BI GING

NG DNG EXCEL TRONG A CHT CNG TRNH GII THIU

Trong lnh vc a cht cng trnh - a k thut (CCT - KT), chng ta s gp mt s bi ton nh tnh ton, xy dng cc biu th nghim trong phng (th nghim ct, nn mt trc, thnh phn ht, nn c kt, ct ba trc,...), x l thng k kt qu th nghim trong phng, v biu th nghim hin trng (xuyn tnh, nn tnh nn, nn tnh cc, th nghim nn ngang, ct cnh,...), bng tng hp ch tiu c l t , chng trnh tnh ton nn mng,... Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, nhng bi ton trn c th c gii quyt mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc bng nhng cng c ng dng. l phn mm Excel. Phn mm Excel c bng tnh linh hot cng vi biu sn c gip chng ta gii quyt nhiu bi ton v th nghim trong phng, ngoi tri, tnh ton nn mng,... Excel cn xy dng sn cc dng tng quan cng vi phng trnh tng quan, phc v cho cng vic xy dng mi tng quan gia cc i lng. Cc hm thng k sn c trong Excel gip chng ta xc nh cc c trng thng k ca t . Tuy nhin, nu ch s dng n thun cc cng thc trong Excel th nhiu bi ton khng th gii quyt mt cch hon chnh c. c th gii quyt c cc bi ton trn mt cch hon ton t ng, chng ta phi s dng ngn ng lp trnh ng dng Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) trong Excel. VBA gip chng ta lp cc hm tu bin v th tc gii quyt mt vn no . Hin nay, sinh vin nhng kho i cng c trang b kin thc v Visual Basic, l nn tng pht trin ngn ng VBA. VBA l ngn ng d giao tip, thn thin vi ngi s dng. Khng ch ring vi ngnh k thut, VBA c ng dng rt hiu qu i vi ngnh kinh t, ti chnh, k ton, xy dng,...

BI 1: M U
Phn mm Excel ch yu dng tnh ton, xy dng cc biu th nghim t trong phng, hin trng,... y l chng trnh c bng tnh mnh nht hin nay, cho php thc hin nhiu cng vic khc nhau. Mc ch ca bi ging l trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v phn mm Excel, gip sinh vin c th s dng ngay khi vit n mn hc, n tt nghip v tham gia sn xut sau ny. Chng trnh hc l 2003 v hin nay c Excel 2010. V c bn, t Excel 97 n 2003 khng c nhiu thay i. Excel 2007 nh du s thay i mnh m, th hin s pht trin vt bc ca Excel. Cc iu khin menu cc phin bn trc c thay i bng Ribbon tin li hn, bng tnh c kch thc ln hn, cc chc nng phong ph, a dng, dung lng file gim i nhiu,... Phm vi bi ging ny cp n Excel 2003, mt s chc nng c thay i trong cc phin bn khc nhau.

Hnh 1.1: Biu tng Excel 2007 trn Destop

Titler bar Menu bar
Standard Toolbar Formatting Toolbar
Column heading

Formular bar

Active cell
Worksheet

Row heading

Sheet name

Hnh 1.2: Ca s Excel

1. KHI NG EXCEL Nhy kp vo biu tng Excel trn mn hnh (hnh 1.1), ca s phn mm Excel s hin ra (hnh 1.2). 2. CA S NG DNG CA EXCEL Ca s Excel bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
a. Thanh tiu (Title bar)

Biu tng Excel v tn file (Book1.xls).

b. Thc n lnh (Menu bar)

Bao gm cc menu lnh, trong mi menu c nhiu cc menu con (hnh 1.3). Hnh 1.3: Thanh Menu Hnh 1.4: Thanh cng c chun (Standard Toolbar) Hnh 1.5: Thanh nh dng (Formatting Toolbar)
c. Cc thanh cng c (Toolbars)

Toolbar l cc thanh cng c, trn mi thanh ny c nhiu nt lnh, gip bn thc hin nhanh cc chc nng lnh thay v thc hin bng lnh n. Excel ngm nh hin th sn hai thanh cng c Standard v Formatting v chng thng c s dng ti (hnh 1.2, 1.4, 1.5). Khi lm vic, nu mun dng thanh no th cho hin th ln, nu khng th giu i gii phng khng gian trn mn hnh.
d. Thanh cng thc (Formular bar)

Thanh cng thc c 2 phn: phn bn tri hin th a ch hin hnh hoc tn khi (Name box); phn bn phi hin th ni dung ca , gip cho vic xem d liu nhp trong , hoc xem li cng thc v cho php iu chnh.
e. Ca s Workbook

L ca s lm vic chnh. Trong 1 workbook c ti a 255 Sheet, mi sheet c xem nh l mt bng tnh dng cha d liu, biu , hnh nh,... Mc nhin trong workbook c sn 3 sheet, bn c th thay i s sheet c sn mc nh ny khi to workbook mi bng cch chn: Menu\ Tools\ Options\ General, khai bo s sheet trong Sheets in new workbook. Ngoi ra, trong General bn c th quy nh font ch, kch c ch (Size) mc nh cho ca s workbook. Worksheet l t liu s cp lu tr v lm vic. Mt worksheet gm nhiu c thit lp bi cc ct v cc hng, l thnh phn ca worksheet v c gi l bng tnh. Cc ct ca bng tnh c tnh bng ch, t A, B, C,... n IV. Cc hng ca bng tnh c tnh t 1 n 16384. d hnh dung, chng ta coi workbook ging nh quyn sch, worksheet ging nh cc trang sch, cc ging nh ch trong trang sch . Giao gia ct v hng gi l (cell), mi mt c mt a ch ring bit thng qua <a ch ct> v <a ch hng>. V d: A1, B4, AB16. Tn ca cc sheet hin hnh trn thanh tab, nm pha di ca s workbook. di chuyn gia cc sheet ta bm ln tn ca sheet hoc dng t hp phm Ctrl+ PageDown, Ctrl+ PageUp. Tn ca sheet hin hnh s c sng v m hn. Gc phi v pha di l thanh trng thi, th hin v tr mn hnh trong bng tnh.

3. QUN L WORKBOOK

Hnh 1.6: Ca s lu workbook cha c tn.

a. Lu workbook

Khi bn lu workbook ln u tin, bn phi t tn file v a ch bn mun lu. Ri sau mi ln lu workbook, Excel s cp nht vi nhng thay i sau cng nht. Lu workbook mi cha c tn: - Chn Menu\ File\ Save hoc n nt Save trn thanh Standard, ca s Save as hin ra (hnh 1.6). - Chn a v th mc (folder) trong hp Save in. Bn c th to folder mi lu workbook bng cch bm Create New folder ri g tn folder mi, OK. Trong hp File name, g tn workbook. Excel t ng chn ui cho file l xls.

Hnh 1.7: Lu workbook t ng To mt bn sao cho workbook (lu workbook vi mt tn mi): - M workbook mun to bn sao cho n hay tn mi. - Chn Menu\ File\ Save As. Trong hp File name, g tn workbook mi v ng dn. - Bm nt Save. Lu workbook t ng: - Chn Menu\ Tools\ Options\ Save. - nh du chn Save AutoRecover info every, nhp khong thi gian bng pht Excel t ng lu (hnh 1.7). - Chn cc la chn khc nu bn mun.

Ghi ch: Nu lnh AutoSave khng c trn thc n Tools, bn phi ci t chc nng ny bng cch chn Menu\ Tools\ Add-Ins, nh du chn AutoSave trong danh sch Add-Ins available.
b. To workbook mi

- Chn Menu\ File\ New hoc n nt New hin ra. - Chn General, chn biu tng workbook.
c. M file workbook c sn trong a

trn thanh Standard, ca s New

- Chn Menu\ File\ Open hoc n nt Open trn thanh Standard, ca s Look in hin ra. - Chn a, folder cha file cn m, chn file cn m ri bm Open.
d. ng ca s workbook ang lm vic

- Chn Menu\ File\ Close hoc Ctrl+ F4, ca s Microsoft Excel hin ra (hnh 1.8). - Chn Yes lu file, No khng lu file, Cancel tr v.

Hnh 1.8: Hp thoi khi thot ra khi Excel

BI 2: NHP V HIU CHNH D LIU

Khi tin hnh nhp, iu chnh d liu hay trnh by, x l bng tnh, thng thng phi xc nh hay khi (vng) m bn mun tc ng ln n trc. Chnh v vy m cn bit cch chn nh th no cho nhanh v ng, mc u tin sau y s cp n vn . 1. CHN
a. Chn n

- Cch 1: Bm chut trn cn chn. - Cch 2: Dng cc phm di chuyn di chuyn n cn chn.
b. Chn khi phm vi lin k nhau

- Cch 1: gi chut trn 1 gc ca khi cn chn (con tr chut c dng ti B2) ko n gc i din ca khi (D4) v nh chut (hnh 2.1). - Cch 2: Chn 1 gc, gi Shift v bm trn gc i din hoc g cc phm di chuyn ti. Hnh 2.1: Chn khi lin k nhau bng cch gi v ko chut
c. Chn khi khng lin nhau

Chn hay khi th nht, gi phm Ctrl v chn hay khi khc.
d. Chn ton b cc trn hng hoc ct

- Chn hng : bm trn tn tiu hng (Row heading). - Chn ct : bm trn tn tiu ct (Column heading).
e. Chn ton b cc trn sheet

Bm trn giao gia 2 thanh tiu ct v hng (hnh 2.1), hoc Ctrl+A. 2. CHN CC SHEET TRONG WORKBOOK Chn
Mt sheet Hai hay nhiu sheet k nhau Cc sheet khng k nhau Tt c cc sheet trong workbook

Cch thc hin

Bm trn tn ca tab sheet Bm trn tn ca tab sheet th nht, gi phm Shift v bm trn tn ca tab sheet th hai. Bm trn tn ca tab sheet th nht, gi phm Ctrl v bm trn tn ca tab sheet khc. Bm nt phi chut trn tn ca mt tab sheet, chn Select All Sheets trn thc n tt.

