Bai Giang Ky Thuat Xu Ly Nuoc Thai

TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH
KHOA MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC
BI GING
K THUT X L NC THI
H THNG X L NC THI KHU CNG NGHIP VIETNAM-SINGAPORE
Th.S. Lm Vnh Sn
Dng cho sinh vin ngnh MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC
Nm xut bn 2008
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Chng 1: NHNG VN CHUNG V X L NC

THI
1.1. PHN LOI NC THI
hiu v la chn cng ngh x l nc thi cn phi phn bit cc loi nc thi khc nhau. C
nhiu cch hiu v cc loi nc thi, nhng trong ti liu ny tc gi a ra 3 loi nc thi da trn
mc ch s dng v cch x thi nh sau.
1.1.1. Nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi sinh hat l nc c thi b sau khi s dng cho cc mc ch sinh hot ca cng ng :
tm , git gi , ty ra, v sinh c nhn,chng thng c thi ra t cc cc cn h, c quan,
trng hc, bnh vin, ch, v cc cng trnh cng cng khc. Lng nc thi sinh hat ca khu dn
c ph thuc vo dn s, vo tiu chun cp nc v c im ca h thng that nc.
Thnh phn ca nc thi sinh hat gm 2 lai:
- Nc thi nhim bn do cht bi tit ca con ngi t cc phng v sinh
- Nc thi nhim bn do cc cht thi sinh hat : cn b t nh bp, cc cht ra tri, k c lm
v sinh sn nh.
Nc thi sinh hat cha nhiu cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc, ngai ra cn c cc thnh phn
v c, vi sinh vt v vi trng gy bnh rt nguy him. Cht hu c cha trong nc thi sinh hat bao
gm cc hp cht nh protein (40 50%); hydrat cacbon (40 - 50%) gm tinh bt, ng v xenlulo;
v cc cht bo (5 -10%). Nng cht hu c trong nc thi sinh hat dao ng trong khang 150
450%mg/l thoe trng lng kh. C khang 20 40% cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc. nhng
khu dn c ng c, iu kin v sinh thp km, nc thi sinh haat khng c x l thch ng l
mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim mi trng nghim trng.
Lng nc thi sinh hot dao ng trong phm vi rt ln, ty thuc vo mc sng v cc thi quen
ca ngi dn, c th c tnh bng 80% lng nc c cp. Gia lng nc thi v ti trng cht
thi ca chng biu th bng cc cht lng hoc BOD5 c 1 mi tng quan nht nh. Ti trng cht
thi trung bnh tnh theo u ngi iu kin c vi nhu cu cp nc 150 l/ngy c trnh by
trong bng 1.1
Bng.1.1. Ti trng cht thi trung bnh 1 ngy tnh theo u ngi
Cc cht
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tng lng cht thi

Cc cht tan
Cc cht khng tan
Cht lng
Cht l lng
Tng cht thi

(g/ngi.ngy)
190
100
90
60
30
Cht thi hu c
(g/ngi.ngy)
110
50
60
40
20
Cht thi v c
(g/ngi.ngy)
80
50
30
20
10
Trang 1
Bng 1.2: Thnh phn nc thi sinh hat phn tch theo cc phng php ca APHA
Cc cht (mg/l)
- Tng cht rn
- Cht rn ha tan
- Cht rn khng ha tan
- Tng cht rn l lng
- Cht rn lng
- BOD5
- DO
- Tng nit
- Nit hu c
- Nit ammoniac
- NO2
- NO3
- Clorua
- kim
- Cht bo
- Tng photpho
Mc nhim
Nng
1000
700
300
600
12
300
0
85
35
50
0,1
0,4
175
200
40
-
Trung bnh
500
350
150
350
8
200
0
50
20
30
0,05
0,2
100
100
20
8
Thp
200
120
8
120
4
100
0
25
10
15
0
0,1
15
50
0
-
Nc thi sinh hot c thnh phn vi cc gi tr in hnh nh sau: COD=500 mg/l, BOD5=250 mg/l,
SS=220 mg/l, photpho=8 mg/l, nit NH3 v nit hu c=40 mg/l, pH=6.8, TS= 720mg/l.
Nh vy, Nc thi sinh hot c hm lng cc cht dinh dng kh cao, i khi vt c yu cu cho
qu trnh x l sinh hc. Thng thng cc qu trnh x l sinh hc cn cc cht dinh dng theo t l
sau: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1
Mt tnh cht c trng na ca Nc thi sinh hot l khng phi tt c cc cht hu c u c th b
phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt v khong 20-40% BOD thot ra khi cc qu trnh x l sinh hc cng
vi bn.
1.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip (nc thi sn xut)
L lai nc thi sau qu trnh sn xut, phc thhuc loi hnh cng nghip. c tnh nhim v nng
ca nc thi cng nghip rt khc nhau ph thuc vo lai hnh cng nghip v ch cng ngh
la chn.
Trong cng nghip, nc c s dng nh l 1 loi nguyn liu th hay phng tin sn xut (nc
cho cc qu trnh) v phc v cho cc mc ch truyn nhit. Nc cp cho sn xut c th ly mng
cp nc sinh hot chung hoc ly trc tip t ngun nc ngm hay nc mt nu x nghip c h
thng x l ring. Nhu cu v cp nc v lu lng nc thi trong sn xut ph thuc vo nhiu yu
t. Lu lng nc thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip c xc nh ch yu bi c tnh sn phm
c sn xut.
Bng 1.3. lu lng nc thi trong 1 s ngnh cng nghip
Ngnh cng nghip
Tnh cho
1. Sn xut bia
2. Tinh ch ng
3. Sn xut b sa
4. sn xut x phng v cht ty ra
5. Sn xut nc khong v nc chanh
6. Nh my hp rau qu
7. Giy
8. Giy trng
9. Giy khng ty trng
10. Dt si nhn to
11. X nghip ty trng
1 l bia
1 tn c ci ng
1 tn sa
1 tn sn phm
1 tn
1 tn
1 tn sn phm
1 tn si
Lu lng nc
thi
5,65 (l)
10 - 20 (m3)
5-6 (l)
4,5 - 1,5
100
(m3)
1000 - 4000 (m3)
Trang 2
Ngoi ra, trnh cng ngh sn xut v nng sut ca x nghip cng c ngha quan trng. Lu
lng tnh cho 1 n v sn phm c th rt khc nhau. Lu lng nc thi sn xut li dao ng rt
ln. Bi vy s liu trn thng khng n nh v nhiu x nghip li c kh nng tit kim lng
nc cp do s dng h thng tun hon trong sn xut.
Thnh phn nc thi sn xut rt a dng, thm ch ngay trong 1 ngnh cng nghip, s liu cng c
th thay i ng k do mc hon thin ca cng ngh sn xut hoc iu kin mi trng.
Cn c vo thnh phn v khi lng nc thi m la chn cng ngh v cc k thut x l. Sau y
l 1 s s liu v thnh phn nc thi ca 1 s ngnh cng nghip
Bng 1.4. Tnh cht c trng ca nc thi 1 s ngnh cng nghip
Ch bin
sa
1000
- BOD5 (mg/l)
1900
- COD (mg/l)
- Tng cht rn 1600
300
(mg/l)
- Cht rn l lng 50
12
(mg/l)
7
- Nit (mgN/l)
29
- Photpho (mgP/l)
- pH
0
- Nhit ( C)
- Du m (mg/l)
- Clorua (mg/l)
- Phenol (mg/l)
Cc ch tiu
Sn xut
tht hp
1400
2100
3300
1000
150
16
7
28
500
-
Dt si
tng hp
1500
3300
8000
2000
30
0
5
-
Sn
xut
clorophenol
4300
5400
53000
1200
0
0
7
17
27000
140
Ni chung, nc thi t cc nh my ch bin thc phm c hm lng nit v photpho cho qu

trnh x l sinh hc, trong khi hm lng cc cht dinh dng ny trong nc thi ca cc ngnh
sn xut khc li qu thp so vi nhu cu pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra, nc thi cc nh my
ha cht thng cha 1 s cht c cn c x l s b kh cc c t trc khi thi vo h thng
nc thi khu vc.
C hai loi nc thi cng nghip:
- + Nc thi cng nghip qui c sch : l lai nc thi sau khi s dng lm ngui sn
phm, lm mt thit b, lm v sinh sn nh.
- + Lai nc thi cng nghip nhim bn c trng ca cng nghip v cn x l cc b
trc kjhi x vo mng li that nc chung hoc vo ngun nc tytheo mc x l.
1.1.3. Nc thi l nc ma
y l lai nc thi sau khi ma chy trn trn mt t v li ko cc cht cn b, du m, khi i
vo h thng that nc.
Nhng ni c mng li cng thot ring bit: mng li cng thot nc thi ring vi mng li
cng thot nc ma. Nc thi i v nh my x l gm: nc sinh hot, nc cng nghip v nc
ngm thm nhp, nu sau nhng trn ma ln khng c hin tng ngp ng cc b, nu c nc ma
c th trn qua np y cc h ga chy vo h thng thot nc thi. Lng nc thm nhp do thm
t nc ngm v nc ma c th ln ti 470m3/ha.ngy.
Ni c mng cng chung va thot nc thi va thot nc ma. y l trng hp hu ht cc th
trn, th x, thnh ph ca nc ta. Lng nc chy v nh my gm nc thi sinh hot, nc thi
cng nghip, nc ngm thm nhp v mt phn nc ma.
Lu : Trong th : Nc thi sinh hot thng trn chung vi nc thi sn xut v gi chung l
nc thi th.
Nu tnh gn ng, nc thi th gm khong 50% l nc thi sinh hot, 14% l cc loi nc
Trang 3
thm, 36% l nc thi sn xut.

Lu lng nc thi th ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh hu v cc tnh cht c trng ca
thnh ph. Khong 65-85% lng nc cp cho 1 ngun tr thnh nc thi. Lu lng v hm lng
cc cht thi ca nc thi th thng dao ng trong phm vi rt ln.
Lu lng nc thi ca cc thnh ph nh bin ng t 20% QTB- 250%QTB
Lu lng nc thi ca cc thnh ph ln bin ng t 50% QTB- 200%QTB
Lu lng nc thi ln nht trong ngy vo lc 10-12h tra v thp nht vo lc khong 5h sng.
Lu lng v tnh cht nc thi th cn thay i theo ma, gia ngy lm vic v ngy ngh trong
tun cng cn c tnh n khi nh gi s bin ng lu lng v nng cht gy nhim.
1.2. THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA NC THI VA CC DNG NHIM BN
1.2.1. Lu lng nc thi
- Xc nh lu lng nc thi c HTTN dng PP o lu lng ti ca x.
- Nu cha c HTTN hon chnh ta tnh theo tng loi sau:
1..2.1.1. Nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi sinh hot thng chim t 65% n 80% lng nc cp i qua ng h cc h dn, cc c
quan, bnh vin, trng hc, khu thng mi , khu gii tr, 65% p dng cho ni nng, kh, nc
cp dng c cho vic ti cy c.
Trong mt s trng hp phi da vo tiu chun thot nuc tnh ton s b lu lng nc
thi.(tham kho bng 1.5) sau y:
Bng 1.5. Tiu chun thi nc khu vc dn c
Stt
Mc thit b v sinh trong cng trnh
Tiu chun thi

(l/ngi.ng)
C h thng cp thot nc, c dng c v

sinh, khng c thit b tm
80 100
C h thng cp thot nc, c dng c v sinh

v thit b tm thng thng (vi sen)
110 140
C h thng cp thot nc, c dng c v

sinh, c bn tmv cp nc nng cc b
140 180
cc khu thng mi, c quan, trng hc, bnh bin, khu gii tr xa h thng cng thot ca thnh
ph, phi xy dng trm bm nc thi hay khu x l nc thi ring, tiu chun thi nc c th
tham kho bng 1.6, bng 1.7, bng 1.8. Tuy nhin, c s thay i trong thc t iu kin nc ta.
Bng 1.6. Tiu chun thi nc t cc khu dch v thng mi
Lu lng (l/n v tnh- ngy)
Ngun nc thi
n v tnh
Khong dao ng
Tr s tiu biu
11
7,5 -15
Hnh khch
Nh ga sn bay
38
26 -50
u xe
Gara- t, sa xe
11
3,8 -19
Khch hng
Qun bar
50
38-60
Ngi phc v
1900
1515-2270
Nh v sinh
Kho hng ho
38
30-45
Nhn vin phc v
180
151-212
Khch
Khch sn
38
26-49
Ngi phc v
49
26-60
Cng nhn
Hiu git l
2080
1703-2460
My git
11
7,5-15
Ngi n
Tim n
38
26-50
Ngi lm
Siu th
49
26-60
Nhn vin
C quan
Trang 4
Bng 1.7: Tiu chun thi nc t cc cng s

Lu lng (l/n v tnh-ngy)
Ngun nc thi
n v tnh
Khong dao ng
Tr s tiu biu
625
473 -908
Ging bnh
Bnh vin
38
19 -56
Nhn vin phc v
378
284-530
Ging bnh
Bnh vin tm thn
38
19 -56
Nhn vin phc v
435
284 -530
T nhn
Nh t
38
19 -56
Qun gio
322
190 -455
Ngi trong nh iu
Nh ngh
dng
Trng i hc
95
56 -133
Sinh vin
Bng 1.8. Tiu chun thi nc t cc khu gii tr
Lu lng (l/n v tnh-ngy)
Ngun nc thi
n v tnh
Khong dao ng Tr s tiu biu
227
189 -265
Khu ngh mt c khch Ngi
sn mini
151
30 -189
Khu ngh mt lu, tri, Ngi
t di ng
7,5
3,8 -11
Khch
Qun c ph gii kht
38
30 -45
Nhn vin phc v
113
75 -150
Ngi
Cm tri
26,5
15 -38
Xut n
Nh n
151
30 -189
Nhn vin
38
19 -45
Ngi tm
B bi
38
30 -45
Nhn vin
11
7,5 -15
Gh ngi
Nh ht
19
15 -30
Ngi tham quan
Khu trin lm, gii tr
Lu lng nc thi sinh hot:
Qtb = N.q
Qnmax = Qtb . Kng
Qs = Qtb /86400
Qsmax = Qs . Kc
Trong :
+ N
+q
+ Kng
: S dn c
: Tiu chun thot nc
:H s khng iu ha ngy H s khng iu ngy ca nc thi sinh
hot khu dn c ly Kng = 1,15 1,3
+ Kc
: H s khng iu ha chung
H s khng iu ha chung Kc = Kng . Kh
Trang 5
Bng 1.9. H s khng iu ha chung ca nc thi sinh hot

Lu lng
trung bnh
(lit/giy)
10
20
50
100
300
500
1000
5000
Kc max
2,5
2,1
1,9
1,7
1,6
1,55
1,5
1,47
1,44
Kc min
0,38
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,59
0,62
0,66
0,69
0,71
1.2.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip

Ph thuc vo quy m, tnh cht sn phm, quy trnh cng ngh ca tng nh my. Lu lng sn xut
c th dng cng thc sau y:
Trong :
+P
+ qtc
Q = qtc x P
: Cng sut sn phm ca nh my
: Tiu chun (nh mc ) s dng nc cho sn xut. C th tham kho s liu
nh mc x thi ca nh my trong bng 1.10
Bng 1.10. Tiu chun thi nc ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
STT
Ngnh sn xut
nc thi/sn phm (qtc)
Ch bin m cao su
54 lit/tn sn phm crp
Ch bin thy sn
20 100 m3/tn
Ch bin nng sn
6 60 m3/tn nng sn
Ch bin tht
3 10 m3/tn sn phm
Thuc da
65 100 m3/tn da t
Git gi
33 lit/kg qun o
Ru bia
0,3 m3/gi la (36 lit)
C ph
22 m3/tn sn phm
Luyn du
3 m3/thng du th (150 l)
10
Luyn cn thp
0,1 0,8 m3/tn thp
11
Chn nui gia cm
15 25 lit/kg gia cm
12
Sn xut giy v bt giy
60 240 m3/tn sn phm
Ngoi ra trong x nghip cn c mt lng nc thi sinh hot rt ln nn vic xc nh n cng c

mt ngha v cng quan trng.
Tiu chun nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn trong cc phn xng s3n xut c th ly theo Bng
1.11
Bng 1.11.. Tiu chun thot nc thi sinh hot trong cc phn xng sn xut
Loi phn xng
Phn xng nng ta
nhit
Tiu chun thot nc

(l/ngi.ng)
Kh
35
2,5
25
3,0
Phn xng thng
Trang 6
Lng nc tm cho cng nhn sau gi lm vic theo kp l 40 60 lit/ngi v thi gian tm l
45 pht.
Lu lng nc thi trong cc x nghip cng nghip:
Qtb = (25N1 + 35N2)/1000, m3/ng
Qhmax = (25N3 + 35N4)/T.1000
Qsmax = Qhmax /3,6
S phn b lu lng nc thi sn xut theo ca kp c th ly theo phn trm lu lng ngy nh
trong bng 1.12
Bng 1.12. Phn b phn trm lu lng sn xut theo ca
Bui
Bui sng
Bui chiu
Bui m
C ngy
Lm vic 3 ca
40 50
35 30
20 25
100
Lm vic 2 ca
50 65
50 65
100
Ngoi ra khi khng c s liu c th ca tng nh my c th tnh lng nc thi chung theo din
tch ca khu cng nghip nh sau:
- KCN gm cc nh my SX ra sn phm th, t ngm nc, lng nc thi dao ng t 914m3/ha.ngy.
- SX sn phm ngm nc trung bnh t 14-28m3/ha.ngy.
- Lng nc thi KCN tnh theo lng nc cp: 90-95%
1.2.1.3. Nc ma
Vic xc nh lu lng nc ma kh phc tp. Rt nhiu cng trnh x l nc thi sinh hot hin
nay cha cp nhiu n vic xc nh lng ma. Ti liu ny trnh mt phng php ng hc
(phng php .) xc nh lu lng nc ma ti mt vng bt k. Vic tnh ton mg li thot
nc ma s cp trong mt ti liu khc ca tc gi
1.2.1.3.1. Cc s liu c bn thit k h thng thot nc ma
1. Thi gian ma: L thi gian ko di ca mt trn ma tnh bng pht hoc gi. Thi gian bt u
cn ma c lng nc chy vo mng li nh hn lu lng tnh ton. Hin tng ny gi l s
chm tr ca dng chy nc ma, do nc ma phi mt thi gian di chuyn t b mt lu vc n
mng li thot nc. V vy, trn sut chiu di on ng, lu lng lun nh hn lu lng ti a
hin din cui on ng tnh ton.
- Thi gian ma tnh ton:
ttt = tm + tr + to
Trong :
+ tm : Thi gian tp trung nc ma trn b mt t im xa nht n mng li
1,5.n 0, 6 .L0, 6
, phut
Z 0,3 .i 0,5 .I 0,3
9 Z,n,i : h s lp ph, h s nhm v dc b mt tp trung nc m
9 I
: cng ma, mm/pht
9 L
: chiu di on nc chy
tm =
Trang 7
(Cng thc xc nh tm p dng cho cc b mt tp trung nc ma c san nn khng c

rnh, lung,..)
Lu : Tnh ton tm s b c th ly nh sau:
9 Trong tiu khu khng c h thng thot nc ma: tm = 10 pht
9 Trong tiu khu c h thng thot nc ma: tm = 05 pht
+ tr : Thi gian nc chy trong rnh: tr = 1,25. lr /vr (giy)
9 lr, vr : chiu di (m) v vn tc (m/s) nc ma chy cui rnh
9 1,25 : h s tnh n s tng tc chy trong thi gian ma
+ to : Thi gian nc chy trong ng n tit din tnh ton:
to = M lo / vo (giy)
9 lo, vo : chiu di, vn tc nc ma chy trong ng
9 M : h s tnh n s chm tr ca dng chy nc ma
M = 2 : a hnh thot nc ma bng phng i < 0,01
M = 1,5 : a hnh thot nc ma c dc = 0,01 0,03
M = 1,2 : a hnh thot nc ma c dc > 0,03
2. Cng ma: l lng nc ma ri xung tnh trn mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi
gian. Cng ma c biu din di 2 hnh thc: theo lp nc v theo th tch.
- Cng ma tnh theo lp nc l t s gia chiu cao lp nc v thi gian ma.
i = h/t (mm/pht)
- Cng ma tnh theo th tch l lng nc ma tnh bng l/s.ha
q = 166,7 i (l/s.ha)
- Cng ma c xc nh theo cng thc Lin x c:
q=
[20 .q
n
20
(1 + C. lg P )]
tn
Trong :
+ n,C : i lng ph thuc c im kh hu tng vng
+ q20 : Cng ma trong thi gian 20 pht vi chu k P= 1 nm
+P
: Chu k ma, nm
+t
: thi gian ma tnh ton, pht
- Cng ma c xc nh theo cng thc Trn Lit Vin:
[(20 + b)
q=
+ q 20 (1 + C. lg P )
(t + b )
Cc gi tr n, C, b tra trong bng phn b ma tng a phng
3. Chu k ma: L thi gian lp li mt trn ma c cng cng v thi gian ma. n v tnh
bng nm
4. Chu k trn cng (P): l thi gian c mt trn ma vt qu cng ma tnh ton
La chn P : + Khu dn c, thnh ph nh :
0,3 01 nm
+ Thnh ph ln, khu cng nghip:
01 03 nm
+ Khu vc c bit quan trng: 05 10 nm
Bng 1.13. Chu k trn cng i vi khu vc dn c
Loi cng
Khu vc
Ph chnh
Thun li
0,25
0,35
iu kin lm vic ca cng

Trung bnh
Bt li
0,35
0.5
0,5
1
Rt bt li
1
2
Trang 8
iu kin thun li:

a. Din tch lu vc khng ln hn 150 ha, a hnh bng phng, dc trung bnh ca
mt t 0,005 v nh hn
b. ng cng t theo ng phn thy hoc phn trn ca sn dc cch ng
phn thy khng qu 400m
iu kin trung bnh:
a. Din tch lu vc ln hn 150 ha, a hnh bng phng, dc trung bnh ca mt t
khong 0,005 v nh hn.
b. ng cng t pha thp ca sn dc, theo khe t nc, dc ca sn dc nh
hn hay bng 0,02, din tch lu vc khng qu 150 ha.
iu kin bt li:
a. ng cng t pha thp ca sn dc v din tch lu vc ln hn 150 ha.
b. ng cng t theo khe t nc ca sn dc, dc trung bnh ca sn dc ln
hn 0,02.
iu kin rt bt li: ng cng dng thot nc t mt ch trng
Bng 1.14. Gi tr P theo q20
c im vng thot nc ma
50 70
a hnh phng, i< 0,006 khi:

F 150 ha
F > 150 ha
a hnh dc, i> 0,006 khi:
F 20 ha
F = 20 50 ha
F = 50 100 ha
F > 100 ha
Gi tr P khi q20 bng

70 90
90 100
> 100
0,25 0,33
0,33 0,50
0,33 0,5
0,5 1,5
0,5 1,5
1,5 2
23
4
0,33 0,5
0,5 1
23
5
0,5 1,5
12
35
5
12
13
5
10
34
5 10
10
10 20
Bng 1.15. Chu k trn cng i vi khu vc cng nghip

Hu qu do vic trn cng
Qu trnh cng ngh khng b h hng
Qu trnh cng ngh b h hng
P (nm)
12
3-5
5. H s dng chy: L t s gia lng nc ma chy vo mng li thot nc v lng nc ma

ri xung.
= qc / qr
+ qc, qr: Lng nc ma ri trn din tch 1 ha v lng nc ma chy vo mng li thot
nc t 1 ha .
= Ztb . q0,2 . t0,1
Trong :
- q,t: cng ma (l/s.ha) v thi gian ma tnh ton (pht)
- Ztb:h s mt ph trung bnh ca ton lu vc
Khi din tch b mt khng (hoc t) thm nc ln hn 30% din tch lu vc th h s dng chy
cho php ly bng tb l i lng trung bnh chung ca h s dng chy o v din tch b mt m
khng ph thuc vo cng ma v thi gian ma.
Bng 1.16. bng xc nh h s dng chy o v h s lp ph b mt Z
H s Z
Dng b mt
H s dng chy o
Mi nh, mt ng btng
0,95
0,240
Trang 9
Mt ph dm, o, ng nha
ng lt cui, hc
Mt ph dm khng c vt liu kt dnh
ng si trong vn
Mt t
Mt c
0,6
0,45
0,4
0,35
0,3
0,15
0,224
0,145
0,125
0,09
0,064
0,038
1.2.1.3.2. Tnh ton nc ma

Gi thit rng thi gian ma chnh bng thi gian nc ma t im xa nht trong lu vc chy n
tit din tnh ton. Xc nh lu lng tnh ton nc ma cn c vo thi gian tp trung nc ma
c gi l phng php cng gii hn.
Qtt = . . q. F
Trong o:
+ F: din tch lu vc, ha
+ H s phn b ma ro l h s k n s phn phi ma khng ng u trn ton lu
vc
= qTB / qmax
1
=
1 + 0,001.F 2 / 3
Bng 1.17. Gi tr
Din tch lu vc, ha
H s phn b ma ro
<300
1
300
0,96
500
0,94
1000 2000 3000 4000

0,91 0,87 0,83 0,8
Lng nc ma khi cng trn xm nhp vo MLTN ring l 470m3/ha.ngy.

