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KHNG C MT LIU LNG DIOXIN NO L AN TON CHO CON NGI

I. Ngun gc - T u th k 20, k t khi cng ty Dow Chemical Midland Hoa k thnh cng trong vic sn xut hng lot kh chlor sau khi tch ri c dung dch mui n. K t , chlor c dng ch bin cc loi thuc tr su ry, dit c di, v cc hp cht deo (plastic) nht l cht polyvinyl chloride. Cht nay c xem nh l mt cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut thi by gi v mang li nhiu ng dng trong k ngh cho th gii. Trong thuc dit c di v khai quang 2,4,5-T (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), Dioxin c tm thy nhiu nht, c tnh vo 2 ppm (phn triu).
(4)

- Dioxin l sn phm ph ca nhiu qu trnh sn xut cht ha hc cng nghip lin quan n clo nh cc h thng t cht thi, sn xut ha cht v thuc tr su v dy truyn ty trng trong sn xut giy. - Vo khong nhng nm 1940-1948, ngi ta pht hin thy rng axit 2,4-iclophenoxiaxatic (2,4- D), axit 2,4,5 triclophenoxiaxatic (2,4,5 T) nng c phn triu c tc dng kch thch s sinh trng thc vt nhng nng cao hn chng c tc dng tiu dit cy c.T chng c sn xut quy m cng nghip dng lm cht dit c pht quang rng rm.Trong qu trnh sn xut 2,4 D v 2,4,5-T t phenol lun to ra mt lng nh tp cht l ioxin.(10) - (9) min Nam Vit Nam, cht c mu da cam v cc loi thuc dit c khc bt u c th nghim bi qun i Hoa K vo nm 1961, v c s dng rng ri vi hm lng cao trong chin tranh vo cc nm 1967 1968, ri gim xung v ngng s dng nm 1971. Cc loi hp cht ny c trn vo du ha hoc nhin liu diezen ri ri bng my bay hoc cc phng tin khc xung lanh th Vit Nam. Trong thi gian 10 nm , qun i M v qun i Nam Vit Nam ri 76,9 triu lt ha cht xung rng ni v ng rung Vit Nam. Trong s ny c 64% l cht c mu da cam. Tng s din tch t ai b nh hng ha cht l 2,63 triu hcta. C gn 5 triu ngi Vit Nam sng trong 25.585 thn p chu nh hng c cht mu da cam.

- Hin ti, chng ta hin ang sng trong mt mi trng b vy ph bi nhng ngun c kh nng to ra nhim dioxins m khng th no trnh n c: (4) + Nhng ct in trc nh vi cc vt cch in mu nu: chnh l PCBs, cng l mt ngi bn ca dioxin. + t rc thi cng to ra Dioxin (vn nn ny chim 19% tng lng nhim dioxins Hoa k). Cc sn phm plastic, t si tng hp...u l mm mng ca dioxin khi b thiu t... + Dioxins l san phm khng mong mun ca mt lot cc quy trnh sn xut nh nu chay kim loai. Trong cac ngun Dioxin pht hnh vo mi trng thi cht thi lo t (cht thi rn v cht thi bnh vin) thng l thu pham nguy hai nht, do chung chay khng hoan toan(13) + Nhng ha cht cha chlor chng ta x dng trong gia nh hng ngy u c nguy c to ra dioxins trong khng kh, nh thuc ty ra sodium hypochlorite (bleach). + Khi c t trn bp trong 2 ting, mt mn nng c th sn sinh ra lng dioxin tng ng vi 220.000 iu thuc l. Theo cc nh khoa hc thuc nhm Mi trng Robin des Bois, 4 ming bt tt to, 4 lt tht g ty v 8 ci xc xch s li trong bu kh quyn 12-22 nannogram cht dioxin sau khi nng. Nng dioxin trung bnh trong mt mt khi khng kh ln cn khu vc nng l 0,6-0,7 nannogram, cao gp 7 ln so vi mc cho php ti cc l t cng cng.(19) + Cc ni la ang hot ng cng l mt ngun nhim dioxins trong khng kh cng ging nh nn chy rng, ngun kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng. - Cc nh khoa hc M, mi y ch ra rng, nhng loi l si gia dng hin nay u sinh ra kh dioxin. Cc nghin cu khoa hc cng cho thy, nhng thanh nin thng xuyn s dng l si c lng tinh hon t hn hn so vi nhng ngi bnh thng.(14) Ngoai ra, bo mch ch ca chic in thoi cm ng iPhone con cha hp cht brom mc cao hn cho php, c th sinh ra cht dioxin khi b chy.(8) II. c tnh ca c cht ioxin:

vn chuyn n.(5)

