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f (x) 0
f (x) < g(x)
f (x) < g(x)
>
s
s
f (x) 0
f (x) g(x)
f (x) g(x)
g(x) 0
f(x) > g(x)
f(x) > g(x)
>
>
>
>
f (x) 0
f (x) g(x)
f (x) g(x)
Bi ton. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
3x 2 2x 5x 2 + s + +
2
x
(1)
2)
2 2
2x 10x 8 x 5x 36 + + > (2)
3)
3 2
x 8 2x 5x 14 < + (3)
Gii:
1)
2
(1)
2 2
2
x 2
x 2 x 8
x 1 x 3x 2 0
x 1 0 x 1
x 0 x 3x 2 2x 5x 2
x 2
x 8x 0
x 8
>
> s
s + >
s s s
> + s + +
>
+ >
s
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 3
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
| | | | S ( ; 8 0 ; 1 2 ; ) = + .
2)
2
( 2)
2 2
2
9
5 36 0
4
2 10 8 5 36
15 44 0
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x
>
>
s
+ + >
+ + >
9
4 11
9 4
11
x
x x
x x
x
>
s <
> >
<
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
( | | ) S ; 11 9 ; = + .
3)
3 3
(3)
3 2 3 2
x 8 0 x 8
x 8 2x 5x 14 x 2x 5x 6 0
> >
< + + <
2 2
x 2 x 2
(x 1)(x x 6) 0 x x 6 0
x 2
2 x 3
2 x 3
> >
< <
>
s <
< <
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S = | ) 2 ; 3 .
Bi tp tng t. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
3 4 x x s
2
2 5 x x +
2)
2
2 9 13 x x + + >
2
3 2 x x +
3)
2
2 9 4 x x >
2
3 4 x x
4)
2 2
2 12 16 3 28 x x x x + + <
5)
3 2
2 1 x x >
2
2 x x
6)
3 2
x x <
2
2 x x + .
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 4
D ng 2
f (x) g(x)
2
f (x) 0
g(x) 0
f (x) g (x)
>
>
<
f (x) s g(x)
2
f(x) 0
g(x) 0
f(x) g (x)
>
>
Bi ton. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
x 8x 7 + + 3x s 1 (1)
2) 2
2
9 8x x + + 1 < 9x (2)
3)
1
1
x
< 2 (3)
Gii:
1) +
(1)
2
x 8x 7 s 1 3x
( )
2
2
2
8 7 0
1 3 0
8 7 1 3
x x
x
x x x
+ >
>
+ s
2 2
1
x
3
x 8x 7 9x 6x 1
x 7
x 1
+ s +
>
s
2
1
x
3
8x 2x 6 0
+ >
1
x
3
3
x
4
x 1
>
s
x 1 s
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S =( | ; 1 .
2) +
( 2)
2
2 9 8x x < 9x 1
2
2 2
9 8 0
9 1 0
4(9 8 ) (9 1)
x x
x
x x x
+ >
>
+ <
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 5
2 2
1 x 9
1
x
9
4x 32x 36 81x 18x 1
s s
>
+ + < +
2
1
x 9
9
85x 50x 35 0
< s
>
1
x 9
9
x 1
7
x
17
< s
>
<
1 9 x < s
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S = (1 ; 9] .
3)
>
<
( 3)
x 0
1
1 0
x
1
1 4
x
>
+
>
x 0
x 1
0
x
3x 1
0
x
<
>
>
<
x 0
x 1
x 0
1
x
3
<
>
1
x
3
x 1
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S =
| )
| |
+
|
\ .
1
; 1 ;
3
.
Bi tp tng t. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
x 2x 8 + 2 s x
2)
2
2x 5x 2 + + x s 2
3)
2
3x 8x 3 + 1 s 2x
4) 3 (x 6)(x 2) 7 + + + 3 < 5x
5) 3 (x 6)(x 2) 7 + + + 2x < 6
6)
4 2
2x 5x 3 + + 1 < x
2
.
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 6
D ng 3
f (x) > g(x)
<
>
>
>
2
g(x) 0
f (x) 0
g(x) 0
f (x) g (x)
f (x) > g(x)
<
>
>
>
2
g(x) 0
f (x) 0
g(x) 0
f (x) g (x)
Bi ton. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
3x 10x 3 x 1 + > + (1)
2) (x 1)(3 x) 3 4 3x + + > (2)
3)
2 2
2x 8x 1 x 1 + > + (3)
Gii:
1)
( )
+ <
+ >
+ >
+ > +
2
(1)
2
2
x 1 0
3x 10x 3 0
x 1 0
3x 10x 3 x 1
<
s <
>
+ > + +
2 2
x 1
1
x 3
3
x 1
3x 10x 3 x 2x 1
2
x 1
4x 8x 4 0
>
+ s
2
x 1
4(x 1) 0
>
x 1
x 1
>
x 1 =
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = { } 1 .
2) >
( 2)
2
4x x 3x 4
<
>
>
>
2
2 2
3x 4 0
4x x 0
3x 4 0
4x x (3x 4)
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 7
<
s s
>
> +
2 2
4
x
3
0 x 4
4
x
3
4x x 9x 24x 16
2
4
0 x
3
4
x
3
10x 28x 16 0
s <
>
+ <
4
0 x
3
4
x
3
4
x 2
5
s <
>
< <
s <
s <
4
0 x
3
4
x 2
3
0 x 2 s <
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S =
| ) 0 ; 2 .
3) + > + + > + +
( 3)
2 2 2 2 4 2
2x 8x 1 (x 1) 2x 8x 1 x 2x 1
+ < + <
4 3
x 8x 0 x(x 8) 0
+ + <
2
x(x 2)(x 2x 4) 0 + < x(x 2) 0
2 x 0 < <
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S = ( ) 2 ; 0 .
Bi tp tng t. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) (x 3)(5 x) 15 4 2x + + >
2)
2
x 5x 4 2 3x + + + >
3)
2
x 4x 5 x 11 + >
4) + + > +
4 2
x x 1 x 1
5)
4 2
x x 1 1 2x + + >
6)
4 2 2
2x 5x 2 2x 1 + + > .
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 8
D ng 4
f (x) g(x) p(x) q(x) + < + hoc: f (x) g(x) p(x) q(x) + s +
(Tr ong : f (x) + g(x) = p(x) + q(x)).
Phng php:
i u ki n:
f (x) 0
g(x) 0
p(x) 0
q(x) 0
>
>
>
>
Bnh phng hai v ca bt phng trnh, sau a v dng 1.
Bi ton. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) x 2 5 2x 2x 7 3x + + < + (1)
2) x 3 2x 5 3 3x 5 2x + + > (2)
3) 3 2x 4 3x 2x 2 x 3 s + + (3)
Gii:
1) i u ki n: 0
7
x
3
s s
( ) ( )
+ + < +
(1)
2 2
x 2 5 2x 2x 7 3x
x 2 5 2x 2 x 2. 5 2x 2x 7 3x 2 2x. 7 3x + + + + < + +
2 (x 2)(5 2x) 2 2x(7 3x) + <
2 2
2x x 10 6x 14x + + < +
2 2
2x x 10 6x 14 + + < + x
2
4x 13x 10 0 + <
5
x 2
4
< < ; tho m n i u ki n.
Kt l un: tp nghi m bt phng trnh (1) l
S =
| |
|
\ .
5
; 2
4
.
2) i u ki n:
5
x 1
2
s s
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 9
+ + > + +
( 2)
x 3 5 2x 3 3x 2x 5
( ) ( )
+ + > + +
2 2
x 3 5 2x 3 3x 2x 5
+ + + + > + + + + x 3 5 2x 2 3 x. 5 2x 3 3x 2x 5 2 3 3x. 2x 5
2 (3 x)(5 2x) 2 (3 3x)(2x 5) + > +
2 2
2x x 15 6x 9x 15 + > +
+ > +
2 2
2x x 15 6x 9x 15
+ >
2
4x 8x 0
>
x 0
x 2
Kt hp iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S =
| |
(
(
5
; 2 0 ; 1 .
2
3) i u ki n: 1
4
x
3
s s
( ) ( )
+ + s + +
+ + s + +
( 3)
2 2
3 2x x 3 4 3x 2x 2
3 2x x 3 4 3x 2x 2
+ + + + s + + + + 3 2x x 3 2 3 2x. x 3 4 3x 2x 2 2 4 3x . 2x 2
+ s + 2 (3 2x)(x 3) 2 (4 3x)(2x 2)
+ s + +
2 2
2x 3x 9 6x 2x 8
+ s + +
2 2
2x 3x 9 6x 2x 8
+ s
2
4x 5x 1 0
s s
1
x 1
4
; tho m n i u ki n
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S =
(
(
1
; 1
4
.
Bi tp tng t. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) x 1 3x 1 2x 1 2x 1 + + > + +
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 10
2) x 1 3x 1 2x 1 2x 1 + + s + +
3) 2x 1 2x 2 x 1 3x 2 + + < + +
4) + + > + + x 1 3x 2 2x 1 2x 2
5) 5x 1 5x 7 2x 3 2x 5 + > +
6) 2x 3 x 2 4x 3 3x 4. + + <
D ng 5
C nhng bi ton gn ging dng 2 v dng 3, nhng g(x) y l tam
thc bc hai, khi bnh phng hai v s dn n bt phng trnh bc bn rt
kh gi i . Do ta c c ch gi i khc l t n ph, di y l mt s bi ton
mi nh ho .
Bi ton 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) + + > +
2
(x 1)(x 2) x x 8 (1)
2)
2 2
6x 18x 12 10 3x x + < + (2)
3) + + + > +
2
2 x 2x 10 5 x(x 2) (3)
Gii:
1) t: t = + > (x 1)(x 2) ; t 0
= = +
2 2 2 2
t x x 2 x x t 2
>
+ + > + >
s
(1)
2 2
t 2
t t 2 8 0 t t 6 0
t 3 (l o i )
V y:
>
+ > > >
s
2 2
x 3
(x 1)(x 2) 2 x x 2 4 x x 6 0
x 2
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = ( | | ) + ; 2 3 ; .
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 11
2) t: t = + >
2
6x 18x 12 ; t 0
= + =
2
2 2 2
12 t
t 6x 18x 12 3x x
6
x 1
(x 2) (x 1)(x 2) 6
x 2
4)
2
(x 1)(x 2) 4 x x + <
5) (1 x)(4 x) 2 x(x 5) + + > + +
6)
2
(x 2)(4 x) 6x x 10 + > + .
Bi 2. Cho bt phng trnh:
+ + > + + (x 1)(x 3) m 6 (x 1)(x 5)
a) Gii bt phng trnh vi m = 0.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x
| |
e 5 ; 1 .
Bi 3. Cho bt phng trnh:
2
(x 1)(x 3) x 2x 10 m + + + s
a) Gii bt phng trnh vi m = 7.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh c nghim.
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 15
D ng 6
f (x) + g(x) > h(x) hoc: f (x) + g(x) h(x)
Phng php:
iu kin:
f (x) 0
g(x) 0
h(x) 0
>
>
>
Dng ny c th cn nhng cch gii khc, xong y xin gii thiu
mt s bi ton m sau khi bnh phng hai v s a v dng 2 hoc dng 3
hoc dng 5.
Bi ton. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :
1) 5 x 2x 2 + x 1 (1)
2) 1 x + < 6 x + x 2 (2)
3) x 1 + 2x <
2
2x x 1 + (3)
4)
2
x 3x 2 + +
2
x 4x 3 +
2
x 5x 4 + (4)
Gii:
1) iu kin: 1 x 5
(1)
5 x + x 1 2x 2 +
( ) ( )
2 2
5 x x 1 2x 2 + > +
5 x + x 1 + 2 5 x . x 1 2x + 2
2 (5 x)(x 1) 2x + 2 4
2
x 6x 5 + x 1
x
2
+ 6x 5 (x 1)
2
(Hai v khng m, do: 1 x 5)
x
2
+ 6x 5 x
2
2x + 1
2x
2
8x + 6 0 1 x 3; tho mn iu kin.
Kt lun: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = [1 ; 3].
2) iu kin: x 2
( 2)
1 x + + x 2 < x 6 +
( ) ( )
2 2
1 x x 2 6 x + + < +
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 16
x + 1 + x 2 + 2 1 x + . x 2 < 6 + x
2 (x 1)(x 2) + < x + 6 2x + 1
2
2
x x 2 < 7 x
2 2
7 x 0
x 2
4(x x 2) (7 x)
>
>
<
2 2
x 7
x 2
4x 4x 8 x 14x 49
<
>
< +
2
2 x 7
3x 10x 57 0
s <
+ <
2 x 7
19
x 3
3
s <
< <
2 x < 3
Kt lun: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S = [2 ; 3).
3) iu kin: x 1
( 3)
( )
2
x 1 2x + <
( )
+
2
2
2x x 1
x 1 + 2x + 2 x 1 . 2x < 2x
2
+ x 1
2 2x(x 1) < 2x
2
+ x 1 3x + 1
2
2
2x 2x < 2x
2
2x
( )
2
2
2x 2x 2
2
2x 2x > 0
2
2x 2x
( )
2
2x 2x 2 > 0
>
>
2
2
2x 2x 2
2x 2x 0
2
2x 2x > 2 2x
2
2x > 4 x
2
x 2 > 0
x 2
x 1
>
<
Kt hp vi iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S = (2 ; +).
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 17
4) iu kin:
2
2
2
x 3x 2 0
x 4x 3 0
x 5x 4 0
+ >
+ >
+ >
x 2
x 1
x 3
x 1
x 4
x 1
>
>
>
x 4
x 1
>
( 4)
(x 1)(x 2) + (x 1)(x 3) (x 1)(x 4)
+) Trng hp 1: x 4
( 4)
x 2 + x 3 x 4 ; nghim ng x 4.
+) Trng hp 2: x = 1, thay vo bt phng trnh tho mn.
+) Trng hp 3: x < 1
( 4)
(1 x)(2 x) + (1 x)(3 x) (1 x)(4 x)
2 x + 3 x 4 x
( )
2
2 x 3 x +
( )
2
4 x
2 x + 3 x + 2 2 x 3 x 4 x
2 2 x . 3 x 4 x + 2x 5
2 2 x . 3 x x 1; nghim ng x < 1
Kt lun: tp nghim bt phng trnh (4) l
S = ( ; 1] [4 ; +).
Bi tp tng t. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) 3x 3 + 5 x < 2 x
2) 2 x + 7 x + x 1
3) x 2
2
x 8x 2 x 8
4) x 3 +
2
x 20 x 5
5) x 1
2
x 4x 1 + x 3 +
6) x 2 + + 3 x <
2
11 x x +
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 18
7) 2 x + x 3 + >
2
11 x x
8)
2
x 1 +
2
x 3x 2 + +
2
x 8x 7 + +
9)
2
x 3x 2 + >
2
x 4x 3 + +
2
x 5x 4 +
10)
2
x 1 +
2
x 2x 1 + >
2
x x 2 + .
D ng 7
a
( )
+ > f (x) g(x) b f (x).g(x) m
(Tr ong : f (x) + g(x) = c; c = const)
Phng php:
i u ki n:
f (x) 0
g(x) 0
>
>
t: t = f (x) g(x) ; tm i u ki n cho t
2
(t c)
f (x).g(x)
2
=
Sau thay vo bt phng trnh v gii tip
Ch : D ng ny nu l phng trnh, ta cn c cch gii khc l a v h
phng trnh gii.
Bi ton 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
x 1 4 x 1 2 4 3x x + + + < + (1)
2)
2
2x 1 9 16x 4x 9 2x 5 + + + < + (2)
3) x +
2 2
10 x x. 10 x 7 + < (3)
4) x
2 2
5 x x. 5 x 1 + > (4)
Gii:
1) i u ki n: 1 x 4
t: t = 1 x 4 x; + + 5 t 10 s s
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 19
( )
2
2
t 1 x 4 x = + +
2
t 1 x 4 x 2 1 x. 4 x = + + + +
2 2
2 4 3x x t 5 + =
(1)
2 2
t 3
t 1 t 5 t t 6 0
t 2;
>
+ < >
<
l o i
V y:
2
1 x 4 x 3 1 x 4 x 2 4 3x x 9 + + > + + + + >
2 2
2
2 4 3x x 4 4 3x x 4
x 3x 0 0 x 3;
+ > + >
< < <
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = (0 ; 3).
2) i u ki n:
1 9
x
2 2
s s
t: t = 2x 1 9 2x; + 10 t 10 s s
2
t 2x 1 9 2x 2 2x 1. 9 2x = + + +
2 2
2
2
t 10 2 9 16x 4x
10 t
9 16x 4x
2
= +
+ =
2
(2)
2 2
t 0
10 t
t 5 2t 10 t 10 t 2t 0
t 2 2
<
+ < + < >
>
V y:
+ <
+ >
2x 1 9 2x 0 (I )
2x 1 9 2x 2 (I I )
+) Gi i (I ): 2x 1 9 2x 2x 1 9 2x 4x 8 x 2 + < + < < <
Kt h p i u ki n, c:
1
x 2
2
s <
+) Gi i (I I ):
( )
2
2x 1 9 2x
2x 1 9 2x 4
+ >
+ >
2
2x 1 9 2x
10 2 9 16x 4x 4
+ >
+ >
tho m n i u ki n
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 20
2
4x 8
2 9 16x 4x 6
>
+ <
2
x 2
9 16x 4x 9
>
+ <
2
x 2
4x 16x 0
>
>
x 2
x 4
x 0
>
>
<
x 4 >
Kt h p i u ki n, c: 4 < x
9
2
+) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S =
1 9
; 2 4 ;
2 2
| | (
|
(
. \
.
3) i u ki n: 10 x 10 s s
t: t = x +
2
10 x
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
t x 10 x
t x 10 x 2x 10 x
t 10
x. 10 x
2
= +
= + +
=
2
(3)
2 2
t 10
t 7 t 2t 10 14 t 2t 24 0 6 t 4
2
<
+ <
(
> + e
+ >
ng
2 2
10 x (4 x) < (Hai vkhng m, do: 10 x 10 s s )
2 2 2
x 3
10 x 16 8x x 2x 8x 6 0
x 1
>
< + + >
<
Kt hp iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S =
) (
10 ; 1 3 ; 10
(
.
Ch : Nu tm i u ki n cho n ph t th: 10 t 5 s s
4) i u ki n: 5 x 5 s s
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 21
t: t =
2
x 5 x
( )
2
2 2
t x 5 x =
2 2 2 2
t x 5 x 2x 5 x = +
2
2
5 t
x. 5 x
2
=
2
(4)
2 2
5 t
t 1 2t 5 t 2 t 2t 3 0 1 t 3
2
<
>
2
2
5 x x 3; ; 5
5 x x 1
(
> e
< +
ng x 5
2
2 2 2 2
x 1 0 x 1
5 x x 1
5 x (x 1) 5 x x 2x 1
+ > >
< +
< + < + +
2
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
2x 2x 4 0
x 2
>
>
> >
+ >
<
Kt hp iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (4) l
S =
(
1; 5
(
.
Ch : Nu tm i u ki n cho n ph t th: 10 t 5 s s .
Bi ton 2. Cho phng trnh
2
x 2 m 7 x 14 5x x + s + + + (* )
a) Gi i bt phng trnh (*) vi m = 3
b) Tm m bt phng trnh (*) c nghim
c) Tm m bt phng trnh (*) nghim ng
| |
e x 2 ; 7 .
Gii:
i u ki n: 2 x 7 s s
t: t = x 2 7 x + ; 3 t 3
( )
2
2
t x 2 7 x = +
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 22
2
t x 2 7 x 2 x 2. 7 x = + + +
+ =
2
14 5x x
2
9 t
2
s + s + + s
2
(* )
2 2
9 t
t m 2t 2m 9 t t 2t 9 2m (* * )
2
a) m = 3, + s + s s s
(* * )
2 2
t 2t 9 6 t 2t 3 0 3 t 1
V y:
| |
+ s
+ > e
x 2 7 x 1
x 2 7 x 3, ng x 2 ; 7
+ s + x 2 1 7 x
+ s + + > x 2 1 7 x 2 7 x 2 7 x 2x 6
> s
s
s s
>
> >
+ s
> > +
s
s
> +
< s
+
s s
2
2 2
7 x 0 x 7
x 3
2x 6 0 x 3
x 3
2x 6 0 x 3
x 5x 2 0
4(7 x) 4(x 3) 7 x x 6x 9
x 3
x 3
x 3 5 17
x
5 17
2
3 x
5 17 5 17
x 2
2 2
Kt hp iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (*) l
S =
(
+
(
5 17
2 ;
2
.
b. Bt phng trnh (*) c nghim bt phng trnh (**) c nghim t tho
m n: 3 s t s 3.
Gi f (t) = t
2
+ 2t 9; 3 s t s 3
Bng bi n thi n:
t
3
1
3 +
f (t)
6
6
10 s f (t ) s 6; t e [ 3 ; 3]
10
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 23
Do (* * ) c nghi m 10 s 2m m 5
Kt l un: m 5, bt phng trnh (*) c nghim.
c. Bt phng trnh (*) nghim ng vi x e [ 2 ; 7] bt phng trnh
(* * ) nghi m ng t e [ 3 ; 3] .
Theo kt qu tr n, c: 6 s 2m m 3.
Kt l un: m 3, bt phng trnh (*) nghim ng x e [ 2 ; 7] .
Bi ton 3. Cho bt phng trnh
+ + > + +
2
2x 4 16 2x 2 16 6x x m (1)
a) Gii bt phng trnh (1) vi m = 2.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh (1) c nghi m.
c) Tm m bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng x e [ 2 ; 8] .
Gii:
i u ki n: 2 s x s 8
t: t = 2x 4 16 2x; + + 2 5 t 2 10 s s
t
2
=
( )
+ +
2
2x 4 16 2x
t
2
= 2x 4 16 2x 2 2x 4 . 16 2x + + + +
2
2
t 20
2 16 6x x
2
+ =
> + > + s
2
(1)
2 2
t 20
t m 2t t 20 2m t 2t 20 2m (2)
2
a) m = 2, s s s s
( 2)
2 2
t 2t 20 4 t 2t 24 0 4 t 6
V y:
+ + s
+ + > e
2x 4 16 2x 6
2x 4 16 2x 4; ng x [ 2 ; 8]
2x 4 16 2x 6 + + s 2x 4 16 2x 2 2x 4 . 16 2x 36 + + + + s
+ s + s
2 2
4 16 6x x 16 16 6x x 16
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 24
>
>
s
2
x 6
x 6x 0
x 0
Kt hp vi iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = [ 2 ; 0] [ 6 ; 8] .
b) Bt phng trnh (1) c nghim bt phng trnh (2) c nghim t tho
m n: 2 5 t 2 10 s s
Gi f (t) = t
2
2t 20; 2 5 t 2 10 s s
Bng bi n thi n:
t
1 2 5 2 10 +
f (t)
20 4 10
4 5
s s 4 5 f ( t ) 20 4 10 ; t e
(
2 5 ; 2 10
Do (2) c nghi m 4 5 2m m 2 5 s s
Kt l un: m s 2 5 , bt phng trnh (1) c nghim.
c. Bt phng trnh (1) nghi m ng x e [ 2 ; 8] bt phng trnh (2)
nghi m ng t e
(
2 5 ; 2 10
Theo kt qu tr n, c: 20 4 10 s 2m m s 2 10 10
Kt l un: m s 2 10 10, bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi mi x thuc
o n [ 2 ; 8] .
Bi tp tng t.
Bi 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
( )
2
3 x 3 5 x 4 2 15 2x x + + s + +
2)
2
1 x x x x 1 + + s
3)
2
x x 2 1 x 1 x 2 + > + +
4)
x 1
x 1 4 x (x 4). 3
4 x
+
+ >
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 25
5)
5 2x
2x 5 2x x . 2
2x
+ <
6)
+ + >
6 x
x 1 6 x (1 x) . 1 0
x 1
.
Bi 2. Cho bt phng trnh:
( )
2
3 x 2 3 x m 6 x x + + s + +
a) Gi i bt phng trnh vi m = 7.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh c nghim.
c) Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng x e [ 2 ; 3] .
d) Tm m bt phng trnh v nghim.
Bi 3. Cho bt phng trnh:
x 1 x x(1 x) m >
a) Gi i bt phng trnh vi m = 1.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh c nghim.
c) Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng x e [ 0 ; 1] .
d) Tm m bt phng trnh v nghim.
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 26
D ng 8
Dng ny c cch gii tng t dng 7, sau y l cc bi ton minh ho .
Bi ton 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1.
2
5 2x x 2 2 10 x 2x x 5 + + + + > + (1)
2.
2
x 8 x x 8x x 0 + + + < (2)
Gii:
1) i u ki n: 2 s x s
5
2
t: t 5 2x x 2 = + + ; t > 0
( )
2
2
t 5 2x x 2 = + +
2
t 5 2x x 2 2 5 2x. x 2 = + + + +
2 2
t 7 x 2 10 x 2x = + +
2 2
2 10 x 2x x t 7 + =
>
+ > + >
s
(1)
2 2
t 3
t t 7 5 t t 12 0
t 4 (l o i )
V y: + + > + + + + > 5 2x x 2 3 5 2x x 2 2 5 2x . x 2 9
+ > + + > +
2 2 2
2 10 x 2x x 2 4(10 x 2x ) (x 2) (Hai vkhng m)
+ > + + s
2 2 2
40 4x 8x x 4x 4 9x 36
s s s
2
x 4 2 x 2; tho m n i u ki n
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = [ 2 ; 2] .
Ch : Nu tm iu kin cho t th lm nh sau:
+) ( )
2
2
5 5
t 2. x x 2 2 1 x x 2
2 2
| |
| |
= + + s + + +
|
|
\ .
\ .
s s
2
27 3
t t 3.
2 2
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 27
+) = + + > > >
2 2
5 9 3
t 7 x 2 5 2x. x 2 7 t t
2 2 2
| |
s >
|
|
|
+ >
\ .
5 5
x x
2 2 V:
2 5 2x. x 2 0
V y: s s
3 3
t 3.
2 2
.
2) i u ki n: x 0
t: t x 8 x, t 0 = + >
( )
2
2
t x 8 x = +
2
t x 8 x 2 x. x 8 = + + +
2
2
t 8
x x 8x
2
+ =
+ <
+ > >
x 8 x 2
x 8 x 4; ng x 0
+ < x 8 x 2
+ < + x 8 x 2 + < + + x 8 x 4 4 x
> > > 4 x 4 x 1 x 1
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S = (1 ; +).
Ch : Nu tm iu kin cho t th lm nh sau:
+) Do x 8 x 0 + > ; x 0 t > 0
+)
2
t 8 2x 2 x(x 8) 8 2 x ( x 8 x) 8 = + + = + s s s
2
t 8 t 2 2
+) V y: < s 0 t 2 2 .
C ch gi i kh c:
( )
(
+ + + <
( 2)
x 8 x(x 8) x x 0
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 28
( ) ( )
x 8 1 x x 1 x 0 + <
( )( )
1 x x 8 x 0 + <
1 x 0 <
( ) ( )
+ > > : x 8 x 0; x 0 V
> x 1
x > 1
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S = (1 ; +).
Bi ton 2. Cho bt phng trnh:
2
2 x 1 2 x 2 x x x 2 m (*) + + + + s
a) Gii bt phng trnh (*) vi m = 11.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh (*) c nghim.
c) Tm m bt phng trnh (*) v nghim.
Gii:
i u ki n: x 2
t: t = x 1 x 2 + + ; t 3
2
t x 1 x 2 2 x 1. x 2 = + + + +
= +
2 2
t 2x 1 2 x x 2 (t
2
> 2.2 1 t
2
> 3 t > 3 )
+
+ =
2
2
t 1
x x x 2
2
+
+ s + + s
2
(* )
2
t 1
2t m t 4t 1 2m
2
(* * )
a) m = 11, + + s + s s s
(* * )
2 2
t 4t 1 22 t 4t 21 0 7 t 3
V y:
+ + s
+ + > >
x 1 x 2 3
x 1 x 2 7; ng x 2
+ + s x 1 x 2 3
x 1 x 2 2 x 1. x 2 9 + + + + s s
2
2 x x 2 10 2x
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 29
s
2
x x 2 5 x
>
s +
2 2
5 x 0
x x 2 x 10x 25
s
x 5
9x 27
s
s
x 5
x 3
x 3
Kt hp iu kin, ta c tp nghim bt phng trnh (*) l
S = [ 2 ; 3] .
b) Bt phng trnh (*) c nghim bt phng trnh (**) c nghim t tho
m n: t 3
Gi f (t) = t
2
+ 4t + 1; t 3
Bng bi n thi n:
t
2
+
f (t)
f (t) 4 + 4 3 ; t 3
Do (* * ) c nghi m t 3 4 + 4 3 2m m 2 + 2 3
Kt l un: m 2 + 2 3 , bt phng trnh (*) c nghim.
c) Theo phn trn, bt phng trnh (* ) v nghi m khi m < 2 + 2 3 .
Bi tp tng t.
Bi 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh:
1)
2
x 3 5 2x x 4 2 15 x 2x + + + + s
2)
2
2x 3 x 1 3x 2 2x 5x 3 + + + > + + +
3)
2
x 1 1 2x 2 1 x 2x x 4 + + + < +
4)
2
x 2 7 3x 14 x 3x + + + + x > 5
5) 3
( )
7 3x x
2
x 7x 3x s +
6)
2
x 2 x 1 x x x 2 1 + + > + + .
3
4 + 4 3
+
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 30
Bi 2. Cho bt phng trnh:
+ + > +
2
6 2x x 2 6x 2x m x
a) Gii bt phng trnh vi m = 6.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh c nghim.
c) Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng x e [ 0 ; 3] .
d) Tm m bt phng trnh v nghim.
Ch :
t = 6 2x x + ; 0 x 3
+) t
2
=
( )
+
2
6 2x x = 6 x + 2 6 2x. x 6 3 3 > = t
2
3
+) t
2
=
( )
+ s + + =
2
2. 3 x x (2 1)(3 x x) 9 t
2
9
+) V y: 3 t 3.
D ng 9
Mt s phng php khc gii bt phng trnh cha cn thc bc hai
th hin trong cc bi ton di y. Do thi gian hn hp, nn cc bi ton
di y ti ch gii thiu mt cch gii m ti cho l d hiu nht.
Bi ton 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2 2
1
x x x 1
4
+ > (1)
2)
+
+ + >
x 3
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2
(2)
3) x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 2 + + > + (3)
4) x
2
> 2 + x 2 + (4)
Bi ton 2. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
4 x 4
2
x
+
< (1)
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 31
2)
2
x 4 4
2
x
> (2)
3)
2 2
(x x 6). x 1 0 + > (3)
4)
2 2
(x 3x 4). x x 2 0 + > (4)
5)
2 2
(x 3x 4). x x 2 0 + > (5)
6)
2 2
x 9 (x 3). x 1 s (6)
7)
2
2
x 4
x 2
x 1
s +
(7)
8) 3x 5 x 3 2x 8 + > + (8)
9) 4 2x 1 4. x 3 x 4 + s + (9)
10) 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 + > (10)
11) x 2 1 x 2x 1 + + < + (11)
12)
2 2
x 4x 12 x x 6 x 2 + > + (12)
Bi ton 3. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
( )
2
2
x
2x 3
x 1 1
> +
+
(1)
2) <
2 2
2 x 1 x 2x 1 (2)
3)
2 2
x 2x 8 2x 4x 1 11 + + > (3)
4)
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 + + > (4)
5)
2
2(x 16) 7 x
x 3
x 3 x 3
+ >
(5)
6)
2 2
3 x x 2 x x 1 + + < (6)
7)
x 2 x 1
6 5
x 1 x 2
+
+ s
+
(7)
8)
2
x x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 + > + (8)
9)
4x 3 2 x
2
x
+
> (9)
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 32
10)
x 1 6 3x 1
2 x 1 3 x
+
>
+
(10)
11)
x 2 5 x
1
x 7
+
>
(11)
12)
2
1 1 4x
3
x
< (12)
Bi ton 4. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) ( ) ( )
2 2
4x 1 . x 1 2 x 1 2x 1 + s + + (1)
2)
2 2
(x 1). x 2x 3 x 1 + + > + (2)
3) ( )
2 2
x 4x 3 3x 2 . x 2x 3 + + > + + (3)
Bi ton 5. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2
x 2x 5 x 1 2 + + s (1)
2)
3 2 2
2x x 4x 4 x x 2 + + + > + (2)
3)
2
x 2 4 x x 6x 11 + > + (3)
4)
2
2
2
x 6x 15
x 6x 18
x 6x 11
+
+ s
+
(4)
5) ( )( ) x 3 4 x x 3 5 x + s (5)
Gii:
Bi ton 1.
1)
| |
> >
|
\ .
2
(1)
2 2
1 1
x x 1 x x 1
2 2
+) Trng hp 1: > >
1 1
x 0 x
2 2
(1)
> < <
2 2 2
1 1
x x 1 x x 0 2x 2x 1 0
2 2
1 3 1 3
x
2 2
+
< <
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 33
Kt h p i u ki n, c:
1 1 3
x
2 2
+
s <
+) Trng hp 2: < <
1 1
x 0 x
2 2
(1)
+ > + < + <
2 2 2
1 3
x x 1 x x 0 2x 2x 3 0
2 2
1 7 1 7
x
2 2
+
< <
Kt h p i u ki n, c:
< <
1 7 1
x
2 2
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
| |
+
=
|
\ .
1 7 1 3
S ;
2 2
.
2)
( 2)
( ) ( )
+
+ + + + >
x 3
x 1 2 x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 1
2
( ) ( )
+
+ + >
2 2
x 3
x 1 1 x 1 1
2
(
+ + > +
2 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 3
+ + > + 2 x 1 2 2 x 1 1 x 3
+ > + 2 x 1 2 x 1 1 x 1
+) Trng hp 1: > > > x 1 1 x 1 1 x 2
( 2)
+ > + > + 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 4 x 1 x 3
( ) ( ) > +
2
16 x 1 x 3 (Hai vkhng m)
> + +
2
16x 16 x 6x 9
( ) + s s
2
2
x 10x 25 0 x 5 0
= = x 5 0 x 5; tho m n i u ki n
+) Trng hp 2:
x 1 0
x 1 1
>
<
x 1
x 2
>
<
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 34
( 2)
+ > + s 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 x 1
Kt h p i u ki n, c: x =1
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
{ } = S 1 ; 5 .
3)
( 3)
+ + > + x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 2 (Tng t 2)
> >
>
s s
x 1 1 1 x 1 2
x 1 1 1
x 1 1 1 x 1 0
> >
= =
x 1 4 x 5
x 1 0 x 1
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
| ) { } = S 5 ; 1 .
4) i u ki n: x > 2
( 4)
( )
| | | |
+ + > + + + + + > + +
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2
1 1 1 1
x x x 2 x 2 x x 2
4 4 2 2
+ > + +
+ s
+ s
+ s +
1 1
x x 2
x 2 x (I )
2 2
1 1
x 2 x 1 (I I )
x x 2
2 2
+)
( I )
>
> >
> >
+ s >
s
2 2
x 0
x 0 x 0
x 2 x 2
x 2 x x x 2 0
x 1
+)
( I I )
2
x 2 0
x 1 0
x 2 x 2x 1
+ >
>
+ s + +
2
x 2
x 1
x x 1 0
>
+ >
2 x 1
1 5
x
2
1 5
x
2
s s
>
1 5
2 x
2
s s
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (4) l
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 35
S =
(
+
(
1 5
2 ; [ 2 ; )
2
.
Bi ton 2.
1) i u ki n:
x 2
x 2
>
(1)
2
4 x 4 2x
0
x
+
<
2
x 4 2x 4
0
x
+
<
+) Trng hp 1: x 2 s
(1)
+ >
2
x 4 2x 4 0
2
x 4 4 2x + > ; ng s x 2
+) Trng hp 2: > x 2
+ <
(1)
2
x 4 2x 4 0
2
x 4 2x 4 <
2 2
x 4 4x 16x 16 < + (Hai vkhng m, do > x 2 )
2
3x 16x 20 0 + >
10
x
3
x 2
>
<
Kt h p i u ki n, c: >
10
x
3
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = ( |
| |
+
|
\ .
10
; 2 ;
3
.
2) i u ki n:
x 2
x 2
>
>
2
( 2)
x 4 4 2x
0
x
+) Trng hp 1: s x 2
<
( 2)
2
x 4 4 2x 0 ( )
2
x 4 2 x 2 < + ; khng c nghi m s x 2
+) Trng hp 2: > x 2
>
( 2)
2
x 4 4 2x 0
2
x 4 2x 4 > +
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 36
2 2
x 4 4x 16x 16 > + + (Hai vkhng m, do > x 2 )
2
3x 16x 20 0 + + <
10
x 2
3
< < ; khng tho m n > x 2
+ ) Kt l un: bt phng trnh (2) v nghim.
3)
=
>
+ >
2
( 3)
2
2
x 1 0
x 1 0
x x 6 0
=
>
<
>
s
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 2
x 3
=
>
x 1
x 2
x 3
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S = ( | | ) { } + ; 3 2 ; 1 ; 1 .
4)
=
>
+ >
2
( 4)
2
2
x x 2 0
x x 2 0
x 3x 4 0
=
=
>
<
>
s
x 1
x 2
x 2
x 1
x 1
x 4
=
>
x 1
x 2
x 2
x 4
x 1
x 2
x 4
=
>
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (4) l
S = ( | | ) { } + ; 4 2 ; 1 .
5)
( 5)
>
+ >
2
2
x x 2 0
x 3x 4 0
>
<
>
<
x 2
x 1
x 1
x 4
>
<
x 2
x 4
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (5) l
S = ( ) ( ) + ; 4 2 ; .
6) i u ki n:
x 1
x 1
>
( 6)
( )( ) ( ) + s
2
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 1 ( ) ( )( )
2
x 3 x 1 x 3 x 3 0 + >
( ) ( )
(
+ >
2
x 3 x 1 x 3 0
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 37
+) Trng hp 1:
x 1
1 x 3
s
s <
( 6)
( ) + s
2
x 1 x 3 0
2
x 1 x 3 s +
+ >
>
s + +
2
2 2
x 3 0
x 1 0
x 1 x 6x 9
>
>
>
x 3
x 1
x 1
6x 10
>
>
>
x 1
x 1
x 3
5
x
3
x 1
5
x 1
3
>
s s
Kt h p v i i u ki n, c:
s s
s <
5
x 1
3
1 x 3
+) Trng hp 2: x = 3, thay vo (6) tho mn.
+) Trng hp 3: x > 3
( 6)
( ) + >
2
x 1 x 3 0 > +
2
x 1 x 3
> + +
2 2
x 1 x 6x 9 (Hai vkhng m, do x > 3)
s 6x 10
5
x
3
s ; khng tho m n x > 3
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (6) l
S =
| |
(
(
5
; 1 1 ; 3
3
.
7) i u ki n:
>
<
x 1
x 1
( 7)
( )( ) ( ) + s +
2
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 ( ) ( )( ) + + >
2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 0
( )
( )
+ + >
2
x 2 x 1 x 2 0
+) Trng hp 1:
< <
>
2 x 1
x 1
( 7)
+ >
2
x 1 x 2 0
2
x 1 x 2 >
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 38
( )
>
s
>
>
2
2
2
x 1 0
x 2 0
x 2 0
x 1 x 2
>
s
>
> +
2 2
x 1
x 1
x 2
x 2
x 1 x 4x 4
s
>
>
s s
x 1
x 2
4x 5
1 x 2
s
>
>
s s
x 1
x 2
5
x
4
1 x 2
s
>
s s
x 1
x 2
1 x 2
x 1
x 1
s
>
Kt h p i u ki n, c: < < > 2 x 1 ; x 1
+) Trng hp 2: = x 2 , thay vo (7) tho mn.
+) Trng hp 3: < x 2
( 7)
+ s
2
x 1 x 2 0
2
x 1 2 x + s ; khng c nghi m tho m n x 2 <
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (7) l
S =
| ) ( ) + 2 ; 1 1 ; .
8) i u ki n: x 3 >
( 8)
( ) ( )
( )
+ > + + + 3x 5 x 3 2x 8 3x 5 x 3
( )
( )
2x 8 2x 8 3x 5 x 3 + > + + + +
1 3x 5 x 3 > + + ( + > 2x 8 0 , do x 3 > )
1 3x 5 x 3 2 3x 5. x 3 > + + + +
2 3x 5. x 3 4x 1 + s ; khng c nghi m tho m n x 3 >
Kt l un: bt phng trnh (8) v nghim.
9) i u ki n: > x 3
( 9)
( ) ( )
( )
( + s + + +
4 2x 1 x 3 x 4 2x 1 x 3
( ) ( )
( )
4 x 4 x 4 2x 1 x 3 + s + + +
4 2x 1 x 3 s + + ( + > x 4 0 , do > x 3)
16 2x 1 x 3 2 2x 1. x 3 s + + + +
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 39
2
2 2x 5x 3 18 3x >
( )
s
>
>
>
> +
2 2
18 3x 0
x 3
18 3x 0
x 3
4 2x 5x 3 324 108x 9x
>
>
<
>
+ s
2
x 6
x 3
x 6
x 3
x 88x 336 0
x 6
3 x 6
4 x 84
>
s <
s s
x 6
4 x 6
>
s <
x 4 >
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (9) l
S =
| ) + 4 ; .
10) i u ki n: > x 1
(10)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
+ > + + 4 x 1 x 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 2
( ) ( )
( )
3 x 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 > + +
( )
( )
+ + < x 2 2 x 1 x 2 3 0
+) Trng hp 1: > x 2
(10)
+ + < 2 x 1 x 2 3 0 + + < 2 x 1 x 2 3
Bt phng trnh ny khng c nghim tho mn x 2 > , v:
2 x 1 2 2 1 2
x 2 2 2 2
> =
+ > + =
> x 2
+) Trng hp 2: x = 2, thay vo bt phng trnh khng tho mn.
+) Trng hp 3: 1 x 2 s <
(10)
+ + > 2 x 1 x 2 3 0 2 x 1 x 2 3 + + >
( )
2
4 x 1 x 2 4 x 1 x 2 9
4 x x 2 11 5x
+ + + + >
+ >
( )
+ > +
2 2
16 x x 2 121 110x 25x (Hai vkhng m)
2
9x 126x 153 0 + <
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 40
2
x 14x 17 0 + <
7 4 2 x 7 4 2 < < +
Kt h p i u ki n, c: < < 7 4 2 x 2
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (10) l
S =
( )
7 4 2 ; 2 .
11) i u ki n: s s 2 x 1
(11)
+ >
+ + + + < + +
2
2x 1 0
x 2 1 x 2 x 2. 1 x 4x 4x 1
( )
>
+ < +
2 2
1
x
2
2 x x 2 4x 4x 2 *
t: = + >
2
t x x 2 ; t 0
2 2
t x x 2 = +
2 2
x x 2 t + =
(* )
( )
<
2
2t 4 2 t 2
2
4t 2t 6 0 + <
3
t 1
2
< <
V y:
2
x x 2 1 + <
2
x x 2 1 + <
2
x x 1 0 + >
1 5
x
2
1 5
x
2
+
>
<
Kt h p i u ki n
1
x 1
2
< s , ta c tp nghim bt phng trnh (11) l
S =
| (
+
(
\
1 5
; 1
2
.
12) i u ki n:
2
2
x 4x 12 0
x x 6 0
>
>
>
s
>
s
x 6
x 2
x 3
x 2
>
x 6
x 2
+) Trng hp 1: x 2 s , bt phng trnh (12) lun ng.
+) Trng hp 2: x 6 >
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 41
(12)
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) + + + > +
2
x 2 x 6 x 2 x 3 x 2
2
x 6 x 3 x 2
x 6 x 3 2 x 6. x 3 x 2
2 x 9x 18 11 x
+ > +
+ + > +
+ >
( )
>
s
>
>
+ > +
2 2
x 6
11 x 0
11 x 0
x 6
4 x 9x 18 121 22x x
>
>
<
>
>
2
x 6
x 11
x 11
x 6
3x 14x 49 0
>
s <
>
s
x 11
6 x 11
x 7
7
x
3
>
s <
x 11
7 x 11
x 7 >
+ ) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (12) l
S = ( | | ) + ; 2 7 ; .
Bi ton 3.
1) i u ki n:
x 1
x 1 1
>
+ =
x 1
x 0
>
(1)
| |
+ +
> +
|
+
\ .
2
2
x 1 1
x . 2x 3
x 1 1
( )
2
x 1 1 2x 3 + + > +
x 1 1 2 x 1 2x 3 + + + + > + ( ) 2 x 1 x 1 0 + + >
( )
+ + > x 1. 2 x 1 0
>
+ >
x 1
2 x 1 0
x 1
x 1 2
>
+ <
x 1
x 1 4
>
+ <
x 1
x 3
>
<
Kt hp iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S = ( ) { } 1 ; 3 \ 0 .
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 42
2) i u ki n:
2
2
2 x 0
2x 1 0
>
>
2 x 2
1
x
2
1
x
2
s s
>
s s
s s
1
2 x
2
1
x 2
2
( 2)
+ < +
2 2
2 x 2x 1 x 1
2 2 2 2 2
x 1 0
2 x 2x 1 2 2 x . 2x 1 x 2x 1
+ >
+ + < + +
>
+ <
4 2
x 1
2 2x 5x 2 2x
4 2
x 1
2x 5x 2 x
>
+ <
4 2 2
x 0
2x 5x 2 x
>
+ <
4 2
x 0
2x 4x 2 0
>
+ >
( )
>
>
2
2
x 0
2 x 1 0
>
2
x 0
x 1 0
>
x 0
x 1
>
x 0
x 1
Kt hp iu kin, c tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S = { }
(
(
1
; 2 \ 1
2
.
3)
( 3)
( ) ( ) + >
2 2
x 1 9 2 x 1 1 11
t: ( ) = >
2
t x 1 ; t 9
( 3)
+ > t 9 2t 1 11 t 9 2t 1 2 t 9. 2t 1 121 + + >
+ >
2
2 2t 19t 9 131 3t
( )
s
>
>
>
+ > +
2 2
131 3t 0
t 9
131 3t 0
t 9
4 2t 19t 9 9t 786t 17161
2
131
t
3
131
9 t
3
t 710t 17125 0
>
s <
+ s
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 43
131
t
3
131
9 t
3
25 t 685
>
s <
s s
131
t
3
131
25 t
3
>
s <
> t 25
V y: ( )
2
x 1 25 >
>
x 1 5
x 1 5
x 6
x 4
>
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S = ( | | ) + ; 4 6 ; .
4) i u ki n:
2
2
2
x 1 0
x x 1 0
x x 1 0
>
>
+ >
2
2
x 1
x 1
x 1 x
x 1 x
>
s
>
> x 1
( 4)
+ + + + >
2 2 2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 x x 1. x x 1 4
( )
2 2
2x 2 x x 1 4 + > 2x 2 4 + > x 1 >
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (4) l
S =
| ) + 1 ; .
5) i u ki n:
2
x 16 0
x 3
>
>
x 4 >
( 5)
( )
+ >
2
2 x 16 x 3 7 x
( )
2
2 x 16 10 2x >
( )
>
<
>
>
> +
2 2
x 4
10 2x 0
x 4
10 2x 0
2 x 16 100 40x 4x
>
>
>
+ <
2
x 4
x 5
x 4
x 5
2x 40x 132 0
x 5
4 x 5
10 34 x 10 34
>
s s
< < +
x 5
10 34 x 5
>
< s
x 10 34 >
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 44
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (5) l
S =
( )
+ 10 34 ; .
6) i u ki n:
2
2
x x 3 0
x x 2 0
+ >
+ + >
x
2
+ x + 2 0 1 x 2
( 6)
+ < + +
2 2
3 x x 2 x x 1 + < + + + +
2 2 2
3 x x 2 x x 1 2 2 x x
+ >
2 2
2 2 x x 2x 2x + >
2 2
2 x x x x
= + >
= + =
2
2 2 2 2
t : t 2 x x ; t 0
t 2 x x x x 2 t
( 6)
>
> + >
<
2 2
t 1
t 2 t t t 2 0
t 2 l o i ( )
+ > + >
+
< < <
2 2
2
Vy : 2 x x 1 2 x x 1
1 5 1 5
x x 1 0 x
2 2
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (6) l
S =
| |
+
|
\ .
1 5 1 5
;
2 2
.
7) i u ki n:
x 1
x 2
>
<
t: t =
+
>
x 2
; t 0
x 1
( 7)
+ s + s + s s s
2 2
6
t 5 t 6 5t t 5t 6 0 2 t 3
t
V y:
+ + + +
> > >
+ + +
+
s s
s
x 2 x 2 x 2 4x 4
2 4 0
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 2 x 2 9x 9
x 2
9 0
3
x 1 x 1
x 1
< s
>
s s >
s
<
1 x 2
6 3x
0
11 11 x 1
x 2 x
8 11 8x 8
0
x 1 x 1
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 45
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (7) l
S =
(
(
11
; 2
8
.
8) i u ki n:
> >
>
+ > >
2
x 2 0 x 2
x 2
(x 1)(x 2) 0 x x 2 0
( 8)
( ) ( ) + + + > x 1 . x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 0
( ) ( )
+ + > x 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 0
( )( )
+ > x 1 2 x 2 1 0
( )( )
+ >
>
+ =
+ <
<
x 1 2 0
x 2 1 0
x 1 2 x 2 1 0
x 1 2 0
x 2 1 0
+ >
>
+ <
<
x 1 4
x 2 1
x 3
x 1 4
x 2 1
>
<
x 3
x 3
x 3
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (8) l
S = [ 2 ; + ).
9) i u ki n: 0 x 2
( 9)
+ +
> >
4x 3 2 x 2x 2 x 2x 3
0 0
x x
t: t = s = 2 x ; 0 t 2
= =
2 2
t 2 x x 2 t
( 9)
( )
+
+ +
> >
2
2
2 2
t 2 2 t 3
2t t 1
0 0
2 t 2 t
( )( )
+
>
+
(1 t )(2t 1)
0
2 t 2 t
>
1 t
0
2 t
| | + >
|
|
+ >
\ .
2t 1 0
Do :
t 2 0
s s
>
>
t 1
2 x 1
t 2
2 x 2
> s
s s
s >
<
> <
2 x 0 x 2
1 x 2
2 x 1 x 1
x 0
2 x 2 x 0
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 46
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (9) l
S = ( ; 0) [ 1 ; 2] .
10) +) i u ki n:
> >
=
=
x 1
x 1
x 5
x 1 x 3
V : x 1 = x 3
2
x 3
x 1 x 6x 9
>
= +
2
x 3
x 7x 10 0
>
+ =
x 3
x 2
x 5
>
=
=
x 5 =
+)
(10)
( )
2 x 1 12 6x x 1 3 x
0
2 x 1 3 x
+ +
>
+
x 1 9 5x
0
x 1 3 x
+
>
+
= t : t x 1 ; 0 t 2 s =
= = +
2 2
t x 1 x t 1
(10)
( )
( )
+ +
+ +
> >
+ + + +
2
2
2 2
t 9 5 t 1
5t t 4
0 0
t t 2 t 3 t 1
( )( )
( )( )
+
+
1 t 5t 4
t 1 2 t
> 0
| | + >
>
|
+ >
\ .
t 1 0
1 t
0 Do :
2 t 5t 4 0
>
s s s s
s
> >
>
>
x 1 0
t 1 x 1 1 1 x 2
x 1 1
t 2 x 5
x 1 2
x 1 4
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (10) l
S =
| | ( ) + 1 ; 2 5 ; .
11) i u ki n: s = 2 x 7
(11)
+ + + +
> >
x 2 5 x x 7 x 2 2 2x
0 0
x 7 x 7
= + s =
= + =
2 2
t : t x 2; 0 t 3
t x 2 x t 2
(11)
( )
+
+ +
> >
2
2
2 2
t 2 2 t 2
2t t 6
0 0
t 2 7 t 9
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 47
( )( )
( )( )
| | + > +
> >
|
+ + >
\ .
2t 3 0 2 t 2t 3
2 t
0 0 Do :
t 3 t 3 t 3 t 3 0
x 2 2 x 2 4 x 2
2 t 3
x 2 9 x 7
x 2 3
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (11) l
| ) = S 2 ; 7 .
12) i u ki n:
=
=
s s >
2
x 0
x 0
1 1
x 1 4x 0
2 2
(12)
( )
( )
< + < +
2
2 2
1 1 4x
3 1 1 4x 4x 3 3 1 4x
x
2
3 1 4x 4x 3 > ; nghi m ng { }
(
e
(
1 1
x ; \ 0
2 2
Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (12) l
| | (
=
|
(
. \
1 1
S ; 0 0 ;
2 2
.
Bi ton 4.
1) t: = + >
2
t x 1; t 1
(1)
( ) ( ) s + + >
2 2
4x 1 t 2t 2x 1 2t 4x 1 t 2x 1 0
+) ( )
2
2t 4x 1 t 2x 1 + l mt tam thc bc hai c nghim = =
1
t ; t 2x 1
2
+) Trng hp 1: > >
1 3
2x 1 x
2 4
(1)
>
+ >
s
+ s
2
2
t 2x 1
x 1 2x 1
1
1
t
x 1 : v nghi m
2
2
2
x 1 2x 1 + >
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 48
2 2
2x 1 0
2x 1 0
x 1 4x 4x 1
s
>
+ > +
2
1
x
2
1
x
2
3x 4x 0
>
s
1
x
2
1
x
2
4
0 x
3
>
s s
< s
1
x
4
2
x
3 1 4
x
2 3
Kt h p v i i u ki n, c:
3 4
x
4 3
s s
+) Trng hp 2: 2x 1 <
1
2
x <
3
4
(1)
1
t
2
t 2x 1
>
2
2
1
x 1
2
3
x 1 2x 1
4
+ >
+ s <
ng x
Khng c nghi m tho m n x
+) Kt l un: tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l
S =
4
;
3
| (
(
\
.
2) t: t =
2
x 2x 3 + ; t 2
t
2
= x
2
2x + 3 x
2
+ 1 = t
2
+ 2x 2
( 2)
(x + 1)t t
2
+ 2x 2
2
t (x 1)t 2x 2 0 + + s
+) t
2
(x +1)t + 2x 2 l mt tam thc bc hai c nghim t = 2; t = x 1
+) Trng hp 1: x 1 2 x 3
( 2)
2 t x 1
2
2
x 2x 3 2
x 2x 3 x 1
+ >
+ s
V Nghim
(V:
2
x 2x 3 + =
2
(x 1) 2 + >
2
(x 1) = x 1 x 1)
+) Trng hp 2: x 1 < 2 x 3 <
( 2)
x 1 t 2
2
2
x 2x 3 x 1
x 2x 3 2
+ >
+ s
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 49
2
x 2x 3 2 + s (V:
2
x 2x 3 + > x 1, x )
x
2
2x + 3 4 x
2
2x 1 0 1 2 x 1 + 2
+) Kt lun: tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l
S = 1 2 ; 1 2
(
+
.
3) t: t =
2
x 2x 3 + ; t 2
t
2
= x
2
2x + 3 x
2
+ 4x + 3 = t
2
+ 6x
(3)
t
2
+ 6x (3x +2 )t t
2
(3x + 2)t + 6x 0
+) t
2
(3x + 2)t + 6x l mt tam thc bc hai c nghim t = 2; t = 3x
+) Trng hp 1: 3x 2 x
2
3
(3)
t 3x
t 2
>
2 2 2
2
2
x 2x 3 3x x 2x 3 9x
x 2x 3 4
x 2x 3 2
+ > + >
+ s
+ s
2
2
3 1
x 8x 2x 3 0
4 2
x 2x 1 0
1 2 x 1 2
s s + s
s s +
Kt hp iu kin, c:
2
x 1 2
3
s s +
+) Trng hp 2: 3x < 2 x <
2
3
(3)
t 2
t 3x
>
2
2
x 2x 3 2
x 2x 3 3x
+ >
+ s
2
2 2
x 2x 3 4
x 0
x 2x 3 9x
+ >
>
+ s
2
2
x 2x 1 0
x 0
8x 2x 3 0
>
>
+ >
x 1 2
x 1 2
x 0
1
x
2
3
x
4
> +
s
>
>
x 1 2
x 1 2
1
x
2
> +
>
1
x
2
x 1 2
>
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 50
Kt hp iu kin, c: x 1 2 s ,
1 2
x
2 3
s <
+) Kt lun: tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l
S =
(
; 1 2
(
1
; 1 2
2
(
+
(
.
Bi ton 5.
1) iu kin: x 1
Lp lun tm c tp nghim bt phng trnh (1) l: S = { 1 }.
2) +) 2x
3
+ x
2
4x + 4 = (x + 2)(2x
2
3x +2)
iu kin: 2x
3
+ x
2
4x + 4 0 x + 2 0 x 2
+)
3 2 2
2x x 4x 4 x 2. 2x 3x 2 + + = + +
2
x 2 2x 3x 2
2
+ + +
s
3 2
2x x 4x 4 + + x
2
x + 2
Du = xy ra x 2 + =
2
2x 3x 2 +
2
x 2
x 2 2x 3x 2
>
+ = +
2
x 2
2x 4x 0
>
x 2
x 0
x 0
x 2
x 2
>
+)
(2)
3 2
2x x 4x 4 + + x
2
x + 2
3 2
2x x 4x 4 + + = x
2
x + 2
x 0
x 2
=
Vy tp nghim bt phng trnh (2) l: S = {0 ; 2}.
3) +) iu kin: 2 x 4
+) x
2
6x + 11 = (x 3)
2
+ 2 2.
x
2
6x + 11 = 2 x = 3
+)
( )
2
x 2 4 x + (1 + 1)(x 2 + 4 x) = 4
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 51
x 2 + 4 x 2
x 2 + 4 x = 2 x 2 = 4 x x 2 = 4 x x = 3
+)
(3)
x 2 + 4 x = x
2
6x + 11 = 2 x = 3
Vy tp nghim bt phng trnh (3) l: S = { 3 }.
4) t: t = x
2
6x + 9 ; t 0
(4)
t 9 +
t 6
t 2
+
+
+)
t 6
t 2
+
+
=
t 2 4
t 2
+ +
+
= 1 +
4
t 2 +
1 +
4
2
= 3
+) t 9 + 9 = 3
+)
(4)
t 9 + =
t 6
t 2
+
+
= 3 t = 0
x
2
6x + 9 = 0 (x 3)
2
= 0 x = 3
Vy tp nghim bt phng trnh (4) l: S = { 3 }.
5) +) iu kin: 3 x 4
+) (x 3)(5 x) = x
2
+ 8x 15 = 1 (x 4)
2
1
(x 3)(5 x) = 1 x = 4
+)
( )
2
x 3 4 x + = x 3 + 4 x + 2 x 3 . 4 x
= 1 + 2 x 3 . 4 x 1
x 3 4 x + 1. Du = xy ra
x 3
x 4
=
+)
(5)
+ x 3 4 x = (x 3)(5 x) = 1 x = 4
Vy tp nghim bt phng trnh (5) l: S = { 4 }.
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 52
Mc l c
Tr ang
D ng 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
D ng 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D ng 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
D ng 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
D ng 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
D ng 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
D ng 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
D ng 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
D ng 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Ti liu tham k ho
1. Sch bi tp ton lp 10
2. C c s ch gi i thi u thi tuyn si nh i hc, Cao ng
3. Cc sch v phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh
Nguyn Quc Hon THPT Nguyn Gi a Thi u
H 53
Kt l un
Trn y l sng kin kinh nghim do ti c rt c trong qu trnh
ging dy Ton lp 10. Ti thy hc sinh hc tp rt ho hng v say m, nn
kt qu thu c nh sau: v bn thn cng yu thch cng vic ging dy v
nghin cu khoa hc; v hc sinh th hc tt hn, nhiu hc sinh bnh thng
tr ln kh, hc sinh kh gii cng gii hn. V quan trng hn hc sinh yu
thch mn ton v c gng hc tt cc phn khc ca mn ton na.
Mc d bn thn rt c gng, nhng trong qu trnh vi t s ng ki n
ki nh nghi m c thkhng tr nh ht nhng thi u st ng ti c, rt mong nhn
c gp xy dng ca cc thy gio c gio, nhng ngi quan tm n
mn ton v s nghip gio dc sng kin kinh nghim ny ngy cng hon
thin hn v ph bin hn.
Xi n trn trng cm n.
H Ni, ngy 19 / 5 / 2010
Ngi vit
Nguyn Quc Hon