1.2.2. Dao ng ca lu lng nc thi
- Lu lng dao ng so vi lu lng gi TB:
+ 20-400%: dn c 1000 ngi.
+ 50-300%: dn c 10000 ngi.
+ 80-200%: dn c 100000 ngi.
- Thnh ph ln th:
qhmax (1.25-1.5) qhtb
qhtb (1.25-1.5) qhmin
1.2.3. Chn lu lng thit k
- Tun theo s quy hoch dn c (tng dn c, ), xy dng KCN mi, m rng mt bng, .
- Ta c th chn nh sau:
1. Lu lng ngy TB: dng tnh ton
+ Nng lng in tiu th
+ Lng ha cht tiu th
+ Lng cn bn cn x l
+ Lng nc x ngun tip nhn
2. Lu lng gi max, min
+ Mng li thot nc
+ My bm ca trm bm nc thi
+ Song chn rc
+ B lng ct v b iu ha lu lng.
3. Khi c h s khng iu ha K 1.5 : Khng xy b iu ha. Ly Qtb ca cc gi: 6, 7, 11, 12,
18, 19 tnh cho cc cng trnh sinh hc, cc b lng.
1.2.4. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi
1.2.4.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht cn c trong nc thi
Trang 10
800mg/l cn ha tan
70mg/l cn dng keo
130mg/l cn lng
200 mg/l cn
l lng (SS)
1000 mg/l tng hm

lng cn (TS)
Tng hm lng
cn (TS). Chim
0.1% v trng
lng
100%
Nc chim 99.9
% theo trng
lng
a. Tng hm lng cn (TS)

- Tng cc loi cn Hu C v V C dng l lng v ha tan (mg/l).
- xc nh: Ly mt th tch (V) nc thi em sy kh 103oC, sau em cn v chia cho
th tch (V) ta c TS
b. Cn hu c : C ngun gc
+ Thc n ca ngi, ng vt
+ Xc ng, thc vt
+ Thnh phn ha hc: C, H, O, N, O, P, S.
+ Dng tn ti ch yu: Protein, Carbonhydrate, cht bo,
xc nh: Cn v em sy 550-600oC: VS (cn bay hi).
c. Cn v c
L cn cn li sau khi sy 550oC (hay cn gi l tro). Ngun gc l cc mui khong, ct,
sn, .
d. Cn l lng (SS)
- L nhng cn c th quan st bng mt thng hay loi b bng cc phng php nh lng,
lc.
- xc nh ta ly mt (V) nc thi em lc qua giy lc, sy kh 150oC v em cn (mg/l).
- SS:70% l HC, 30% l VC
e. Cn lng c
- Ly 1 lt nc thi cho vo ng lng c khc , lng tnh 30. o th tch cn lng pha
y ng nghim, kt qu ml cn lng / lt nc thi (ml/l) hay ml cn lng / gam SS: Gi l ch
Vlng
s th tch: SVI = SS
f. Cn l lng dng keo
- L loi cn sau thi gian t 3-4h vn khng b lng y ng nghim (65% HC + 35% VC)
g. Cn ha tan
- C kch thc rt nh v lt qua giy lc (40% HC + 60% VC).
- V vy, khi thit k cng trnh x l nc thi l phi lm sao pht trin c cc VSV hp th
cn HC dng ha tan, keo, l lng thnh cn dng n nh d lng.
Ta c th hnh dung m hnh cn nh sau:
1.2.4.2. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD v nhu cu oxy ha hc COD

a. BOD (NOS): (mg/l)
L lng oxy cn thit cho VK pht trin oxy ha cc cht HC c trong nc thi. y l
thng s quan trng dng ch mc nhim bn nc thi bng cc cht HC v dng tnh ton, thit
k cng trnh x l bng pp sinh hc .
CCH XC NH BOD:
- Ly nc bo ha oxy, o DOb (mg). Ly (V) nc thi cho vo mu v cho vo t sy 20oC, sau
5 ngy a ra o lng oxy cn li trong mu (DOsau)
Trang 11
BOD5 =
DOb - DOsau
(mg/l)
V
- phn hy hon ton (98%) th phi cn n 20 ngy cy (BOD20)

BOD5 = (0.68 - 0.7)BOD20
b. COD (NOH):
- L lng oxy cn thit oxy ha hon ton cc cht HC v mt phn cc cht V c.
- Xc nh COD bng PP oxy ha mnh trong iu kin acid (PP Bicromat)
- COD lun > BOD
- COD/BOD cng nh th XLSH cng d.
- Nc thi sinh hot c BOD ~ 0.86COD (NT cng nghip th thay i)
1.2.4.3. Oxy ha tan (DO)
- y l ch s quan trng trong x l SINH HC hiu kh (lun gi 1.5 _ 2mg/l).
- DO ph thuc vo nhit , p sut ca nc (nhit tng DO gim, p sut tng DO
tng).
- Nu k hiu thiu ht oxy: D
+ D = 0: oxy bo ha hon ton
+ D = 1: Thiu ht han ton nn khng c oxy.
- thiu ht oxy sau thi gian t: Dt = Do*10-K2t
Trong : Vi: K2: h s tc ha tan ( ph thuc vo to, S, )
Ngun nc
10 C
0.17
0.425
Khng c dng chy

vchy <0.5 m/s
Chy mnh
-
K2
15 C
0.11
0.185
0.46
20 oC
0.15
0.02
0.05
25 oC
0.215
0.54
S thay i ch oxy c th biu din nh sau:

Mc bo ha Oxy %
100
ht ti a
A
75
3
B
50
1
25
01
02
03 04 05 06
Thi gian, Ngy
07
08
th thay i ch Oxy
A: im ti hn ca ht Oxy ti a
B: im phc hi tc oxy ha tan ti a
A: im ti hn ca Dmax, biu din trng thi nguy him ca nc ngun v mt v sinh.

1.2.4.4. Thnh phn thc n: c 3 loi ch yu
- Carbonhydrat: l ngun u tin cung cp nng lng v cc hp cht ca carbone cho VK
sng trong nc thi.
- Protein ( Cc sn phm phn hy: amino acid): l ngun cung cp nit cn thit.
- Cht bo: chng b phn hy thnh acid bo di tc dng ca VK.
Trang 12
1.2.4.5. pH
- nh gi s tn ti ca H+ trong nc thi. Ch tiu kh quan trng khi nghin cu x l nc
thi .
pH = -lg[H+]
- Qu trnh x l nc thi bng PP SH rt cn gi tr pH.
- Qu trnh XL hiu kh cn pH = (6.5-8.5). Tt nht l 6.8-7.4.
1.2.4.6. Hp cht Nit v Phospho
N l cht dinh dng quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca VSV trong cc cng trnh XLSH. Trong
nc thi tn ti 2 dng l NO2-v NO3-. NO2- l sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh nitrt ha. Qu
trnh ny bao gm 2 giai on:
Nitroza
2NH3 + 3O2
2HNO2 + 2H2O + Q
Nitrosomona
\Sau :
2HNO2 + O2
VK
2HNO3 + 2H2O + Q
Nitrobacter
Nh vy, NO2 v NO3 ch c th xut hin sau khi x l nc thi trong cng trnh sinh ha: Biophin
v Areten.
Phospho cng n nit l cht dinh dng cho VK sng v pht trin trong cc cng trnh x l nc
thi. Tn ti ch yu PO43-.
C hai loi Nit v P nu vt qu gi tr no s gy ph dng ha.
Trong x l nc thi bng PP SH thng COD:N:P ~150:5:1
1.2.4.7. Cc hp cht v c trong nc thi sinh hot khng cn phn tch, nhng ng lu l
chlorite v sulphate
- Chlorite khng bin i trong qu trnh x l, nhng n cho chng ta nhn bit nc thi sinh
hot c b pha trn nc thi CN hay khng.
- Sulphate trong iu kin him kh s sinh H2S rt hi.
- Nc thi CN cha mt hm lng cht v c, c c cc KL nng. Nn cn xc nh v loi tr
cc b trc khi cho vo mng li chung.
1.2.4.8. Thnh phn VS
Nc thi c cha mt lng ln VK, VR, nm, ru to, giun sn, . nh gi mc nhim bn
bi VK, ngi ta nh gi qua mt loi VK ng rut: Coli.
-
Coli index ( Coli chun ) l i lng dng tnh ton s lng trc khun c cha trong 1 lt
nc thi.
Tr s Coli ( Colitit) l th tch nc nh nht (ml) c cha mt trc khun. VD: ni rng
Colitit = 400 tc l trong 400 ml nc thi cha 1 trc khun.
1.2.4.9. Nhit nc thi

y l i lng nh hng trc tip n cng trnh x l nc thi bng PP sinh hc. Nhit
klhng ch nh hng n thi gian chuyn ha ca SV m cn tc ng n qu trnh hp thu kh oxy
vo nc thi v qu trnh lng bng cn b lng 2.
Bin thin nhit P ph thuc vo nhit :

rT = r20 x (T 20)
Trang 13
Trong :
- rT: nhit phn ng & To (K)
- r20: nhit phn ng & 20oC
- : h s hot nhit (1.02-1.09)
Nng thch hp cho x l SH: 30-35oC
1.3. BO V NGUN NC KHI B NHIM BN, KH NNG T LM SCH CA
NGUN NC
1.3.1. Du hiu ngun nc nhim bn. Kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc
Du hiu:
- Xut hin cht ni ln trn b mt v cn lng y.
- Thay i tnh cht vt l (Mu sc, mi v).
- Thay i thnh phn ha hc (s lng CHC, phn ng, cht khong v cht c ).
- Lng oxy ha tan gim gim xung
- Thay i hnh dng v s lng vi trng gy bnh.
Ngun nc b nhim bn s dn n tnh trng mt cn bng ST. Do , ngun nc t iu chnh

ti lp li trng thi ban u gi l qu trnh t lm sch (QTTLS).
b
QTTLS chia 2 giai an: xo trn v t lm sch.
S tng quan gia lu lng ngun v lu lng nc thi l yu t quan trng trong qu trnh t
lm sch: gi l h s pha trn n:
Q+q
C - Cng
n= q = C -C
gh
ng
Vi:
- C: hm lng bn ca nc thi
- Cng: hm lng bn ca ngun
- Cgh: hm lng bn sau khi ha trn (yu cu)
- Q: lu lng nc ngun
- q: lu lng nc thi x vo ngun
S ha tan oxy (DO) cng l yu t quan h mt thit n QTTLS.
Thc t th khng phi tt c lu lng nc ngun tham gia vo qu trnh xo trn m ch mt phn
no m thi. Phn nc ngun tham gia vo qu trnh c c trng bi h s xo trn. Cng thc
trn c vit thnh:
n=
.Q + q
q
- : H s ph thuc c tnh thy lc v hnh dng dng chy ca nc ngun:

3
1 e l
=
3
Q
1 + e l
q
Trong :
+l
: Khong cch t ca x nc thi n mt ct tnh ton (m)
+
: H s c tnh n nh hng thy lc
Trang 14
=

E
3 E
q
: H s cong ( = l/l1)
: ( = 1: Ca x gn b , = 1.5: Ca x xa b )
: H s khuych tn
Vtb .H tb
200
g.Vtb .H tb
E=
2mc
E=
VTB: Vn tc dng chy trung bnh

HTB: Chiu su trung bnh dng chy
m : T l gia vn tc dng chy nc ngun v
nc thi qua ming x
c: nng nhim bn ca nc h cha
Lu : T cng thc trn ta thy h s tin ti n v khi khong cch l di ra v cng. Mt

khong cch nh th trong thc t l khng c. Chnh v vy ngi ta ch xc nh cho moat
khong cch no nc ngun c th tham gia c 70 80% lu lng vo qu trnh xo
trn i vi nhng ngun nc nh v 0.25 0.3 i vi nhng ngun nc trung bnh v ln.
Khong cch l c th tham kho bng 1.18.
Bng 1.18 . Bng dng xc nh khong cch l
Khong cch (km) t ca x ti mt ct xo trn hon
T l gia lu lng
nc ngun v nc
ton (im tnh ton), khi lu lng nc ngun, (m3/h)
thi Q:q
<5
5 - 50
50 - 500
>500
1:1 - 5:1
0.54
0.72
0.9
1.35
5:1 25:1
0.54
4.0
6
8
25:1 125:1
10
12
15
20
125:1 600:1
25
30
35
50
> 600
50
60
70
100
1.3.2. Nguyn tc x nc thi vo ngun
Sau khi x l, vic x vo ngun phi tun theo lut bo v ngun nc:
Bng 1.19. Bng cc gi tr cho php tng ln sau qu trnh x thi

H cha
Loi 1
Cht nhim bn
1. SS
2. Mi, v
3. DO
4. BOD20
5. P
6. Mu sc
7. VK
8. Cht c
Sau khi x nc thi th SS trong ngun tng ln cho php

0.25 (mg/l)
0.75 (mg/l)
1.5 (mg/l)
Sau khi x nc thi th nc ngun khng mi
D > 4 mg/l
Sau khi x th BOD20 khng vt qu
3 (mg/l)
6 (mg/l)
Khng quy nh
Khng lm thay i P: 5.5 < pH < 8.5
Khng c mu khi nhn qua ct nc cao
20 cm
10 cm
5 cm
Cm x nc thi c VK gy bnh
Nc thi x vo khng c tnh c hi
Trang 15
Ghi ch:
- Loi 1: Cp nc th, XN ch bin thc phm
- Loi 2: Cp cho Cng nghip , dng chn nui ca, tm git,
- Loi 3: Ti tiu, chn nui thy sn
1.3.3. Xc nh mc x l nc thi
- Khi b cc cht nhim trong nc thi khng phi lm cho chng bng khng m phi n
mc cho php x vo ngun (TC x thi).
- Cng trnh x l tt hay khng da vo 2 yu t:
+ Hiu qu x l (mc x l).
+ Nin hn s dng.
- C 2 cch xc nh mc x l:
+ Xc nh mc x l theo SS
+ Xc nh mc x l theo BOD
1.3.3.1.
Theo SS
Hm lng cht l lng cho php trong nc thi x vo ngun c xc nh nh sau:

Q
C2 = p( . q + 1) + Cng
Trong :
- C2: Hm lng cht l lng cho php trong nc thi x vo ngun
- p: Hm lng cht l lng tng cho php trong nc ngun sau xo trn (g/m3) (TC SS)
- Q: Lu lng nc ngun (m3/h)
- q: Lu lng nc thi (m3/h)
- Cng: Hm lng cht l lng trong nc ngun (g/m3)
- : H s ph thuc c tnh thy lc
Eo =
100% (C1 - C2)

C1
1.3.3.2.
Theo BOD
BOD ca nc thi cho php thi vo ngun:
Q Lth
10 k1t
L
ng
q 10 k1t
10 k1t
'
L2 =
+ Lth
10 k1t
Vi:
- Lng: BOD ngun
- k1, k1: Hng s tc tiu th oxy ca nc thi v nc ngun
- k1: Theo bng ph thuc nhit
To, oC
k1
10
0.063
15
0.08
20
0.1
25
0.126
30
0.158
- k1 : Theo bng sau:
Trang 16
Gi tr k1, vi nhit nc ngun

1050C
200C
250C
10 C
0.11
0.15
c tnh ngun nc
Ngun nc khng c dng chy

hoc chy chm
Ngun nc c tc dng chy
< 0.5 m/s
Ngun nc vi dng chy mnh
Ngun nc nh vi dng chy
mnh
0.17
0.185
0.02
0.215
0.425
0.684
0.46
0.74
0.05
0.08
0.54
0.865
- t: Thi gian xo trn =1

- Lth: BOD ti hn ca hn hp nc thi v ngun
Suy ra: Mc cn thit x l nc thi:
Eo =
Lo - L2
Lo . 100%
V d: Xc nh mc cn thit x l nc thi vi lu lng q= 0.8 m3/s, BOD ban u Lo = 261

mg/l, hm lng cht l lng C1 = 271.6 mg/l. Lu lng nc sng Q = 14 m3/s, tc dng chy
VTB = 0.4 m/s, chiu su trung bnh HTB = 2 m, nng cht l lng Cng = 12 mg/l, BOD l Lng = 2
mg/l. Khong cch t ca x ti mt ct tnh ton l L = 30 km, nhit trung bnh ma h to = 15oC.
Thi gian ti hn cho bng 2.6 (h). H s cong ca sng = 1.2. Sng thuc ngun loi I.
Theo SS
E = (VTB.HTB)/200 = (0.4 x 2)/200 = 0.004
= 1.2 x 1.5
1 -e- 0.32
Bi gii
3 0.004
0.8 = 0.321
3
30000
3
14
1 + 0.8 e- 0.32
= 0.85
30000
C2 = 0.25 [0.85(14/0.8) + 1] + 12 =15.98 (mg/l)

Eo = [(271.6 15.98)/ 271.6]. 100% = 93.5 (%)
Theo BOD
14
3
10- 0.185x2.6
3
L2 = 0.85 0.8 (10- 0.08x2.6 - 2 10- 0.08x2.6 ) + 10- 0.08x2.6 = 28.69 (mg/l)
Eo = [(261 28.69)/ 261]. 100% = 89 (%)
1.4. S CNG NGH X L NC THI
1.4.1. C s la chn cng trnh x l nc thi:
Trang 17
Trong vic quyt nh xy dng cng trnh x l nc thi, 3 nhn t chnh quan trng c
gi l 3E, gm: Mi trng (Environment), K thut (Engineering), Kinh t (Economic) cn
phi hi ha vi nhau.
Khi kho st thit k mt t hp cng trnh, tin trnh xem xt theo s sau:
Cc bc thit k cng trnh x l nc thi

Trong cc bc trnh by trong s , vic chn la qui trnh x l thit k cng trnh mang tnh
cht quyt nh quan trng. Mt cng trnh c thit k, xy dng v vn hnh hiu qu ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t khc nh k nng ca k s thit k, chin lc ca nh qun l, kh nng u t xy
dng cng trnh v trang b cc thit b my mc, cht lng thi cng v lp t my mc v chi ph
xy dng v vn hnh bo dng.
Ngoi ra ta c th da vo mc tiu x l la chn cng trnh cho ph hp.
VD:
-Tch rn khi lng: song chn rc, lng, lc
-Tch lng khi rn: nn bn, tch nc khi bn
-Tch lng khi lng: tch du m
-Tch kh khi lng: tch kh ammonia, kh sinh hc
-Cht hu c: hiu kh (bn hot tnh,sinh trng bm dnh), k kh (UASB)
-Cht dinh dng: kh Nit, Photpho
Trang 18
Tng quan v cng ngh v phng php x l nc thi

Cng ngh
x l
X l
s b
X l
tp trung
X l
trit
Phng php
x l
+ Ha L
+ Ha hc
Cng trnh x l
Mc tiu x l
- Tuyn ni
- Hp ph
- Keo t...
- Tch cc cht l lng

v kh mu
- Oxy ha
- Trung ha
- Trung ha v kh c
nc thi
+ C hc
- Song chn rc
- B chn rc
- B lng t I
- Tch cc tp cht rn v
cn l lng
+ Sinh hc
- H sinh vt
- Cnh ng lc, ti
- Knh oxy ha
- Aeroten
- B lc sinh hc
- B lng t II
- Tch cc cht hu c
dng l lng v ha tan
+ Kh trng
- Trm trn Clor

- Mng trn
- B tip xc
+ X l bn cn
- B metan
- n nh v lm kh
- Sn phi bn
- Trm x l c hc bn cn ngun cn
+ C hc
- B lc ct
+ Sinh hc
- B aeroten bc II
- B lc sinh hc bc II
- H sinh vt
- B kh nitrat
+ Ha hc
- B oxy ha
- Kh trng trc khi x

ra ngun
- Tch cc cht l lng

- Kh nit v phtpho
- Kh nit ,phtpho v
cc cht khc
1.4.2. Dy chuyn cng ngh trm x l nc thi:

1 dy chuyn x l c th bao gm 5 khi sau:
a. Khi x l c hc: tch cc cht khng ha tan v 1 phn dng keo (song chn rc, lng ct,
lng, vt du lc)
b. Khi x l ha hc (thng t sau cc cng trnh x l c hc, trc cng trnh x l sinh
hc): bin i ha hc v kt hp c hc (keo t, hp ph, hp th)
c. Khi x l sinh hc: dng VSV oxy ha cht bn hu c dng keo v ha tan (iu kin t
nhin v nhn to: cnh ng ti,h sinh hc, mng oxy ha, cnh ng ti, b lc sinh
hc, bn hot tnh)
d. Khi x l cn: x l cc cht thi to thnh trong qu trnh x l c hc, ho hc, sinh hc
(b metan, sn phi bn, trm x l c hc bn cn)
e. Khi kh trng: kh trng trc khi x ra ngun (trm trn Clor, mng trn, b tip xc)
Trang 19
VD: S phn khi x l nc thi sinh hot:
1.4.3. Gii thiu 1 s dy chuyn x l nc thi:

1. XLNT sinh hot:
9 Nc thi c a qua song chn rc loi b tp cht l lng th c th lm nght thit b
9 Sau NT c a vo b vt du m tch du m ra khi nc. Trn hnh l m hnh b
lng ngang kt hp b vt du m nn ta khng cn x dng b lng t I.
9 B aeroten s x l cc cht hu c phn hy sinh hc c trong nc thi.
9 B lng 2 dng lng bn sinh hc c trong nc thi sau qu trnh x l b aeroten.
9 Trc khi x ra ngun ngun tip nhn, nc thi c a vo b tip xc chlorine kh
trng.
9 Lng bn pht sinh c a vo b lng bn tch nc v bn trc khi a vo b
metan x l cn hu c.
Trang 20
SCRac
Be Lang Cat
be vt dau
Be lang t I
X Ly bac mot
Nc thai
Be aeroten
Be Lang t II
Cl2
X Ly
Sinh Hoc
Be tiep xuc
chlorine
kh nc
Nen bun
2.
Phan huy k kh
cha bun
XLNT bnh vin:
9 -B iu ha: ieu hoa s bien thien cua lu lng/cng o chat hu c.

