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Bi 1:

THIT B CP NHIT BN L
Mc tiu ca bi: Hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng. - Trnh by c cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca bn l. - Thay th cc b phn, sa cha c bn l theo tiu chun sa cha. Ni dung ca bi: 1. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca bn l: Bn l in c nhiu loi khc nhau: t iu chnh nhit , t iu chnh nhit v phun nc. hin nay bn l cn c lp thm cc mch in t, bn dn c th iu khin theo chng trnh chnh xc n tng . Di y l loi bn l t ng iu chnh nhit khng phun nc v loi bn l t ng iu chnh nhit c phun nc. 1.1. Bn l khng c b phn phun nc:

1. Np. 2. Nm iu chnh nhit . 3. . 4. Si t Hnh 1-1 l s cu to bn l thng thng, t ng iu chnh nhit , in p 220V, cng sut 1000W. a. Cau tao: Co hai bo phan chnh la day ot nong va vo ban la. - Day ot nong:
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Day ot nong c lam bang hp kim NikenCrom chu c nhiet o cao. - Vo ban la

Gom: e va nap e c lam bang gang hoac hp kim nhom, c anh bong hoac ma Crom. Nap c lam bang ong, thep ma Crom hoac nha chu nhiet, tren co gan tay cam bang nha cng chu nhiet. Trong ban la co rle nhiet. Rle nhiet c s dung e t ong cat mach ien khi at en nhiet o yeu cau. Phan t c ban cua rle nhiet la thanh kim loai kep, cau tao t hai tam kim loai, mot tam co he so dan n be, mot tam co he so dan n ln.

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b.

Hnh 1 2 l cu to ca r le nhit Nguyn l hot ng: 2 1 5

1 Tip im 2 in tr chnh 3 Tr chn 4 n bo 5 Cam lch tm Hnh 1 3: s mch in cu bn l in Bn l th h mi, nh, khng cn trng lng nng ln vi, lm bng hp kim nhm. Nhit c iu chnh t ng bng r le nhit RN-1 ng m mch in cp cho dy in tr-2. Dng in vo dy in tr-2 phi qua mt on in tr ngn-3, to st p 2,5V dng cho n tn hiu -4. tu v tr iu chnh r le nhit RN-1, cam lch tm C-5 thay i khong cch v tr tip im ca r le nhit, m bn l c nhit lm vic khc nhau. Khi cho in vo bn l,
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sau khong thi gian nht nh, bn l nng ln, thanh lng kim ca r le nhit cong ln pha trn, y cht s i ln, n nhit xc nh, n s y tip im1, ct mch in v n tn hiu tt. Sau mt thi gian bn l gim nhit , thanh lng kim ngui i, tr v v tr ban u, tip im r le nhit t ng ng li, bn l c cp in v n tn hiu sng ln. Thi gian ng m ca r le nhit ph thuc vo vic iu chnh v tr cam C. Khi s dng , cn l loi vi no, cn nhit bao nhiu, trn bn l ch nhng v tr iu chnh nhit .

2. Thay th cc b phn, sa cha bn l: R le nhit: Sa cha bn l cng nh cc thit b gia nhit khc. H hng thng xy ra l b phn r le nhit nh tip im khng tip xc hoc tip im b dnh. Tip im khng tip xc: dng giy nhm ch b mt tip im, sau dng km kim tra, sao cho khi p 2 mt ca tip im p kht vo nhau l c. Ngoi ra, i khi cam s b ri hoc khng i chnh xc tip im. Do phi tu h hng c th m tm cch khc phc cho ph hp. Dy in tr: km tra dy in tr, ta dng vn nng k thang o tr, - Nu Rt = R : dy in tr cn tt. - Nu Rt = : dy in tr b t. thay dy mi. Dy dn, phch cm, n bo: n khng sng: c th b chy, thay n mi. Sit li vt nu vt lng. nha ca phch cm chy hoc lng tip xc khng tt, thay th v sit li vt tht cht Dy dn hon ton ging cc thit b in khc.

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BP IN
Mc tiu ca bi: hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng: - Trnh by c cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca bp in. - Thay th cc b phn, sa cha c bp in theo tiu chun sa cha. Ni dung bi hc: 1. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca bp in: 1.1.Bp in c cng sut khng i: Bp in cng l thit b gia nhit dng dy in tr, c nhiu cng sut khc nhau. trc y bp in kiu h c s dng rng ri v tnh kinh t, nhng loi ny khng an ton, hiu sut thp; nay c thay th bng bp in kiu kn c hiu sut cao hn v an ton hn. - Cu to: Bp in c hai b phn chnh l dy t nng v thn bp -Dy t nng thng lm bng hp kim niken crm a)Bp in kiu h: -Dy t nng ca bp in kiu h c qun thnh l xo, t vo rnh ca thn bp () lm bng t chu nhit. Hai u dy si t c lung trong chui s ht cm.

