Ok Bai Giang Ki Thuat Xung

v
t
0
MC LC
Chng 1: TN HIU XUNG V MCH RLC
1.1 Khi nim v cc dng xung .............................................................. 1
1.2 Cc thng s ca tn hiu xung .......................................................... 3
1.3 Mch lc ............................................................................................. 4
1.3.1 Mch lc RC ................................................................................ 4
1.3.2 Mch lc RL ................................................................................ 8
1.3.3 Mch lc LC ................................................................................ 9
1.4 Mch tch phn ................................................................................... 9
1.4.1 Mch tch phn RC ...................................................................... 9
1.4.2 Mch tch phn RL ...................................................................... 12
1.4.3 Mch tch phn dng Op-Amp .................................................... 13
1.5 Mch vi phn ...................................................................................... 13
1.5.1 Mch vi phn RC ......................................................................... 13
1.5.2 Mch vi phn RL ......................................................................... 16
1.5.3 Mch vi phn dng Op-Amp ....................................................... 17
Chng 2: MCH XN V MCH GHIM IN P
2.1 Mch xn ......................................................................................... 18
2.1.1 Mch xn song song .................................................................... 19
2.1.2 Mch xn ni tip ........................................................................ 22
2.2 Mch ghim ........................................................................................ 25
2.2.1 Mch ghim nh trn ................................................................... 25
2.2.2 Mch ghim nh di .................................................................. 27
Chng 3: MCH DAO NG A HI
3.1 Mch dao ng a hi dng BJT ...................................................... 29
3.1.1 Trng thi tt, dn bo ha ca BJT ............................................ 29
3.1.2 Mch dao ng lng n (bistable) ............................................ 30
3.1.3 Mch dao ng n n (monostable) .......................................... 31
3.1.4 Mch dao ng bt n (astable) .................................................. 34
i
3.2 Mch dao ng a hi dng Op-Amp .............................................. 37

3.2.1 Trng thi bo ho ca Op-Amp v mch so snh...................... 37
3.3 Dao ng dng vi mch LM555....................................................... 41
3.3.1 Cu to vi mch LM555 .............................................................. 41
3.4 Dao ng dng cc cng logic ......................................................... 46
Chng 4: CC MCH TO XUNG KHC
4.1 Dao ng blocking ........................................................................... 47
4.2 Mch Schmitt trigger ........................................................................ 49
4.2.1 Mch dng BJT ........................................................................... 49
4.2.2 Mch dng Op-Amp.................................................................... 50
4.3 Mch dao ng dng UJT ................................................................ 50
ii
Gio Trnh K Thut Xung
Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy
CHNG 1
TN HIU XUNG V MCH GIAO HON RLC.
1.1.
KHI NIM
Cc tn hiu in c bin thay i theo thi gian c chia lm hai loi

c bn l tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc.
Tn hiu lin tc (cn c gi l tn hiu tuyn tnh hay tng t) l tn
hiu c bin bin thin lin tc theo thi gian.
Tn hiu ri rc (cn c gi l tn hiu xung hay s) l tn hiu c
bin bin thin khng lin tc theo thi gian.
Tn hiu xung: l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian.
c im chung: l thi gian tn ti xung rt ngn hay s bin thin bin
t thp ln cao hay t cao xung thp xy ra rt nhanh.
Bn cht vt l: dng in, in p, nh sng.
Hnh dng: vung, tam gic, rng ca, nh?n, hnh thang
a. Xung vung n cc
d. Xung tam gic
t
T
T
b. Xung vung lng cc
e. Xung nhn lng cc
c. Xung rng ca
f. Xung nc thang
Hnh 1.1 Cc dng tn hiu xung
Trang 1
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1.2.
CC THNG S C BN CA TN HIU XUNG
1.2.1. Xung n
Khi nim: xung n l ch c mt xung ring bit.
v(t)
Vm
0.9Vm
0.2 Vm
tr
tp
tf
Trong :
Vm
V
tr
tP
tf
ton
: Bin xung.
: st p nh xung.
: rng sn trc.
: rng nh xung.
: rng sn sau.
: rng xung thc t.
ton
Hnh 1.2 Xung vung n

rng sn trc, rng sn sau l thi gian bin xung tng hay gim
trong khong 0,1Vm n 0,9Vm.
rng nh xung l thi gian xung c bin nm trong khong t 0,9 Vm
n Vm ng vi on nh.
rng xung thc t l:
ton = tr + tp +tf
st p nh xung V l gim bin phn nh xung.
1.2.2. Dy xung
Khi nim: dy xung l tn hiu gm nhiu xung n.
Dy xung c th tun hon hoc khng tun hon.
v(t)
Vm
t
ton toff
Trong :
Vm : Bin xung.
ton : rng xung.
toff : Thi gian khng c xung.
T : Chu k
T
Hnh 1.3 Dy xung vung tun hon
rng ca xung l thi gian ng vi in p cao gi l ton (hay tx).
Thi gian khng c xung ng vi in p thp gi l toff (hay thi gian ngh
tng).
Chu k xung l:
T = ton + toff (s)
Xung vung i xng:
ton = toff
Trang 2
Tn s l s xung xut hin trong mt n v thi gian, c tnh theo cng

thc:
1
T
f=
(Hz)
rng ca xung l t s gia chu k T v rng xung ton:
Q=
t on
Nghch o ca rng Q c gi l h s y xung:
t on
T
phn tch tn hiu xung cn a v cc dng hm c bn: hm t bin, hm

tuyn tnh, hm m gim, hm m tng.
1.3.
CC DNG HM C BN
1.3.1. Hm t bin: v(t) = a.1(t - t0).

t bin xy ra ti thi im t = t0 vi bin l a.
1(t t0) : Hm t bin n v.
Khi t < t0 : v = 0
Khi t t0 : v = a
v
v(t)
a
t
t0
Hnh 1.4 Hm t bin
1.3.2. Hm tuyn tnh: v(t) = k(t - t0).
k : dc ca hm.
v
v(t)
t
t0
Hnh 1.5 Hm tuyn tnh.
Trang 3
1.3.3. Hm m gim: v( t ) = a.e ( t t 0 ) /

v
a
v( t ) = a.e ( t t 0 ) /
t
to
Hnh 1.6 Hm m gim
1.3.4. Hm m tng: v( t ) = a. (1 e ( t t 0 ) / )
v
a
v( t ) = a. (1 e ( t t 0 ) / )
t
t0
Hnh 1.6 Hm m tng.
phn tch 1 tn hiu xung, phi a v dng tng cc hm c bn.
V d:
v
v(t)
v1(t)
t0
t0
-a
v2(t)
Suy ra: v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t) = a.1(t) a.1(t t0)

1.4.
MCH RC
1.4.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t)

vi
a
t
0
t<0:
vi = 0 , i =
0
vR = 0 , vC = 0
Trang 4
t=0:
vi = a
Mt khc: vi = vC + vR
M vC = 0 (in p trn t khng t bin).
v
a
Do : vR = a i = R =
R R
v vC
t > 0 : T C np bng dng in i = i
R
vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim dn.
t = : Mch xc lp.
T C np y vi vC = vi = a , vR = 0 , i = 0
v R = a.e t /
v C = a. (1 e t / )
= RC : c gi l thi hng.
v
a
vC(t)
vR(t
)
c
trng cho tc din
ra qu trnh qu . cng ln, qu trnh qu cng ko di, mch lu xc lp.
1.4.2. Phn ng vi xung vung:
vi
v1
a
tp
t
0
tp
0
-a
v2
Phn tch vi thnh tng cc hm c bn, ta c:

vi = v1 + v2
Vi :
v1 = a.1(t)
v2 = - a.1(t - tp)
v R = a.e t / a.e
(t tp ) /
v C = a. (1 e t / ) a. (1 e
(t tp ) /
Qu trnh vt l trong mch:

t < 0 : vi = 0 , i = 0 , vC = 0 , vR = 0
Trang 5
0 t < tp : vi = a ; t C np in bng dng i =
vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim.
vi vC
.
R
tp t : vi = 0, t C phng in qua R, vi dng i =
vC
.
R
ip p vR gim dn n 0.
vR(t
a
t
a
vc(t)
a
tp
Trang 6
1.4.3. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh:
vi
k
vi = kt
t
vi = kt
Bng cch l lun tng t, ta c:

v R = k. (1 e t / )
v C = v i v R = kt k. (1 e t / )
vi
v
v
R
vC
t
9 Mch RC ly tn hiu ra trn ti C th c gi l mch thng thp(h thng ).

Nu mch h thng c thi hng rt ln th c gi l mch tch phn (Mch
lc thng thp).
9 Mch RC ly tn hiu ra trn ti R th c gi l mch thng cao(thng thng
). Nu mch thng thng c thi hng rt nh th c gi l mch vi phn
(Mch lc thng cao).
1.4.4. Mch thng thp RC
Vi
R
v
R
+
v
C
Vo
-
Hnh 1.8a Mch thng thp RC

Trang 7
Vo
Vi
Vi
2
0
BW
fc
Hnh 1.8b p ng tn s
Tn hiu ra ly trn C.
Mch thng thp cho cc tn hiu c tn s nh hn tn s ct qua hon ton,
tn hiu c tn s cao b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra tr pha so vi tn hiu
vo.
Tn s ct
fC =
1
2RC
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
V0 =
Vi
2
a. Mch tch phn RC :

N: Mch tch phn l mch m in p ra V0(t) t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca
in p vo Vi(t) :
V0 (t ) = K Vi(t )dt
Trong K l h s t l.
Mch tch phn RC chnh l mch lc thng thp RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt
ln so vi tn s ct fc ca mch.
Thit lp cng thc:
T hnh 1.8a ta c:
Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1)
T iu kin tn s fi rt ln so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
1
2RC
1
R >> X C =
2fi C
fi >> fC =
VR(t) >> Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau)

T (1) v (2) ta c:Vi (t) VR(t) = R. i(t)
i( t ) =
Vi(t )
R
(3)
in p ra V0 (t):
1
i(t )dt
C
1 Vi(t )
dt
V0(t) =
C
R
1
Vi(t )dt
V0(t) =
RC
V0 (t) = VC (t ) =
Nh vy, in p ra V0(t) t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca in p vo Vi(t) vi

h s t l K l K =
1
khi tn s fi rt ln so vi fC .
RC
iu kin mch tch phn:

fi >> fC
Trang 8
fi >>
1
2RC
RC >>
Trong :
1
2fi
>>
T
1
= i
2
2fi
= R.C l hng s thi gian.

Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.
VD: Trng hp in p voVi(t) l tn hiu hnh sin qua mch tch phn:
Vi(t) = Vm.sin(t)
V
1
Vm Sintdt = m cos t
RC
RC
V
V0(t) = m sin(t 90 0 )
RC
in p ra: V0(t)=
Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch tch phn nh trn th in p ra b tr

pha 900 v bin b gim xung vi h s t l l
1
.
RC
b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung :
Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi

gian =RC so vi Ti gii thch cc dng sng ra theo hin tng np x ca t.
Gi s in p ng vo l tn hiu xung vung i xng c chu k Ti (hnh 1.9a).
Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian =RC rt nh so vi Ti th t np v
x rt nhanh nn in p ng ra V0(t) c dng ging nh dng in p vo Vi(t)
(hnh 1.9b).
Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian =
Ti
th t np v x in p theo
5
dng hm s m, bin nh ca in p ra nh hn Vp ( hnh 1.9c)

Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian rt ln so vi Ti th t C np rt
chm nn in p ra c bin rt thp (hnh 1.9d) nhng ng tng gim
in p gn nh ng thng.
Nh vy, mch tch phn chn trs RC thch hp th c th sa dng xung vung
ng vo thnh dng sng tam gic ng ra. Nu xung vung i xng th xung tam
gic ra l tam gic cn.
Trang 9
Vi(t)
V
Ti
a) Dng sng ng vo.
Vo(t)
V
t
b) Dng sng ng ra khi <<Ti
Vo(t)
V
t
Ti
5
c) Dng sng ng ra khi =
Vo(t)
V
t
d) Dng sng ng ra khi >>Ti
Hnh 1.9: Dng sng vo v ra

Vi(t)
Trng hp ng vo l mt chui xung VM

vung khng i xng vi ton> toff qua
mch tch phn.
Trong thi gian ton ng vo c in p cao
to
nn t C np in.
V
Trong thi gian toff ng vo c in p 0 Vo(t)
nn t x in nhng do thi gian toff nh VM
hn ton nn t cha x in ht th li np
in tip lm cho in p ca t tng dn
(hnh 1.10).
Nh vy, tn hiu ra c dng xung nc thang
to
Hnh 1.10 : Chui xung vung vo
Trang 10
1.4.5. Mch thng cao RC
Vo
+
vC
Vi
v
R
Vi
Vi
Vo
BW
fc
Hnh 1.11b p ng tn s
Hnh 1.11a Mch thng cao RC
Tn hiu ra ly trn R.
Mch thng cao cho cc tn hiu c tn s cao hn tn s ct qua hon ton, tn
hiu c tn s thp b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra sm pha so vi tn hiu
vo.
Tn s ct
fC =
1
2RC
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
V0 =
Vi
2
a. Mch vi phn RC :
N: Mch vi phn l mch c in p ng raV0(t) t l vi o hm theo thi gian ca
in vo Vi(t).
Ta c:
V0(t) = K
d
Vi(t )
dt
Trong K l h s t l.
Mch vi phn RC chnh l mch lc thng cao RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt
thp so vi tn s ct fc ca mch.
Trong k thut xung, mch vi phn c tc dng thu hp rng xung to ra cc xung
nhn kch cc linh kin iu khin hay linh kin cng sut khc nh SCR, Triac
Thit lp cng thc:
T hnh 1.11a ta c:
Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1)
T iu kin tn s fi rt thp so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
1
2RC
1
R << X C =
2fi C
fi << fC =
VR(t) << Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau)

T (1) v (2) ta c:Vi (t) VC(t)
i vi t C, in p trn t cn c tnh theo cng thc:
VC (t ) =
q( t )
Trong q(t) lin tch np vo t.