Trang 21
9 -Be sinh hoc tiep xuc va be lang: Kh nhng chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc
(BOD) va can l lng (SS).
9 -Be sinh hoc tiep xuc c lam thoang bi may thoi thoi kh.
9 -Bun tuan hoan: duy tr mat o sinh khoi cao
9 -Bun d: bun d c thai en he thong x ly bun va thai bo.
9 -Trc khi x ra ngun ngun tip nhn, nc thi c a vo b tip xc chlorine kh
trng.
3. XLNT dt nhum:
-Keo t-to bng: gip cho vic tp hp ca cc ht cn nh thnh cc ht cn ln hn c th tch

ra bng lng trng lc
Trang 22
B keo t to bng nu nh trn hnh l khng ph hp v cht l lng qua b hiu kh v b lng
c x l gn ht.B keo t to bng phi t sau b iu ha hiu qu x l t cao nht.
Trang 23
H thng x l nc thi nh my Giy

+3.7(m)
+2.2(m)
+2.4(m)
+1.9(m)
+2.4(m)
+1.8(m)
+1.8(m)
0(m)
Mat at
-0.8(m)
-2.0(m)
Be Aeroten a x b x c
16.5 x 7 x 4.5 (m)
Be Lang Li Tam II D x c
20.6 x 4.7(m)
Ong t chay
Be Lang Li Tam I D x c
11 x 4.7 (m)
Ong t chay
Be Tao Bong x b x c
10.6 x 2.5 x 1.8 (m)
Ong t chay
Be ieu Hoa a x b x c
14.1 x 9 x 4.8(m)
Ong t chay
Mat at
Ong t chay
Be Phan ng a x b x c
1.8 x 1.25 x 0.6 (m)
Ong t chay
Ho thu nc
axbxc
6 x 4 x 3 (m)
Bm ap lc
-3,74(m)
-1.2(m)
-2.0(m)
-2.4(m)
Ho Tiep Xuc a x b x c
6 x 4.4 x 3.3 (m)
H thng x l nc thi Bnh vin
Trang 24
H thng x l nc thi sinh hot

+ 3000
+ 2500
0.0
+ 2000
+ 2000
+ 1000
XA RA NGUON
0.0
-1000
-1300
-1300
NC THAI VAO
- 3800
-5200
-4400
BE IEU HOA
TEN CONG TRNH HAM BM

KCH THC
(Dai*Rong*Cao), m
4*2,5*3,8
BE LANG I
BE AEROTANK
D=4
H=6,4
10*5,3*3,5
BE KH TRUNG
BE LANG II
D=4,8
H=7,2
11*7*4,4
3*1,3*2,3
H thng x l nc thi nh my thc phm

+ 3300
+ 3000
+ 1700
+ 1400
+ 1500
+ 1000
+ 200
0.0
XA RANGUON
0.0
-1000
-1300
-1300
NC THAI VAO
- 3000
-3850
-4015
TENCONGTRNH HAMBM
KCHTHC
(Dai*Rong*Cao), m
2,5*2,2*3,2
BE IEUHOA
15*5*2,7
BE LANGI
BE UASB
D=2,87
H=5,515
6*4*3,3
BE AEROTANK
19,1*4*5
BE LANGII
BE KH TRUNG
D=4,7
H=5,25
3*2,08*2,3
Trang 25

NC SACH
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
PAC
H thng x l nc thi nh my vifon
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
Al2(SO4)3
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
NaOH
0.00
0.00
BE LANG NGANG
15 x 4 x 2,5
ONG KHONG AP
BE KEO TU, TAO BONG

(MOI NGAN
2,3 x 2,3 x 2)
ONG KHONG AP
BE TUYEN NOI
& IEU HOA
D x H = 7,4 x 4
BM AP LC
TRAM BM
2 x 2,8 x 2
BM AP LC
THANH GAT BUN
BE X LY SINH HOC
30 x 10 x 5
KENH THAM LNG
CHU THCH:
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
C-Polymer
MAY EP BUN
ng bun
BE NEN BUN
D x H = 5 x 4,4
ng hoa chat
Trang 26
Chng 2: X L NC THI BNG

PHNG PHP C HC
2.1. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP
C HC
Phng php ny c s dng tch cc tp cht khng ha tan v mt phn cc cht
dng keo ra khi nc thi. Cc cng trnh x l c hc bao gm:
2.1.1. Thit b chn rc:
Thit b chn rc c th l song chn rc hoc li chn rc, c chc nng chn gi
nhng rc bn th (giy, rau, c, rc), nhm m bo m cho my bm, cc cng
trnh v thit b x l nc thi hot ng n nh. Song v li chn rc c cu to
bng cc thanh song song, cc tm li an bng thp hoc tm thp c c l ty
theo kch c cc mt li hay khong cch gia cc thanh m ta phn bit loi chn
rc th, trung bnh hay rc tinh.
Theo cch thc lm sch thit b chn rc ta c th chia lm 2 loi: loi lm sch bng
tay, loi lm sch bng c gii.
2.1.2. Thit b nghin rc:
L thit b c nhim v ct v nghin vn rc thnh cc ht, cc mnh nh l lng
trong nc thi khng lm tc ng, khng gy hi cho bm. Trong thc t cho thy vic s
dng thit b nghin rc thay cho thit b chn rc gy nhiu kh khn cho cc cng on
x l tip theo do lng cn tng ln nh lm tc nghn h thng phn phi kh v cc thit b
lm thong trong cc b (a, l phn phi kh v dnh bm vo cc tuabin. Do vy phi cn
nhc trc khi dng.
2.1.3. B iu ha:
L n v dng khc phc cc vn sinh ra do s bin ng v lu lng v ti lng
dng vo, m bo hiu qu ca cc cng trnh x l sau, m bo u ra sau x l, gim chi
ph v kch thc ca cc thit b sau ny.
C 2 loi b iu ha:
B iu ha lu lng
B iu ha lu lng v cht lng
Cc phng n b tr b iu ha c th l b iu ha trn dng thi hay ngoi dng thi x
l. Phng n iu ha trn dng thi c th lm gim ng k dao ng thnh phn nc thi
i vo cc cng on pha sau, cn phng n iu ha ngoi dng thi ch gim c mt
phn nh s dao ng . V tr tt nht b tr b iu ha cn c xc nh c th cho
tng h thng x l, v ph thuc vo loi x l, c tnh ca h thng thu gom cng nh c
tnh ca nc thi.
2.1.4. B lng ct:
Nhim v ca b lng ct l loi b cn th, nmg nh: ct, si, mnh thy tinh, mnh kim
loi, tro, than vn nhm bo v cc thit b c kh d b mi mn, gim cn nng cc cng
on x l sau.
B lng ct gm nhng loi sau:
B lng ct ngang: C dng nc chuyn ng thng dc theo chiu di ca b. B c
thit din hnh ch nht, thng c h thu t u b.
B lng ct ng: Dng nc chy t di ln trn theo thn b. Nc c dn theo
ng tip tuyn vi phn di hnh tr vo b. Ch dng chy kh phc tp, nc
va chuyn ng vng, va xon theo trc, va tnh tin i ln, trong khi cc ht
ct dn v trung tm v ri xung y.
Trang 27
B lng ct tip tuyn: l loi b c thit din hnh trn, nc thi c dn vo b

theo chiu t tm ra thnh b v c thu v mng tp trung ri dn ra ngoi.
B lng ct lm thong: trnh lng cht hu c ln trong ct v tng hiu qu x
l, ngi ta lp vo b lng ct thng thng mt dn thit b phun kh. Dn ny c
t st thnh bn trong b to thnh mt dng xon c qut y b vi mt vn tc
trnh hin tng lng cc cht hu c, ch c ct v cc phn t nng c th lng.
2.1.5. B lng:
Lng l phng php n gin nht tch cc cht bn khng ha tan ra khi nc thi. Da
vo chc nng v v tr c th chia b lng thnh cc loi:
B lng t 1: c t trc cng trnh x l sinh hc, dng tch cc cht rn,
cht bn l lng khng ha tan.
B lng t 2: c t sau cng trnh x l sinh hc dng lng cc cn vi sinh,
bn lm trong nc trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn
Cn c vo chiu dng chy ca nc trong b, b lng cng c chia thnh cc loi ging
nh b lng ct trn: b lng ngang, b lng ng, b lng tip tuyn (b lng radian).
2.1.6. Lc
Lc c ng dng tch cc tp cht phn tn c kch thc nh khi nc thi, m cc b
lng khng th loi c chng. Ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh lc nh cc vt liu lc, vch
ngn xp, cho php cht lng i qua v gi cc tp cht li.
Vt liu lc c s dng thng l ct thch anh, than cc, hoc si, thm ch c than nu,
than bn hoc than g. Vic la chn vt liu lc ty thuc vo loi nc thi v iu kin a
phng.
C nhiu dng lc: lc chn khng, lc p lc, lc chm, lc nhanh, lc chy ngc, lc chy
xui
2.6.2. Tuyn ni, vt du m
Phng php tuyn ni thng c s dng tch cc tp cht ( dng ht rn hoc lng)
phn tn khng tan, t lng km ra khi pha lng. Trong mt s trng hp qu trnh ny
cng c dng tch cc cht ha tan nh cc cht hot ng b mt. Qu trnh nh vy
c gi l qu trnh tch hay lm c bt.
Trong x l nc thi v nguyn tc tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng
v lm c bn sinh hc.
Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin bng cch sc cc bt kh nh (thng l khng kh) vo
trong pha lng. Cc kh kt dnh vi cc ht v khi lc ni tp hp cc bng kh v ht
ln s ko theo cc ht cng ni ln b mt, sau chng tp hp li vi nhau thnh cc lp
bt cha hm lng cc ht cao hn trong cht lng ban u.
Bng . ng dng cc cng trnh c hc trong x l nc thi
Cc cng trnh
ng dng
Li chn rc
Tch cc cht rn th v c th lng
Nghin rc
Nghin cc cht rn th n kch thc nh hn ng nht
B iu ho
iu ha lu lng v ti trng BOD v SS
Lng
Tch cc cn lng v nn bn
Lc
Tch cc ht cn l lng cn li sau x l sinh hc hoc ha hc
Mng lc
Tng t nh qu trnh lc, tch to t nc thi sau h n nh
Vn chuyn kh
B sung v tch kh
Bay hi v bay kh
Bay hi cc hp cht hu c bay hi t nc thi
2.2. TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH C HC
2.2.1. Song chn rc
Trang 28
SCR l cng trnh x l s b nhm loi b mt lng rc bn th chun b cho x l nc

thi sau . SCR bao gm cc thanh an sp xp cnh nhau. Khong cch gia cc thanh gi
l khe h (mt li) v k hiu l b.
Song chn rc tinh
Song chn rc th
Ta c th phn bit cc loi SCR nh sau:
SCR th: b = 30 200mm.
SCR c tinh: b = 5 25mm.
SCR c nh v di ng.
SCR th cng v c gii.
Cc tit din ca thanh an:
8 - 10
TNH TON
A-A
h1
Bs
Bk
l1
lS
l2
Trang 29
Khong cch gia cc thanh b = 16 25mm.

Gc nghing = 60 - 900.
Vn tc trung bnh qua cc khe: v = 0,6 - 1 m/s
S khe h gia cc thanh
n=
q max
kz
b.h1 .v
+ kz: h s tnh n s thu hp dng chy: 1.05

+ qmax : lu lng ln nht
Chiu di tng cng ca SCR: Bs = s (n - 1) + b.n
(s: chiu dy song chn : 8 10 mm)
Chiu di on knh m rng trc SCR:
B s Bk
(
2tg
l2 = 0,5l1 (m)
l1 =
Chiu di on thu hp sau:
Tn tht p lc qua SCR:
2
v max
2 g
0
=15-20 )
.K
+ : h s tn tht cc b: = (s/b)4/3sin.
+ : h s ph thuc hnh dng thanh an:
= 2,42
1,83
1,67
1,97
0,92
+ K: h s tnh ti s tng tn tht p lc do rc mc vo SCR: K = 3.
Lng rc c gi li:
Wr = a.Ntt /365.1000 (m3/ng.).
+ a: lng rc tnh cho 1 ngi/nm : 5 6 l/ngi.nm.
+ Dn s tnh ton: N = Q/q.
+ q: tiu chun thot nc:
Mt s c tnh ca SCR:
+ m rc: 80%.
+ tro : 7 8 %.
+ Trng lng th tch 750 kg/m3.
V d p dng: Tnh ton thit k song chn rc ca mt cng trnh x l nc vi cc thong s nh sau:
lu lng trung bnh QTBng = 300 m3/ngy.
-
Lu lng nc thi theo gi ln nht:

Qmaxh = QTBh . kh = 12,5 * 2,2 = 31,25 (m3/h)
Trang 30

Vi kh l h s vt ti theo gi ln nht (k = 1,5 3,5), chn k=2,5.
-
Chn loi song chn c kch thc khe h b =16 mm.
Tit din song chn hnh ch nht c kch thc: s x l = 8 x 50 mm.
a) S lng khe h
n=
Qmax
8,68 10 3
kz =
1,05 = 9,498(khe )
v s b hl
0,6 0,016 0,1
Chn s khe l 10 s song chn l 9.

Trong :
n : s khe h.
Qmax : lu lng ln nht ca nc thi, (m/s).
vs : tc nc qua khe song chn, chn vs = 0,6 m/s.
kz : h s tnh n hin tng thu hp dng chy, chn kz = 1,05
b) B rng thit k song chn rc
Bs = s (n 1) + (b n ) = 0,008 (10 1) + (0,016 10) = 0,232(m )

Chn Bs = 0,3 m.
Trong :
c)
s : b dy ca thanh song chn, thng ly s = 0,008
Tn tht p lc qua song chn rc
hs =
v max
k
2g
Trong :
vmax :vn tc nc thi trc song chn ng vi Qmax , vmax = 0,6.
k :h s tnh n s tng tn tht p lc do rc bm, k = 2-3. Chn k = 2.
: h s tn tht p lc cc b, c xc nh theo cng thc:

s
b
=
Vi:
3/ 4
0,008
sin = 2,42
0,016
3/ 4
: gc nghing dt song chn rc, chn
= 600.
: h s ph thuc hnh dng thnh an,
= 2,42
hs = 0,83
(0,6)2
2 9,81
sin 60 0 = 0,83
3 = 0,05(m ) = 5(cm )
d) Chiu di phn m rng trc SCR
L1 =
Bs Bk 0,3 0,2
=
= 0,13(m )
2tg
2tg 20 0
Trang 31

Chn L1 = 0,2
Trong :
e)
Bs : chiu rng song chn.
Bk : b rng mng dn, chn Bk = 0,2m.
: gc nghin ch m rng, thng ly
= 200.
Chii di phn m rng sau SCR
L2 = 0,5 L1 = 0,5 0,2 = 0,1(m )

f)
Chiu di xy dng mng t SCR
L = L1 + L2 + Ls = 0,2 + 0,1 + 1,5 = 1,8(m )

Trong :
Ls : chiu di phn mng t song chn rc, L = 1,5m
g) Chiu su xy dng mng t SCR
H = hmax + hs + 0,5 = 0,65(m )

Trong :
hmax = hl : y ng vi ch Qmax.
hs : tn tht p lc qua song chn.
0,5 : khang cch gia ct sn nh t SCR v mc nc cao nht.

Tm tt thng s thit k mng v song chn rc
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Tn thng s
Chiu di mng (L)
Chiu rng mng (Bs)
Chiu su mng (H)
S thanh song chn
S khe (n)
Kch thc khe (b)
B rng thanh (s)
Chiu di thanh (l)
n v
m
m
m
Thanh
Khe
mm
mm
mm
S lng
1,8
0,3
0,7
9
10
16
8
50
2.2.2. B lng ct
B lng ct thng dng lng gi nhng ht cn ln c cha trong nc thi (chnh l ct).
C nhiu loi b lng ct.
2.2.2.1. B lng ct ngang
B lng ct ngang nc chy thng thng c h thu cn u b. Ct c co v h thu
bng co st v ly ra bng bm phun tia.
Trang 32
Tnh ton:
Chiu di ca b:
L = vmax.t (t = 30 - > 60s)

1000v m h1
=
k
uo
-
Vmax : vn tc khi Qmax: 0,3 m/s.

k: h s ly ph thuc u0.
o
u0 = 18mm/s: k = 1,7.
o
u0 = 24 m/s: k = 1,3. (ng knh ht ct thng 0,2 0,25 mm).
- h1: chiu su cng tc ca b: 0,25 1 m.
- u0 = ln thu lc ca ht ct vi ng knh 0,2 0,25 gi li trong b: u0
= 18 24 mm/s.
Q
- Tit din t ca b : F = max
vm
q
- Chiu rng ca b :. b =
v.h1
F
S ngn trong b: n =
b.h1
Vn tc ln nht: vmax 0,15 m/s.
N . p.T
Th tch ct trong b: Wc = tt
1000
- Ntt dn s tnh ton.
- p: lng ct vi m 60%, 0,02 l/ngi. ng..
- T: thi gian gia 2 ln x ct khi b : 2 4 ngy.
W
Chiu su lp cn ct: h2 = c
L.b.n
Trang 33
Chiu su tng cng: H xd = h1 + h2 + h3. (h3 = 0,2 0,4 m: chiu cao bo v t nc

n tng).
2.2.2.2. B lng ct ng: Nc chy t di ln dc theo thn b:
Tnh ton:
Din tch tit din ngang: F =
Qmax
n.v
Chiu cao cng tc: h1 = v.t.

Chiu su tng cng: H = h1+ h2 + h3 + h4.
= h1+ 0,5+ h3 + h4.
Nu trn : D =
4F
Nu vung : D = F
Tc nc : v = 0,4 m/s.
Thi gian lu: t = 2 3,5 pht.
2.2.2.3. B lng ct tip tuyn:
C mt hnh trn. Mng dn nc vo tip tuyn vi b. Chu tc dng ca 2 lc, lc bn thn
P, v lc ly tm.
Ti trng nc b mt : 100m3/m2.h.
Tc nc trong mng: 0,8 0,6 m/s.
Hiu qu gi ct: 90%.
h D/2.
2.2.2.4. B lng ct lm thong:
L bc pht trin ca b lng ct tip tuyn. Nh thi kh m dng chy nc thi trong b
va quay va tnh tin to nn chuyn ng xoc c.
Tnh ton
Hiu sut 90 95%.
ng knh ng thi kh: 2,5 6 mm.
Q
Din tch tit din ngang: F = max .
n.vt
Trang 34
vt: vn tc thng: 0,01 0,1 m/s.

n: s ngn ca b.
b.u o
u
h
1 = o
Chiu su cng tc: h1 =
vt
b vt
Chiu rng b b.
uo : ln thu lc u0 ph thuc vo kch thc d ca ht ct theo bng di
y:
d(m)
0.1
0.12
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.4
uo(mm/s)
5.12
7.27
11.2
17.2
29.1
40.07
b
vv
(vv: vn tc vng theo chu vi tit din ngang: 0,25 0,3 m/s.)
Thi gian nc lu li: t = 1,1 .m.t1.
Thi gian lu 1 vng: t1 = 1.2
(m: s vng nc trong 1 b: m = 1/ lg(1 2h/H).)

Chiu di ca b L = vt . t.
Lng khng kh cn thit: Lk = I .F.
(I: cng kh: 25m3/m2.h.)
V d p dng: Tnh b lng ct ngang cho mt cng trnh x l nc thi vi cng sut 4000m3/ngy, hm
lng SS = 254mg/l, COD
~ Chiu di ca b lng ct ngang c xc nh theo cng thc:
L=
1000 * K * H * v max
Uo
Trong :
-
K: h s ph thuc v loi b lng ct v th thy lc ca ht ct, K = 1,3
H: su tnh ton ca b lng ct, H = 0,25 1m, chn H = 0,3m
vmax: tc ln nht ca nc thi trong b lng ct ngang, vmax = 0,3 m/s.
Uo = th thy lc ca ht ct, Uo = 18,7 24,2 mm/s. ng vi ng knh ca ht ct d = 0,25 mm.

Chn Uo = 24,2 mm/s.
Vy:
L=
1000 * 1,3 * 0,3 * 0,3

=4,83m
24,2
~ Chiu rng ca b lng ct ngang:
B=
Qmax
v max * H
Trong :
-
Qmax: Lu lng ln nht giy, Qmax = 417 m3/h = 116 l/s = 0,116 m3/s
vmax = 0,3 m/s
H = 0,3 m
Chn 4 b lng ct ngang dng mng.
Trang 35

Vy :
Chiu rng mi ngn l:
0,116
=0,3m
0,3 * 0,3 * 4
B=
~ Chiu rng mng:
Bv
b=
m 2g
Bv 1 K 2 / 3
Qmax 1 K
3/ 2
Trong :
-
B = 1,3m
v = 0,3m
m : h s lu lng ca ca trn ph thuc v gc ti. Chn g ti
= 450 , cot ag = 1 , chn m =
0,352.
-
Qmax = 0,116 m3/s.
K = 1,3.
Vy:
1,3 * 0,3 1 1,3 2 / 3
b=
0,352 2 * 9,81 0,116 1 1,3
1,3 * 0,3
3/ 2
=0,2m
~ chnh y:
P =
Qmax K K 2 / 3
.
Bv 1 K 2 / 3
Trong :
-
Qmax = 0,116 m3/s
B = 1,3.
v = 0,3m/s.
K = Qmin/Qmax = 167/417 = 0,4
Vy:
P =
0,116 1 0,4 1 / 3
= 0,2m
.
1,3 * 0,3 1 0,4 2 / 3
~ Th tch phn cha cn ca b lng ct ngang:
W =
Qtb * q o
1000
Trong :
-
Qtb = 4000 m3/ng
q0: lng ct trong 1000 m3 nc thi, q0 = 0,15 m3 ct/1000 m3 nc thi
Vy:
W =
4000 * 0,15
= 0,6 m3/ngay.d
1000
Phn lng ct c b tr pha trc ca b lng ct ngang. Trn mt bng c dng hnh vung, kch thc
1,1 x 1,1m, su H + 0,64m = 0,3 + 0,64 = 0,94m
Trang 36

Phn lp m rt nc c su 0,64m.
~ Hm lng cht l lng, COD v BOD ca nc thi sau kh qua b lng ct gim 5% v cn li
-
CSS2 = CSS1 (100 5)%
CSS1 = 245 mg/l, hm lng cht l lng khi qua chn rc

CSS2 = 245 (100 5)% = 233 mg/l
CCOD2 = CCOD1 (100 5)%
CCOD1 =540 mg/l, hm lng COD ban u

CCOD2 = 540 (100 5)% =513 mg/l
CBOD2 = CBOD1 (100 5)%
CBOD1 = 259 mg/l, hm lng BOD khi qua chn rc

CBOD2 = 259 (100 5)% = 246 mg/l
2.2.3. B vt du m
Nc thi ca mt s x nghip n ung, ch bin b sa, cc l m, x nghip p du...
thng c ln du m. Cc cht ny thng nh hn nc v ni ln trn mt nc. Nc thi
sau x l khng c ln du m mi c php cho chy vo cc thy vc. Hn na, nc thi
c ln du m khi vo x l sinh hc s lm bt cc l hng vt liu lc, phin lc sinh hc
v cn lm hng cu trc bn hot tnh trong aerotank...
Ngoi cch lm cc gt n gin bng cc tm si qut trn mt nc, ngi ta ch to ra cc
thit b tch du, m t trc dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi.
Hnh Thit b tch du, m lp mng

1. Ca dn nc ra; 2. ng gom du, m; 3. Vch ngn; 4. Tm cht do x
5. Lp du; 6. ng dn nc thi vo; 7. B phn lng lm t cc tm gn
8. Bn cn
Tnh ton:
Chiu di cng tc: L = K.(v/umin).h.
-
K: h s ph thuc dng chy, ph thuc (v/umin).
Trang 37
v/umin
10
15
20
1.5
1.65
1.75
Cng thc Stock xc nh umin: u m =
1
( h n )g.d h2
18
9 d: ng knh du.
9 pn, pd: t trng ring ca du v nc. (g/cm3).
9 : nht nc thi ( 200c: =0,01).
Din tch tit din ngang: f = Q/v.
Chiu su cng tc: h = f/B. (B: b rng b)
Dung tch: W = B. L .h.
Thi gian lng: t = L/v.
V d p dng: Hy tnh ton b vt du m cho h thng x l nc thi c cng sut 200 m3/ngy,
Chn thi gian lu nc l 2h (1.5 3h )
Ti trng b mt 40 (m3/m2.ng.)
Chn kiu thit k di : rng l 1 : 4
Th tch ca b lng:
V = Q*T = 200*2 = 400 (m3/m2.ng.) = 16.67 (m3/h)
Din tch b mt:
F=
( )
Q 200
=
= 5 m2
Uo
40
Chiu rng b mt:
( )
F = B * L = B * 4 * B = 4 * B2 = 5 m2
B = 1.12(m )
Ly B = 1.2 m
Chiu di L = 4*B = 4.8 m
Din tch F = 5.76 m2
Ti trng b mt
Uo =
Q 200
=
= 34.72 (nm trong gii hn cho php bng 4-3 sch tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh
F 5.76
XLNT)
Chiu cao b:
h=
V 16.67
=
= 2.98 m
F
5.76
Chn h = 2.9m
Th tch b lng:
V = F*h = 5.76*2.9 = 16.7 m3
Thi gian lu nc trong b
T=
V 16.7
=
= 2h
Q 200
24
Vn tc nc chy trong vng lng:
v=
Q
200
=
= 0.0007(m / s )
B * h 86400 * 1.2 * 2.9
Hiu qu kh BOD
R BOD =
2
t
=
= 34.48 %
a + bt 0.018 + 0.02 * 2
Hm lng BOD cn li sau khi qua b lng 1
BOD = BODdv * (100 34.48)% = 480(100 34.48)% = 314.5(mg / l )
Trang 38

Hm lng COD cn li sau khi qua b lng 1:
BOD = BODv*( 100 34.48)% = 672*( 100-34.48)% = 440.3( mg/l)
2.2.4. X l bng phng php lng

2.2.4.1. C s l thuyt lng
Lng l qu trnh tch khi nc cn l lng hoc bng cn hnh thnh trong giai on keo t
to bng hoc cc cn bn sau qu trnh x l sinh hc
Trong cng ngh x l nc thi qu trnh lng c ng dng :
Lng ct, sn, mnh kim loi, thu tinh, xng, ht st,.. b lng ct.
Loi b cht l lng b lng t 1.
Lng bn hot tnh hoc mng vi sinh vt b lng t 2.
Hai i lng quan trng trong vic thit k b lng chnh l tc lng v tc chy trn.
thit k mt b lng l tng, u tin ngi ta xc nh tc lng ca ht cn c loi
v khi t tc chy trn nh hn tc lng.
Tnh cht lng ca cc ht c th chia thng 3 dng nh sau :
Lng dng I: lng cc ht ri rc. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht lng mt cch ri
rc v tc lng khng i. Cc ht lng mt cch ring l khng c kh nng keo t,
khng dnh bm vo nhau sut qu trnh lng. c th xc nh tc lng dng ny c
th ng dng nh lut c in ca Newton v Stoke trn ht cn. Tc lng dng ny
hon ton c th tnh ton c.
Lng dng II: lng bng cn. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht ( bng cn) kt dnh
vi nhau trong sut qu trnh lng. Do qu trnh bng cn xy ra trn cc bng cn tng dn
kch thc v tc lng tng. Khng c mt cng thc ton hc thch hp no biu th
gi tr ny. V vy c cc thng s thit k v b lng dng ny, ngi ta th nghim xc
nh tc chy trn v thi gian lng hiu qu kh bng cn cho trc t ct lng th
nghim, t nhn vi h s quy m ta c tc chy trn v thi gian lng thit k.
Lng dng III: lng cn tr. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht cn c nng cao (>
1000mg/l). Cc ht cn c khuynh hng duy tr v tr khng i vi cc v tr khc, khi c
khi ht nh l mt th thng nht lng xung vi vn tc khng i. Lng dng ny thng
thy b nn bn.
Trang 39
M HNH TH NGHIM
VI
10
II
8
III
V
V
VI
CC BC TIN HNH.
Chun b thng cha nc thi v khuy trn u nc thi.

