K THUT D ON NGHIM V N GIN HO CCH GII PHNG TRNH, H

PHNG TRNH TRONG K THI I HC

K thut ny c phn tng t vi vic d on im ri trong chng minh bt ng thc. Sau y chng
ta s i xt mt vi v d c th.
VD1. Gii h phng trnh:
1
1 1
3
xy xy x
y y y
x x x

+ + =

+ = +

Trc ht nh chng ta ni u ch , vic u tin l d on nghim ca h. Bng cch nhm
tnh (trong k thi H nghim thng thng l cc s nguyn), d dng thy h c nghim: ( ) ( ) , 1,0 x y =
Quay li vi h phng trnh, hy xem ta s xoay s nh th no? Mt phn x rt t nhin c l nhiu
ngi s t , .( 0, 0) x a y b a b = = > > v nhn chia cng tr tung to ln. D nhin trong bi vit
ny chng ta s khng lm iu . Vi kt lun 1 x = trn, hy ch phng trnh th nht ca h
km theo iu kin 0, 0 x y > > , (1) 1 VT > (1) 1 VP x = >
1 1
x x x
s (*). = khi v ch khi
1 x = .
Vi kt lun (*) trn, r rng t phng trnh (2) ta c th a ra kt lun 3 y y y > m bo
ng thc. Song iu trn li tng ng vi
0
3
y
y
=

>

(b). Chng ta cng khng qun i d on 0 y =

t u. Vy lm sao loi b trng hp 3 y > ?
Li tr li vi phng trnh (1). t ( 0) a x a = > . (1) ( )
2
1 1 0 y a ya + + = .
C nh y , xem VT ca phng trnh trn l mt tam thc bc 2 vi a . phng trnh c nghim (
y chng ta khng cn xt iu kin nghim phi dng), trc ht ( ) 4 1 3 4 0 y y y A = = + >

4
3
y s (c)
T (b) v (c) suy ra 0 y = . Thay 0 y = vo mt trong 2 phng trnh ta c 1 x = .Cui cng l vic
kt lun nghim ca h. Cc bn hy t th trnh by li bi gii tng minh cho bi ton v nhn xt v
di v phc tp ca n so vi cc cch gii thng thng.
VD2. Gii phng trnh:
( )
3
3
1 1 2 x x + + = +
Trc ht hy th xt mt cch gii thng thng.
C1.
iu kin 1 x > .
Vi iu kin trn ta c bin i sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
3 3
2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 x x x x x x x x
(
+ = + + = + + + = + + +


t ( ) 1 0 t x t = + > .
Phng trnh tng ng: ( ) ( )
3
6 2 2
1 3 1 1 t t t t + = + .
Nhn xt vi 0 t > c 2 v ca phng trnh u khng m. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh ta c:
6 5 4 3 2 6 4 2
6 15 20 15 6 1 3 3 1 t t t t t t t t t + + + + + + = + +

5 4 3 2
6 18 20 12 6 0 t t t t t + + + + =

4 3 2
0
6 18 20 12 6 0
t
t t t t
=

+ + + + =

Vi 0 t > ta hon ton c th loi trng hp (2). Vy phng trnh c nghim khi 0 t = hay 1 x =
(tho mn iu kin). Ch vic bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh khng phi l ngu nhin m l cn
c trn vic c 2 v ca phng trnh u cha tham s t do 1. Nhn bi gii th c v kh ngn gn
nhng thc s vic khai trin bnh phng ( )
2
3
1 t
(
+

vn khng phi l ti u nht. Hy xt cch gii
di y.
C2.
D on nghim: 1 x = . iu kin tng t. Ta bin i:
3 3
1 1 2 x x + + = +
Hai v ca phng trnh khng m. Bnh phng ta c
3 3
2 2 1 2 x x x + + + = +
Vi d on ban u 1 x = , ta s c 2 1 0 x + = . Hin ti ta cha c cn c cho nh gi ny. Song r
rng 2 1 0 x + > . S dng nh gi ta kt lun:
3 3
2 2 x x + s + . Lp phng 2 v ca bt phng
trnh bn:
3 2 3
6 12 8 2 x x x x + + + s +

2
6 12 6 0 x x + + s
( )
2
6 1 0 x + s
Bt phng trnh trn ch ng khi 1 x = tc du ng thc xy ra. Kt lun nghim: 1 x = (tho mn
iu kin).
Th so snh C1,C2 v chn cho mnh cch gii u vit hn.
VD3. Gii h phng trnh:
( )
2
19
3 4 5 2 2 3 8
log 1
y
x x x
x
y x
| |
+ = +

|
\ .