T ta c :
Trang 11
dVi (t ) dVC (t ) 1 dq(t ) 1

=
=
= i( t )
dt
dt
C dt
C
dVi (t )
Hay l:i(t) = C
(3)
dt
in p ra V0 (t):
V0(t) = VR(t) = R.i(t)

V0(t) = R C
dVi (t )
dt
Nh vy, in p ra V0(t) t l vi vi phn ( o hm) theo thi gian ca in p vo

vi h s t l K l K = RC khi tn s fi rt thp so vi fC.
iu kin mch vi phn:
fi << fC
RC <<
Trong :
1
2fi
1
2RC
T
1
= i
<<
2fi
2
fi <<
= R.C l hng s thi gian.

Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.
VD: Trng hp in p voVi(t) l tn hiu hnh sin qua mch vi phn:

Vi(t) = Vm.sin(t)
in p ra l: V0(t) = R.C
d
( Vm.sint )
dt
= R.C.Vmcost
= R.C.Vm.sin(t + 900)
Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch vi phn nh trn th in p ra b sm pha
900 v bin nhn vi h s t l lRC.
b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung:
Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi
gian =RC so vi Ti gii thch cc dng sng ra theo hin tng np xca t. Gi
s in p ng vo l tn hiu xung vung i xng c chu k Ti(hnh1.12a).
Nu mch vi phn c hng s thi gian =
Ti
5
th t np v x in to dng
i(t) qua in tr R to ra in p gim theo hm s m. Khi in p ng vo

bng 0V th u dng ca t ni mass v t s x in p m trn in tr R.
ng ra s c hai xung ngc nhau c bin gim dn (1.12b)
Nu mch vi phn c hng s thi gian rt nh so vi Ti th t s np x in
rt nhanh nn cho ra hai xung ngc du nhng c rng xung rt hp c
gi l xung nhn.
Nh vy, nu tha iu kin ca mch vi phn th mch RC s i tn hiu t xung
vung n cc ra 2 xung nhn lng cc.
Trang 12
Vi(t)
Vm
t
Ti
Vo(t)
a) Dng sng ng vo.
Vm
t
Vm
Vo(t)
b) Dng sng ng ra khi =
Ti
.
5
Vm
t
-Vm
c) Dng sng ng ra khi << Ti.
Hnh 1.12: Dng sng vo v ra ca mch vi
phn nhn xung vung.
V d 1: Cho mch nh hnh v:

C
R1
vi = 5.1(t)
R = 1K
C = 470 pF
vi
+
-E
Hy xc nh v v th vC(t), vR(t) cho cc trng hp sau:

a. E = 0,
R1 =
b. E = 1V, R1 =
c. E = 1V, R1 = 2K
Bi gii
Trang 13
a. E = 0, R1 =
Mch tng ng:
C
vi
vi = 5.1(t)
vR = 5. e t /
vC = 5. (1 e t / )
Vi = RC = 470.10-12.1.103 = 470.10-9 = 0,47 (s)
v
v i (t)
v C (t)
v R (t)
t
= 1V, R1 =
b. E
Mch tng ng:
C
vi
+
-E
9 Xt tc dng ca ngun E:
iE = 0
v ER = i E .R = 0
v ER = i.R = 0
9 Xt tc dng ca ngun vi:
v ER = i.R = 0
v iC = 5.(1 e t / )
= RC = 0.47 s
9 Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun, suy ra:
v R = 5.e t /
v C = 5.(1 e t / ) 1
Trang 14
v i (t)
v C (t)
5
4
v R (t)
c. E = 1V, R1
Mch
= 2K
tng ng:
-1
C
R1
vi
+
-E
9 Xt tc dng ca
ngun E:
C
R1
+
-E
E
R + R1
R
1
v ER = i.R = E
= (V)
R + R1
3
2
v CE = v ER1 = i.R 1 = (V)
3
9 Xt tc dng ca ngun vi :
Ta c: i =
2
(K)
3
= 5.e t /
R t = (R1 // R) =
v iR = v Rt
v Ci = 5.(1 e t / )
= Rt.C = 0,313 s
9 Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun:
Trang 15
v R = 5.e t /
1
3
v C = 5.(1 e t / )
v
2
3
v i (t ) = 5
v C (t)
5-1/3
5-2/3
v R (t)
-1/3
-2/3
1.5.
Mch RL:
L
vi
1.5.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t)

t < 0 : vi = 0
Suy ra: vR = 0, vL = 0
t = 0 : vi = a
Suy ra: i = 0 ( dng qua cun dy khng t bin ).
vR = 0
vL = vi vR = a
t > 0 : Dng qua cun dy tng dn, vR tng, vL gim.
t = : Mch xc lp.
vL = 0
vR = a
v R = a. (1 e t / )
v L = a.e t /
Vi = L/R c gi l thi hng.

v
a
vR(t)
vL(t
)
Trang 16
1.5.2. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh: vi = kt

Tng t ta c c:
v L = k. (1 e t / )
v R = kt k. (1 e t / )
Vi = L/R.
v
vi
v
L
vR
t
9 Mch RL ly tn
hiu ra trn ti R th c gi l mch h thng (thng thp).
9 Mch RL ly tn hiu ra trn ti L th c gi l mch thng thng (thng
cao).
Nhn xt:
Phn ng ca mch RL thng cao ging phn ng ca mch RC thng cao.
Phn ng ca mch RL thng thp ging phn ng ca mch RC thng thp.
Trang 17
BI TP CHNG I
Bi 1: Cho mch nh hnh v:
C
R1
vi
+
-E
R = 1K
C = 470 pF
Hy xc nh v v th vi (t), vC(t), vR(t) cho cc trng hp sau:
t0 = 10 s ; R1 =
;
a. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t0) ;
b. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t0) ;
t0 = 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ;
c. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 7.1(t t0) ;
t0 = 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ;
E=0
E = 2V
E = 2V
Bi 2: Cho vi nh hnh v:
vi
a
t
-a
T
a. Phn tch vi(t) thnh dng tng cc hm c bn.

b. Khi t vi ng vo ca mch RC thng thng, hy xc nh v v vOUT
RC
.
khi T =
10
Bi 3: Xc nh v v vR , vC ca mch RC khi vi l chui xung vung c tn s l
T = 2t0 trong cc trng hp:
a. >> t0.
b. << t0.
vi
a
t
to
Trang 18
Bi 4:
a. Tn hiu vi nh hnh v c a vo mch h thng RC. Hy xc nh v

v dng tn hiu ng ra.
b. Cho T1 = T2 = RC, Hy xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca tn
hiu ng ra; V dng tn hiu ny.
V
T1
T2
Bi 5: Cho mch nh hnh v:

R1
1
K
2
+
-E
R2
Khi t < 0 : K v tr s 2.
t = 0 : K sang v tr s 1.
t = 30 s : K tr li v tr s 2.
Hy xc nh v v iL , vL trong cc trng hp sau:
R1 = 1K
R2 = 1K
L = 1mH
a. E = 10 V
R1 = 10K
R2 = 10K
L = 10mH
b. E = 10 V
Trang 19
Chng 2: Mch xn v mch ghim in p
Chng 2
MCH XN V MCH GHIM IN P
2.1 Mch xn
Mch xn l mch ct i mt phn ca dng in p vo trn hay di mt
mc chun no . Mi lin h gia ng vo v ng ra ca mch xn thng c
cc dng sau:
Vo
Vo
Vdc
Vi
0
Vi
Vdc
Vdc
0
Vdc
(a)
(b)
Vo
Vo
Vdc2
Vdc
Vi
Vdc1
0
Vi
Vdc2
Vdc
Vdc1
(c)
(d)
Vo
Vo
Vdc2
Vdc
Vdc1
Vi
0
Vdc
(e)
(f)
Hnh 2.1 c tuyn truyn t ca mt s mch xn c bn
18
Vi
Vdc1 Vdc2
Da vo cu trc mch xn gm mch xn song song v mch xn ni tip.

Mch xn song song l mch xn c phn t xn ni song song vi ng
ra.
Mch xn ni tip l mch xn c phn t xn ni ni tip vi ng ra.
2.1.1 Mch xn song song
Xt mch sau:
R
Va
D
Vi
Vdc
Vk Vo
Hnh 2.2
Gi Va l in th ti anode, Vk l in th ti cathode. Mch trn c hai trng
hp xy ra:
Trng hp 1: Khi Va>Vk Vi>Vdc, diode dn, s mch tr thnh:
R
Va
D
Vi
Vdc
Vk Vo
Vo= Vdc
Hnh 2.3
Trng hp 2: Khi Va<Vk Vi<Vdc, diode ngng dn, s mch tr
thnh:
R
Va
Vi
D
Vdc
Vk Vo
Vo= Vi
Hnh 2.4
19
V d 1: Cho Vi v Vdc nh hnh 2.5. in p ng ra c xc nh nh sau:

V
Khi 0<t<t1: Vi<Vdc Diode ngng
Vm
Vdc
dn, thuc trng hp 2, Vo= Vi.
Khi t1<t<t2: Vi>Vdc Diode dn,
thuc trng hp 1, Vo= Vdc.
t1
t2
t3
t4
Vi
Khi t2<t<t3: Vi<Vdc Diode ngng
Vdc

t1
t2
-Vm
t3
t4
Vo

Hnh 2.5
T hnh 2.5 ta thy, khi Vi ln hn Vdc th in p ng ra lun bng Vdc, khi Vi
nh hn Vdc th in p ng ra lun bng Vi. V vy, c tuyn truyn t c
dng nh hnh 2.1a.
Xt mch sau:
R
Va
D
Vi
Vk Vo
Vdc
Hnh 2.6
hp xy ra:
R
Va
Vi
Vk Vo
Vo= Vdc
Vdc
Hnh 2.7
20

thnh:
R
Va
D
Vi
Vo= Vi
Vk Vo
Vdc
Hnh 2.8
V d2: Cho Vi v Vdc nh hnh 2.9. in p ng ra c xc nh nh sau:
V
Khi 0<t<t1: Vi>Vdc Diode dn,
Vi
Vm
t1
t2
t3
t4
Vdc

t1
t2
t3
t4
Vo
Vdc
-Vm
Hnh 2.9
T hnh 2.9 ta thy, khi Vi ln hn Vdc th in p ng ra lun bng Vdc, khi Vi
nh hn Vdc th in p ng ra lun bng Vi. V vy, c tuyn truyn t c
dng nh hnh 2.1e.
Bi tp:
Hy v v gii thch dng in p ng ra ca cc mch hnh 2.10. Bit
Vi 10 sin t , vi bt k, Vdc c ln bng 5v.
R
Vi
Vo
Vi
Vdc
(a)
Vo
Vi
Vdc
(b)
(c)
21
Vo
Vdc

R
Vi
Vo Vi
Vdc
Vdc
Vo Vi
Vdc
Vo
(d)
(e)
Hnh 2.10
2.1.2 Mch xn ni tip
(f)
Xt mch sau:
Va
Vi
Vdc
Vk
D
Vo
Hnh 2.11
hp xy ra:
Va Vk
Vi
Vdc
Vo
Vo= Vi - Vdc
Hnh 2.12
thnh:
Va Vk
Vi
Vdc
Vo
Vo= 0V
Hnh 2.13
22

Khi 0<t<t1: Vi<Vdc Diode ngng
V
Vm
dn, thuc trng hp 2, Vo= 0V.
Vdc
t
0
t1
t2
t3
t4
thuc trng hp 1, Vo= Vi - Vdc.
Vi
V

Vo
Vm-Vdc
t1
t2
t3
t
t4
thuc trng hp 1, Vo= Vi - Vdc.

Hnh 2.14
Xt mch sau:
Va
Vi
Vk
D
Vdc
Vo
Hnh 2.15
hp xy ra:
Va
Vi
Vdc
Vk
R
Vo
Vo= Vi - Vdc
Hnh 2.16
thnh:
Va
Vi
Vdc
Vk
R
Vo
Vo= 0V
Hnh 2.17
23

Khi 0<t<t1: Vi>Vdc Diode dn,
thuc trng hp 1, Vo= Vi Vdc=
Vi
Vm
Vi + 5.
t1
t2
t3
t4
0
-5
Vdc

V
Vo
Vm +5
thuc trng hp 1, Vo= Vi Vdc=

5
Vi + 5.
t1
t2
t3
t4

Hnh 2.18
Bi tp:
Hy v v gii thch dng in p ng ra ca cc mch hnh 2.19. Bit
Vi 10 sin t , vi bt k, Vdc c ln bng 5v.
Vi
Vdc
Vo
(a)
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vi
Vo
(b)
Vdc
(d)
Hnh 2.19
Vdc
Vi
Vo
Vdc
(c)
D
Vo
Vi
Vdc
(e)
R
Vdc
(f)
24
Vo
2.2 Mch ghim

2.2.1 Mch ghim nh trn
Cho mch hnh 2.20a, in p Vi v Vdc nh hnh 2.20b.

V
Vi
Vm
Va
Vi
Vdc
Vdc
Vo
Vk
0
Vdc
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
-Vm
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.20
Gi Va l in th ti anode, Vk l in th ti cathode v Vc l in p trn t.
Gi s, ban u in p trn t Vc bng khng.
Trong khong thi gian 0 < t < t1, ta thy Va > Vk lm diode dn, mch
hnh 2.20a tr thnh:
c
+ Va
Vk
Vm
Vo
Vo = Vdc
T C np qua diode nn y tc th, lc
ny, Vc = Vi Vo= Vm Vdc
Vdc
Trong khong thi gian t1 < t < t2, ta thy Va < Vk lm diode ngng dn,
mch hnh 2.20a tr thnh:
c
+ -
T C x qua R. Do R rt ln nn t x
khng ng k Vc l hng s trong
Va
R
sut khong thi gian t t1 n t2 Vc
Vo
Vk
Vm
= Vm Vdc
M: Vo = Vi Vc= Vm (Vm
Vdc
Vdc)= 2Vm + Vdc
Trong khong thi gian t2 < t < t3:
c
+ Va
Vm
Vk
Vdc
Vo
Ta c: Vi +Vc +Vak +Vdc=0

Vak= Vi Vc Vdc
Do trong thi gian trc t x khng
ng k nn ti thi im t2 in p trn
t Vc= Vm Vdc.
Vak= Vi (Vm Vdc) Vdc = Vm
Vm + Vdc Vdc= 0
25
Lc ny, diode vn ngng dn, Vo= Vi

Vc= Vm (Vm Vdc)= Vdc
Ta lm tng t cho cc khong thi gian khc.
T nhng trnh by trn in p ra c dng nh hnh 2.21:
V
Vi
Vm
Vdc
Vdc
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
-Vm
V
Vm
Vdc
Vdc
t1
t2
t3
-(2Vm -Vdc)
t4
t5
Vo
Hnh 2.21
Bi tp:
1/ Hy v v gii thch dng in p ng ra ca cc mch hnh 2.20a. Bit Vi
nh hnh 2.20b nhng Vdc > Vm.
nh hnh 2.20b nhng Vdc < 0.
26
2.2.2 Mch ghim nh di
Cho mch hnh 2.22a, in p Vi v Vdc nh hnh 2.22b.