Chun b ct lng hnh hp
Bm nc th vo ct lng : V
lng 1 pht. Ly mu nc kim tra c (SS) cc su khc nhau ng vi
thi im khc nhau (5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 90 pht, cho n khi SS = 0) cc su
khc nhau: 1.8, 1.4, 1.0, 0.6, 0.4 m
Sau khi o c ta tnh ton hiu qu lng theo cng thc sau:
R% =( 1 - C1 / C0 ) x 100%.
9 R% :hiu qu mt chiu su tng ng vi mt thi gian lng%.
9 C1
:hm lng SS thi gian t su h, mg/L.
9 C0
:hm lng SS ban u, mg/L.
Lp bng kt qu o SS
Cao Co
(m)
(mg/l)
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
5 (pht) 10
15
20
40
60
90
Trang 40
Lp bng hiu qu sau khi lng tnh ra % (R)

Cao
5 (pht) 10
15
20
40
60
90
(m)
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
KT QU TH NGHIM
Dng th vi trc honh biu th thi gian ly mu, trc tung biu th chiu su. V biu
hiu qu lng.
Ni suy cc ng cong hiu qu lng bng cch ni cc im c cng hiu qu lng nh m
hnh gi sau:
BIU HIU QU LNG NI SUY NG CONG
su
(m)
0.0 m
He
0.2 m
Hd
Hc
0.4 m
0.6 m
100%
h
Hb
0.8 m
1.0 m
1.2 m
1.4m
25
H1 =
35
1.6 m
40
Ra = 55%
H a + Hb
2
Rb = 65%
80
95
1.8 m
2.0 m
t1 = 18
t3 = 37.5
t4 = 50
t2 = 30
5.
10 15 20
Ha
40
t5 = 62.5
60
t6 = 82.5
t7 = 100
90
100
pht
T giao im gia ng cong hiu qu lng v trc honh, xc nh tc chy trnV0 = H /

ti . Trong H l chiu su ct (2m), ti l thi gian ly mu c xc nh t giao im ng
cong hiu qu lng v trc honh.
V ng thng ng t ti . chiu cao H1,H2 . Tng ng vi cc trung im on thng
gia ng thng ti v cc ng cong hiu qu. Hiu qu lng tng cng thi gian ti c
tnh nh sau:
RTi = Ra + H1 / H ( Rb - Ra ) + H2 ( Rc - Rb )
+ ..
Trang 41
T cc s liu tnh ton trn xy dng biu hiu qu lng theo thi gian lu nc v hiu
qu lng theo tc chy trn.
T hai biu trn vi hiu qu lng yu cu c th xc nh thi gian lu nc v tc
chy trn thit k.
o th bie u die n mo i quan he gi a hie u qua la ng va to c o cha y tra n
o th bieu dien moi quan he gia hieu qua lang va thi gian lang
100
100
80
Hieu qua lang (%)
Hieu qua lang (%)
80
60
40
60
40
20
20
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
20
40
60
80
100
Thi gian lang (phut)
Van toc lang (van toc chay tran) (m/p)
2.2.4.2. Cc loi b lng

2.2.4.2.1. B lng hnh trn
Trong b lng hnh trn, nc chuyn ng theo hng bn knh. Tu theo cch chy ca
dng nc vo v ra m ta c cc dng b lng trn khc nhau.
a) B lng trn phn phi nc vo bng bung phn phi trung tm
Nc ra
X cn
Nc vo
b) B lng trn phn phi vo bng mng quanh chu vi b v thu nc ra bng mng
trung tm
Nc vo
Nc ra
X cn
Trang 42
c) B lng trn phn phi nc vo v thu nc ra bng mng t vng quanh theo chu vi b.
Nc vo
Nc vo
Nc ra
Nc ra
X cn
Tuy nhin, trng hp a thng dng hn v ngi ta thch dng hn.

Trong trng hp a c th a nc t y hay t thnh b.
Bung trung tm c d= 15-20% Db.
Chiu cao tr: 1-2,5m.
y b c dc : 1/12.
2.2.4.2.2. B lng ngang (HCN)
Nc thi i vo vng phn phi nc t u b lng, qua vch phn phi, nc
chuyn ng u nc vo vng lng, thng cu to dng mng c l.
Nc ra
h2
Cn
h3
h1
h4
Nc vo
i
L
Tm chn dng
Mng phn phi
Mng dn nc ra
Thu nc
Thu x cht ni
Vi:
- h1: chiu su lm vic.
- h2: chiu cao lp cha cn.
- h3: chiu cao lp nc trung ho (=0,4m).
- h4: chiu cao thnh b cao hn mc nc (0,25-0,4m).
Hxd = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4
- i = 0,01-0,001.
- dc h thu khng nh hn 45o.
- B lng t 1 c chiu cao p lc x cn >=1,5m.
- Tm chn cao hn mt nc 0,15-0,2m v su hn so vi mc nc <=0,25m. t
cch mng phn phi (0,25-0,5m).
2.2.4.2.3. Cch tnh ton chung b lng 1

a. Cc thng s tnh ton b lng 1
Trang 43
Tn thng s
1/ Thi gian lu nc
2/ Ti trng b mt
_ h trung bnh
_ h cao im
3/ Ti trong mng thu
n v o
Gi tr thng s
Khong dao ng
Tiu biu
Nc thi trc tip vo lng 1
(h)
1.5-2.5
2
m3/m2.ngy
31-50
m3/m2.ngy
81-122
m3/m di ngy
124-490
Nc thi + bn hot tnh Lng 1
1/ Thi gian lu nc
(h)
1.5-2.5
2/ Ti trng b mt
_ h trung bnh
m3/m2.ngy
25-32
_ h cao im
m3/m2.ngy
48-69
3
3/ Ti trong mng thu
m /m di ngy
124-490
40
89
248
2
28
61
250
b. Thng s thit k b lng 1
Thng s
_ B ngang
+ Su
+ Di
+ Rng
+ Tc my gt cn
_ B trn
+ Su
+ ng knh
+ dc y
+ Tc gt cn
n v o
Gi tr
m
m
m
m/pht
3-4.8
15-90 (25-40)
3-25 (5-10)
0.6-1.2
m
m
m/m di
v/pht
3-4.8
3-60 (12-45)
1/10-1/13
0.02-0.05
c. Vn tc ti a trong vng lng
VH =
2 8k( - 1)gd
f
Vi:
- VH : vn tc gii hn trong bung lng.
- K = 0,05 (BL1): h s ph thuc tnh cht cn
- : trng lng ht: 1,2-1,6 (chn = 1,25).
- g: gia tc trng trng.
- d: ng knh tng ng ca ht (10-4 m).
- f: h s ma st (ph thuc vo Re) 0,02-0,03 (ly f = 0,025).
d. Hiu qu kh SS, BOD5 b lng 1 c tnh theo CT thc nghim sau
t
Rt = a+ b.t .100%
Vi:
- t: thi gian lu.
- a, b: hng s thc nghim
+ BOD5: a = 0,018 (h), b = 0,02
+ SS: a = 0,075 (h), b = 0,014
Trang 44

V d p dng 1 : Tnh ton b lng ng cho cng trnh x l nc thi cng sut 150m3/ngy, cc ch tiu nh
BOD = 5956 mg/l , SS = 640 mg/l
-
Din tch tit din t ca b lng ng
F1 =
s
Qmax
0,0035
=
= 7,3(m 2 )
v
0,000475
Trong :
V: Tc chuyn ng ca nc thi trong b lng ng,

V = 0,0285 (m/pht) = 0,000475 (m/s)
Din tch tit din t ca ng trung tm
F2 =
s
Q max
0,0035
=
= 0,175(m 2 )
Vtt
0,02
Vtt: Tc chuyn ng ca nc thi trong ng trung tm, ly khng ln hn 30
Trong :
(mm/s) (iu 6.5.9 TCXD-51-84).

Chn Vtt = 20 (mm/s) = 0,02 (m/s)
-
Din tch tng cng ca b lng:

F = F1 + F2 = 7,3 + 0,175 = 7,475 (m2)
ng knh ca b lng:
D=
-
4 * 7,475
= 3,085(m)
3,14
ng knh ng trung tm:

d=
4F
4 * F2
4 0,175
= 0,47 m
Chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng trong b lng ng:

htt = V*t = 0,000475*114*60 = 3,25 (m)
Trong :
t: Thi gian lng, t = 114 pht (Thc nghim)

V = 0,0285 (m/pht) = 0,000475 (m/s)
Chiu cao phn hnh nn ca b lng ng c xc nh:

h n = h 2 + h3 = (
Trong :
D dn
3,085 0,5
) tg = (
) tg50o = 1,54 (m)
2
2
h2: chiu cao lp trung ha (m)

h3: chiu cao gi nh ca lp cn lng trong b
D: ng knh trong ca b lng, D = 3,085 (m)
dn: ng knh y nh ca hnh nn ct, ly dn = 0,5 m
: gc ngang ca y b lng so vi phng ngang, khng nh hn 500, chn

= 50o
-
Chiu cao ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng v bng 3,25 m.
. ng knh phn loe ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao ca phn ng loe v bng 1,35 ng
knh ng trung tm:

D1 = hl = 1,35
d = 1,35 * 0,47 = 0,6345 (m), chn D1 = 0,65 (m)
. ng knh tm chn: ly bng 1,3 ng knh ming loe v bng:
Trang 45

Dc = 1,3 * Dl = 1,3 * 0,65 = 0,845 (m)
. Gc nghing gia b mt tm chn so vi mt phng ngang ly bng 17o
- Chiu cao tng cng ca b lng ng s l:
H = htt + hn + hbv = htt + (h2 + h3) + hbv = 3,25 + 1,54 + 0,3 = 5,1 (m)
trong :
hbv- khong cch t mt nc n thnh b, hbv = 0,3 (m)
thu nc lng, dng h thng mng vng chy trn xung quanh thnh b. Thit k mng thu nc
t theo chu vi vnh trong ca b, ng knh ngoi ca mng chnh l ng knh trong ca b.
-
ng knh mng thu: Dmng = 80% ng knh b

Dmng = 0,8*3,085 = 2,468 2,5 (m)
Chiu di mng thu nc:

L=
Dmng = 3,14 * 2,5 = 7,85 (m)
Ti trng thu nc trn 1m di ca mng:

aL =
Q 150
=
= 19,1 (m3/mdi.ngy)
L 7,85
# Hiu qu x l: Sau lng, hiu qu lng t 64% (thc nghim)
Hm lng SS cn li trong dng ra:

SSra = 640 * (100% 64%) = 230 (mg/l)
Hm lng COD cn li sau b lng:

CODra = 1160 (mg/l)
Hiu qu x l COD t: H =
10830 1160
= 89,3%
10830
Hm lng BOD cn li trong dng ra:

BODra = 5956 (100% - 89,3%) = 637 (mg/l)
Lng bn sinh ra mi ngy

M = 0,64*640*150 = 61,44 (Kg/ng)
Gi s bn ti c m 95%
Khi lng ring bn = 1053 Kg/m3
T s MLVSS : MLSS = 0,75
Lng bn cn x l:
G=
-
M
61,44
=
= 1,2 (m3/ng)
(1 0,95) * 1053 0,05 * 1053
Lng bn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc

Mti = 0,75*61,44 = 46, (Kg/ngy)
Cc thng s thit k b lng I
STT
Tn thng s
S liu dng thit k
n v
0,175
(m2)
Din tch tit din t ca ng trung tm (f)
Din tch tit din t ca b lng (F)
7,3
(m2)
ng knh ng trung tm (d)
0,47
(m)
Trang 46

4
ng knh ca b lng(D)
3,085
(m)
Chiu cao b (H)
5,1
(m)
Thi gian lng (t)
1,9
gi
ng knh mng thu
2,5
(m2)
V d p dng 2 : Tnh ton b lng ngang cho cng trnh x l nc thi cng sut 1500m3/ngy, cc thong s
cho nh sau:
- Thi gian lng:
t = 72 (pht).
-
Chiu cao vng lng: H = 2 (m).
Uo = 0,03 (m/pht) = 0,5 (mm/s).
Gii :
Vng lng.
Th tch nc.
tb
Vn = Q gio
t
Vi
-
t : thi gian lu nc theo kt qu th nghim lng. Theo sch Tnh Ton Thit K Cc Cng Trnh
XLNT Cng Nghip V Th do Lm Minh Trit (ch bin) th thi gian lu nc tng 1,5
2 ln so
vi thc nghim
chn t = 1,5 tTN = 1,5 72 = 108 ( pht)

-
tb
gi:
Lu lng tnh ton trung bnh theo gi, Qtbgi = 62,5(m3/h).
62 , 5 108
112 ( m 3 )
60
Din tch mt bng ca b lng.
Vn =
F =
Vn
112
=
56 ( m 2 )
H
2
Kch thc ca b:
Ta c B
L = 56(m2) (*)
M theo iu 6.5.4 TCXD -51-84, chiu rng b lng ly trong khong

(2
5) H (**)
T (*) v (**) B = 4(m).

L = 14(m).
Chiu cao xy dng ca b
Hxd = hbo v + hcngtc+ hcn + htrungha
Trong :
hbov = 0,5
hcngtc =
hcn =
1, vy chn hbov = 0,5 (m)
Vn 112
=
= 2 (m),
F
56
Vc
B L
Vi Vc : th tch cn ti (m3)
Trang 47

Vc =
G
SP
Trong :
- G : khi lng cn ti (kg/ ngy).
G=Q
Rss SS
Vi:
+ Q : lu lng nc thi, Q = 1500 (m3/ngy).
+ R : hiu sut kh SS, R = 75%
+ SS : hm lng cn, SS = 202 (mg/l).
G = 1500 0,75 202 = 227,25(kg/ngy) = 0,227(tn/ngy).

- S : t trng cn ti, ly S = 1,02 (tn / m3) (bng 13.1), (1).
- P : nng b lng I, ly P = 5% = 0,05( bng 13.5 ), (1).
Vc =
0,227
= 4,45 (m3/ngy)
1,02 * 0,05
Vy hcn =
Vc
4,45
=
= 0,08(m)
L B 14 4
Chn h2 = 0.1(m)
vi : D = 14 m : chiu di b
R = 4 m : chiu rng b
htrungha,
chn htrungha = 0,4 (m), (2).
Chiu cao xy dng b.

H = 2 + 0,1 + 0,4 + 0,5 = 3 (m)
Tnh ton h thng phn phi nc vo v thu nc ra.
H thng phn phi nc vo : chn tm phn phi khoan l
- Bpp = B = 4 (m).
- hpp: chiu cao tm phn phi, h = H htrung ha = 3 0,5 = 2,5 (m).
- Khong cch gia tm cc l l : 0,25
-
0.45 chn 0,3 m
Khong cch ngn phn phi ly Ln = 1(m) phn phi nc u trong b, vch ngn phn phi c
cc l, tc nc phn phi qua cc l theo quy phm 0,2 0,3 ( m/s) chn vl = 0,3 ( m/s).
Tit din ng phn phi, ng dn nc vo, tit din ng ln hn lu lng tnh ton t 20%
30%
chn tit din ng phn phi nc ln hn lu lng nc tnh ton l 20%.

Lu lng tnh ton.
Qtt =
tb
Q gio
20
100
tb
+ Q gio
=
62 ,5 20
+ 62 ,5 = 75 ( m 3 / h )
100
Tng tit din l
phn phi nc.
S pp =
Qtt
75
=
= 0,069(m 2 )
Vl
0,3 3600
ng knh ng dn nc vo ngn phn phi.
D=
4 S pp
4 0,069
0 ,3 ( m )
3,14
Trang 48

Chn cc l phn phi hnh trn c d = 30(mm)
Tit din l:
Sl =
S l cn thit.
n=
S pp
Sl
v 8 hng ngang.
d2
4
3,14 0,032
= 7,065 10 4 (m 2 )
4
0 ,069
= 98 (lo )
7 ,065 10 4
B tr cc lo ngn phn phi thnh 12 hng dc
Khong cch gia cc trc l theo hng dc
ed =
B
4
=
= 0,33 ( m ) = 330 ( mm )
12 12
Khong cch gia cc trc l theo
hng ngang.
Theo quy phm hng l cui cng nm cao hn mc cn tnh ton l
0,3m 0,5m, chn 0,5 (m).
en =
H 0 ,5 3 0 ,5
=
= 0 ,31( m ) = 310 ( mm )
8
8
H thng phn phi nc ra.
Ta c tng chiu di mp mng :

L>
Q
5 H Vlang
Trong
- Qtbngy: lu lng tnh ton trung bnh theo ngy.
- hcng tc : chiu cao cng tc, hcng tc = 2(m).
- Vlng : vn tc vng lng (m/s)
Vlng =
Q
1500
=
= 0.0003 (m/s)
L B 14 4 86400
1500
= 5,7(m)
5 2 0.0003 86400
Theo gio trnh TTTKXLNT-TXLai, th : L = 2 n l
L > L
(*)
(**)
Vi n : s mng trong b.
l = 4(m) : chiu di mng.
T (*) & (**) : 2 n l > 5,7
n>
5,7
= 0,71 chn n = 1
8
Th tch mng:
Chn s b : D R C = 4 0,5 0,3 = 0,6 (m3)
Ti trng mng :
Q 1500
=
= 375 (m3/m ngy )
l
4
Tha k qmng = 124 490 (m3/m ngy)
qmng =
Vn tc nc chy vo mng : Vmng (m/s)
Trang 49
Q
F
Vmng =
Vi
F: din tch mng, F = D
Vmng =
R = 4 0.5 = 2 (m2)
1500 = 0,0086 (m/s)

2 86400
Theo (1), trang 50 th Vmng < VH : vn tc ti hn
8 K ( 1) g d
M V H =
1/ 2
Vi
- K : hng s thuc tnh cht cn, nc thi cng nghip vi K = 0,06
-
: t trng ca ht, chn = 1,25
- g : gia tc trng trng, g = 9,8 (m/s2)

- d : ng knh ht cn, d = 10-4(m)
- f : h s ma st, f = 0,025
8 0,06 (1,25 1) 9,8 10 4

VH =
0,25
1/ 2
= 0,0685 (m/s)
Vng nn cn.
Th tch vng nn cn.
Wc =
Vi:
tb
T Q gio
(C v C )
tb
T Q gio
H Cv
100
T : thi gian gia hai ln x cn, ( theo quy phm 6 24 h) chn T = 8 h.
C : hm lng cn cn li sau khi lng, (theo quy phm 10
12 mg/l),
chn C = 10 (mg/l).
-
: nng trung bnh ca cn nn, tra bng 3.3/78 sch XLNC ca PTS Nguyn Ngc Dung
chn
= 25.000( mg/m3)
Cv: hm lng cn trong nc a vo b lng, Cv = 194 (mg/l) ( theo tnh ton phn b tuyn ni).
H : hiu qu lng, H = 75%.
Wc =
8 62 ,5 75 194
= 2 ,91 ( m 3 )
25 . 000 100
Chiu cao vng nn cn.
hc =
Wc
2 ,91
=
0 , 05 ( m )
F
56
H thng x cn.
Th tch cn cn x sau 8h.

Vx = Wc = 2,91 (m3).
Lng nc cn c pha long trong khi x.
V=K
-
Vx
Theo quy phm lu lng x = 30% 60% Vx,
Trang 50

Chn lu lng x l 50%Vx
-
Theo quy phm thi gian x = 20 40 pht,
Chn thi gian x l 20 pht.

-
K : h s pha long khi x cn bng thu lc ( iu 6.5.4 TCXD -51-84)
K =0,5.
V = 0,5 2,91 =1,455( m3).
Lu lng cn x.
Qx =
V
1,455
=
= 0,0012 ( m 3 / s )
t 60 20
Tng tit din ng x.

Chn vn tc nc qua l vx = 1,5 (m/s).
Sx =
Q x 0,0012
=
= 0,0008 ( m 2 )
vx
1,5
Dx =
4 Sx
4 0,0008
= 0,032 ( m )
3,14
Chn ng x c ng knh D
ng knh ng x.
= 35(mm).
dc y b chn i = 0,02.
H thng thu nc b mt.
Tit din ng thu.
Chn
-
Tit din ng thu ln hn lu lng tnh ton t 20
30% chn tit din ng thu ln hn lu
lng tnh ton 20%.

-
Vn tc nc chy qua ng thu vo theo quy phm 0,6
0,8 m/s
vo = 0,6 (m/s).
So =
S 20
0,0174 20
+S =
+ 0,0174 = 0,021(m 2 )
100
100
ng kinh ng thu.
Do =
4 So
4 0,021
= 0,164(m) = 164(mm)
3,14
Chn Do = 200 (mm).
Cc thng s ca b.
Chiu di b.
Lb = L + Lpp = 14 + 1 = 15 (m)
Vi
-
Ll : chiu di vng lng, Ll = 14 (m)
Lpp : chiu di t u b n vch phn phi.
Chiu cao b: H = 3(m).

Chiu rng b: B = 4(m).
Trang 51
2.2.5. X l bng phng php lc

2.2.5.1. Nguyn l ca qu trnh lc
2.2.5.1.1. Khi nim
Lc l qu trnh tch cc cht lng l lng ra khi nc khi hn hp nc v cht rn l
lng i qua lp vt liu l ( lp vt liu lc), cht rn l lng s c gi li v nc tip tc
chy qua.
y l giai on (cng trnh) cui cng lm trong nc.
2.2.5.1.2. Phn loi b lc
Theo tc :
9 B lc chm: c tc lc 0.1 0.5 m/h
9 B lc nhanh: vn tc lc 5 15 m/h
9 B lc cao tc: vn tc lc 36 100 m/h
Theo ch lm vic:
9 B lc trng lc: h, khng p.
9 B lc c p lc : lc kn,
Ngoi ra cn chia theo nhiu cch khc nhau theo chiu dng chy, lp vt liu lc, theo c
ht vt liu lc, cu to ht vt liu lc,
2.2.3.1.3. Vt liu lc
9 Ct thch anh nghin.
9 Than antraxit (than gy)
9 Si,
9 Polime
xc nh vt liu lc phi da vo mt s ch tiu:
bn c hc
bn ho hc: trnh tnh xm thc.
Kch thc ht
Hnh dng ht.
H s khng ng nht:K= d80/d10 (Trong : d80, d10 : kch thc c ht sng
lt qua 80%, 10% tng s ht).
Biu thnh phn vt liu lc qua sng

2.2.5.2. Tnh ton cc loi b lc
2.2.5.2.1. B lc
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
B lc
Ngun nc
p ly nc
Ca a nc vo
Ca thu nc ra
B cha bc sch
Ct lc
Si
Sn thu nc
Van iu chnh tc lc
S v nguyn tc lm vic ca b lc chm

Trang 52
Nc t mng phn phi i vo b, qua lc (nh hn 0.1 0.5 m/h). lp ct lc

trn lp si , di lp si l h thng thu nc lc.
Lp ct lc : thch anh c chiu dy ph thuc vo c ht:
0.3 1 mm => h = 800 mm
1 2 mm => h = 50 mm
Ngoi ra cn dng si hoc dm:
2 20 mm => h = 100 mm
20 40 mm => h = 150 mm
Tm li: c 6 lp:
Chiu cao lp vt Tn vt liu lc
liu lc (mm)
800
Ct thch anh
50
Ct thch anh
100
Si hoc dm
100
Si hoc dm
100
Si hoc dm
100
Si hoc dm
Kch thc vt
liu lc (mm)
0.3 1
1 2
2 5
5 10
10 20
20 -40
Lp nc trn lp ct : 1.5 m
u im :
To lp mng gip lc tt.
Dng x l nc khng phn
Khng dng my mc.
Qun l n gin
Nhc im:
Din tch ln
Vn tc lc thp
B lc chm s dng vi cng sut nh hn hoc bng 1000 m3/ngy m; SS nh
hn hoc bng 50 mg/l; M < 50o
B lc chm c dng hnh vung, n 2; i 5%
TNH TON
1. Din tch b mt b lc chm:
F = Q / v ( m2)
Q : lu lng nc x l (m3/h)
V : vn tc lc ph thuc vo SS vo b:
SS 25 mg/l v = 0.3 0.4 m/h
SS 25 mg/l v = 0.2 0.3 m/h
Nc ngm v = 0.5 m/h
2. S b lc c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
Trong : Vtc : vn tc lm vic ca b khi c mt ngn ngng hot ng. (Tc lc
tng cng ph thuc vo SS )
N
v v tc
N
SS 25 mg/l : vtc = 0.4 0.5 m/h

SS 25 mg/l : vtc = 0.3 0.4 m/h
X l nc ngm : vtc = 0.6 m/h
3. Chiu cao:
H = ht + hd + hn + h c + hp
Trang 53
ht: chiu dy lp sn y thu nc lc 0.6- 0.5 m

hd : chiu dy lp si 0.45 m
hc: chiu cao lp ct lc 0.85 m
hn : chiu cao lp nc (0.8 1.8 m)
hp : chiu cao d phng (0.3 0.5m)
4. Cng ra lc:
1 qr =
qo n
3.6
(l / s.m )
2
qo: lng nc lc qua 1 m2 b trong 1 gi (m3/m2.h). (qo = Q/F)

n: tng s ngn tp trung.
5. Dung tch nc cho mt ln ra mt ngn:
Wr =
q r . f n .t n
1000
(m 3 )
fn: din tch 1 ngn
( )
b.l
m3
n
(b, l : chiu rng v chiu di ca mt ngn)
6. Thi gian ra: 10 20 pht.
2.2.5.2.2. B lc nhanh
fn =
Hnh : B lc nhanh trng lc

ng dn nc t b lng sang
H thng thu nc lc v phn phi nc
ra lc
3. ng dn nc lc
4. ng x nc ra lc
5. Mng phn phi nc lc v thu nc ra
lc
6. ng dn nc ra lc
7. Mng thot nc
8. Mng phn phi nc lc
9. ng x nc lc u
10. Van iu chnh tc c lc
1.
2.
Nguyn tc hot ng
Nc lc t b lng ngang, qua mng phn phi vo b lc, qua lp vt liu lc, lp si
vo h thng thu nc trong v c a v b cha nc sch.
TNH TON:
B lc phi tnh theo hai ch lm vic, ch bnh thng v tng cng.
Khi n 20 b d tr mt b n 20 b d tr 2 b
1. Tc lc : Ph thuc ng knh ht.
a. B lc 1 lp lc : (ct thch anh)
Trang 54
dt
0.7 0.8
8 1.0
1 1.2
H s khng ng
nht K
2 2.2
1.8 -2
1.5 1.7
hlc
vtb
Vtc(m/h)
700 800
1200 1300
1800 2000
5.5 6
7.0 8
8 10
6 7.5
8 10
10 12
b. B lc ct hai lp (ct thch anh v angtraxit)

