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I. II. Tng quan v probiotic Probiotic chng li mt s vi khun c hi C ch hot ng ca probiotic Cc c ch hiu qu ca probiotic Kt lun
III.
IV. V.
probiotic
Vi khun gy hi
I.3 Cc ch phm probiotic ph bin hin nay: lactobacillus, streptococus, bifidobacteria, bacillus, sacharomyces boulardii (Nm men) lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Bifidobacteria
Nm men
I.4 Li ch
Probiotics mang li li ch ln cho sc khe: - Bo v nim mc rut khi nhng cht c hi - Ngn chn s pht trin ca vi khun gy bnh trong ng rut (E. coli, Salmonella) - Thc y sc khe ca nim mc rut - Kch thch h thng min dch trong c th nh hng ca probiotic c th l trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua h vi sinh vt ng rut
Kt qu
Vi khun bm dnh trn nim mc rut nh c ch c trng (cht bm dnh v cc phn t th th ca rut) v c ch khng c trng (da vo nhng yu t ha hc) Mt vi thnh phn cu to ca vi khun: protein thnh t bo, carbohydrates, v axit lipoteichoic c xem l c lin quan n tnh dnh bm ca probiotics vo rut
Study design
effect
references
(8, 24) (64)
S dnh bm ca probiotic vo Tng s dnh bm t bo biu m Caco-2 S thay i tnh dnh bm ph thuc vo chng
S c mt ca S dnh bm ca probiotic vo Gim s dnh bm mt nim mc Pha sinh trng S dnh bm ca L.fermentum vo keratinizing biu m d dy chut Tnh dnh bm pha n nh cao hn pha lag
(25,52)
(68)
S dnh bm ca probiotic vo Tnh dnh bm gim pha log, dng t bo biu m Caco-2 tng pha n nh
(8)
(60)
(25)
S dnh bm vo nim mc H sinh vt ni sinh khng nh trong s c mt ca sinh hng n s dnh bm vo nim vt trong phn hay mng mc trong in vitro nhy S dnh bm ca cc probiotic t hp vi ileostomy glycoprotein S t hp ca nhiu probiotic c th h tr n tnh dnh bm
(51,56)
(54)
S dnh bm ca probiotic Cc chng probiotic c th lm vo t bo biu m rut ln gim tnh dnh bm ca cc chng IPEC-J2 khc Lin kt ca c S dnh bm ca t Lactobacillus GG dng t bo biu m Caco-2 S dnh bm gim khi c t lin kt vi t bo
(44)
(39)
S c mt ca lignans S c mt ca Canxi
Tng tnh dnh bm ca mt s chng S dnh bm c hoc khng ph thuc vo Canxi trong mt s trng hp S dnh bm ca hu ht cc chng u tng nh s c mt ca Ca
(43)
(5,6,12,14)
(44)
Probiotics
Thit k th nghim
Kt qu
Tham kho
(30)
Trong in vitro s dnh bm vo nim mc tr em, ngi trng thnh v ngi cao tui
S dnh bm vo nim mc ca nhng ngi cao tui gim so vi ngi trng thnh v tr em
(53)
Bifidobacteria Trong nghin cu in S dnh bm vo nim mc t tr b d ng vitro s dnh bm vo tr b d ng gim so vi nim mc nhng ngi nhng tr khe mnh tnh nguyn khe mnh
(27,29)
Cc probiotic thng mi
(57,59)
Cc probiotic thng mi
(38)
Bifidobacteriu Probiotic c a m infantis vo cc bnh nhn b nhim trng vim kt trng L. plantaum 299v Probiotic c a vo cc bnh nhn nguy kch
Cc chng probiotic (75) c khi phc t cc sinh thit cho thy c s xm nhim tm thi Chng probiotic c (42) khi phc t 3/9 cc sinh thit, c s xm nhim tm thi
b. dnh bm
o S dnh bm cc biu m ng rut v cht nhy c lin quan n s kch thch ca h thng min dch (80, 114), v s dnh bm vo nim mc rut cng rt quan trng cho xm nhim tm thi (114),l mt iu kin tin quyt quan trng ca probiotic kim sot s cn bng ca h vi sinh vt ng rut .
o Cht nhy ng rut c mt vai tr kp, n bo v nim mc ca cc loi vi sinh vt ch trong khi cung cp mt vi tr lin kt ban u, ngun dinh dng, v l mi trng thun li cho vi khun sinh si ny n.