V
Vi
Vi
Vm
Vk
Va
Vdc
Vdc
R Vo
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
Vdc
-Vm
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.22
Gi Va l in th ti anode, Vk l in th ti cathode v Vc l in p trn t.
Gi s, ban u in p trn t Vc bng khng.
Trong khong thi gian 0 < t < t1, ta thy Vk > Va lm diode ngng dn,
mch hnh 2.22a tr thnh:
c
+ -
Vk
Va
Vm
Vo
Vdc
T C np qua in tr R c gi tr rt
ln nn np khng ng k.
Vc = 0V
Vo = Vi Vc= Vi
Trong khong thi gian t1 < t < t2, ta thy Va > Vk lm diode dn, mch
hnh 2.22a tr thnh:
c
- +
Vk
Va
Vm
Vo
Vo = Vdc
T C np qua diode nn y tc th, lc
ny, Vc = Vi Vo= Vm Vdc
Vdc

c
- +
Vk
Vm
Va
R
Vdc
Vo
Diode ngng dn, t x qua R nn

khng ng k.
Vc l hng s trong khong thi gian
t t2 n t3 v Vc= Vm Vdc
M: Vo= Vi Vc
Vo= Vm + (Vm + Vdc)= 2Vm +Vdc
27

Ta c: Vi +Vc +Vka +Vdc=0
Vka= Vi Vc Vdc
c
- +
Do trong thi gian trc t x khng
ng k nn ti thi im t3 in p trn
Vk
t Vc= Vm Vdc.
R
Vm
Va
Vo
Vka = Vi + (Vm + Vdc) Vdc
= Vm + Vm + Vdc Vdc= 0
Vdc
diode vn ngng dn.
Vo= Vi Vc= Vm +(Vm +Vdc)
Vo= Vdc
Ta lm tng t cho cc khong thi gian khc.
T nhng trnh by trn in p ra c dng:
V
Vi
Vm
Vdc
Vdc
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
-Vm
V
(2Vm+Vdc)
Vo
Vm
Vdc
Vdc
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
Hnh 2.23
Bi tp:
nh hnh 2.22b nhng Vdc < Vm.
nh hnh 2.22b nhng Vm < Vdc < 0.
28
Chng 3: Mch dao ng a hi
Chng 3
MCH DAO NG A HI
3.1 Mch dao ng a hi dng BJT
3.1.1 Trng thi tt, dn bo ha ca BJT
Vcc
Vcc
RC
LED
LED
VBB
RB
VC
VC
VCE
IB
VBE
Hnh 3.1a
RB
VCE
IB
IC
RC
IC
VBE
Hnh 3.1b
Xt mch hnh 3.1a:

Khi kha K v tr [0], dng I B 0 I C 0 BJT tt coi nh cc C
v E ca BJT b h mch nh hnh 3.1b. Khi , LED tt, in th
VC Vcc .
Vcc
Khi kha K v tr [1], dng I B ln,

BJT dn bo ha, ta xem nh cc C v
cc E b ni tt.
VCE VCEsat 0,2V , VBE 0,8V v
I
I B K C , vi K l h s dn bo ha su
(K=25), l h s khuch i ca BJT.

IC
Vcc VLED VCEsat

, vi VLED l in
Rc
RC
IC
LED
RB
VC
VCE
VBB
IB
VBE
Hnh 3.1c
p ri trn LED. Khi , LED sng.
Bi tp:
1/ Tnh Rb, Rc v la chn Q trong mch hnh 3.1a sao cho khi ng kha K
qua v tr [1] th transistor dn bo ha. Bit VBB 5V , Vcc= 12V, VLED 2,5V
v LED sng bnh thng dng qua LED l 20mA.
29
3.1.2 Mch dao ng lng n (bistable)

Mch hnh 3.2a l mch dao ng lng n hay cn gi l mch dao ng
hai trng thi bn. Trong , mch c thit k sao cho Q1 v Q2 lm vic
vng dn bo ha.
Vcc
Vcc
R1
VO1
R2
Q1
RC 2
RC 1
RC 2
RC1
VO1
VO 2
R1
R2
Q1
Q2
Q2
VBE1
VO 2
VBE 2
Vi
Vi
Hnh 3.2a
Hnh 3.2b
Nguyn l hot ng:

Gi s ban u Q1 dn, Q2 tt, mch hnh 3.2a tr thnh nh hnh 3.2b.
Vcc VBE1
Lc ny, dng I B1
ti cc B ca transistor Q1 lm transistor Q1 tip
RC 2 R2
tc dn. ng thi, dng I B 2 0 ti cc B ca transistor Q2 lm transistor Q2
tip tc tt. Do , nu khng c tc ng bn ngoi th Q1 vn dn, Q2 vn tt.
V vy, trng thi Q1 dn, Q2 tt l trng thi n nh ca mch.
thay i trng thi ta cp mt xung m vo Vi, lm VBE1 0 Q1
ngng dn lm in th ti VO1 ln VBE 2 ln Q2 dn, mch hnh 3.2a
tr thnh nh hnh 3.2c.
Vcc
Vcc VBE 2
Lc ny, dng I B 2
ti
RC1 R1
R
R
cc B ca transistor Q2 lm transistor Q2
R
R
V
tip tc dn. ng thi, dng I B1 0 ti
V
cc B ca transistor Q1 lm transistor Q1
Q1
Q2
tip tc tt. Do , nu khng c tc ng
bn ngoi th Q2 vn dn, Q1 vn tt. V
V
V
vy, trng thi Q2 dn, Q1 tt l trng thi
n nh ca mch.
Vi
thay i trng thi ta cp mt
Hnh 3.2c
xung dng vo Vi, lm VBE1 ln
Q1 dn lm in th ti VO1 0V
VBE 2 0V Q2 ngng dn
C1
C2
O2
O1
BE 1
BE 2
30
T nguyn l hot ng trn, ta thy, mch hnh 3.2 c hai trng thi n
nh. V vy, mch c gi l mch dao ng lng n.
Dng in p vo, ra ca mch lng n nh sau:
VO1
Vm1
t1
t2
t3
t4
VO 2
Vm2
t1
t2
t3
t4
VBE1
V
t
t3
t4
t2
t3
t4
t2
t3
t4
t1
t2
t1
t1
VBE 2
Vi
t
Hnh 3.3
Bi tp
1/ Hy thit k mch hnh 3.2a sao cho I C1 I C 2 20mA . Bit Vcc= 5V.
3.1.3 Mch dao ng n n (monostable)
Hnh 3.4a l mch dao ng n n hay cn gi l mch dao ng mt
trng thi bn. Q1 v Q2 c thit k lm vic trong vng dn bo ha.
31

Vcc
RB1
RC1
R
VO1
Vcc
VO1
VO 2
RB1
RC1
RC 2
Q1
Q1
RC 2
VO 2
Q2
VBE 2
Q2
Vi
Vi
Hnh 3.4a
Hnh 3.4b
Nguyn l hot ng:

Gi s ban u Q1 dn, Q2 tt, mch hnh 3.4a tr thnh nh hnh 3.4b.
Lc ny, t C np nng lng t ngun qua RC 2 v mi ni BE ca Q1, in p
trn t c chiu nh hnh 3.4b, ngoi dng np qua t dng I B1 cn c cung
cp t ngun qua RB1 . Do , cho d t np y th Q1 vn dn VO1 0V
Q2 tip tc tt. Nu khng c tc ng bn ngoi th mch khng thay i trng
thi. V vy, trng thi ny l trng thi n nh ca mch.
thay i trng thi ta cp mt xung dng vo Vi, lm VBE 2 ln
Q2 dn, t C t in p m vo mi ni BE ca Q1 lm VBE1 0 Q1 ngng
dn, mch hnh 3.4a tr thnh nh hnh 3.4c.
Vcc
Lc ny, t C x qua RB1 v Q2 lm
in p trn t gim dn. Sau khi t x
ht, t tip tc np nng lng t ngun
RB1
RC1
RC 2
Vcc qua RB1 v Q2 in p trn t i
R
- C+
VO1
VO 2
du v tng dn. M VBE1 VC vi VC l
Q1
in p trn t. VBE1 cng tng dn.
Q2
Ti mt lc no VBE1 ln, lm Q1
VBE 2
VBE1
+
+
dn VO1 0V Q2 tt
Vi
Hnh 3.4c
32
T nguyn l hot ng trnh by trn, ta thy trng thi n nh ca

mch l trng thi Q1 dn, Q2 tt. Khi c tc ng bn ngoi, mch thay i
trng thi Q1 tt, Q2 dn, sau mt thi gian mch t tr v trng thi n nh.
Do , trng thi Q1 tt, Q2 dn l trng thi khng n nh ca mch.
Dng in p VO1 , VO 2 , VBE1 v VBE 2 nh sau:
VO1
Vm
t1
t2
TO
VO 2
Vcc
t1
t2
t1
t2
t1
t2
VBE1
V
-Vcc
VBE 2
Vi
t
t1
Hnh 3.5
Gi To l rng xung ra. To ph thuc vo thi gian np, x ca t C. To
l thi gian t t1 n t2. Do , tnh To ta xt in p VBE1 trong thi gian t
t1 n t2 v di trc ta nh sau:
33

V
2Vcc
Vcc V
TO
Hnh 3.6
Trong thi gian ny VBE1 cng chnh l in p trn t C v c phng trnh sau:
t
VC (t ) 2Vcc1 e
Khi t To th in p VC Vcc V . Do Vcc V VC Vcc

T
Vcc 2Vcc1 e
1 e
TO
O
1
1
e
2
2
Ly logarit hai v ta c:
1
ln
TO
TO ln 2
M: RB1C c gi l thi hng np x ca t
TO RC ln 2 0.693 RB1C 0.7 RB1C
Bi tp
1/ Hy thit k mch hnh 3.4a sao cho I C1 I C 2 20mA v To= 1ms. Bit
Vcc= 5V.
3.1.4 Mch dao ng bt n (astable)
Cho mch dao ng bt n nh hnh 3.7a.
Vcc
RC1
VO1
RB 2
C1
Vcc
RC 2
RB1
C2
Q1
RC1
VO 2
VO1
C1
RC 2
RB1
C2
-
Q1
Q2
VBE1
RB 2
VBE 2
Hnh 3.7b
34
VO 2
Q2
VBE1
Hnh 3.7a
VBE 2
Nguyn l hot ng:

Gi s ban u, Q1 dn, Q2 tt, mch hnh 3.7a tr thnh nh hnh 3.7b
VO1 0V , VO 2 Vcc . Lc ny, t C2 np nng lng t ngun qua RC 2 v
mi ni BE ca Q1, in p trn t c chiu nh hnh 3.7b, ngoi dng np qua
t dng I B1 cn c cung cp t ngun qua RB1 . ng thi, t C1 c np qua
RB 2 v c chiu nh hnh 3.7b. in p trn t C1 , VC1 (in p trn t C1 )
tng dn. M VBE 2 VC1 VBE 2 cng tng dn. Ti mt lc no , VBE 2 ln
lm Q2 dn. t C2 t in p m vo mi ni BE ca Q1. VBE1 0 lm
Q1 tt.
Khi mch trng Q1 tt, Q2 dn, mch hnh 3.7a tr thnh nh hnh 3.7c:
VO1 Vcc , VO 2 0V . Lc ny, t
C1 x nng lng qua mi ni BE ca
Vcc
Q2. Sau , np nng lng t ngun
qua RC1 v mi ni BE ca Q2, in p
R
R
R
R
trn t o chiu v tng dn xem hnh
C
C
V
V
3.7c, ngoi dng np qua t dng I B 2 cn
c cung cp t ngun qua RB 2 . Do ,
Q2 vn c duy tr trng thi dn cho
Q1
Q2
d t C1 np y. ng thi, t C2
V
V
c np qua RB1 v Q2 sau khi x ht
Hnh 3.7c
xem hnh 3.7c. in p trn t C2 , VC 2
(in p trn t C2 ) tng dn.
M VBE1 VC 2 VBE1 cng tng dn. Ti mt lc no , VBE1 ln lm Q1
dn. t C1 t in p m vo mi ni BE ca Q2. VBE 2 0 lm Q2 tt.
Ta thy, ban u, Q1 dn, Q2 tt, sau mt thi gian mch t ng i qua
trng thi Q1 tt, Q2 dn. Khi Q1 tt, Q2 dn sau mt thi gian mch li t i
qua trng thi Q1 dn, Q2 tt v c lp i lp li. Do , khng c trng thi n
nh. V vy, mch c gi l mch dao ng bt n hay mch dao ng phi
n.
Dng in p VO1 , VO 2 , VBE1 v VBE 2 nh sau:
C1
B2
B1
C2
O1
O2
BE 1
BE 2
35
VO1
Vcc
t1
t2
t4
Tx 2
Tx1
VO 2
t3
Vcc
t1
t2
t3
t4
t1
t2
t3
t4
t1
t2
t3
t4
VBE1
V
-Vcc
VBE 2
-Vcc
Hnh 3.8
T hnh 3.8 ta thy, Tx1 chnh l thi gian t C2 x v np qua RB1 , Tx 2
chnh l thi gian t C1 x v np qua RB 2 . Tng t nh mch dao ng n n
ta c cng thc:
Tx1 0.693RB1C2
Tx 2 0.693RB 2C1
Tx1 , Tx 2 c n v l s. T C1 , C2 c n v l F. RB1 , RB 2 c n v l .
Chu k ca in p ra: T Tx1 Tx 2 0,693( RB1C2 RB 2C1 )
1
Tn s ca in p ra: f
T
36
3.2 Mch dao ng a hi dng op-amp