H s khng ng hlc
nht K
2 2.2
700 800
2 2.2
400 -500
dt
7.0 8.0
1 1.2
vtb
Vtc(m/h)
8 10
10 12
2. Thi gian ca mt chu k lc ch tng cng Ttc( N 20)

Ttc [ N (N1 + a)].t2
N: s b lc
N1: s b ngng sa cha
a: s b lc ra ng thi
t2 : thi gian ngng b lc ra: (t2 = 0.35 gi)
3. Din tch trm x l:
F=
Q
T .vtb 3,6.W .t1 a.t 2 .vtb
(m )
2
T : thi gian lm vic ca trm /ngy (h)

a: s ln ra 1 b / ngy m
t1 : thi gian ra lc (h) (3 7 pht)
W : cng nc ra lc ( l/s.m2)
4. S lng b lc cn thit :
N = 0.5 (F)0.5
5. Ttc lc tng cng:
vtb = vbt
N
N 1
(1)
+ vtc theo (1) vtc cho theo bng

6. Chiu cao b lc:
H = h + hv + hn + hp (m)
h : chiu cao lp : ( ph thuc vo c ht 50 100mm)
hv: chiu dy lp vt liu lc
o 1 lp : 700 2000 mm
o 2 lp : 1100 1300 mm
hn : chiu cao lp nc trn lp vt liu lc (m) (2 m)
hp : chiu cao d phng (m) ( 0.3 m)
7. lng nc ra lc cn thit:
Qr =
f .W
1000
(m 3 / h)
f : din tch b lc f = F/N

W : cng nx ra lc.
Trang 55
8. c Qr chn ng knh tnh phn phi s ng

Xc nh tng din tch l, trn c s tit din ngang ca ng: = (30 40%)
Chn ng knh l ng nhnh s l ng nhnh .
2.2.5.2.3. B lc p lc
400
350
400
150
2200
1000
B lc p lc l mt loi b lc khp kn, thng c ch to bng thp c dng hnh

tr ng v hnh tr ngang.
B lc p lc c s dng trong dy chuyn x l nc thi (cui dy chuyn cng
ngh ). Do b lm vic di p lc, nn nc cn x l c a vo trc tip t trm bm
vo b, ri a trc tip vo ngun tip nhn.
Cu to: ging b lc nhanh
Nguyn tc lm vic: Nc a vo b qua 1 phu b tr nh b, qua lp ct lc, lp
vo h thng thu nc trong, i vo y b v vo ngun tip nhn.
Khi ra b, nc t ng ng p lc chy ngc t di ln trn qua lp ct lc v vo
phu thu, chy theo ng thot nc ra xung ng thu nc ra lc
V d p dng: Tnh b lc chm cho cng trnh x l nc cng sut 90m3/ngy
B lc c cu to nh hnh, bao gm
Trang 56

3
1
5
1.
Ong dn nc t b lng
2.
Ong x nc ra lc
3.
Mng phn phi nc lc v

thu nc ra lc
4.
Ong dn nc ra lc
5.
Mng tp trung nc
6.
vt liu lc
2
6
4
a.Tnh tan kch thc b lc chm

Theo kt qu th nghim, vn tc nc trong b lc chm ly bng vlc = 0.64m/h
Din tch mt ct ngang ca b
F=
Q
vl
Trong : Q: lu lng nc x l, Q = 3.75 m3/h

vl: tc lc, vl = 0.64m/h
F=
Q
vl
3.75
= 5.86(m 2 )
0.64
Chn b hnh ch nht c kch thc L x B = 2.5m x 2.4m = 6m2.

Vt liu lc l , si, ct thch anh, than hot tnh.
Chiu cao lp vt liu lc
Ct c d = 1-2mm, chiu cao hc = 40cm.
Si c d = 1-2mm, chiu cao hs = 20cm.
c d = 1-2mm, chiu cao h = 20cm.
Than c chiu cao hth = 20cm.
Vy chiu cao tng cng ca lp vt liu:
Hvl = 100cm = 1.0m
Chiu cao lp sn y thu nc lc, h = 0.3m
Chiu cao lp nc pha trn (0.8 1.8m), chn hn = 0.8m
Chiu cao bo v (0.3 0.5m), chn hbv = 0.3m
Vy chiu cao tng cng ca b lc
H = hvl + h + hn + hbv = 1 + 0.3 + 0.8 + 0.3 = 2.4 m
b.Tnh ton h thng phn phi nc ra lc
i vi b lc hai lp th ct v than rt d xo trn ln nhau do ch dng bin php ra bng nc thun
ty.
Cng ra lc: Wr = 15 l/sm2
Thi gian ra lc: tr = 6 pht
Chu k ra lc: T = 45h
Lu lng nc ra lc
Trang 57
Qr =
F * Wr 5.86 * 15
=
= 0.0879(m 3 / s ) 88(l / s )
1000
1000
Vi: F: din tch mt b lc

Wr: cng ra lc
Chn ng knh ng chnh dc = 300mm bng thp th tc nc chy trong ng chnh l vc = 1.25m/s (nm
trong gii hn cho php 2m/s).
Vi ng knh ng chnh l 300mm th tit din ngang ng chnh l:
fc =
d 2
4
3.14 * 0.3 2
= 0.07(m 2 )
4
Chn khang cch gia cc ng nhnh l 0.25m (quy phm cho php 0.25 0.3m) th s ng nhnh
ca b lc l:
n=
B
2.4
* 2 = 19.2 (ng)
*2 =
0.2.5
0.25
Chn n = 20 ng
Lu lng nc ra lc chy trong mi ng nhnh
q nh =
88
= 4.4(l / s )
20
Chn ng knh ng nhnh dnh= 55mm = 0.055m bng thp th tc nc chy trong ng nhnh vnh =
1.85m/s (nm trong gii hn cho php 1.8 2m/s).
Tng din tch l ly bng 35% din tch tit din ngang ca ng (quy phm cho php 30 35%), tng
din tch l tnh c l
fl = 0.35 * 0.07 = 0.0245 (m2)

Chn l c ng knh 10mm (quy phm 10 12mm), din tch mt l s l
fl =
3.14 * 0.012
= 7.85.10-5 (m2)
4
Tng s l
n0 =
f lo
0.0245
=
= 312 (l)
f lo
7.85.10 5
S l trn mi ng nhnh =
312
= 15.6 (l), chn 16 l.
20
Trn mi ng nhnh, cc l xp thnh hai hng so le nhau, hng xung pha di v nghing mt gc 450 so
vi mt phng nm ngang. S l trn mi hng ca ng nhnh l 8 l.
c.Tnh tan mng thu nc ra lc
B lc c chiu di 2.5m, b tr 2 mng thu nc ra lc c y hnh tam gic.
Khang cch gia cc mng d = 2.5/2 = 1.25m.
Lu lng nc ra thu vo mi mng
qm = Wr*d*l (l/s)
trong : Wr: cng ra lc, Wr = 15 l/sm2
d: khang cch gia cc tm mng, d = 1.25m.
l: chiu di ca mng, l = 1.9m
qm = 15 * 1.25 * 1.9 = 35.625(l/s) = 0.035625 (m3/s)
Chiu rng mng thu nc ra lc
Trang 58
Bm = K 5
q m2
(m)
(1.57 + a ) 3
Trong : a: t s gia chiu cao phn ch nht (hCN) vi na chiu rng ca mng, ly a = 1.1 (quy phm a =
1 1.5).
K: h s i vi tit din mng hnh tam gic, K = 2.1
0.035625 2
= 0.307(m)
(1.57 + 1.1) 3
Bm = 2.15
a=
B * a 0.307 * 1.1
hCN
h CN = m
=
= 0.16885(m)
Bm
2
2
2
Vy chiu cao phn mng ch nht l: hCN = 0.16885m.

Ly chiu cao phn y tam gic l h = 0.1m.
dc y mng ly v pha mng tp trung nc l i = 0.01.
Chiu dy thnh mng ly l
m = 0.06m.
Vy chiu cao tan phn ca mng thu nc ra l

Hm = hCN + h + m = 0.16885 + 0.1 + 0.06 = 0.3289m
Khang cch t b mt lp vt liu lc n mp trn ca mng nc xc nh theo cng thc
H m =
L*e
+ 0.25(m)
100
Trong : L: chiu dy lp vt liu lc, L = 0.6m.

e: gin n tng i ca lp vt liu lc, ly theo bng (4-5) (sch X l nc cp), e = 50%
H m =
0.6 * 50%
+ 0.25 = 0.253(m)
100
Theo quy phm, khang cch gia y di cng ca mng dn nc ra phi nm cao hn lp vt liu lc ti
thiu l 0.07m.
Chiu cao tan phn ca mng thu nc ra l Hm = 0.3289m, v mng dc v pha mng tp trung i = 0.01,
mng di 2.4m nn chiu cao mng pha mng tp trung l: 0.3289 + 0.024 = 0.353m.
Vy H m = 0.353 + 0.07 = 0.423(m)
Nc r lc t mng thu trn vo mng tp trung nc.
Khang cch t y mng thu n y mng tp trung xc nh theo cng thc
hm = 1.753
q M2
+ 0.2(m)
g * A2
Trong : qM: lu lng nc chy vo mng tp trung nc, qM = 0.088 m3/s.

A: chiu rng ca mng tp trung, chn A = 0.5m.
g: gia tc trng trng, g = 9.81m/s2
hm = 1.75
0.088 2
9.81 * 0.5 2
+ 0.2 = 0.457(m)
d.Tnh tn tht khi ra b lc

Tn tht p lc trong h thng phn phi bng gin ng khoan l
Trang 59
hp =
v 02 v n2
+
( m)
2g 2g
Vi: v0: tc nc chy u ng chnh, v0 = 1.25m/s.

vn: tc nc chy u ng nhnh, vn = 1.85m/s.
g: gia tc trng trng, g = 9.81m/s2.
: h s sc cn
=
2.2
+1
kW 2
kW: t s gia tng din tch cc l trn ng hoc mng v din tch tit din ngang ca ng hoc mng
chnh, kW = 0.35.
2.2
+ 1 = 18.96
0.35 2
h p = 18.96
1.25 2
2 * 9.81
1.85 2
2 * 9.81
= 1.68(m)
Tn tht p lc qua lp si
hd = 0.22 * Ls * Wr (m)
Trong : Ls: chiu dy lp si , Ls = 0.4m.
Wr: cng ra lc, Wr = 15l/sm2.
hd = 0.22 * 0.4 *15 = 1.32(m)

Tn tht p lc qua lp vt liu lc
hVL = (a + aWr ) * L * e(m)

Vi kch thc ht d = 1mm, a = 0.76 v b = 0.017
hVL = (0.76 + 0.017 * 15) * 0.6 * 50% = 0.3(m)

Tn tht p lc trong ni b b
h = h p + hd + hVL = 1.68 + 1.32 + 0.3 = 3.3(m)

Thng s thit k b lc chm
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Tn thng s
Chiu cao b tng cng
Kch thc b lc
ng knh ng phn phi nc
S mng thu nc ra lc
S ng phn phi nc ra lc
Chiu cao mng thu
Chiu rng mng
S liu dng thit k

2.4
L*B=2.5*1.9
0.05
2
20
0.345
0.337
n v
m
m2
m
mng
ng
m
m
V d p dng 2: Tnh ton b lc p lc cho cng trnh x l nc thi thy sn cng sut 300m3/ngy (thi
gian hot ng ca nh my l 8 gi)
Chn b lc p lc hai lp than Anthracite v ct thch anh.
Cc thng s thit k c chn:
Chiu cao lp ct: h1 = 0,3 (m). ng knh hiu qu ca ht ct de = 0,5 mm, h s ng nht
U = 1,6
Trang 60

Chiu cao lp than: h2 = 0,5 (m). ng knh hiu qu ca ht ct de = 1,2 mm, h s ng nht
U = 1,5
Tc lc v = 9 (m/h) v s b lc n = 2.
Din tch b mt lc:
( )
Qtbh 37,5
A=
=
= 4,2 m 2
v
9
ng knh bn lc p lc:
4 A
=
n
D=
4 4,2
= 1,6 (m )
2 3,14
Chn D = 1,6 m
Khong cc t b mt vt liu lc cho n ming phu thu nc ra lc:
h = H vl e + 0,25 = (0,3 + 0,5) 0,5 + 0,25 = 0,65(m)

Trong :
Hvl: chiu cao lp vt liu lc: bao gm chiu cao lp ct v chiu cao lp ct (m)
e: gin n ca vt liu khi ra: e = 0,25 0,5, chn e = 0,5
Chiu cao tng cng ca bn lc p lc
H= h + Hvl + hbv + hthu = 0,65 + 0,8 + 0,25 + 0,3 = 2 (m)
Trong :
hbv: chiu cao bo v t mng thu nc n np y pha trn (m), hbv = 0,25 (m)
hthu: chiu cao phn thu nc (m), hthu = 0,3 (m).
Tnh lu lng kh:
Da vo bng 9 14 (trang 427 XLNT cng nghip v th Lm Minh Trit)
Tc ra nc vn = 0,35 m3/m2.pht
Tc ra kh vk = 1 m3/m2.pht
Ra ngc chia lm 3 giai on
(1) Ra kh vi vk = 1 m3/m2.pht trong 1 2 pht
(2) Ra kh v nc trong 4 5 pht
(3) Ra ngc bng nc trong 4 5 pht vi vn = 0,35 m3/m2.pht.
Lng nc ra lc cn thit cho 1 bn lc/1 ln ra:
Wn = A vn t =
4,2
0,35 10 = 7,35(m 3 / be)
2
Lu lng bm nc ra ngc:
Qn = A vn =
4,2
0,35 60( phut / h) = 44,1(m3 / h)
2
Lu lng my thi kh ra ngc:
Qk = A vk =
4,2
1) = 2,1(m3 / phut) = 126(m3 / h)
2
Tnh tn tht p lc qua lp vt liu lc;
Trang 61
L
1
60
h=
2 vh
o
c 1,8 T + 42 d e
Trong :
C: h s nn p, C = 600 1200, chn C = 1000
To: nhit nc (oC)
de: ng knh hiu qu (mm)
vh: tc lc (m/ngy)
L : chiu dy lp vt liu lc (m)
i vi lp ct:
hc =
1
60
0,3
24(h)
2 9
= 0,18(m / ngay)
1000 1,8 25 + 42 0,5
1ngay
i vi lp than:
hth =
1
60
0,5
24(h)
2 9
= 0,052(m / ngay)
1000 1,8 25 + 42 1,2
1ngay
Tn tht qua 2 lp vt liu lc:

htt = hc + hth = 0,18 + 0,052= 0,232 (m/ngy)
Sau b lc p lc hm lng cn l lng SS cn li khong 7 mg/l, tng ng BOD5 ca cn l lng:
BOD5ll = SS sau 0,65 1,42 0,72 = 4,6(mg / l )

Lng BOD5 sau b lc p lc:
BOD5sau = BOD5ht + BOD5ll = 18,37 + 4,6 = 22,97(mg / l )

2.3. B iu ha
2.3.1. B iu ho lu lng v cht lng
9 t sau b lng ct, trc b lng t 1
9 B iu ho c nhim v iu ho lu lng v cht lng nc thi.
9 Trong b c h thng khuy trn m bo ho tan v san u nng , trnh
lng cn.
9 Nng cht bn sau khi ra khi b iu ho tng thi im:
C t .q
C
t +1
1 e
Q t
W t+1
+ C t .Q .e
Q t
W t+1
Vi:
- Q: lu lng TB ca nc thi (m3/h).
- Ct, Ct+1: nng bn ra khi b thi im t v t+1 (mg/l).
- Ct, qt: nng v lu lng chy vo b trong thi gian t (t = 1h).
- Wt+1: dung tch nc trong b thi im t+1.
9 Lu lng khng kh cn: Qkk = n . qkk . L
Vi:
Trang 62
- n: s b
- qk: cng thi kh 2-4m3/mh.
- L: chiu di ng thi bng chiu di b (m).
2.3.2. B iu ho ch yu lm nhim v iu ho lu lng
9 t sau SCR, khng i hi c thit b khuy trn.
- Th tch: xc nh nh b cha nc sch.
- Vt liu: BTCT.
V d p dng: Tnh b iu ha lu lng cho cng trnh x l nc thi 4870m3/ngy cho mt th trn
Gii:
Th tch tch lu b iu ho c xc nh da vo th tch tch lu vo b qua cc gi v th tch tch lu bm
i qua tng gi vi lu lng bm bng lu lng trung bnh gi.
Th tch tch lu dng vo gi th I c xc nh:
V
Trong :
v(i)
=V
v(i-1)
+Q
v(i-1)
Th tch tch lu dng vo ca gi trc , m ;

3
Q Lu lng nc thi ca gi ang xt, m /h;

i
Th tch tch lu bm i ca gi th i:
V
Trong :
b(i)
=V
b(i-1)
+Q
V
b(i)
b(i-1)
b(i)
Th tch tch lu bm i ca gi trc

3
Lu lng bm ca gi ang xt, m /h;
Kt qu tnh ton c th hin qua bng sau:

Cc gi
01
12
23
3-4
45
56
67
78
89
9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17 18
18 19
19 20
Q (m /h)
Th tch tch lu
Th tch tch lu
Hiu s th tch
92,8583
92,8583
92,8583
92,8583
106,5995
155,3055
322,233
243,4358
337,611
337,611
337,611
333,1242
289,4175
258,127
277,855
281,78
321,1845
393,0155
335,6735
277,53
vo b (A), m
92,8583
185,7166
278,5749
371,4332
478,0327
633,3382
955,5712
1.199,007
1.536,618
1.874,229
2211,84
2.544,964
2.834.382
3.092,509
3.370,364
3.652,144
3.973,328
4.366,344
4.702,017
4.979,547
bm i (B), m
232,629
465,258
697,887
930,516
1.163,145
1.395,774
1.628,403
1.861,032
2.093,l661
2.326.29
2.558,919
2.791,548
3.024.,177
3.256.,806
3.489,435
3.722,064
3.954,693
4.187,322
4.419,951
4.652,58
(A) (B), m
139,771
279,541
419,312
559,083
685,112
762,436
672,832
662,025
557,043
452,061
347,079
246,584
189,795
164,297
119,071
69,9203
-18,6352
-179,0217
-282,0662
-326,9672
Trang 63

20 21
21 22
22 23
23 24
239,302
155,2305
115,162
93,8583
5.218,849
5.374,08
5.489,242
5.583,1
4.885,209
5.117,838
5.350,467
5.583,1
-333.6402
-256,2417
-138,7747
0
Th tch l thuyt b iu ho bng hiu i s gi tr dng ln nht v gi tr m nh nht ca ct hiu s th

tch tch lu:
V
h(lt)
= (762,436) ( -333,6402) = 1.096,076 (m )
Th tch thc t ca b iu ho:

V
= (1,1 1,2)* V
= 1,1 * 1.096,076 = 1.206 (m )
h(tt)
h(tt)
Chn chiu cao ca b l h = 4 (m)

Din tch ca b :
F=
h(lt)
W 1.206
=
= 301.5
h
4
(m )
Chn kch thc b iu ho l : L x B = 20m x 15m

Chiu cao xy dng ca iu ho:
H = h + 0,5 = 4 + 0,5 = 4,5 (m)
Vi 0,5 l chiu cao an ton.
Vy th tch xy dng b iu ho:
3
W = L*B*H = 20 * 15 *4 = 1.200 (m )
Lu lng kh cn cung cp cho b iu ho:
trnh hin tng lng cn v ngn chn mi trong b iu ho cn cung cp mt lng kh thng
xuyn.
Q = q * W = 0,013* 1.200 = 15,6 (m /pht)

kk
kk
Vi q Lng kh cn thit xo trn, q = 0,01 0,015 m /m .pht, chn q = 0,013

kk
kk
kk
m /pht, (Ngun: Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai,
2000) ;
Khng kh c phn phi qua h thng ng chm l vi ng knh 4 mm, khong cch gia cc tm
l l 150 mm. Khi , s l phn phi trn mi ng nhnh l:
(l)
Vi din tch y b l 20 m x 15 m, ta cho cc ng sc kh t dc theo chiu di b, cc ng c t
trn cc gi cao 20 cm so vi y b.
Khong cch gia cc ng nhnh l 1,5 m, cc ng cch tng l 0,75 m. Khi , s ng nhnh c
phn b (n ng) l:
Vn tc kh ra khi l thng t 5 20 m/s, chn v = 15 m/s.

lo
Lu lng kh i qua tng ng nhnh:

3
(m /pht)
Lu lng kh i qua cc l sc kh:
3
(m /pht)
Khi ng knh l :
Trang 64
(mm)
Chn ng knh ca ng nhnh l 65 mm. Khi , vn tc kh trong ng nhnh l:
(m/pht)
Chn ng knh ng chnh l 170 mm, khi vn tc kh trong ng chnh l:
(m/pht)
p lc cn thit cho h thng kh nn:
H = h + h + h +H
c
Trong :
h Tn tht p lc theo chiu di trn ng ng dn, m;

d
h Tn tht qua thit b phn phi, m;

c
Tn tht h , h khng vt qu 0.4 m.

d
h Tn tht cc b ca ng phn phi kh, m;

f
Tn tht h khng vt qu 0.5 m.

f
Vy p lc tng cng l:
H = 0,4 + 0,5 + 4 = 4,9 (m)
c
p lc kh nn:
Cng sut my nn:

kw
Trong :
3
q Lu lng khng kh cn cung cp, q = 32,76 m /pht = 0,546 m /s;
- Hiu sut ca my bm,
= 0,7;
S h thng sc kh b iu ho
Cc thng s thit k b iu ho
S liu dng thit k
STT
Tn thng s
n v
Chiu di b iu ho (L)
20
Chiu rng b iu ho (B)
15
Chiu cao b (H)
4,5
S ng nhnh phn phi kh
10
ng
ng knh ng nhnh
65
mm
S l phn phn phi trn 1 ng nhnh
132
ng knh ng chnh
170
mm
V d p dng 2: Tnh ton thit k b iu ha cho cng trnh x l nc thi nh my cao su cng sut
12,5m3/gi
-
Th tch b iu ha:
Trang 65
( )
h
V = Q max
* t = 12 ,5 * 5 = 62 ,5 m 3
Trong :
-
t: Thi gian lu nc thi trong b iu ha, chn t = 5h
Kch thc b iu ha:

Chn b hnh ch nht.
Chiu di b: Chn D = 6m
Chiu rng b: Chn B = 4m
Chiu cao b:
H =
V
62 ,5
=
= 2 , 6 (m )
B * D 6*4
Chn chiu cao bo v ca b l Hbv = 0,4m
chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): 2,6 + 0,4 = 3 (m)
Th tch thc ca b iu ha: D B H = 6 4 3 = 72 (m3)

-
Lu lng kh cn cung cp cho b iu ha:
= q kk *V = 0 ,015 * 60 * 62 ,5 = 56 , 25 m
Trong :
qkk: tc cp kh trong b iu ha, v = 0,01 0,015 m3/m3.pht, chn qkk = 0,015
m3/m3.pht (Theo Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi -Trnh Xun Lai 1999)
V- dung tch b iu ha
Chn h thng cp kh bng nha PVC c c l, h thng gm 1 ng chnh, 4 ng nhnh vi chiu di
mi ng l 6m, t cch nhau 0,8m.
Hbv = 0,4 m
H = 2,6 m
D=6m
0,8 m
B=4m
ng knh ng chnh dn kh vo b iu ha:
D c
4 * Q kk
=
*V ong * 3600
4 * 56 , 25
= 0 , 0446 (m ) 0 , 045 (m )
3 ,14 *10 * 3600
Chn D c = 0,045m
Trong :
Vng: vn tc kh trong ng, Vng = 10 15m/s,

chn Vng =10m/s
ng knh ng nhnh dn kh vo b iu ha:
Trang 66
Dn =
4 * q ong
4 *14 ,0625
= 0 ,0223 (m ) 0 ,023 (m )
3,14 *10 * 3600
*V ong * 3600
Chn Dn = 0,023m
Trong :
qng: lu lng kh trong mi ng,
3
Q kk
56 , 25
=
= 14 ,0625 m
h
4
4
q ong =
ng knh cc l phn phi kh vo b iu ha: dl = 2 5 mm

Chn dl = 3 mm
Vn tc kh qua l phn phi kh: Vl = 15 20 (m/s)

Chn Vl = 15 mm
Lu lng kh qua 1 l phn phi kh:
q lo = Vlo *
*d 2
4
S l trn 1 ng: N =
3
3,14 * 0,003 2
* 3600 = 15 *
* 3600 = 0,38151 m
h
4
q ong
q lo
14,0625
= 36,86 l
0,38151
Chn N = 36 l
-
S l trn 1 m chiu di ng: n =
N 36
=
= 6 l
6
6
125mm
3 mm
23 mm
1000 mm
N=
Xc nh cng sut thi kh:
34400 ( p 0, 29 1) Qk 34400 (1,34 0, 29 1) 56,25