3. CC KIU D LIU TRONG EXCEL D liu nhp c th l nhn hay chui k t, s hoc cng thc.
a. Nhn, chui k t (Label/ String)

Chui l t hp ca s, khong trng, ch v cc k t khng phi l s. Chui t ng c canh l tri trong . Khi chui nhp di hn rng ct th n trn qua bn phi nu bn phi khng c d liu. Nu bn phi c d liu th ch c mt phn chui va ng rng ca ct c hin th. Nh vy, thy ton b d liu trong , bn cn phi iu chnh li rng ct bng cch gi v ko chut trn bin bn phi ca tiu ct sang phi, hoc bm p t ng iu chnh rng ct da vo chui di nht cha trong cc trn ct (hnh 2.2).

b. S (Number)

S l t hp ca s, khng c c khong trng, ch v cc k t khng phi l s, tr k t "." (quy nh Vit Nam l ","). V tr s mc nhin nm bn phi v c dng s t nhin (General number). Khi s nhp qu ln hoc qu nh th s c dng s m (scientific).

iu chnh

Hnh 2.2: iu chnh rng ca ct

c. Cng thc (Formular)

Trong Excel, bn c th t lp cng thc hoc s dng cc hm c lp sn. Cc hm c lp sn x l s liu, chui, tnh ton trong ti chnh, k ton,... Cc hm ny s c hc trong tit 4. C php ca cng thc phn bit vi cc d liu khc, cng thc c bt u t k t "=", tip theo l cc ton hng v ton t. Ton hng c th l cc gi tr khng thay i c (gi tr hng s), a ch hay phm vi khi , chui k t, tn khi hoc hm. Cc ton t tnh ton trong cng thc - Ton t s hc: Ton t
+ * / ^ % ()

Tn
Cng Tr/ m Nhn Chia Lu tha Du phn trm Ngoc

V d
=2+2 =4-2 =4*2 =12/4 =4^2 =7*2% =3-(8/2)

Kt qu
4 2 8 3 16 0.14 -1

- Ton t so snh (so snh hai gi tr v kt qu l True hoc False): Ton t

= > < >= <= <>

Tn
Bng Ln hn Nh hn Ln hn hoc bng Nh hn hoc bng Khc

V d
=7=9 =7>9 =7<9 =7>=9 =7<=9 =7<>9

Kt qu
False False True False True True

- Ton t ni chui: Ton t Tn

& Ni hai chui

V d
="Hoa"&"hng"

Kt qu
Hoahng

- Ton t tham chiu: h

Ton t

Tn
Ton t tham chiu phm vi nm gia 2 , kt qu l mt tham chiu n tt c cc gia 2 a ch .

V d

: , Ton t kt hp, n lin kt nhiu tham chiu thnh mt tham chiu. 7)

=Sum(B5:C8) =Sum(C3,D5:E

Sao chp cng thc t ny sang khc k vi n trn cng hng hay ct Khi cn sao chp cng thc, ta di chut xung gc phi di cng ca cng thc gc, khi con tr chuyn thnh k hiu , gi phm phi chut v ko (theo phng ng hoc phng ngang) n cc cn sao chp cng thc. D liu s t ng in theo phng ca qu trnh sao chp. Tham chiu Cng thc c th c tham chiu n . Nu bn mun cha c lin quan n gi tr ca mt khc, th bn lp cng thc vi ton t tham chiu n . cha cng thc l ph thuc, v gi tr trong ph thuc vo gi tr ca khc. Khi d liu ca m cng thc tham chiu n thay i, th gi tr trong cha cng thc cng thay i theo. S khc nhau gia a ch tng i v tuyt i Khi bn to cng thc, a ch ca hay khi thng c cn c vo v tr tng i i vi cha cng thc . a ch ca c xc nh theo v tr ct v hng. V d: AC2, E10,... a ch
=A2 =$A$2

Tn gi
a ch tng i a ch tuyt i

ngha
Cc a ch ct v hng s c thay i khi cha cng thc c sao chp n v tr khc. Cc a ch ct v hng s c gi nguyn khi cha cng thc c sao chp n v tr khc.

4. NHP V SA D LIU
a. Nhp d liu

Khi nhp d liu vo trn sheet, thc hin cc bc sau: - Chn cn nhp d liu. - G d liu cn nhp vo (d liu c th l s, chui hoc cng thc). - Kt thc nhp bng cch g phm Enter hoc g phm tab, khi sng di chuyn xung pha di 1 . Nu sau khi nhp d liu (cha g Enter), mun b d liu ang nhp th g phm Escape. Ghi ch: Sau khi kt thc nhp, nu bn mun xa d liu trong th chn li v n phm Delete hay Spacebar + Enter.
b. Sa d liu

Sau khi nhp d liu, bn c th sa li d liu trong bng cch sau: - Cch 1: Bm p ln cn sa, di chuyn im chn v tr cn sa. n - Cch 2: G phm F2, im chn nm sau d liu trong . - Cch 3: Bm ln thanh cng thc (Formular bar) ti v tr cn iu chnh. Sau thc hin cc thay i hoc iu chnh ni dung d liu mt cc bnh thng. Cui cng g phm Enter hon tt vic sa i hoc Escape hy b. 5. X L D LIU
a. Xa d liu trong

Chn mt hoc nhiu c d liu cn xo. Nu bn ch xo phn d liu ca th n phm Delete. Nu bn mun xo cc ni dung khc th chn Menu\ Edit\ Clear, c 4 trng hp chn nh sau: - All: xo ton b d liu, nh dng, ch thch. - Formats: ch xo phn nh dng ca . - Contents: ch xo phn d liu trong (ging nh phm Delete). - Comments: ch xo phn ch thch trong .
b. Hu b li, hnh ng va thc hn

Bm nt Undo trn thanh Standard Toolbar hu b hnh vi va thc hin. Nu bn khng mun b hnh vi th bm nt Redo .
c. Lp li hnh ng cui cng

Nu mun lp li mt hnh ng cui cng (va thc hin xong) th chn Menu\ Edit\ Repeat hoc n phm F4.
d. Di chuyn v sao chp d liu trong

- Bc 1: Chn cc cha d liu cn di chuyn hoc sao chp. - Bc 2: Bm nt Cut (Menu\ Edit\Cut hoc Ctrl+X) nu mun di chuyn. Bm nt Copy (Menu\ Edit\Copy hoc Ctrl+C) nu mun sao chp. - Bc 3: Xc nh v tr cn di chuyn hoc sao chp n, ch cn xc nh u tin v tr cn dn (c th nm trn sheet, workbook khc hoc cng sheet). - Bc 4: Bm nt Paste (Menu\ Edit\Paste hoc Ctrl+V) dn.
e. Di chuyn hoc sao chp mt phn ni dung ca mt vo mt khc

- Bc 1: Bm p trn cha d liu (hoc n phm F2) cn di chuyn hoc sao chp. - Bc 2: Chn cc k t cn di chuyn hoc sao chp bng cch bi en. - Bc 3: Bm nt Cut (Menu\ Edit\Cut hoc Ctrl+X) nu mun di chuyn. Bm nt Copy (Menu\ Edit\Copy hoc Ctrl+C) nu mun sao chp. - Bc 4: Bm p vo v tr cn di chuyn hoc sao chp n. - Bc 5: Bm nt Paste (Menu\ Edit\Paste hoc Ctrl+V) dn. Sau g phm Enter.
f. in d liu t ng vo cc lin k nhau

Bng cch gi v ko Fill handle ca , bn c th sao chp d liu ca n n cc khc trn cng hng hoc ct. Fill handle l hnh vung en nh nm gc phi ca hay khi ang chn. Khi con chut im trn du Fill handle ny, con tr chut bin i thnh du cng nh +. Nu cha cc chu k s, ngy hoc thi gian m Excel c th m rng trong mt dy, th cc gi tr tng dn thay v sao chp. Ngoi ra, bn c th to mt dy t ng in khc ca ring mnh nh danh sch tn cc bn cng lp,... Mun to danh sch khai bo th chn Menu\ Tools\Options\Custom Lists, sau lp danh sch trong phn New List (hnh 2.3). Ngoi ra, c th nhp mt danh sch hin ang c trong bng tnh bng cch bm vo nt c khoanh (nm bn tri nt Import) chn vng danh sch. Sau bm nt Import cp nht danh sch.

Hnh 2.3: Danh sch in d liu t ng. Hnh 2.4 l mt v d v in d liu t ng v ngy trong tun. Nu bn mun in nhanh mt dy s t nhin th khi ko Fill handle, cn phi gi thm phm Ctrl (con chut c dng ++).

Hnh 2.4: in d liu t ng.