Tnh cht vt l:

- Cht c da cam l mt cht lng trong sut, tn ca n c ly t mu ca nhng sc c v trn cc thng phuy dng - (10) Dioxins la hp cht kho phn huy, c th b phn hy dn di nh mt tri, c tnh l 50% trong vng vi thng di nh sng mt tri. Nhng n li tn ng rt lu trong t. Dioxins b chn su trong lng t trc khi thoi bin s b hy hoi sau nhiu thp nin, th s c tn d v v vy l mt mi lo ngi. Cc nh khoa hc th gii c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v bn vng ca dioxin. bn vng c xc nh theo chu k bn hy (thi gian dioxin t phn hy mt na khi lng). Chu k bn hy ca dioxin trong t l rt lu, tri qua 10 nm chng mi bn r (ch cn 2 phn t gram dioxin cng c th gy t bin t bo ngi).(3) Theo D.Pautenbach (1992) v R.Puri (1989, 1990), trn lp t b mt dao ng t 9 n 25 nm, cn cc lp t su hn: 25-100 nm.(12) - Dioxin l cht co th ha tan trong m, kh bay hi, t tan trong nc, khng th thm thu vo thc vt. No co th hoa tan vao cac dung mi hu c nh du hoa, diezen,(6) - TCDD c p sut bay hi rt thp, ch bng 1,7.10-6 mmHg 25C, im nng chy cao 305C v kh nng tan trong nc ch 0,2g/lit. Hp cht ny n nh nhit n khong 750C, n nh ha hc cao.

Tnh cht ha hc(3)

- Cht c mu da cam l mt hn hp c t l 50/50 cht khai hoang thng mi, gm dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2.4D) v trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5T), c axt cacodylic lm tc nhn pht tn. Trong tt c cc loi cht khai hoang c s dng ti Vit Nam, ch c cht da cam l c cng thc cu to khc vi cc loi thuc khai hoang c s dng M. - Mi thnh phn ca cht c da cam ngay bn thn chng c th gy t bin v nh hng n bnh tt ngi. Dioxin chnh l s kt hp ca 2 thnh phn trn. Phn ng gia (2,4,5_T) v (2,4_D) ch c th xy ra nhit cao( trn 4000C). Do

sau khi ri cht c da cam M thng nm xung nhng ni ny nhng loi bom c kh nng sinh nhit rt cao nh bom nepal (khi n bom c th sinh ra 1 nhit lng ln n hn 10000C). Chnh iu kin ny gy nn s hnh thnh dioxin. - ioxin l tn gi chung ca mt nhm hng trm cc hp cht ha hc tn ti bn vng trong mi trng cng nh trong c th con ngi v cc sinh vt khc. Ty theo s nguyn t Cl v v tr khng gian ca nhng nguyn t ny, dioxine c 75 ng phn PCDD (poly-chloro-dibenzo-dioxines) v 135 ng phn PCDF (poly-chloro-dibenzo-furanes) vi c tnh khc nhau. ioxin cn bao gm nhm cc PCB (poly-chloro-biphnyles), l cc cht tng t dioxine, bao gm 419 cht ha hc trong c 29 cht c bit nguy him. Trong s cc hp cht dioxine, TCDD l nhm c nht.(9) - Nhng hp cht c cha t nhm th Clo th d dng hp th qua chui thc n t thc vt sang ng vt hn. - y l loi cht n mn da cc mnh v c hi hn thch tn gp nhiu ln. - Dioxin l tp cht trong thuc dit c cht mu da cam, n khng lm rng l nhng li nh hng nghim trng n sinh thi. Ch cn mt hm lng cc k nh cng c th gy nguy him n mi trng v sc khe con ngi.