3.2.1 Trng thi bo ho ca op-amp v mch so snh
Vo
VoSat
+Vcc
Vung bao hoa

dng
Vi
Vcc A
Vo
VoSat
Vung bao hoa

am
-Vcc
Vcc A
Vung tuyen
tnh
Hnh 3.9 K hiu op-amp

Hnh 3.10 c tuyn truyn t ca op-amp
Hnh 3.10 l c tuyn truyn t ca op-amp vi A l li p vng h,
Vi V V l in p vo. Da vo c tuyn truyn t ta thy:
Khi V V th Vo Vosat , op-amp lm vic trong vng bo ha dng.
Khi V V th Vo Vosat , op-amp lm vic trong vng bo ha m.
Khi V V th Vo A.Vi
i vi op-amp l tng th A , Vosat Vcc v in tr ng vo Ri . i
vi op-amp thc t th 105 A 108 , Vosat nh hn Vcc mt vi volt v in tr
ng vo 106 Ri 1013 .
Op-amp c dng thc hin mch khuch i, mch cng, mch tr, mch
so snh, thc hin mch so snh ta cho op-amp lm vic trong vng bo
ha nh hnh 3.11 sau:
+Vcc
Vi
Vo
Vi
Hnh 3.11a
-Vcc
VDC
Vi
Vo
Vo
VDC
+Vcc
+Vcc
-Vcc
-Vcc
Hnh 3.11b
Hnh 3.11c
Bi tp
Hy v v gii thch dng in p ng ra ca cc mch hnh 3.11abc. Bit
Vi 10 sin t , vi bt k, VDC c ln bng 5v.
37

V
VO
Vcc
Vcc
+Vcc
Vo
-Vcc
Vi
Hnh 3.12
R2
Vcc
TO
Vi
Tph
R1
t1
t2
t3
Hnh 3.13
Nguyn l hot ng:

ch xc lp, op-amp lm vic trong vng bo ha m, Vo Vcc .
Lc ny, diode dn nn V V , vi V l in p phn cc thun ca diode.
R1
R1
VO
VCC VCC
R1 R2
R1 R2
R1
Vi
R1 R2
Do V VCC V V , suy ra, op-amp tip tc lm vic trong vng bo ha
m. Nu khng c tc ng bn ngoi th mch khng thay i trng thi. V
vy, y l trng thi n nh ca mch.
Khi c xung dng tc ng vo Vi , V V , lm op-amp i qua trng
thi bo ha dng, Vo Vcc .
Lc ny, diode ngng dn, t C np nng lng t Vo qua R xung mass, lm
V tng dn.
R1
M: V
VO V VCC
R1 R2
Do V c th tng dn ti Vcc , V c in th nh hn Vcc nn ti mt lc
no V V . Khi ny, op-amp lm vic trong vng bo ha m, Vo Vcc ,
diode dn, t x v in th V c ghim mc V . Op-amp trng thi bo
ha dng l trng thi khng n nh ca mch.
M: V
38
T nguyn l hot ng trn ta thy, mch c mt trng thi n nh nn mch

c gi l mch n n hay cn gi mch mt trng thi bn. Hnh 3.13 l
dng in p ng ra v dng in p trn t ca mch.
To l rng xung, n ph thuc vo thi gian np ca t, v vy, tnh To ta
xt phng trnh sau:
t

VC (t ) (Vcc V )1 e
Ti thi im t To ta c: VC (To ) (Vcc V )1 e Vcc V
T
T

Vcc V
Vcc
1 e
1 e
Vcc V
1 V
Vcc
T

V
k
t k
1 e
Vcc
1 k
O
TO
k
1 k
TO
1 k
1
e
1
1 k
TO
1 k
1 k
ln
TO ln
1
1
M: RC
1 k
TO RC ln
1
1
Tng t, ta c: Tph RC ln
1 k
TO
39
+Vcc
C nap
Vo=+Vcc

a. Nguyn l:
Mch in hnh 3.14 l s mch
dao ng tch thot dng Op-amp
cho ra tn hiu vung.
S c hai mch hi tip t ng ra v
hai ng
vo. C u phn p RC hi tip v ng
In-, cu phn
p R1 R2 hi tip v ng In+.
gii thch nguyn l mch ta gi s
t C cha np in v Op-amp ang
trng thi bo ha dng. Lc ny, cu
-Vcc
R1
R2
Hnh 3.14: Mch dao ng tch

thot
phn p R1 R2 a in p dng v ng In+ vi mc in p l: V0 = +VCC

Vin VCC .
R2
VA ( Vin > 0V)
R1 R 2
Trong khi , ng In- c in p tng dn ln t 0V, in p tng do t C np

qua R theo quy lut hm s m vi hng s thi gian l =RC
Khi t C np c Vin < Vin th Op-amp vn trng thi bo ha dng. Khi t C
np n mc in p Vin > Vin th OP-AMP i thnh trng thi bo ha m, ng
ra c V0 = -VCC. Lc ny cu phn p R1 R2 a in p m v ng In+ vi
mc in p l:
Vin VCC .
R2
VB ( Vin < 0V )
R1 R 2
Trong khi ng In- vn cn ang mc in p dng vi tr s:

Vin VCC .
R2
R1 R 2
do t C ang cn np in. Nh vy Op-amp s chuyn sang trng thi bo ha

m nhanh cho cnh xung vung thng ng. T C by gi s x in p dng
ang np trn t qua R1 v ti ng ra xung mass. Khi t C x in p dng
ang c th Vin vn mc in p m nn Op-amp vn trng thi bo ha m.
Khi t C x ht in p dng s np in qua R c in p m ang c do
ng ra ang trng thi bo ha m chiu np by gi ngc vi chiu dng
in np trn hnh v.
Khi t C np in p m n mc Vin < Vin (ng In- nh hn ng In+) th Op-amp
li i thnh trng thi bo ha dng v ng ra c V0 = +VCC.
Mch tr li trng thi gi thit ban u v hin tng trn c tip din lin
tc tun hon.
V
in-
b. Dng sng cc chn:

Mc gii hn in p ng ra l:
V0max +VCC
V0min -VCC
Mc gii hn in p hai
ngvo l:
R2
R1 R 2
R2
VB VCC .
R1 R 2
VA
t
VB
Vin+
VA
t
VA VCC .
Dng in ng vo In- l dng

tam gic. Thi gian in p ng
vo In- tng t VB ln VA l Opamp trng thi bo ha dng,
Thi gian in p ng vo In-
VB
Vo
Vcc
t
-Vcc
Hnh 3.15. Dng sng cc chn.

40
gim t VA xung VB l Op_amp trng thi bo ha dng. Dng in p

ng In+ v ng ra l trng thi xung vung i xng. Chu k ca tn hiu c
tnh theo cng thc
T 2R.CLn
R 1 2R 2
R1
Suy ra tn s ca tn hiu xung c tnh theo cng thc

f
1
T
Trng hp c bit:
R1 = 2R2 T = 2.R.CLn2
=2.R.C.0,69
f=
R1 = R2
1
1
2.0,69.R.C 1,4.R.C
T = 2.R.CLn3
=2.R.C.1,1
f
1
2,2.R.C
3.3 Dao ng dng vi mch LM555

3.3.1 Cu to vi mch LM555
Vi mch 555 c ch to thng dng nht
l dng v Plastic nh hnh v 3.16
Chn 1: GND (ni t)
Chn 2: Trigger Input (ng vo xung ny)
Chn 3: Output ( ng ra)
Chn 4: Reset (hi phc)
Chn 5: Control Voltage ( in p iu khin)
Chn 6: Threshold (Thm ngng)
Chn 7: Dirchage ( x in)
Chn 8: +VCC ( ngun dng)
555
Hnh 3.16: Hnh dng IC555

Vi mch nh th 555 c 8 chn, c ngun nui trong khong t +5V n +15V
v mc p ti a l +18V. Bn trong vi mch 555 c hn 20 Transistor v nhiu
in tr thc hin chc nng nh trong hnh 3.17 gm:
Cu phn p gm 3 in tr 5K ni t ngun +VCC xung mass cho ra hai
in p chun l 1/3 VCC v 2/3 VCC .
Op-amp (1) l mch khuch i so snh c ng In- nhn in p chun 2/3
VCC cn ng In+ th ni ra ngoi chn 6. Ty thuc in p ca chn 6 so vi
in p chun 2/3 VCC m Op-amp (1) c in p mc cao hay thp lm
tn hiu R (Reset) iu khin Flip-Flop(F/F).
41
Op-amp (2) l mch khuch i so snh c ng In+ nhn in p chun 1/3

VCC cn ng In- th ni ra ngoi chn 2. Ty thuc in p chn 2 so vi
in p chun 1/3 VCC m Op-amp (2) c p th ra mc cao hay thp lm
tn hiu S (Set) iu khin Flip Flop (F/F).
Mch Flip-Flop (F/F) l loi mch lng n kch mt bn. Khi chn Set (S)
c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi ca F/F l ng Q ln mc
cao v ng Q ca xung mc thp. Khi ng Set ang mc cao xung thp
th mch F/F khng i trng thi. Khi chn Reset (R) c in p cao th
in p ny kch i trng thi ca F/F lm ng Q ln mc cao v ng Q
xung mc thp. Khi ng Reset ang mc cao xung thp th mch F/F
khng i trng thi.
Mch OUTPUT l mch khuch i ng ra tng khuch i dng cp
cho ti. y l mch khuch i o c ng vo l chn Q ca F/F nn khi
Q mc cao th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in p thp ( 0v) v ngc ti
khi Q mc thp th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in p cao (VCC)
Transistor T1 c chn E ni vo 1 in p chun khong 1,4 V v loi
Transistor PNP nn khi cc B ni ra ngoi bi chn 4 c in p cao hn
1,4V th T1 ngng dn nn T1 khng nh hng n hot ng ca mch khi
chn 4 c in tr tr s nh thch hp (ni mass) th T 1 dn bo ha ng
thi lm mch OUTPUT cng dn bo ha v ng ra xung thp. Chn 4
c gi l chn Reset c ngha l n Reset IC 555 bt chp tnh trng cc
ng vo khc, do chn Reset dng kt thc xung ra sm khi cn. Nu
khng dng chc nng Reset th ni chn 4 ln VCC trnh mch b Reset
do nhiu.
Transistor T2 l Transistor c cc C h ni ra chn 7 (Discharge = x).
Do cc B c phn cc bi mc in p ra Q ca F/F nn khi Q mc
cao th T2 bo ha v cc C ca T2 coi nh ni mass, lc ng ra chn 3
cng mc thp. Khi Q mc thp th T2 ngng dn cc C ca T2 b h,
lc ng ra chn 3 c in p cao. Theo nguyn l trn cc C ca T 2 ra
chn 7 c th lm ng ra ph c mc in p ging mc in p ca ng ra
chn 4. Hnh 3.17 l s cu trc bn trong ca IC 555 v theo kiu s
chc nng.
42
Vcc
Threshold
5K
2
Vcc
3
+
-
1
R
Control
Voltage
NOT
Q
F/F
5K
1
Vcc
3
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
T2
S
+
-
Dirchage
5K
T1
GND
Vr = 1.4 V
Trigger Input
Reset
Hnh 3.17 Cu trc ca IC 555.

Hnh 3.18: Mch n n dng IC 555
+Vcc
+Vcc
10 K
K
K
555
Vo
Rt
01
c th phn tch nguyn l ca mch n

n mt cch r rng, d hiu chng ta s
dng s hnh 3.18. S hnh v mch p
dng IC 555 lm mch n n, s hnh
3.18 kt hp vi s cu trc bn trong IC.
Trong mch ny chn ngng s 6 v chn
x s 7 c ni vo im chung ca mch
nh th RTC. Chn nhn xung kch s 2
c ni ln ngun + VCC qua in tr 10K
sao cho chn ny c in p ln hn 1|3VCC.
Hnh 3.18: Mch n n dng IC 555
c im ca mch n n l khi c xung m hp tc ng tc thi ng vo

Trigger chn hai mch s i trng thi v ti ng ra chn 3 s c xung dng
ra. rng xung ng ra c thi gian di hay ngn ty thuc mch nh th
RTC, sau mch s tr li trng thi ban u.
Nguyn l mch n n c gii thch nh sau:
Khi m in t C ni chn 6 v 7 xung masse lm OP- AMP (1) c ng In+
nh hn ng In- nn ng ra V01 = 0v, ng R mc thp. Lc OP-AMP (2) c
43
ng In+ cng nh hn ng In- nn ng ra V02 = 0v, ng s cng thp. Mch F|F c

hai ng R v S u mc thp v nh cu trc ca mch chi tit n F\F c ng
ra Q mc cao, qua mch o ng ra chn 3 s c mc thp gn 0v. khi Q mc
cao o phn cc bo ha cho T2 lm T2 dn ni chn 7 xung mass, chn 6 cng
b ni mass nn t C khng np in c, mch s n nh trng thi ny nu
khng c tc ng khc bn ngoi.
Khi ng kha K s c xung m kch vo chn Trigger s 2 lm OP-AMP (2)
i trng thi ng S ln mc cao. Mc cao ca ng S iu khin lm F|F i
trng thi, lm ng Q xung mc thp, ng ra qua mch o s tng ln mc cao
v xung dng ra. Lc , Q mc thp nn T2 ngng dn t C np in qua
RT. Trong thi gian t C np in mch vn gi trng thi ny nn ng ra tip
tc ng cao.
in p np trn t c tr s tng theo hm s m v khi in p t ga tr 2|3
VCC th OP-AMP (1) i trng thi,ng R tng ln mc cao. Ng Rc mc cao
s iu khin F|F tr li trng thi c, ng Q ln mc cao lm ng ra qua mch
o s xung mc thp chm dt xung dng ra. ng thi lc T2 c phn
cc bo ha nn chn 7 ni mass lm t C x in, mch s n nh trng thi
ny cho n khi no c xung m khc tc ng vo chn Trigger (s 2).
Thi gian xung dng ra tc l thi gian np in t 0v ln 2|3 VCC c
tnh theo nh sau:
in p np trn t tng theo hm s m l:
tx
VC = VCC ( 1- e )
Trong = RT. C
Thi gian t np c in th t 0V ln 2|3 VCC l tx c tnh bi:
tx
VC = VCC ( 1 - e ) = 2|3VCC
tx
Suy ra: ( 1- e ) =
x
2
2
hay l 1 - = e
3
3
x
1
1
= e = tx
3
e
tx
e =3
Cui cng ta c hm s ngc ca hm s m l Ln.