=
= 0,62( KW / h)
102
102 0,75 3600
Cng sut bm: Nb = 1,2*N = 1,2*0,62 = 0,744 (Kw/h)
1,2: H s an ton.
Chn 2 bm c cng sut 1 Kw/h, 1 bm chy, 1 bm ngh lun phin
Trong :
Qk: Lu lng kh cung cp. Qk = 56,25 (m3/h)
: Hiu sut my bm, chn = 75% = 0,75

p- p lc ca kh nn
Trang 67

p=
(10 ,33 + H d ) 10 ,33 + 3,5

=
= 1,34 ( atm )
10 ,33
10 ,33
Vi: Hd: p lc cn thit cho h thng ng kh nn c xc nh theo cng thc:

Hd = hd + hc + hf + H
Trong :
hd: Tn tht p lc do ma st dc theo chiu di ng dn, (m)
hc: Tn tht cc b ca ng phn phi kh
Tn tht hd + hc khng vt qua 0,4(m), chn hd + hc = 0,4
hf: Tn tht qua thit b phn phi, khng vt qu 0,5(m)
Chn hf = 0,5 (m)
H: Chiu cao hu ch. H = 2,6 (m)
Vy: Hd = 0,4 + 0,5 + 2,6 = 3,5 (m)

Cc thng s thit k b iu ha
STT
Tn thng s
S liu dng thit k
n v
Chiu di b (L)
(m)
Chiu rng b (B)
(m)
Chiu cao b (H)
(m)
Thi gian lu nc
gi
Cng sut my nn kh
KW/h
Th tch xy dng b
72
m3
Din tch xy dng
24
m2
Trang 68
Chng 3: X L NC THI BNG

PHNG PHP HA L
3.1. PHNG PHP KEO T TO BNG
3.1.1. Keo t v cc ha cht dung trong keo t
Trong nc tn ti nhiu cht l lng khc nhau. Cc cht ny c th dng phng php x l
khc nhau ty vo kch thc ca chng:
d > 10-4 mm : dng phng php lng lc.
d < 10-4 mm : phi kt hp phng php c hc cng phng php ho hc. Tc
l cho vo cc cht to kh nng dnh kt ko cc ht l lng lng theo => gi l
phng php keo t trong x l nc. thc hin qu trnh ny ngi ta cho vo
nc cc cht phn ng thch hp : Al2(SO4)3; FeSO4; hoc FeCl3.
Thy phn
9 Phn nhm: cho vo nc chng phn ly thnh Al3+ ----------------> Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 3H2O == Al(OH)3 + 3H+
pH ca nc nh hng trc tip n qu trnh thu phn:
pH > 4.5 : khng xy ra qu trnh thu phn.
pH = 5.5 7.5 : t tt nht.
pH > 7.5 : hiu qu keo t khng tt.
Nhit ca nc thch hp vo khong 20-40oC, tt nht 35-40oC.
Ngoi ra cc yu t nh hng khc nh : thnh phn Ion, cht hu c, liu lng
9 Phn st : gm st (II) v st (III):
a. Phn Fe (II) : khi cho phn st (II) vo nc th Fe(II) s b thu phn thnh Fe(OH)2.
Fe2+ + 2H2O == Fe(OH)2 + 2H+
Trong nc c O2 to thnh Fe(OH)3
pH thch hp l 8 9 => c kt hp vi vi th keo t tt hn.
Phn FeSO4 k thut cha 47-53% FeSO4.
b. Phn Fe (III):
Fe3+ + 3H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
Phn ng xy ra khi pH > 3.5
Hnh thnh lng nhanh khi pH =5.5 - 6.5
c. So snh phn st v phn nhm:
ho tan Fe(OH)3 < Al(OH)3

T trng Fe(OH)3 = 1.5 Al(OH)3
Trng lng i vi Fe(OH)3 = 2.4; Al(OH)3 =3.6
Keo st vn lng khi nc c t huyn ph.
Lng phn FeCl3 dng = 1/3 1/2 phn nhm
Phn st n mn ng ng.
Tuy nhin vic ng dng c th phi xc nh liu lng v loi phn thch hp.
Mc d vy chng ta c th xc nh theo tiu chun TCXD 33 1985 nh sau:
1) X l nc c:
Hm lng cn (mg/l)
< 100
101 200
201 400
Al2(SO4)3 khan (mg/l)

25 35
30 45
40 60
Trang 69
401 600
601 800
801 1000
1001 1400
1401 1800
1801 2200
2201 2500
45 70
55 80
60 90
65 105
75 115
80 125
80 130
2) X l nc mu:
Lng phn nhm : PAl = 4 M
+ M: mu ca nc ngun (Co pt)
3) X l nc va c va mu:
- Ta ly gi tr max { (1) v (2)}
- Nu ta dng phn st th ly bng 1/3 1/2 ng vi nhm.
- Khi kim nc thp => lng cht kim ho :
Pk = e1(Pp/e2 Kt + 1 )100/C ( mg/l)
Trong :
o Pk : hm lng cht km ho (mg/l).
o Pp: hm lng phn cn dng keo th(mg/l).
o e1, e2: trng lng ng lng ca cht km ho v phn.
o Kt kim nh nht ca nc ngun.
o 1: kim d phng ca nc.
o C: t l cht km ho nguyn cht(%).
i khi cn phi dng cc tc nhn ph tr keo t : gi l cht tr lng: axit silix, oliacrilamit,
(PPA); polialuminun clorua(PVC)
3.1.2. Cc thit b v cng trnh ca qu trnh keo
3.1.2.1.Cc cng trnh chun b dung dch phn:(nh liu lng phn): bao gm:
Thng ho trn, thng tiu th, thit b nh liu lng cht phn ng.
Cc cng trnh trn u dung dch cht phn ng vi ngun: ng trn, b trn.
Cc cng trnh to iu kin cho phn ng to bng lng xy ra hon ton: ngn
phn ng b phn ng.
Mt s s b tr cc cng trnh chun b phn.
i vi cng trnh c cng sut x l nh:
phn
nc
nc
Bm nh lng
bm vo b ho
trn
Thng ho
trn
Thng tiu
th
Trang 70
i vi cng trnh x l c cng sut ln:

phn
nc
nc
Thng tiu
th
Thng ho
trn
Thit b nh
lng phn
T chy
i vi cng trnh x l nc c cng sut va v ln.

Nc
phn
nc
Thng ho
trn
Thng tiu th
nh
lng
1
T chy
xung
trn
3.1.2.1.1. B ho trn phn:

nhim v lng cn, ho tan phn cc.
Nng dung dch phn trong b l 10-17%
Dng kh nn hoc cnh khuy ho tan phn
1
2
3
4
Hnh 2-1: Be pha phen suc bang khong kh nen.

1- Voi nc
2- Ong gio
3- Phen
4-Ghi phen
5- Ong dan dung dch hoa chat
sang be nh lng
6- ong xa
Cng sut : ln hn 20.000 m3/ng.

Gch hoc b tng ct thp.
Sn bng g trn ng khng kh nn
Trang 71
Lp sn cch: 0.5 0.6mm

Ong khng kh nn chu axt: ng nha, thp n mn,
Vn tc ng: 10 15m/s
Ap lc khng kh nn:8 10l/s.m2
Lu lng gi thi vo b
Qgi = 0.06 .W.F (m3/pht)
W: cng sc kh(l/s.m2)
F : din tch b mt b (m2)
Thi gian pha: 2 3 gi, thi gian lng 2 3 gi
Tng y nghing 45-50o.
ng ng dn nc chn trong 1 gi phi y b.
ng knh ng x cn nh hn 150mm.
Mt trong ph lp chng axt.
Cng sut :5000 20000 m3/ngy ==> trn bng my khuy.
Cu to b pha phn ht vi
cnh khuy phng
Cu to b pha phn qut vi cnh khuy phng

Vt liu: g, nha hoc b tng.
Cnh khuy: kiu phng c s vng quay l 20-30vng/pht, s cnh khuy nh
nht l 2 cnh.
Chiu di cnh lcnh = (0.4 0.45)Bb.
Din tch bn: Sbn = 0.1 0.2 (m2/m3 din tch b).
i vi cng sut nh ==> trn bng phng php th cng.
Cng sut nh hn 500 m3/ng: dng chum vi v khuy bng tay.
Dung tch b ho trn:
Q .n . P p
10000
.b h . y
(m
9 n: thi gian gia hai ln ho tan phn.

Cng sut (m3/ng)
< 1200
1200 10000
10000 50000
> 50000
1000000
n (h)
24
12
8 12
6 8
3
Trang 72
Pp : phn d tnh cho vo nc (g/m3).

bh : nng dung dch phn ho trn(%).
y :khi lng ring bng 1 tn/m3
3.1.2.1.2. B tiu th:
Nhim v pha long
Nng phn 4 10%.
Dng khng kh nn hoc my khuy, cng sc 3 5 l/s.m2
y c nghing i = 0.005 v pha ng x.
ng knh ng x c d > 100 mm.
Dung tch b :
W
W h .b n
bt
(m
9 bt:nng dung dch phn trong thng ho trn.

S lng cng trnh nn ln hn hoc bng 2 .
3.1.2.2.Thit b nh lng phn:
Nhim v iu chnh t ng lng phn cn thit a vo nc cn x l.
C th phn loi:
Theo chc nng:
nh liu lng khng i: dng cng sut khng i.
nh liu lng theo s thay i tnh cht nc x l.
Theo ch chy ca phn:
nh liu lng t chy.
nh liu lng c p: phn vo ng nc c p lc
Cc loi thit b:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cu to phao Khavanshi.
B nh lng
Phao nh lng
Ong cao su
Vi dn dung dch
Ong dn dung dch vo b nh lng
Ong thng hi
Ong thu dung dch
Mn chn c l thu.
Khi H khng i, ng knh l mng khng i ==>lu lng khng i

Cng sut : 47 408 l/h.
H = 130 160 mm
ng dng cng sut nh.
ng knh l mng
bng Pb (mm)
Lu lng phn (l/h) ph thuc vo H(mm)

H = 130 mm H = 140 mm
H=150 mm
H=160mm
Trang 73
50.5
79
113.5
154.5
202
49
76
109.5
149.5
195.5
47
73.5
105.5
144.0
188
4
5
6
7
8
52
81.5
117.5
159.5
208
3.1.2.3. Thit b pha ch vi:

Cng sut nh c lng vi ln => dng vi sa.
Nng vi ti b pha vi nh hn 5%.
B thng c din tch cho 30-45 ngy.
C th xy bng gch hoc b tng ct thp.
Theo c ch vn hnh:
Theo m: a vo mt ln, thng quay 30 40 pht.
Thng lin tc : a vo thng xuyn timt u.
Trng hp dng vi sa: khuy trn khng ngng vi khng lng.
Khuy bng thu lc: Tc vi < 5 mm/s, b c y hnh chp, nghing 450,
ng knh ng x nh hn 100 mm.
Khuy bng my trn: n > 40 vng/pht.
Trn bng kh nn:
Cng tiu chun cn ly l 8 10 l/s.m2.
Ap lc kh nn: 1 5atm.
Tc vi > 0.8 m/s.
Bm phi t di mc nc, khng t van 1 chiu.
Dung tch b:
W
Q tt . n . P v
10000
.b v . y
Qtt : lu lng tnh ton.

n: s ln gia hai ln pha vi (6 12 h)
Pv : liu lng vi cho vo nc (mg/l).
bv :nng vi sa(5%)
y: khi lng ring ca vi sa(1tn/m3)
3.1.2.3. Kho ho cht:
Cc yu cu:phn, vi, clo cn c d tr vo bo v pha ho cht.
Din tch sn pha:
F kh =
Q . P .T .
10000 . P k . h .G
(m
Q: cng xut trm x l (m3/ng)

P: liu lng ho cht tnh ton.
T: thi gian gi ho cht trong kho.
: tn s tnh n s i li trong kho: =1.3
G0:khi lng ring ho cht:(1.1tn/m3)
Pk: tinh khit ho cht.
h: chiu cao cho php ca lp ho cht:
9 Phn Al cc: 2m
9 Vi cc cha ti: 1.5m
Trang 74
9 FeSO4 trong bao giy: 2m

9 Mui n: 2 5 m
3.1.3. Thit b ha trn cht phn ng
3.1.3.1. Phng php trn c hc:
Thi gian trn: 30 60 giy.
B trn hnh vung:
H
2
=
B
1
3.1.3.2. Phng php trn thu lc:

Dng cc loi vt cn xo trn.
Th hin ngay trn ng y ca bm CI.
Chiu di ng y phi to ra 1 tn tht p lc = 0.3 0.4 m.
C cc loi b trn.
3.1.3.2.1. B trn ng:
Dng trong trng hp c dn vi sa kim ho nc
S ti a ca b trn < 15m2
Nguyn tc: nc a x l t di ln (v = 1 1.5m/s) -> chuyn ng ri lm cho nc xo
trn cng ho cht. Nc dng ln vi vn tc vd = 25mm/s.
Sau theo mng -> cng trnh tip theo (vmang = 0.6m/s), thi gian lu: 2 pht.
3.1.3.2.2. B trn c tm chn khoan l
L 1 mng c 3 tm chn thng ng, khoan nhiu l dng chy xoy.
S cho cng sut va v ln.
Vl = 1m/s.
Vcui mng = 0.6 m/s.
Hng l trn cng phi ngp trong nc t 0.1 0.15 m; dl = 20 100mm.
Chiu cao mc nc ngn cui cng = 0.2 0.5 m.
Tn tht:
h=
v2
2 .2 g
thuc(dl/).
Trong :
dl/
dl: ng knh l
: chiu di tm chn
1.0
1.5
0.75
0.71
2.0
0.65
3.0
0.62
3.1.3.2.3. B cha vch ngn c ca thu hp.

Cng xut nh.
Vmng = > 0.6m/s
V hp = 1m/s (tc qua ca hp).
Tn tht p lc qua tm chn h = 0.13m. nh ca thu hp nm su trong nc l 0.1
0.15m.
Khong cch hai vch ngn ly = 2 ln chiu rng.
3.1.3.2.4. B trn c kh
Dng nng lung cnh khuy -> dng chy ri.
Trang 75
Dng b: hnh vung hoc hnh trn c:

Tc quay: 500 1500 v/pht. Cnh thng: 50 500 v/ pht
H
B
2
1
3.1.4. B phn ng to bng kt ta

3.1.4.1. B phn ng xoy
3.1.4.1.1. B phn ng xoy hnh tr
ng hnh tr t tm b lng ng( cng sut < 3000m3/ng).
Nc c trn u cht phn ng t b trn chuyn qua.
Nc ra khi ming vf = 2 3 m/s.
ng knh vi phun: chn theo tc .
Khong cch t ming phun n thnh b phn ng l 0.2Db.
Db =
4 .Q t
60 . . H . n
Trong :
t: thi gian lu, t = 15 20 pht
H: 2.6 5 m
n: s b phn ng.
Tn tht p lc do vi phun: h= 0.06 vf
3.1.4.1.2. B phn ng xoy hnh phu:
B c dng nh mt ci phiu ln, gc nghing gia 2 thnh b cn ly trong khong
o
o
50 -70 tu theo chiu cao b. Thi gian lu nc trong b ngn t 6 -10 pht (nc c ly
gii hn di v nc mu ly gii hn trn). Tc nc vo b pha di ly bng 0.7
1.2 m/s. Tc nc i ti ch ra khi b lng 4 5 mm/s.
B phn dn nc t b phn ng sang b lng phi tnh n tc nc chy trong
mng, trong ng v qua l khng c ln hn 0.1 m/s i vi nc c v 0.05 m/s i vi
nc mu m bo bng cn c hnh thnh v khng b ph v. Khong cch dn nc
sang b lng cng ngn cng tt.
Trong qu trnh nc dng ln, do tit din dng chy tng dn, nn tc nc s
gim dn. Tc nc phn b khng u trn tit din ngang, tc nc cng ln khi cng
gn tm b v dng nc lun c xu hng phn tn dn dn ra pha thnh b.
u im: hiu qu cao, tn tht p lc trong b nh, dung tch b nh (thi gian lu
nc ngn).
Nhc im: kh tnh cu to ca b phn thu nc trn b mt theo hai yu cu: thu
nc u v khng ph v bng cn, kh xy dng khi dung tch ln.
Hnh : B phn ng xoy hnh phu

1. ng dn nc t ngn tch kh vo b phn ng
2. B phn ng xoy hnh phu
3. ng thu nc sang b lng
4. Mng vng c l chy ngp
Trang 76
3.1.4.2. B phn ng kiu vch ngn:

Nguyn l cu to c bn ca b l dng cc vch ngn to ra s i chiu lin tc ca
dng nc. B c cu to hnh ch nht, bn trong c cc vch ngn hng dng nc chuyn
ng zic zc theo phng nm ngang hoc phng thng ng. Pha sau u b phn ng c
mt ngn cho nc chy thng vo b lng ngang khi cn sa cha b phn ng hay khi
khng cn keo t. S lng vch ngn c tnh theo hai ch tiu: dung tch b ph thuc vo
thi gian lu nc v tc chuyn ng ca dng nc gia hai vch ngn. Thi gian lu
nc trong b ly l 20 pht khu x l nc c v 30 -40 pht khi x l nc c mu. Tc
chuyn ng ca dng nc gim dn t 0.3m/s u b xung 0.1m/s cui b. Chiu
su trung bnh ca b l 2 -3m. dc y b l 0.02 -0.03 x cn. Tn tht : h = 0.15 V2
m (m: s ngoc). B c vch ngn ngang : cng sut 30.000 m3/ng. B c vch ngn ng
6.000 m3/ng. Thng Kt hp b lng ngang.
Khong cch gia cc vch ngn khng c nh hn 0.7m nu b c vch ngn ngang v c
th nh hn 0.7m i vi b c vch ngn thng ng.
u im: n gin trong xy dng v qun l vn hnh.
Nhc im: khi lng xy dng ln do c nhiu vch ngn v b c chiu cao tho
mn tn tht p lc trong ton b
Hnh
Hnh
: B
: B
phn
phn
ng
ng
cc
vch
vch
ngn
ngn
ngang
ngang
1. 1.
Mng
Mng
dn
dn
nc
nc
4. 4.
Ca
Ca
a
a
nc
nc
rara
2. 2.
Mng
Mng
xx
cn
cn
5. 5.
Van
Van
xx
cn
cn
3. 3.
Ca
Ca
a
a
nc
nc
vo
vo
6. 6.
Vch
Vch
ngn
ngn
hng
hng
dng
dng
Trang 77
3.1.4.3. B phn ng c lp cn l lng:

t ngay phn u b lng ngang.
C B = Blng.
Chia thnh thnh nhiu ngn dc.
y hnh phu.
Tc nc chy trn qua mng : 0.5 0.6 m/s.
Din tch l (l ca mng hng ngang > 25mm) ly bng 30 40 % din tch ca
mng hoc ng phn phi.
Vn tc i ln ph thuc vo SS
SS (mg/l)
< 20
20 50
50 250
250 2500
Vn tc nc ln (mm/s)
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.2
Chiu cao lp cn 3 m.
Thi gian lu: 20 pht
Nc chy t phn ng - > lng phi c thi gian trn (vtrn 0.05m/s)
3.1.4.4. B phn ng c kh
y l chu trnh hay s dng.
B c chia thnh nhiu ngn, mi ngn c b cnh khuy ring bt.
Cc ngn (bung) thng c kch thc: 3.6 x 3.6; 3.9 x 3.9; 4.2 x 4.2
Thi gian lu: 10 - > 30 pht.
Trng thi lm vic ca b phn ng c trng bi: Gradien vn tc
G = 10
Trong :
z: nng lng tiu ph cho 1m3 nc (KGm2/s3).
: nht ca nc (KGm2/s)
250C: =0.0092
9 G = 80 -> 100 l/s
9 Gc = 30 -> 40 l/s
Tc chuyn ng cnh khuy:
Vk =
2R.n
60
Cng sut cn thit quay cnh:
N= 51.C.F.v3 (w)
c: h s tr lc ph thuc chiu di v chiu rng bn cnh khuy.
9 L/b = 5 -> c = 1.2
9 L/b = 20 - > c =1.5
9 L/b 20 -> c =1.9
F: dung tch bn cnh (m2)
Tc tng i ca quay: V= 0.75 Vk
Trang 78
V d p dng 1. Tnh b phn ng c kh cho cng trnh x l nc thi dt nhum vi cc thng s

tb
ng-
= 150 m3/ng, COD = 10830 mg/l, BOD = 5956 mg/l, SS = 640 mg/l, Mu = 16000 Pt Co .
B phn ng
-
Th tch b:
V = t*
Trong :
s
Q max
t
-
s
=0,0035*20*60 = 4,2 (m3)
Qmax
s
: Lu lng tnh ton ln nht, Q max = 0,0035 m3/s

: Thi gian lu nc, t = 20 pht (Thc nghim)
Kch thc be:

Chn chiu cao b: H = 1,3 (m)
Tit din b:
F=
V 4,2
=
= 3,23 (m2)
H 1,3
Chn b c dng hnh vung.
a =
F =
Chiu rng b (B) = Chiu di b (D) =
3 , 23 = 1, 79 1,8 ( m )
a = 1 ,8 ( m )
Chn chiu cao bo v b: hbv = 0,2 (m)
Chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): Hxd = 1,3 + 0,2 = 1,5 (m)
Th tch thc ca b phn ng: D * B * H = 1,8 * 1,8 *1,5 = 4,86 (m3)
-
Loi cnh khuy: Chn loi cnh khuy 2 bn, i xng qua trc, khuy quanh trc thng ng
Nng lng:
C
G = 10
Trong :
Vi
Z=
N
V
: nht nc thi:
= 0,0092 (N/cm2)
N: Nng lng cho khi nc thi

V: Th tch nc thi. V = 4,2 (m3)
Trang 79

G: Gradien s bin i vn tc ca nc trong 1 dn v thi gian. G khng ln hn
-1
-1
800 (s ). Chn G = 800 (s )
N =
-
G 2 *V *
800 2 * 4 , 2 * 0 , 0092
=
= 247 (W )
100
100
Din tch cnh khuy:

C:
N = 51 * c * F * v 3
N
247
=
51 * c * v 3
51 * 1, 2 * 4 ,953
F =
Trong :
= 0 , 034 ( m 2 )
c: H s ph thuc kch thc bn cnh. Chn
L
= 5 c = 1,2
B
F: Din tch tit din cnh khuy

v: Vn tc cnh khuy,
v = 0,75*vk = 0,75*6,594 = 4,95 (m/s)
Vi:
vk: Vn tc tuyt i ca cnh khuy
vk =
Vi:
2 * R * n 2 * 3,14 * 0,45 * 140

=
= 6,594(m / s)
60
60
R: Bn knh vng khuy. Chn 2R = 50 60% chiu rng b

Chn R = 0,45 (m)
n: S vng cnh khuy, n = 140 vng/pht (Thc nghim)
Din tch 1 bn cnh khuy:
f =
C:
F 0,034
=
= 0,017(m2 )
2
2
L
=5
B
B*L=
f = 0 , 017 ( m 2 )
Vy:
Chiu rng bn cnh khuy: B = 0,06 (m)
Chiu di bn cnh khuy: L = 0,3 (m)
0,15
0,3
0,06
0,45
Cnh khuy b phn ng
Trang 80

Cc thng s thit k b phn ng
STT
Tn thng s
S liu dng thit k
n v
Chiu di b (L)
1,8
Chiu rng b (B)
1,8
Chiu cao b (H)
1,5
Thi gian lu nc
20
pht
Th tch xy dng b
4,86
m3
Chiu rng 1 bn cnh khuy
0,06
Chiu di 1 bn cnh khuy
0,3
Bn knh vng khuy
0,45
B to bng
B to bng c xy dng gm 3 ngn vi kch thc bng nhau
-
Thi gian lu nc 1 ngn: t = 15 (pht) (Thc nghim)
Th tch 1 ngn:
V = t* Qs max =0,0035*15*60 = 3,15 (m3)
s
Qmax
Trong :
t
-
: Lu lng tnh ton ln nht,
Q maxs = 0,0035 m3/s
: Thi gian lu nc, t = 15 pht (Thc nghim)
Kch thc 1 ngn:

Chn chiu cao: H = 1,2 (m)
Tit din:
F=
V 3,15
=
= 2,625 (m2)
1,2
H
Chn ngn c tit din vung. a =
F = 2,625 = 1,62(m )
Chiu rng ngn (B) = Chiu di ngn (D) =
a = 1 , 62 ( m )
Chn chiu cao bo v b: hbv = 0,2 (m)
chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): Hxd = 1,2 + 0,2 = 1,4 (m)
Th tch thc ca 1 ngn b to bng: D * B * H = 1,62 * 1,62 *1,4 = 3,675 (m3)
-
Xy dng b to bng gm 3 ngn c cng kch thc:

V = D * B * H = 1,62 * 1,62 *1,4 = 3,675 (m3)
Loi cnh khuy: Chn loi cnh khuy gm trc quanh v 4 cnh khuy t i xng nhau qua
trc. Tng din tch bn cnh khuy = 15% din tch mt ct ngang ca b.
fc =
Vi:
15 * f n 15 * 2, 268
=
= 0,34 ( m 2 )
100
100
f n = B * H = 1,62 * 1,4 = 2,268 ( m 2 )