2,4,5-T 2,4-D

- Cht 2,4,5-T, mt thnh phn ha hc ca cht mu da cam, nng cao, c kh nng gy ra d thai hay d dng bm sinh va cht thai trong bng m. Cht mu da cam l nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu trng hp d dng bm sinh trong ngi dn. Theo

nghin cu, nng Dioxin trong mu cc cu chin binh My ch 3,8 pg/g, tc ch cao hn trong dn s khong 1,5 pg/g. Nh vy i vi kh nng gy tc hi ca dioxin, khng c ci gi l nng Dioxin an ton. (19) + Liu gy cht i vi kh (LD50) ca dioxin l 70 ppb (phn t gram), trong khi liu cht ca sarin l 83, ca tabun l 208. +Liu cht 70 ppb i vi kh c ngha l 1 gram dioxin l 14 triu liu cht. + i vi ngi, liu cht s cn nh hn.(12) + C dn sng trong vng b nhim dioxin cao c t l t vong (v ung th) cao hn 30% so vi cc c dn khng sng trong vng b nhim. T l c dn cht v ung th Hodgkin v phi-Hodgkin trong c dn b nhim cao gp 2-4 ln so vi c dn trong cc vng khng b nhim.(19) - (11)Qua nhiu nm nghin cu, cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam v quc t xc nh c nhng c im khc bit ca cc cht c sinh thi c cha dioxin so vi cht c thng thng. Theo , cht ny c kh nng tch ly v lu tn lu di khc thng trong cc thnh phn sinh hc v phi sinh hc trong mi trng. + Trong nhiu nm hoc trong mt giai on ca chu k cuc sng, cc cht c sinh thi ny tr thnh cc thnh phn tng t hormon tham gia vo qu trnh c bn ca hot ng sng. Chng lm thay i, thm ch lm sai lch cc qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht ni sinh, ngoi sinh, cho d cc qu trnh ny bn vng trong qu trnh tin ha. + mn cm i vi cc cht c sinh thi khc nhau r rt gia cc loi v trong cng loi. Cc ng vt cng loi v ngi mn cm vi dioxin cng khc bit nhau nhiu. Thi k tim n cn thit pht trin cc bnh "c trng" din ra trong thi gian rt di, gy ra tnh trng bnh theo a hng, a hnh thi v nhiu mc . - Bi dioxin c kh nng gy tc ng lin hp, cng hp vi cc yu t ha hc, phi ha hc trong mi trng, nn n lm tng tc ng ca phng x.(11)

Hnh thi ha hc(4)

- Ty theo nh ngha, dioxins gm c dioxin hay 2,3,7,8-TCDD v nhng hp cht dioxins tng ng dng furans v polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cng c bn nguyn t chlor trong phn t. + C Quan Bo v Mi trng Hoa k (US EPA) c nhng nh ngha khc nhau v dioxins. Theo nh ngha ngy 12/6/2001, dioxins l mt tp hp ca 29 hp cht gy nhiu tc ng sinh ha ln th vt gm 7 cht TCDD, 10 hp cht furans, v 12 cht PCBs. Tuy nhin gn y nht, trong bo co chnh thc v vit ti thm nh dioxins vo thng 6/2001, EPA gim s lng ca dioxins xung, ch cn TCDD v furans m thi. + Theo cc nh khoa hc u chu, dioxins c nhn rng ra xa hn na, gm c tt c 210 ha cht trong nhm dibenzodioxin, dibenzofurans, v PCBs. Trong s 210 hp cht ny, ch c 17 cht c v tr ca chlor l 2,3,7,8 v c xem l c hi hn c. V vy, phn tch nng , hay c lng nh mc hp th hng ngy cho con ngi, cc nh ha hc thng dng ch s hi tng ng (toxicity equivalence TE) ch lng dioxins trong mu hay sa m. Th d khi ni 1ng TE c ngha l hn hp dioxins hin din trn tng ng vi 1 ng 2,3,7,8-TCDD. III. Kh nng lan truyn ca c cht trong mi trng:

Mi trng t:

- Dioxin c tim thy nhiu nht trong mt s loi t, cac cn lng. Cc vng cn lu tn dioxin lng cao sau 30 nm thng l cc vng trm thy (ngp nhiu thng trong nm), t rt chua phn (pH < 3,5), do kh tm loi vi sinh vt thch nghi v pht trin hu hiu trong iu kin ny. V vy, ti cc vng n a, lu tn ca dioxin rt lu v cao.(3) - N c kh nng lin kt vi cc cht nhim hu c khc c trong t. Ti nc ta, mt s vng dioxin thm su trong t hu c, rt kh xc nh v phn tch. Hm lng dioxin cc vng ny rt cao dn n kh nng phi nhim cao. (16) - Vic thi cht dit c cha 2,4 D v 2,4,5-T lm thc y nhanh qu trnh phn hy lp t mu m trn mt, tng nguy c t b xi mn, lm thay i thnh phn th nhng ca t. Kt qu l s phc hi ca thm thc vt v ng vt trong khu vc b nhim s din ra chm chp v b bin i mnh m, dn n ph hy cn bng sinh thi ca mi trng t.(22)

Mi trng nc

- Dioxin t tan trong nc nn c tm thy rt t trong nc, ch yu c y bn, trm tch bin. - Cc phn t ca cht c ny l lng v bm vo cc loi rong ru, bn t trong cc ao h v ngm vo lng t.(20)

Mi trng khng kh: VD: Mt s lng ln Dioxins c phat ra trong mt tai nn nghim trng ti mt nh my ha cht Seveso, , nm

- Dioxin tn ti di dng hi hoc bm vo cc ht bi. 1976. Mt m my cc ha cht c hi, bao gm 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, c th vo trong khng kh v cui cng lam nhim din tch 15 km2, ni co 37 ngan ngi sinh sng. Mi trng sinh hc: - Theo cc nh khoa hc, cht dioxin c kh nng di chuyn, tch ly trong thc phm v lm tng cc hiu ng sinh hc. N cn c th xm nhp vo c th con ngi v ng vt qua ng tiu ha, h hp, da, nhau thai v sa m.(11) - Rt it Dioxin c tm thy trong thc vt, do cu trc ca dioxin khng cho php chng ha tan trong nc v v th khng th ht ln c bi r cy.(10) - Dioxin anh hng n mt s c quan trong c th. Chung hp thu vao cac m m, ni chung sau o c lu tr trong c th sinh vt. Mt na Dioxin trong s o tn tai trong c th con ngi t 710 nm.(13) + i vi c th, cht da cam ny gy chng hng ban dng trng c do tip xc vi cht clor m y hc gi l bnh Chloracne. V sau, ngi ta khm ph ra rng n gy ra t nht 60 loi ung th khc nhau i vi ngi v ng vt sinh sng trong nhng cnh rng khp Vit Nam.(15) + Cht da cam lm rng l v git cht c cc loi cy g thuc hng thit mc, n cn li nhng di chng m , bc bi, cht ngi. + S tip xuc ngn

ca con ngi vi nng cao dioxins c th lm tn thng da, chng hn nh lam m sam trn da, v thay i chc nng gan.(13) + Tip xc lu di vi dioxins s nh hng n h min dch, s pht trin h thn kinh, cac h thng cua tuyn ni tit v cc chc nng sinh sn.(13) - Trong mi trng, dioxins c xu hng tch ly trong chui thc n, c bit la chui thc n cua ng vt bc cao. + Ngi ta tim thy Dioxin trong cc m ng vt nh c chp v vt tri. Nhng ng vt sng lp bn (c, cua, c tr, v.v...) thng b nhim dioxin. Cc gia cm nh g, vt s b nhim dioxin nu n nhng ng vt . Dioxin thng b lu gi trong m ca g, vt b nhim.(6) + Dioxin tim thy nhiu trong thc n, c bit l cc sn phm sa, tht, c v loai ng vt co vo. Mt cch tng i th tht heo v tht g t b nhim dioxin hn tht b v sa (21). Trong cac loai thc n gia suc Bi, Brazil cung cha Dioxin. Nm 1999 ngi ta tim thy Dioxin trong trng gia cm Bi, 3/1998 Dioxin cung c tim thy trong sa c.(13)