Nh vy:
tx = . Ln3 ( Ln3 = 1,1 )
tx = 1,1 RT. C
44

+VCC=12V
S mch hnh 3.19 l ng dng ca IC
555 l mch a hi phi n to xung
vung.
R96
Trong mch chn ngng (Threshold) so 6
Ra
8
4
c ni vi chn Trigger s 2 nn hai
7
Rb
chn ny c chung in p l in p trn
6 555 3
t C so vi in p chun 2/3 VCC v
2
R=1,2K
1/3 VCC bi Op- amp (1) v Op- amp (2).
1
5
Chn 5 c t nh 0.01F ni mass lc
C
nhiu tn s cao c th lm nh hng
.01
in p chun 2/3 VCC.
Chn 4 ni ngun +VCC nn khng dng
chc nng Reset, chn 7 x in c ni Hnh 3.19: Mch a hi phi n
vo gia 2 in tr RA v RB to ng x
in cho t. Ng ra chn 3 c in tr 1,2 K hn dng cho Led v Led biu
th mc in p ra (ch c th dng trong trng hp tn s dao ng c tr s
thp t 20HZ tr xung cn tn s cao hn 40HZ trng thi sng tt ca Led
kh c th nhn bit bng mt thng).
phn tch nguyn l ca mch cn phi hp mch ng dng hnh 3.19 v s
cu trc hnh 3.17.
Khi mi ng in t C bt u np t 0V ln nn:
- Op-amp (1) c VI+< VI- nn ng ra c V01 = mc thp, ng R= 0 (mc thp).
- Op-amp (2) c VI+ > VI- nn ng ra c V02 = mc cao, ng S=1 (mc cao).
Mch F/F c ng S=1 nn Q =1 v Q = 0. Lc ng ra chn 3 c V0 VCC (do
qua mch o ) lm Led sng.
- Transistor T2 c VB2 = 0 do Q = 0 nn T2 ngng dn t C c np in.
T C np in qua RA v RB vi hng s thi gian khi np l:
nap (R A R B ) C
Khi in p trn t tng n mc 1/3 VCC th Op-amp (2) i trng thi, ng ra
c V02 = mc thp, ng S = 0 ( mc thp). Khi S xung mc thp th F/F khng
i trng thi nn in p ng ra vn mc cao, Led vn sng.
Khi in p trn t tng n mc 2/3 VCC th Op-amp (1) di trng thi, ng ra
c V01 = mc cao, ng R = 1.
Mch F/F c ng R= 1 nn Q= 1. Lc ra chn 3 c V 0 0V lm Led tt. Khi
ng Q=1 s lm T2 dn bo ha v chn 7 ni mass, lm t C khng np tip
in p c m phi x in qua RB v Transistor T2 xung mass. T C x in
qua RB vi hng s thi gian l:
x = RB. C
Khi in p trn t (tc la in p chn 2 v chn 6) gim xung di 2/3 V CC
th Op-amp(1) i tr li trng thi c l V01 = mc thp, ng R = 0. Khi R
xung mc thp th F/F khng i trng thi nn in p ng ra vn mc thp,
45
Led vn tt. Khi in p trn t gim xung n mc 1/3 V CC th Op- amp(2) li

c VI+ > VI- nn ng ra c V02 = mc cao, ng S1 = 1. Mch F/F c ng S=1 v
Q 0 , ng ra chn 3 qua mch o c V0 + VCC lm Led li sng, ng thi
lc T2 mt phn cc do Q 0 nn ngng dn v chm dt giai on x in
ca t. Nh vy mch tr lai trng thi ban u v t li np in t mc 1/3
VCC nn n 2/3 VCC, hin tng ny s tip din lin tc v tun hon.
Lu : Khi mi m in t C s np in t 0 V ln 2/3 VCC ri sau t x in
l 2/3 VCC xung 1/2 VCC ch khng x xung 0V. Nhng chu k sau t s np
t 1/3VCC ln 2/3VCC ch khng np t 0V na.
Thi gian t np l thi gian V0 + VCC, Led sng. Thi gian t x l thi gian
V0 0V, Led tt.
Thi gian np v x t c tnh theo cng thc:
Thi gian np: tnp = 0,69. np
tnp = 0,69.( RA + RB ) C
Thi gian x: tx = 0,69.x
tx = 0,69. RB. C
in p ng ra chn 3 c dng hnh vung vi chu k l:
T = tnp +tx
T = 0,69 ( RA + 2RB ) C
Do thi gian np v thi gian x khng bng nhau ( t np > tx ) nn tn hiu hnh
vung ra khng i xng. Tn s ca tn hiu hnh vung l:
f
1
1
T 0,69(R A 2R B )C
3.4 Dao ng dng cc cng logic
46
Chng 4: Cc mch to xung khc
Chng 4
CC MCH TO XUNG KHC
4.1 Dao ng blocking
VCC
RB
VBB +
Vo
Vi
Hnh 4.1a
VBE
VCC
-
RB
VBB +
iB
Vi
Vo
VCC
+
RB
VBB +
iB
iC
VBE
Hnh 4.1b
Vi
Vo
iC
VBE
Hnh 4.1c
Nguyn l hot ng:

Xt mch dao ng blocking hnh 4.1a. ch xc lp, cha c xung
tc ng vo Vi , VBE 0 , transistor tt lm Vo VCC . Nu khng c tc ng bn
ngoi th transistor khng thay i trng thi, in th ng ra Vo lun bng VCC .
Do , trng thi ny l trng thi n nh ca mch.
Ti thi im t 0 , kch mt xung dng ln vo Vi VBE ln lm
transistor Q dn Vo 0 . Khi Q dn trong cun dy C xut hin dng iC . Do
hin tng cm ng in t nn cun dy C xut hin mt sc in ng cm
ng c chiu chng li s tng dng iC dng iC tng dn. ln dng iC
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(4.1)
iC iB i
Vi i B l dng phn hi ca iB qua bin p. Gi c l sc in ng cm ng
ca cun C . Dng i l dng t ha c xc nh theo cng thc:

di (t )
(4.2)
c L
dt
M, ti thi im t 0 , Q va dn, dng i (0) 0 v c VCC . T (4.2) ta suy
ra, dng in iC ti thi im t no c tnh nh sau:
i (t ) i (0)
c L
t 0
i (t ) i (0)
VCC L
t 0
47
VCC
(4.3)
t
L
Cng do hin tng cm ng in t, nn trn cun B cng xut hin in
p vB c chiu nh hnh 4.1b. Chnh in p ny duy tr dng iB transistor
tip tc dn. Khi Q dn in p trn cun C bng VCC . Suy ra, in p
vB nVCC , vi n l t s vng dy ca cun B v cun C . Lc ny, dng iB
c tnh theo cng thc:
v VBB V BE
(4.4)
iB B
RB
iB
T cng thc (4.3) v (4.4) ta
thy, khi Q dn, dng iC tng, dng
t
iB l hng s. Khi iC t gi tr no
t1
0
, iB khng duy tr dng iC
iC
th transistor ra khi trng thi bo
ha.
Khi transistor chuyn dn sang
t
ch khuch i, in th Vo tng
t1
0
lm in p trn cun C gim. in
Vo
p trn C gim lm dng iC gim,
TO
do hin tng cm ng in t nn
cun C sinh ra sc in ng cm
VCC
ng ngc chiu vi ban u lm
t
in p trn cun B i du (xem
t1
0
hnh 41.c). in p trn B i du
Vi
lm VBE 0 , transistor tt rt nhanh.
t
Lc ny, in th ng ra c tnh
0
theo cng thc Vo VCC C . V
vy, in th Vo tng nhanh v ln
Hnh 4.2
hn in p VCC .
Khi transistor tt, cc cun dy trong bin p x nng lng, in p trn
cc cun dy gim dn ti khi xc lp in p trn cc cun dy bng khng. Do
, in th ng ra gim dn ti VCC (xem hnh 4.2).
i (t )
Tnh rng xung TO :

Coi bin p l tng nn: iB niB
M VBB , VBE rt nh nn t cng thc (4.4) ta c:
v
nV
i B B CC
RB
RB
48
(4.5)
n 2VCC
(4.6)
RB
T cng thc (4.1), (4.3) v (4.6) ta c:
n 2VCC VCC
(4.7)
iC (t )
t
RB
L
M ti thi im t TO , transistor bt u hot ng trong vng khuch i
nV
nn iC (TO ) iB CC . Th t TO v iC (TO ) vo cng thc (4.7) ta c:
RB
iB
n 2VCC VCC
nV
TO CC
RB
L
RB
nL
TO
( n)
RB
(4.8)
VCC
4.2 Mch Schmitt trigger

4.2.1 Mch dng BJT
RC 2
RC1
VO
C
Nguyn l hot ng:
Mch hnh 4.3 c thit
k sao cho cc transistor hot
R
Q2
V
R
i
R
i
ng trong vng bo ha.
Khi Vi nh Q1 tt, in
Q1
V
th ti cc C ca Q1 ln lm
R
Q2 dn bo ha, lc ny,
Hnh 4.3
VO I C 2 RE 2 VCEsat . Khi Q2
dn bo ha in th ti cc E
V
ca Q1 v Q2 ln, tip tc
VO
duy tr trng thi tt ca Q1.
VCC
Khi Vi tng ln hn mt
Vng 2
gi tr in p ngng Vng 2
Vi
no , Q1 dn, in th ti
Vng1
cc C ca Q1 nh lm Q2 tt,
I R V
t
lc ny, VO VCC . Khi Q1 dn C 2 E 2 CEsat
0
in th ti cc E ca Q1 v
Q2 ln, tip tc duy tr trng
Hnh 4.4
thi tt ca Q2.
Khi Vi gim nh hn mt gi tr in p ngng Vng1 no , Q1 tt, in
i
B1
C1
C2
E2
th ti cc C ca Q1 ln lm Q2 dn bo ha, lc ny, VO I C 2 RE 2 VCEsat . Khi

Q2 dn bo ha in th ti cc E ca Q1 v Q2 ln, tip tc duy tr trng thi
tt ca Q1.
49
4.2.2 Mch dng Op-Amp

V
+Vcc
Vi
Vo
Vi
VCC
+
-Vcc
VO
VCC
R2
VCC
VCC
R1
Hnh 4.5
Hnh 4.6
R1
VO
V
T hnh 4.5 ta c:
R1 R2
V Vi
R1
t
R1 R2
V VO
V VCC

V Vi
V Vi
Khi VO VCC :
Nu Vi VCC th VO khng thay i v vn bng VCC .
Nu Vi VCC th VO VCC
Khi VO VCC :
Nu Vi VCC th VO VCC .
Nu Vi VCC th VO khng thay i v vn bng VCC
Hnh 4.6 l dng in p ca mch hnh 4.5.
4.3 Mch dao ng dng UJT

VCC
VCC
VB 2
VE
VE
VB1
C
Hnh 4.6a
IB
R2
R1
IE
R2
VB 2
RB2
IV
VB
IE
R B1
V B1
C
R1
Hnh 4.6b
IP
Hnh 4.7
50
VE
VV
VB
VP
Hnh 4.6a l mch dao ng dng UJT. Hnh 4.6b l mch dao ng dng UJT
khi thay UJT bng mch tng ng bao gm hai in tr RB1 , RB 2 v diode
D.
Nguyn l hot ng:

Gi s, in p trn t ti thi im ban u bng khng. Khi ny, ta cp
ngun VCC , in th VE 0 .
( R B1 R1 )
M VB
(4.9)
VCC
R B1 R1 R B 2 R2
VE VB
Suy ra, diode D b phn cc nghch Dng I B nh in p VB1 I B R1
nh, in p VB 2 VCC I B R2 ln. ng thi t C np qua R lm in p VE
tng dn. Ti mt lc no VE ln lm diode phn cc thun.
Diode dn lm cho RB1 gim dng I B tng ln lm cho VB1 tng, VB 2
gim. ng thi do RB1 gim t cng thc (4.9) ta thy in th ti VB gim.
Lc ny, t x qua diode, qua RB1 v qua R1 xung mass lm in th VE gim.
Ti mt lc no in th VE nh lm cho diode tt. Lc , I B li gim v
qu trnh c lp i lp li. Sau y l dng in p VB1 , VB 2 v VE ca mch.
VB 2
t1 t 2
t3 t 4
t5
t6
VB1
t1 t 2
t3 t 4
t5
t6
VE
VCC
VP
VV
t1 t 2
t3 t 4
Hnh 4.8
51
t 5 t6
THIT B CHNH CHO CC BI THC TP