b)Bp in kiu kn: -Dy t nng c c kn trong ng (c cht chu nhit v cch in bao quanh dy t nng) t trn thn bp lm bng nhm, gang hoc st

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1. u ch. 2. y t nng. 3. ng tc. 1.2.Bp in c cng sut thay i:

1

C D C

Hnh 2-4 l s mch in bp in kp (2 king) kiu kn. Loi bp ny v ngoi bng st c trng men. Dy in tr c c kn trong ng, m bo bn, hiu sut cao, cch in tt, cng sut ti a 2KW, in p 220V. Mi king c mt cng tc chuyn mch nu c 4 ch khc nhau: - V tr cng tc s 4, nhit cao nht (650 750 C), 2 in tr ni song song. Cng sut c 1KW. - V tr cng tc s 3, nhit trung bnh (550 650 C), cng sut c 600W. - V tr cng tc s 2, nhit (450 500 C), cng sut c 400W. - V tr cng tc s 1, nhit thp nht (250 400 C), v tr ny 2 dy in tr ni tip vi nhau, cng sut c 250W. 2. Thay th cc b phn, sa cha bp in:
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R le nhit: ch b mt tip xc tip im tip xc tt.Kim tra tc ng ca r le, thay th nu cn Cng tc, cng tc xoay: s dng vn nng k o, kim tra. Thay th nu cn. Dy in tr: dng vn nng k o thng mch :

- Nu R = Rt : dy in tr tt. - Nu R = : dy in tr t. Cn thay mi Dy dn, phch cm, n bo: n khng sng: s dng vn nng k kim tra. t 2 u que o vo 2 u ca n. Nu kim khng bo c ngha n b chy, thay n mi. Nu kim bo, c th u dy b lng, sit li vt nu vt lng.

VOM

Hnh 2 3 : S ni dy kim tra dy dn. i vi dy dn, phch cm: S dng vn nng k, ni mt u que o vo mt u phch cm, u que o cn li r trn 2 u dy ra ca dy dn. - Nu kim bo mt trong 2 ln o => mt dy cn tt v kim tra tng t vi u dy cn li.
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- Nu c hai ln kim khng bo, dy b t. Cn trng hp c 2 ln kim u bo => dy b chp, cn thay th.

NI CM IN
Mc tiu ca bi: hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng: - Trnh by c cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca ni cm in. - Thay th cc b phn, sa cha c ni cm in theo tiu chun sa cha. Ni dung bi hc:

1. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca ni cm in: Ni cm in ngy cng c s dng rng ri, n c nhiu u im nh: lm vic tin cy, an ton , tin li. Cu to ca ni cm in thng c 2 lp v. Gia 2 lp v t bng thu tinh gi nhit. Dy in tr R1 (in tr chnh) c c kn trong ng c cht chi nhit v cch in vi v ng, t y ni, ging nh mt bp in, in tr ph R2 c gn trn thnh ni nh hnh v. Ni nu lm bng nhm t kht trong v, chng dnh cho ni ngi ta thng ph bn trong ni mt lp men mng c bit mu ghi nht.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

V ni ; Soong ; Np trong Np ni Cng tc, n bo hiu:hn gi nu, ; 6. Cng tc ng ct in 7. Nm hn gi

Hnh 4 2: Cu to ni cm in Vung ni c van an ton, khi y vung kht cht vi ni, nhit nng khng pht tn ra ngoi, ngoi v c cc hng nc ngng t khi ri xung sn bp.

Hnh 4-3 l s ni cm in kiu c thng dng hin nay. S mch in n gin nhng c th lm vic t ng 2 ch : - Ch nu cm, dng mt in tr mm chnh R1 t di y ni. - Ch cm hoc ninh thc phm dng thm mt in tr ph cng sut nh R2 gn vo thnh ni. Vic nu cm hoc cm c thc hin hon ton t ng.

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Khi nu cm, n nt M ng cng tc, in tr R2 ni tt, ngun in trc tip vo mm chnh R1 c cng sut ln nu cm. Khi cm chn, nhit trong ni tng ln, nam chm vnh cu NS gn di y ni nng ln, gim t tnh, cng tc K t ng m tip im v chuyn sang ch cm ( R1 ni tip vi R2) n vng sng ln bo cm ch . 2. Thay th cc b phn, sa cha ni cm in: R le nhit: ch b mt tip xc tip im tip xc tt. Cng tc: s dng vn nng k o, kim tra. Thay th nu cn. Dy in tr: dng vn nng k o thng mch : - Nu R = Rt : dy in tr tt. - Nu R = : dy in tr t. Dy dn, phch cm, n bo: n khng sng: kim tra bng cm quan, hoc dng ng h o v thay th nu cn. Sit li vt nu vt lng. Dy dn: Bng mt thng: quan st v thay th khi b chy, t hoc c ch b mt cch in. S dng vn nng k, ni mt u que o vo mt u phch cm, u que o cn li r trn 2 u dy ra ca dy dn. - Nu kim bo mt trong 2 ln o => mt dy cn tt v kim tra tng t vi u dy cn li. - Nu c hai ln kim khng bo, dy b t. Cn trng hp c 2 ln kim u bo => dy b chp, cn thay th.