Qu trnh lan truyn c cht t thnh phn ny sang thnh phn khc(15)

- ioxin lan truyn rt rng, mc du Dioxin hinh thanh pham vi nho nhng kha nng lan truyn cua no la toan cu. Trng chin tranh Vit Nam, ngay c cc binh lnh khng nm trong phm vi b ri cht c ha hc cng c nguy c b phi nhim cao do s pht tn cht ny trong gi, do ngun nc v c thc phm b nhim c. + Dioxin t cc khu vc nhim vn c th theo nc ma chy vo cc h ao ln cn. + Cc phi cng trc thng bay xuyn qua nhng m my b nhim c m khng h hay bit (trong khi chuyn ch hng thng ha cht da cam) nn mc nhiu loi bnh cht ngi, vn ch pht tc nhiu nm v sau. + Ngay c nhng ph n (nh y t) bn ngoi vng chin s hoc xa tin tuyn v rng rm hng chc cy s cng hng chu nhng mt mt to ln nh sy thai, thai cht lu hoc sinh con khuyt tt.

IV. c dc hc mi trng: IV.1 Cc phn ng sinh hc, s cp, th cp: -(15) Theo ngi pht minh ra cht da cam, Arthur W. Galston, chng ta cn cha bit v s tc ng ln nhau gia cc yu t sinh thi hc, nn khng th bit nhng bin i sinh thi gy ra t vic phun ri thuc dit c s tc ng phm vi no v ko di n mc no. Cc bin i c th hy hoi sc khe nhng c dn sinh sng trong vng nh hng. - Mt s th nghim trn chut cho thy dioxin lm tng nng cc gc ion t do trong t bo. iu ny, c th l lm ph hu cc cu trc t bo, cc protein quan trng v quan trng hn c, n c th gy t bin trn phn t DNA.(9)

c tnh ca ioxin(17)

* Hp th: Dioxin hp th vo c th qua ng tiu ha (90%) do n phi thc phm c cha Dioxin, v qua ng h hp do ht phi kh thi cha Dioxin. * Phn b: Do tnh cht d tan trong m nn Dioxin d dng thm qua mng rut v phi i vo h tun hon mu. Thi gian lu trong mu ca Dioxin khng lu, mu s a Dioxin n cc m m ca cc c quan trong c th. * Chuyn ha: (1) - Mt phn Dioxin c chuyn ha bi men gan, oxy ha ct vng v tr nhm th Clo 1,6. Sn phm chuyn ha l nhng cht d tan hn v c o thi qua ng nc tiu. - Khng c s bin i c ngha thng k gia nhm c nguy c phi nhim Dioxin v nhm chng i vi t l xut hin cc ri lon v s lng v cu trc nhim sc th v trao i nhim sc t ch em, vi s gim s lng cc t bo min dch CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, s bin i v hm lng ca cc Hormon sinh dc LH v FSH trong mu, s bin i v s lng t bo mu ngoi vi. - C s bin i c ngha thng k gia nhm c nguy c phi nhim Dioxin v nhm chng i vi kh nng p ng to khng th khi tim Vaccine HBsAg, hot cc enzyme chng oxy ho, t l ri lon hnh thi bch cu.

- Pht hin nhng t bin cc gen P53, gen Cyp 1A1, gen AhR nhng i tng phi nhim Dioxin, pht hin mt s bin i amino acid c lin quan n mt s bnh ung th. + Dioxin trong t bo to phc vi AhR (Aryl hyrocacbon Receptor), to phc hp Dioxin-AhR-ARNT. Phc ca ng phn Dioxin vi th th AhR cng bn th c ca ng phn cng cao. Phc hp dioxin - th th s k hp vi protein vn chuyn ArnT (AhR nuclear Translocator) xm nhp vo trong nhn t bo. Ti y dioxin s gy ng m mt s gene gii c quan trng ca t bo nh Cyp1A, Cyp1B,... (9) - Khng thy c s bin i tng ng gia hm lng Dioxin trong mu vi mt s ch tiu sinh hc cc i tng phi nhim Dioxin. * Tch t v o thi: - Khi lng Dioxin vo c th thp th Dioxin ch yu c tch t trong cc m m. Nhng khi nng cao, n s tch t trong gan v lin kt bn vng vi cc protein trong gan. - Dioxin o thi rt chm, thi gian bn phn hy ko di vi nm, vi chc cho n hn 100 nm. Dioxin phn nh o thi qua ng nc tiu, ch yu o thi qua sa m v qua con ng m sang con. IV.2 Cc biu hin: - Phc hp Dioxin-AhR-ARNT gy ra cc tc ng sau: + Tc ng ln AND lm ri lon qu trnh sinh tng hp ca mt s protein, nh protein sa cha li sai AND, cc protein iu chnh qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca t bo, enzim tham gia chuyn ha cht c giai on 1 v 2 dn n kh nng gy t bin gen v ung th ca cc tc nhn mi trng. + Lin kt vi th th ER (estrogen receptor), th th hocmon sinh dc n lm ri lon cc chc nng sinh sn; tng kh nng ung th bung trng, ung th t cung, ung th v; gy bin i gii tnh. + Suy gim h min dch ca c th, tng kh nng nhim vi khun v virut gy bnh ca c th.

- y l 1 s bnh m gii khoa hc c y bng chng, chng minh rng dioxin l th phm gy ra. Ngoi ra cn nhiu bnh khc ang trong vng nghi vn hay cn thm bng chng lm r : (3) Ung th bng quang, ung th v, ung th h thng sinh sn n, ung th no, ung th c t cung, ung th mu, ung th gan, ung th ng tiu ho, ung th tuyn tin lit, ung th thn. Ban da Chloracne Vim thn kinh ngoi vi Bnh s ho, ri rc no Vin ni mc t cung Bnh au tu xng Tr em sinh thp cn v non i ng type 2 Sy thai t nhin, ung th tinh hon.

- Cc bnh trn da: Nhng ngi b nhim PCDD s b ni mn trng c, mn b en v l lot. - Gy c trn mt: Gy , ph kt mc, vim mng mt, gic mc. - Gy xut huyt: Chy mu ng tiu ha. - Tn thng gan: Qua cc du hiu lm sng v ch tiu men gan, cc nh khoa hc cho rng gan l c quan b Dioxin gy tn thng trc nht. - Xy ra tnh trng sinh nhiu con gi hn con trai, bi v cht c ny lm mt cn bng cc ni tit t sinh dc.(21) - Dioxin gy sy thai, qui thai, ri lon nhim sc th: Nhng a tr va m va ic, mt s b u to, khng tay khng chn. Nhng au n v nguy him nht l vic dioxin tc hi khng ch mt m nhiu th h lin tip, nhiu tr em sinh ra b d dng, khng chn tay, mt mi hay ni tng v b nhim dioxin t cha m, ng b. - Cc cu chin binh b phi nhim dioxin mc cao nht c nguy c mc bnh tiu ng cao gp 2,6 ln so vi nhng cu chin binh khng b phi nhim dioxin hay b phi nhim mc thp.(2)

- Ti khu cn c qun s An Sn, o C Mng (thuc x Phc An, huyn Tuy Phc). Ch cn t chn n gn khu vc c hm cha ln nht, l khng ai c th chu ni v mi hc nng nc, kh c th chu ng c khong 2 pht. C ngi mi n va ht phi b nn o. Cc thng cha ho hc chy ra mt th nc en, c snh nh du luyn, mi nng nc nh thuc tr su. Ti hm cha ln nht ch cn bi t khng y 1 m l ti thng cha cht c ho hc, nhiu thng np b g st, nn cht c c t nhin chy ra ngoi, ngm su vo lng t. Nhng ngi lnh S on 31 cho hay, sau mi trn ma, tri tr nng th d ng cch xa ti vi trm mt cng khng th chu ni. Nhiu ngi b chng ht hi, chy nc mt, thm ch cn b ngt. (7) - (12)Dioxin rt bn vng trong mi trng v con ngi, kt hp vi c trng tc hi ca dioxin c tnh cht cng hp, nn d nng thp hay cao Dioxin u c tc hi. nng 1 ppt (phn nghn t gram) c tc ng n thai nghn. nng 5 ppt c th gy ung th v n 50-70 ppb (phn t gram) c th cht ngi. - (12)Cc quan im nu trn cho thy hiu qu tc hi ca dioxin ph thuc vo nng v thi gian, nu nng thp th thi gian di v ngc li. - Con ngi c th b rt bng da, chng phng rp da mt, nhc u, nn ma v nhiu triu chng khc sau khi phi nhim. - Nm 1996, Tng thng M Bill Clinton chnh thc tha nhn cht da cam gn nh l nguyn nhn ca 13 chng bnh nan y t ung th tin lit tuyn, ung th mu, ung th thn, ung th no, ung th ng tiu ho cho ti tiu ng loi 2 v bnh thn kinh ngoi bin.(15) - (11) Khng ch vy, cht c ny cn hy hoi thin nhin nng n. GS V Qu, ngi ot gii thng Hnh tinh xanh nm 2003, cho bit, vic M s dng hn 80 triu lt cht dit c v lm rng l cy ri xung min Nam Vit Nam l mt hnh ng ph hoi sinh thi ln nht trong th k. Rng ni a phi gnh chu nng n nht, chim 86% tng s phi v ri cht c. + Thng k ca Vin iu tra quy hoch rng cho thy, hn 3 triu ha rng, tc 1/10 din tch min Nam VN b ri cht c lm tri cy c trong chin tranh, gy mt cn bng sinh thi, l lt hoc kh hn. nh hng trc tip ca cht c dng trong

cuc chin tranh ny khng nhng trit ph rng, lm suy thoi t m cn git cht cc h ng vt trn cn v di nc. Theo GS. Qu, nhng nm gn y, hin tng l lt, hn hn xy ra lin min cc tnh min trung v min nam Vit Nam l do rng nhit i b tn ph. V. Cc gii php phng trnh i vi c cht Dioxin, bin php x l nhim: - (15) M, dioxin tng gy nhim c th trn Times Beach ca bang Missouri vo nm 1982. Times Beach thc hin mt s bin php khc phc nh sau: + Phun du (nhim dioxin) vo nhng nm 1970 chng bi ct. + Ton b 2.000 c dn v tt c cc nh my u c di chuyn ra khi vng ny. + Nh ca b git sp v 37.000 tn t mt nhim c c xc mang i thiu hy. Tro t v t b c chn lp cn thn ti mt ni ring bit. + Bt c khu t no ti Times Beach c nng dioxin qu mt phn t u c ph mt lp t sch mi c trng c. + Nhng cuc ty ra tng t, r rng l rt tn km, phi c thc hin ti Vit Nam. Cc cng ty tng bn ha cht cho qun i M ngoi vic bi thng trc tip cho cc nn nhn, cn phi c trch nhim h tr ti chnh cho cng tc ty ra dioxin ti Vit Nam. - Kim sot nghim ngt v quy trnh cng nghip gim hnh thnh Dioxins cng nhiu cng tt. y l trch nhim ca chinh quyn cac quc gia. Trong cac qua trinh thiu t vt liu, ta phai thiu chay hoan toan n dang tro. Qu trnh nay i hi nhit cao trn 850C.(13) - Vit Nam trong bi cnh phi tranh lun trn trng quc t v tc hi ca cht c ny, yu cu c nhng nghin cu khoa hc, nhng kt qu phn tch c quc t cng nhn, do ta ln k hoch xy dng trung tm phn tch dioxin tiu chun quc t.(16)