BI 3: NH DNG BNG TNH

Trong Excel, vic nh dng bng tnh c ngha quan trng. Vic nh dng bng tnh cng nh thit k giao din, cng p th cng hp dn ngi s dng, ngi c. iu th hin thng qua vic b tr cc mc, phng ch (font), cn l, t ng vin, mu sc ch, mu nn,... Sau y ta nghin cu tng phn. 1. NH DNG D LIU V Trn mn hnh c thanh nh dng th hin trng thi hay kiu nh dng ca hay khi (hnh 3.1). Khi mun thay i th chn d liu v (khi ) cn nh dng, vo Menu\Format\Cells hoc Ctrl+1, ca s Format Cells hin ra (hnh 3.2). Ni dung nh dng gm c Font, Alignment, Border, Patterns, Number, Protection. Khi i tng la chn d liu trong th ca s Format Cells ch c ni dung Font. Trng thi ch th hin trong Preview. Hnh 3.1: Thanh nh dng (Format Toolbar) Font ch, kiu Font (Font Style): chn kiu font ch trong List Box di. Trong hp Font Style c cc dng la chn sau: Regular: ch bnh thng (khng b nghing, khng b m,...). Italic hoc nhp nt : ch b nghing. Bold hoc nhp nt : ch m.
a. Thay i nh dng ch trong (tab Font- hnh 3.2)

Bold Italic: ch m v nghing. Nu chn mt (khi ) th ton b ni dung u cng kiu font ch la chn, cn nu chn mt on d liu (bng cch bi en) th ch thay i trong phm vi chn. Tng t vi cc dng nh dng khc. Lu ch ting Vit vi kiu g TCVN th c k hiu ".Vn...", cn ch in th ui c thm ch H. V d: ".VnTime", ".VnTimeH". Bn c th s dng kiu g Unicode vi cc font ch cn li. Kch c ch (Font Size): chn kch c ch trong Size hoc chn . Mu sc ch (Color): chn mu sc ch trong Color hoc chn . Mc nh mu Automatic. Gch chn di ch (Underline): chn kiu gch chn di ch di Underline hoc chn . C gch n, gch kp, gch ri,... Mc nh None. V tr ch trn dng (Effects): chn kiu v tr ch trn dng, c cc kiu sau: Strikethrough : Ch b gch gia, v d nh 1000. 3 Superscript : Ch trn cao, v d nh 10 . Subscript : Ch di thp, v d nh 103.

Hnh 3.2: Hp thoi nh dng . V tr ch theo phng ngang (Horizontal): Bn c th chn v tr ch theo phng ngang i vi nh sau: Left hoc chn : cn tri ch trong . Center hoc chn : cn gia ch trong . Right hoc chn : cn phi ch trong . Mc nh canh l General, tc l khi d liu dng chui th t ng canh l bn tri, dng s th t ng canh l bn phi. tr ch theo phng ng (Vertical): Bn c th chn v tr ch theo phng V ng i vi nh sau: Top : v tr trn trong . Center : v tr gia trong . Bottom : v tr di trong .
b. Thay i v tr ch trong mt hoc nhiu (tab Alignment- hnh 3.3)

Hnh 3.3: Hp thoi nh dng Alignment Dng ch quay trong (Orientation): Bn c th chn dng quay theo mun bng cch chn gc quay theo . Kiu ch phn b trong : Bnh thng d liu trong 1 t trn sang cc khc khi n c di ln hoc c chiu rng hp. khc phc nhc im ny, tu yu cu ca ngi s dng m Excel a ra nhiu dng x l khc nhau, c th nh di y: - Wrape Text: Cho ton b d liu th hin trong 1 hin hnh, cc ch t ngt v c dn theo hng ngang (hnh 3.4a). Mun xem c ht th phi ko rng chiu cao hng ra. - Shrink to fit: Nu d liu trong nm gn trong th khng tc dng, nhng khi di hn th s t ng co nh li hin th ton b d liu cho va (hnh 3.4b). - Merge Cells: Ghp cc c chn thnh 1 , d liu s th hin trn ton b ghp (hnh 3.4c). Ch : Khi ghp cc u c d liu th d liu ca u s ln d liu sau. Khi Excel s cnh bo c thc hin hay khng? V d: A2 cha d liu "Tin hc ng dng", ni dung th hin s khc nhau theo mc ch khc nhau.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Hnh 3.4: Cc kiu ch phn b trong

c. Thay i ng vin trong mt hoc nhiu (tab Border- hnh 3.6)

Khi bn th hin d liu trn cc , chnh sa li, cng vic tip theo l cn t cc ng vin, khung cho chun, cho p (hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3.5: T ng vin (khung) ca

Hnh 3.6: Ca s t ng vin (khung) ca

Ni dung gm cc phn sau: - V tr ng vin trong (Border): Bn chn v tr cc ng vin (nt chm xung l c tc dng). Kiu to bao gm c t ngang trn, t ngang gia, t ngang cui, t dc tri, t dc gia, t dc phi, t cho tri sang phi v phi sang tri,... - Kiu ng vin (Style): Chn kiu nt ng vin nh nt n, nt i, nt t, nt m,... - Mu sc ng vin (Color): Bn c th tu la chn mu sc trong hp cun th xung.
d. Thay i mu nn trong (tab Patterns- hnh 3.7)

Bn c th thay i mu nn ca cc . C hai s la chn l mu sc ca nn (Color) v k hiu nn (Pattern). - Thay i mu nn (Color): Chn mu trn bng mu. - Thay i t nn (Patterns): Chn k hiu nn trn hp cun th xung.

Hnh 3.7: Ca s t mu nn ca
e. nh dng s (tab Number- hnh 3.10)

Theo quy nh Vit Nam, s thp phn c du . phn chia, nhng theo tiu chun Quc t (do my tnh ci t t ng), du c k hiu ,. V d: 15,35 (TCVN) c ngha l 15.35 (Quc t).

Bn c th thay i theo quy nh Vit Nam bng cch thay i trong phn Start\Settings\Control Panel\Regional Options\Numbers\Decimal symbol. Nhng theo ti, trong lnh vc k thut nn s liu theo mc nh Quc t. D liu dng s mc nh (General): Trong Excel, d liu trong mc nh dng General. Ty dng d liu vo m Excel c th t ng chuyn sang Number, Time, Date,... D liu dng s (Number): Dng ny c ph bin dng trong tnh ton. Bn c th la chn s ch s sau du "." bng cch vo gi tr Decimal places (hnh 3.8). Bn c th tng (hoc gim) s ch s sau du "." bng cch la chn trong thanh Formatting Toolbar. (hoc )

Hnh 3.8: Ca s nh dng s

Hnh 3.9: Ca s nh dng Custom D liu dng ngy (Date): Bn c th chn th t ngy (d), thng (m), nm (y) theo mun, c th hin trong Type. V d: 10-12-1989 hoc 10-12, 12-1989,... D liu dng gi (Time): Bn chn kiu quy nh thi gian, c nhiu kiu c th hin Type. K hiu AM l biu th thi gian t 0h00 n 12h00, PM l biu th thi gian t 12h00 n 24h00. D liu dng chui (Text): Khi dng chui, d liu s t ng canh l bn

tri (k c s). D liu t la chn (Custom): Khi bn mun la chn kiu d liu cho ring mnh, bn chn Custom. Trong Type, chui nm trong c t ng in vo d liu (hnh 3.9, 3.10). Trong hnh 3.9, gi tr A1 l 250 (th hin trn thanh Formular Bar) nhng th hin ti l Mc b tng l 250# . Nguyn nhn l do c nh dng Type: "Mc b tng l " 0"#" . 0 Trong thc t, thng th hin gc dng -pht (v d nh 12 30'), nhng Excel li khng mc nh hin th nh vy. Vic tnh ton i vi kiu nh dng kh phc tp v Excel coi l chui. Mt khc cc hm lng gic th ch tnh ton vi gc th hin bng raian. th hin gc dng - pht, trong Type g ni dung nh dng ##""##"'" trong cn nh dng. Sau ch cn nhp s vo.

Hnh 3.10: Ca s nh dng gc theo - pht Ghi ch: Mt s kiu font ch khng th hin y gc theo - pht, phi c quy c khi nhp gc pht, nu pht nh hn 10 th phi thm s 0 trc. V d nhp 0 0 9 05' th bn phi g 905. Tuy gc xut hin trn bng tnh l 9 05' nhng gi tr l s 905.
f. Bo mt (tab Protection- hnh 3.13)

Khi bn mun bo mt cng thc hoc phng vo nhm th bn chn ch bo mt . Lnh bo mt ch c tc dng trong trng hp kha Sheet hoc Workbook (hnh 3.11).

Hnh 3.11: Ca s lnh bo mt

Hnh 3.12: Ca s lnh bo mt Sheet Lnh bo mt c hai la chn nh sau: Locked: Kho (khng cho thay i ni dung) nhng cho nhn ton b ni dung . Hidden: Kha vo khng cho hin ni dung , phng v tnh thay i. Khi chn nhng cn bo mt, bn vo Tools\Protection\Protect Sheet hoc Protect Workbook. Ca s Protect Sheet hoc Protect Workbook hin ra yu cu nhp Password, ni dung Password c m ha thnh *** (hnh 3.12). C nhiu la chn trong Protect Sheet trong danh sch Allow all users of this worksheet to nh sau: Select locked cells: Cho php di chuyn chut vo b kho. Select unlocked cells: Cho php di chuyn chut vo khng b kho.

Gi v ko chut

Gi v ko chut

Hnh 3.13: iu chnh rng ca ct v chiu cao hng 2. X L CT, HNG V Thay i rng ca ct: Gi v ko chut trn bin cnh phi ca tiu ct (a ch ct) sang phi tng rng ca ct hoc sang tri gim rng ca ct (khi gi v ko con tr chut c dng ). Xem hnh 3.13. Thay i chiu cao ca hng: Cch thc hin tng t nh thay i chiu rng ca ct. Ch : - C th thay i rng cho nhiu ct ( hoc chiu cao hng) bng cch chn cc ct (hng) cn thay i ri mi thc hin s thay i. Cc ct (hng) c sau khi thay i s c rng ( cao) bng nhau. - Nhp p chut trn bn cnh phi ca tiu ct lm cho rng ct va kht vi d liu di nht m ct cha. - Nhp p chut trn cnh di ca tiu hng lm cho chiu cao hng va kht vi ni dung trn n, chiu cao t ng c chnh ny ph thuc vo kch c ch ln nht c chn trn hng.
a. Thay i rng ca ct v chiu cao hng

 Chn trng: Chn phm vi cc cn chn thm cc trng mi, s c chn s ng bng s c chn. Cch thc hin nh sau: - Chn cc cn chn. - Chn Insert\Cells... Khi hp thoi Insert hin ra. Chn Shift cells righ nu bn mun chn cc mi vo bn tri cc c chn v di di cc c chn sang bn phi. Chn Shift cells down nu bn mun chn v di di cc tng ng xung pha di (hnh 3.14).

b. Chn , hng hoc ct

Hnh 3.14: V d v thc hin chn cc trng Chn c sao chp hoc di chuyn vo gia cc c sn: - Chn cc cha d liu cn di chuyn hoc sao chp. - Chn Cut nu mun di chuyn, chn Copy nu mun sao chp. - Chn gc tri ni cn di chuyn hoc sao chp n. Chn Insert\Copied Cells (nu bn sao chp) hoc Cut Cells (nu bn di chuyn). Khi ca s Insert Paste hin ra nh hnh 3.17, bn la chn cc hng di di.