I. Thit b chnh bao gm cc phn chc nng :
Ngun mt chiu.
Ngun tn hiu.
Test Board dng cm linh kin khi lp rp mch.
II. c trng v chc nng ca thit b chnh nh sau :
Ngun +12V, -12V, dng 3A, c bo v qu dng
Ngun 5V, dng 2A, c bo v qu dng
Ngun dng 0..20V, ngun m 0..-20V, dng 1.5A c bo v qu dng
(mass ring)
Ngun tn hiu c th la chn cc loi tn hiu gm tn hiu sin, tn hiu tam
gic, xung vung n cc v xung vung lng cc, c bin 0..10V, tn
s 1Hz..50KHz
Cc ngun c LED hin th bo c ngun v bo qu dng.
Cc ngun 12V, +5V v ngun tn hiu c ni chung mass, nn chng c
k hiu mass ging nhau.
Cc ngun DC thay i c t 0 ti 20V c ni chung mass, nn chng
c k hiu mass ging nhau.
Cc ngun DC v ngun tn hiu u c a ln Test board.
III. CC BI THC TP
STT
NI DUNG
Bi 1: S dng my hin sng v m hnh

k thut xung
1.1 My hin sng (OSC)
1.1.1 Cu to ca my hin sng
1.1.2 Chc nng v cch s dng
cc b phn trn OSC
1.2 M hnh k thut xung
1.2.1 Gii thiu
1.2.2 Cch s dng
1.3 Thc hnh
1.3.1 Xc nh hnh dng, bin
, tn s ca tn hiu
1.3.2 Chnh mt ngun sao cho
cho hnh dng, bin v tn s
theo yu cu
THIT B
M hnh
thc hnh k
thut xung
My hin
sng (OSC)
VT T
Bi 2: Mch bin i dng xung dng RC

2.1 Mch bin i dng xung
dng RC
2.1.1 Mch lc thng thp v
mch tch phn
2.1.2 Mch lc thng cao v
mch vi phn
2.2 Mch bin i dng xung
dng Op-Amp
2.2.1 Mch tch phn dng OpAmp
2.2.2 Mch vi phn dng Op Amp
M hnh
thc hnh k
thut xung
My hin
sng (OSC)
R: 100,
1K.
C: 1uF,
0.1uF
Op-Amp:
741
Bi 3: Mch xn v mch ghim in p

3.1 Mch xn song song
3.1.1 Mch xn phn in p ln
hn VDC
3.1.2 Mch xn phn in p nh
hn VDC
3.1.3 Mch xn hai mc in p
3.2 Mch xn ni tip
3.2.1 Mch xn phn in p ln
hn VDC
3.2.2 Mch xn phn in p nh
hn VDC
3.3 Mch ghim in p
M hnh
thc hnh k
thut xung
My hin
sng (OSC)
Diode:
1N4148
R: 47K
C: 0.1uF,
1uF
Bi 4: Mch dao ng
4.1 Mch dao ng a hi dng
transistor
4.1.1 Mch Schmitt trigger
M hnh
thc hnh k
thut xung
My hin
sng (OSC)
Q: C1815
Op-Amp:
741
Diode:
1N4148
R:220,
330,
1K,
33K,
47K
C: 0.1uF,
1uF
dng BJT
4.1.2 Mch dao ng a hi
lng n
4.1.3 Mch dao ng a hi n
n
4.1.4 Mch dao ng a hi bt
n
4.2 Mch dao ng a hi dng
Op-Amp
4.2.1 Mch Schmitt trigger
dng Op-Amp
n
n
4.3 Mch to xung dng IC
LM555
n
n
4.4 Mch dao ng dng UJT
BI 1: S DNG MY HIN SNG V M HNH K

THUT XUNG
I. THIT B S DNG:
M hnh thc hnh k thut xung
My OSC
II. MC TIU:
Sau khi hc xong SV vin c kh nng:
- S dng c m hnh k thut xung v my hin sng.
III. NI DUNG:
1.1 My hin sng
3.3.1 Cu to ca my hin sng
3.3.2 Chc nng v cch s dng cc b phn trn my hin sng
POWER
Power: Cng tc ngun. Khi v
tr ON th LED s sng.
INTENSITY CONTROL
Intensity control: Dng thay i
cng sng ca tia. tng
sng ta vn theo chiu kim ng
h.
FOCUS
iu chnh hi t ca tia (iu
chnh sc nt).
TRIG LEVEL
Trig Level dng iu chnh cho
dng sng ng yn v nh im
bt u ca dng sng.
TRIGGERING COUPLING
Dng la chn kiu ly trigger
(trigger mode).
AUTO: chc nng ny, tn hiu
qut c pht ra khi khng c tn
hiu trigger thch hp; t ng
chuyn v vn hnh qut trigger
(triggered sweep) khi c tn hiu
trigger thch hp.
NORM: chc nng ny, tn hiu
qut ch c pht ra khi c tn
hiu trigger thch hp.
TV-V: Di tn trigger trong khong
DC- 1KHz.
TV-H: Di tn trigger trong
khong 1KHz- 100KHz.
TRIGGER SOURCE
Dng la chn ngun ly trigger.
CH 1: Tn hiu ca knh CH1 tr
thnh ngun trigger bt chp v tr
ca VERTICAL MODE.
CH 2: Tn hiu ca knh CH2 tr
thnh ngun trigger.
LINE: Tn hiu AC line c dng
nh l ngun ly trigger.
EXT: Tn hiu Trigger c ly t
u ni EXT TRIG.
MAIN, MIX, AND DELAY
POSITION (PULL x 10)

Dng iu chnh v tr ca tia
sng theo chiu ngang.
Khi keo ra dng nhn trc thi
gian ln 10 ln.
VARIABLE
Dng thay i t l qut mt cch
lin tc.
TIME / DIV
Dng chn t l trn trc thi
gian.
POSITION
iu chnh v tr ca tia sng theo
chiu dc.
Khi keo ra s lm o pha tn hiu
ng vo.
VOLTS / DIV
Dng chn t l theo chiu in
p.
AC-GND-DC
Khi v tr AC ch cho thnh
phn AC ca tn hiu vo my.
Khi v tr GND khng cho tn
hiu vo my.
Khi v tr DC cho c thnh
phn AC v DC ca tn hiu vo
my.
INPUT
Ng vo ca tn hiu cn o.
VERT MODE
Khi v tr CH1: Ch o mt knh
CH1.
Khi v tr CH2: Ch o mt knh
CH2.
Khi v tr DUAL: Do ng thi
hai knh.
Khi v tr ADD: Tn hiu ng ra
l tng ca hai tn hiu knh CH1
v knh CH2.
EXT TRIG
CAL
Dng ly tn hiu chun trc
khi o.
Ch : Trc khi s dng my hin sng

POWER v tr OFF.
INTENSITY, FOCUS v tr gia.
VERT MODE v tr CH1.
Nm Amplitude VAR ca CH1 v CH2 v tr CAL.
iu chnh CH1 position, CH2 position v POS (Time) v tr gia.
t AC - GND - DC ti v tr GND.
VOLT/DIV: 50 mV/DIV.
TIME/DIV: 0.5 mS/DIV.
Sweep VAR chnh v tr CAL.
COUPLING v tr AUTO.
SOURCE t CH1.
Chnh TRIG LEVEL ti v tr "+".
Bt cng tc ngun.
Nu khng thy tia sng th nhn nt BEAM FIND.
iu chnh CH 1 POS v HORIZONTAL POS tia sng nm gia mn
hnh. iu chnh sng v sc nt ca tia sng.
1.2 M Hnh Thc Hnh K Thut Xung

1.2.1 Gii Thiu
Ngun +12V, -12V, dng 3A, c bo v qu dng
Ngun 5V, dng 2A, c bo v qu dng
Ngun dng 0..20V, ngun m 0..-20V, dng 1.5A c bo v qu dng
(mass ring)
Ngun tn hiu c cng tc xoay chn cc loi tn hiu gm tn hiu sin,
tn hiu tam gic, xung vung n cc v xung vung lng cc, c:
Bin 0..10V
Tn s 1Hz..50KHz
Cc ngun c led hin thi bo c ngun v bo qu dng.
Cc ngun 12V, +5V v ngun tn hiu c ni chung mass, nn chng
c k hiu mass ging nhau.
Cc ngun DC thay i c t 0 ti 20V c ni chung mass, nn
chng c k hiu mass ging nhau.
Cc ngun DC v ngun tn hiu u c a ln Test Board.
1.2.2 Cch s dng
Dng VOM v OSC o th v kim tra cc ngun trn m hnh.
Rp th mt mch ng dng trn testboard.
1.3 Thc Hnh
1.3.1 Xc nh hnh dng, bin , tn s ca tn hiu
c bin :
in p (V) = cao ca in p () Volts / div (V/)
Bin (V) = cao ca bin () Volts / div (V/)
c Chu k:
Thi gian (s) = rng ca thi gian () Time / div (s / )
Chu k (s) = rng ca chu k () Time / div (s / )
Mi ln o, iu chnh nm chnh bin , nm chnh tn s, mm chnh

dng in p v tr bt k ri in vo bng sau:
in p
Ln o
cao ()
1
2
3
4
5
Giai
o
(V/)
Chu k
Bin
(V)
rng
()
Giai
o
(s/)
Chu
k (s)
Tn s
(Hz)
Dng
sng
1.3.2 Chnh mt ngun sao cho c hnh dng, bin theo yu cu

VD: iu chnh mt ngun xoay chiu hnh Sin c bin 10V, tn s
1KHz.
Cc bc thc hin:
- Bc 1: iu chnh nm chn dng sng theo yu cu.
- Bc 2: iu chnh bin .
Chn giai o thch hp.
Chnh nm chnh bin trn m hnh sao cho:
cao ca bin () = Bin cn c (V) Giai o (V/)
- Bc 3: iu chnh tn s.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tnh chu k cn c: T
1
f
Chn giai o thch hp.

Chnh nm chnh tn s trn m hnh sao cho:
Chiu di ca chu k () = Chu k cn c (s) Giai o (s/)
Bi tp p dng:
iu chnh mt xung vung n cc c bin 2V, tn s 500Hz.
iu chnh mt xung vung lng cc c bin 3V, tn s 5KHz.
iu chnh mt xung tam gic c bin 7V, tn s 3KHz.
iu chnh mt sng sin c bin 9V, tn s 10KHz.
BI 2 : MCH BIN I DNG XUNG DNG RC

I.THIT B S DNG:

My OSC
II.MC TIU:

- Nh v rp c mch lc thng thp, mch lc thng cao.
- o, v v gii thch c dng sng ng vo, ng ra ca mch lc thng
thp, mch lc thng cao.
- Nh v gii thch c iu kin mch lc RC tr thnh mch tch phn,
mch vi phn.
III.NI DUNG:
2.1 Mch bin i dng xung dng RC
2.1.1 Mch lc thng thp v mch tch phn
Ln 1:
- Sinh Vin mc mch nh hnh v
( R 100 , C 1F ).
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l xung vung Vi
n cc, bin 5V, tn s 1KHz v cp
vo Vi ca mch trn.
- o v v in p Vi (knh 1) v Vo (knh 2)
vo hnh H1.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Vo
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay
R 1K , C 1F .
- o v v in p Vi (knh 1) v Vo (knh 2)
vo hnh H2.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Nhn xt:
1/. So snh dng in p Vo hai ln o (Vmax, Vmin, tn s tn hiu vo v tn hiu
ra)? Khi no mch trn tr thnh mch tch phn?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................
2/. Gii thch ti sao dng in p V o ca ln 1 v ln 2 khng ging nhau?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3/. So snh dng in p ng vo v ng ra ca hai ln o vi l thuyt hc? Nu
khc th ti sao?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
4/. Trnh by qu trnh hot ng ca mch?
.........................................................................................................................
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2.1.2 Mch lc thng cao v mch vi phn

Ln 1:
( R 100 , C 1F ).
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l xung vung Vi
n cc, bin 5V, tn s 1KHz v cp
vo Vi ca mch trn.
- o v v in p Vi (knh 1) v Vo (knh
2) vo hnh H1.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay R 1K , C 1F .
- o v v in p Vi (knh 1) v Vo (knh 2) vo hnh H2.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Vo
Nhn xt:
ra)? Khi no mch trn tr thnh mch vi phn?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2/. Gii thch ti sao dng in p V o ca ln 1 v ln 2 khng ging nhau?
.........................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
khc th ti sao?
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.........................................................................................................................
4/. Trnh by qu trnh hot ng ca mch?
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10
0%
100
90
c
R
-
2.2 Mach bin i dng xung dng Op - Amp

2.2.1 Mch tch phn dng Op - Amp
Ln 1:
( R 100 , C 1F ).
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l xung
vung lng cc, bin 0,5V, tn s
1KH z v cp vo Vi ca mch trn.
- o v v in p Vi (knh 1) v Vo
(knh 2) vo hnh H1.
Vi
R
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay R 1K , C 1F
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Vo
Nhn xt:
ra)?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2/. So snh dng in p Vo ca ln 1 v ln 2?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
khc th ti sao?
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
4/. Chng minh mch trn l mch tch phn?
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R
c
-
Vi
2.2.2 Mch vi phn dng Op - Amp

Ln 1:
( R 100 , C 1F ).
vung lng cc, bin 0,5V, tn s
1KHz v cp vo Vi ca mch trn.
(knh 2) vo hnh H1.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay R 1K , C 1F
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Vo
Nhn xt:
ra)?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2/. So snh dng in p Vo ca ln 1 v ln 2?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
khc th ti sao?
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
4/. Chng minh mch trn l mch vi phn?
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BI 3: MCH XN V MCH GHIM IN P