Trang 81

-
Din tch 1 bn cnh khuy:
f =
( )
F
0 , 034
=
= 0 , 085 m
4
4
Chn chiu di cnh khuy: L = 1,2 (m)

Chn bn knh vng khuy R1 = 0,45 (m)
2B < 0,45,
Chn
B < 0,225
L 1,2
L
=
= 0,06( m)
= 20 B =
20 20
B
B = 0,06 < 0,225
Chn R2 = 0,225 (m)
R2 = 0,225
0,165
B = 0,06
R1 = 0,45
Cnh khuy b to bng

-
Mi bung t 1 ng c in, tc quay l:

Bung 1: 40 vng/ pht
Bung 2: 20 vng/ pht
Bung 3: 10 vng/ pht
Kim tra cc ch tiu khuy trn c bn:
Bung phn ng 1:
- Dung tch: V1 = 3,675 (m3)
- Tc chuyn ng ca cnh khuy 40 vng/ pht.
- Tc chuyn ng ca bn cnh khuy so vi nc:
V1 = 0,75
V2 = 0,75
Trong :
2 R1 n
2 3,14 0,45 40
= 0,75
= 1,413 (m/s)
60
60
2 R2 n
2 3,14 0,225 40
= 0,75
= 0,7065 (m/s)
60
60
R1, R2: Khong cch t mp cnh khuy n tm trc quay
n: s vng quay, n = 40 vng / pht
- Nng lng cn quay cnh khuy:

N1
= 51 * C * Fc * (V13 + V23 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (1,413 3 + 0,70653) = 88,57 (W)
Trong :
C = 1,9 v L / B = 20
Fc: Tit din ca bn cnh khuy Fc = 1,2*0,06*4 = 0,288 (m2)
Trang 82

- Gi tr Gradien vn tc:
G1 = 10 *
= 10 *
N
88,57
= 10 *
= 511,82( S 1 )
*V
0,0092 * 3,675
Bung phn ng 2:
- Dung tch: V2 = 3,675 (m3)
V1 = 0,75
2 R1 n
2 3 ,14 0 , 45 20
= 0,7065 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60
V2 = 0,75
2 R2 n
2 3,14 0 , 225 20
= 0,35325 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60
Trong :

N2
= 51 * C * Fc * (V33 + V43 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (0,70653 + 0,353253) = 11,07 (W)
G2 = 10 *
= 10 *
N
= 10 *
*V
11 , 07
= 180 , 95 ( S 1 )
0 , 0092 * 3 , 675
Bung phn ng 3:
- Dung tch: V3 = 3,675 (m3)
V1 = 0,75
2 R 1 n = 0 , 75 2 3 ,14 0 , 45 10 = 0,35325 (m/s)
V2 = 0,75
60
60
2 R2 n
2 3 ,14 0 , 225 10 = 0,1766 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60
Trong :


N3
= 51 * C * Fc * (V13 + V23 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (0,353253 + 0,1766253) = 1,3 (W)
G3 = 10 *
= 10 *
*V
= 10 *
1,3
= 62 ( S 1 )
0 ,0092 * 3,675
Cc thng s thit k b to bng

STT
Tn thng s
S liu dng thit k
n v
Chiu di b (L)
1,62
Chiu rng b (B)
1,62
Trang 83

3
Chiu cao b (H)
1,4
Thi gian lu nc (t)
15
pht
Bn knh vng khuy (R1)
0,45
Bn knh vng khuy (R2)
0,225
Chiu di cnh khuy
1,2
Chiu rng 1 bn cnh khuy
0,06
3.2. PHNG PHP TRUNG HA

Nc thi sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip c th cha axit hoc kim. ngn
nga hin tng xm thc v trnh cho qu trnh sinh ha cc cng trnh lm sch v
ngun nc khng b ph hoi, ta cn phi trung ha nc thi. Trung ha cn nhm mc
ch tch loi mt s ion kim loi nng ra khi nc thi. Mt khc mun nc thi c x
l tt bng phng php sinh hc phi tin hnh trung ha v iu chnh pH v 6.6 -7.6
Trung ha bng cch dng cc dung dch axit hoc mui axit, cc dung dch kim hoc oxit
kim trung ha dch nc thi.
Mt s ha cht dng trung ha: CaCO3, CaO, Ca(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2,
CaO0.6MgO0.4,(Ca(OH)2)0.6(Mg(OH)2)0.4,NaOH, Na2CO3, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3,
Ngoi ra, c th tn dng nc thi c tnh acid trung ha nc thi c tnh kim hoc ngc
li. V d nh trong dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut xi m, do c 2 cng on: lm sch b
mt nguyn liu cn m (y l cng on to ra nc thi c tnh kim mnh) v cng an
ty r kim loi (cng on ny li to ra nc thi c tnh acid mnh). Ta c th tn dng 2
loi nc thi ny trung ha ln nhau.
3.2.1. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim.
Phng php ny cho x l nc thi cha axit hoc cha kim trong khu cng nghip c
tp trung lai x l v ch thi ca cc nh my khng ging nhau. Nc thi cha axit
thng c thi mt cch iu ho ngy m v c nng nht nh. Nc thi cha kim
li thi theo chu k, mt hoc hai ln trong mt ca tu thuc vo ch cng ngh.
3.2.2. Trung ho bng cch cho thm ho cht vo nc thi.

Phng php ny dng trung ho nc thi c cha axit. Ngi ta phn bit ba loi nc
thi c cha axit nh sau :
Nc thi cha axit yu (H2CO3, CH3COOH)

Nc thi cha axit mnh (HCl, HNO3), cc mui canxi ca chng d tan trong nc.
Nc thi cha axit mnh (H2SO4, H2CO3) cc mui canxi ca chng kh tan trong
nc.
Trang 84

Nc thai axit
Nc thai kiem
Dan nc thai
a c trung hoa
10
11
Bun thai
9
12
Ba thai
Hnh . S nguyn l trm trung ha nc thi bng s b sung tc nhn ha hc

1. B lng ct
4. B dung dch tc nhn
7. Thit b trung ha
10. Thit b lc chn khng
2. B iu ha
5. B phnnh lng
8. B lng
11. Kho cha b cn tch nc
3. Kho tc nhn
6. Thng khuy trn
9. B c c bn
12. Sn cha bn
3.2.3. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung ho.
i vi nc thi cha HCl, HNO3 v c nc thi H2SO4 vi hm lng di 5 mg/l v
khng cha mui kim loi nng c th dng phng php lc qua lp vt liu lc l vi
magiezit, hoa cn, lmit...
2
7
10
11
Hnh 3.3.3 : S o cong nghe tram x ly vi be loc trong hoa

S cng ngh trm x l vi b lc trung ha
1.Vn
chuyn
ph
liu
sau
khi
lc; 2 Nc axit t b iu ha; 3. b lc trung ha; 4. phng th nghim; 5.
6. ng ray ; 7. Kho olomit ; 8. Be lang ; 9. Xa nc trung hoa vao he thong thoat nc ; 10. Ong dan bun can ; 11. San phi bun.
my nghin; 6. ng ray; 7. Kho lomit; 8. B lng; 9. X nc trung ha vo h thng thot nc; 10. ng
dn bn cn; 11. Sn phi bn
1. Van chuyen phe lieu sau kho loc ; 2. Nc axit t be ieu hoa ; 3. Be loc trung hoa : 4. Phong th nghiem ; 5. May nghien ;
Trang 85
3.3. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TUYN NI

3.3.1. Gii thiu chung.
Phng php tuyn ni thng c s dng tch cc tp cht rn khng tan hoc tan
hoc lng c t trng nh hn t trng ca cht lng lm nn. Nu s khc nhau v t trng
tch, gi l tuyn ni t nhin.
Trong x l cht thi tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng v nn bn cn.
u im ca phng php ny so vi phng php lng l c th kh hon ton cc ht nh
nh, lng chm trongthi gian ngn. Khi cc ht ni ln b mt, chng c th c thu
gom bng b phn vt bt.
3.3.2. Phn loi

3.3.2.1. Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng thit b c hc.
Cc trm tuyn ni vi phn tn khng kh bng thit b c hc (tuabin hng trc) c s
dng rng ri trong lnh vc khai khong cng nh trong lnh vc x l nc thi. Cc thit
b kiu ny cho php to bt kh kh nh.
3.3.2.2. Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng my bm kh nn (qua cc vi phun, qua cc

tm xp).
Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh qua cc vi phun : Thng c s dng x l
nc thi cha cc tp cht tan d n mn vt liu ch to cc thit b c gii (bm,
tuabin) vi cc chi tit chuyn ng.
Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh qua tm xp, chp xp.
9 Tuyn ni khng kh qua tm xp, chp ht c u im so vi cc bin php
tuyn ni khc , cu to cc ngn tuyn ni ging nh cu to ca aeroten, t tn
in nng, khng cn thit b c gii phc tp, rt c li khi x l nc thi c
tnh xm thc cao.
9 Khuyt im ca bin php tuyn ni ny l : cc l ca cc tm xp, chp xp
chng b tt lm tng tn tht p lc, kh chn vt liu xp p ng yu cu v
kch tht cc bt kh.
3.3.2.3. Tuyn ni vi tch khng kh t nc (tuyn ni chn khng ; tuyn ni khng
p; tuyn ni c p hoc bm hn hp kh nc).
Bin php ny c s dng rng ri vi nc thi cha cht bn kch tht nh v n
cho php to bt kh rt nh. Thc cht ca bin php ny l to ra mt dung dch (nc thi)
bo ho khng kh. Sau khng kh t tch ra khi dung dch dng cc bt kh cc nh.
Kh cc bt kh ny ni ln b mt s ko theo cc cht bn.
Tuyn ni vi tch khng kh t nc phn bit thnh : tuyn ni chn khng, tuyn ni
khng p, tuyn ni c p hoc bm hn hp kh - nc.
3.3.2.4. Tuyn ni in, tuyn ni sinh hc v ho hc.

Tuyn ni in
Khi dng in mt chiu i qua nc thi, mt trong cc in cc (catot)s to ra kh
hydro. Kt qu nc thi c bo ho bi cc bt kh v khi ni ln ko theo cc cht bn
khng tan to thnh vng bt b mt. Ngoi ra nu trong nc thi cha cc cht bn khc l
cc cht in phn th khi dng in i qua s lm thay i thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht
ca nc, trng thi cc cht khng tan do c cc qu trnh in ly, phn cc, in chuyn v
oxy ho kh xy ra.
Cng ca cc qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cc yu t :
Trang 86
9 Thnh phn ho hc nc thi

9 Vt liu cc in cc (tan hoc khng tan)
9 Cc thng s ca dng in : in th, cng , in tr sut.
Tuyn ni sinh hc v ho hc
Dng c c t b lng dt 1 . Cn t b lng t 1 c tp trung vo mt b c
bit vo c un nng ti nhit 35 55oC trong vi ngy. Do sinh vt pht trin lm ln
men cht bn to bt kh ni ln, ko theo cn cng ni ln b mt, sau gt vt lp bt.
Kt qu cn gim c m ti 80 %.
3.4. PHNG PHP HP TH

Phng php ny c dng loi b ht cc cht bn ho tan vo nc m phng php x
l sinh hc v cc phng php khc khng loi b c vi hm lng rt nh. Thng
thng y l cc hp cht ho tan c c tnh cao hoc cc cht c mi v v mu kh chu.
Cc cht hp th thng dng l: than hot tnh, t st hoc silicagel, keo nhm, mt s cht
tng hp hoc cht thi trong sn xut nh x m st, Trong s ny, than hot tnh c
dng ph bin nht. Cc cht hu c kim loi nng v cc cht mu d b than hp th. Lng
cht hp th ny tu thuc vo kh nng hp th ca tng cht v hm lng cht bn trong
nc thi. Cc cht hu c c th b hp th: phenol, allcyllbenzen, sunfonicacid, thuc
nhum, cc hp cht thm.
S dng phng php hp th c th hp th n 58 95% cc cht hu c v mu.
Ngoi ra, loi kim loi nng, cc cht hu c, v c c hi ngi ta cn dng than bn
hp th v nui bo ty trn mt h.
3.5. X L BNG PHNG PHP HP PH

Phng php hp ph c s dng rng ri x l nc thi cha kim loi cht bn khc
nhau. C th dng x l cc b khi trong nc hm lng cht nhim bn nh v c th
x l trit nc thi qua x l sinh hc hoc qua cc bin php x l ho hc.
Hin tng tng nng cht tan trn b mt phn chia gia hai pha gi l hin tng hp
ph. Hp ph c th din ra b mt bin gii gia hai pha lng v kh, gia pha lng v pha
rn.
3.5.1. C s qu trnh hp ph
Hp ph cht bn ho tan l kt qu ca s di chuyn phn t ca nhng cht t nc vo
b mt cht hp ph di tc dng ca trng lc b mt. Trng lc b mt gm c hai
dng :
Hyrat ho cc phn t cht ta, tc k tc dng tng h gia cc phn t cht rn

ho tan vi nhng phn t nc.
Tc dng tng h gia cc phn t cht bn b hp ph vi cc phn t trn b mt
cht rn.
Khi x l nc thi bng phng php hp ph th u tin s loi c cc phn t ca cc
cht khng phn ly thnh ion ri sau mi loi c cc cht phn ly.
Kh nng hp ph cht bn trong nc thi ph thuc vo iu kin nhit . Nhit thp
qu trnh hp ph xy ra mnh nhng nu qu cao th c th din ra qu trnh kh hp ph.
Trang 87
Chnh v vy ngi ta dng nhit ph hi kh nng hp ph ca cc ht rn khi cn

thit.
3.5.2. Cht hp ph
Nhng cht hp ph c th l : than hot tnh, silicagel, nha tng hp c kh nng trao
i ion, cacbon sunfua, than nu, than bn, than cc, lmit, cao lanh, tro v cc dung dch
hp ph lng. Bng cn ca nhng cht keo t (hydroxit ca kim loi) v bn hot tnh t b
aeroten cng c kh nng hp ph.
3.5.3. Phn loi hp ph.

Ngi ta phn bit hai kiu hp ph : hp ph trong iu kin tnh v hp ph trong iu kin
ng.
Hp ph trong iu kin tnh: L khng cho s chuyn dch tng i ca phn t

nc so vi phn t cht hp ph m chng cng chuyn ng vi nhau.
Hp ph trong iu kin ng.
L s chuyn ng tng i ca phn t nc so vi phn t cht hp ph. Hp ph trong
iu kin ng l mt qu trnh din ra khi cho nc thi lc qua lp vt liu lc hp ph.
Thit b thc hin qu trnh gi l thng lc hp ph hay cn gi l thp hp ph.
S cc thp lc hp ph
1. Dng phn iu chnh pH ca nc thi khi dn vo
thp; 2,3,4-thp cha than hot tnh
3.6. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TRCH

3.6. 1. Nguyn l c bn
Trong hn hp hai cht lng khng ho tan ln nhau, bt k mt cht th ba no khc s ho
tan trong hai cht lng trn theo quy lut phn b. Nh vy trong nc thi cha cc cht
bn, nu chng ta a vo mt dung mi v khuy u th cc cht bn ho tan vo dung
mi theo ng quy lut phn b ni v nng cht bn trong nc s gim i. Tip tc
tch dung mi ra khi nc th nc thi coi nh c lm sch. Phng php tch cht bn
ho tan nh vy gi l phng php trch ly.
Hiu sut x l nc thi tu thuc vo kh nng phn b ca cht bn trong dung mi, gi
tr ca h s phn b hay kh nng trch ly ca dung mi.
3.6.2. K thut trch ly

K thut trch ly c th tin hnh nh sau : cho dung mi vo trong nc thi v trn u cho
ti khi t trng thi cn bng. Tip cho qua b lng. Do s chnh lch v trng lng
ring nn hn hp s phn ra hai lp v d tch bit chng ra bng phng php c hc.
Trang 88
Nu trch ly mt ln m khng t yu cu tch cht bn ra khi nc thi th phi trch ly

nhiu ln. Nu dung mi c t trng b hn t trng nc thi th dn nc thi t trn xung
v dung mi t di ln. Ngc li nu dung mi c t trng ln hn t trng nc thi th
cho nc chuyn ng t di ln, dung mi t trn xung.
3.6.3. Phn loi

Thp trch ly vi vng tip xc (vng m)
Thp trch ly vi vng m c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip v cho hiu
sut cao. Bin php ny dng kh phenol bng benzen hoc du than hay bng
butylaxetat hoc bng ete iisopropyl.
Dung mi dn vo thp qua cc vi phun. Chiu cao thp thng ly bng 6m.
Thp trch ly kiu vi phun tia.

i vi vi phun, mc phn tn dung mi nh cc vi phun l yu t quyt nh.
Nu chn ng loi vi phun, kch tht v iu kin cng tc ca n c th t c
mc phn tn cao.
Thp trch ly vi a roto quay

Thp trch ly vi a rto l mt thp tr, theo chiu cao chia thnh nhiu ngn bng
cc vch c th trch ly c cc cht bn dng nh tng trong nc thi.
Hiu sut v kh nng vn chuyn ca thit b trch ly ny tu thuc vo kch tht
bn trong : ng knh thp, ng knh a, ng knh cc vng stato v chiu cao
mi ngn.
Thp trch ly kiu rung

Thp trch ly kiu rung to ra trong thp cc pha nc dung mi c phn tn v
khuy trn nh chuyn ng thng, vng dc theo trc thp.
Thp trch ly kiu lng trn.

Thp trch ly kiu lng trn c dng vi lu lng ln v s bc kh cao. Theo cu
to, c th l loi nghoc loi ngang.
Thp trch ly vi lp m
bng sng rung
Thp trch ly nhiu ngn

kiu lng trn
Trang 89
3.7. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TRAO I

Phng php trao i ion c ng dng x l nc thi khi cc kim loi nh Zn, Cu,
Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Mn, cng nh cc hp cht ca Asen, Photpho, Xyanua v cht phng x.
Phng php ny cho php thu hi cc kim loi c gi tr v t c mc x l cao. V
vy n l phng php ng dng rng ri tch mui trong x l nc cp v nc thi.
3.7.1. Mt s khi nim v qu trnh trao i ion

Trao i ion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i ion vi ion c
cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc ionit (cht trao
i ion), chng hon ton khng tan trong nc.
Cc cht c kh nng ht cc ion dng t dung dch in ly gi l cc cationit. Nhng cht
ny mang tnh axit. Nhng cht c kh nng ht cc ion m gi l anionit v chng mang
tnh kim. Nu nh cc ion no trao i c cation v anion th ngi ta gi chng l cc
ionit lng tnh.
3.7.2. Cc cht trao i ion

Cc cht trao i tion c th l cc cht v v hay hu c c ngun gc t nhin hay tng
hp nhan to. Nhm cc cht trao i ion v c t nhin gm c cc zeolit, kim loi khong
cht, t st, fenspat, cht mica khc nhau,
Cc cht cha nhm silicat loi : Na20.Al2O3.nSiO2.mH2O.

Cc cht florua apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]F v hydroxyt apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]OH
Cc cht c ngun gc t cc cht v c tng hp gm silicagel, permutit (cht lm
mm nc) , ...
Cc cht trao i ion hu c c ngun gc t nhin gm axut humic ca t (cht
mn) v than , chng mang tnh axit yu.
Cc cht trao i ion hu c tng hp l cc nha c b mt ring ln, chng l
nhng hp cht cao phn t. V d, cc cht trao i cation sunfua RSO3H, trong
H ion tri du v SO3 ion nhn in t ; hoc cation cacboxylic : R-COOH ;
cation phenolic : R-OH ; cation photpho : R PO3 - H.
3.7.3. C s qu trnh trao i ion
C ch trao i ion c th gm nhng giai on sau :
Di chuyn ion A t nhn ca dng cht thi lng ti b mt ca lp bin gii mng
cht lng bao quanh ht trao i ion.
Khuch tn lp ion qua lp bin gii
Chuyn ion qua bin gii phn pha v ht nha trao i.
Khuch tn ion A bn trong ht nha trao i ti cc nhm chc nng trao i ion
Phn ng ho hc trao i ion A v B
Khuch tn ion B bn trong ht trao i ion ti bin gii phn pha.
Chuyn cc ion B qua bin gii phn pha b mt trong ca mng cht lng.
Khuch tn cc ion B qua mng
Khuch tn cc ion B vo nhn dng cht lng.
3.8. X L BNG MNG
Trang 90
Cc k thut nh in thm tch, thm thu ngc, siu lc v cc qu trnh tng t khc
ngan cng `ng vai tr quan trng trong x l nc thi.
Mng c nh ngha l mt pha ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau. N c th
l cht rn, hoc mt gel (cht keo) trng n do dung mi hoc thm ch c mt cht lng.
Vic ng dng mng tch cc cht, ph thuc vo thm ca cc hp cht qua
mng.
3.8.1. Thm thu ngc

Khi nim
Thm thu l s di chuyn t pht ca dung mi t mt dung dch long vo mt
dung dch m c qua mng bn thm. ti mt p sut nht nh, s cn bng
c thit lp th p sut c gi l p sut thm thu.
C ch
Ngi ta cho rng nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hay ln
hn na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut th ch c nc
sch i qua ; mt du kch tht ca nhiu ion nh hn kch tht ca phn t nc.
Cc mng hydrat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao qun ca
mng. Kch tht lp mng hydrat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau.
Thit b
c th thit k mt thit b thm thu ngc ta cn bit thnh phn v s lng
nc thi, nhit v p sut thm thu.
3.8.2. Siu lc
Ging nh thm thu ngc, qu trnh siu lc cng ph thuc vo p sut ng lc v i
hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua v gi li mt s cu t khc. iu khc bit l
ch siu lc thng s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn t bt v c p sut thm
thu nh (v d cc vi khun, tinh bt, t st,). Cn thm thu ngc thng c s
dng kh cc cht c khi lng phn t thp v p sut thm thu cao.
Nc thi
Siu lc
Phn m c cha
cc cht hu c
Nc cha cc
cht v c
Thm thu ngc
Phn m c cha
cc cht v c
Nc khng c mui
S kt hp siu lc v thm thu ngc

Khi s dng kt hp thm thu ngc v siu lc c th lm m c v phn tch cc cht
ho tan hu c v v c trong nc thi. Sau qu trnh siu lc nhn c phn m c
Trang 91
cha cc cht hu c, cn trong qu trnh thm thu ngc s nhn c phn m c ca

cht v c.
3.8.3. Thm tch v in thm tch

Php thm tch l qu trnh phn tch cc cht rn bng s dng khuch tn khng bng nhau
qua mng. Tc khuch tn c lin quan n gradien nng qua mng.
Catot
Anot
Phan am ac
Nc san pham
Hnh 2.6.3
: Nguye
ly cuthm
a ietch
n tham tach
Nguyn
l can in
1.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g
o
loa
n
g
2.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g o a
ac c
1. Dng c nng long; 2. Dng c nng
mm
3.8.4. X l nc thi bng phng php lm thong v chng bay hi

Nc thi ca nhiu lnh vc cng nghip (ho cht, sn xut nhn to, sn xut giy
xenlulosza sunfat,) cha ccht bn d bay hi mh hyrosunfua, cacbon sunfua, metyl
mecaptan, isunfit, dimetyl sunfit, x l cc loi nc thi ny ngi ta dng phng
php lm thong.
3.8.4.1.Phng php lm thong

Khi thi khng kh vo hoc mt loi kh tr no vo nc thi cha cc cht bn ho tan
d bay hi, th hi ca cht bn khuch tn vo bt khng kh. Nu thi gian ca bt
t trng thi cn bng ca cht bn trong nc v trong bt kh th nng cht bn trong
bt kh c xc nh theo quy lut Henri.
Tc v hiu sut kh cht bn bay hi trong nc thi tu thc vo nhiu u t nh :
nhit , mc phn tn khng kh,cng lm thong, cc yu t cu to ca thp kh
kh, pH v s c mt ca cc cht bn khc nhau trong nc thi,
Thit b l : Thp kh kh vi vt liu tip xc l vng s, chiu cao lp vt liu 2 - 3 m. C

th lm thong nc thi bng phng php t nhin hay nhn to (cng bc):
Lm thong t nhin c thc hin h lng l thin v cht bn d bay hi s bay
i theo mt thong ca nc. V hiu sut kh thp v chem nhiu din tch nn
phng pht lm thong t nhin t c s dng.
Kh kh bng phng php cng bc gm 3 loi chnh : thp vi vt kiu tip xc,
thi khng kh nn vo lp nc v thp chn khng.
Trang 92
Thp lm thong bng khng kh

1. Thit b phu nc; Thit b h thng thi kh; mng phng
nga; 4. ng x cn y; vng rasing; 6. Thy tinh bo mc nc
3.8.4.2.Phng php chng bay hi
Khi cht hu c d bay hi cng vi nc to thnh hn hp ng si th ngi ta dnng
phng php chng bay hi tch cc cht cng bay theo hi nc.
Nhiu hn hp ng si khi ngng t s hnh thnh cc lp ring bit v do d dng tch
cc cht bn ra khi dung dch bo ho. Tuy nhin nhiu khi chng khng hnh thnh cc lp
ring bit do ho tan ca lp ngng vi cht bn rt ln. Nhng hn hp vn c th s
dng trc tip hoc c th s dng sau khi x l bng phng php trch ly.
3.8.5. X l nc thi bng phng php oxi kh

Cc cht bn trong nc thi cng nghip cha cc cht bn dng hu c v v c. Dng hu
c bao gm am, m ng, cc cht cha phenol, nit,... l nhng cht c th b phn
hu bi vi sinh c th x l bng phng php sinh ho. Nhng c mt s cht c nhng
nguyn t khng th x l c bng phng php sinh ho ( l nhng kim loi nng nh
ng, ch, noken, coban, st, mangan, crom, ... ). V vy x l nhng cht c hi, ngi
ta thng dng phng php ho hc v ho l, t bit thng dng nht l phng php oxy
ho kh.
3.8.5.1.Oxy ho bng Clo.