Hnh 3.15: Sao chp v chn cc Chn hng: Chn mt (hay khi cha cc a ch hng) trn hng pha di hng cn chn thm hng mi. Chn Insert\Rows hoc nhp nt phi chut vo tn a ch hng trong cc hng c chn v chn Insert. S hng c chn thm tng ng vi s hng c chn thng qua s . V d: chn thm hai hng pha trn hng s 5, tin hnh chn hai cha a ch 2 hng 5 v 6 nh A5:A6, hoc chn ton b 2 hng 5 v 6. Chn Insert\Rows. Chn ct: Chn mt (hoc khi cha cc a ch ct) trn ct pha bn phi ct cn chn thm ct mi. Chn Insert\Columns hoc nhp nt phi chut vo tn a ch ct trong cc ct c chn v chn Insert. S ct c chn thm tng ng vi s ct c chn

thng qua s . V d: chn thm 3 ct pha bn tri ct B, tin hnh chn ba cha a ch 3 ct B,C,D nh B1:D1 hoc chn ton b 3 ct B,C,D. Chn Insert\ Columns. Xo : Chn hay khi cn xo bng cch bi en, chn Edit\Delete... (hnh 3.16). Ca s hp thoi Delete hin ra. Chn Shift cells left nu ko cc bn phi sang ln khi b xo. Chn Shift cells up nu mun ko cc t di ln trn ln khi b xo. Xo hng, ct: Chn hay khi c cha cc a ch hng hay ct cn xa, hoc chn ton b hng hay ct cn xa. Chn Edit\Delete..., ca s hp thoi Delete hin ra (hnh 3.16). - Chn Entire row : xa hng. - Chn Entire Column : xa ct.
c. Xa , hng hoc ct

Hnh 3.16: Hp thoi xa , hng hoc ct. 3. LM VIC VI WORKBOOK V WORKSHEET

a. Chn worksheet mi

Khi bn mun thm worksheet mi, bn c th chn cc cch sau: Cch 1: Chn Menu\ Insert\ Worksheet (hnh 3.17).

Hnh 3.17: Thm 1 worksheet mi Cch 2: Nhp nt phi trn tn sheet cn chn vo pha bn tri ca n, chn Insert, sau chn biu tng ca worksheet trong General (hnh 3.19). Worksheet mi s c chn trc Worksheet hin hnh.
b. Di chuyn v sao chp sheet

M cc file cn di chuyn hoc sao chp cc sheet n. Thc hin cc bc sau: Bc 1: Chn cc sheet mun di chuyn hoc copy, chn Menu\ Edit\ Move or Copy Sheet, ca s Move or Copy s hin ra (hnh 3.18). Bc 2: Trong hp To Book, chn workbook no s nhp cc sheet. Trong hp Before sheet, nhp chn v tr sheet c di chuyn hoc copy trong workbook mi. Bc 3: nh du Create a copy nu mun sao chp, cn khng th l di

chuyn.

Hnh 3.18: Ca s sao chp hoc di chuyn cc sheet Ch : Hy cn thn khi di chuyn hoc sao chp cc sheet. Cc tnh ton hoc biu da trn d liu trong worksheet c th tr nn khng ng. Bc 1: Chn cc sheet mun xo. Bc 2: Chn Edit\Delete Sheet hoc nhp nt phi chut trn tab Sheet, chn Delete (hnh 3.19).
c. Xa cc sheet trong workbook

Hnh 3.19: Ca s xa sheet trongworkbook

Giu workbook: Chn workbook cn giu, vo Menu\Window\Hide. Hin th li workbook b giu: Chn Menu\Window\Unhide. Trong hp Unhide workbook, nhp p trn tn ca workbook c giu hin th li. Giu sheet: Chn cc sheet cn giu, vo Menu\Format\Sheet\Hide (hnh 3.20a). Hin th li sheet b giu: Chn Menu\Format\Sheet\Unhide. Trong hp Unhide sheet, nhp p trn tn ca sheet c giu hin th li (hnh 3.20b). Giu hng hoc ct: Chn cc hng (ct) cn giu, vo Menu\Format\ Row (Column), chn Hide (hnh 3.21). Hin th hng v ct b giu: Chn cc hng pha trn v pha di ca cc hng b giu. Vo Menu\Format\Row\Unhide. Thc hin tng t i vi cc ct.

d. Giu ton b hay mt phn ca workbook

(a) Hnh 3.20: Ca s n- hin cc sheet

(b)

Hnh 3.21: Ca s n-hin cc ct (hng)

e. Hin th nhiu workbook cng mt lc

Phng php ny c dng khi bn mun m nhiu workbook cng lm vic. d iu khin, chn Window\Arrange, cc dng sp xp v tr cc workbook s hin ra bn la chn (hnh 3.22).
Cascade

Horizontal

Vertical

Hnh 3.22: Ca s hin nhiu workbook cng mt lc Bc 1: Chn cc kiu pha di. c nh khung theo chiu ngang pha trn, chn hng di ni bn mun ng phn chia xut hin. c nh khung theo chiu ng, chn pha bn phi ni bn mun ng phn chia xut hin. c nh c hai phn pha trn v bn tri, chn pha di v pha bn phi ni bn mun ng phn chia xut hin ( R15 trong hnh 3.23). Khi phm vi gia cc khi c phn chia bi ng thng mu en. Bc 2: Chn Menu\Window\Freeze Panes. Kt qu th hin nh hnh 3.23, ct F: Q, hng 8:14 b che khut trong qu trnh cun bng tnh. Phc hi ca s chia ct: Chn Menu\Window\Unfreeze Panes.
f. Gi cc nhn ct v hng thy c khi bn cun mn hnh

Hnh 3.23: S dng chc nng Freeze Panes

g. Cc phm tt trong Excel

Cc phm chc nng:

Phm chc nng Hin th gip SHIFT CTRL ALT Chn sheet biu Vo ch thch nh ngha khi ng ca s Phc hi kch thc ca s Di chuyn n book trc Hin th hp Macro Thot t tn mi (Save as) To tn khi mi CTRL+ SHIFT ALT+ SHIFT Chn sheet mi Lu

F1 Sa ni dung F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Dn tn khi vo cng Dn hm vo cng thc thc Lp li (Repeat) Go to Find Next Tm kim (Find)

F7
F8 F9

Di chuyn n phn ca Di chuyn n phn ca Di chuyn n book k s k tip s trc tip Spelling Di chuyn ca s Chn Chn thm khi chn Thay i kch thc ca khc s Thu workbook thnh biu tng Phng to ca s Hin th ca s VBA. M

Tnh ton tt c cc Tnh ton trn worksheet sheet trn tt c cc book hin hnh m Chn thanh thc n lnh To biu t tn mi (Save as) Hin th thc n phm tt Chn worksheet mi Lu

F10 F11 F12

In

Phm g Enter ESC

S dng phm tt cho nhp d liu:

ngha Hon thnh nhp / iu chnh d liu trong Hy nhp / iu chnh d liu trong Lp li hnh ng cui cng Bt u hng mi trong cng mt Xo k t bn tri im chn/ phn chn Xo k t bn phi im chn/ xa phn chn Xa n cui hng Di chuyn Di chuyn v u hng Vo ch hiu chnh ch thch To cc tn t cc nhn ct v hng in t pha trn xung di in t bn tri sang phi Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn xung di Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn ln trn Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn sang phi Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn sang tri

F4 (Ctr+ Y) Alt+ Enter Backspace Delete Ctrl+ Delete Phm mi tn Home Shift+ F2 Ctrl+ Shift+ F3 Ctrl+ D Ctrl+ R Enter Shift+ Enter Tab Shift+ Tab


Phm g Ctrl+ C Ctrl+ Y Ctrl+ X Delete Ctrl+ Z

S dng phm tt cho chn, xo v sao chp d liu:

ngha Sao chp vo vng m ca b nh Dn chn la t vng m ca b nh vo v tr tng ng Ct (di chuyn) d liu vo vng m ca b nh Xo ni dung ca cc chn Hu b hnh ng cui cng

BI 4: S DNG CC HM TRONG EXCEL

Excel c nhiu hm c nh ngha trc phc v nhiu dng cng vic khc nhau, hoc c th t to ra phc v mc ch chuyn mn no . Hm c th c s dng thc hin nhng tnh ton n gin hay phc tp. Trong Excel c danh sch cc loi hm sau: Most Recently Used : Cc hm va mi s dng. All : Tt c cc hm. Financial : Hm v ti chnh. Date & Time : Hm v ngy v gi. Math & trig : Hm v ton hc v lng gic. Statistical : Hm v thng k. LookUp & Reference : Hm v tm kim, tham chiu s liu trong c s d liu (CSDL). DataBase : Hm v CSDL. Text : Hm v x l chui d liu. Logic : Hm v ton t logic. Information : Hm v thng tin. User Defined : Hm do ngi s dng, xy dng trong VBA.

Hnh 4.1: Danh sch cc hm c lp sn. Mt cng thc n gin c k hiu nh sau: " =Tn_hm(dliu1,dliu2, dliu 3,...)". Tn hm c lp sn bng cch chn Insert\Function, khi danh sch cc hm s hin ra trong Paste Function (hnh 4.1). Gia tn hm, cc i s khng c c khong trng, nu khng s b bo li. D liu trong hm c th l mt s, chui, a ch mt hoc nhiu tham chiu

trong Excel. Ngoi ra, mt s hm cn c kh nng lng vo nhau. Vd: =AVERAGE(2,3,5,8,C3:C5); =IF(C2>=8,"Gii",IF(A2>=6,"Kh","Trung bnh")). Ty theo yu cu cng vic mi ngi m phm vi s dng cc hm khc nhau. Di y l mt s hm thng hay s dng trong lnh vc k thut: 1. HM MATH & TRIG a. SUM(number1, number2,...) Hm Sum tnh tng s ca tt c cc tham s number1, number2,... Cc tham s c th l s, a ch hoc phm vi khi . V d hnh 4.2. b. ROUND(number, n) Hm Round lm trn s number theo con s n. Gi tr n c quy nh nh sau: - Nu n= 0: Lm trn n hng n v hoc ly 0 s l. - Nu n= 1: Lm trn ly 1 s l. - Nu n= 2: Lm trn n 2 s l,... - Nu n= -1: Lm trn n hng chc. - Nu n= -2: Lm trn n hng trm,... V d: =Round(1265.263,1) bng 1265.3; =Round(1265.263,0) bng 1265; =Round(1265.263,-1) bng 1270.

Hnh 4.2: V d v hm tnh tng. Hm Round thng c s dng lm trn khi tnh ton cc ch tiu c l. V d quy nh ch tiu khi lng th tch t nhin, khi lng ring, khi lng th tch kh, st lm trn sau gi tr thp phn 2 s. Ch tiu m (t nhin, chy, do), ch s do, l rng, bo ho lm trn sau gi tr thp phn 1 s. Ch tiu h s rng, lc dnh kt, h s nn ln lm trn sau gi tr thp phn 2 s. c. INT(number) Hm Int ly phn nguyn ca number, phn thp phn b ct b. V d: =Int(26.63) bng 26.
d. MOD(number,divisor)

Hm Mod ly phn d ca number chia cho divisor. V d: =Mod(12.3,6) bng 0.3; =Mod(26,5) bng 1. e. SQRT(number) Hm Sqrt ly gi tr cn bc hai ca number. V d: =Sqrt(81) bng 9; =Sqrt(18) bng 4.242. f. POWER(number, power) Hm Power ly gi tr m bc power ca number. V d: =Power(10,2) bng 100; =Power(10,4) bng 10000. g. LOG(number, base) Hm Log ly gi tr logbase number. V d: =Log(9,3) bng 2; =Log(15,4) bng 1.95. h. DEGREES(angle) Hm Degrees cho gi tr chuyn i gc angle t radian sang . V d: =Degrees(Pi()) bng 180 ; =Degrees(1) bng 57.3 .

i. RADIANS(angle)

Hm Radians cho gi tr chuyn i gc angle t sang radian. V d: =Radians(180) bng 3.141593 radian; =Radians(90) bng 1.57 radian. j. Cc hm v lng gic: SIN, COS, ASIN, ACOS, TAN, ATAN(number) Xc nh gi tr sine, cosine, arcsine, arccosine, tangent, arctangent ca gc number. Gc number l gc c tnh bng radian (khng tnh bng ). V d: =Sin(0) bng 0; =Sin(0.52359) bng 0.5; =Tan(0.7855) bng 1.

Hnh 4.3: V d v s dng mt s hm 2. HM STATISTICAL a. AVERAGE(number1, number2,...) Hm Average tnh gi tr trung bnh s hc cc tham s. V d: =Average(11,3,5,6,9) bng 6.8. b. MAX(number1, number2,...) Hm Max ly gi tr ln nht trong danh sch cc tham s. V d: =Max(11,3,5,6,9) bng 11. c. MIN(number1, number2,...) Hm Min ly gi tr nh nht trong danh sch cc tham s. V d: =Min(11,3,5,6,9) bng 3. d. COUNT(range) Hm Count tnh tng cc c cha d liu kiu s trong range. e. LARGE(range,k) Hm Large xc nh phn t ln th k trong range. f. MODE(range) Hm Mode xc nh phn t hay gp nht trong range. g. RANK(number,range,option) Hm Rank xc nh th hng ca number trong danh sch range. - Xp gim dn: khi khng c gi tr option hoc option bng 0. - Xp tng dn: khi gi tr option ln hn 0. h. VAR(range) Hm Var xc nh phng sai ca ca vng range. Cng thc ca hm Var nh sau:
i. STDEVP(range)

Hm Stdevp xc nh chuyn v ca lch bnh phng trung bnh ca vng range. Cng thc ca hm Stdevp nh sau:

k. STDEV(range)

Hm Stdev xc nh lch bnh phng trung bnh ca vng range. Cng thc ca hm Stdev nh sau: . COVAR(array1,array2) Hm Covar xc nh hip phng sai ca hai mng array1, array2. Hip phng sai l gi tr trung bnh tch s ca lch tng cp gi tr tng ng trong hai mng array1, array2. Cng thc ca hm Covar nh sau:

Hnh 4.4: V d v s dng mt s hm thng k Ghi ch: Cc hm thng k trong Excel c th thc hin tt cng tc x l thng k ch tiu c l cc mu t . Tuy nhin, cng vic loi b sai s th khng thc hin c, ch c th nh du. 3. HM TEXT
a. CONCATENATE(text1, text2,...)

Ni cc on d liu text1, text2,... thnh mt d liu. V d: =CONCATENATE("B mn"," a cht"," cng trnh") cho kt qu "B mn a cht cng trnh". Hin nay thng s dng k t & ni cc chui vi nhau, kt qu ging nh hm trn. V d trn th hin nh sau: ="B mn"&" a cht"&" cng trnh"). b. LEFT(text, num_chars) Ly mt on d liu tnh t u bn tri di num_chars k t ca text. V d: =LEFT("Gii hn",4) cho kt qu "Gii"; =LEFT("Gii hn",6) cho kt qu "Gii h". c. RIGHT(text, num_chars) Ly mt on d liu tnh t u bn phi di num_chars k t ca text. V d: =RIGHT("Gii hn",3) cho kt qu "hn"; =RIGHT("Gii hn",5) cho kt qu "i hn". d. UPPER(text) Bin i tt c ch thnh ch hoa. Tuy nhin, ch ting Vit th vn gi nguyn.

V d: =UPPER("tiNg Vit") cho kt qu"TING VIT". e. REPT(text, number_times) Lp li number_times ln d liu text. V d: =REPT("",5) cho kt qu "". f. TRIM(text) Xo b k t trng trong text, ch li 1 khong trng (tab) gia cc ch. V d: =TRIM(" Microsoft Excel 2003") cho kt qu "Microsoft Excel 2003". 4. HM LOGIC a. IF(logical_text, value_if_true, value_if_false) Tr v value_if_true nu iu kin ng (True) hoc value_if_false nu iu kin sai (False). Trong logical_text l biu thc logic. Cc hm if c th lng nhau n 7 cp. V d: =IF(7>5,10,20) cho kt qu l 10. b. AND(logical1, logical2,...) Tr v True nu tt c cc tham s ca n c gi tr l ng, tr v False nu c t nht mt tham s c gi tr sai. Hm And thng c lng vi hm if. V d: =IF(AND(3>4,4=4,1<8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "Sai"; =IF(AND(3<4,4=4,1<8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "ng". c. OR(logical1, logical2,...) Tr v True nu c t nht mt tham s ca n c gi tr l ng, tr v False nu tt c cc tham s c gi tr sai. Hm Or thng c lng vi hm if. V d: =IF(OR(3>4,4=4,1<8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "ng"; =IF(OR (3>4,4>4,1>8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "Sai". 5. HM LOOKUP & REFERENCE
a. LOOKUP

Hm LOOKUP dng d tm mt gi tr trong mt dng, mt ct hoc trong mt mng cc gi tr. Hm LOOKUP c hai hnh thc l dng vector v dng array: Dng Vector: LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,result_vector) - Lookup_value: l gi tr s c tm kim trong vng Lookup_vector. Lookup_value c th l mt s, mt chui hay mt tham chiu. - Lookup_vector: l vng d tm, vng ny c th l mt dng hay mt ct. Gi tr cha trong vng c th l s, chui. - Result_vector: l vng cha gi tr tr v (1 ct hoc 1 dng). ln ca Result_vector phi tng ng vi Lookup_vector. Lu : Lookup_vector phi c sp xp theo th t tng dn nh: -2,-1,0,1,2; A,B,C..Z; FALSE, TRUE. Nu khng, kt qu tr v nhiu khi khng chnh xc. Nu nh khng tm thy Lookup_value trong vng d tm, hm s ly gi tr ln nht c trong vng d tm (Lookup_vector) m c gi tr nh hn hoc bng gi tr d tm Lookup_vector. Nu gi tr nh nht trong vng d tm Lookup_vector m ln hn gi tr ca lookup_value th hm bo li #N/A. Dng mng: LOOKUP(lookup_value,array) - Lookup_value: l gi tr s c tm kim trong mng Array. Lookup_value c th l mt s, mt chui hay mt tham chiu. - Array: l vng tm kim, c th l mt vng nhiu hay mt mng. Gi tr cha trong array c th l s, chui, gi tr logic. Lu : Nu nh khng tm thy Lookup_value trong vng d tm, hm s ly gi tr ln nht c trong vng d tm (Lookup_vector) m c gi tr nh hn hoc bng gi tr d tm

Lookup_vector. Nu Lookup_value nh hn gi tr nh nht trong ct hoc hng u tin trong array th hm s bo li #NA!. Hm Lookup dng mng gn ging vi hm Hlookup v Vlookup. im khc bit l hm Vlookup hay hm Hlookup tm kim trn dng (hoc ct) u tin, cn hm Lookup th tm kim ty thuc vo kch thc ca mng. Nu mng (array) c s ct nhiu hn s dng th hm s tm trn dng u tin ca mng v ngc li. Nu mng c s ct bng s dng th hm s tm trn ct u tin ca mng. Hm lookup lun tr v gi tr ct hoc dng cui cng trong mng. Cc gi tr dng hoc ct u tin trong mng phi c sp xp theo th t tng dn, nu khng kt qu tr v nhiu khi khng chnh xc.