+ =

D on nghim: 4 x = .
B qua vic t iu kin v bin i n gin phng trnh (2) c ng thc cui cng:
2
2
y
x
= (*).
Mc tiu tip theo l chn s nghim ca phng trnh a ra kt lun nghim cui cng.
Thay (*) vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 4 5 19 3 8 x x x x
x x
+ = +
Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho
2
(#0)
x
:
2
3 4 5 3 8 19 x x x x + = + +
Vi d on ban u h c duy nht mt nghim 4 x = . Ta ngh ngay n vic s dng tnh cht ng
bin, nghch bin ca hm s kt lun phng trnh c duy nht 1 nghim. C th nh sau:
( ) 3 4 5 f x x x = +
2
( ) 3 8 19 g x x x = + +
D thy ( ) f x l hm tng trn tp xc nh
4
, 5
3
D
(
=
(


( ) g x l mt tam thc bc 2 vi 3 0 a = < . Nu gi A l nh ca th hm s ( ) g x th honh ca
A l
4
2 3
A
b
x
a

= = . Xt trn tp xc nh ca h, ( ) g x tng trn

4 4
,
3 3
(
(

v gim trn
4
, 5
3
(
(

.
Xt ( ), ( ) f x g x trn
4 4
,
3 3
(
(

, ta c:
max
min
4 33 6 2
3 3
4
3
3
f f
g g

+ | |
= =
|
\ .

| |

= =
|

\ .

max min
4 4
,
3 3
f g x
(
< e
(

phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = khng c nghim trn
4 4
,
3 3
(
(

.
Trn
4
, 5
3
| (

(
\
ta c ( ) f x tng v ( ) g x gim phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = c ti a 1 nghim. ng
thi (4) (4) 3 f g = = phng trnh c nghim duy nht 4 x = .
Bng cch trn chng ta trnh c vic t n hoc xt du 2 v v thc hin bnh phng.
Mt VD khc o0DarkLord0o tng post trn LSSF.
VD4. Gii phng trnh (H-B-2011):
2
3 2 6 2 4 4 10 3 x x x x + + =
Bn cnh cch gii ngn gn nht bng cch t 3 2 6 2 t x x = + , ta hon ton c th gii bng
cch d on nghim.
D on nghim:
6
5
x = .
iu kin 2 2 x s s .
Vi iu kin trn 10 3 0 x x D > e
2
3 2 4 4 (10 3 ) 6 2 x x x x + + = +
C 2 v ca phng trnh u khng m. Bnh phng ta c:
( )
2
25 105 90 60 72 2 x x x x + =
6
0 3
5
VT x s s s v
6
0 5
3
x
VT
x

<

>

>

6
0 2
5
VP x > s s v
6
0
5
VP x < <
Kho st trn ton tp xc nh
Vi
6
2
5
x s s th 0, 0 VP VT > s .
Vi
6
2
5
x s < th 0, 0 VP VT < >
Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi
6
2 6
5
5
0
x
x
VT VP

s s

= =

y tng chuyn v bnh phng hon ton khng phi l ngu nhin. Hy ch :
( )
2
2 4 2 2 x x x x + = + hay ni cch khc sau khi thc hin thao tc trn th biu thc trong
cn duy nht cn li c 2 v l 2 x to ra s thun li cho vic dn cn thc v mt v v xt du 2
v ca phng trnh.
T VD trn ta thy rng k thut d on nghim khng phi lc no cng l ti u, ng thi vic pht
hin ra nhng du hiu c bit trong phng trnh, h phng trnh x l n cng khng h n gin
v my mc c, song trong nhng trng hp ngc li t nht n cng ng gp cho chng ta thm
mt cch gii khc.