tài liệu hướng dẫn sản xuất sạch hơn ngành tinh bột sắn

Mc lc
Mc lc.................................................................................................................1 Bng ch vit tt ..................................................................................................2 M u.................................................................................................................3 1 Gii thiu chung............................................................................................4 1.1 M t ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn .......................................................4 1.1.1 V qui m sn xut tinh bt sn .......................................................4 1.1.2 V c th sn xut..........................................................................5 1.1.3 Cc thch thc .................................................................................6 1.2 Qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c bn ................................................6 1.2.1 Tip nhn c sn ti ......................................................................8 1.2.2 Ra v lm sch c..........................................................................8 1.2.3 Bm v mi c..................................................................................9 1.2.4 Ly tm tch b ..................................................................................9 1.2.5 Thu hi tinh bt th.........................................................................10 1.2.6 Thu hi tinh bt tinh ........................................................................10 1.2.7 Hon thin sn phm .....................................................................11 1.2.8 ng bao sn phm .......................................................................11 1.2.9 Cc b phn ph tr.......................................................................12 2 S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng ...............................................12 2.1 Tiu th nguyn nhin liu .................................................................12 2.2 Cc vn mi trng.......................................................................13 2.2.1 Nc thi........................................................................................13 2.2.2 Kh thi ...........................................................................................16 2.2.3 Cht thi rn ...................................................................................17 2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn .....................................................18 3 C hi sn xut sch hn...........................................................................19 3.1 C hi SXSH trong khu x l s b .................................................19 3.1.1 Phn khu tr sn vo theo thi gian nhp .....................................19 3.1.2 Bc v v ra .................................................................................20 3.1.3 Tch b si, , t, ct trc khi ra ...........................................20 3.1.4 Ci tin thit b khuy trn khi ra, iu chnh thng s.................20 3.1.5 Thu hi v ti s dng nc ra....................................................20 3.2 C hi SXSH trong tch bt ...............................................................20 3.2.1 Ci tin dao bm, my nghin, cht ...............................................20 3.2.2 Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh sng quay......................................21 3.2.3 Dng ly tm siu tc v lin tc......................................................21 3.2.4 Thu hi tinh bt t b .....................................................................21 3.2.5 Thu hi tinh bt v ti s dng nc sau lc th ...........................21 3.2.6 S dng NaHSO3 hoc ch phm SMB ty trng ....................22 3.2.7 Tn dng b sn lm phn vi sinh..................................................22 3.2.8 S dng m sn sn xut sn phm ph..................................22 3.2.9 Tn dng b sn lm c cht nui trng nm................................22 3.2.10 Thu hi tinh bt bng lc ti .......................................................23 3.2.11 Thu hi tinh bt bng thp ra kh .............................................23 3.2.12 La chn mi cht truyn nhit l hi nc hay du.................23 3.3 C hi SXSH trong khu vc cc thit b ph tr ................................24 3.3.1 Lm mm nc trc khi cp cho ni hi .....................................24 3.3.2 Tn dng nhit khi thi ni hi .....................................................24 3.3.3 Thu hi v ti s dng nc ngng...............................................24 3.3.4 Tn thu biogas t h thng x l nc thi ...................................24 3.3.5 Tn dng nc thi cho h nui c v sn xut phn hu c.......24
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn
Thc hin sn xut sch hn .....................................................................25 4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng .............................................................................25 4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH................................25 4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph...........29 4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut .......................................32 4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut.........................32 4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu.................................34 4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi ...................................37 4.2.4 Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi ..................39 4.3 Bc 3: ra cc gii php SXSH....................................................41 4.3.1 Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH...........................................41 4.3.2 Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c ..............43 4.4 Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH..............................................45 4.4.1 Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut ...............................45 4.4.2 Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t ...............................46 4.4.3 Nhim v 11: nh gi nh hng n mi trng ......................47 4.4.4 Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin ............................47 4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH ............................................48 4.5.1 Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin ...................................................48 4.5.2 Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php ...........................................49 4.5.3 Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu...........................50 4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH ........................................................................51 4.6.1 Nhim v 16: Duy tr SXSH ............................................................51 5 X l mi trng.........................................................................................53 5.1 Nc thi............................................................................................53 5.2 Kh thi ...............................................................................................56 5.3 B thi rn ..........................................................................................58
Bng ch vit tt
Ch vit tt BOD COD FOCOCEV HCN PP SMB SS SXSH Ch vit y Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc) Chemical Oxygen Demand (Nhu cu oxy ho hc) Cng ty C phn Tinh bt sn FOCOCEV Qung Nam Axt Xyanuahydric polyetylen Ch phm ty trng tinh bt Suspense Sludge (Cht rn l lng) Cleaner Production (Sn xut sch hn)
M u
Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng. Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c bin son trong khun kh hp tc gia Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tc Vit nam-an mch v Mi trng (DCE)/B Cng thng v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng/Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni. Ti liu ny c cc chuyn gia chuyn ngnh trong nc bin son nhm cung cp cc kin thc c bn cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh nn tham kho v trnh t trin khai p dng sn xut sch hn. Cc chuyn gia dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quan n hin trng sn xut trong ngnh ti Vit nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mi trng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kin nc ta. Mc d Sn xut sch hn c gii hn trong vic thc hin gim thiu nhim ti ngun, ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn ny cng dnh chng cui cp mt cch khi qut v x l mi trng cc doanh nghip c th tham kho khi tch hp sn xut sch hn trong vic p ng cc tiu chun mi trng. Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp ca TS. Ng Tin Hin, cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh ph an mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA, v Chnh ph Thy s, thng qua T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO h tr thc hin ti liu ny. Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Vn Phng Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip, email: cpi-cde@vnn.vn hoc Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, email: vncpc@vncpc.org.
Gii thiu chung

Chng ny cung cp thng tin v tnh hnh sn xut tinh bt sn Vit nam, xu hng pht trin ca th trng, cng nh cng nh thng tin c bn v quy trnh sn xut.
1.1 M t ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Vit Nam l nc xut khu tinh bt sn ng th 3 trn th gii, sau Indonesia v Thi Lan. Nm 2006, din tch t trng sn t 475.000 ha, sn lng tinh bt sn t 7.714.000 tn. Th trng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam l Trung Quc, i Loan. Cng vi din tch sn c m rng, sn lng cng nh nng sut tinh bt sn c sn xut cng tng ln theo thi gian. Hnh 1 m t tc tng trng ca din tch trng sn cng nh sn lng tinh bt sn ca Vit nam. Theo hnh 1, tc tng trng ca sn lng tinh bt sn cao hn gp nhiu ln so vi s gia tng ca din tch trng sn.
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Din tch (1.000 ha)
Sn lng (10.000 tn)
Nng sut (100 tn/ ha)
Hnh 1. Biu tng trng din tch, sn lng v nng sut tinh bt sn Vit nam Ngoi tinh bt sn, cc sn phm c ch bin t sn cn bao gm cn, ru, bt ngt, axit glutamic, axit amin, cc loi si r maltoza, glucoza, fructoza, tinh bt bin tnh, maltodextrin, cc loi ng chc nng, thc n gia sc, phn bn hu c
1.1.1 V qui m sn xut tinh bt sn

Vit Nam hin tn ti 3 loi quy m sn xut tinh bt sn in hnh sau:
1. Qui m nh (h v lin h): y l quy m c cng sut 0,5 - 10 tn tinh bt sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m nh chim 70 - 74%. Cng ngh th cng, thit b t to hoc do cc c s c kh a phng ch to. Hiu sut thu hi v cht lng tinh bt sn khng cao. 2. Qui m va: y l cc doanh nghip c cng sut di 50 tn tinh bt sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m va chim 16- 20%. a phn cc c s u s dng thit b ch to trong nc nhng c kh nng to ra sn phm c cht lng khng thua km cc c s nhp thit b ca nc ngoi. 3. Qui m ln: Nhm ny gm cc doanh nghip c cng sut trn 50 tn tinh bt sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m ln chim khong 10% tng s cc c s ch bin c nc vi cng ngh, thit b nhp t Chu u, Trung Quc, Thi Lan. l cng ngh tin tin hn, c hiu sut thu hi sn phm cao hn, t cht lng sn phm cao hn, v s dng t nc hn so vi cng ngh trong nc. Ti nay c nc c trn 60 nh my ch bin tinh bt sn c nc qui m ln, cng sut 50 - 200 tn tinh bt sn/ ngy v trn 4.000 c s ch bin th cng. Hin ti, tng cng sut ca cc nh my ch bin sn qui m cng nghip v ang xy dng c kh nng ch bin c 40% sn lng sn c nc. Theo s liu thng k cha y , khong 40 - 45% sn lng sn dnh cho ch bin quy m ln, hay cn gi l quy m cng nghip, 40 - 45% sn lng sn dnh cho ch bin tinh bt qui m nh v va, dng sn xut cc sn phm sn kh, ch bin thc n chn nui v 10 - 15% dng cho n ti v cc nhu cu khc.
1.1.2 V c th sn xut
C sn ti rt kh bo qun di ngy nn hu ht cc nh my ch bin sn u hot ng theo thi v. Thi gian hot ng ch yu l t cui thng 8 nm trc n u thng 4 nm sau. Mc d vy, vng ng Nam B c iu kin thun li v nhit cho pht trin cy sn nn cc nh my ch bin tinh bt hin nay c th sn xut c 2 v. Ring cc nh my ch bin ti Ty Ninh c thi gian ch bin ko di 330 ngy/ nm. Thi gian sn xut trong nm ca cc nh my khc khong 200 ngy. Theo cng sut thit k, nhu cu nguyn liu sn ti l: 5.360.000 tn sn ti/ nm, chim 69,48% sn lng sn hin c. Trong khi sn lng sn hng nm dnh lm lng thc cho ngi v cho chn nui khong 3.000.000 tn. V vy, vi sn lng sn 7.700.000 tn sn/ nm, nhiu nh my ch bin tinh bt sn b thiu nguyn liu. Mt s kt qu nghin cu, chuyn giao cng ngh, sn xut ch bin cc sn phm sau cng nghip tinh bt sn nh: sn xut tinh bt bin tnh,
maltodextrin, ng glucoza, si r maltoza, lysin gp phn ko di thi gian hot ng ca cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn sau ma v.
1.1.3 Cc thch thc

Ngoi vn v nguyn liu, hin ti cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn ang i mt vi thch thc ln nht v nhim mi trng v suy thoi t trng sn. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn a ra cc hng dn v thc hin quy hoch pht trin vng nguyn liu sn v sn xut tinh bt sn m bo pht trin bn vng trc mt v lu di.
1.2 Qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c bn

Quy trnh ch bin th cng C sn mua v c ra bng tay v gt v bng dao ri no th cng trn mt bn no/mi bng thic hoc st mm c c l to g sc mt bn. Bt sau khi mi c a vo mt tm vi lc c buc bn gc v ra mnh bng nc v tay. X sau khi ra c vt kh. Sa bt thu c li c cha trong x/thng ng ch tinh bt lng xung. Thay nc nhiu ln loi b nha v tp cht. Bt t vt ln khay hoc vt qua vi lc tch nc ri c sy kh t nhin. Quy trnh ch bin bn c gii Trong quy trnh ny, vic gt v thng vn c tin hnh th cng. Qu trnh no/mi c tin hnh trn my mi. Lc quay trng trong my mi c truyn qua trc ng c in v dy cu-roa. Trng c ph tm kim loi c l c quay trong mt hp my c gn phu np c pha trn v bt sau khi mi s chy xung di. Qu trnh mi c b sung mt lng nh nc. Lng tinh bt c gii phng v ho tan nh cch lm ny c th t 70-90%. Bt nho thu c qua sng lc th, lc mn v lc tinh. C th b sung nc trong khi tch cc tp cht v b. Dch thu c s qua giai on lng tch nc. Lng c tin hnh trong b lng hoc bn lng (lng trng lc). Qu trnh lng c th c b sung ha cht gip lng nhanh hoc ty trng. Tinh bt c tch ra bng tay. Sy c tin hnh sy t nhin hoc cng bc. Quy trnh ch bin hin i Yu t quan trng nht trong sn xut tinh bt sn cht lng cao l ton b qu trnh ch bin - t khi tip nhn c n khi sy hon thin - sn phm phi c tin hnh trong thi gian ngn nht c th c gim thiu qu trnh xy ho lm bin i hm lng tinh bt sau khi thu hoch v trong ch bin.
Tinh bt sn c ch bin t nguyn liu l c ti hoc kh (sn c, sn lt), vi cc quy m v trnh cng ngh khc nhau. Quy trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c th c th hin trong hnh 2.
C sn ti
1. Tip nhn c sn
Nc Nng lng
2. Ra v lm sch - Ra s b - Tch v - Ra nc
V, t ct Nc thi
Nc Nng lng
3. Bm v mi c - Bm - Mi - Nghin, xt
u c, x sn
SO2 Nng lng Nc
4. Ly tm tch b - Ty mu - Tch b ln 1,2,3
Nc thi B thi rn
Nc Nng lng
5. Thu hi tinh bt th
Nc thi
Nc Nng lng
6. Thu hi tinh bt tinh - C c - Ly tm tch nc
Nc thi
Nng lng Bao gi
7. Hon thin - Lm ti - Sy kh - nh lng - ng gi
Nhit thi Vt liu bao gi hng
Tinh bt sn
Hnh 2. Cng ngh sn xut tinh bt sn Lu : Qu trnh sy kh sn phm s dng nhiu nhit. Cc qu trnh s dng nng lng khc nh: chy my, bng ti... u sinh ra kh nh knh. Cc dng pht thi kh nh knh ny cha c m t c th trong s quy trnh cng ngh ny.
Theo s hnh 2, qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn gm 7 cng on chnh. Mi cng on li gm mt s cng on nh hn. Chi tit ca cc bc cng ngh c m t c th di y:
1.2.1 Tip nhn c sn ti