I.THIT B S DNG :
My OSC
II.MC TIU:
- Nh v rp c cc loi mch xn, mch ghim in p.
- o v v c dng sng ng vo v ra ca cc loi mch xn, mch ghim
in p.
- Phn bit c cc loi mch xn, mch ghim in p.
- Trnh by c nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi mch xn, mch ghim
in p.
- Gii thch v v c dng sng ng vo v ng ra ca cc loi mch xn,
mch ghim in p.
III.NI DUNG:
3.1 Mch xn song song
3.1.1 Mch xn phn in p ln hn VDC.
Ln 1:
47K
- Dng ngun iu chnh c 0..20V
iu chnh Vdc = 5V v mc mch nh
hnh v.
D
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l sng sin,
Vi
Vo
bin 10V, tn s 1KHz v cp vo Vi
Vdc
ca mch trn.
(knh 2) vo hnh H1.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay ngun tn hiu l sng tam gic, c bin
10V tn s 2KHz v cp vo Vi ca mch trn.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay ngun tn hiu l sng sin, c bin
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Ln 4:
- nguyn mch ang chy ln 2, iu chnh in p V dc, nhn trn OSC
v nhn xt.
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Ln 5:
47K
D
Vi
Vo
ca mch trn.
- Dng ngun iu chnh c -20V..0
Vdc
iu chnh Vdc = -5V.
(knh 2) vo hnh H4.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 6:
- Thc hin nh ln nm nhng thay ngun tn hiu l sng sin, c bin
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
Nhn xt:
1/. So snh dng in p Vo mi ln o (Vmax, Vmin, tn s tn hiu vo v tn hiu
ra)?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2/. Gii thch dng in p Vo theo tng khong thi gian cho mi ln o?
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3/. So snh dng in p ng vo v ng ra ca cc ln o vi l thuyt hc? Nu

khc th ti sao?
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3.1.2 Mch xn phn in p nh hn VDC
Ln 1:
- Dng ngun iu chnh c 0..20V
47K
iu chnh Vdc = 5V v mc mch nh
D
hnh v.
Vi
Vo
Vdc
ca mch trn.
(knh 2) vo hnh H1.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Ln 4:
v nhn xt.
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Ln 5:
Sinh Vin mc mch nh hnh v
iu chnh ngun tn hiu l sng sin, bin
10V, tn s 1KHz v cp vo Vi ca
mch trn.
Dng ngun iu chnh c -20V..0 iu
chnh Vdc = -5V.
o v v in p Vi (knh 1) v Vo (knh
2) vo hnh H4.
47K
Vi
Vo
Vdc
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
100
90
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Hnh H4
Ln 6:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
Nhn xt:
ra)?
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3.1.3 Mch xn hai mc in p.

Ln 1:
- Dng ngun iu chnh c 0..20V iu
chnh Vdc1 = 5V.
- Dng ngun iu chnh c -20..0V iu
chnh Vdc2 = -5V.
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l sng sin, bin
mch trn.
2) vo hnh H1.
47K
Vo
Vi
Vdc1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay ngun
tn hiu l sng tam gic, c bin 10V
tn s 2KHz v cp vo Vi ca mch trn.
2) vo hnh H2.
Vdc2
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay
ngun tn hiu l sng sin, c bin
4V tn s 3KHz v cp vo Vi ca mch
trn.
(knh 2) vo hnh H3.
100
90
10
0%
Hnh H3
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Ln 4:
Dng ngun 5V cp vo Vdc1.
Dng ngun iu chnh c 0..20V iu
chnh Vdc2 = 2V v mc mch nh hnh
v.
iu chnh ngun tn hiu l sng sin, bin
mch trn.
o v v in p Vi (knh 1) v Vo (knh
2) vo hnh H4.
47K
Vo
Vi
Vdc1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Vdc2
Hnh H4
Ln 5:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
Nhn xt:
ra)?
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khc th ti sao?
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3.2 Mch xn ni tip

3.2.1 Mch xn phn in p ln hn VDC.
Ln 1:
chnh Vdc = 5V v mc mch nh hnh v.
mch trn.
2) vo hnh H1.
Vdc
Vi
47K
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Vo
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Ln 4:
v nhn xt.
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Ln 5:
- Dng ngun iu chnh c -20V..0 iu
chnh Vdc = -5V v mc mch nh hnh v.
mch trn.
2) vo hnh H4.
Vdc
Vi
47K Vo
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 6:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
Nhn xt:
ra)?
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khc th ti sao?
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3.2.2 Mch xn phn in p nh hn VDC.

Ln 1:
mch trn.
2) vo hnh H1.
Vi
Vdc
47K
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Vo
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Ln 4:
v nhn xt.
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Ln 5:
chnh Vdc = -5V v mc mch nh hnh
v.
mch trn.
Vi
Vdc
47K
Vo
2) vo hnh H4.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 6:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
Nhn xt:
ra)?
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khc th ti sao?
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3.3 Mch ghim in p (Mach Kp).

Ln 1:
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l xung vung
lng cc, bin 10V, tn s 1KHz v
cp vo Vi ca mch trn.
2) vo hnh H1.
Vi
47K
Vo
Vdc
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay ngun tn hiu l xung vung lng
cc, c bin 4V tn s 3KHz v Vdc= 6V.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Ln 4:
v nhn xt.
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Ln 5:
2) vo hnh H4.
Vi
47K
Vo
Vdc
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 6:
- Thc hin nh ln nm nhng thay ngun tn hiu l xung vung n cc,
c bin 5V tn s 3KHz v Vdc=-6V.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
Nhn xt:
ra)? Cho bit iu kin hnh dng ca Vo ging Vi?
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Ln 1:
2) vo hnh H1.
Vi
47K
Vo
Vdc
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
5V tn s 2KHz v cp vo VI ca mch trn.
- o v v in p VI (knh 1) v Vo (knh 2) vo hnh H2.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
- Thc hin nh ln mt nhng thay ngun tn hiu l xung vung n cc,
c bin 4V tn s 3KHz v Vdc= 6V.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Ln 4:
- nguyn mch ang chy ln 2, iu chnh in p Vdc, nhn trn OSC
v nhn xt.
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Ln 5:
2) vo hnh H4.
Vi
47K
Vo
Vdc
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 6:
- Thc hin nh ln nm nhng thay ngun tn hiu l xung vung lng
cc, c bin 4V tn s 3KHz v Vdc=-6V.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
Nhn xt:
ra)? Cho bit iu kin hnh dng ca Vo ging Vi?
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3.4 Bi Tp
Sinh Vin t thit k v lp rp th nghim cc mch theo yu cu c th ca mi
bi tp sau:
Bi 1: Hy thit k mch sao cho c th loi b cc xung nhiu c dng sau:
Vi(V)
5
Nhiu
t

Vi(V)
Nhiu

Vi(V)
Nhiu
Bi 4: Cho mch in nh hnh v v dng in p V1. Hy thit k mch trung gian

sao cho c th loi b cc xung nhiu mch s c th hiu c, xc nh V2:
12V
Mach
phat
tn
hieu
0V
5V
V1
Mach
trung
gian
V2
Mach
so
V1(V)
Nhiu
12
Bi 5: Hy thit k mch in khi bit V i v Vo ca mch :

Vo
Vi
10
5
t1
t1
t2
t3
t3
t2
t4
-5
-5
c
Vi
D
Vdc
c
Vo
Vi
Vo
Vdc
Bi 6: T thc nghim hy so snh v gii thch s khc nhau ca hai mch in

sau:
BI 4: MCH DAO NG
I.THIT B S DNG :
My OSC
II.MC TIU:
- Nh v rp c mch lng n, n n v phi n.
- o v v c dng sng ng ra ca mch lng n , n n, phi n.
- Trnh by c nguyn l hot ng ca mch dao ng a hi lng n,
n n v phi n.
- Gii thch c dng sng ng ra ca mch dao ng a hi lng n, n
n v phi n.
III.NI DUNG:
4.1 Mch dao ng a hi dng transistor
4.1.1 Mch Schmitt trigger dng BJT
Vcc
Ln 1:
- Hy rp mch nh hnh v vi RC1=
RC1
RC2
10K; RC2= 4,7K; RE= 1K;
Vo
Vz
RB= 10K; Vcc=12V; VZ= 3,3V.
Q2
Q1 v Q2 l transistor C1815.
R
B
Vi
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l sng
Q1
sin c bin 8V, f= 100Hz cp
vo Vi.
- o v v Vi (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2)
vo hnh H1.
RE
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng iu chnh ngun tn hiu l sng tam gic c
bin 8V, f= 100Hz cp vo Vi.
- o v v Vi (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2) vo hnh H2.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 3:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng iu chnh ngun tn hiu l sng sin c bin
2V, f= 100Hz cp vo Vi.
- o v v Vi (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2) vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Nhn xt:
1/. So snh dng in p Vi v Vo (hnh dng, bin , tn s)? Hnh dng in p
ng vo c nh hng n dng in p ng ra khng? Bin in p vo c nh
hng ti ng ra khng? Ti sao?
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2/. in p ng ra ca mch c gi tr nh nht bng bao nhiu, gi tr ln nht
bng bao nhiu? Ti sao?
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4/. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca mch?

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4.1.2 Mch dao ng lng n
Ln 1:
- Hy rp mch nh hnh v vi
RC1=RC2=1K;
RB1=RB2=47K;
R1=R2=560; C= 1uF; R=220;
Vcc=12V.
vung n cc c bin 5V, f=
200Hz cp vo Vi.
- o v v VBE1 (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2)
vo hnh H1.
VCC
Rc1
Vo1
Rc2
R1
Q1
Q2
Rb1
Vi
C
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
Vo2
R2
Rb2
- o v v Vo1(knh 1) & Vo2 (knh 2) vo hnh H2.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
VCC
Ln 2:
Hy rp mch nh hnh v vi
Rc1
Rc2
RC1=RC2=1K;
RB1=RB2=47K;
R1=R2=560; C= 1uF; R=220;
Vo1
R1
R2
Vcc=12V.
Q1
Q2
Rb1
Rb2
200Hz cp vo Vi.
Vi
D
- o VBE1 (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2).
C
- o Vo1(knh 1) & Vo2 (knh 2).
R
- Nhn xt gia ln 1 v ln 2, khc
nhau nh th no ti sao?
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-
Vo2
Ln 3:
- Gi nguyn mch in ln 2. o in p trn hai u ca in tr R
(knh 1) v vo hnh H3.
- Tho diode D ca mch, do in p trn hai u ca in tr R (knh 2) v
v vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
- Nhn xt s khc nhau khi tho diode v khi cha tho diode, ti sao?
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Nhn xt:
1/. Khi Q1 dn VO1 bng bao nhiu Volt? Khi Q1 tt VO1 bng bao nhiu Volt? Ti
sao?
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2/. Khi no th Q1 dn, Q2 tt v ngc li?

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3/. Q1 v Q2 c cng dn, cng tt ng thi khng? Ti sao?
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4/. Tn s dao ng ca mch ph thuc vo yu t no? Ti sao?
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5/. Thi gian dn ca Q1, thi gian tt ca Q1 ph thuc vo yu t no? Ti sao?
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6/. Ti sao mch c gi l mch lng n?
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4.1.3 Mch dao ng n n

Ln 1:
RC1=RC2=1K; RB1=47K; R1=560;
R=220;
C2=
1uF;
C=0,1uF;
Vcc=12V.
200Hz cp vo Vi.
- o v v VBE1 (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2)
vo hnh H1.
Vcc
Rc1
Rb1
R1
Vo1
Rc2
Vo2
Q2
Q1
C
Vi
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
C2
Vcc
Ln 2:
Rc1
RC1=RC2=1K;
RB1=47K;
Rc2
Rb1
C2
R1=560; C2= 1uF; C= 0,1uF;
R1
R=220; Vcc=12V.
Vo2
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l xung Vo1
Q2
Q1
C
200Hz cp vo Vi.
- o VBE1 (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2).
Vi
R
- o Vo1(knh 1) & Vo2 (knh 2).
- Nhn xt gia ln 1 v ln 2, khc
nhau nh th no ti sao?
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Ln 3:
- Rp mch in ln 1. o in p Cathode (cc m) ca diode (knh 1)
v vo hnh H3.
- H Cathode (cc m) ca diode vi cc B ca Q 2, do in p Cathode
(cc m) ca diode (knh 2) v v vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
- Nhn xt s khc nhau khi h diode v khi cha h diode, ti sao?