Hnh 4.5: V d v s dng mt s hm tm kim trong xc sut thng k

b. VLOOKUP

C phpVLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,option_lookup) Hm VLOOKUP l hm d tm theo ct, s tr v gi tr ca mt nm trn mt ct no nu tha mn iu kin d tm. - Lookup_value: l gi tr dng d tm, gi tr ny s c d tm trong ct u tin ca bng d liu d tm. Gi tr d tm c th l mt s, mt chui, mt cng thc tr v gi tr hay mt tham chiu n mt no dng lm gi tr d tm. - Table_array: l bng dng d tm, bng d tm c th l tham chiu n mt vng no hay Name tr v vng d tm. Bng d tm gm c Rj hng v Ci ct (i, j ln hn 1), trong ct th nht ca bng d tm s c dng d tm. - Col_index_num: l s th t ca ct (tnh t tri qua phi) trong bng d tm cha gi tr m ta mun tr v. Col_index_num phi ln hn hoc bng 1 v nh hn hoc bng s ct ln nht c trong bng d tm. - Option_lookup: l ty chn xc nh kiu d tm, c 2 kiu d tm: True hoc 1 (hoc trng): l kiu d tm tng i, hm s ly gi tr u tin m n tm c trn ct u tin trong bng d tm. Trong trng hp tm khng thy, n s ly gi tr ln nht m c gi tr nh hn gi tr d tm.

 False hoc 0: l kiu d tm chnh xc, hm s ly gi tr u tin m n tm c trn ct u tin trong bng d tm. Trong trng hp tm khng thy, hm s tr v #N/A.
c. Hm HLOOKUP

C php HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,option_lookup) Hm HLOOKUP l hm d tm theo dng, s tr v gi tr ca mt nm trn mt dng no nu tha mn iu kin d tm. - Lookup_value: l gi tr dng d tm, gi tr ny s c d tm trong dng u tin ca bng d liu d tm. Gi tr d tm c th l mt s, mt chui, mt cng thc tr v gi tr hay mt tham chiu n mt no dng lm gi tr d tm. - Table_array: l bng dng d tm, bng d tm c th l tham chiu n mt vng no hay Name tr v vng d tm. Bng d tm gm c R j hng v Ci ct (i,j =1), trong dng th nht ca bng d tm s c dng d tm. - Row_index_num: l s th t ca dng (tnh t trn xung di) trong bng d tm cha gi tr m ta mun tr v. Row_index_num phi phi ln hn hoc bng 1 v nh hn hoc bng s ct ln nht c trong bng d tm, ngc li hm s tr v #VALUE! hoc #REF. - Option_lookup: l ty chn xc nh kiu d tm, c 2 kiu d tm: True hoc 1 (hoc trng): l kiu d tm tng i, hm s ly gi tr u tin m n tm c trn ct u tin trong bng d tm. Trong trng hp tm khng thy, n s ly gi tr ln nht m c gi tr nh hn gi tr d tm. False hoc 0: l kiu d tm chnh xc, s ly gi tr u tin m n tm c trn ct u tin trong bng d tm. Nu tm khng thy, hm s tr v #N/A.

Hnh 4.6: Biu th nghim nn mt trc c s dng hm Hlookup V d: Biu th nghim nn mt trc c dng nh hnh 4.6. Ch cn mt s php tnh ton l d dng xy dng c biu ny. Vn kh nht tra s hiu chnh tng cp p lc (p lc thay i ph thuc vo cng ca t) ca tng my nn. C th s dng hm Hlookup trn tm h s hiu chnh . Trong hnh 4.7, c 14 my nn, tng

ng vi n bng tra h s hiu chnh ng vi cc cp p lc nn khc nhau. Hm Hlookup ti E4 gm cc thng tin sau: - Lookup_value: l gi tr dng d tm l cp p lc nn (E19). - Table_array: l bng dng d tm l d liu gc, phi cha ton b s hiu my nn, cp p lc nn (vng A2:G16). - Row_index_num: l s th t ca my nn (phi xp sp tng lin tc, nu khog s b sai), trng hp ny cng thm 1 hng v hng bt u tnh t hng 2 (A20+1). Nu s hiu my nn khng phi l s, s dng hm Index xc nh s th t my nn trong danh sch d tm. - Option_lookup: chn True

Hnh 4.7: p dng hm Hlookup tra h s hiu chnh my nn 1 trc 6. HM USER DEFINED Cho d xy dng nhiu loi hm khc nhau trong nhiu lnh vc, nhng khng th p ng nhu cu a dng ca ngi s dng Excel. Vic xy dng hm ring l cn thit, nu ch s dng hm v cng thc sn c trong Excel th qu trnh tnh ton tri qua nhiu bc trung gian, kh kim sot, d mc li, thm ch mt s hm kh c th thc hin c theo phng php th cng. Trong lnh vc CCT, c th pht sinh nhng hm kh c th gii quyt mt cch n thun nh sau: - Hm tnh gi tr trung bnh ca gc tnh theo - pht: Theo nh dng ti hnh 3.10, vic tnh ton gi tr trung bnh bt buc phi s dng cc ph. - Hm tnh sc chu ti quy c R0 ca t: ph thuc lc dnh kt, gc ma st trong (tra bng hoc c cng thc tnh), khi lng th tch t nhin,... - Hm tnh m un tng bin dng E0: ph thuc vo loi t (tra bng), h s rng, trng thi,... - Hm ni suy tuyn tnh mt chiu, hai chiu: C nhiu bi ton lin quan nh x l thng k, xc nh mun tng bin dng E0, h s K khi tnh ton ng sut di y mng, xc nh vng bin dng do,... u phi s dng n bi ton ni suy tuyn tnh. - Hm tnh ton gi tr tiu chun, lnh bnh phng trung bnh sau khi thng k: tc l hm xc nh gi tr trung bnh sau khi loi tr sai s th,... Nh xy dng trn ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) sn c trong Excel, hm ring c th p ng phn ln nhng cng vic trn.

Hnh 4.8: Hm Eo c xy dng trong VBA

Hnh 4.9: Th tc x l thng k xy dng trong VBA ng link gio trnh Cng thc v hm Excel, kin thc c bn VBA trong Excel: http://www.giaiphapexcel.com/forum/showthread.php?t=11627

Hnh 4.10: Cng thc v hm Excel, kin thc c bn VBA trong Excel 7. TM HIU CC LI TR V BI CNG THC
a. Li #####

Nguyn nhn do kt qu s tnh bi cng thc qu ln so vi rng ca ct. Bin php khc phc: m rng ct hoc thay i dng thc biu din ca s.
b. Li #DIV/0!

Nguyn nhn do cng thc chia cho s 0.

c. Li #NAME?

Nguyn nhn Excel khng tha nhn chui trong cng thc. Li ny thng gp khi khai bo tn hm sai, tn phm vi khi sai, khi nhp chui trong cng thc m khng t trong 2 du nhy kp "", khi b st du hai chm ":" trong phm vi khi .
d. Li #NULL!

Li ny xut hin khi bn ghi r s giao nhau ca 2 vng m chng khng giao nhau. Li ny xy ra khi s dng ton t giao nhau (thng l khong trng).
e. Li #NUM!

Li #NUM! xut hin khi c vn vi s trong cng thc hoc hm. Li ny xy ra khi khai bo tham s s khng th chp nhn c.
f. Li #REF!

Li #REF! xut hin khi a ch khng hp l. Li ny thng xy ra khi xo c tham chiu bi cng thc khc, hoc dn cc c di chuyn ln cc c tham chiu bi cc cng thc khc,...
g. Li #VALUE!

Li #VALUE! khi kiu tham s hoc ton hng c s dng khng ng. Li ny xy ra khi nhp chui m cng thc yu cu l s hoc gi tr logic (True, False).

BI 5: BIU TRONG EXCEL

Trong Excel, ngoi vic biu din d liu di dng nhng con s, bn c th biu din chng di dng biu nh to , ng thng, hnh bnh, hnh tr,... T cc biu bn c th nh gi c mt cch tng qut v d dng so snh gia cc gi tr, gy c s cm nhn v thuyt phc ngi c. Trong lnh vc CCT, vic ng dng biu c ngha ht sc quan trng. Dng biu trong Excel c th th hin c nhiu cng vic nh v biu ct- nn, thnh phn ht, xuyn tnh, xuyn tiu chun, biu nn tnh cc, nn tnh nn, ct cnh, nn ngang,... 1. TO BIU Vi chc nng Chart Wizard, Excel gip bn to ra mt biu qua nhiu bc thc hin v trong mi bc bn c th thay i nhng tu chn hoc khai bo thm cc thng s sao cho ph hp vi yu cu ra. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
a. Chn cc cha d liu cn v biu

V d di y yu cu v biu th nghim thnh phn ht, trc hnh th hin ng knh ht tnh theo logarit c s 10, trc tung th hin phn trm tch lu. u tin chn cc N10:N12 (hnh 5.1). Dng u tin tng ng kch thc nhm ht, hng th hai tng ng phn trm tch lu, hng th ba l hm lng tng ng cc nhm ht. Trong th hin kch thc nhm ht, ti dng phng php mo nh dng bin gi tr kch thc ht c th (v d 0.5mm) thnh nhm ht (thnh 1.00.5mm). iu ny l cn thit Excel c th hin th biu thnh phn ht theo mun (phi l s ch khng phi l l chui).
b. Bm nt Chart Wizard Menu\Insert\Chart trn thanh Standard (hnh 1.4) hoc vo

Xut hin hp lnh Chart Wizard (hnh 5.2). Trong Chart type c nhiu loi biu , bn cnh l cc biu con Chart sub-type. Do nhu cu cng vic cng nh thi gian c hn nn ch gii thiu biu ng dng quan trng nht l XY (Scatter). Bn thc hin 4 bc thit lp to biu nh sau: Bc 1: Chn kiu biu cn v- XY (Scatter). Sau n Next. Bc 2: Kim tra li d liu cn v. C hai ca s la chn: Data Range: kim tra li vng d liu vo ng cha? Nu c s thay i th khai bo li trong Data Range (hnh 5.3a). Series: Bn c th kim tra, sa tn hoc b sung tn ca biu , tn trc X,Y, thm, bt d liu (hnh 5.3b). Sau n phm Next.