b. dnh bm (tt)
o S dnh bm l mt qu trnh phc tp bao gm c ch khng c hiu (k nc) v th th c hiu. o S dnh bm ca cc t bo vi khun thng lin quan n c im b mt t bo. Nhiu tc gi bo co rng kh nng ng kt t ca cc loi Lactobacillus c th kch hot n to thnh mt ro cn ngn chn s xm nhp ca vi khun gy bnh.
d. Yu t quyt nh s dnh bm
Cc c ch dnh bm lin quan n yu t th ng, lc tnh in v k nc, acid lipoteichoic, v cc cu trc c trng nh l polysaccharides v lectin. Thnh phn protein c lin quan n s dnh bm ca cc chng probiotic ln cc t bo rut.
e. S t hp trong probiotic
S t hp gia cc chng probiotics khc nhau c th hiu qu hn so vi cc chng n l. Tuy nhin, hiu qu c th b v hiu nu cc chng khng c chn lc mt cch khoa hc, cht ch. c mt chng minh rng: s kt hp ca cc chng probiotic c th b sung hoc ci thin hot tnh cho tng chng ring bit trong t hp .
e. S t hp trong probiotic (tt) Khi s dng probiotics t hp gip tng cng kh nng dnh bm ln nim mc rut ca tng chng probiotics ring r. V vy, cn thit nghin cu thm v nh hng ca cc sn phm nui cy v trao i cht trong dnh bm ca cc chng probiotic tm ra cc t hp tt nht s dng trong cc sn phm thc phm chc nng.
Bacteriocins
Nicin Plantiricin
L-
Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus pentosus Lactobacillus plantarum (MiLAB 393) Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus plantarum -
Phe-L- Pro
Cyclic dipeptides
L-Phe-trans-4-OH-L-Pro
Mevalonolactone Methylhydantoin -
Khc
Ln men ng hnh: lactobacilli ln men hexose sinh cc acid lactic thng qua con ng glycolysis Ln men d hnh ty tin: lactobacilli ln men hexose to cc acid lactic, acid acetic, ethanol v acid formic Ln men d hnh bt buc: - Lactobacilli ln men hexoses to cc acid lactic,acid acetic, ethanol, CO2.Trong khi pentoses c ln men to acid lactic v acid acetic - Cc lactobacilli c sinh mt loi kh t s phn gii cacbohydrate hoc lactobacilli sn xut mt s cht l (exotic) nh 1,2 propanediol.
Hnh thc ln men n gin nht l ln men ng hnh LAB, ch ln men ng hexose to lactate. Trong iu kin hn ch ng hoc oxy th c kh nng ln men d hnh to ra lactate, acetate v mt lng nh ethanol. Cc acid hu c c hiu qu khng khun trn mm bnh .Cn butyrate, propionate, formate c th iu chnh c vi khun c kh nng gy bnh
Mt s cc tc nhn gy bnh s dng cc acid bo bay hi nh cht ch th chn lc preferential xm nhp. Vd:- S.Typhimurium c hai thnh phn BarA/SirA gip iu chnh mi trng ng rut v iu chnh s biu hin ca TTSS-1(Type Three Secretion System 1) - H thng tit ny m ha cho cc c quan, tc ng cc protein cn thit cho Salmonella xm nhp vo cc t bo biu m khng thc bo Acetate v formate c hot tnh kch thch v to iu kin cho s xm nhp trong S.Typhimurium Butyrate v propionate lm gim kh nng gy bnh ca SPI-1 (Salmonella pathogenicity island 1) m ha TTSS-1.C kh nng bin i mi trng gip gim s xm nhp v pht tn bo t Salmonella trong sn xut thc n ng vt
Cc acid hu c to pH ca ng rut gip hiu qu khng khun mnh - Ti pH thp acid hu c phn ly lin tc.pH nh hng trc tip n tng s acid khng phn ly khuch tn qua mng vi khun. - S phn ly cao ca cc proton v anion hu c bn trong t bo lm yu lc di chuyn ca proton qua mng vi khun.v khng c gradien proton c lc ATPase F1/F10 nn lm gim kh nng sn xut ATP ca vi khun Acid hu c lm thiu ht ATP ni bo,gy ra s thm qua mng, gii phng LPS ra khi mng t bo vi khun.Lm cho mng b mn cm vi cc tc nhn nh: bacterioxin, cht ty ra, mt.
C ch tc ng khng khun ca lactate l lm gim pH ca mt t bo vi khun thng qua s phn ly cc acid hu c v lc cc cation ha tr hai chui LPS mi n nh
b. Hydrogen Peroxide
Lactobacilli sn xut hydro peroxide khi trong mi trng nui c mt oxy Hydro peroxide l phn t quan trng iu tit h vi sinh vt m o (vaginal) v gy c cho cc mm bnh C hot tnh khng khun mnh trong c invitro v invivo nh tc dng oxy ha mnh m trn t bo vi khun (hydroxyl trit ) Nhiu loi lactobacilli c kh nng sinh hydro peroxyde trong ng rut, c bit l trong rut non
c. CO2
CO2 ch yu c hnh thnh t ln men lactic d hnh CO2 c th trc tip to ra trong mi trng k kh v c hi i vi mt s vi sinh vt hiu kh thng qua hot ng ca chng trn trn mng t bo Hot ng khng khun ca phn t CO2 c cho l do s c ch ca enzyme decacboxyl v s tch ly ca CO2 trong mng lipit gy ra ri lon tnh thm ca mng CO2 c th c hiu qu chng li s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy h hng thc phm, khng vi khun gram m, c hiu qu v phng din thng mi ha p dng cho cc sn phm lm lnh.
Reuterin l hp cht khng khun c trng c sn xut bi Lactobacillus spp Reuterin, - hydroxypropionaldehyde l mt ph khng khun rng c sn xut bi mt s chng L.reuteri Sn xut reuterin trong iu kin k kh ti u trn 1 hn hp ca ng v glycerol hoc glyceraldehydes Sn xut reuterin ph thuc vo s c mt ca glycerol dehyratase,co-enzyme B12 Reuterin l mt aldehyde tan trong nc,tn ti trong hn hp phc tp gm monomeric,hydrated monomeric v cyclic dimeric nhng cu trc ca hydroxypropionaldehyde
Reuterin hot ng trong phm vi pH rng,c kh nng chu c protease v lipases, v c hot tnh khng khun khng li cc mm bnh c trong thc phm Trong giai on tng trng, Reuterin khng sn xut do s gim trao i cht ca ng. Khi cc t bo tham gia vo giai on tng trng, Reuterin bt u tch ly. Hn na, Reuterin tch ly khi tip xc vi cc t bo mc tiu
Reutericyclin l mt dn xut acid tetrameric sn xut bi chng L.reuteri .Bao gm mt u a nc mang in tch m v hai chui bn k nc Reutericyclin c cho l to nn cc knh,l trn mng vi khun,tuy nhin cc nghin cu s dng thuc nhum hunh quang (fluorescent dyes) cho thy proton in th xuyn mng,hnh thnh l v in th kali xuyn qua mng. Reutericylin khng to nn cc l mng nhng lm mt kh nng proton xuyn mng chn lc gy phn tn PMF (proton motive force)
III.2 Sn xut cc hp cht khng khun trng lng phn t cao :Bacteriocin
Bacteriocins l cc peptide khng khun,bn cht protein c tng hp qua ribosome vi khun - Cc bacteriocin c hot tnh khng cc vi sinh vt cnh tranh trong cng sinh thi v thng khng cng loi (ph hp) hoc qua chi (ph rng) - Cc bacteriocin c hot tnh cao,do cc vi sinh vt sn xut da vo cc protein min dch t bo v trnh cc bacteriocin ring ca chng Cc bacteriocin c hot tnh mnh nht vi khun Gram dng v LAB c trng khc
Classification of Bacteriocins
Vic phn loi l quan trng thit k peptide khng sinh mi.c chia ba nhm chnh Class I : Lanthionine lp I cha cc bacteriocin c gi l lantibiotic Class I lantibiotics: lantibiotics c gc acid amin khng c bn cht l protein v methyllanthionine,c cc lin kt ng ha tr gia cc acid amin. Hai lantibiotic ph bin l nisin v mersacidin. Nisin l bacteriocin lp I tiu chun bao gm mt peptide amphiphilic, hnh thnh nn cc l trn mng vi khun.Lm phn tn PMF v l mt nguyn nhn gy thot mt s cht trao i cht t t bo
Class II: Non- lanthionine cha bacteriocin ,ph bin hn lp I nh t yu cu sa i sau dch m hn Bacteriocin lp II l cc peptide nh (<10kDa) bn nhit C ch hot ng tng t lp Class III L cc Bacteriolysins gy thy phn thnh t bo trong cc t bo mn cm.Chng c s tng ng vi cc peptide ni bo Lysostaphin,l mt bacteriolysin c kh nng git chng Staphilococcus aureus trong t pht nh hot ng ca endopeptidase glycylglycine v tch cc lin kt cho pentaglycine trong peptidoglycan Staphylococcal
Ngoi cc VK Gram dng, bacteriocin cn c hot tnh khng VK Gram m Nghin cu hot tnh khng vi khun Gram m Enterobacteriacae l mt lnh vc quan trong v l tng cho vic kim sot cc mm bnh trong sn xut thc n ng vt trong tng lai Bacteriocin c th hu ch trong cc loi vi khun ch khng mong mun nh cc mm bnh trong thc n v cnh tranh loi tr mm bnh trong ng tiu ha ca vt ch
Video
Mm bnh trong thc phm cn phi lin kt cht ch hoc xuyn qua biu m ng rut vt ch.cc qu trnh ny thng quy nh bi h thng tit kiu III hoc kiu IV. EspF,mt h thng tit kiu III tc ng ti cc phn t tit bi mm bnh ng rut E.coli gy ra s sp xp actin cytoskeleton v lm tn thng chc nng hng ro biu m. L.acidophilus v L.rhamnosus c chng minh l lm gim s nh bm ca E.coli vi t bo biu m ng rut
Probiotic chim ch v trung ha c t ca cc vi khun c hi, sn xut cc vitamin v men tiu ha, tng cng to cc khng th gip nng cao kh nng min dch
Chng Lactobacillus
Hot ha i thc bo Kch thch hnh thnh bch cu Tng tng hp IgA
b. S tac ng ca vi khun hi sinh va vi khun gy bnh vi h thng min dch ng rut S tng tc ny l trung tm ca vic duy tr ni cn bng min dch. Cc t bo nang v t bo ui gai l nhng t bo u tin ca h thng min dch nim mc l ni vi khun hi sinh v vi khun gy bnh bt gp Cc VSV c ngha trong h tiu ha, t bo biu m d dy v cc t bo ui gai trong cc t chc lympho ng tiu ha c trang b vi cc th th nhn dng mu (PRRs), nhn bit cc mu bo tn phn t v cc mm bnh (215).
d. Immunomodulation
Probiotic bin i gen (gennetically modified) tng cng hiu qu kch thch min dch Grangette v cng s(2005) xy dng mt L.plantarum NCIMB8826 t bin Dlt tc l acid teichoic c mt trong L.plantarum cha t D- alanine hn - Dlt t bin ny gip bo v nhiu hn trong m hnh chut vim i trng khi so snh vi chut cha m v chng t bin biu hin kh nng vim mnh trong c nghin cu invitro v invivo vi s tng ng k s tit IL-10
Vi khun probiotic kch thch iu khin sn xut cytokine v cc t bo T regulatory trong in vitro Vi khun probiotic c th c hiu qu tc dng khc nhau trn c hai p ng min dch bm sinh v thch nghi Mt s chng Lactobacillus c ch s pht trin t bo T, kch thch sn xut IL10 v TGF-beta, gim sn xut cytokine Th1 v cytokine Th2 trong in vitro. Trong mt s mu ng vt v th nghim lm sng ngi, iu tr bng probiotic lm tng IL-10 hoc sn xut TGF-beta, tng lng t bo CD4 + ca t bo T regulatory.
Tng iu khin m ha gen nim mc kch thch sn xut cht nhy to thnh hng ro bo v LGG tn ti thng qua ng tiu ha v dnh bm trn nim mc rut v cc t bo biu m. LGG lm thay i h vi sinh vt bng cch to ra mt mi trng thc y tng trng bifidobacterial v lm tng tng s vi khun k kh, c th l bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, v clostridia.
b. H.Pylori
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori thng gy vim d dy mn tnh, lot d dy t trng v ung th d dy. - Probiotics c th ngn chn, gim vim do vi khun H. pylori gy ra nh kh nng chu c pH thp ca d dy v nh km vo lp nim mc ca d dy. - L. acidophilus, L. gasseri v L.rhamnosus, L. reuteri l cc chng probiotic thng c s dng
-H. Pylori l mt loi vi khun c hi c th sng cc t bo lt d dy, pht trin mnh trong mi trng acid.
c. Salmonella
- Salmonella l mt loi vi khun sng trong ng rut ngi v ng vt gy nhim trng, tiu chy - B sung probiotic gip gim thi gian tiu ,gip tng cng min dch, gip vt ch c sc khe tt hn, ngn chn s tng trng Samonella - Cc loi thng dng Lacobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum v Streptococcus faecalis. Ngoi ra c cc loi probiotics khc S. cerevisiae v L. reuteri
V. Kt lun
Vic hiu r c ch hot ng ca probiotics v ng dng ca probiotics trong lm sng ha hn tim nng to ln trong la chn cc loi, cc chng probiotics c th sn xut cc ch phm probiotics c li