C sn ti c hm lng tinh bt khc nhau, c kim tra nhanh bng thit b phng th nghim. C sn c cha trong sn rng v chuyn vo phu cha bng bng ti. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn theo bng ti, cng nhn loi b rc, tp cht th. Thi gian x l sn c ti t khi thu hoch n khi a vo ch bin cng nhanh cng tt trnh tn tht tinh bt. Thc hnh ti Vit Nam l khng qu 48 gi. Thc hnh ti mt s nc trong khu vc khng qu 24 gi. C phu tip liu thng c ch to theo hnh tr, y hnh ch nht vi mt nghing m bo cho nguyn liu c th trt xung. Cu trc phu cng v chc, cho php sn c y ti ming phu. Bn di phu c t mt sng rung, sng ny hot ng to rung t trc cam, quay bng m t in. Sng rung c nhim v tip tc tch mt phn tp cht t cn bm vo c sn.
1.2.2 Ra v lm sch c
Cng on ny c tin hnh nhm loi b cc tp cht c trn v c sn, bao gm cc bc ra s b, tch t , tch v cng v ra li bng nc. My bc v c dng tch v cng ra khi c. C sn c a t bn cha n my bc v bng mt bng ti. Ti y ct, t v cht thi khc tip tc c loi b trong iu kin m. My bc v c thit k theo hnh ng c gn thanh thp trn thnh ng nh mt lng xoy c khe h rng khong 1cm, mt trong ca my c g xoy gip cho vic a c n mt cch t ng. tng hiu qu loi b t ct c th dng g xoy dng bn chi. Thng thng sn phi c loi c v cng v v la (dy khong 2-3mm) l ni c cha n 50% l tinh bt v hu ht lng axit hydroxyanic HCN. C sn sau khi bc v c chuyn n my ra. Qu trnh ra c tin hnh bng cch phun nc ln nguyn liu sn c vi nhng bnh cho t trong mt mng nc. Mng nc trong my ra c thit k hnh ch U, cho php c sn di chuyn vi khong cch di hn, trong thi gian lu hn. Ti y, qu trnh ra v lm sch c nhim v loi b lp v ngoi cng nh mi tp cht khc. Cng on ra nn s dng vi phun p lc cao tng hiu qu ra. Nu qu trnh ra khng t hiu qu cn thit, cc ht bn dnh trn c sn s l nguyn nhn lm gim trng ca dch sa v sn phm. Nc ra v nc dng bc v c th c ly t cc my phn ly tinh bt. Nc ra ti s dng c cha trong b cha trc khi dng.
C sn ti sau khi ra c bng ti chuyn n cng on sau. Sau cng on ra, 1000 kg sn c ti cho khong 980 kg sn sch.
1.2.3 Bm v mi c
Mc ch ca qu trnh ny nhm lm v c, to thnh cc mnh nh, lm tng kh nng tinh bt ho trong nc v tch b. C sn khi ra khi my ra, qua bng ti, c bm thnh nhng mnh nh khong 10 20 mm ti my bm. My bm c gn 2 b li, b th nht c 20 li c nh, theo cu trc chun ca khong cch khe, b th 2 gm 21 li gn vi mt trc chnh 4 gc khc nhau. Trc chnh c chuyn ng bng m t in 240 vng/ pht. Sau khi bm, nguyn liu c chuyn vo my mi bng vt ti v b phn phn phi dm. Vic mi c t hiu qu l yu t cn thit cho sn lng tinh bt cao. My mi c mt rto c ch to bng thp khng r, c cc rnh gi cc li mi. Rto ny t trong hp v b mt mi to thnh vch ng c th cha c, i din vi mt mi l mt m chn cho php iu chnh kch thc bt mi. Bng cch chn b m ny, c sn ti s c mi trn b mt li mi. B sn c y ra t cc khe h y. Trong qu trnh mi, nc c a vo phu nhm gim nhit lng sinh ra v y b sn ra khi my. Trong qu trnh ny, HCN trong c sn trng thi t do, ho tan dn trong nc n khi khng cn trong sn phm. S tip xc ca axit ny vi st d hnh thnh cht ferocyanide lm cho dch tinh bt sn c mu hi xanh l. Do vy, cng on ny, tt c cc b phn thit b c tip xc vi dch tinh bt sn cn c lm bng thp khng r. Dch sa to thnh sau qu trnh ny c bm sang cng on tip theo.
1.2.4 Ly tm tch b
Ly tm c thc hin nhm c c dch sa v loi b x. Ty mu c tin hnh ngay sau khi hnh thnh dch sa. Trong qu trnh ny, tinh bt c tch khi si xenluloza, lm sch si mn trong bt sa v ty trng tinh bt trnh ln men v lm bin mu. Mc ch ly tm tch b l tch tinh bt ra khi nc v b. ty trng tinh bt, c th dng cc hp cht SOx c tnh oxy mnh (NaHSO3 38% hoc dung dch SO2) ty mu. C th s dng dung dch c tn thng mi SMB vi thnh phn chnh l nc v NaHSO3. SMB ang c s dng ph bin ty trng trong sn xut tinh bt nhm thay th cng ngh s dng clo hoc t lu hunh to ra SO2 trc y. u im ca SMB so vi clo v lu hunh l gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh, nc v c bit d dng khng ch c lng SO42- trong tinh bt, p ng cht lng tinh bt theo tiu chun quc t xut khu.
Thng thng vic tch b c tin hnh 3 ln bng cng ngh v thit b ly tm lin tc. Dch sa c a vo b phn r hnh nn v c nhng vi phun nc vo b trong sut qu trnh ra b v ho tan tinh bt. Phn x thu hi, sau khi qua giai on lc cui cng, c cha 90 - 95% l nc v mt t l thp l tinh bt cn st li. y l iu kin thun li tch b v tinh bt. Do vy, tinh bt sa sau khi i qua b phn ly tm u tin vi kch thc khe h hp l s c tip tc bm qua cc b phn ly tm tip theo. B phn ly tm gm c 2 cng on v c thit k vi sng ry mn. Trong cc b phn ly tm ny thng c b phn lc mn v b phn lc cui thu hi trit tinh bt. Phn x mn c loi b s dng lm thc n chn nui. Sa tinh bt loi th sau khi qua my lc ln cui t mc c c khong 30B hoc 5,1 - 6,00Bx (tng ng 54 kg tinh bt kh/ m3 dch). Dch tinh bt ny cn cha cc tp cht nh protein, cht bo, ng v mt s cht khng ho tan nh nhng ht celluloza nh trong qu trnh mi c. Cc tp cht s b loi b trong qu trnh tinh lc bt.
1.2.5 Thu hi tinh bt th

Vic tch bt th c th c tin hnh bng phng php lng nhiu ln, lc, hoc/v ly tm vi mc ch tch b v tch dch. Phng php lng c tin hnh vi quy m sn xut nh. Vi qui m trung bnh v ln, qu trnh tch tinh bt t si celluloza c tin hnh bng phng php lc hoc ly tm lin tc. y l phng php lc tinh bt t si celluloza giai on lc cui trc khi thi b. Lc tinh bt c tin hnh qua ly tm r xoy lin tc. Hn hp tinh bt v b c a vo b phn sng quay hnh nn v nhng vi phun nc ra b. di hnh nn ny m bo thu li hon ton tinh bt. B c thu gom n b phn p b. Nc sau khi p b c th a vo ti s dng trong qui trnh sn xut tit kim nc. Sau cng on ny, dch sa th t 5% cht kh.
1.2.6 Thu hi tinh bt tinh

Sau khi ly tm tch b, dch sa c tip tc tch nc. Bt mn c th c tch ra t sa tinh bt bng phng php lc chn khng, ly tm v c c. Trong sa tinh bt, hm lng cc cht dinh dng v ng kh cao, nn cc vi sinh vt d pht trin dn n hin tng ln men gy mi. S thay i tnh cht sinh ha ny s nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm. V vy, yu cu giai on ny phi din ra nhanh, bng my ly tm siu tc v lin tc, c thit k theo cng ngh thch hp tch nc v nng cao nng tinh bt. Sa tinh bt c a vo my ly tm siu tc bng vi phun thit k theo 2 nhnh chnh v ph t trong thnh bn. Nc ra c bm vo my ng thi. Vic phn ly tch tinh bt sa c t trng cao hn v tinh bt sa c t trng thp hn nh nhng a hnh chp nn trong bn my phn ly. Cc thnh
10
phn nh l tinh bt dng sa c nng thp c a qua cc a phn ly t bn trong bn phn ly. Bn phn ly c lp cc ng dn nc ra ho tan tinh bt. Nhiu my phn ly c lp t theo mt dy lin tc. Tinh bt sau cng on ny t nng 20oBx. Phng php ly tm kh nc c thit k theo kiu r, b phn chu c c l, mt tm vi lc v mt tm li c l rt nh t bn trong. Tinh bt c chuyn vo dng lng. Trong sut qu trnh phn ly, nc c loi b bi mng lc v tinh bt c gi li thnh chu to thnh bnh hnh tr. Chu k hot ng ca my bt u din ra t lc np tinh bt sa 18 - 20oBx vo b phn hnh r cho n khi t mc cho php th ngng np. Sau khi hon tt chu k no bt th qu trnh np dch tinh bt mi bt u hot ng tr li. Sau ly tm tch nc, tinh bt tinh thu c t m 38%, c chuyn sang cng on sau di dng bnh tinh bt.
1.2.7 Hon thin sn phm

Bnh tinh bt sau khi c tch ra t cng on trn c lm ti v sy kh tip tc tch nc nhm mc ch bo qun lu di. Vic lm ti tinh bt t l rt cn thit tng b mt tip xc vi khng kh nng trong qu trnh sy. lm ti, bt c dn n b phn vt ti lm ti v b phn ry bt t ng. Nhit b phn ny c gi n nh l 55oC. Nu nhit trong ng dn nhit gim, thp hn 55oC, c ngha l hm m ca tinh bt cao, tn hiu c truyn n b phn iu khin nhit v b phn bin tn s lm gim vn tc m t v tc trc vt, khi lng tinh bt t a vo my sy gim theo, cho n khi nhit trong ng dn t n tr s n nh. Tinh bt c sy bng my sy nhanh. Tinh bt t c np vo my sy nhanh t hm m 10-13%. Qu trnh sy s dng khng kh nng c to ra t b phn trao i nhit vi mi cht l du nng. Lng khng kh c sy nng i qua b phn lc lm sch, kh bi, tp cht bn trong khng kh. Khng kh cp vo my sy nhit 180 - 200oC. Trong qu trnh sy, tinh bt c chuyn i bng kh t y ln nh thp sy bng hi nng khong 150oC v sau ri xung. Qu trnh sy c hon tt trong thi gian rt ngn (vi giy) bo m cho tinh bt khng b vn v khng b chy. Vic gim nhit tinh bt ngay sau khi sy c ngha quan trng. V vy my sy c lp b phn xoy gi c bit h nhanh nhit sn phm.
1.2.8 ng bao sn phm

Tinh bt sau khi sy kh c tch ra khi dng kh nng, c lm ngui ngay bi qu trnh lc xoy gi v hot ng ng thi ca van quay. Sau tinh bt ny c a qua ry ht bo m to thnh ht tinh bt ng nht, khng
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kt dnh vn cc, t tiu chun ng u v mn. Tinh bt sau khi qua ry c bao gi thnh phm. Thit b dy chuyn sn xut tinh bt sn ch yu c nhp ca c, Nht, Php, i Loan, Trung quc, Thi Lan v mt phn c ch to trong nc.
1.2.9 Cc b phn ph tr
Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn s dng hi gin tip sy tinh bt hoc mi cht du c gia nhit. Hi c sinh ra t thit b l hi. Loi l hi ph bin trong cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn l loi chy bng du, hoc bng than, c cng sut ph hp bin nc thnh hi. l du, thay v gia nhit cho nc nh l hi, du c gia nhit p lc cao cung cp cho cc thit b s dng nhit, thit b sy kh. Kh SO2 c th c to ra bng cch t lu hunh trong khun vin nh my, c s dng ty trng nguyn liu hoc thnh phm. C th nhp mua ho cht ty trng tinh bt c tn thng mi SMB vi thnh phn chnh l NaHSO3 38%.
S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng

Chng ny cung cp thng tin c th v tiu th nguyn, nhin, vt liu v tc ng ca qu trnh sn xut n mi trng, cng nh tim nng p dng SXSH trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn.
Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn s dng lng ln nc v nng lng, ng thi sinh ra cht thi di c ba dng rn, lng v kh, s c trnh by trong cc phn di y.
2.1 Tiu th nguyn nhin liu

Qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn s dng cc u vo chnh gm sn c ti, nc ra, nng lng in chy my, nhit nng sy (thng sinh ra t l du) v ha cht ty trng. Nc s dng yu cu t pH trong khong 5 - 6. nh mc tiu th nguyn, nhin, vt liu ca mt s nh my sn xut tinh bt sn ca Vit Nam v cc nc trong khu vc c th hin trong bng sau:
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Bng 1. nh mc tiu th u vo ch bin tinh bt sn

u vo 1. Sn c ti 2. Nc 3. Phn chua 4. Lu hunh 5. Nng lng 5.1. Du FO hoc 5.2.Than cm 5.3. in tn/ tn SP tn/ tn SP Kwh/ tn SP 0,03-0,05 0,6- 0,8 175- 180 0,03 - 0,04 0,5 0,7 120-130 0,03- 0,04 0,5- 0,6 120- 150 n v tn/ tn SP m / tn SP kg/ tn SP kg/ tn SP
3
Vit Nam 3,67- 5,00 30- 40 0,08- 0,09 2- 2,78
Cc nc khc 3,5 - 4 24-30 0,066 0,08 2,0 - 2,2
Thc hnh tt 3,67- 4,5 24-35 0,066- 0,08 2,0- 2,5
Trung bnh t 100kg c sn c hm lng bt 25% tr ln s thu c t nht 25 kg tinh bt thng phm loi 1 c m 12%.
2.2 Cc vn mi trng
Sn c c hm lng nc khong 55,2%, tinh bt khong 25 - 29%, hm lng protein 0,4mg/100g cht kh, hm lng HCN 2,9 mg/100g sn ti, thay i theo ma v, iu kin cnh tc, ging sn, thi v, thi gian v iu kin bo qun. Chnh cc thnh phn hu c nh tinh bt, protein, xenluloza, pectin, ng... c trong nguyn liu c sn ti l nguyn nhn gy nhim cao cho cc dng nc thi ca nh my sn xut tinh bt sn qua qu trnh sn xut. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh sn xut, HCN ho tan trong nc ra b, thot khi dy chuyn sn xut cng gp phn gy nhim mi trng, to mu sm ca nc thi. Kh thi trong nh my sn xut tinh bt sn phi k n l cc hp cht SOx t qu trnh ty ra dng nc SO2, dung dch NaHSO3, CO2 t qu trnh t nhin liu, cc loi kh NH4, indon, scaton, H2S, CH4 t cc qu trnh ln men ym kh v hiu kh cc hp cht hu c nh tinh bt, ng, protein trong nc thi, b thi. Cc cht thi rn gm v snh (v lp ngoi cng ca c sn), cc phn x, b thi rn cha nhiu xenluloza, b lc t my lc, my ly tm.
2.2.1 Nc thi
Nc sn xut c s dng nhiu nht cng on ra v ly tm tch b. Lng nc thi ra mi trng thng chim 80 - 90% nc s dng. Nc thi sinh ra t dy chuyn sn xut tinh bt sn c cc thng s c trng nh: pH thp, hm lng cht hu c cao, th hin qua cht rn l lng
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(SS), nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD), nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD), cc cht dinh dng cha N, P, K, mu... vi nng rt cao, vt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun mi trng. Nc thi c sinh ra t cc cng on sn xut chnh sau y: - Bc v, mi c, p b: cha mt hm lng ln cyanua, alcaloid, antoxian, protein, xenluloza, pectin, ng v tinh bt. y l ngun chnh gy nhim nc thi, thng dao ng trong khong 20 - 25m3/ tn nguyn liu, c cha SS, BOD, COD mc rt cao. - Lng trch ly: cha tinh bt, xenluloza, protein thc vt, lignin v cyanua, do c SS, BOD, COD rt cao, pH thp. - Ra my mc, thit b, v sinh nh xng: c cha du my, SS, BOD. - Nc thi sinh hot (bao gm nc thi t nh bp, nh tm, nh v sinh) cha cc cht cn b, SS, BOD, COD, cc cht dinh dng (N, P) v vi sinh vt - Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc nh my cun theo cc cht cn b, rc, bi. Kt qu phn tch nc thi ti mt s doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn Vit Nam c trnh by trong Bng 2. Bng ny cho thy khong cch dao ng v cc ch tiu nc thi cao hn nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php. Thnh phn nc thi ph thuc vo quy m sn xut, trnh cng ngh v h thng thit b x l nc thi, quy trnh vn hnh v quan trc mi trng. Tuy nhin, nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn cc quy m khc nhau u hu nh cha t c tiu chun nc thi cng nghip ca Vit Nam. Bng 2. Cht lng nc thi t sn xut tinh bt sn
Cc ch tiu pH BOD COD SS CN
-
n v
Quy m nh v va 4,0 - 5,6 7.400 - 11.000 13.000 - 17.800 1.200 - 2.600 3,4 - 5,8 79 - 99
Quy m ln A 3,8 - 5,7 6.200 - 23.000 7.000 - 41.000 330 - 4.100 19 - 36 10 - 73 6-9 30 50 50 0,07 0,2
TCVN 5945:2005* B 5,5 - 9 50 80 100 0,5 0,5 C 5-9 100 400 200 1 1
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

2-
SO4
mg/l
Ghi ch: * Cc thng s quy nh trong tiu chun, cha xt h s lin quan n dung tch ngun tip nhn v h s theo lu lng ngun thi A - Thi vo ngun tip nhn dng cho mc ch sinh hot B - Ngun tip nhn khc, ngoi loi A C - Ngun tip nhn c quy nh
Bng trn cho thy cht lng nc thi t quy trnh sn xut tinh bt sn hon ton khng p ng c tiu chun mi trng. Ngoi tnh cht axit, nc
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thi cn cha lng cht rn, cc cht hu c, cng nh HCN cn c x l. Vi t l BOD/COD nh bng trn, nc thi ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c th c x l bng phng php sinh hc (trc tip) hoc qua iu ha nhm p ng c tiu chun mi trng (tham kho thm trong chng 5 v nguyn tc x l sinh hc). Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi BOD lin quan ti vic xc nh mc nhim ca nc cp, nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot, v COD cho bit mc nhim cc cht hu c v v c cha trong nc thi cng nghip. S nhim ca cc cht hu c dn n suy gim nng xy ha tan trong nc. xy ha tan gim s tc ng nghim trng n h thy sinh, c bit l h vi sinh vt. Khi xy ra hin tng phn hy ym kh vi hm lng BOD qu cao s gy thi ngun nc v git cht h thy sinh, gy nhim khng kh xung quanh v pht tn trn phm vi rng theo chiu gi. Cht rn l lng (SS) cng l tc nhn gy nh hng tiu cc ti ti nguyn thy sinh ng thi gy mt cm quan, bi lng lng h, sng, sui... Axt HCN l c t c trong v sn. Khi cha c o ln, trong c sn khng c HCN t do m dng glucozit gi l phazeolutanin c cng thc ha hc l C10H17NO6. Sau khi c o ln, di tc dng ca enzym xyanoaza hoc trong mi trng axit th phazeolutanin phn hy to thnh glucoza, axeton v axit xyanuahydric. Axit ny gy c ton thn cho ngi. Xyanua dng Ing trong dung dch l cht linh hot. Khi vo c th, n kt hp vi enzym xitochrom lm men ny c ch kh nng cp xy cho hng cu. Do , cc c quan ca c th b thiu xy. Nng HCN thp c th gy chng mt, ming ng, bun nn. Nng HCN cao gy cm gic bng bnh, kh th, hoa mt, da hng, co git, m man, bt tnh, ng t gin, au nhi vng tim, tim ngng p v t vong. Trong sn xut sn, HCN tn ti trong nc thi, phn ng vi st to thnh st xyanua c mu xm. Nu khng c tch nhanh, HCN s nh hng ti mu ca tinh bt v mu ca nc thi. Hm lng c t HCN trong c sn l 0,001 - 0,04%, ch yu v. Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn quy m ln c thng BOD 6.200 - 23.000mg/l vi th tch kh ln 1.500m3/ ngy. Nu nc thi khng c x l trit , khng t tiu chun mi trng th s gy nhim nghim trng cho ngun nc, t v khng kh.
X l nc thi cho cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn t tiu chun mi trng l iu bt buc. Vic x l c th p dng cng ngh ln men ym kh to biogas c thu hi v ti s dng cho qu trnh sn xut (tham kho thm thng tin trong chng 5).
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2.2.2 Kh thi
Bn cnh kh thi ca l hi, mt vn kh thi khc ca nh my sn xut tinh bt sn l mi hi. Mi hi hnh thnh do s phn hu ca tinh bt sn v cc cht hu c. Cc cht ny c trong b thi, lu ng trong thit b sn xut v khu vc nh xng. Nc thi lu tr trong h b phn hu ym kh cng gy mi hi v gy kh chu i vi cng nhn lao ng trc tip sn sut v dn c ln cn. Cc ngun sinh ra pht thi dng kh gm: B thi rn, h x l nc thi ym kh: sinh kh H2S, NH4; L hi, phng tin chuyn ch: sinh kh NOx, SOx, CO, CO2, HC; Khu vc sy v ng bao c nhiu bi tinh bt sn; Kho bi cha nguyn liu sn c ti c bi t ct, vi sinh vt; Bi nhp nguyn liu, than, dy chuyn np liu, kho cha nguyn liu c bi t ct;
Ngoi ra, gu ti, my xt trng, my bc v, my sy tinh bt, my pht in, qut gi, xe vn ti... gy ting n. Tc ng ca cc cht nhim khng kh Mi hi sinh ra do qu trnh phn hy t nhin cc cht hu c. Thnh phn ch yu to ra mi hi l H2S v mt s cht hu c th kh. Cc loi kh ny lm cho con ngi kh th v nh hng ti sc khe lu di. Bi gy vim mi, hng, ph qun ngi lao ng. Bnh bi phi gy tn thng chc nng phi cp tnh hoc mn tnh, to nn nhng khi u cung phi, gin ph qun v cc khi u bn trong c ht bi. Cc oxit axit SOx, NOx: Cc kh ny kch thch nim mc, to thnh cc axit H2SOx, HNOx nhim vo c th qua ng h hp hoc ha tan vo nc bt ri vo ng tiu ha sau phn tn vo mu. Kh ny khi kt hp vi bi s to thnh cc ht bi axit l lng v i vo ph nang ph hy thc bo, dn n c ch thn kinh trung ng v lm h huyt p, kch thch nim mc lm chy nc mi, ho, gy tai bin phi. Tu nng NO2 v thi gian tip xc t vi ngy n vi tun c th gy vim cung phi, vim mng phi n t vong. i vi thc vt: Cc kh SOx, NOx khi b xi ha trong khng kh v kt hp vi nc ma to nn ma axit gy nh hng ti s pht trin ca cy trng v thm thc vt
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i vi vt liu: S c mt ca SOx, NOx trong khng kh nng m lm tng cng qu trnh n mn kim loi, ph hy vt liu btng, v cc cng trnh xy dng khc. CO l kh cacbon oxit khng mu, khng mi v, pht sinh t s t chy khng hon ton cc vt liu tng hp c cha cacbon v chim t l ln trong nhim mi trng khng kh. CO khi vo c th kt hp vi Hemoglobin (Hb) lm mt chc nng vn chuyn xy ca mu ti cc b phn c th, rt d gy t vong. Tc ng ca CO i vi sc khe con ngi ph thuc hm lng HbCO (1 - 40%) trong mu, c th gy nh hng n h thn kinh trung ng, gim kh nng phn bit v thi gian, gic quan km nhy cm, gy hn m, co git tng cn, gy nguy c t vong. CO2 gy ri lon h hp phi v t bo do chim ch ca xy trong mu. CO2 cn l tc nhn gy hiu ng nh knh, dn n hin tng nng ln ca tri t, bin i kh hu ton cu. HC l hp cht ha hc do hydro v cacbon to thnh, sinh ra do s bc hi ca cc ngun nhin liu s dng cho cc phng tin c gii, hoc do qu trnh chy khng hon ton ca cc ng c t trong. i vi ngi, kh HC lm sng ty mng nhy phi, lm thu hp cung phi v lm sng ty mt. HC cn l nguyn nhn gy ra ung th phi. Ting n: Ting n cao hn tiu chun cho php gy nh hng ti sc khe con ngi nh mt ng, mt mi, tm l kh chu, lm gim nng sut lao ng, km tp trung dn n nguy c gy tai nn trong khi lao ng.
Cc bo co phn tch v mi trng trong sn xut tinh bt sn cho thy vn kh thi cn quan tm nht l cc kh c, mi v bi tinh bt sn. Cng nh cc ngnh cng nghip khc, kh thi ca l hi cng l vn cn quan tm.
2.2.3 Cht thi rn

Phn cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut ch yu bao gm: V g v v c, chim khong 2 - 3% lng sn c ti, c loi b ngay t khu bc v. Loi ny c th c s dng lm thc n gia sc dng kh hoc t.
- X v b sn sau khi lc ht tinh bt. Loi cht thi rn ny thng chim 15 - 20% lng sn ti, rt d gy nhim mi trng nu khng c x l hp l kp thi. X v b sn sau khi trch ly c tch bt mt phn nc trc khi lm thc n gia sc.
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- M: lng m kh chim khong 3,5 - 5% sn ti. M c tch ra t dch sa, c hm lng hu c cao (1.500 - 2.000mg/100g) v x (12.800 14.500mg/100g) nn gy mi rt kh chu do qu trnh phn hy sinh hc, cn c lm kh ngay. Tuy nhin, thc hnh ti nhiu doanh nghip sn xut thng m di dng t. Lng tinh bt cha trong m l 51.800 63.000 mg/100g, gp i lng tinh bt c trong v g v v c. M c s dng lm thc n gia sc. - Bn lng sinh ra t h thng x l nc thi. - Bao b ph thi. B thi rn ca ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn thng c cc doanh nghip tn dng lm sn phm ph di dng thc n gia sc. Ngun thu t sn phm ph ny l khng ng k, cn c cc bin php s dng v qun l b thi rn hiu qu hn (tham kho thm trong chng 3 - s dng b thi rn nh sn phm ph dng khc). Tc ng ca cht thi rn Cht thi rn c khi lng rt ln. Vi cng sut 60 tn tinh bt/ ngy, ti lng phn v g chim khong 4.800 kg/ ngy, phn v c 8.000 kg/ ngy, b sn nhiu nht 16.800 kg/ ngy. Nu khng thu gom v x l ngay trong ngy th qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong cht thi rn sau 48 gi s to ra cc kh H2S, NH4 gy mi hi thi lm nhim mi trng.
B thi rn ca qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn gm cc hp cht hu c d b phn hu, gy mi hi thi kh chu, ng thi l mi trng tt cho cc loi vi sinh vt c hi pht trin v c kh nng pht tn i xa theo chiu gi, gy nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh khu vc.
2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn

Tham chiu bng nh mc tiu hao nguyn nhin vt liu trong qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn, cho thy nhu cu tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu ca cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn trong nc c bin ln, ch yu ph thuc vo sn lng, cng ngh v thit b sn xut. tng tnh cnh tranh vi cc nc trong khu vc, cc doanh nghip ch bin tinh bt sn trong nc cn c nhng bin php tch cc gim hn na mc tiu th cc nguyn nhin vt liu trn mt n v sn phm. Vi cng ngh sn xut mc trung bnh ti Vit Nam, vic p dng SXSH c th gim nh mc tiu hao i vi nguyn liu sn c ti l 20%, phn 10%, lu hunh 20%, du FO 20%, than 12%, in 25%. Lng nc s dng trn mt n v sn phm ti Vit Nam hin vn cao hn ca cc nc khc trong khu vc. Mc tiu th nhiu nguyn nhin vt liu trn mt n v sn phm cao hn so vi cc nc trong khu vc s tng gi thnh sn xut sn phm, tng chi ph x l mi trng, dn n gim tnh cnh tranh.
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Hiu sut thu hi tinh bt ca Vit nam trung bnh t 70% trong khi hiu sut thu hi tinh bt sn ca cc nc khc c thc hnh tt c th ln n 88%. Ngoi k thut tch tinh bt, cht lng nguyn liu sn cng l vn cn quan tm. Thng tin v vc trin khai p dng SXSH trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn trong v ngoi nc rt hn ch. Ti liu ny trnh by kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, pht trin cng ngh v mt s kinh nghim t c t thc t sn xut trong thi gian va qua.
C hi sn xut sch hn
Chng ny dn ra mt s v d v gii php SXSH c th p dng thnh cng trong ngnh ch bin tinh bt sn. Ni dung ny s tip tc c cp nht khi c thm cc doanh nghip trong ngnh p dng SXSH .
Tht thot tinh bt lm gim hiu sut tng thu hi trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn. Tinh bt b mt trong tt c cc cng on sn xut, t x l s b (ch yu trong lu tr), tch bt (ch yu trong k thut tch b, ra, ly tm v lc) v trong hon thin sn phm (ch yu trong sy). Lng tinh bt mt i khng ch lm nh hng trc tip n gi thnh sn xut m cn nh hng n chi ph x l mi trng.
3.1 C hi SXSH trong khu x l s b

Khu x l s b bao gm cc cng on tip nhn c, ra v lm sch. Yu cu ca khu ny l tip nhn v lm sch c sn chun b cho qu trnh tch tinh bt. Cc cht c tch ra ch yu l t ct bm vo b mt c. Mc d khu ny khng gy nhim mi trng nghim trng nhng trc tip nh hng n hiu qu ca vic tch tinh bt trong cc cng on sau. Vic s dng cc bin php qun l v x l nguyn liu u vo tc ng n vic tch t ct. S dng cc thit b ra hiu sut cao nn c p dng trong cng on ny nhm tng hiu qu s dng nng lng v nc trn mt n v sn phm, ng thi rt ngn thi gian ch trc cc cng on sn xut. Yu cu thi gian lu ca sn cng on ny cng ngn cng tt.
3.1.1 Phn khu tr sn vo theo thi gian nhp

Sn mua v c nhp vo kho bi. Lu sp xp khu tng tr sn theo thi gian nhp m bo sn nhp trc th s c ch bin trc. Bng cch ny, sn khng b mt bt, ng thi gim ly nhim vi sinh vt. Thi gian a sn vo x l c khuyn co l 24 gi t khi thu hoch.
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3.1.2 Bc v v ra
V g v v la c bc trc khi ra nhm loi b HCN l cht gy mu cho tinh bt thnh phm. Tinh bt chim ti 50% khi lng v la. Tuy nhin, cc nh my ln, ch c lp v ngoi cng l b loi ra v c th thu hi c tinh bt t lp v la (8-15% trng lng c), gim lng cht thi rn.
3.1.3 Tch b si, , t, ct trc khi ra

Sn c vn chuyn theo bng chuyn trc khi ra. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn kh, c th s dng sng rung tch si, , t, ct v dng nam chm tch st. Nh , lng nc ra s gim, ng thi thit b (li lc trong my ly tm v trch ly) s c bo v tt hn.
3.1.4 Ci tin thit b khuy trn khi ra, iu chnh thng s

Thay v dng mi cho o trn sn trong khi ra, c th dng kh nn tng o trn. Gii php ny gip gim hao ph tinh bt ha vo nc thi. Tuy nhin cng cn cn nhc ti hiu qu s dng kh nn.
3.1.5 Thu hi v ti s dng nc ra

Nc sch c s dng cho ra t ct v ra sau khi tch v cng. Nc ra sn cng on sau, c cha t tp bn c th thu hi v ti s dng cho ra s b tit kim nc sch.
3.2 C hi SXSH trong tch bt

Cc cng on sn xut chnh bao gm: bm, mi, nghin, lc tch b, tch bt th, tch bt mn v thu hi sn phm. Tch bt gm c cc bin php c hc nh bm, mi, nghin, trch ly kt hp vi cc bin php ha hc tch bt v ty trng. y l cng on gy nhim mi trng ln nht do lng tinh bt tht thot theo nc thi. Lng ha cht ty trng cn dng s gim nu rt ngn c chu k sn xut ca tng cng on. C th xem xt cc gii php lin quan n k thut bm nh, lc, trch ly, tch b cng nh cc gii php tun hon, ti s dng nc ra. Yu cu ca cng on ny l gim thiu khi lng tinh bt mt theo b thi, gim thiu khi lng nc thi v ha cht thi ra mi trng.
3.2.1 Ci tin dao bm, my nghin, cht

tng hiu qu tinh bt ha vo nc, vic bm, nghin, cht n kch thc
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nh, u l nhng yu t quyt nh. Vic tng s lng li dao, tc bm, nghin, cht cng nh c chng trnh bo dng mi hoc thay cc li dao hng l nhng c hi n gin nht gim tht thot tinh bt. Thit b mi rng ca hin i l mt trng quay ng knh 40 - 50cm, di 30 50cm vi cc li dao rng ca c b tr dc trn cc rnh khc trn mt trng. Mi li dao c t 8 -10 rng ca/cm, t cch nhau 6 - 10mm, cao hn b mt trng 1mm. Tc quay ti u ca trng l 1.000 vng/pht. nhiu nh my, lp bt nho th cn li trn sng lc u tin khi mi c gom v x l my mi th cp c cc li dao nh v nhiu rng ca hn (10 - 12 rng/cm), ri c sng li. Hiu sut mi tch bt t khong 85% sau ln mi th nht v t 90% sau ln mi th 2.
3.2.2 Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh sng quay

Hiu sut ca vic tch b ph thuc vo t l khi lng gia nc ra b v nguyn liu, cht lng nguyn liu v tc quay ca my. Tng tc ly tm v lng nc b sung trong tch b s tng hiu qu tch b nhng li tiu tn thm nng lng v pha long thm hm lng tinh bt. Vic th nghim tm ra thng s ti u hay quy trnh chun cho tch b ch c th thc hin c th ti tng doanh nghip c th p ng yu cu tiu tn t nng lng nht, ng thi tn tht tinh bt t nht.
3.2.3 Dng ly tm siu tc v lin tc

Tch bt mn c thc hin bng ly tm siu tc v lin tc gp phn gim lng hao ph tinh bt, gim thi gian tch bt v gim c chua ca sn phm so vi ly tm thng, lc, p vt th cng.
3.2.4 Thu hi tinh bt t b

B sn sau khi ly tm cn cha n 7% tinh bt. Dng nc sch thu hi li lng tinh bt ny bng cch ra b v ly tm tch nc c th tng hiu sut thu hi sn phm, ng thi gim c lng cht hu c thi ra mi trng. Tuy nhin cn phn tch hiu qu kinh t khi phi s dng nhiu nc hn, chi ph nng lng cao hn.
3.2.5 Thu hi tinh bt v ti s dng nc sau lc th

Thu hi tinh bt c thc hin ngay trong qu trnh tch nc. Nc c tch ra cn cha mt lng tinh bt. Lng tinh bt ny cn c thu tch ra khi dng thi trc khi thi vo mi trng lm thc n chn nui. Nc thu hi sau lc th c th ti s dng ra c.
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3.2.6 S dng NaHSO3 hoc ch phm SMB ty trng

l gii php hu hiu gim gi thnh, gim nhim kh SOx v nng cao cht lng sn phm so vi phng php dng SO2 bng cng ngh t lu hunh.
3.2.7 Tn dng b sn lm phn vi sinh

B sn c hm lng hu c cao, nu khng c vn chuyn v x l kp thi s to mi kh chu. Hin ti b sn c cc cng ty sn xut tinh bt sn k hp ng vi cc cng ty ngoi x l. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu gn y cho thy c th tn dng b sn c hm lng cht hu c v cht x cao tng xp ln men lm phn vi sinh.
3.2.8 S dng m sn sn xut sn phm ph

Nh trnh by trn, m sn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn dng t, c mi kh chu do qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c. M cn c tch ra nhanh chng khi dy chuyn sn xut v lm kh gim thiu mi. C th s dng m to ra cc loi sn phm ph sau: Lm phn bn: M c cha thnh phn N, P, K v cc cht khong ph hp; Sn xut tinh bt bin tnh, siro maltoza, siro glucoza, siro fructoza, trong qu trnh thy phn tinh bt c trong m bng cc phng php axit-enzym hoc enzym-enzym. Sn xut enzym thy phn: M sau khi tch mt phn nc, c lm giu thm v dinh dng bng mt s khong cht, cht hu c s dng lm mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men sn xut cc enzyme thu phn nh alpha amlylaza, amyloglucosidaza, pectinaza... Sn xut cn v glucodextrin 15 cng mang li li ch kinh t.
Cc sn phm ph trn y l hon ton c th sn xut c khi lng ln. Tuy nhin do lng m sinh ra nh (khong 70 kg/1.000 kg c sn ti), nn cn nhc vic tp trung x l kt hp m sn t nhiu c s sn xut tinh bt sn.
3.2.9 Tn dng b sn lm c cht nui trng nm

B sn c b sung vo mn ca, rm, r c tc dng lm ti xp, gi m, cung cp dinh dng cho mi trng nui trng nm, to ra sn phm c gi tr dinh dng v v sinh an ton thc phm.
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3.2.10 Thu hi tinh bt bng lc ti

Qu trnh sy lm mt mt mt lng tinh bt. Thit b lc ti c kh nng thu hi tinh bt tht thot trong qu trnh sy n trn 95%, nng hiu sut thu hi 1 - 2% so vi quy trnh thu hi thng thng.
3.2.11 Thu hi tinh bt bng thp ra kh

Trong khu sy, vic lp t cc thit b thu hi tinh bt bng cyclone hoc lc ti vi c th t hiu sut 95%. Phn 5% tn tht c th c thu hi t thp ra kh. Thp thng c hiu sut thu hi 90%, tng ng vi vic tng hiu xut thu hi thm 4.5% tinh bt. Tinh bt ha tan trong nc sau khi thu hi t thp ra kh c th c tch ra bng phng php lng. y l tinh bt sch, c th ti ch trong qu trnh sn xut.
V d: Hiu qu thu hi tinh bt bng thp ra kh ti nh my sn xut tinh bt sn 200 tn/ngy ti Thi Lan Chi ph u t 1.330.000.000 ng Chi ph vn hnh 1.680.000 ng/ ngy Tinh bt tn tht ti cyclon 5,26 tn/ ngy Tinh bt thu hi t thp ra kh 5,15 tn/ ngy Gi thnh tinh bt thu hi 2.500 ng/ kg Tit kim t tinh bt thu hi 12.875.000 ng/ ngy Li rng 11.194.000 ng/ ngy Thi gian hon vn 118 ngy Ghi ch: S liu trn y t nh my c sn lng tinh bt 200 tn/ngy, thi gian lm vic 19 gi/ ngy, 240 ngy/nm v gi bn tinh bt 2.500 ng/ kg
3.2.12 La chn mi cht truyn nhit l hi nc hay du

S la chn mi cht truyn nhit ph thuc vo thit b, cng ngh v sn phm. Hu ht cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn sau cng on ly tm tch nc, phi sy kh tinh bt, c s dng mi cht truyn nhit l du. u im ni tri l du sau khi truyn nhit c thu hi trit v ti s dng. Mi cht du lm nng gin tip v khng tip xc trc tip vi nguyn liu v sn phm. Mt s nh my sn xut tinh bt sn v cc sn phm sau tinh bt sn c dng hi nc lm mi cht truyn nhit. Hi nc bo ho, nhit cao, p sut cao (8 kg/ cm2) c s dng tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip vi c cht l dch tinh bt nng nhit hoc lm bc hi nc khi sy kh. S dng hi nc trc tip vi nguyn liu trong cc thit b ni nu chu p lc (4 - 5 kg/ cm2) hoc ngay trong ng ng chu p lc cao hn 8 kg/ cm2. S dng hi nc trc tip hay gin tip hiu sut truyn nhit thp, kh thu hi v ti s dng nhit.
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3.3 C hi SXSH trong khu vc cc thit b ph tr

Thit b ph tr ca qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn gm c ni hi, bn cha, bm, h thng in ng lc, in chiu sng, h thng x l v cp nc sch v trm x l nc thi. y l khu vc s dng nhiu nng lng vn hnh. Nn tham kho ti liu hng dn s dng tit kim nng lng c thng tin y hn. Sau y l mt s tng SXSH p dng thnh cng:
3.3.1 Lm mm nc trc khi cp cho ni hi

Vic lm mm nc cp vo ni hi s gim lng cn, m bo hiu sut trao i nhit cao hn, hiu sut sinh nhit trn mt n v nhin liu cao hn. Vic lm mm nc cp cho ni hi cn gp phn ko di tui th ni hi.
3.3.2 Tn dng nhit khi thi ni hi

Khi thi ni hi c nhit khong 200oC. Vic thu hi nhit thi c th thc hin qua thit b trao i nhit lp ti ng ng thi. Nhit thu c dng un nc cho nc cp cho ni hi. Tuy nhin cn cn i cc nh hng ca thit b trao i nhit c th lm gim cng sut v hiu sut l hi, lm tng chi ph nng lng in dng tng cng cho qut gi.
3.3.3 Thu hi v ti s dng nc ngng

Nc ngng t qu trnh sy ti cc thit b s dng hi nc gin tip l nc mm, c nhit cao (trung bnh 80oC), nn c thu hi cp li cho ni hi. y cng l ngun nc sch c th tn dng trong cc cng on lc, li tm tinh bt.
3.3.4 Tn thu biogas t h thng x l nc thi

Nc thi ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c cha hm lng hu c cao, c th p dng x l ym kh sinh ra kh biogas l CH4. Vic thu hi v s dng kh gas ny lm nhin liu cho l hi phc v qu trnh sn xut (sy) l thc hnh ph bin nht. Gas cng c th c chuyn thnh in nng khi d tha trong cng on sy.
3.3.5 Tn dng nc thi cho h nui c v sn xut phn hu c

Sau x l ym kh thu hi kh biogas, BOD trong nc thi gim xung mc 250 mg/l v c th c x l tip h sinh hc, sau c s dng nui trng thu sn. Nc thi t b nui c s gim n mc p ng c tiu chun mi trng, ng thi bn s l ngun phn hu c cho cy trng.
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Thc hin sn xut sch hn

Chng ny s trnh by tng bc tin hnh nh gi SXSH ti doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn vi mc tiu tm kim c y hn cc gii php SXSH ph hp vi iu kin sn xut ca doanh nghip. Cc biu mu i km c th s dng thu thp v x l thng tin.
Vic thc hin nh gi SXSH tun theo nguyn tc c bn l mi nguyn nhin vt liu c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, nu khng nm li trong sn phm s b thi ra mi trng, di dng ny hoc dng khc. Vic trin khai nh gi SXSH mt cch bi bn s h tr doanh nghip tip cn cc gii php gim thiu lng nguyn nhin vt liu s dng, ng thi c th tng c nng sut lao ng, hiu sut vn hnh, cht lng sn phm v gim chi ph x l mi trng. cng chnh l mc tiu p dng SXSH. Vic p dng SXSH yu cu thi gian v n lc ca cc b phn trong ton doanh nghip, trong s cam kt v h tr mnh m ca Ban lnh o cng ty s l yu t quyt nh cho thnh cng ca chng trnh. Chng ti khuyn co p dng SXSH theo 6 bc bao gm 18 nhim v sau y:
4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm: - Thnh lp c nhm nh gi SXSH. - Thu thp s liu sn xut lm c s d liu ban u. - Tm kim cc bin php ci tin n gin nht, hiu qu nht v c th hc hin ngay.
4.1.1
Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH
Vic thnh lp nhm chuyn trch v iu phi chng trnh nh gi SXSH ti doanh nghip l rt cn thit khi thc hin SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm l cn b ca doanh nghip trc tip thc hin nu qua o to v c th c s h tr trin khai ca chuyn gia bn ngoi. Thnh phn ca nhm s ph thuc vo quy m ca doanh nghip, c th bao gm i din Lnh o, qun c, trng phng, ban v nhm cc chuyn gia trin khai ph c thnh lp ty theo thi im. Vi doanh nghip nh, nhm c th ch gm i din lnh o v qun c ph trch cc cng vic ti phn xng chnh sn xut tinh bt sn. Cc thnh vin trong nhm phi c php hp nh k, trao i ci m, c tnh sng to, c php xem xt, nh gi li quy trnh cng ngh v qun l hin ti cng nh nng lc p dng trin khai cc tng SXSH. Vi cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn, nhm SXSH nn bao gm i din lnh o ph trch k thut, qun c phn xng, i din b phn tip nhn nguyn liu, v khu ph tr. Vic mi thm cn b ph trch ti chnh, cn b t vn ngoi cng ty cng nn c xem xt cc kin a ra khch quan. Nhm nh gi SXSH s bt u qu trnh nh gi bng vic thu thp cc
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thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip cng phn tch vi cc thnh vin trong nhm. Vic thu thp thng tin c th s dng Phiu cng tc s 1. Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bn
Tn v a ch doanh nghip S ngy lm vic trong nm:
Nhm SXSH
Tn 1 2 3 4 5 Chc v - b phn Nhim v nhm
Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip

Sn phm chnh Sn bt Sn lt Sn vin Loi khc (ghi r) Nguyn nhin liu s dng Tn/nm Nguyn liu chnh Sn c Sn lt Khc (ghi r) Ho cht Lu hunh Vi Xt Clorin Phn Polyme X phng Khc (ghi r) Nc v nng lng Lng Nc t khai thc Than Du cho ni hi Du cho my pht in li in t sinh m /nm tn/nm tn/nm tn/nm kWh/nm kWh/nm
3
CS thit k (tn/nm)
Cng sut thc (tn/nm)
Tn/nm
Cng sut Thit b v ph tr Ni hi du 1 Ni hi du 2 Ni hi than 1 Ni hi than 2 My pht tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi kWh/gi
Nc cp
m3/nm
Lu : Doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn hot ng theo ma v nn s ngy hot ng trong nm cng nh giai on ly thng tin phi ln i din cho ma v nm . C th s dng s liu ca nm lin k.
Sau y l v d c trch t bo co nh gi SXSH ti Cng ty C phn Tinh bt sn FOCOCEV Qung Nam, l doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn u tin thc hin nh gi SXSH Vit nam.
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V d v phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bn

Tn v a ch doanh nghip Nh my tinh bt sn FOCOCEV, thuc Cng ty C phn Tinh bt sn Qung Nam S ngy lm vic trong nm: N/A
Nhm SXSH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tn Nguyn Vn Thng Trn nh Chung H c Tin inh Vn Tuy Hunh Vn Tr Trong Cng Lng Hunh Th Minh Tuyt Trn Qu Hng Nguyn Vn Tun o Vn Thnh Nguyn Thi Nguyn Ng Vn Thnh Chc v - b phn Ph phng KT-KTS Ph phng SX T Nng v-phng tng hp T trng t in Ph phng k ton T trng KCS T trng t o nguyn liu KCS T trng t c kh Phng tng hp Trng ca Trng ca CS thit k (tn/ngy) 130 Nhim v nhm Nhm trng Nhm ph Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin
Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip

Sn phm chnh Sn bt Nguyn nhin liu s dng Tn/nm Sn c NGUYN LIU CHNH 75.459 Lu hunh Vi HO CHT Xt Clorin Phn Polyme X phng Khc (ghi r) Lng NC V NNG LNG THIT B V PH TR Nc cp Nc t khai thc Than Du cho ni hi Du cho my pht in li in t sinh m /nm m /nm tn/nm tn/nm tn/nm Mwh/nm Kwh/nm 3.510 117 632.965
3 3
Cng sut thc (tn/ngy) 120
Tn/nm 2.52 3,71 6,57 0,15 8,78 0,04 0,32 N/A Cng sut Ni hi du 1 Ni hi du 2 Ni hi than 1 Ni hi than 2 My pht tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi kWh/gi N/A
367.011
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Nhn xt: Nhm SXSH c thnh lp vi i din ca tt c cc phng ban. y l iu ng qu. Tuy nhin, nhm s hot ng thun li hn khi c s tham gia ca i din Lnh o Cng ty, ng thi c th ct gim mt s thnh vin v ch huy ng nhng ngi ny khi c hot ng lin quan n b phn ca h trnh vic vng mt cc thnh vin khi tho lun/ hp bn v SXSH. Mt s thng tin cn thiu nh s ngy lm vic. Cng sut thit k v cng sut thc hin nn quy v cng mt n v thi gian (nm) nh i vi phn s liu tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu phc v cho vic tnh ton nh mc sau ny. Vic nhiu thng tin nh: cng sut thit k 130 tn/ ngy, cng sut thc 120 tn/ ngy, thng dn n kh xc nh s dng d liu no dng nh gi so snh.
Vic tin hnh nh gi SXSH yu cu phi c thng tin nn, da trn mt s ti liu, h s, bo co ca doannh nghip hin c. Nu khng c y thng tin cn thit th phi x l, tnh ton hoc thng nht xy dng. Bng kim tra trong phiu cng tc s 2 gip cho nhm xem xt v tnh sn c ca thng tin.
Phiu cng tc s 2. Tnh sn c ca thng tin