Hnh 5.1: u vo ban u ca biu thnh phn ht

Hnh 5.2: Bc th nht ca v biu

(a) Hnh 5.3: Bc th 2 ca v biu

(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Hnh 5.4: Bc th 3 ca v biu

 Bc 3: Chn v sa cc thng s ca biu cn v, gm cc phn Titles, Axes, Gridlines, Legend, Data labels (hnh 5.4). Sau y ta i vo tng phn: - Titles: Tn ca biu , tn ch dn trc X, Y (hnh 5.4a). - Axes: Bt- tt gi tr trc X,Y (hnh 5.4b). - Gridlines: Bt- tt li gi tr ln (major), b (minor) ca trc X,Y (hnh 5.4c). - Legend: Bt- tt ch dn biu v v tr ca n (hnh 5.4d). - Data labels: Chn None nu khng mun hin ni dung g c, chn Series Name nu mun hin th gi tr t l nhm ht v phn trm tch lu, chn X value nu mun hin th gi tr ng knh ht, chn Y value nu mun hin gi tr phn trm tch lu v hm lng cc nhm ht (hnh 5.4e). Bc 4: L bc cui cng. Bn xc nh v tr ca biu chn ring mt sheet (As new sheet) hay trong mt sheet c sn (As object in- hnh 5.5). Nhn phm Finish kt thc cng vic, biu hin ra (hnh 5.6).

Hnh 5.5: Bc cui cng ca v biu l chn v tr hin th

Hnh 5.6: Biu c v xong v cc i tng ca n 2. HIU CHNH BIU Khi to xong mt biu , Excel cho php thay i nhng la chn c sn (thm hay bt mt s thnh phn) sao cho ph hp vi yu cu. Sau khi to ra biu , xt v mt kiu dng, hnh dng v nhng yu t c bn xem nh t yu cu. Tuy vy, nhng yu t khc nh kch thc, mu sc, v tr, phng ch,... thng khng t nh mun, cn phi thc hin thm mt s thao tc hiu chnh bng cc cng c c sn. V d nh hnh 5.6 cha phn nh ng biu th nghim thnh phn ht theo yu cu.
a. nh dng li cc i tng, thnh phn ca biu

Bn c th nh dng cc i tng to sn bn trong biu nh mu sc, ng nt, phng ch,... Ty i tng m c kiu nh dng khc nhau. Cc i tng chnh trong bn v c th nh dng li c trnh by trong hnh 5.6. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Chn i tng trong biu (v d Chart area). Chn Format/Format Chart Area hoc n phi chut, trong menu chn Format Chart Area, ca s nh dng hin ra (hnh 5.7). - nh dng mu nn, khung bao quanh: Trong ca s Patterns, bn la chn mu nn v mu cc khung bao quanh (hnh 5.7a). - nh dng phng ch (nu i tng l ch): Trong ca s Font, bn la chn phng ch, kch c, kiu ch. Auto Scale l chc nng t ng iu chnh c ch khi thay i kch thc (hnh 5.7b). y l chc nng mi nhng khng hu ch v kch c ch thay i khng theo mun, nn b chc nng ny.

(a) Hnh 5.7: Ca s nh dng mt s i tng ca biu

b. iu chnh v b sung mt s yu t trong biu dng XY

(b)

Trong biu dng XY, chui Series (hnh 5.6) c coi l i tng quan trng v c b sung thm mt s cc yu t v nh dng v iu khin.

Hnh 5.8: Ca s nh dng chui d liu

Hnh 5.9: Ca s nh dng s trn trc X hoc Y Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Nhn kp vo k hiu Series trn biu , ca s Format Data Series hin ra nh hnh 5.8. Trong Patterns, bn c hai la chn l Line v Marker. Line: la chn loi v mu sc ng ni gia cc im (marker). C cc la chn sau: Automatic: Excel t ng gn mu v v dy (Weight) ca nt. None: khng hin ng nt. Custom: tu chn kiu ng (Style), mu (Color), dy ng (Weight). Smoothed line: tc dng lm cong cc ng ni. Marker: la chn kiu nh du (marker). Automatic: Excel t ng chn kiu marker. None: khng hin marker. Custom: tu chn kiu marker (Style), mu bao ngoi (Foreground), mu bn trong (Background). Size: kch c ca marker. Shadow: lm ni hn cc marker trn biu . Chuyn sang Scale (hnh 5.9), bn c cc la chn nh dng trc X nh sau: Minimum: gi tr trc honh nh nht (v d ny l 0.001). Maximum: gi tr trc honh ln nht (v d ny l 1000). Major unit: ng bc nhy ca ng li ln (v d ny l 10). Minor unit: ng bc nhy ca ng li nh (v d ny l 10). Value (Y) axis Crosses at: xc nh gi tr trc X giao vi trc Y. Logarithmic scale: th hin trc di dng logarit, nh nht l 0.001, ln nht l 1000. Value in reverse order: quay ngc hng gi tr trc. Value (Y) axis Crosses at maximum value: xc nh gi tr trc X giao vi gi tr ln nht ca trc Y.

Hnh 5.10: Biu thnh phn ht hiu chnh mt phn Trong cc la chn trn, cn b du tch Auto trc cc chc nng trn, nhm loi b kh nng t ng thay i thit lp gi tr ln nht, nh nht, ng li,... biu . Tuy nhin vic la chn cn ph thuc vo tu loi biu . V d nh i vi biu xuyn tnh (hnh 10 phn Ph lc), su xuyn lun thay i tu tng cng trnh nn phi ch Auto cho Maximum.

Hnh 5.11: nh dng kiu ng li Value(Y) axis minor gridlines

Hnh 5.12: nh dng kiu ng li minor Y trong biu thm trc Y bn phi biu , nhn kp vo k hiu Series trn biu , ca s Format Data Series hin ra nh hnh 5.8, chuyn sang Axis (hnh 5.13). Chn Secondary axis trong Plot series on. Nu biu ch c mt chui series th khng hin th trc tung th 2 Secondary axis. chnh l l do chn chui Series2 (l quan h gia ng knh nhm ht v hm lng cc nhm ht, mc d khng s dng) nh hnh 5.3b. Sau nh dng chui Series2 khng hin th bng cch chn None trong Marker (hnh 5.8).

Hnh 5.13: Thm trc tung bn phi biu

Hnh 5.14: Biu thnh phn ht tng i hon chnh Tip theo l cng tc chnh sa kiu ng nt cho ph hp, i tng chnh sa c th l Value (X) axis, Value (Y) axis, Value(Y) axis minor gridlines, Value(Y) axis major gridlines, Value(X) axis minor gridlines, Value(X) axis major gridlines,... (hnh 5.6). u tin chn i tng Value(Y) axis minor gridlines, sau bm phi chut v chn Format Gridlines (hnh 5.11). Vic chn kiu ng nt ging nh hnh 5.8. Sau khi chnh sa, biu thnh phn ht tng i hon chnh (hnh 5.14). Cng vic xy dng biu thnh phn ht ca chng ta hon thnh.
c. Xc nh phng trnh tng quan thc nghim

Nh chng ta hc, c hai dng tng quan thc nghim l tuyn tnh v phi tuyn. T biu quan h XY, Excel cho php xc lp mi tng quan gia cc i lng, th hin bi phng trnh tng quan, ng hi quy v h s tng quan Pearson (R). 2 V d: quan h gia h s nn ln a (cm /kG) v m W (%) nh bng di:
W(%) a(cm /kG)
2

18.3 0.011

18.9 0.013

19.6 0.018

20.2 0.021

22.3 0.022

24.6 0.026

28.3 0.031

30.2 0.033

33.4 0.036

36.3 0.041

39.3 0.046

41.2 0.049

Hnh 5.15: Lp phng trnh tng quan Yu cu lp biu quan h gia hai i lng theo 4 bc nh trn. Sau khi v v chnh sa s liu xong, bn bm chut vo k hiu chui (lc tt c chuyn mu khc), bm phi chut v chn Add Trendline (hnh 5.15). Khi , ca s cc loi phng trnh tng quan hin ra nh hnh 5.16a, c hai la chn l Type v Options. Type: La chn phng trnh tng quan no nh trc. Excel lp sn cc phng trnh tng quan sau: - Linear: Phng trnh tuyn tnh, c dng y= ax+b - Logarithmic: Phng trnh logarit, c dng y= aLn(x)+b n n-1 - Polynomial: Phng trnh bc n, c dng y= ax +bx +...+kx+l. Trong , bn chn bc n trong Order. a - Power: Phng trnh Lu tha, c dng y= bx Trong v d ny, la chn trng hp Linear (hnh 5.16a). Cn cc trng hp khc tu chn kiu quan h. Options: Bao gm cc la chn di y: - Trendline name: Chn chui s liu (nu c nhiu tng quan) m bn nh lp phng trnh tng quan, mc nh l Automatic. - Forecast: m rng ng hi quy trn th v pha trc v pha sau so vi gii hn s liu u vo. Chn 1 v 1. - Display equation on chart: Hin th phng trnh tng quan trn biu theo nguyn tc phng php bnh phng b nht. - Display R-squared value on chart: Hin th gi tr bnh phng ca h s tng 2 Pearson (R ) trn biu nh hnh 5.16b.

(a)

(b)

Hnh 5.16: Phng trnh tng quan v cc thng s ca n Kt qu th hin trn hnh 5.17. i vi mi tng quan dng phi tuyn, cch thc hin tng t. i vi mt s mi quan h khi cha xc nh c chnh xc quy lut ph thuc tng quan ca hai i lng vi nhau, bn th tng dng khc nhau v nn chn 2 trng hp no cho gi tr R no l ln nht (ngha l mi quan h cht nht - xem thm mc tip theo). Ch rng c th mi tng quan trong phm vi ang xt l cht nht nhng khi ngoi suy ra 2 pha, c th phng trnh khng ph hp.

Hnh 5.17: Kt qu xy dng phng trnh tng quan

d. Phng php bnh phng b nht

Khi lm vic vi cc i lng tng quan vi nhau, bn c th s dng mt s hm xc nh cc thng s ca mi tng quan . i vi mi ph thuc tng quan tuyn tnh, h s tng quan c s dng nh gi mc cht ca mi tng quan . Theo nh ngha, h s tng quan gia i lng y v i lng x c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

Trong : Sx, Sy - lch tiu chun trong phn phi ring ca i lng x v y, chnh l lch bnh phng trung bnh ca x v y (s dng hm STDEV trong Excel). - Hip phng sai ca y v x (dng hm Covar trong Excel). Hip phng sai ca xy y v x l k vng ca [(x - X )(y - Y ) (E[(x - X )(y- Y )) v c xc nh nh sau:

xy c dng lm thc o quan h gia hai i lng y v x. Nu y v x ng bin th hip phng sai dng, nu y v x nghch bin th hip phng sai m.

T cng thc nh ngha trn, c th xc nh h s tng quan ca phng trnh tng quan tuyn tnh theo cng thc ton sau (dng hm Pearson trong Excel):

Cc tnh cht ca h s tng quan (R):

- Gii hn ca h s tng quan: -1 R 1 - Nu R > 0, y v x c s ph thuc tng quan tuyn tnh thun (hnh 5.18a). - Nu R < 0, y v x c s ph thuc tng quan tuyn tnh nghch (hnh 5.18b). - Nu |R| = 1, gia y v x c s ph thuc hm s bc nht (hnh 5.18c). - Nu R = 0, gia y v x khng c s ph thuc tng quan. |R| phn nh mc ph thuc tng quan, |R| cng ln th mc ph thuc tng quan tuyn tnh gia y v x cng cht ch.

Hnh 5.18: Mi ph thuc tng quan

Theo Kalomenxki, mc ph thuc tng quan gia cc i lng ngu nhin nghin cu c nh gi qua gi tr tuyt i ca h s tng quan nh sau: 0 < |R| 0,5 : Mc ph thuc tng quan rt yu. 0,5 < |R| 0,7 : Mc ph thuc tng quan yu. 0,7 < |R| 0,9 : Mc ph thuc tng quan cht. 0,9 < |R| 1,0 : Mc ph thuc tng quan rt cht. Vi mi tng quan tuyn tnh y = ax+b, c th s dng cc hm Intercept, Linest, Slope, Forecast. Cc hm ny c m t nh sau:
C php hm INTERCEPT(Known_ys, Known_xs) M t Tr v gi tr y khi x=0 (tc l y=b) bng cch dng mng gi tr x, y bit. Known_xs l mng c lp, Known_ys l mng ph thuc tng quan. C th ng nhp cc s trc tip. LINEST(known_y's, Tr v h s gc a ca kiu tng quan. Const l gi tr logical, nhm known_x's,const,stats) nh r c hay khng gi tr b. - Nu const l TRUE hoc b qua, b c tnh ton bnh thng. - Nu const l FALSE, b s c t l 0 phng trnh tr thnh y= ax. SLOPE(known_y's,known_x' Tr v h s gc a ca kiu tng quan. s) PEARSON(array1,array2) Tr v h s tng quan Pearson da trn cc gi tr cho. H s ny chnh l h s tng quan R trong l thuyt xc sut thng k. RSQ(known_y's,known_x's) Tr v bnh phng ca h s tng quan Pearson (R2) da trn cc gi tr cho. FORECAST(x,known_ Ngoi suy gi tr y khi bit gi tr x theo ng tng quan y = ax+b. y's, known_x's)

Trong th nghim ct phng trong phng, cc hm trn c s dng xc nh lc dnh kt C v gc ma st trong t phng trnh sc khng ct (hnh 5.19).

Hnh 5.19: Cc hm xc nh theo phng php bnh phng b nht p dng trong th nghim ct phng 1 trc trong phng

BI 6: IN BNG TNH
Sau khi hon thnh vic x l d liu, tnh ton v trang tr, bn c th tin hnh cc thao tc in n th hin cc kt qu trn giy. 1. THIT LP CC THNG S IN
a. Kim tra v ci t my in

My in thng c ci t trong Window, my in hin hnh c ci t trong Start\ Setting\Printers. Trc khi in, bn phi kim tra xem my in c ci t hay cha. Khi thc hin lnh in, my in v cu hnh ca n s c hin th trong mc Printer (hnh 6.3). Bn c th xem hoc thay i cu hnh my in trong phn Properties.
b. nh dng giy in

Chn File/Page Setup, ca s Page Setup hin ra (hnh 6.1). Ca s gm cc phn Page, Margins, Header/Footer, Sheet. Sau y ta lm vic vi tng phn. nh dng trang in: chn Page (hnh 6.1a). C cc la chn sau: - Portrait : chn giy ng. - Landscape : chn giy ngang. - Paper size : chn c giy, thng chn A4 (297x210mm). - Adjust to : t t l in so vi kch thc thc t, mc nh 100%.

(a) Hnh 6.1: Ca s nh dng giy in

(b)

nh dng l in: chn Margins (hnh 6.1b). Bn chn l tri, phi, trn, di ca trang giy.

(a)

(b)

Hnh 6.2: Ca s nh dng l v tiu in Chn tiu u v tiu cui: chn Header/Footer (hnh 6.2a). Mt s

mc nh tn tiu trong hp th xung mc Header v Footer, mc nh l (none). Nu bn mun to ring th vo Custom Header.... v Custom Footer ... Chn Sheet: nh hnh 6.2b. C mt s la chn sau (mc nh khng): - Print area : chn vng in. - Print titles : in tiu , tiu hng hoc ct c th c lp li nu chn Rows to repeat at top hoc Columns to repeat at left. - Gridlines : in ng li . - Black and White : ch in ra mu en v trng. - Draft quanlity : in nhp (cht lng in km). - Row and column headings: in tn tiu hng v ct.
c. Xem trang trc khi in

Trong qu trnh nh dng giy in, bn c th xem trc trang in trong phn Print Preview (hnh 6.3) hoc chn File\Print Preview. Nn xem trc khi in phng sai lm. 2. LNH IN Khi thit lp cc thng s in xong, bn thc hin in nh sau: Cch 1: Chn File\Print. Cch 2: Nhn phm Ctr+P. Ca s in s hin ra (hnh 6.3). Thng s my in s hin ra phn Printer, bn c th thay i trong Properties... Bn cn khai bo s trang in trong Number of copies, mc nh l 1. Cui cng l la chn nhng trang in, t trang (From) ... n trang (To) ... hoc in tt c (All).

Hnh 6.3: Ca s lnh in

PH LC: SN PHM CA EXCEL TRONG CCT - KT

Gii thiu mt s sn phm ng dng trn Excel trong lnh vc CCT KT. y l nhng ti liu su tm t nhiu ngun khc nhau trn Internet. 1. TH NGHIM TRONG PHNG

Hnh 1: Biu th nghim ct phng 1 trc trong phng

Hnh 2: Biu th nghim nn c kt

Hnh 3: Biu th nghim xc nh gii hn chy theo Casagrande

Hnh 4: Xy dng vng trn Mohr's trong th nghim ct

Hnh 5: Chng trnh x l thng k ch tiu c l t

Hnh 6: Kt qu x l thng k ch tiu sc khng ct ca t

2. TH NGHIM NGOI TRI

Hnh 7: Biu th nghim ct cnh trong h khoan

Hnh 8: Biu th nghim nn ngang tronmg h khoan

Hnh 9: Biu th nghim nn tnh cc b tng

Hnh 10: Biu th nghim xuyn tnh CPT

3. TNH TON NN MNG V CC CHNG TRNH KHC

Hnh 11: Chng trnh v mt ct CCT v lp bo co kt qu kho st CCT GeoSection 3.0 c giao din trn nn bng tnh

Hnh 12: Nhp d liu h khoan trong GeoSection 3.0

Hnh 13: Tnh ton ln

Hnh 14: Tnh ton n nh mi dc theo phng php Bishop

Hnh 15: Tnh sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn

Hnh 16: Tnh ton n nh mi dc theo phng php Fellenius

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Mark Dodge, Craig Stinson, 2000. Microsoft Excel 2000 ton tp. Nh xut bn tr. [2]. Phan T Hng, 2006. ng dng ngn ng VBA trong Excel gii mt s bi ton trong a cht cng trnh. Tp ch khoa hc M- a cht. [3]. T Xun Vu, Hong Kim Bng, 2002. Bi ging Tin hc ng dng cho chuyn ngnh a cht cng trnh. Trng i hc M- a cht. [4]. Din n GPE, 2008. Cng thc v hm trong Excel. [5]. Phan T Hng, 2009. Lp trnh VBA trong Excel (ti bn ln 1). Nh xut bn Thng k. [6]. John Walkenbach, 2001. Excel 2002 Power Programming with VBA. M&T Books. [7]. Microsoft, 2003. Visual Basic Editor Help, Microsoft Office. [8]. Cc trang web: www.giaiphapexcel.com ; www.caulacbovb.com www.ketcau.com ; www.cadviet.com