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Nhn xt:
1/. Khi Q1 dn VO1 bng bao nhiu Volt? Khi Q1 tt VO1 bng bao nhiu Volt? Khi
Q2 dn VO2 bng bao nhiu Volt? Khi Q2 tt VO2 bng bao nhiu Volt? Ti sao?
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6/. Ti sao mch c gi l mch n n?
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4.1.4 Mch dao ng bt n

Ln 1:
RC1=RC2=1K; RB1=RB2=47K;
C1= 0,47uF; C2=0,1uF; Vcc=12V.
- o v v VBE1 (knh 1) & Vo1(knh
2) vo hnh H1.
Vcc
Rc1
C1
Rb2
Rb1
Vo1
Rc2
Vo2
Q1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
C2
Q2
Ln 2:
- Hy rp mch nh hnh v vi:
RC1=RC2=1K;
Vcc
RB1=RB2=27K;
Rc1
VR
Rc2
VR=20K; C1= 0,47uF; C2=0,1uF;

Vcc=12V.
C1

2) khi VR gi tr nh nht vo
hnh H3.
Rb2
Rb1
C2
Vo1
Vo2
Q1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
- Tnh tn s in p ng ra theo hnh H3.
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- Tnh tn s in p ng ra theo l thuyt.
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- So snh kt qa ca hai ln tnh trn.
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Q2
- o v v VBE2 (knh 1) & Vo2(knh 2) khi VR gi tr ln nht vo hnh

H4.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
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- Nhn xt s ph thuc in p ng ra theo v tr ca bin tr? Ti sao?
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Ln 3:
- Hy rp mch nh hnh v vi:
RC1=RC2=1K;
Vcc
RB=27K;
Rb
Rc1
VR=20K; C1= 0,1uF; C2=0,1uF;
C1
Vcc=12V.
2) khi VR v tr X vo hnh H5.
Rc2
Y
VR
C2
Vo1
Vo2
Q1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
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Q2
- o v v VBE1 (knh 1) & Vo1(knh 2) khi VR v tr Y vo hnh H6.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H6
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Nhn xt:
1/. Khi Q1 dn VO1 bng bao nhiu volt? Khi Q1 tt VO1 bng bao nhiu volt? Khi
Q2 dn VO2 bng bao nhiu volt? Khi Q2 tt VO2 bng bao nhiu volt? Ti sao?
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6/. Ti sao mch c gi l mch bt n?
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8/. Phn bit s khc nhau ca cc mch trong cc ln o? Gii thch?
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4.2 Mch dao ng a hi dng Op-Amp

4.2.1 Mch Schmitt trigger dng Op-Amp
Ln 1:
Vo
Vi

tam gic c bin 10V, f=1KHz
cp vo Vi.
R1=R2=10K; Vcc= 12V.
Vcc
-Vcc
R1
- o v v Vi (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2)

vo hnh H1.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
- o v v Vi(knh 1) & V+(knh 2) vo hnh H2.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
R2
Ln 2:
10V, f=2KHz cp vo Vi.
- o v v Vi (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2) vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 3:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng thay R1=10K, R2=33K v iu chnh
ngun tn hiu l xung tam gic c bin 10V, f=3KHz cp vo Vi.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H6
Ln 4:
-
R1=10K, R2=20K, Vcc=12V.

tam gic c bin 10V, f=1KHz
cp vo Vi.
R2
Vi
Vcc
R1
Vo
+
-
-Vcc
- o v v Vi (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2)

vo hnh H7.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H7
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H8
Ln 5:
10V, f=2KHz cp vo Vi.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H9
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H10
Ln 6:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng thay R1=10K, R2=47K v iu chnh
ngun tn hiu l xung tam gic c bin 10V, f=3KHz cp vo Vi.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H11
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H12
Nhn xt:
1/. So snh dng in p Vi v Vo (hnh dng, bin , tn s)? Hnh dng in p
ng vo c nh hng n dng in p ng ra khng?
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2/. in p ng ra ca Op-Amp thay i trng thi t -Vcc ti +Vcc khi no? in
p ng ra ca Op-Amp thay i trng thi t +Vcc ti -Vcc khi no? (so snh trng
hp ln 1 v trng hp ln 4)
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3/. in th V+ thay i nh th no trong tng trng hp? Nu Vi c bin nh
hn bin ca V+ th in p Vo nh th no?
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4/. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca mch v gii thch dng in p theo tng
khong thi gian?
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4.2.2 Mch bt n
Ln 1:
12V;
R=47K; C=0,1uF.
Vo
Vcc=
R1=R2=10K;
+Vcc
-Vcc
R2
- o v v V- (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2)

vo hnh H1.
R1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
- o v v V-(knh 1) & V+(knh 2) vo hnh H2.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng thay R1=10K, R2=33K.
- o v v V- (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2) vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 3:
R1=R2=10K;
Vcc=
12V;
VR
+Vcc
R=1K; C=0,1uF; VR= 20 K.
Vo

khi VR gi tr b nht vo hnh
-Vcc
H5.
R2
R1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
- o v v V- (knh 1) & V+ (knh 2) khi VR gi tr b nht vo hnh H6.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H6

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- o v v V- (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2) khi VR gi tr ln nht vo hnh H7.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H7
- o v v V- (knh 1) & V+ (knh 2) khi VR gi tr ln nht vo hnh H8.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H8
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D1
Ln 4:
R1=R2=10K;
Vcc=
VR
12V;
Y
D2
R=1K; C=0,1uF; VR= 20 K.
+Vcc
Vo
khi VR v tr X vo hnh H9.

C
-Vcc
R2
R1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H9
- o v v V- (knh 1) & V+ (knh 2) khi VR v tr X vo hnh H10.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H10

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- o v v V- (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2) khi VR v tr Y vo hnh H11.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H11
- o v v V- (knh 1) & V+ (knh 2) khi VR v tr Y vo hnh H12.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H12
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2/. Ti sao mch c gi l mch bt n?
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4.2.3 Mch n n
Ln 1:
+Vcc
D1
-Vcc

vung n cc c bin l 5V,
tn s 500Hz, cp vo Vi.
vo hnh H1.
D2
Vi
C1
R3
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Vo
R1=R2=10K;
Vcc=
12V;
R=4,7K; C=0,1uF; R3= 330;
C1=0,1uF.
R2
R1
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng thay R1=10K, R2=33K.
- o v v V- (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2) vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 3:
VR
D1
-Vcc

vung n cc c bin l 5V,
tn s 200Hz, cp vo Vi.
khi VR gi tr b nht vo hnh
H5.
+Vcc
Vo
R1=R2=10K;
Vcc=
12V;
R=2,2K; C=0,1uF; VR= 2 K
R3= 330; C1=0,1uF.
D2
Vi
C1
R2
R1
R3
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
- o v v V- (knh 1) & V+ (knh 2) khi VR gi tr b nht vo hnh H6.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H6

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.................................................................................................................
- Tnh rng xung theo hnh H5 v theo l thuyt. So snh kt qu.
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- o v v V- (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2) khi VR gi tr ln nht vo hnh H7.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H7
- o v v V- (knh 1) & V+ (knh 2) khi VR gi tr ln nht vo hnh H8.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H8
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.................................................................................................................
- Tnh rng xung theo hnh H7 v theo l thuyt. So snh kt qu.
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Nhn xt:
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.........................................................................................................................
2/. Thi gian OpAmp lm vic vng bo ha dng ph thuc vo yu t no?
Thi gian OpAmp lm vic vng bo ha m ph thuc vo yu t no? Ti
sao?
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4.3 Mch to xung dng IC 555.

4.3.1 Mch n n
Ln 1:
R=4.7K; C=0.1uF; Vcc= 5V;
R1=220; C1= 0,01uF.
4
R
8
VCC
7
6
DIS
THR
C
D
NE555
R1
C1
TR
Vo
CV
V2
Vi
- o v v Vo (knh 1) & V2(knh 2)

vo hnh H1.
GND

vung n cc c bin 5V,
f=1KHz, cp vo Vi.
+Vcc
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
- o v v Vc (knh 1) & Vo(knh 2) vo hnh H2. Vi Vc l in p trn hai
u t C.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 2:
- Rp mch nh ln 1.
- iu chnh ngun tn hiu l xung vung n cc c bin 5V, f=500Hz,
cp vo Vi.
- o v v Vo (knh 1) & V2(knh 2) vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
u t C.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 3:
-
Hy rp mch nh ln 1 nhng vi R=5.6K; C=0.1uF; Vcc= 5V;

R1=220; C1= 0,01uF.

cp vo Vi.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
u t C.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H6
Ln 4:
-
Hy rp mch nh ln 1 nhng vi R=4,7K; C=0.22uF; Vcc= 5V;

R1=220; C1= 0,01uF.

cp vo Vi.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H7
u t C.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H8
Nhn xt:
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.........................................................................................................................
2/. Thi gian tn ti ca xung ph thuc vo yu t no?
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.........................................................................................................................
3/. Thi gian khng c xung ph thuc vo yu t no?
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
4/. c th thay i c rng ca xung th ta phi rp mch nh th no? Nu

v gii thch mt s ng dng ca mch n n?
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VCC
R2
7
DIS
C1= 0,01uF.
R1
NE555
6
vo hnh H1. Vi VC l in p trn
THR
TR
GND
hai u ca t C.
Vo
- o v v Vo (knh 1) & VC(knh 2)
CV
R1=R2=1K; C= 0.1uF; Vcc= 5V;
+Vcc
4.3.2 Mch bt n
Ln 1:
C1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
+Vcc
DIS
D
R1
TR
CV
THR
GND
vo hnh H2. Vi VC l in p trn

hai u ca t C.
NE555
6
- o v v Vo (knh 1) & VC(knh 2)
C1= 0,01uF.
VCC
R2
R1=R2=1K; C= 0.1uF; Vcc= 5V;
Ln 2:
C1
Vo
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H1
R2=220;
R2
VR=1K;
C=0.1uF; Vcc= 5V; C1= 0,01uF.
R1
nht. o v v Vo (knh 1) &

C
4
R
THR
TR
in p trn hai u ca t C.
NE555
6
- iu chnh VR v tr c gi tr b
VC(knh 2) vo hnh H3. Vi VC l
DIS
CV
R1=1K;
VR
VCC
Ln 3:
GND
+Vcc
C1
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
Vo
- iu chnh VR v tr c gi tr ln nht. o v v Vo (knh 1) & V2(knh

2) vo hnh H4.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
- Tnh tn s in p ng ra theo hnh H3 v hnh H4.
.................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................
- Tnh tn s in p ng ra theo l thuyt hai trng hp ca VR.
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.................................................................................................................
- So snh kt qa ca cc ln tnh trn.
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Nhn xt:
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2/. Thi gian ton ca xung ng ra ph thuc vo yu t no?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3/. Thi gian toff ca xung ng ra ph thuc vo yu t no?
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.........................................................................................................................
4.4 Mch to xung dng UJT

Ln 1:
-
+Vcc
R1=R2=330;
C=
0,1uF;
R=
22K; Vcc=12V.
R2
Vo1
Q1
Vo2
- o v v Vo1 (knh 1) & Vo2(knh

2) vo hnh H1.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
R1
Hnh H1
- o v v Vo1(knh 1) & VE(knh 2) vo hnh H2. Vi VE l in th ti
cc E ca UJT.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H2
Ln 2:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng vi: C= 0,1uF; R= 47K.
- o v v Vo1 (knh 1) & Vo2(knh 2) vo hnh H3.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H3
cc E ca UJT.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H4
Ln 3:
- Thc hin nh ln 1 nhng vi: C= 0,01uF; R= 47K.
- o v v Vo1 (knh 1) & Vo2(knh 2) vo hnh H5.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H5
cc E ca UJT.
100
90
Knh 1:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
10
0%
Knh 2:
- Time/Div:
- Volts/Div:
Hnh H6
Nhn xt:
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2/. Ti sao in p ng ra c dng xung nhn?
.........................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3/. Thi gian tn ti ca xung nhn ph thuc vo yu t no?
.........................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3/. Thi gian khng c xung ph thuc vo yu t no?
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4/. c th thay i c tn s th ta phi rp mch nh th no?

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4.5 Bi Tp
Sinh Vin t thit k v lp rp th nghim cc mch theo yu cu c th ca mi
bi tp sau:
Bi 1: Hy thit k mch sao cho in p ng ra c dng sau:
V(v)
12
t(ms)
20
30

V(V)
+12
t(ms)
0.5
1.5
-12

V(V)
+12
t(ms)
0
-12
0.4
0.7
1.1
CC BI TP TNG HP
I.THIT B S DNG :
My OSC.
M hn.
VOM
II.MC TIU:
- ng dng c nhng mch hc thit k cc ng dng theo yu cu.
- c hiu c cc IC datasheet thit k cc ng dng.
III.NI DUNG:
ng dng IC NE565 v cc mch hc thit k mt mch in c th
to ra cc dng in p: Xung vung n cc, xung vung lng cc, xung
tam gic, sng sin. Cc tn hiu c bin v tn s c th iu chnh
c.
ng dng IC 8038 v cc mch hc thit k mt mch in c th
to ra cc dng in p: Xung vung n cc, xung vung lng cc, xung
tam gic, sng sin. Cc tn hiu c bin v tn s c th iu chnh
c.
Kho st IC4046 v cc ng dng ca n.
Hy rp v kho st mch in sau:
Vi
R1
10K
+12v
R2
10k
R3
R4
27k
1k
R7
D1
R6
1N4148
560
D2
R10
120
D3
18k
R14
U3
6
Vo
R12
AD741
3.3k
R11
1N4148
+12v
68
-12v
47k
R15 1N4148
10k
RV1
220
R16
10k
0
R17
220
0
D4
R18 1N4148
120
D5
R19 1N4148
68
D6
R20 1N4148
1k
-12v
ng dng cc mch hc hy thit k mt mch in c th to ra cc dng

in p: Xung vung n cc, xung vung lng cc, xung tam gic, sng
sin. Cc tn hiu c tn s 2KHz, bin 10V.

Ok Bai Giang Ki Thuat Xung

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v

3.2 Mch dao ng a hi dng Op-Amp .............................................. 37

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

Cc tn hiu in c bin thay i theo thi gian c chia lm hai loi

d. Xung tam gic

e. Xung nhn lng cc

Hnh 1.1 Cc dng tn hiu xung

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

CC THNG S C BN CA TN HIU XUNG

Hnh 1.2 Xung vung n

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

Tn s l s xung xut hin trong mt n v thi gian, c tnh theo cng

rng ca xung l t s gia chu k T v rng xung ton:

Nghch o ca rng Q c gi l h s y xung:

phn tch tn hiu xung cn a v cc dng hm c bn: hm t bin, hm

1.3.1. Hm t bin: v(t) = a.1(t - t0).

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

1.3.3. Hm m gim: v( t ) = a.e ( t t 0 ) /

Suy ra: v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t) = a.1(t) a.1(t t0)

1.4.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t)

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

Phn tch vi thnh tng cc hm c bn, ta c:

Qu trnh vt l trong mch:

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

0 t < tp : vi = a ; t C np in bng dng i =

vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim.

tp t : vi = 0, t C phng in qua R, vi dng i =

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

1.4.3. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh:

Bng cch l lun tng t, ta c:

9 Mch RC ly tn hiu ra trn ti C th c gi l mch thng thp(h thng ).

Hnh 1.8a Mch thng thp RC

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

a. Mch tch phn RC :

VR(t) >> Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau)

Nh vy, in p ra V0(t) t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca in p vo Vi(t) vi

iu kin mch tch phn:

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

= R.C l hng s thi gian.

Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch tch phn nh trn th in p ra b tr

b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung :

Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi

dng hm s m, bin nh ca in p ra nh hn Vp ( hnh 1.9c)

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

a) Dng sng ng vo.

c) Dng sng ng ra khi =

Hnh 1.9: Dng sng vo v ra

Trng hp ng vo l mt chui xung VM

Hnh 1.10 : Chui xung vung vo

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

1.4.5. Mch thng cao RC

VR(t) << Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau)