chc nng h hp gia ngi thng v ngi thng xuyn lp luyn th dc th thao Ni dung H thng h hp Tn s h hp Dung tch sng Ngi thng Ngi thng xuyn Tp luyn TDTT

C nng h hp khng pht C nng h hp pht trin, cng trin, cng nng h hp gim nng h hp nng ln r rt 12-18 ln/ pht 8-12 ln/ pht N 2000-2500 ml; nam 3000- N 3000-4000 ml; nam 400036000 ml 5000 ml

Lng hp th Khi vn ng 2,5-3 lt/ pht Khi vn ng 4,5-5,5 lt/ pht Oxy (ln gp 10 ln khi yn tnh) (ln gp 20 ln khi yn tnh) Lng thng kh Khi vn ng: 70-75 ln/ pht phi Khi vn ng 80-120 ln/ pht

Chc nng h hp c ci thin mt s mt sau: 1. C h hp c pht trin dn, c lc, c sc bn, c th chu ng vi lng vn ng ln. C h hp ch yu l c honh cch, c gian sn, ngoi ra cn c thm c bng, khi ht th su cc nhm c ngc lng cng c tc dng ph tr. Tp luyn th dc th thao thng xuyn s tng cng c h hp do vy m chu vi lng ngc tng ln nhiu.
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S trng thnh ca c h hp lm cho bin ca ng tc h hp ln ln, h hp ngi bnh thng khi ht vo ht sc v th ra ht sc s chnh lch v chu vi lng ngc khng nhiu (gi l h hp km) ch c 5-8 cm, ngi thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao s khc bit ny l c th ln ti 9-16 cm. V vy tin hnh tp luyn th dc th thao thng xuyn l c li cho vic nng cao chc nng ca h thng h hp. 2. Dung tch sng tng ln, tng cng hp th Oxy v thi CO2. Dung tch sng l mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi trnh sc kho v s sinh trng pht dc ca thiu nin nhi ng. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao c bit l lm cc ng tc gp dui ngc c th lm cho sc mnh ca c h hp c tng cng, lng ngc to ln iu ny c li cho s sinh trng pht dc ca t chc phi, cng nh s khuych trng ca phi t lm cho dung tch sng tng ln. Ngoi ra khi tp luyn th dc th thao vi cc vn ng ht th mang tnh thng xuyn cng c th thc y s tng trng ca dung tch sng. ngi bnh thng dung tch sng ch khong 3500 ml, nhng ngi thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao tnh n hi ca phi tng ln r rt, sc mnh ca c h hp tng nhiu, dung tch sng ln hn ngi bnh thng khong 1000 ml. 3. Tng cng su h hp. ngi bnh thng h hp nng v nhanh, khi yn tnh tn s yn tnh khong 12-18 ln/ pht, ngi thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao h hp su v chm lc yn tnh tn s h hp khong 8-12 ln/ pht. Nh vy c ngha l cc c h hp c nhiu thi gian ngh ngi. S khc bit ny cn biu hin r nt hn trong khi vn ng. V d: Trong cng mt iu kin, cng mt lng vn ng (vn ng nh nhng) ngi bnh thng tn s h hp ln ti khong 32 ln/pht, mi ln h hp dung lng ch khong 300 ml, trong mt pht tng dung lng h hp l 300 ml 32= 9600 ml. Nhng vn ng vin tn s h hp li l 16 ln/pht, mi ln h hp dung lng t 600 ml, tng dung lng trong 1 pht thu c l 600 ml 16= 9600 ml. T thng k trn c th thy, ngi bnh thng v vn ng vin trong cng 1 pht th dung lng h hp l tng ng. Nhng trn thc t, th s giao
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i Oxy v CO2 li khc nhau bi l mi ln h hp th c khong 150 ml khng kh c lu li trong ng h hp m khng th vo trong ph bo tin hnh giao i. Do lng kh giao i s l: ngi bnh thng: (300 ml - 150 ml) 32 = 4800 ml. vn ng vin l: (600 ml - 150 ml) 16 = 7200 ml. iu ny cho thy khi c bp lm vic th nhu cu v Oxy tng ln, ngi bnh thng s phi tng tn s h hp p ng nhu cu do vy khi vn ng thng th gp. Nhng vn ng vin do v c nng h hp c nng ln, h hp su. Trong cng mt iu kin nh nhau, tn s h hp cha cn tng cao th p ng nhu cu khng kh giao i do c th lm vic c trong thi gian di m khng d mc bnh. Ngoi ra, do kt qu ca tp luyn th dc th thao lu di ci thin c chc nng ca h thng h hp v cc h thng khc (h thng thn kinh, h thng tun hon) nng cao nng lc nh CO2 v hp th Oxy khi trao i kh, lm cho vn ng vin khi hot ng kch lit vn c th pht huy chc nng ca h h hp ( ngi bnh thng kh c th t c). Do vy m lm cho qu trnh Oxy ho cc vt cht nng lng cng thm hon thin. iu ny m bo cho vic cung cp y nng lng khi vn ng. Ngi bnh thng khi thc hin cc bi tp th dc th thao vic trao i Oxy c th t c 60% tng s kh khi h hp. Nhng sau khi tri qua tp luyn th dc th thao th nng lng trao i ny c nng ln r rt khi hot ng vn ng nhu cu Oxy tng ln vn c th p ng c nhu cu ca c th m khng lm cho c th thiu kh qu mc. Tp luyn th dc th thao cn c th rn luyn con ngi nng cao c nng lc chu ng n dng kh (kh nng chu ng thiu Oxy). Trong iu kin thiu Oxy vn c th kin tr thc hin cc hot ng c bp phc tp. V d nh: VV leo ni trong iu kin ni cao thiu Oxy, khng ch phi duy tr cc hot ng duy tr tnh mng m cn phi khng ngng hon thnh nhim v leo ln nh ni y kh khn. a. nh hng ca luyn tp th dc th thao i vi h thng nng lng a kh ca vn ng vin (VV). Khi luyn tp vng C di ti a v c kh nng duy tr trong thi gian di, VV tng kh nng h hp ngoi v kh nng hng phn cao trung tm h hp. V d:
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Dung tch sng ca ngi khng HL th tr s dung tch sng vo khong 3 - 3,5 lt, v thng kh phi ti a vo khong 80 - 100 lt, tn s h hp khong 10 - 12 ln /pht, tn s h hp ti a 40 - 60 ln, tc ht vo khong 0,6 - 0,7 lt/pht, h hp su ti a t 2 - 2,5 lt. i vi VV cp cao yu cu kh nng h trao i nng lng a kh cao. Dung tch sng t ti a t 7 - 8lt oxy, thng kh phi ti a t 180 200 lt, lc yn tnh tn s h hp t 5 - 8 chu k, tc ht vo cc i l 1,5 - 1,8lt, su h hp 3,4 - 3,5lt. nam gi (20 - 23 tui) tham gia tp luyn dung tch sng (3.300 200ml); VO2max tng i ca nam c tp luyn khong 40 - 50 ml/pht/kg. Nhng VV nam xut sc VO2max tuyt i 6 - 7 lt/pht; VO2max tng i 85 - 92 ml/pht/kg. Kh nng hot ng a kh cn ph thuc c im mn TT. Nhng VV sc bn kh nng ny cao hn, mn th dc dng c kh nng ny thp hn. c im h thng trao i nng lng a kh c quan h vi hot ng thi u ca mt s mn TT c th. i vi mn ua thuyn, bi li, xe p khng cn vai tr ca trng lng c th tranh chp i khng lc thi u. Cho nn trng lng VV xut sc ch dao ng khong 90 - 100kg, VV xe p vo khong 70 - 75kg, VV c ly di vo khong 72 - 78kg, VV maratng khong 50 - 60kg. Nhng nhu cu VO2max rt cao so vi cc VV khc. VV ua thuyn VO2max tng i: 64 -70ml/pht/kg, VO2max tuyt i 6 7lt/pht.VV maratng, VO2max tng i : 80 - 90ml/pht/kg. Cc nh nghin cu pht hin trong cng loi chy (18km/gi), VV c trng lng 60kg, nhu cu oxy l 3,7lt; trng lng 70kg, oxy l 4,3 lt, trng lng 80kg nhu cu oxy l 4,6lt. Nh vy trong iu kin nng lc a kh VO2max tuyt i bng nhau th vai tr trng lng c th chim u th. i vi VV tui 15 - 20, c thnh tch TT cao, th VO2max tuyt i v VO2max tng i cao. Qua cc cng trnh nghin cu, VV bi li cp cao Thy S VO2max tuyt i l 5,16lt/pht (4,46 - 5,81lt/pht), c 12 VV ng cp khc nhau VO2max tuyt i trung bnh l 5,05lt/pht. Nm 1983 - 1984 VV Lin X cng c ch tiu VO2max tng t.
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Qua thc tin chng minh : dng C hot ng a kh nng cao c kh nng thch ng ca h thng trao i nng lng a kh. Nhng VV c dung lng h thng a kh th nng lc thch ng LV tt. Ngi t tp luyn khi hot ng cng VO2max = 70% (70%VO2max) th thi gian hot ng ko di 30pht (3,2lt/pht), VV c t cht bn cao, khi hot ng 70% VO2max th duy tr hot ng trong 2 gi, VV c li di, hot ng cng 70% VO2max th thi gian duy tr hot ng 3 - 4 gi. Nhng VV th gii trnh cao kh nng a kh s dng 100% VO2max hot ng duy tr trong 10 pht, dng 95% VO2max c th duy tr hot ng vt trn 60 pht, nu dng cng 80% VO2max th c th duy tr hot ng trong 2 gi. Qua nghin cu chng minh rng, nu dng cng 90- 95% VO2max th hm lng AL khng tng theo thi gian hot ng. Khi tin hnh tp cc bi tp chuyn su vi cng a - ym kh (mt ngy 2 gi), tp trong 6 - 8 tun th nng cao dung lng ca h thng trao i a kh, VV cp cao nng cao nhiu tim nng c th, sau nng cao VO2max trong 2 - 3 thng u nng cao 15 30%, khi HL t 9 - 24 thng nng cao 40 - 50% v HL nhiu nm chng na th VO2max cng khng vt t l % , nhng do tc dng HL, hot tnh men a kh nng cao rt nhanh. Di tc ng HL c h thng, cc nhn t cu thnh h thng a kh c ci thin. Khi dng C trn ngng ym kh th kh nng a kh ca VV tng, theo nhiu tc gi tp luyn cng c ngng ym kh: AL trong mu = 3 - 4mmol/L i vi ngi bnh thng c mch p 150 ln/phut, VV mch p t 160-175 ln/pht, VV xut sc, mch p 180 ln/pht. nh hng luyn tp th dc th thao i vi h thng nng lng ym kh ca vn ng vin (VV) Cng sut ym kh ph thuc vo c ch photphogen v tc hot ng ca chng. Nhng VV c trng sc mnh - tc hot ng cng ym kh khng axit lactic, nhu cu oxi t 200 - 250 ml/pht/kg, di nh hng HL cng ym kh khng axit lactic, hm lng CP trong c tng nhiu v c lin quan n s tng th tch ti lp th, tng hot tnh men. Men quyt nh s phn gii v
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hp thnh CP, trong c men hot ng ym kh l: photphofrutokinaza, photphofelaza, isomeraza.v.v.. Nhu cu pht huy cng ti a ca qu trnh ym kh khng axit lactic cn thi gian 0,5 - 0,7giy sau khi bt u hot ng. ngi bnh thng, qu trnh ny duy tr 7 - 15 giy,VV cp cao trong thi gian thi u duy tr 20 - 25 giy v c th t 25 - 30 giy. Do nh hng LV, c cht ca qu trnh trao i nng lng ym kh tng nhiu, v s dng nng lng chuyn ho CP, ngi bnh thng, dung lng c cht l 1,5 - 2 lt xy, khi tp bi tp sc mnh tc dung lng ca qu trnh ym kh khng AL tng 1,5 - 2 ln. Khi nghin cu v nng lng ng phn ym kh nhiu tc gi chng minh rng : Ngi bnh thng khi tp luyn sc mnh tc , AL mu c th t 13mmol/lt, VV cp cao hm lng AL/mu c th t n 20 - 30mmol/lt. Cc tc gi ngi M Lohman and Fiske cho rng : Kh nng thch ng ca qu trnh tp luyn cc bi tp ym kh khng AL ch yu l s thay i thnh phn c nhanh, biu hin s tng trng kh nng ng phn. Qua nghin cu chng minh rng : Khi tp luyn C cao t 1- 7 pht th hm lng AL/mu t ti a. Nu thi gian hot ng ko di th hm lng axit lactic - mu gim xung, bi v C ti a ca qu trnh hot ng ym kh ch tng nhanh n ti a t khong t 15 - 45 giy sau khi bt u hot ng. C ti a xut hin i vi trnh HL khc nhau c s khc nhau (Asmusson, Saltind). V d: i vi ngi bnh thng, C ti a xut hin khong 2 pht, i vi VV cp cao xut hin trong thi u 2 - 5 pht, cn i vi VV xut sc l 3 - 4 pht. Nhm nng cao dung lng ca qu trnh trao i nng lng ym kh th thi gian tp luyn 2 - 4 pht c hiu qu tt nht (Ai- V Dn TQ, 1996). Phng php ti u nng cao kh nng ym kh phi ch c im tch ly axit lactic khong cch ngh gia qung khi tp cc nhm bi tp c C ti a. V d: Khi tp luyn C ti a 1 pht, ngh gia qung 4 pht AL trong mu tng dn dn.

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3. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi chc nng ca h tun hon: Mt h thng tun hon tt l iu kin bt buc phi c cho mt c th cng trng kho mnh. Tp luyn th dc th thao c th nng cao chc nng ca tim, tng nhanh tc tun hon mu, nng cao c chc nng ca h thng huyt qun. H thng tun hon l do tim, mu v h thng huyt qun to thnh v vy m gi l h thng tun hon mu. Tim l ni pht ra ng lc lm cho mu lu ng, huyt qun l con knh dn mu i khp ni trong c th, mu th ph trch vic vn chuyn dinh dng, Oxy, cc sn phm thi ca qu trnh trao i cht v CO2. Tim c tc dng lm cho mu lun lu ng trong huyt qun mang Oxy v cc cht dinh dng cho cc t chc, t bo, ng thi em cc cht thi ca qu trnh trao i cht sn sinh ra cng nh CO2 ra ngoi phi, thn v da Tp luyn th dc th thao c tc dng rt tt i vi cc c quan, h thng trong c th, i vi h thng huyt qun cng nh vy. Khi tin hnh tp luyn th dc th thao s tiu hao nng lng v cc sn phm tha ca qu trnh trao i cht tng ln trong c th. Lc ny i hi phi nng cao chc nng ca tim, tng nhanh tt lu truyn mu, ng thi nng cao chc nng ca h tun hon. V d: Trong hot ng cc mn chy di, bng , bng r hay bi liu c th lm cho chc nng ca h thng tun hon t c s tng cng r rt, lm cho c tim dy ln, tn s mch v huyt p gim, lm cho h tun hon c tp luyn, kt cu, chc nng c c s ci thin ch yu biu hin cc phng din sau: a.Tng cng tnh vn ng ca tim. Tp luyn th dc th thao lm tng cng mu ca c tim, lm cho c tim c nhiu vt cht dinh dng hn. Do tp luyn th dc th thao c tim dn dn c tng cng, thnh tim dy ln, th tch khoang tim tng ln (ngi bnh thng khong 700ml, VV l 1000ml). Gin bung tim lm cho lng mu cha trong cc bung tim tng ln, l yu t quan trng tng th tch tm thu khi cn thit. Ph i c tim lm tng lc bp ca tim, tc l lm tng th tch tm thu. Do vy th tch khoang tim ca VV ln hn mt cht so vi ngi bnh thng. Hin tng ny c gi l ph i tim mang tnh vn ng Ngi
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thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao do tp luyn thng k, c khoang tim s to v kho dn ln, dng my chuyn mn xem xt c th thy khoang tim ca h to hn mt cht so vi ngi thng, ngoi hnh y n, c tim pht trin, lc co bp tim tng ln, dung lng tim cng tng ln nhiu, do vy m mi ln co bp tim lng mu c y ra khi tim (lu lng tm thu) cng tng ln. b.Tn s mch gim v chm khi yn tnh. ngi bnh thng tn s mch vo khong 70-80 ln/pht, thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao tn s mch p ch khong 50-60ln/pht, cc vn ng vin u t c khi gim xung ti 40ln/pht. iu ny l do VV lu lng tm thu tng ln do tn s mch gim xung nhng vn cung cp cho nhu cu trao i cht ca ton b c th. Trong trng thi yu tnh, lu lng pht m c th i hi khong 75ln. Trong khi lu lng tm thu VV khong 90ml, tim ch cn co bp khong 50 ln l cung cp mu cho c th. Tn s mch gim xung do m tim c nhiu thi gian ngh ngi. c.Tit kim ho trong lm vic ca tim: Tin hnh vn ng nh nhng, cng mt lng vn ng, tn s mch p v bin bin i huyt p ngi thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao nh hn ngi bnh thng v khng d b mt mi, hi phc nhanh. Ngi khng thng xuyn tp luyn s i hi tn s mch cao hn, do thi gian ngh ngi ca tim ngn i, rt d mt mi, sau khi vn ng thi gian hi phc cng cn di hn. Nguyn nhn ch yu l ngi thng xuyn tp luyn c lc co bp tim ln hn, lu lng tm thu ln hn, do ch cn tng mt cht tn s mch l c th p ng yu cu, ng thi do vic tp luyn th dc th thao lm cho huyt qun bo v v duy tr tt s lu truyn ca mu nn cc VV nh nhng, bin bin ho v tn s mch v huyt p u nh hn so vi ngi bnh thng. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng tit kim ho (xem bng 2). Bng 2: Bng i chiu chc nng tim Ni dung chiu i Ngi thng Khi vn ng 150 ln Ngi thng xuyn tp th dc th thao Khi yn tnh 56 ln Khi vn ng 86 ln
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Khi yn tnh Tn s mch p 61 ln

trong 1 pht Lu lng tm 69 ml thu Lu lng pht 4,2lt 71ml 10,7lt 87ml 4,9lt 127,5ml 11lt

d. Khi hot ng kch lit, chc nng ca tim c th t ti trnh cao. Ngi thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao th chc nng ca tim rt tt, l c tim kho, dung lng tim ln, lc co bp tim kho. Khi hot ng kch lit c th nhanh chng pht huy chc nng tim, c th t n mc m ngi thng khng th t ti. V d nh tn s mch p ca VV u t c th t ti 200-220 ln/pht, lu lng pht c th t ti trn 40lt. Do vy c th m nhim c nhng cng vic hoc lao ng vi lng vn ng hun luyn hoc ph ti rt ln, trong khi ngi thng tn s mch p ti a ch t ti 180 ln/pht, lc ny lng mu tr v tim s gim xung do vy lu lng tm thu gim xung, tun hon mu v th cng gim hiu qu. Cng vi s tch lu cc sn phm ca trao i cht (axit lactic) lm cho kh c th duy tr c cng vic thm ch cn xut hin hin tng tc ngc, kh th, lon nhp tim, au us hi phc sau vn ng gim. Theo Letunp (1940), khng phi tt c cc mn th thao u lm thay i v mt cu trc ca tim, lm c tim ph i v tng th tch bung tim. S tng dy ca thnh tim ch yu l tm tht tri, l do tim ca cc vn ng vin co bp nhiu y mu i theo nhu cu ca vn ng c bp. Qua nghin cu ng a ra kt lun sau: i vi vn ng vin sc bn th tim gin to, i vi vn ng vin sc mnh th c tim dy ln. Nh khoa hc Kox nghin cu cc vn ng vin, kt qu cho thy cc vn ng vin tp luyn sc bn a kh ti a c trng lng tim trn mt kg th trng (tim / Kg trng lng c th) cao hn vn ng vin cc mn hot ng sc mnh v tc . Qu trnh vn ng c nh hng rt ln n cu trc ca tim, c th dn n ph i c tim v cng
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c th lm tng th tch bung tim. Hai ch s trn tng u dn n s tng trng lng ca tim. e.Tng tnh dn truyn ca huyt qun. Tp luyn th dc th thao c th tng cng c tnh dn truyn mu ca thnh mch, iu ny l rt c li i vi ngi gi. ngi gi, cng vi s gia tng ca tui tc, tnh dn truyn ca mu thnh mch cng gim xung, chnh v vy m ngi gi thng hay mc cc bnh tui gi c bit l bnh cao huyt p. Ngi gi thng qua tp luyn th dc th thao c th tng cng tnh dn truyn mu ca thnh mch, t c th phng nga c cc bnh tui gi v bnh cao huyt p. Ngoi ra, y hc chng minh, thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao s lm tng hm lng hng cu, bch cu, c th cung cp kp thi dinh dng v Oxy cho c th, mang cc cht thi ca qu trnh trao i cht cng nh CO2 ra ngoi. Cng vi mc sng ngy cng cao, nu nh khng thng xuyn tham gia tp luyn th dc th thao th bnh vn minh tt nhin s gia tng. Hin nay khng c t ngi cht v mc cc bnh v tim mch, Lin bang c 20 tr li y, s lng ngi cht v bnh tim chim 52%-53% tng s ngi cht. Theo ti liu thng k ca t chc y t th gii cng b nm 1984 s ngi cht do mc cc bnh v tim l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n t vong chim t l cao nht. Do vy vic thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic gim t l ngi mc cc bnh lin quan n tim v h tun hon.

4. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi h tiu ho: D dy v rut l nhng c quan ch yu ca h thng tiu ho trong c th. Nng lc tiu ho ca d dy v rut tt s c nhng nh hng tt i vi sc kho con ngi. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao s nng cao c cng nng tiu ho ca d dy v rut, tng cng s kho mnh cho gan, ng thi cn c tc dng tr liu v phng nga mt s bnh v h thng tiu ha.

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Thng xuyn tp luyn, do nhu cu hot ng ca c bp nn d dy v rut phi tng cng chc nng tiu ho, lc ny dch v men tiu ho tng ln nhiu, s co bp ng dn truyn tiu ho cng c tng ln mnh m, tun hon mu d dy v rut cng c ci thin. Do pht sinh cc thay i nu trn m vic tiu ho thc n v hp th cc cht dinh dng c din ra thun li, mt khc do khi vn ng phi h hp su, c honh cch hot ng vi bin ln nn di chuyn nhiu xung pha di, c bng cng hot ng mnh, iu ny c tc dng mt xa cho d dy v rut. Do tp luyn th dc th thao c tc dng nng cao nng lc tiu ho ca d dy v rut nh vy nn c khng t ngi s dng tp luyn th dc th thao nh mt phng php tr liu i vi mt s bnh d dy v h thu c hiu qu nht nh. Gan l mt tng ln trong c th con ngi, n ng vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi h tiu ho, thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao chc nng ca gan c tng cng iu ny rt c li cho vic tiu ho thc n. Khi vn ng s tiu hao ngun nng lng d tr tng ln, khin cho gan phi hot ng tch cc hn t m chc nng gan c tp luyn thng xuyn v pht trin. Lng ng n trong gan ca vn ng vin v ngi thng v tc y ng n ra ngoi ca gan vn ng vin cng nhanh hn ngi thng. ng n gan l ht sc quan trng i vi s kho mnh ca gan, n c th bo v cho gan, v nguyn nhn ny m cc bc s thng yu cu nhng bnh nhn gan n nhiu hoa qu c ng. Chc nng gan vn ng vin l rt tt, kh nng khng vi bnh gan cng rt cao. ngi thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao th vic s dng ng n trong gan cng kinh t hn ngi thng. T nhng yu t trn c th thy tp luyn th dc th thao c th lm tng thm sc kho cho gan, m gan c kho th mi c th nng cao c nng lc lao ng v vn ng.

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5. nh hng ca th dc th thao i vi h thng thn kinh: H thng thn kinh khng ch cc loi hnh vi ca con ngi, thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao s lm nng cao nng lc lm vic ca cc t bo thn kinh i no, nng cao tnh linh hot v s hng phn ca h thng thn kinh, phn ng nhanh, tng thm tc linh hot v s chun xc nhp nhng ca ng tc. H thng thn kinh l do h thng trung khu v h thng thn kinh ngoi bin to thnh. Hnh thc hot ng ca chng nh sau: Sau khi c th tip nhn c tn hiu kch thch thng qua cc n ron thn kinh dn truyn n h thng trung khu thn kinh, sau khi h thng trung khu thn kinh phn tch, tng hp th cc xung ng hng phn s c dn truyn ti cc c quan t to ra cc phn ng tng ng. V d: Khi tham gia thi u bng r, trong tnh hung thin bin vn ho ca thi u trn sn i hi hon thnh ng tc kp thi v chun xc. ngi bnh thng tc phn ng l 0,4 giy tr ln, vn ng vin l 0,332 giy, i vi cc vn ng vin bng bn tc phn ng t ti 0,1 giy. Nhng vn ny u em li nhng li ch cho cng vic hay nhng hot ng sinh hot i thng. Ngoi ra thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao cn c th phng nga c bnh suy nhc thn kinh. Vn ng cn m bo cho vic gi cn bng gia hng phn v c ch ca i no, t phng nga c s pht sinh suy nhc thn kinh. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao c th lm cho s hng phn c tng cng, c ch cng thm su sc hoc lm cho hng phn v c ch c tp trung, nh vy nng cao c tnh linh hot ca qu trnh thn kinh. Khi tp luyn th dc th thao do trung khu vn ng hng phn cao lm cho ngoi vi sn sinh s c ch su sc, iu khin cho cc t bo thn kinh c ngh ngi tt. Tp luyn th dc th thao thng yu cu phi hon thnh nhng ng tc phc tp, c kh cao hn so vi cc hot ng thng ngy, v vy m c th bt buc phi ng vin chc nng ca bn thn n mc cao mi c th thch nghi c vi cc yu cu ca nhim v. Thng qua tp luyn thi gian di, khng ch c bp pht trin, do ng tc c lc, m tc , tnh mm do, s linh hotca ng tc cng c tng cng,
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i vi th lc lao ng th sc bn b cng c nng ln, kh nng phng bnh v kh nng thch nghi vi cc loi kch thch bn ngoi mi trng cng c nng ln. Bi l vn ng c tc dng rt tt i vi h thng thn kinh nn phn ln cc bc s thng ly tp luyn th dc th thao lm thnh mt phng php tr liu, c bit l iu tr cc tr ngi v chc nng ca h thng thn kinhnguyn nhn dn n cc bnh thn kinh. M mt s chuyn gia v bnh thn kinh m mt lp gi l vn ng d phng cho mt s ngi b suy nhc thn kinh nh, trong lp ny h ly chy b thay cho vic dng thuc. Tri qua mt tun tp luyn th c 60%- 85% bnh nhn xut hin du hiu hi phc. Ngoi nhng nh hng tt vi cc h c quan, luyn tp th dc th thao cn gip ta thc tin pht trin nng lc ca no, nng cao hiu sut hc tp, cng tc: Tp luyn th dc th thao ngoi vic pht trin th lc v th cht ra, n cn pht trin nng lc ca no, nng cao hiu sut cng tc. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao c th nng cao nng lc lm vic ca i no, ci thin qu trnh thn kinh, t tng cng tr lc v kh nng ghi nh ca c th, ng thi thng qua tp luyn th dc th thao cng c th iu tit mt cch c hiu qu cng tc v hc tp, t lm tng hiu sut cng vic v hc tp. Con ngi khi pht trin chu s nh hng ca 3 yu t di truyn, hon cnh sng v gio dc. Cc yu t di truyn ca c th nh kt cu, hnh thi, cm quan, h thng thn kinh l nhng iu kin tin ca s pht trin t nhin hay sinh l ca con ngi. Trong khi tri thc, ti nng, tnh cch, s yu thch ca con ngi c hnh thnh bi s nh hng ca gio dc v hon cnh sng. Gio dc y ng nhin trong bao gm c ni dung gio dc th cht. Thc tin chng minh tp luyn th dc th thao c tc dng thc y s pht trin v mt tr lc, nhn thc, ti nng ca con ngi, ng thi cng c tc dng nng cao hiu sut hc tp. Rn luyn thn th c th nng cao nng lc hot ng tr lc: Tr lc hiu theo ngha thng thng l ly nng lc t duy lm ht nhn, n l s tng ho ca nng lc nhn thc, n bao gm nng lc quan st, nng lc ghi
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nh, nng lc tng tngTr lc l sn vt ca s kt hp gia di truyn, s nh hng ca gio dc, iu kin sng v s n lc c nhn. Thc t chng minh trnh tr lc ca con ngi c mi tng quan vi di truyn (c ngi cho rng c th t ti 65%, thm ch ti 80%), c mi tng quan mt thit vi hon cnh x hi, gio dc, iu kin gia nh, mt bng kinh tKhng th xem nh tc dng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi s pht trin tr lc, c ngy cng nhiu cc nh nghin cu bo co v vn ny. Cc kt qu nghin cu chng minh, nng lc ghi nh v tr lc l mt loi mang c tnh vt cht ho hc, do mt loi phn t Prtin a vt cht cu thnh, s vn ng ca nhng vt cht ny c lin quan n trng thi lm vic ca i no, cng thch nghi vi iu kin lm vic th cng tt, i no bo lu cc tin tc bn ngoi cng kin c, s lin h gia cc tin tc cng r nt i vi s phn bit cc tin tc cng r rng mch lc. Nhng hin tng ny bnh thng chng ta hay gi l mn cm. S thch nghi gia mt i no tt vi iu kin cng tc c th hin hai mt sau: - Cung cp y mu trong no. - Thch nghi vi trng thi hng phn. Tp luyn th dc th thao c th nng cao hiu qu cng tc v hc tp. Hc tp cc tri thc vn ho khoa hc l nhng hot ng thn kinh cao cp ca i no. Trong qu trnh hc tp i hi i no phi hot ng t duy cng thng cao v lin tc, nhng hot ng da vo s chuyn ho tng h khng ngng v s cn bng gia hai chc nng hng phn v c ch ca t bo thn kinh. Nu lm vic trong thi gian qu di cc t chc no s sn sinh ra tc dng c ch bo v, lc ny hiu sut lm vic ca no s gim xung, biu hin ra ngoi l nng lc ch v t duy km, nng hn l chng mt, au ukhi ny i hi phi ngh ngi. Ngh ngi c hai kiu, l ngh ngi tiu cc (i ng) v ngh ngi tch cc (tp luyn th dc th thao). Khi tp luyn th dc th thao cc t bo thn kinh vn ng s c hng phn cao, mt khc lm gia tng thm s c ch cc t bo ghi nh v t duy t lm cho s mt mi mt i. Do vn ng lm cho h tun hon hot ng tch cc dn n cc t bo c cung cp dinh dng v Oxy y hn, lm thc y mnh m hn vic o thi sn phm
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tha ca qu trnh trao i cht, iu ny rt c li cho chc nng hi phc ca c th. Tm li, tin hnh tp luyn th dc th thao mt cch khoa hc khng nhng c tc dng rn luyn th cht v th lc cho c th m cn c tc dng rt ln i vi vic thc tin v nng cao cc hot ng ca no. Thng xuyn tp luyn th dc th thao c th nng cao chc nng ca cc c quan trong c th, thc y qu trnh sinh trng v pht dc thanh thiu nin, pht trin cc t cht c th, nng cao nng lc hot ng c bn ca con ngi

Trch dn v su tm t: - Gio trnh mn GDTC trng i hc Thng Long - Gio trnh y sinh hc TDTT ca TS. Nguyn ng Chiu - Mt s t liu v danh su tm trn internet

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Mc lc: I. KHI QUT CHUNG V TH DC TH THAO:.....................................2 1. Lch s th dc th thao:................................................................................2 2. Khi nim chung v th dc th thao: ..........................................................4 II. C S KHOA HC SINH HC TRONG VIC LUYN TP TH DC TH THAO:....................................................................................................5 1. C th con ngi l h sinh hc thng nht. Trao i cht v nng lng: .....6 1.1. C th con ngi l h sinh hc thng nht: ...............................................6 1.2. C th con ngi l b my vn ng:.........................................................8 2. C s sinh l ca nng lc vn ng: ..........................................................14 2.1 K nng vn ng: .......................................................................................14 2.2. Cc t cht vn ng (Sc nhanh- sc mnh- sc bn- kho lo) .............15 2.3 Chc nng vn ng v s thch nghi ca c th vi mi trng: ......16 III. NH HNG CA VIC LUYN TP TH DC TH THAO I VI H C QUAN: ..............................................................................................16 1. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi h vn ng. .............16 Chiu cao..................................................................................................................18 Nam .......................................................................................................................18 2. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi h thng h hp .....22 Ngi thng ...........................................................................................................23 H thng h hp .......................................................................................................23 Dung tch sng .........................................................................................................23 Khi vn ng: 70-75 ln/ pht .................................................................................23 3. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi chc nng ca h tun hon: .....................................................................................................................29
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Bng 2: Bng i chiu chc nng tim..............................................................30 Ngi thng ...........................................................................................................30 4. S nh hng ca tp luyn th dc th thao i vi h tiu ho: ...............32 5. nh hng ca th dc th thao i vi h thng thn kinh:...........................34

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