CU TO, NGUYN L LM VIC CA BNH NC NNG

Mc tiu ca bi: hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng: - Trnh by c cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca bnh nc nng. - Tho lp c bnh nc nng theo ng quy trnh k thut. Ni dung bi hc: 1. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca bnh nc nng: Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi my nc nng, mu m a dng. C th chia lm 3 loi: dng in, dng ga v dng nng lng mt tri. loi dng in c u im gn nh v cu to cng nh gi thnh r. Bnh nc nng s dng in c chia lm 2 loi: loi nu trc tip v loi nu gin tip.
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a. Bnh nu trc tip:

- Loi trc tip rt nh gn, bung gia nhit c dung tch nh (khong 200 ml sau khi tr th tch si t) c gn mt si t cng sut ln (2 n 3 KW). Cc ng ng nc vo ra c thit k sao cho sau khi s dng lun tn ti mt lng nc ngp kn si t. Mt cm bin t trn ng nc vo ngt mch t khi nc ngng chy qua ng. Mt mch to xung kim sot cng sut s dng. Cui cng l mt mch o dng r (r khong 30 mA s ct ngun) gi an ton cho ngi dng. S dng rt tin li, khng cn ch i gia nhit. Bt cng tc, chnh nhit ri m vi l s dng. Tit kim nng lng ph tha sau khi dng. Nhc im: khng ph hp vi nhng ni in yu, khng s dng c cho bn tm ... b. Bnh nu gin tip: .1. Li bnh nc nng trng men: Li bnh c lm t thp tm chuyn dng trng men. Thp tm c t dp thnh hai na ri c tin x l ty du m v ty g. Sau chng c hn kn li vi nhau v c to nhm b mt bn trong li bnh. Tip theo chng c trng mt lp men thy tinh ri cho vo l nung nhit 800-8600C. nhit ny cc phn t thp gin n ht c to iu kin cho men thy tinh nng chy thm thu vo b mt to thnh mt lp lin kt bn vng gia thp v thy tinh. Lp men thy tinh ny c tc dng bo v khng cho li bnh b n mn trong mi iu kin mi trng nc.
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Khi ni n dung tch bnh nc nng ( i vi bnh gin tip) chnh l ni n dung tch ca bnh cha, c bnh 15l, 30l, 50l

.2. Lp cch nhit(PU) Lp xp gi nhit bng Polyurethane (PU) c bm vo khong trng gia v nha v li bnh vi mt cao nhm lm gi nhit
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v gim ti a tn tht nhit khi un nc trong bnh gip tip kim in nng. .3. V bnh nc nng trng men: V bnh nc nng thng c lm bng nha i vi cc loi bnh nh v bng thp sn tnh in i vi cc loi bnh c ln. .4. Thanh gia nhit / Heating Element Thanh gia nhit bnh nc nng thng c lm bng hp kim hoc bng ng. Thanh gia nhit phi m bo nhng iu kin nh truyn nhit tt, cch in tt v thi gian s dng cao. .5. Thanh Magi (Magnesium Anode) D c c gng n my cng khng th trng men ph kn ton b lng bnh nc nng, c bit l cc khu vc mi hn hai na bnh nc nng v mi hn ca ng nc ra v nc vo. Thm ch men c th b bong mt vi im do cng ngh v dy chuyn trng men khng hon ho hoc do va chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Khi tip xc trc tip vi nc, cc im tip xc b n mn dn n thng, gy ra nhng hu qu khn lng nguy him n tnh mng cho ngi s dng. Thanh Magi c lp trong bnh nc nng trng men c chc nng bo v cc im h / khng c men ph kn trong Bnh nc nng trng men lm cho qu trnh han g ti cc im h trong bnh nc nng trng men khng din ra do n bo v li bnh khng b thng. B mt trng men ca li bnh nc nng cng h nhiu th thanh Magi tan ra cng nhanh. Khi thanh Magi tan ht, lc bnh nc nng ca bn khng c bo v, cn phi thay th thanh Magi khc. Ngoi ra cht lng thanh Magi cng c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic bo v bnh nc nng trng men. Nh ta bit, do c tnh cht ring rt c bit nn Magi c chc nng bo v bnh nc nng trng men. Nu thanh Magi c ln qu nhiu tp cht hay cc kim loi khc, th tc dng bo v bnh nc nng ca chng gim i ng k. Tui th ca thanh Magi trong bnh nc nng trng men cn ph thuc nhiu vo cch thc v v tr lp t ca thanh Magi trong bnh nc nng.

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Cht lng nc cng l mt trong nhng yu t c th lm tui th thanh Magi tng hay gim. Nhng quan nim sai lm v thanh Magi trong bnh nc nng: - Thanh Magi khng c chc nng lc nc, kh ng cn trong bnh nc nng - Thanh Magi c th dng trong bnh nc nng Inox (thanh Magi ch c khuyn co dng cho bnh nc nng trng men, trng hp dng cho bnh Inox, thanh Magi s tan rt nhanh, iu ny c ngha thi gian bo v qu ngn nn khng hiu qu) V vy Thanh Magie (Magnesium Anode) l mt gii php an ton bo v li bnh nc nng chng li s n mn in ha, lm tng tui th li bnh nc nng ni ring v ton b bnh nc nng ni chung. .6. B n nhit / Rle nhit / Thermostat B n nhit thng c thit k vi hai chc nng: - Chc nng th nht l chc nng iu khin (n nhit): Khi nhit trong bnh t 750C th r le nhit t ng ngt khng cp in cho thanh gia nhit, cn khi nhit gim xung th r le nhit li t ng cp in tr li cho thanh gia nhit. - Chc nng th hai l chc nng bo v: Trong trng hp chc nng th nht b trc trc, khng ngt in ti nhit 750C th chc nng th hai s hot ng v ct in ton h thng, gip m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b .7. Dy in ngun Dy in ngun thng c thit k gn lin vi b chng git LCB. Ch vi dng d nh hn hoc bng 15mA th b chng git t ng ngt khng cp in cho bnh nn lun m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b. .8. n hin th n hin th gip ngi s dng bit bnh ang hot ng hay khng. 9. Van x mt chiu (Van an ton) Van x mt chiu c chc nng x nc khi bnh gp s c, m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. 2. Tho lp cc b phn bnh nc nng: i vi thit b in, trc khi mun tho lp hoc sa cha, ta phi tch thit b ra khi ngun in a v ni bng phng v kh thong, sau mi c m thit b.
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Trnh t tho lp bnh nc nng: 2.1. R le nhit: Tho cc u dy v cc vt c nh a r le nhit ra ngoi, thng thng r le nhit ch cn tho ra khi cn thay th. 2.2. Cng tc: 2.3. Dy in tr: 2.4. Dy dn, phch cm, n bo:

- Lp t ng dy cung cp in. Vi loi trc tip, nht thit phi ni t cho thit b (iu ny hay b b qua). Nu khng th khi b r in, trc khi mch bo v ngt ngi dng cng b dng in > 30 mA chy qua ngi trong

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trng thi ton thn dn in kh tt do b t s nguy him cho ngi s dng. Lp t my nc nng vo v tr: Theo bn v Ni ng ng nc: trn bnh nc nng, thng thng ng nc mt vo l mu xanh bn tay phi, c k hiu mi tn vo , ng nc nng ra mu bn tay tri v c KH. Ni dy dn in: Theo s c trong h s my BO DNG V SA CHA BNH NC NNG Mc tiu ca bi: hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng. - Trnh by c quy trnh v phng php bo dng bnh nc nng. - Bo dng c bnh nc nng theo ng quy trnh v phng php k thut. - Thay th c in tr gia nhit ca bnh nc nng theo tiu chun ca nh sn xut. Ni dung ca bi: 1. Quy trnh v phng php bo dng bnh nc nng: - V sinh v ngoi ca bnh nc nng. - Tho np bo v. - Tho cm rle v u gia nhit - Tho ri cc b phn trong cum r le v thit b gia nhit 2. Bo dng bnh nc nng: - Kim tra tc ng ca rle. S dng ng h vn nng kim tra tip im - Kim tra n tn hiu - V sinh cn bn bm trn b mt dy mayso, lm tng b mt dn nhit ca dy. - Kim tra thanh magi, nu cn mng, cn thay th ngay. i vi nhng ni khng c c x l nc hoc nc c nhiu cn bn, cn kim tra thanh magi thng xuyn hn

Bp cm ng (bp t)
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Mc tiu ca bi: hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng: Trnh by c cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca bp t. Thay th cc b phn, sa cha c bp t theo tiu chun sa cha. Ni dung bi hc: 1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:

Bp cm ng c ch to da trn nguyn l t trng trong cun dy v dng in Foucault. Ngi ta t mt cun dy dn in di mt tm vt liu cch in, cch nhit (thng l s thy tinh v ngoi kh nng cch in, cch nhit, n cn c tnh thm m). Khi cho dng in chy qua cun dy s to ngay tc thi t trng trong khong cch vi milimt trn b mt bp. y ni bng kim loi (st nhim t) nm trong t trng ny s sinh ra dng in Foucault v nng ln, nu chn thc n nh i vi cch un nu thng thng.

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kim sot nhit , ngi ta t 2 cm bin nhit (bo nhit ti y ni) v mch to xung, t my s t ng iu chnh li bin v tn s t trng, lm cho ni bt nng khi nhit qu cao so vi thit k bng cch thay i tr s ca in tr, s lm thay i cng dng in v nh vy l thay i cng t trng tc dng ln y ni a s cc loi bp hin nay u thit k nhiu chc nng nu tng ng vi cc mc nhit nh sn nhm gip cho vic s dng tr ln d dng. Nhiu loi bp cn c chc nng hn gi. tng hiu qu dn nhit, ngi ta ch to y ni c lp kim loi dn nhit tt nh nhm, ng ph ln lp vt liu st t, di cng c th l lp vt liu c bn cao nh inox. u im ca bp cm ng l tc un nu nhanh, do gim c nhit dung (khng cn nhit dung ca bp, ch c nhit dung ca ni). Vic iu chnh nhit c thc hin bng cc mch in t nn c chnh xc cao. Dng tt, tit kim in, un nu nhanh. 2.Bo dng v sa cha bp t: Bp cm ng ch s dng vi cc loi ni c y lm bng vt liu nhim t, y ni phi bng, khng dng cc loi ni, cho y nhn. Bp in t khng dng c cc loi ni thu tinh, nhm, ng, ni t v l nhng vt liu khng nhim t nn khng th to ra dng in Foucault.

Cng sut bp thng tng i ln (1800~2200 W) nn phi kim tra k trc khi dng. Cc phch cm cm cng phi trn 5 ampe v dng ring khng c cm chng ln nhau d gy chy n. Cc dy in phi c tit din ln m bo an ton.

Bp cm ng thng c gn mt qut tn nhit nn khi un nu ch y bp phi tht thong, nn bp cch xa hi nng, hi nc, cng nh cc loi bp khc, khng nn st tng v cc vt khc.

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Khng cc vt dng bng st nh dao, da, bt trng men, np l, vung ni ln mt bp khi bp ang hot ng. Khng nhng vt d h hng khi b nhim t gn mt bp nh bng ghi m, ghi hnh, my thu hnh v cc thit b gia dng d b nhim t.

S DNG V BO DNG L VI SNG

1. Cng dng v cc qui tc cn thit khi s dng l vi sng: a. Nguyn tc hot ng: L vi sng thng c cc b phn sau:

Magnetron (ngun pht sng) Mch in t iu khin ng dn sng Ngn nu

Sng vi ba c sinh ra t ngun magnetron, c dn theo ng dn sng, vo ngn nu ri phn x qua li gia cc bc tng ca ngn nu, v b hp th bi thc n. Sng vi ba trong l vi sng l cc dao ng ca trng in t vi tn s thng 2450 MHz (bc sng c 12,24 cm). Cc phn t thc n (nc, cht bo, ng v cc cht hu c khc) thng dng lng cc in (c mt u tch in m v u kia tch in dng). Nhng lng cc in ny c xu hng quay sao cho nm song song vi chiu in trng ngoi. Khi in trng dao ng, cc phn t b quay nhanh qua li. Dao ng quay c chuyn ha thnh chuyn ng nhit hn lon qua va chm phn t, lm nng thc n. Vi sng tn s 2450 MHz lm nng hiu qu nc lng, nhng khng hiu qu vi cht bo, ng v nc . Vic lm nng ny i khi b nhm vi cng hng vi dao ng ring ca nc, tuy nhin thc t cng hng xy ra tn s cao hn, khong vi chc GHz. Cc phn t thy tinh, mt s
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loi nha hay giy cng kh b hm nng bi vi sng tn s 2450 MHz. Nh , thc n c th c ng trong vt dng bng cc vt liu trn trong l vi sng, m ch c thc n b nu chn. Ngn nu l mt lng Faraday gm kim loi hay li kim loi bao quanh, m bo cho sng khng lt ra ngoi. Li kim loi thng c quan st ca l vi sng. Cc l trn li ny c kch thc nh hn nhiu bc sng (12 cm), nn sng vi ba khng lt ra, nhng nh sng ( bc sng ngn hn nhiu) vn lt qua c, gip quan st thc n bn trong. i vi kim loi hay cc cht dn in, in t hay cc ht mang in nm trong cc vt ny c bit linh ng, v d dng dao ng nhanh theo bin i in t trng. Chng c th to ra nh in ca ngun pht sng, to nn in trng mnh gia vt dn in v ngun in, c th gy ra tia la in phng gia nh in v ngun, km theo nguy c chy n. b. Cc qui tc cn bit khi s dng l vi sng:

Khng cho vt dng bng kim loi hoc bt a c trang tr hoa vn kim loi vo l vi sng, trnh nguy c chy n do phng tia la in. Dng cc dng c ng thc n chuyn dng cho l vi sng; khng dng cc a cht do thng thng. Khng cho l hot ng khi khng c thc n hoc nc trong l; sng khng c hp th bi thc n s tip tc c phn x qua li v ph hy l. Nn thng xuyn trong l mt cc nc, bi nu ngi s dng khng bit m bt l ln th vn an ton. Nhng thc n c v hoc mng mng, th tch bn trong khi nng ln s c p sut tng, d gy hin tng thc n pht n. Cn phi xm l, bc v trnh hin tng ny. Khng luc trng, s... cn v kn. Nu l b ri, b bp, phi a i kim tra xem ca l c b h khng. Ngn cha thc n phi m bo " kn" i vi vi sng sng khng lt ra ngoi. Khi un nu bng l vi sng, cn kim tra chn u. Ngi ta pht hin c vi khun salmonella (gy bnh ng rut)
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trong mt s trng trn un bng l vi sng, do nhit khng phn b u. Mt s cht c, c th gy bnh nguy him nh ung th, t bao gi cht do v mc in nhn bao nh adipate, phtalate, benzophenone c th thi sang thc n un nu bng l vi sng. Do cn tch bao b khi thc n trc khi cho vo l. Khng dng l vi sng nu tht ln p hoc thn ln hun khi. Nhng thc phm ny cha nhiu nitrit. Nu c un bng l vi sng, nitrit s tr thnh cc nitrosamin - nhng phn t c th gy ung th rt mnh. Mt yu cu quan trng na l lun c k ti liu hng dn s dng ca nh sn xut

Bi 2:

MY BIN P GIA DNG

1. KHI NIM CHUNG CA MY BIN P bin i in p (dng in) ca dng xoay chiu t gi tr cao n gi tr thp hoc ngc li ta dng my bin p. 1.1. nh ngha v cc lng nh mc a. nh ngha My bin p l thit b in t tnh, lm vic theo nguyn tc cm ng in t, dng bin i h thng in xoay chiu (U1, I1,f) thnh (U2, I2,f) u vo ca my bin p ni vi ngun in gi l s cp. u ra ni vi ti gi l th cp . b. Cc lng nh mc - in p nh mc in p s cp nh mc k hiu U1m l in p quy nh cho dy qun s cp. in p th cp nh mc k hiu U2m l in p gia cc cc ca dy qun th cp, khi dy qun th cp h mch v in p t vo dy qun s cp l nh mc. Vi my bin p ba pha in p nh mc l in p dy - Dng in nh mc Dng in nh mc l dng in quy nh cho mi dy qun ca my bin p, ng vi cng sut nh mc v in p nh mc.
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i vi my bin p ba pha, dng in nh mc l dng in dy. Dng in s cp nh mc k hiu I1m, dng in th cp nh mc k hiu I2m - Cng sut nh mc Cng sut nh mc ca my bin p l cng sut biu kin th cp ch lm vic nh mc. Cng sut nh mc k hiu l Sm, n v l KVA. 1.2. Cng dng ca my bin p Cng dng ca my bin p l truyn ti v phn phi in nng trong h thng in Mun gim tn hao P = I2.R trn ng dy truyn ti c hai phng n: Phng n 1: Gim in tr R ca ng dy (R = .l/S) Mun gim R ta tng tit din dy dn S, tc l tng khi lng dy dn, cc tr cho ng dy, chi ph xy dng ng dy ti in rt ln (phng n ny khng kinh t) Phng n 2: Gim dng in I chy trn ng dy truyn ti. Mun gim I ta phi tng in p, ta cn dng my tng p v i vi my bin p U1I1 = U2.I2 ( phng n ny kinh t v hiu qu hn) My bin p cn c dng rng ri : Trong k thut hn, thit b l nung, trong k thut v tuyn in, trong lnh vc o lng. trong cc thit b t ng, lm ngun cho thit b in, in t , trong thit b sinh hot gia nh v.v. 2. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY BIN P 2.1 Cu to my bin p Gm hai b phn chnh: li thp v dy qun a. Li thp my bin p Dng dn t thng chnh ca my, c ch to t vt liu dn t tt, thng l thp k thut in mng ghp li. gim dng in xoy trong li thp, ngi ta dng l thp k thut in, hai mt c sn cch in ghp li vi nhau thnh li thp. b. Dy qun my bin p c ch to bng dy ng hoc nhm c tit din trn hoc ch nht, bn ngoi dy dn c bc cch in. My bin p c cng sut nh th lm mt bng khng kh My c cng sut ln th lm mt bng du, v thng c cnh tn nhit 2.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p

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Khi ta ni dy qun s cp vo ngun in xoay chiu in p U 1 s c dng in s cp I1 (hnh 7.2.2) Dng in I1 sinh ra t thng bin thin chy trong li thp. T thng ny mc vng ng thi vi c hai dy qun s cp v th cp c gi l t thng chnh. Theo nh lut cm ng in t: e1 = - W1 d/dt e2 = - W2 d/dt W1, W2 l s vng dy qun s cp v th cp.

Hnh 7.2.2 Khi my bin p c ti, di tc ng ca sc in ng e2, c dng in th cp I2 cung cp in cho ti. T thng bin thin hnh sin = max sint Ta c: e1 = - W1 d/dt = 4,44 f W1max sin(t- /2) e2 = - W2 d/dt = 4,44 f W2max sin(t- /2)

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trong E1=4,44 f W1max, E2 =4,44 f W2max , k = E1/ E2= W1/ W2 , k c gi l h s bin p. B qua in tr dy qun v t thng tn ra ngoi khng kh ta c: U1/ U2 E1/ E2 = W1/ W2 = k B qua mi tn hao trong my bin p, ta c: U2 I2 U1 I1 U1/U2 I2/I1 =W1/W2 = k

3. CC MY BIN P C BIT 3.1. My bin p t ngu Bin p t ngu cn c gi l my t bin p My bin p t ngu mt pha thng c cng sut nh, c dng trong cc phng th nghim v trong cc thit b lm ngun c kh nng iu chnh c in p u ra theo yu cu. My bin p t ngu mt pha gm c dy qun thp p (s vng dy W2 ) l mt phn ca dy qun cao p (s vng dy W1) Ta c: U1/U2=W1/W2 hay l U2 = U1.W1/W2 Ta thay i v tr tip im trt a, s thay i c in p U2. My t bin p c tit din li thp b hn my bin p thng thng nhng vn m bo cng sut My t bin p trong cun thp p l mt phn cun cao p cho nn tit kim c dy dn, v gim c tn hao. My t bin p c nhc im l mc an ton in khng cao

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3.2. My bin p o lng a. My bin in p Dng bin i in p xoay chiu rt cao xung in p thp o lng bng cc dng c thng thng. S vng dy cun th cp phi t hn s vng dy cun s cp. Tit din dy qun s cp nh hn tit din dy qun th cp. Trong khi lm vic, khng c cho my bin in p ngn mch th cp. b. My bin dng in Dng bin i dng in xoay chiu ln xung dng in nh o lng v mt s mc ch khc. V dng in th cp nh hn dng in s cp nn s vng dy th cp nhiu hn s vng dy s cp. Tit din dy qun th cp nh hn tit din dy s cp i vi my bin dng khng c h mch th cp. 3.3. Survolteur

- - in p mi khong mn l 5V, ng vi 9 nc iu chnh ti d 45V. - C 4 cp in p ng vo l 220V, 160V, 110V, 80V. Hai cp in p ng ra l 110V v 220V.
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Bi 3:

NG C IN GIA DNG

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Bi 4:

THIT B IN LNH

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Bi 5:

THIT B IU HO NHIT

1. NGUYN TC HOT NG

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2. MY IU HO CA S

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3. MY IU HO 2 CM

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4. MY IU HO 2 CHIU

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Bi 6:

CC LOI N TRANG TR V GIA DNG

Thomas Alva Edison (11 thng 2, 1847 18 thng 10, 1931) l mt nh pht minh v thng nhn pht trin rt nhiu thit b c nh hng ln ti cuc sng trong th k 20. ng c mt nh bo t danh hiu "Thy ph thy Menlo Park", ng l mt trong nhng nh pht minh u tin ra bng n. Edison c coi l mt trong nhng nh pht minh giu tng

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nht trong lch s, ng gi 1.093 bng sng ch ti Hoa K di tn ng, cng nh cc bng sng ch Anh Quc, Php, v c. n in c s dng rt rng ri trong tt c cc ngnh, cc lnh vc. T lc c pht minh ra n nay bng n in qua qu trnh lch s pht trin lu di v c rt nhiu loi bng n ra i: n si t, n hunh quang, n phng in cao p, n led, n Compast, n neon in cc lnh..... phc v cho chiu sng v trang tr.

1. n nung tim kim loi (n si t):

n si t c gi l n trn (v bng c hnh trn) cu to rt n gin, loi n ny ng dng tc dng Joule nn pht nhiu nhit. 1.1. Cu to: Gm 3 b phn chnh: Si t: Si t l si dy in tr rt mnh bng kim loi Vn-fram (W) c xon li theo dng l xo xon nn gi l dy tc. Chu c nhit cao c chc nng bin i in nng thnh quang nng. Bng thy tinh: Bng thy tinh c lm bng thy tinh chu nhit, chu c nhit cao. Bng thy tinh c ht chn khng v thay vo mt t cht kh tr (argon, krypton...) bo v dy tc b t chy di tc dng ca oxy. ui n: ui n c lm bng ng hoc st trng km, gn cht vi bng thy tinh, c chc nng ni vi mng in cung cp cho n.