- Hn 90% con ng ma con ngi tip xc vi Dioxins l thng qua vic cung cp thc phm, ch yu l tht v cc sn phm sa, c v ng vt co vo (nh so, nghu,). Do vy, bao v ngun thc phm tiu thu l iu quan trng. Ta phai co nhng bin phap cu th nhm loai bo ngun thc phm bi nhim Dioxin gim s phat tan cua no. Khi co s nghi ng v s nhim Dioxin trong thc phm, thi phai c bin phap kim tra chc chn, tranh s ly nhim khng mong mun. Ngoai ra, ta cn phai xy dng cac chinh sach trong quan ly c cht nguy him trong thc phm.(13) - Phai nng cao cac chinh sach quan tm, chm soc sc khoe nhn dn, cu th la tin hanh o lng cht gy nhim trong mu con ngi, gim st lm sng pht hin cac du hiu suy giam sc khoe.(13) - gim bt nguy c b tip xc thi chung ta cn tranh n m ng vt, tiu th sn phm sa t cht bo c th gim nguy c tip xc vi cac hp cht cua Dioxin. Ngoi ra, mt ch n ung cn bng s gip ta trnh tip xc vi c cht qu nhiu t mt ngun duy nht. y l mt chin lc di hn gim ganh nng cho c th, v c th thch hp nht cho tr em gi v ph n, gim anh hng n s pht trin cua bo thai v vic nui con bng sa m sau ny trong cuc sng.(13) - Nhn dn sng ti cc vng gn vng nng c khuyn co khng c n cc ng vt sng lp bn v m g, vt. Ti cc vng nng , nng dioxin vn cn cao so vi nng cho php, tip tc gy tc hi i vi mi trng v con ngi. Dioxin lng ng trong bn ca cc ao, h cc vng nng .(6) - Th im khi phc t lm nghip b nh hng cht c mu da cam, nhm th im phn cp da vo cng ng khi phc t lm nghip b nh hng cht c da cam. - Xy dng cc h thng tng bao quanh khu vc nhim dioxin, cc b cha than hot tnh hp ph Dioxin. ng thim, t b nhim dioxin phi c chn lp bng b tng v bentonite, cc vt liu cch ly v hp ph Dioxin.(20)
- Vi khun Nocardioides aromaticivorans c th phn hu Dioxin trong t.

TI LIU THAM KHO

(1) http://www.vn-agentorange.org/edmaterials/NC_Dioxin_summary.pdf (2) http://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/Chat-doc-da-cam-dioxin-gay-benh-tieu-duong/40090718/159/ (3) http://forum.ctu.edu.vn/viewtopic.php?t=211&sid=310bc62a8f1121b479058d643eb86058 (4) http://mekongriver.org/trcauchdiox.htm (5) http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_m%C3%A0u_da_cam (6) http://www.vava.org.vn/vi-VN/tailieu/2005/5/50383.vip (7) http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Ham-chua-dioxin-dau-tien-duoc-tay-doc-o-Binh-Dinh/10730840/157/ (8) http://vietbao.vn/Vi-tinh-Vien-thong/iPhone-chua-chat-lieu-san-sinh-dioxin/11029235/217/ (9) http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin (10) http://camthachsp.wordpress.com/2008/04/26/24-%E2%80%93-d-245-%E2%80%93-t-va-dioxin/ (11) http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Dioxin-la-nguyen-nhan-cua-hon-30-can-benh/10901843/157/ (12) http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Chat-doc-da-cam-dioxin-la-chat-doc-chien-tranh/10906445/157/ (13) http://translate.google.com.vn/translate? hl=vi&sl=en&u=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs225/en/index.html&ei=FavESdr8A9aLkAXvkYV7&sa=X&oi =translate&resnum=2&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Ddioxins%26hl%3Dvi (14) http://www.yeutretho.com/baiviet/2009/tu-bao-ve-minh-khoi-nhung-tac-nhan-gay-hai-xung-quanh.html (15) http://vietbao.vn/Van-hoa/Phu-luc-1-Bong-ma-cuoi-cung-cua-chien-tranh-Viet-Nam/40218019/184/ (16) http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Su-nguy-hiem-cua-dioxin-van-con-ton-tai-o-Viet-Nam/10935669/157/ (17) c hc mi trng - inh Th Phng Anh. (18) http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Do-an-nuong-thu-pham-gay-ung-thu/10827940/248/

(19) http://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/Chat-doc-da-cam-va-nguy-co-ung-thu-Den-luc-phai-tien-hanh-nghien-cuu-qui-mo-oVN/40075583/159/ (20) http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Thuc-pham-nhiem-dioxin-cao-hon-binh-thuong-den-1.500-lan/70102165/248/ (21) http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Phu-nu-nhiem-dioxin-sinh-it-con-trai-hon-con-gai/20751894/188/ (22) Ha hc mi trng-ng Kim Chi.

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