Thng tin S mt bng H s sn lng H s tiu th nguyn liu H s tiu th nc, nng lng H s tiu th ho cht S cng ngh Cn bng nng lng Cn bng nc H s bo dng thit b H s hin trng mi trng Cc thng tin cng ngh: - T l nguyn liu, nhit , thi gian, pH mi trng, p lc hi, kh nn, cc kt qu phn tch ho, l, vi sinh vt, cc ch tiu cm quan - Hm lng cht kh trong dch lc trc v sau khi sy kh - Cht lng sn phm Lu : Rt nhiu doanh nghip khng c thng tin ban u v cc thnh vin trong nhm s c nhim v tho lun cch thc thu thp nhng thng tin ny. Ch c cc ti liu phn nh hin trng sn xut mi c gi tr cao trong nh gi hiu qu kinh t, k thut v mi trng. C/ khng Ngun v cch tip cn Ghi ch
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4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph

Khi c y thng tin c bn v doanh nghip, nhm nh gi SXSH nn kho st k lng v quy trnh sn xut hin ti qua tt c cc cng on sn xut chnh, c th l x l s b, tch bt v hon thin sn phm. Khi thc hin nhim v ny, nhm cn i kho st li thng tin cng nh tm ra cc c hi ci tin d thy, d lm lm im khi u cho nh gi. y l c hi r sot li quy trnh sn xut, hiu r v ng i ca nguyn nhin vt liu v nh gi li cc tn tht. Vic kho st c tin hnh bng cch i tham quan cc phn xng sn xut theo quy trnh cng ngh, t khu nhp sn c ti n bao gi sn phm, tham quan cc phn xng ph tr nh khu ni hi, h thng in... Vic quan st ny nhm ngha tch cc, khng c php xem y l c hi nhm nh gi, soi xt, ph bnh i vi cc b phn. Cc kin a ra t qu trnh kho st nn mang tnh xy dng v gi m thc hin. Trong qu trnh quan st, nhm cn ghi li cc thng tin chnh: u vo v u ra ca mi cng on (xem phiu cng tc 3). i vi u ra, cn ghi r dng pht thi l rn (R), lng (L) hay kh (K). Cc quan st v lng ph nguyn nhin liu ti mi cng on (phiu cng tc 4). y l cc quan st ban u, nhm s tip tc khai thc cc c hi ci tin. i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn, vic qun l ni vi cha tt l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tn tht nguyn nhin vt liu. Chi ph cho nguyn nhin vt liu c bn (phiu cng tc 5), ghi li gi nguyn nhin vt liu s dng lm c s tnh ton tip theo.
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Phiu cng tc s 3. Cng on sn xut vi cc dng nguyn nhin liu v pht thi
Sn c Sn lt Nc in CHUN B NGUYN LIU Bn, t, v, u x (R) Nc ra nguyn liu (L) Nc ra bt (L) Ri vi (L) B sn (R) Mi (K) Kh nng (K) Bi sn (K) V bao gi (R) Kh nng (K) Kh thi (K) Tro (R) Nc x y (L) Nc thi (L) Mi (K) Bn (R) Bi (R)
Nc in Lu hunh in Bao gi
TCH TINH BT
HON THIN SN PHM
in Than Du
THIT B PH TR
Nc thi Kh thi
H THNG X L
Lu : Cc dng u vo v u ra c tnh cho tt c cc cng on ca quy trnh sn xut. Pht thi gin tip nh pht thi kh nh knh do s dng in s khng lit k y m c tnh vo kt qu chung cui cng.
Phiu cng tc s 4. Hin trng qun l ni vi

Khu vc Chun b nguyn liu Quan st B tr mt bng tip nhn nguyn liu Phn loi v vn chuyn nguyn liu Ri vi nguyn liu B tr mt bng Bo dng thit b Ri vi, tht thot tinh bt ho trong nc S dng, ti s dng nc ra b Phn b v s dng nhit Nhit mt mt Thu hi bi tinh bt sn t h thng thit b sy kh Nhit khi l thi ra Kh thi trong bung my nn Ting n
Tch tinh bt
Hon thin sn phm Ph tr
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Lu : Cc quan st nu ra khng c mang tnh ph bnh (v d "cha ng vi nc sau khi s dng xong") m cn th hin iu quan st c ("vi nc m sau khi ngng s dng"). iu ny s h tr vic a ra cc bin php ci tin c sng to hn. V d khi nu "cha ng vi nc" th tng ng s ch c mt gii php l "ng vi nc li sau khi ngng s dng"; tuy nhin, nu ni "vi nc m" th s c thm gii php, v d " ng vi t ng".
Rt nhiu gii php SXSH c xut ngay t bc ny m cha cn s dng cc k thut phn tch tip theo. y l cc gii php hin nhin r rng m trc y cha c lu tm khi vn hnh. Vic mi cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia, tham quan, kho st bc ny l c bit c hiu qu. Qun l ni vi km l nguyn nhn quan trng sinh ra cht thi nh my sn xut tinh bt sn. iu thng b l l ti cc doanh nghip; tuy nhin y li l nhng hot ng n gin nht, hp dn nht bt u cc bc tip cn SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh kho st, nhm SXSH nn ch c bit ti cc nh hng gy ra do qu trnh qun l ni vi sn xut km. nh gi SXSH nh my c bt u bng vic kho st ti cc phn xng sn xut. Hn na, rt nhiu gii php SXSH c xc nh l c kh nng thc hin trong thi gian ngn, chi ph thp, ch cn nhng thay i nh v thit b hoc ci tin bo dng. Vic p dng nhng gii php ny s chng minh l mt khi u tt cho cc n lc SXSH ca nh my, khuyn khch cp qun l cng nh cc cng nhn vin c gng hn na khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. Phiu cng tc s 5. Chi ph nguyn liu u vo
B phn/ nguyn liu Chun b nguyn liu Sn c Sn lt Sn vin Nc Tch tinh bt Nc Lu hunh Hon thin Bao gi Lu : bng trn ch bao gm chi ph cho nguyn liu chnh. y l c s dng o c hiu qu chng trnh, ng thi cng phn no ch ra t l tng quan gia cc loi nguyn liu. Bc tranh chi ph sn xut tng th cn c b sung bi chi ph nhn s, nng lng v vn hnh h thng x l mi trng. n gi, ng/tn Lng s dng tn/nm Lng s dng tn/tn bt sn Chi ph ng/tn bt sn
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4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut

Mc ch ca bc ny nhm thu c s thng nht chung ca nhm v: Quy trnh sn xut, cc thng s kim sot Xc nh cc tn tht quan trng trong dy chuyn sn xut v chi ph tng ng Xc nh y cc nguyn nhn sinh ra tn tht
4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut

Vic chun b s dy chuyn sn xut, s qui trnh cng ngh, l mt bc quan trng trong phn tch nh gi SXSH. S khi ca dy chuyn sn xut bao gm cc cng on sn xut (khng theo tn thit b) vi cc dng u vo v u ra. Mi nguyn nhin vt liu s dng u nn c trong s ny v nguyn liu s hoc nm li trong sn phm hoc tht thot theo dng thi. Cc nguyn nhin vt liu t khi dng cng cn c nu r. C th phi tin hnh tham quan kho st ni sn xut mt vi ln trc khi thng nht c s dy chuyn sn xut dng s dng cho nh gi SXSH. Vi quy m sn xut ln hoc trin khai SXSH mang tnh th im, dy chuyn sn xut chi tit s c xy dng cho khu vc c chn lm trng tm nh gi. y phi l khu vc gy nhim ln nht. Ti cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn ti Vit Nam, dy chuyn sn xut thng n gin, quy m khng ln; v vy, vic p dng SXSH thng c tin hnh trin khai trn ton b dy chuyn.
Lu : S cng ngh tt nht cn t c cc im sau: Tn cng on sn xut c m t trong hp ch nht gia. Lit k y cc dng u vo, u ra. Dng u vo ghi bn phi, dng u ra ghi bn tri ca hp biu th cng on . C ch ra cc dng tun hon nguyn nhin vt liu, bao gm c phn thu hi v ti s dng.
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Nhp nguyn liu Cht ci 1 Nc, in Nc, in Bc v Ra Cht ci 2 Bm V, t, nc, sn vn V, t, nc, sn vn
Nc, in Nc, in Nc, in, H2SO3 Nc, in
Mi Trch ly th 1 Trch ly th 2 Trch ly tn dng Trch ly tinh Trch ly sng cong Phn ly Ly tm Sy Lm ngui Ry ng gi Nhp kho Nc, bt, t Nc, bt, t Nc, bt, t B, bt sn
Nc, in
Nc, in Nc, in
Nc, in Nc, in
in Than, in
Kh thi, bi bt Kh thi, bi bt Bt khng t
in in
Trn y l s quy trnh cng ngh ti Fococev. S lit k chi tit cc bc cng ngh. Mt s dng thi cn c b sung, v d vi cng on trch ly, ng gi. Vic lit k y dng thi nhim v ny s h tr cho cn bng vt liu cng nh xc nh chi ph dng thi tip sau.
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4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu

Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu thc cht l cng c thng k ghi li mt cch nh lng nguyn nhin vt liu s dng ti mi cng on sn xut. Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu tt ng vai tr quan trng trong nh gi SXSH v nh c th nh lng cc mt mt hoc pht tn cha bit. Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu tt cn h tr vic nh gi li ch chi ph ca gii php SXSH. Nguyn tc c bn ca cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu l nguyn nhin vt liu khi i vo dy chuyn sn xut th s phi ra mt thi im no , di mt dng no . Cn bng nguyn vt liu: Nguyn vt liu c th c cn bng di mt trong hai hnh thc sau: Cn bng tng th: dng cho tt c cc dng nguyn nhin vt liu vo dy chuyn sn xut. Cn bng c tin hnh qua tng cng on vi s bin i ca tt c cc thnh phn tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut. Cn bng cu t: ch dng cho mt loi nguyn liu hoc cu t c gi tr. Theo di bin i ca cu t ny trn mi cng on.
i vi qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn, cng ngh s dng t nguyn nhin vt liu, c th p dng c hai phng php trn. Cn bng cu t c th tin hnh vi tinh bt thng qua nng cht kh hoc cn bng nc. S dng phiu cng tc s 6 ghi li cn bng nguyn vt liu. C hai cch ghi th hin cn bng nguyn vt liu: theo bng hoc theo s quy trnh cng ngh. Khi s dng s quy trnh cng ngh ghi li cn bng nguyn vt liu cn ghi r thnh phn, nng ca tng loi nguyn vt liu vo v ra. Cn bng nguyn vt liu c th da trn o c, ghi chp ca mt m, mt ngy hoc mt nm sn xut. Tng cht rn l lng c s dng hin th thnh phn tinh bt trong nc thi.
Phiu cng tc s 6. Cn bng vt liu

Cng on Loi Tip nhn c Ra, lm sch Sn Sn Nc Bm, mi, nghin Sn sch Nc Sn bt Nc TS (bt) u vo Lng Loi Sn Sn sch Nc u ra Lng Lng Dng thi Rn Bi Kh
34
Phiu cng tc s 6. Cn bng vt liu

Cng on Loi Ly tm tch b Sn bt Nc u vo Lng Loi Sn bt u ra Lng Lng Nc TS (bt) Tch bt th Sn bt Nc Lu hunh Tch bt mn Bt th Nc Lu hunh Sy ng bao Bt mn Bt t yu cu Bao gi Lu : Khng c cn bng no l hon thin c. Khi ghp s liu ca tng cng on v s liu tng th ca c dy chuyn s xut hin sai s do tnh chnh xc ca s liu, do tng ca nhiu dng thi nh cha c k n nh bay hi, ri vi.... Mc ch ca cn bng vt liu l tm ra cc dng thi lng ph ln nht tp trung gim thiu. S liu dng trong cn bng vt liu c th c thu thp t: s sch ghi chp hoc o c trc tip. Cc s liu s dng cn quy i v cng mt n v sn phm. Ring i vi bt phi quy i dng kh tuyt i trnh sai lch do m khc nhau. S liu dng thi trong cn bng vt liu l tng nht l c km thm thng s v nguyn liu hoc dng bin i mi ca nguyn liu b mt theo dng thi tin cho vic xc nh chi ph dng thi bc tip theo. Mi dng thi nn c nh s (v d L1, L2, L3 cho dng thi lng, K cho kh v R cho rn) tin cho vic xc nh chi ph cng nh phn tch nguyn nhn tip theo. Bt t yu cu Bt sn Bt mn Bt th Nc: TS (Bt): Nc: TS (Bt): Bi bt: Dng thi Rn B m: Kh
V d v cn bng vt liu (tnh cho 1 tn tinh bt) ti Fococev

Cng on Vt liu u vo Tn Bc v cht ci Ra Sn c Sn bc v Nc bt sn S lng 3,75 tn 3,6 tn Vt liu u ra Tn V + ci Nc thi cha tinh bt B + nc tinh bt S lng 0,15 tn 20 m
3
Dng thi Lng Rn X X Kh
Trch ly
0,83 tn
Nhn xt: Cn bng vt liu nh trn ch tp trung vo mt s cng on, cha y i vi ton b quy trnh sn xut c xc nh. Phn dng thi cha ch c thnh phn tn tht ln nht. Vi bng cn bng ny, vic xc nh tng quan tn tht gia cc dng thi cng nh nh lng dng thi bng tin s kh khn hn.
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Cn bng nhin liu (cn gi l cn bng nng lng): Tin hnh mt php cn bng nng lng l mt cng vic phc tp hn cn bng nguyn vt liu. Nguyn nhn nm ch: ngi ta c th truy tm nguyn vt liu u vo cho mt hot ng thng qua cc u ra c th nh lng v quan st c, cn i vi cc dng nng lng th khng phi lc no cng c th lm c iu ny. Mc d i vi cc dng nng lng, ngi ta vn p dng chung mt nguyn l c bn (lng nng lng vo phi bng lng nng lng ra), nhng cc dng nng lng u ra thng kh nhn bit hn so vi cc nguyn liu u ra. V th, vic nhn din v nh gi cc dng tn tht nng lng n v mc khng hiu qu trong s dng nng lng l mt phn vic kh khn hn rt nhiu. iu ny c bit ng i vi cc trng hp cc thit b s dng in nh my bm, my nn kh, v.v... khi nng lng u vo di dng in nng v c th d dng o c, nhng mc hiu qu khi chuyn i sang u ra hu ch (nc c bm, kh c nn, v.v...) li khng th nh lng trc tip c. Sau y l nhng v d v cc trng hp in hnh khi nu ch xem xt cc dng nng lng hu hnh th c th s b st cc tn tht nng lng u ra: Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti i vi thit b s dng in. Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti (hiu qu thp) cc thit b s dng in. Tn tht do in tr i vi dng chy (in tr cao nhng c th trnh c cc dy dn in v cc ng ng dn cht lng) Tn tht nng lng do thit b xung cp (bnh cng tc ca bm, vng m ca bm, v.v... xung cp s lm tng tiu hao).
xc nh c chc chn u ra (c dng nhn bit c v khng nhn bit c) t h thng nng lng, trong nh gi SXSH cn phi nh gi/quan trc mt s thng s khc bn cnh thng s thit yu nh nhit , dng chy, m, c, phn trm thnh phn, v.v... Cc thng s cn phi c nh gi/quan trc b sung c th l: kW (kilowatt in u vo); kV (kilovoltsin th vo); I (amperesdng in); PF (h s cng sut ca thit b in cm ng); Hz (tn s dng in xoay chiu); N (s vng/pht hoc tc quay ca thit b); P (p sut cc dng cht lng/kh); DP (st p trong cc dng cht lng v kh u vo/ra); Lux ( ri); GCV, NCV (gi tr calo tng th v rng ca nhin liu); v.v... Trong thc t c th khng thc hin c php cn bng nng lng chnh xc v ng hon ton, nhng cc thit b ph tr nh ni hi, l, thit b ha hi, v.v... bng cn bng nng lng s c ch trong vic xc nh v c lng tn tht nng lng cc thit b v t cc h thng . V d di y l mt bng cn bng nng lng c thc hin i vi mt xng l hi.
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V d: Cn bng nng lng cho l hi
Than
Phun nc
Bi than
Than mn (bi than bi mt) Pht thi
Than
in
Nc
Sng th cng & tn nh
in
Ha cht iu ha
17,0 MJ/gi (thc)
Than 1,1 tn/gi (thc) Qut ht
Bm BFW Thng s chun 8 tn/gi, 13kg/cm2
0,5 MJ/gi (thc) Cng on Thng s quy trnh
THNG S THAM CHIU Sinh hi
Thng s chun 250mm WC, 200oC, 20kw
Khi thi Tn tht 13,2% (thc) 2,25 MJ/gi (thc)
Chun p Lng 12kg/cm

2
Vn hnh 10kg/cm
2
Qut y Thng s chun 100mm ct nc; 30oC, 15kw
Tn tht x y 1,4% 0,24MJ/gi (thc) Tro khng chy ht theo x 4,85% 0,83 MJ/gi (thc)
6 tn/gi Ni hi
4 tn/gi
Thit b
11.40 MJ/gi (thc) in 9kw (thc) Khng kh 12,61 tn/gi (thc) 14,34 tn/gi (chun)
Hi t Tn tht n
Tch hi
Nc ngng nng 3% 0,09 MJ/gi (thc) Hi kh 97% 11,31 MJ/gi (thc)
H2 v m: 2,5 MJ/gi (thc ), 14,4% Bc x:0,17 MJ/gi (thc), 1% m trong khng kh: 0,03 MJ/gi (thc), 0,15%
4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi

Mi dng thi ra mi trng u mang theo nguyn, nhin vt liu u vo, ng thi c th cn chi ph x l trc khi c php thi vo mi trng. Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi bao gm xc nh c tng hai chi ph ny. Khi xc nh tn tht nguyn nhin vt liu, bn thnh phm, sn phm c trong dng thi, cm da vo thng tin thu c t chi ph nguyn nhin vt liu (phiu cng tc s 5), cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu (phiu cng tc s 6). Vi cng ngh n gin sn xut tinh bt sn, nguyn vt liu b mt theo dng thi ch yu l nc v tinh bt.
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Chi ph x l mi trng ch c xc nh khi c b sung kt qu phn tch thng s mi trng ca cc dng thi ring bit. Ti lng thi c xc nh trong cn bng nguyn vt liu (phiu cng tc s 6). Thu thp thng tin v c tnh mi trng ca dng thi dng phiu cng tc s 7 v tng hp chi ph dng thi c th c s dng phiu cng tc s 8. Phiu cng tc s 7. c tnh dng thi
Cng on Ra, lm sch Bm, mi, nghin Ly tm tch b Tch bt th Tch bt mn Dng tng Lng thi, m3/ngy BOD, kg/ngy COD, kg/ngy TSS, kg/ngy TS, kg/ngy Nhit , o C
Phiu cng tc s 8. Chi ph dng thi

Cng on Bt Lng Ra, lm sch Bm, mi, nghin Ly tm tch b Tch bt th Tch bt mn Dng tng Lu : Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi nhm ch ra tng quan tn tht gia cc dng thi tp trung tm kim gii php, ng thi cho thy tim nng u t thc hin SXSH. V d khi xc nh c chi ph ca dng thi tch bt th l 1 triu ng/ngy, vi 200 ngy lm vic/nm, cng ty c th sn sng u t cho gii php 200 triu ng nhm gim dng thi ny xung cn mt na. Thi gian hon vn gin n cho gii php , nu kh thi v mt k thut, s ch l 2 nm. Cc gii php SXSH khng ch n thun l cc gii php khng chi ph hoc chi ph thp v c tnh kh thi cao. Tuy nhin, phn nhiu cc gii php SXSH vn l nhng gii php c thi gian hon vn ngn (2 nm tr xung). Tin Nc Lng Tin X l Lng Tin Thnh phn khc Lng Tin TNG
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V d v nh gi dng thi ti Fococev Dng thi Nc thi nh lng dng thi 2400 3 m /ngy c tnh dng thi Dng thi cha: Cc c tnh v mi trng (pH, BOD, COD, v.v...). Xem kt qu phn tch cht lng nc Cht thi rn cha nhiu tinh bt v cc cht hu c nh gi dng thi Chi ph lin quan ti: - Mt mt nc sch; - Chi ph cho x l; - Mt mt lng kh biogas sinh ra nu xy dng cng ngh UASB thu hi kh 10.800.000 ng Chi ph lin quan ti: - Sn xut phn hu c cung cp cho vng nguyn liu 28.000.000 ng Chi ph lin quan ti: - Sn xut b kh bn cho cc c s sn xut thc n chn nui
V, ci thi
18 tn/ngy
B thi
100 tn/ngy
Cht thi cha hm lng m cao 86%, trong 10% l nc c cha tinh bt X cha nhiu than cha chy ht
X than
300 kg/ngy
Nhn xt: Phn nh gi dng thi cha c kt ni cht ch vi kt qu ca cn bng vt liu. Thm vo , n v s dng (lng/ngy) cng cha thng nht vi n v s dng trong cn bng (lng/tn tinh bt sn) s d gy cho ngi c kh theo di v tnh thuyt phc khng cao. Ct nh gi dng thi s quy i lng dng thi (ct 2) v thnh phn dng thi (ct 3) thnh tin. Phn chi ph lin quan ti cha cn lit k bc ny.
4.2.4 Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi

C nhiu cch thc hin nhim v ny mt cch c h thng thng qua vic r sot cc phm vi lin quan n dng thi. iu cn ch l lun ghi li cc nguyn nhn t thc t vn hnh hin ti m khng mang tnh ch trch hoc ph phn. Nguyn nhn ca dng thi c xc nh mt cch c h thng v y nht khi s dng phng php tho lun nhm v biu Ishikawa (hay cn gi l biu xng c). Biu Ishikawa l mt trong by loi biu kim sot cht lng, c coi l cng c ph bin nht thc hin phn tch nhn- qu. xy dng biu ny cn dng phng php xem xt 4M1E, bao gm con ngi (Man), phng php thc hin (Method), nguyn liu (Material), my mc (Machine) v mi trng (Environment). Cng c th xc nh nguyn nhn dng thi da trn cc cu hi c bn sau: bn cht ca cng on l g (vy dng thi sinh ra c phi p ng mc ch ca cng on khng), ti sao sinh ra nhim nhiu nh th (c phi
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do nh hng ca cng on trc hay do cng on ny dng lng ph nguyn nhin vt liu), v c th lm g c vi dng thi ny (c thc hin tun hon/ti s dng c khng). D thc hin bng cch ny hay cch khc, cn tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn cho mi dng thi trong cng mt h thng, v tm cc nguyn nhn bng cu hi ti sao.
Lu cch r sot nguyn nhn y nht l theo dng thi c nh s phiu cng tc 6. Mi mt dng thi s c th c mt hoc mt vi nguyn nhn tng ng. Cc nguyn nhn ny cng s c nh s th t theo s th t ca dng thi. Trong mt s trng hp cn nh gi nhanh, nguyn nhn c xc nh theo nguyn nhin liu tiu th chnh (nh in, nc, ... tiu th mc cao). Khng khuyn co xc nh nguyn nhn theo cng on thay vi theo st dng thi v s khng m bo xem xt ht c cc nguyn nhn tim tng. Vic a ra cc nguyn nhn cng chi tit th cc gii php c xut cng phong ph.
Phiu cng tc s 9 c th c dng ghi li cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi.
Phiu cng tc s 9. Phn tch nguyn nhn dng thi

Dng thi s L1 L2 Cng on Nguyn nhn Ch quan Khch quan
V d v phn tch nguyn nhn ti Fococev Dng thi 1. Nc thi ra c Nguyn nhn 1.1 C cha nhiu t, ct. 1.2 Khng kim sot lng nc 2. Nc thi cng ngh 3. V, ci thi 4. B thi 5. X than 2.1 R r ng ng t b phn ra c, trch ly (thit b Trung Quc). 3.1 Sinh ra trong qu trnh bc v, cht 4.1 B thi cha hm lng m cao v cha c tinh bt 5.1 Than c m cao 5.2 Than cha chy ht 6. Bi tinh bt 7. in 6.1 Bi bay lm tht thot 7.1 in tiu th cao
Nhn xt: Vic nh s dng thi, s nguyn nhn tng ng theo dng thi l c khoa hc, thun tin cho vic theo di. Cch a ra nguyn nhn c cha nhiu t ct nh trn l tt v mang tnh quan st. Nn phn tch nguyn nhn theo cng on (dng thi c nh s xc nh cc bc trn) C th phn tch tip cc nguyn nhn gc r khc.
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Nu p dng phng php Ishikawa, nhm s bt u t cu hi ti sao c nc thi ra c ny?, ti sao nhiu nc th?, c th lm g vi nc thi ny khng?, xt t cc kha cnh ca 4M1E: c phi nguyn do nm nguyn liu, phng php ra, mi trng, loi thit b ra hay con ngi hay khng. Vi mi kha cnh, v d vi nguyn liu, nguyn nhn c xc nh l c cha nhiu t ct, nhm s li tip tc hi ti sao c cha nhiu t ct v cng xt t cc kha cnh ca 4M1E khai thc nguyn nhn mc su hn. Khi , cc nguyn nhn tm c c th s l sn o ln chuyn thng n cng ty (nguyn liu) , sn c kim tra hm lng tinh bt v nhp thng kho cha (phng php)..
4.3
Bc 3: ra cc gii php SXSH
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm thu c kin v: Cc c hi SXSH Phn loi s b cc c hi theo kh nng thc hin Trin khai cc c hi c th thc hin ngay
4.3.1 Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH

Cc c hi SXSH khng nht thit phi l gii php SXSH (tc l mang tnh kh thi). Vic xc nh y nguyn nhn gc r sinh ra cc dng thi (phiu cng tc s 9) cng vi vic xc nh chi ph dng thi (phiu cng tc s 8) l c s xut cc c hi SXSH. nhim v ny cn tin hnh tho lun trong nhm SXSH. Cng c th mi thm cc chuyn gia bn ngoi c thm nhiu tng. c th l cc chuyn gia v tinh bt hoc v sn xut sch hn. nhim v ny, cn tip nhn tt c cc tng xut v coi l c hi SXSH m cha xt n tnh kh thi ca chng. Phiu cng tc s 10 ghi li cc c hi do nhm xut. Vi mi nguyn nhn c xc nh phiu cng tc s 9 c th khng c, c mt hoc nhiu c hi. Cc c hi nn c tip tc nh s tng ng vi cc nguyn nhn/ dng thi. Phiu cng tc s 10. Cc c hi SXSH
Cng on Tip nhn c C hi 1.1.1 1.1.2 NV KS NL TB CN TH SPP SP
TNG Ghi ch: NV: qun l ni vi, KS: kim sot vn hnh, NL: thay i nguyn liu, TB: ci tin thit b/qu trnh, CN: thay i cng ngh, TH: tun hon/ti s dng ti cng ty, SPP: to ra sn phm ph hu ch, SP: ci tin sn phm
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Lu : trong cc bo co nh gi SXSH, phn nguyn nhn v c hi SXSH thng c trnh by trong cng mt bng. Phn phn loi cc c hi cng nh kh nng thc hin c trnh by trong bng khc. Ni dung ca phng php lun l nh nhau, ch khc bit cch trnh by.
V d: Phn tch nguyn nhn v xut c hi ti Fococev Dng thi 1. Nc thi ra c Nguyn nhn 1.1 C cha nhiu t, ct 1.2 Khng kim sot lng nc Gii php SXSH 1.1.1 Kim sot lng tp cht: t, ct ln vo trong sn nguyn liu trc khi nhp 1.1.2 Loi b bt lng tp cht bn bm vo v c trc khi cho vo h thng ra, bc v 1.2.1 Lp t cc ng h o nc ti cc v tr sn xut 1.2.2 Kim sot cc v tr r r ca ng ng nc 1.2.3 Khi tin hnh ra thit b phi tng p lc nc lm cho qu trnh ra t hiu qu nhng tit kim nc 2.1.1 Sa li cc v tr r r trnh tht thot bt nc 2.1.2 Xy dng h thng x l nc thi thu hi biogas pht in, pht nhit 3.1.1 S dng lng v v ci thi ny lm phn vi sinh cung cp cho vng nguyn liu v bn ra th trng 4.1.1 Xem xt li h thng tch b hn ch lng tinh bt ln vo trong b 4.1.2 Lp t thit b tch b gim hm lng m xung 35% lm phn vi sinh 4.1.3 Lp t thit b tch b ng thi c h thng sy gim hm lng m xung 14% bn cho cc c s ch bin thc n gia sc 5.1.1 Phi che chn than trnh khi tri ma lm m than v mt cht bc 5.1.2 Kim sot m ca than khi nhp nhin liu 5.2.1 iu chnh lng gi d ph hp 5.2.2 Sng phn loi kch thc ca than nhm a vo l loi than ng u v kch thc 5.2.3 Chn loi than c cht lng tt hn, cha it tp cht 5.2.4 Ci to li l c qu trnh chy t hiu sut cao hn 6.1.1 Kim tra cc v tr r r 6.1.2 Thay h thng ng bao c bng h thng mi 7.1.1 Thay v vt cht li cc dy curoa chng cc ng c 7.1.2 Vt cht cc v tr tip xc in trnh hin tng nh la gy hao ph in v chy ng c 7.1.3 Thay dn bng n chiu sng c bng cc bng n tit kim in nng 7.1.4 Phi tt n ti cc v tr khi kt thc bui lm vic
2. Nc thi cng ngh
3. V, ci thi 4. B thi
2.1 R r ng ng t b phn ra c, trch ly (thit b Trung Quc). 3.1 Sinh ra trong qu trnh bc v, cht 4.1 B thi cha hm lng m cao v cha c tinh bt
5. X than
5.1 Than c m cao 5.2 Than cha chy ht
6. Bi tinh bt 7. in
6.1 Bi bay lm tht thot 7.1 in tiu th cao
Nhn xt: Vic nh s cc c hi SXSH l cn thit theo di qu trnh chn la v thc hin gii php SXSH. S lng cc nguyn nhn cng nhiu, c hi thu c nhiu kin ci tin cng ln. V d vi nguyn nhn sn o ln chuyn thng n cng ty (nguyn liu) , sn c kim tra hm lng tinh bt v nhp thng kho cha (phng php).. c xc nh khi phn tch nguyn nhn, c hi SXSH c th l yu cu cc trang tri loi b t trc khi bn, ra s b v nhp nguyn liu khng ch cn c vo lng tinh bt c cha trong sn m c lng t ct (trong trng hp s phn ra sn rt bn, bn, v khng bn (t) nh gi cng hm lng tinh bt)...
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4.3.2 Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c

Ngay sau khi c danh mc cc c hi SXSH, nhm SXSH s phn loi s b cc c hi theo cc hng mc: " thc hin ngay", "nghin cu tip" v "loi b". Ch cn thc hin nghin cu kh thi vi nhm c hi cn nghin cu tip. Vi cc c hi b loi, cn nu l do. Phiu cng tc s 11 ghi li kt qu ca vic phn loi ny.
Phiu cng tc s 11. Sng lc cc c hi SXSH

C hi SXSH 1.1.1 1.1.2 Thc hin ngay Nghin cu tip Loi b
TNG V d v vic sng lc cc c hi SXSH ti Fococev Cc gii php SXSH 1.1.1 Kim sot lng tp cht: t, ct ln vo trong sn nguyn liu trc khi nhp 1.1.2 Loi b bt lng tp cht bn bm vo v c trc khi cho vo h thng ra, bc v 1.2.1 Lp t cc ng h o nc ti cc v tr sn xut 1.2.2 Kim sot cc v tr r r ca ng ng nc 1.2.3 Khi tin hnh ra thit b phi tng p lc nc lm cho qu trnh ra t hiu qu nhng tit kim nc 2.1.1 Sa li cc v tr r r trnh tht thot bt nc 2.1.2 Xy dng h thng x l nc thi thu hi biogas pht in, pht nhit Phn loi NV Thc hin ngay X Nghin cu tip Loi b Bnh lun/L do
NV
NV NV NV
X X X
NV
X X Xy dng d n h x l nc thi thu hi biogas theo c ch pht trin sch CDM Xin h tr t d n
TH
3.1.1 S dng lng v v ci thi ny lm phn vi sinh cung cp cho vng nguyn liu v bn ra th trng
TH
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V d v vic sng lc cc c hi SXSH ti Fococev Cc gii php SXSH 4.1.1 Xem xt li h thng tch b hn ch lng tinh bt ln vo trong b 4.1.2 Lp t thit b tch b gim hm lng m xung 35% lm phn vi sinh 4.1.3 Lp t thit b tch b ng thi c h thng sy gim hm lng m xung 14% bn cho cc c s ch bin thc n gia sc 5.1.1 Phi che chn than trnh khi tri ma lm m than v mt cht bc 5.1.2 Kim sot m ca than khi nhp nhin liu 5.2.1 Lng gi d trong l cao 5.2.2 Kch thc ca than khng ng u 5.2.3 Tp cht cha trong than nhiu 5.2.4 Ci to li l c qu trnh chy t hiu sut cao hn 6.1.1 Kim tra cc v tr r r 6.1.2 Thay h thng ng bao c bng h thng mi 7.1.1 Thay v vt cht li cc dy curoa chng cc ng c 7.1.2 Vt cht cc v tr tip xc in trnh hin tng nh la gy hao ph in v chy ng c 7.1.3 Thay dn bng n chiu sng c bng cc bng n tit kim in nng 7.1.4 Phi tt n cc v tr khi kt thc bui lm vic Phn loi TB Thc hin ngay X Nghin cu tip Loi b Bnh lun/L do
TB
TB
Xin h tr t d n
NV
NV NV NV NV
X X X X X X X X X
TB NV TB NV NV
NV
NV
Nhn xt: bng ny trnh by kt qu sng lc c tch hp phiu cng tc s 10 v s 11.
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4.4 Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH

Mc ch ca bc ny nhm cung xp th t u tin thc hin cc gii php SXSH da trn: Tnh kh thi v mt k thut Tnh kh thi v kinh t Tnh tch cc v mi trng
4.4.1 Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut

Phn tch kh thi k thut ca gii php SXSH l kim tra nh hng ca gii php n qu trnh sn xut, sn phm, nng sut, an ton... Trong trng hp vic thc hin gii php c th gy nh hng ng k ti sn xut, th cn kim tra v chy th quy m phng th nghim xc minh. Cc hng mc kim tra, nh gi k thut in hnh c a ra trong phiu cng tc s 12. Cc gii php c xc nh l kh thi v k thut s c xem xt nhim v tip theo (phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t). Cc gii php c xc nh l khng kh thi v k thut do thiu cng ngh, thit b, din tch...cn c ghi li nghin cu sau ny. Phiu cng tc s 12. Phn tch kh thi v k thut
Tn gii php Kt lun:Kh thi/ Cn kim tra thm/ Loi 1. Yu cu k thut Ni dung C u t phn cng Thit b Cng c Cng ngh Din tch Nhn lc Thi gian dng hot ng 2. Tc ng k thut Lnh vc Nng lc sn xut Cht lng sn phm Tit kim nng lng v hi v in An ton Bo dng Vn hnh Khc Lu : Mi phiu cng tc s dng phn tch cho mt gii php Tc ng Tch cc Tiu cc Yu cu Khng c sn M t gii php
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4.4.2 Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t

Tnh kh thi v kinh t l mt thng s quan trng i vi ngi qun l quyt nh chp thun hay t chi gii php SXSH. Phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t c th c thc hin bng cc thng s khc nhau. i vi u t thp, thi gian hon vn gin n l phng php tt v thng c p dng. Phiu cng tc s 13 dng xc nh tnh kh thi v kinh t. Phiu cng tc ny cng c th sa i thch hp vi cc kh nng khc nhau. Khng nn loi b ngay cc gii php SXSH m tnh kh thi v mt kinh t hn ch v nhng gii php c th c nhng nh hng tch cc ti mi trng, vn c th c trin khai thc hin. Phiu cng tc s 13. Phn tch kh thi v kinh t
Tn gii php Kt lun: Kh thi/ Khng kh thi u t phn cng Thit b Ph tr Lp t Vn chuyn Khc VND Nc Hi in Lu hunh Chi ph x l Chi ph thi b Khc TNG Chi ph vn hnh nm Khu hao Bo dng Nhn s Hi in Nc Ho cht Khc TNG Lu : vic in thng tin cho mi gii php SXSH vo mt phiu cng tc l l tng, trc khi tng hp danh mc cc gii php kh thi
THI GIAN HON VN = (U T/LI THUN) X 12 THNG LI THUN = TIT KIM CHI PH VN HNH
M t gii php
Tit kim
VND
TNG VND
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4.4.3 Nhim v 11: nh gi nh hng n mi trng

Cc gii php SXSH khng ch n thun l kh thi v mt k thut, kinh t, m cn cn mang li li ch v mt mi trng. Cc phng n SXSH phi c nh gi trn phng din nh hng ca chng ti mi trng. Trong nhiu trng hp, u im v mi trng l hin nhin khi gim hm lng cht c hi hoc lng cht thi. Phiu cng tc s 14 c th c s dng kim tra tc ng mi trng ca mt gii php. Phiu cng tc s 14. Phn tch nh hng n mi trng
Tn gii php Kt lun: Tch cc / Tiu cc/ Khng i Mi trng Kh Bi Kh Khc COD BOD TS TSS Khc Cht thi rn Bn ho cht Bn hu c Thng s nh tnh nh lng M t gii php
Nc
Rn
Lu : Ngy nay, vic trin khai gii php SXSH c tc ng tch cc n mi trng ngy cng c coi trng, thm ch c th c thc hin ngay c khi km kh thi v mt kinh t.
4.4.4 Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin

Sau khi tin hnh nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng, bc tip theo l la chn cc phng n thc hin. R rng rng nhng phng n hp dn nht l nhng phng n c li v ti chnh v c tnh kh thi v k thut. Tuy nhin, tu theo mi trng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip m tc ng mi trng c nh hng nhiu hay t n qu trnh ra quyt nh. Phiu cng tc s 15 h tr vic xem xt th t u tin ny.
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Phiu cng tc s 15. La chn cc gii php SXSH thc hin

Gii php Kh thi k thut (25) T 1.1.1 TB C Kh thi kinh t (50) T TB C T Kh thi mi trng (25) TB C Tng im Xp hng
im cho cc mc thp (T: 0-5), trung bnh (T: 6-14), cao (C: 15-20) Trng s 25 (kh thi k thut), 50 (kh thi kinh t), 25 (kh thi mi trng) ch l v d Lu : Hin ti cc doanh nghip Vit nam trng s 30, 40, 30 cho tnh kh thi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng.
4.5
Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm cung cp cng c lp k hoch, trin khai v theo di kt qu ca vic p dng cc gii php sn xut sch hn c xc nh
Cc gii php c la chn cn a vo thc hin. Song song vi cc gii php xc nh ny, c mt s cc gii php c chi ph thp hoc khng cn chi ph, c th c thc hin ngay sau khi c xut (nh bt r r, kho van khi khng s dng...). Vi cc gii php cn li, cn c mt k hoch thc hin mt cch c h thng.
4.5.1 Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin

Phiu cng tc s 16 s h tr lp k hoch thc hin. K hoch ny bao gm c nhn hay mt nhm c trch nhim thc hin, tin thc hin v thi gian cn phi hon thnh. Phiu cng tc s 16. K hoach thc hin
Gii php c chn Thi gian thc hin Ngi chu trch nhim nh gi tin Phng php Giai on
48
V d v k hoch thc hin ti Fococev Gii php Ngi chu trch nhim i vi tng gii php Nguyn Vn Thng, Trn nh Chung Thi gian thc hin Ngay sau khi c h tr kinh ph t Hp phn d n Ngay sau khi c h tr kinh ph t Hp phn d n K hoch quan trc ci thin Quan trc trc v sau khi thc hin gii php
3.1.1 S dng lng v v ci thi ny lm phn vi sinh cung cp cho vng nguyn liu v bn ra th trng 4.1.3 Lp t thit b tch b ng thi c h thng sy gim hm lng m xung 14% bn cho cc c s ch bin thc n gia sc 1.2.3 Khi tin hnh ra thit b phi tng p lc nc lm cho qu trnh ra t hiu qu nhng tit kim nc 2.1.1 Sa li cc v tr r r trnh tht thot bt nc 7.1.3 Thay dn bng n chiu sng bng cc bng n tit kim in nng 5.1.1 Phi che chn than trnh khi tri ma lm m than v mt cht bc 5.1.2 Kim sot m ca than khi nhp nhin liu
Nguyn Vn Thng, Trn nh Chung
Quan trc trc v sau khi thc hin gii php
Nguyn Thi Nguyn, Ng Vn Thnh
Thng 1/2008
Kim tra, gim st thng xuyn
Nguyn Vn Tun
Thng 1/2008
Kim tra, gim st thng xuyn Thng xuyn kim tra mc chiu sng cng nh lng in tit kim c Kim sot thng xuyn Kim sot thng xuyn
inh Vn Tuy
Thc hin dn khi c bng n c chy Thng 1/2008
Nguyn Vn Thng
Trn nh Chung
Thng 1/2008
Nhn xt: Cch thc quan trc, nh gi vic thc hin d n nn ghi c th hn (v d quan trc thng s g, tn sut nh th no)
4.5.2 Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php

Cc nhim v phi thc hin bao gm chun b cc bn v v b tr mt bng, tn dng hoc ch to cc thit b, lp t v bn giao. Phi ng thi tuyn dng v hun luyn nhn s sn sng s dng khi cn. Mt tnh ton c tt n u cng c th khng thnh cng nu thiu nhng ngi th lnh ngh, c hun luyn mt cch y . Phiu cng tc s 17 c th c s dng ghi li kt qu trong qu trnh trin khai cc gii php c la chn.
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Phiu cng tc s 17. Cc gii php thc hin

Gii php c chn Chi ph thc hin Li ch kinh t D kin Thc t Li ch mi trng D kin Thc t
V d v cc gii php thc hin Fococev Tn gii php Kim sot cht lng than v ch chy ca l Lp t ng h kim sot lng nc Thay dn cc bng n bng cc bng n tit kim in nng Thay th v chnh li cc dy curoa b chng Trang b sng o nhit kim tra cc v tr tip xc in km Phn loi Qun l tt ni vi Chi ph thc hin thc t Khng c u t Li ch kinh t d kin 360 triu ng/nm Trc SXSH: 110 kg than/tn sp Sau SXSH: 100 kg than/tn sp Qun l tt ni vi Qun l tt ni vi Qun l tt ni vi Qun l tt ni vi 5 triu ng 5 triu ng Cha thng k c
4.5.3 Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu

Cc gii php c thc hin cn c gim st v nh gi. Cc kt qu thu c cn phi st vi nhng g c d tnh v nhng phc tho trong nh gi k thut. Nu nh kt qu thc t khng t c tt nh d tnh th nn tm hiu nguyn nhn v sao. C th s dng phiu cng tc 17 hoc tng hp kt qu thu c trong phiu cng tc 18 khi c nhiu gii php khng tch bit c li ch. Phiu cng tc s 18. Kt qu chng trnh nh gi SXSH
u vo/ n v sn phm n v Trc SXSH Sau SXSH Li ch kinh t Li ch mi trng
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V d v tng kt chng trnh ti FOCOCEV u vo n v

3
Trc SXSH 20
Sau SXSH
Li ch kinh t
Li ch mi trng Gim pht thi 72.000 3 m /nm Gim pht thi 1.000 tn CO2 -
Nc
m /tn
18
57.6 triu ng/nm
Than
kg/tn
110
100
360 triu ng/nm -
in
Kwh/tn
175
175
417.600 triu ng/nm
Nhn xt: Cch thc tng kt ny s gip cho doanh nghip c c s theo di v so snh trong nhng nm sau.
4.6
Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm cung cp cc yu t nh hng n vic duy tr thnh cng t c.
Vic duy tr cng c chng trnh SXSH thc s l mt thch thc. Vic cn phi lm l hp nht chng trnh SXSH vi quy trnh sn xut bnh thng ca doanh nghip. Cha kha cho thnh cng lu di l phi thu ht s tham gia ca cng nhiu nhn vin cng tt, cng nh c mt ch khen thng cho nhng ngi c bit xut sc, lm cho SXSH tr thnh mt hot ng lin tc c thc hin ca nh my.
4.6.1 Nhim v 16: Duy tr SXSH

S n lc cho SXSH khng bao gi ngng. Lun lun c nhng c hi mi ci thin qu trnh sn xut v cn phi thng xuyn t chc vic nh gi li SXSH. Nhm nh gi SXSH ti nh my sn xut tinh bt cn la chn mt chin lc to s pht trin sn xut bn vng v n nh cho nh my. Chin lc ny bao gm nhng ni dung sau: B nhim mt nhm lm vic lu di v nh gi SXSH, trong c nhng ngi ng u l cp lnh o ca nh my. Kt hp cc n lc SXSH vi k hoch pht trin chung ca nh my. Ph bin cc k hoch SXSH ti cc phng ban ca nh my.
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To ra mt phng thc cn nhc tc ng ca cc d n mi v cc cng tc ci t v SXSH trong nh my. Cc d n v nhng thay i cng c th dn ti lm tng nhim hay gim hiu qu trong cng vic s dng nguyn vt liu v nng lng trong nh my. Khuyn khch nhn vin c nhng sng kin mi v nhng xut cho c hi SXSH. T chc cc tp hun cho cn b v cc lnh o nh my.
Ngay sau khi trin khai thc hin cc gii php SXSH, nhm chng trnh SXSH nn quay tr li bc 2: Phn tch cc bc thc hin, xc nh v chn la cng on lng ph nht tip theo trong nh my. Chu k ny tip tc cho ti khi tt c cc cng on c hon thnh v sau bt u mt chu k mi.
Sn xut sch hn bn vng Mc d hu ht cc nh gi SXSH u dn n doanh thu tng, tc ng xu ti mi trng gim v c cc sn phm tt hn, nhng nhng c gng SXSH c th b gim dn hoc bin mt sau giai on hng khi ban u. Cn xc nh ra nhng yu t gy tc ng xu cho chng trnh SXSH, bao gm: Cc tr ngi v ti chnh trong vic thc hin mt s cc phng n mong mun, iu ny dn ti gi thit ng lo ngi l khng nn lm cc nh gi SXSH nu nh khng c vn thc hin cc phng n. Trong qu trnh thc hin nh gi SXSH, c nhng thay i v t chc, thay i trch nhim ca cc thnh vin ca nhm dn ti s gin on v mai mt kin thc ca nhm SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm chng trnh SXSH i lc sang cc nhim v khc m h cho l khn cp hn. Tham vng qu nhiu dn ti vic rt nhiu phng n cng c thc hin mt lc, lm nhm cng tc cm thy mt mi. Kh khn trong vic lm cn bng cc h s v kinh t ca cc phng n SXSH. Thiu chuyn nghip v kinh nghim.
Cc yu t ng gp cho s thnh cng ca chng trnh SXSH S hiu bit y v cam kt ca cc lnh o nh my trong vic thc hin SXSH. C s trao i gia tt c cc cp ca cng ty v nhng mc tiu v li ch ca SXSH. Cn c mt chnh sch r rng ca cng ty v nhng u tin v u t cho SXSH v kim sot mi trng. Cn nng cao trch nhim thc hin SXSH, vi cc mc tiu khng thay i, lun xem xt li qu trnh tin hnh v phng thc thc hin, trn c s thc hin chin lc pht trin cng ty. Mt trit l SXSH phi c cao trong ni b cng ty l s hp nht trong cc hot ng. Cho ti nay tt c cc chng trnh SXSH thnh cng u thc hin theo nguyn tc ny.
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X l mi trng
Mc ch ca chng ny nhm cung cp thng tin tm tt cc nguyn tc x l cc vn bc xc nht ca ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn. l nc thi, mi v bi.
Vic p dng sn xut sch hn gip lm gim tng ti lng nhim ra mi trng. Tuy nhin, c th p ng c tiu chun thi v t mi trng lm vic lnh mnh, trong nhiu trng hp, cn c thm cc gii php x l cui ng ng, c m t di y:
5.1 Nc thi
c trng cht lng nc thi trong cng nghip ng bt: - Hm lng cc cht nhim hu c cao (COD, BOD, SS) - Khng c ha cht c trong nc thi Phn ln cc nh my ch bin tinh bt sn min Trung v min Nam c h thng x l nc thi s dng cng ngh x l sinh hc t nhin theo kiu ln men ym kh h (tip nhn cng ngh ca Thi Lan). Cng ngh ny c chi ph u t v vn hnh thp, ph hp vi cc khu vc c din tch rng. Ti cc h thng ny nc t chy t h u tin n h cui cng sao cho thi gian lu phn hu cht nhim trong nc thi trc khi chy vo thu vc. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc h thng x l nc thi theo cng ngh ny u hot ng km hiu qu. Nng cc cht nhim hu c trong nc thi i vo h thng qu cao lm cho h thng b qu ti. ng lu l cc h ym kh dng h, trong qu trnh phn hu ym kh pht sinh nhiu thnh phn kh c mi hi gy nhim khng kh nghim trng. Ngoi vic p dng cng ngh phn hu sinh hc t nhin x l nc thi nh trn, ti mt s nh my khc p dng cc h thng x l sinh hc nhn to, nh phng php bn hot tnh. Tuy nhin, hin nay h thng ny ch gii quyt c khong 30-50% lng nc thi ca nh my, h thng thng xuyn b s c qu ti. Ngoi ra chi ph vn hnh in nng ho cht qu cao. Cch thc x l c hiu qu kinh t v mi trng nht hin nay l dng phng php sinh hc x l ym kh. Kh biogas thu hi s c quay v s dng cho qu trnh sn xut. S quy trnh x l c m t qua cc bc chnh nh sau: B iu ho, trn nhanh, to bng cn: Nc thi t cc qu trnh cng ngh c thu gom v y (hay cn gi l b cn bng) iu ho lu lng v pH. Cc cht rn c kch thc ln nh v khoai m, l cy, c loi b nh song chn rc trc . Khong 10% BOD b loi b ti cng on ny. Sau khi
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trung ho v c to bng cn, nc thi c a vo b lng. Vi c minh chng l cht trung ha kim to bng ph hp nht. Thi gian lu ca nc thi cng on ny trung bnh l 12 gi. Qu trnh x l ha l ny thng s dng lng vi 600mg/l trung ha pH trong khong 5.4. B lng, b cha trung gian: Ti y, cc cn rn l lng s c loi b nh trng lc. Lng vi c a vo trong cng on trn c tc dng kh trn 35% BOD v 50%SS. Hai bc ny c coi l cng on tin quyt trong x l sinh hc. B trn, b x l k kh UASB: Trong b UASB, nc thi chy t di ln trn qua mt lp m bn ym kh. Khong 70 - 80% COD c loi b trong qu trnh ny. Kh Biogas cng s c thu b ny. Vic tin hnh x l k kh cng c th c tin hnh 2 giai on nu nh din tch t lm h (b) x l ym kh khng . Nc thi sau cng on ny c th tun hon mt phn quay li cng on trung ha nc thi khi bt u i vo h thng x l. B x l sinh hc SBR: Nh kh lm thong cung cp vo nc mt cao v mt lng oxy cn thit s c cung cp cho bn hot tnh loi b nhim hu c trong nc. Ti qu trnh x l ny, ton b cht hu c nhim ti trng thp s c s dng nui dng vi sinh vt, lm tng sinh khi (hm lng biomass trong nc thi c th ln n 4.000mg/l). Bn sn sinh ra trong qu trnh x l sinh hc s c s dng lm phn bn. Khong 80 - 90% BOD b loi b trong qu trnh ny. B lm thong tng cng v h n nh: Bao gm chui h lm thong ko di (vi mc cung cp nng lng ch cao) v h n nh. Trong cc h ny, BOD b loi b nh qu trnh lm thong t nhin. Qu trnh phn ly cn l lng v nc thi cng c thc hin ti y. Nc thi sau x l s c thi ra. Bn lng y b lng s c thu gom vo h thu bn. Bn d s c bm vo b nn bn. Ti y, th tch bn s c lm gim i nh qu trnh nn. Qu trnh ny c tng cng nh thit b co bn tc chm. Ti b nn bn, hm lng cht kh t 2,5%. Sau c nn, bn d c tip tc kh nc nh sn phi hoc my lc p. Bn kh c nng hm lng cht kh ln 25% v s dng lm phn bn. Cng on ny cng c th c thay th bng qu trnh x l vi bn hot tnh hoc h nui c. S quy trnh x l nc thi c th hin trong hnh 3.
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Nc thi cng ngh
My sng lc
B iu ho
B nn bn d
Kim
B trn nhanh
Polymer
B to bng cn
B lng
Bn d
B cha trung gian
Axit
B trn
B x l sinh hc k kh UASB
BIOGAS
Kh
B x l sinh hc hiu kh SBR
Bn d
B lm thong tng cng
Phn bn
H thng h n nh
Thi ra mi trng
Hnh 3. S quy trnh x l nc thi cho qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn
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Lu : Vic x l ha cht vi phn, clorua st, sunphat st cng t c hiu sut kh BOD trong khong 38-40%. Tuy nhin, chi ph vn hnh vi ha cht ny cao, khng c kh nng thu hi li ha cht v qu trnh x l to bn kh thi b. Do cc loi ha cht ny thng khng c xem xt l ha cht thay th trong vic x l. H thng x l nc thi ti u c khuyn ngh l h thng gm cc cng on theo trnh t iu ha, trung ha, h thng x l ym kh hai bc (anaerobic two stage fixed film fixed bed reactor system) v h nui c. Gii php ny gim cc thng s nc thi n tiu chun cho php, thu hi kh biogas, c thm ngun thu t c v thm ch c bn hot tnh v bn t h nui c.
5.2 Kh thi
nhim bi ti kho tp kt nguyn liu Ti khu vc tp kt nguyn liu thng i hi phi c mt bng rng xe xc nguyn liu ra vo d dng, a nguyn liu t bi cha n cng on x l nguyn liu. V vy, kh nng pht tn bi t, ct ti khu vc ny l thng xy ra. Do y l ngun nhim phn tn bi nn cn p dng bin php phun nc thng xuyn ti khu vc bi cha nguyn liu v khu vc xe ti ra vo. nhim bi ti cng on ng bao thnh phm: Cng vic ng bao thnh phm, tinh bt t sil cha bt thnh phm c chit rt v nh lng vo bao b s c thc hin bng cc thit b c b tr h thng chp ht v ng ht tinh bt, to p sut m thu hi khng kh c cha bt v a n thit b x l. Thit b x l bi y l thit b lc bi ti vi c b tr bn ngoi phng ng bao thnh phm. Dng kh c cha bi bt khi i qua thit b kiu lc bi ti vi, bi s c gi li ti s dng, khng kh c lm sch v thi ra mi trng qua ming thi trn cao ca thit b. Do nng bi bt cao ch gii hn trong phng ng bao thnh phm v khng nh hng n mi trng khng kh cc khu vc ln cn, do , kh nng bi bt thot ra mi trng bn ngoi ch xy ra khi h thng ht bi ngng hot ng. Hn ch ra vo i vi ngi khng c chc nng cng l mt bin php hn ch nh hng ca ngun nhim ny. Qut ht c b tr ngay trc ng thi, c tc dng to lc ht trong ton b h thng, to lc y kh c lm sch bi qua ng thi thot ra mi trng ngoi.
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H thng lc bi tinh bt ti vi H thng lc bi tinh bt ti vi c s dng trong trng hp ny c c cu gi bi bng b phn to rung bng khng kh c thi ngc dng. Khng kh mang bi c thi vo thit b t pha trn, xuyn qua thnh ti vi, i vo bn trong ti v tp trung thot ra khi thit b pha di, lc ny, bi c gi li bn ngoi thnh ti vi. Khng kh sch sau khi i qua khi thit b t di s theo ng ng dn x ra ngoi mi trng di tc ng ca qut ht. Qut ht y l tc nhn chnh to lc ht trong ton b h thng b lc ng tay o. Tr lc ca b lc ng tay o thay i theo thi gian t khi h thng bt u hot ng. Tr lc ln nht ca b lc ng tay o t 50 - 120 kg/ m3. Tr lc cng thay i theo ti trng khng kh ln vi lc (M = m3/ m2.h). S lin quan gia M v tr lc ca vi P (kg/ m3) v hiu qu lc bi (tnh theo %) nh sau: + Nu M = 78,0 m3/m2.h, th P = 47,8 kg/ m3 v = 98,5% + Nu M = 87,0 m3/m2.h, th P = 55,3 kg/ m3 v = 99,0% + Nu M = 124,0 m3/m2.h, th P = 60,0 kg/ m3 v = 99,0%. Nu thc hin y v ng quy nh chu k v sinh, gi bi v chm sc cho cc chi tit ca h thng hot ng bnh thng th h thng ny m bo hiu qu lc bi kh cao. C cu r bi: Trong h thng lc bi ti vi c b tr mt qut thi nm pha trn thit b nhm phc v cho cng tc r bi. Khi cn r bi, qut s hot ng, thi khng kh i thng vo lng cc ti vi, do khng kh s i t trong ra ngoi ti vi, y cc ht bi dnh bn ngoi thnh ti ri xung di y, sau khng kh cng i ra khi thit b pha di. Lng bi thu hi nh k s c ly ra khi thit b v c ti ch. nhim kh do vn hnh l hi Kh thi pht sinh t l hi s c dn vo thit b hp th theo hng t di i ln, tip xc vi dung dch hp th (nc hoc dung dch NaOH long) i t trn xung bng vi phun. Trong qu trnh tip xc gia hai pha kh v lng, cc cht nhim v bi c trong kh thi s c ho tan vo dung dch hp th v ri xung di b cha pha di. Ti b cha, phn ln dung dch hp th c thu hi v ti s dng tun hon. nh k, dung dch trong b cha s c lc bng ti lc, phn cn rn sau lc s c em i x l chung vi cht thi rn, nc sau lc s c bm v b cha ti s dng. Dung dch hp th hao ht s c b sung nh k. Kh thi sau khi c hp th s i qua b phn kh mi (nhm loi b lng hi nc cn st li) v thi ra ngoi mi trng qua ng khi thi.
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5.3 B thi rn
Cht thi rn pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut, nn p dng cc bin php sau khng ch: B sn. B sn c bn hon ton cho cc c s ch bin thc n gia sc ti khu vc v cc vng ln cn khc (hin nay ch u t tm c ngun tiu th). V sn (v la). V la c bn lm phn bn. Bn t h thng x l nc, b thi t h thng lc: sau khi c lm kh nc, lng bn cn ny s c bn cho cc h nng dn trng sn lm phn bn. Bi bt sn thu hi t cc thit b lc ti s c thu gom v bn cho cc c s ch bin thc n gia sc. Bao PP b hng c thu gom v bn ph liu. Rc thi khc khng nhiu, cng c thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cng vi rc thi sinh hot theo quy nh chung ca a phng.
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Mc lc

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Gii thiu chung

1.1 M t ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Din tch (1.000 ha)

Sn lng (10.000 tn)

Nng sut (100 tn/ ha)

1.1.1 V qui m sn xut tinh bt sn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

1.1.3 Cc thch thc

1.2 Qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c bn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

SO2 Nng lng Nc

4. Ly tm tch b - Ty mu - Tch b ln 1,2,3

6. Thu hi tinh bt tinh - C c - Ly tm tch nc

Nng lng Bao gi

7. Hon thin - Lm ti - Sy kh - nh lng - ng gi

Nhit thi Vt liu bao gi hng

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

1.2.1 Tip nhn c sn ti

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

1.2.5 Thu hi tinh bt th

1.2.6 Thu hi tinh bt tinh

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

1.2.7 Hon thin sn phm

1.2.8 ng bao sn phm

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng

2.1 Tiu th nguyn nhin liu

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Bng 1. nh mc tiu th u vo ch bin tinh bt sn

Vit Nam 3,67- 5,00 30- 40 0,08- 0,09 2- 2,78

Cc nc khc 3,5 - 4 24-30 0,066 0,08 2,0 - 2,2

Thc hnh tt 3,67- 4,5 24-35 0,066- 0,08 2,0- 2,5

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

2.2.3 Cht thi rn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

3.1 C hi SXSH trong khu x l s b

3.1.1 Phn khu tr sn vo theo thi gian nhp

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

3.1.3 Tch b si, , t, ct trc khi ra

3.1.4 Ci tin thit b khuy trn khi ra, iu chnh thng s

3.1.5 Thu hi v ti s dng nc ra

3.2 C hi SXSH trong tch bt

3.2.1 Ci tin dao bm, my nghin, cht

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

3.2.2 Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh sng quay

3.2.3 Dng ly tm siu tc v lin tc

3.2.4 Thu hi tinh bt t b

3.2.5 Thu hi tinh bt v ti s dng nc sau lc th

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn

3.2.6 S dng NaHSO3 hoc ch phm SMB ty trng

3.2.7 Tn dng b sn lm phn vi sinh

3.2.8 S dng m sn sn xut sn phm ph