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1.2. Nguyn l lm vic: Khi ng in, dng in chy trong dy tc lm dy tc n nng ln n nhit cao, dy tc n pht sng. 1.3. c im ca n si t: - Pht ra nh sng lin tc (khng gy mi mt) - Hiu sut pht quang thp, tiu th 100% in nng th ch c 4%-5% pht quang, s cn li ta nhit. - Tui th thp, hot ng khong hn 1000 gi. 1.4. Cc s liu k thut: n si t rt a dng v mc in p lm vic n cng sut bng n. - in p nh mc t: 3v n hn 220v (3v, 12v, 18v, 60v, 110v, 127v, 220v, .......) - Cng sut nh mc: 1.5W, 3W, 8W, 15W, 25W, 40W, 60W, 75W, 100W, 300W, ...... 1.5. ng dng: n si t c s dng rt rng ri trong gia nh, nh xng, ni cng cng.......

2. n hunh quang:
2.1. Cu to:

1: in cc 2: ng thy tinh 3: ui n

Gm 2 b phn chnh: ng thy tinh v in cc - ng thy tinh: Chiu di 0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m, 1.5m, 2.4m...... Mt trong ng c trng mt lp bt hunh quang. ng c rt ht khng kh v bm vo mt t hi thy ngn, kh tr nh: Neon, Argon, Krypton... - in cc c lm bng dy vonfram c dng l xo xon, c ph mt lp Bari-oxt pht ra in t, c 2 u tip in a ra ngoi ni vi ngun in.

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2.2. Nguyn l lm vic: n hunh quang l loi n pht ra nh sng lnh, t pht nhit so vi n si t. N da trn nguyn tc phng in gia cc in cc v di tc dng ca tia cc tm ln lp bt hunh quang trng bn trong ng n thy tinh pht ra nh sng. Mu sc nh sng ph thuc vo thnh phn lp bt hunh quang.
Kh Argon e moi cho en phong ien ban au. Thuy ngan boc thanh hi tao thanh chat kh dan ien e duy tr s phong ien

2.3. c im ca n hunh quang: - Hin tng nhp nhy (vi tn s in 50Hz th n nhy 100 ln) - Hiu sut pht quang cao, 20%-25% nng lng in tiu th bin thnh quang nng. - Tui th ca n cao, khong 8000 gi. - Cn phi mi phng in bng cch dng Tcte v chn lu

Tc te

Chn lu

2.4. S liu k thut:

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- in p nh mc: 127v, 220v.... - Cng sut nh mc: Loi 0.6 mt cng sut 18W-20W Loi 1.2 mt cng sut 36W-40W 2.5. ng dng: n hunh quang c s dng chiu sng trong nh, lp hc, nh xng....

3. So snh u nhc im ca n si t v n hunh quang:

n si t: u im: Mc trc tip vo li in, d ch to, d b tr, d lp t v s dng, sng nhanh, gi r.. Nhc im: Hiu sut pht quang km, tiu th nhiu in nng, gy nng, tui th km.. n hunh quang: u im: Hiu sut pht quang cao, pht ra nh sng lnh, tui th n cao.. Nhc im: Sng nhp nhy, cn mi phng in nn gi thnh cao... Tng kt: Vi tnh hnh thiu in ca nc ta hin nay vic s dng bng n si t khng cn kinh t na m cn phi chuyn qua cc loi n in c hiu sut pht quang cao, tiu tn t in nng hn. Trc tnh hnh nh nc ang khuyt kch b dn, thay th dn n si t bng nhiu loi bng n c nhiu u im hn nh n hunh quang, n compast, n led... y l xu hng chung khng ch i vi t nc ta m cn l xu hng chung ca c th gii. 4. n thu ngn cao p

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5. MCH N THNG DNG 5.1. Mch mc song song:

5.2. Mch mc ni tip:

5.3. Mch n iu khin 2 ni:

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5.4. Mch n iu khin 3 ni. a. Dng cng tc 4 chu

b. Dng cu dao o thay th:

5.5. Mch n iu khin nhiu ni:

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5.6. Mch n sng tc lun phin:

5.7. Mch tun t, n nh kho.

5.8. Mch iu khin chung n nhiu ni:

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Bi 7:

THC HNH LP T IN GIA DNG

1. H thng Camera:
H thng quan st v lu tr hnh nh c bn gm Camera quan st, mn hnh hin th, thit b lu tr. S lng Camera thay i ty theo nhu cu s dng. i vi gia nh hay ca hng nh, cn 4 - 5 Camera. Vi phn xng rng, c th cn ti 16 Camera. V l , h thng cn thit b chia hnh, cho php iu khin cnh quay t 4 hay 16 Camera trn mt mn hnh. Tn hiu quay c cng c lu tr di dng bng t hay k thut s ghi vo cng. Ti phng trung tm hay phng bo v, c th theo di mi hot ng trn phm vi rng nh s dng H thng Camera quan st.

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