Clo v cc cht c cha Clo hot tnh l nhng cht oxy ho c th li dng tch H2S,
hyrosunfit, cc hp cht cha metylsunfit, phenol, xyanua ra khi nc thi.
3.8.5.2. Oxy ho bng hyro peoxit

Hyro peoxit H2O2 l mt cht lng khng mu c th trn ln vi nc bt k t l no.
H2O2 c dng oxy ho cc nitrit , cc aldehit, phenol, xyanua, cc cht thi cha lu
hunh v cc cht nhum mnh.
Trang 93
3.8.5.3.Oxy ho bng oxy trong khng kh

Ngoi chc nng l oxy trong khng kh c s dng tch st ra khi nc cp, oxy cn
s dng oxy ho sunfua trong nc thi ca nh my giy, ch bin du m. Qu trnh
oxy ho hyrosunfua thnh sunfua lu hunh din ra qua cc giai on thay i ho tr ca
lu hunh t -2 n -6.
S2- --> S --> S10O62- --> S2O32- --> SO32- --> SO42-
Nc ngng
1
Q
Nc
sach
7
3
Nc
thai
2
5
Khong kh
Hnh 3.4.3 : S o nguyen ly cong nghe oxy hoa sunfua
S nguyn l cng ngh oxy ha sunfua
1. Thung ra nc thai ; 2. Bm ; 3. Thiet b trao oi nhiet ; 4. Thap oxy ; 5. Bo phan

phan phoi khong kh ; 6. Thiet b tach khong kh ; 7. Thiet b lam sach.
1. Thng ra nc thi; 2. Bm; 3. Thit b trao i nhit; 4. Thp oxy ha;

5. B phn thi khng kh; 6. Thit b tch khng kh; 7. Thit b lm sch
3.8.5.4.Oxy ho bng pyroluzit

Pyroluzit thng c s dung oxy ho As3+ n As5+ theo phn ng sau :
H2AsO2 + MnO2 + H2SO4 = H2AsO4 + MnSO4 + H2O.
Khi tng nhit s lm tng mc oxy ho. Ch oxy ho` ti u nh sau :Lng MnO2
tiu tn : MnO2 bng 4 ln so vi lng tnh ton theo l thuyt : axit ca nc l 30
40 g/l ; nhit ca nc l 70oC - 80oC.
Qu trnh oxy ho ny thng c tin hnh bng cch lc nc thi qua lp vt liu MnO2
buc khuy trn nc thi vi vt liu MnO2.
3.8.5.5.Ozon ha
Phng php ny dng kh tp cht nhim bn, kh mu, kh cc v l c trong nc.
Qu trnh oxy ho c th lm sch nc thi khi phenol, sn xut du m, H2S, cc hp cht
Asen, cc cht hot ng b mt, xyanua, cht nhum,...
Trong x l bng ozon, cc hp cht h c b phn hu v xy ra s kh trng i vi nc.
Cc vi khun b cht nhanh so vi x l bng clo vi nghn ln.
3.8.6. X l nc thi bng phng php in ho.
Cc phng php in ho cho php thu hi t nc thi cc sn phm c gi tr bng cc s
cng ngh tng i n gin v c th t ng ho. Khng cn s dng tc nhn ho
hc, nhc im l tiu hao in nng.
Gm cc phng php chnh sau :
Oxy ho ca anot v kh ca catot.
ng t in
Tuyn ni bng in.
Trang 94
Chng 4: X L NC THI BNG PHNG

SINH HC
X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc l da vo kh nng sng v hot ng
ca VSV c kh nng phn ho nhng hp cht hu c.
Cc cht hu c sau khi phn ho tr thnh nc, nhng cht v c hay cc kh n
gin.
C 2 loi cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc:
- iu kin t nhin.
- iu kin nhn to.
4.1. CNG TRNH X L NC THI TRONG IU KIN T NHIN
4.1.1. Cnh ng ti cng cng v bi lc
Trong nc thi sinh hot cha mt hm lng N, P, K kh ng k. Nh vy, nc
thi l mt ngun phn bn tt c lng N thch hp vi s pht trin ca thc vt.
T l cc nguyn t dinh dng trong nc thi thng l 5:1:2 = N:P:K.
Nc thi CN cng c th s dng nu chng ta loi b cc cht c hi.
s dng nc thi lm phn bn, ng thi gii quyt x l nc thi theo iu
kin t nhin ngi ta dng cnh ng ti cng cng v cnh ng lc.
Nguyn tc hot ng : Vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng ti, cnh ng lc da
trn kh nng gi cc cn nc trn mt t, nc thm qua t nh i qua lc, nh
c oxy trong cc l hng v mao qun ca lp t mt, cc VSV hiu kh hot ng
phn hy cc cht hu c nhim bn. Cng su xung, lng oxy cng t v qu trnh
oxy ha cc cht hu c cng gim xung dn. Cui cng n su ch xy ra
qu trnh kh nitrat. xc nh c qu trnh oxy ha nc thi ch xy ra lp
t mt su ti 1.5m. V vy cc cnh ng ti v bi lc thng c xy dng
nhng ni c mc nc ngun thp hn 1.5m so vi mt t.
Nguyn tc xy dng: Cnh ng ti v bi lc l nhng mnh t c san phng
hoc to dc khng ng k v c ngn cch to thnh cc bng cc b t. Nc
thi phn b vo cc bng h thng mng li phn phi gm : mng chnh, mng
phn phi v h thng ti trong cc . Nu khu t ch dng x l nc thi, hoc
cha nc thi khi cn thit gi l bi lc.
Cnh ng ti, bi lc thng c xy dng nhng ni c dc t nhin, cch
xa khu dn c v cui hng gi. Xy dng nhng ni t ct, ct, cng c th
ni t st, nhng vi tiu chun ti khng cao v m bo t c th thm kp.
Din tch mi khng nh hn 3 ha, i vi nhng cnh ng cng cng din tch
trung bnh cc ly t 5 n 8 ha, chiu di ca nn ly khong 300-1500 m, chiu
rng ly cn c vo a hnh. Mc nc ngm v cc bin php ti khng vt qu
10 -200 m.
Trang 95
Cnh ng ti cng cng v cnh ng lc thng xy dng vi i~0,02
S cnh ng ti
1. Mng chnh v mng phn phi; 2. Mng, rnh phn phi trong
cc ; 3. Mng tiu nc; 4. ng tiu nc; 5. ng i
Khong cch v sinh ph thuc vo cng sut:

+ i vi bi lc:
- l=300m; Q=200-5000 m3/ng.
- l=500m; Q=5000-50000 m3/ng.
- l=1000m; Q>50000 m3/ng.
+ i vi cnh ng ti
- l=200m; Q=200-5000 m3/ng.
- l=400m; Q=5000-50000 m3/ng.
- l=1000m; Q>50000 m3/ng.
Mng l ti bao gm:
+ Mng chnh
+ Mng phn phi
+ H thng mng li ti trong cc
+ H thng tiu nc (nu nc khng thm t) . ( Chiu su ng tiu: 1,2-2m)
Kch thc cc ph thuc vo a hnh
+ Cnh ng ti: STB = 5-8 ha
R 1 1
=
D 4 8
+ i vi bi lc th nh hn
+ Tuy nhin chiu di : D = 300-1500 ; R = 100-200
xc nh din tch ca cnh ng ti ngi ta phn bit cc loi tiu chun:
1- T/C tiTB ngy m (m3/ng..ha.nm)
2- T/C ti theo v (lng nc ti trong sut t/g mt v).
3- T/C ti 1 ln (lng nc ti 1 ln).
Trang 96
4- T/C ti bn (lng nc cho 1 loi cy trng xut pht t kh nng bn ca nc

thi).
Din tch thc dng ca cnh ng ti, bi lc:
Q
Ftd = q (ha)
o
Vi:
+ qo: T/C ti nc ly theo cc bng sau
Tiu chun ti i vi cnh ng cng cng

to TB nm ca
KK
Loi cy trng
6-9,5oC
9,5-11oC
11-15 oC
Vn
ng
Vn
ng
Vn
ng
Tiu chun ti ((m3/ha.ng.)

st
ct
Ct
45
60
80
25
30
40
60
70
85
30
35
45
70
80
90
35
40
45
T/C ti (m3/ha)
2500-6300
5000-7000
4000-4500
3000-6500
1800-2500
5000-10000
Loi cy trng
Bp ci sm v xp l
Bp ci mun
C chua
C ci
Khoai ty
Hnh ti, rau thm
A st
Ct
T/C ph thuc mc nc ngm

1.5m
6-11oC
70
11-15 oC
80
o
6-11 C
160
o
11-15 C
180
2.0m
75
85
130
210
3.0m
85
100
235
350
Mi cnh ng c mt vng t d tr
Q
qo
Fdt = q = Ftdq
dt
dt
Vi:
qo
+ (q = 0.3-0.5)
dt
+ : h s k n vic lng nc thi khu vc d tr lun nh hn d nh v n

ph thuc vo to
t < 10oC = 0.75
t > 10oC = 0.5
Tng din tch ca cnh ng
Vi:
F = Fdt + Ftd + K(Fdt + Ftd)
Trang 97
+ K(Fdt + Ftd): phn cng trnh ph, b chn, knh mng)

+ K = (0.15-0.25), thng K = 0.25
Vn tc ti:
+ h = 1.0 m v = 0.15-0.85m/s
+ h 1.0 m v = voh0.2
h: chiu su TB ca dng chy (m).
vo: vn tc khi chiu su dng chy h = 1m.
dc: I = 0.001-0.0005
Lu lng tnh ton cho mng li :
q=
Ftd.m mFtd.1000
t = t.3600 (l/s)
Vi:
+ m: T/C ti cho loi cy ch yu
+ t: t/g ti
Lu lng nc tnh ton tiu nc:
qt =
qoT 3
t (m /ha.ng.)
Vi:
+ qo: T/C ti (m3/ha.ng.)
+ T: t/g gia cc ln ti trong ngy (h).
+ t: t/g tiu nc (0.4-0.5)T
V nc khng ng u nn nhn thm h s n (=1.5):
1000
qmt = qt.n.86400 (l/s.ha)
(modun dng chy tiu nc)
Lu lng tnh cho 1 ng:
q1 = F1. qm.t
(F1: din tch phc v)

bl
F1 = 10000 (ha)
Vi:
+ b: khong cch gia cc ng tiu nc.
+ l: chiu di ng tiu.
l = 629(H-h)
2 k
p
Vi:
+ H: chiu su chn cng
+ h: chiu su ca lp t cn tiu nc
+ k: h s thm
Loi t
Ct
A ct
Kch thc ht t
(mm)
1.22-0.12
0.12-0.076
H s thm (cm/s)
1-0.01
0.01-0.004
Trang 98
A st
St thm nc
0.076-0.038
0.038
0.004-0.001
0.001
+ P: chiu cao lp nc tiu i trong ngy
qoT
P=
t.1000
h
ho
b
4.1.2. Cnh ng ti nng nghip:

T lu ngi ta cng ngh n vic s dng nc thi nh ngun phn bn ti ln cc
cnh ng nng nghip nhng vng ngoi .
Theo ch nc ti ngi ta chia thnh 2 loi:
- Thu nhn nc thi quanh nm
- Thu nc thi theo ma
Khi thu hoch, gieo ht hoc v ma ma ngi ta li gi tr nc thi trong cc m h (h
nui c, h sinh hc, h iu ha,) hoc x ra cnh ng c, cnh ng trng cy a nc
hay hay vo vng d tr.
Chn loi cnh ng no l ty thuc vo c im thot nc ca vng v loi cy trng
hin c
Trc khi a vo cnh ng , nc thi phi c x l s b qua song chn rc, b lng ct
hoc b lng. Tiu chun ti ly thp hn cnh ng cng cng v c kin chuyn gia
nng nghip.
b
4.1.3. H sinh hc:
Cu to: H sinh vt l cc ao h c ngun gc t nhin hoc nhn to, cn gi l h oxy ha,
h n nh nc thi, Trong h sinh vt din ra qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha cc cht hu c
nh cc loi vi khun, to v cc loi thy sinh vt khc.
Nguyn tc hot ng: Vi sinh vt s dng oxy sinh ra t ru to trong qu trnh quang hp
cng nh oxy ha t khng kh oxy ha cc cht hu c, rong to li tiu th CO2,
photphat v nitrat amon sinh ra t s phn hy, oxy ha cc cht hu c bi vi sinh vt. h
hot ng bnh thng cn phi gi gi tr pH v nhit ti u. Nhit khng c thp
Trang 99
hn 60C. Theo qu trnh sinh ha, ngi ta chia h sinh vt ra cc loi:h hiu kh, h k kh
v h ty nghi.
H sinh hc dng x l nc thi bng sinh hc ch yu da vo qu trnh lm sch
ca h.
Ngoi vic x l nc thi cn c nhim v:
+ Nui trng thu sn.
+ Ngun nc ti cho cy trng.
+ iu ho dng chy.
C cc loi sau y:
+ H k kh.
+ H k hiu kh
+ H hiu kh.
4.1.3.1_ H k kh
a/ c im
o Dng lng v phn hu cn lng bng PP sinh hc t nhin da trn s phn
gii ca VSV k kh.
o Chuyn dng x l nc thi CN nhim bn.
o Khong cch v sinh (cch XN thc phm): 1.5-2 km.
o Chiu su: h = 2.4-3.6.m
b/ Tnh ton: ch yu l theo kinh nghim
o Sk kh = (10-20%) Sk hu kh
o t/g lu
+ Ma h: 1.5 ngy
+ Ma ng: > 5 ngy
o E% BOD
+ Ma h: 65-80%
+ Ma ng: 45-65%
c/ Lu
o H c 2 ngn d phng (tho bn, )
o Ca cho nc thi vo phi t chm
o S < 0.5 ha: 1 ming x
o S > 0.5 ha: b sung thm
o Ca ly nc thit k ging thu nc b mt.
4.1.3.2_ H k hiu kh: thng gp
Trong h xy ra 2 qu trnh song song
+ Oxy ho hiu kh.
+ Phn hy metan cn lng.
C 3 lp:
+ Hiu kh
+ Trung gian
+ K kh
Ngun oxy cp ch yu l do qu trnh quang hp rong to.
Qu trnh k kh y ph thuc vo to.
Chiu su ca h k hiu kh: 0.9-1.5 m.
TNH TON
1/ Chiu su ca h: 0.9-1.5 m
D 1 2
2/ T l chiu di v rng: R = (1 : 1)
3/ Vng c gi: S rng ; Vng t gi: H c nhiu ngn
4/ Nu y d thm ph lp t st S = 15 cm
Trang 100
5/ B h c mi dc:
+ Trong (1:1 1.5:1)
+ Ngoi (2:1 2.5:1)
6/ Nn trng c dc h (cch mt taly v y 30 cm phi gia c b tng).
7/ Cu to ca vo v ca ra:
ng dn
nc
Mc nc H
ng dn
nc
Mc nc H
1
Tm ngn ni
Ong dn nc ra
8/ Hiu qu x l
Lt
1
E = L = 1 + kt
a
t
Vi:
+ La: BOD5 nc thi (mg/l)
+ Lt: BOD5 x l
+ t: t/g lu nc thi
+ kt: H s ph thuc vo to
kt =k20 . C (T - 20)
k20 = (0.5-1): nc thi sinh hot

k20 = (0.3-2.5): nc thi CN
C = (1.035-1.074): h t nhin
C = (1.045): tip kh nhn to
T: nhit h (oC)
9/ Thi gian lu nc:
La - Lt
t = k .L
t t
Trang 101
10/ Ti lng BOD5: BOD5 = 11.2(1.054)(1.8T + 32)

4.1.3.3. H hiu kh: Oxy ho cc cht HC nh VSV hiu kh. C 2 loi:
a/ H lm thong t nhin: cp oxy ch yu do khuych tn khng kh qua mt nc v
quang hp ca cc thc vt.
Chiu su ca h: 30-50 cm.
Ti trng BOD: 250-300 kg/ha.ngy.
t/g lu nc: 3-12 ngy.
Din tch h ln.
b/ H lm thong nhn to: cp oxy bng kh nn, my khuy,
Chiu su: h = 2-4.5 m.
Ti trng BOD: 400 kg/ha.ngy.
Thi gian lu: 1-3 ngy.
Tuy nhin hot ng nh h k hiu kh.
V d p dng: Tnh h sinh hc cho cng trnh x l nc thi khu th vi cc s liu cho sau
y:
Cc s liu u vo tnh ton:
Lu lng trung bnh ca nc thi trong ngy m: Q = 2988,6 m3/ng;

Hm lng cht l lng: 52,5 mg/L;
Hm lng NOS20 sau x l: 140 mg/L;

Nhit ca nc thi: 250C.
S liu u ra cn t:
Hm lng cht l lng 25 mg/L

Hm lng NOS20 70 mg/L
Chn h sinh hc hiu kh hai bc vi lm thong t nhin tnh ton thit k. Phng php tnh
ton da theo TCXD-51-84, ph lc E, mc 6.
a. Tnh ton h sinh hc bc I:
Gi s rng hiu qu x l nc thi h sinh vt bc I t 30%. Nh vy, hm lng NOS20 ca
nc thi ra khi h bc I s l 140 x 70% = 98 mg/L. Thi gian lu nc ti h bc I c tnh theo
cng thc:
t1 =
L
1
1
140
lg a =
lg
= 3,5 ngy m
1 K1 Lt 0,35 0,1258 98
Trong :
1 :
H s s dng th tch h: chn t l B:L = 1:1 - 1:3, 1 = 0,35;
K1 :
Hng s nhit , ng vi nhit nc thi h bc I l 250C, ta c:
K 1 = 0,1 1,047 (25 20 ) = 0,1258 ;

La :
Hm lng NOS20 dn vo h bc I;
Lt :
Hm lng NOS20 t h bc I dn vo h bc II.
Th tch h bc I c tnh theo cng thc:

tb
W1 = Qngd
t1 = 2988,6 3,5 10460 m3
Din tch mt thong ca h bc I c tnh theo cng thc:
Trang 102
F1 =
tb
C p (La Lt )
Qngd
a (C p C 0 ) Tr
2988,6 8,58 (140 98)

74279 m2
0,9 (8,58 5) 4,5
Trong :
Cp :
Lng oxy ha tan tng ng vi nhit ca nc trong h, ly Cp = 8,58 mg/L;
C0 :
Hm lng oxy ha tan trong nc ra khi h, ly = 5 - 6 mg/L;
La :
Hm lng NOS20 dn vo h bc I;
Lt :
Hm lng NOS20 t h bc I dn vo h bc II;
Tr :
ha tan t nhin ca khng kh vo nc ng vi thiu ht oxy bng 1, ly

bng 4 - 6 g/m3.ng, chn Tr = 4,5 g/m3.ng;
H s c trng tnh cht b mt ca h:

Khi b h khc khuu, a = 0,5 - 0,6;
Khi b h bnh thng, a = 0,8 - 0,9, ly a = 0,9.
Chn thit k h sinh hc bc I gm 4 n nguyn, ta tnh c kch thc mi h sinh hc

bc I trn mt bng c chn nh sau:
L1 B1 =
74279
18570 = 150m 125m
4
Chiu su lp nc ca h sinh vt bc I:
H1 =
W1 10460
=
= 0,56 m
F1 18570
b. Tnh ton h sinh hc bc II:

Thi gian lu nc ti h bc I c tnh theo cng thc:
t2 =
L
1
1
98
lg t =
lg = 1,6 ngy m
2 K 2 Lr 0,8 0,1148 70
Trong :
2 :
H s s dng th tch h, 2 = 0,8 ng vi t l B : L n 1 : 30;
K2 :
Hng s nhit , ng vi nhit nc thi h bc II l 230C, ta c:
K 2 = 0,1 1,047 (23 20 ) = 0,1148 ;

Lt :
Hm lng NOS20 dn vo h bc II;
Lr :
Hm lng NOS20 cn t sau x l.
Th tch h bc II c tnh theo cng thc:

tb
W2 = Qngd
t 2 = 2988,6 1,6 4755 m3
Din tch mt thong ca h bc I c tnh theo cng thc:
F2 =
tb
C p (Lt Lr )
Qngd
a (C p C0 ) Tr
2988,6 8,58 (98 70 )

49520 m2
0,9 (8,58 5) 4,5
Chn thit k h sinh hc bc II gm 2 n nguyn, ta tnh c kch thc mi h sinh hc

bc II trn mt bng c chn nh sau:
Trang 103
L2 B2 =
49520
24760 = 160m 155m
2
Chiu su lp nc ca h sinh vt bc II:
H2 =
W2
4755
=
0,2 m
F2 24760
4.2. CNG TRNH X L SINH HC NHN TO

4.2.1. B lc sinh hc (B Biophin)( c lp vt liu khng ngp nc)
CHI TIET THAP LOC SINH HOC
800
CAU THANG
CHI TIET 1
3125
DAN PHAN PHOI NC
70
00
4000
VAT LIEU LOC
70
400
600
GIA VAT LIEU LOC
3000
00
300
COT 300 x 300 mm
150
750
300
4753
300
50
60
300
4754
300
4753
50
0
50
00
3000
70
00
00
70
230
40
15000
230
150
0
10
A-A
150 750
50
350
150
4753
300
COT 300*300
CHI TIET 1
DAN ON G PHAN PHOI NC 4 GOC THAP
2000
NC VAO
300
CAC H BO TR HE THON G PHAN PHOI NC
4754
15460
THANG THAM
17260
T LE 1:2
CA NC RA
1000
30
1000
1000
300
BE TUAN HOAN
2000
150
850
ON G SUC KH
600
1200
19300
300
1000
300
CA NC QUA BE AEROTEN
1000
1000
MAT BANG
150
50
200
1000
2020
50
3980
TRNG HDL KTCN TP. HO CH MINH

KHOA MOI TRNG
LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP
20
100
1000
7000
1000
50
T LE 1:15
1000
300
300
CA NC TUAN HOAN LAI

HO BM SINH HOC
VAT LIEU LOC
1000
1500
1500
300
100
1000
1000
ON G NC TUAN HOAN
T MAY EP BUN
300
1000
750
230
1000
4753
1000
1000
500
1000
300
CHI TIET ON G QUAY PHAN PHOI NC

TL 1:10
CAC H SAP XEP VAT LIEU LOC
NGHIEN CU CAI TAO HE THON G X LY NC THAI TAP TRUNG

KHU CON G NGHIEP VIET NAM - SINGAPORE
GVHD
GV KS. LAM VNH SN
CNBM
GS TS. LAM MINH TRIET
SVTH
NGUYEN KHA TUAN
THAP LOC
SINH HOC
TY LE : 1:80
SO BAN VE : 15
BAN VE SO : 11
THAN G 12 - 2004
Lc sinh hc c vt liu khng ngp nc
Cu to: c vt liu tip xc khng ngp nc.

- Cc lp vt liu c rng v din tch ln nht (nu c th).
- Nc thi c phn phi u.
- Nc thi sau khi tip xc VL to thnh cc ht nh chy thnh mng nh lung
qua khe h VL lc.
- b mt VL lc v cc khe h gia chng cc cn bn c gi li to thnh
mng _ Mng sinh hc.
- Lng oxy cn thit cp lm oxy ho cht bn i t y ln.
- Nhng mng VS cht s cng nc thi ra khi b c gi b lng 2.
Vt liu lc:
- C din tch b mt/v din tch ln
- Than cc, cc, cui si ln, ong (60-100 mm)
- HVL = 1.5-2.5 m.
- Nha c sn PVC c s dng rng ri ngy nay HVL = 6=9 m.
H thng phn phi nc:
- Dn ng t ng qua (b trn, thp lc).
- Dn ng c nh (lc sinh hc nh git) cao ti.
Trang 104
- Khong cch t vi phun n b mt VL: 0.2-0.3 m.

Sn v thu nc: c 2 nhim v:
- Thu u nc c cc mnh v ca mng sinh hc b trc.
- Phn phi u gi vo b lc duy tr MT hiu kh trong cc khe rng.
- Sn bng b tng v sn nung
- Khong cch t sn phn phi n y b thng 0.6-0.8 m, i = 1-2 %
Phn loi b lc sinh hc:
Thng s
Chiu cao lp VL
n v o
m
Ti trng thp
1-3
Kg BOD5/1 m3.ngy
m3/m2.ngy
cc, than cc,

ong,
0.08-0.4
1-4.1
Ti trng cao
0.9-2.4 ()
6-8 (nha tm)
cc, than,
ong, nha c.
0.4-1.6
4.1-40.7
80-90
65-85
Loi VL
Ti trng theo cht HC
Ti trng thu lc theo din
tch b mt
Hiu qu BOD
TNH TON
1/ Hiu qu kh BOD:
E = (%)
Vi:
+ W: ti trng BOD ca b lc (kg/ngy)

W = Q (So S)
(S: 14 - 15 mg/l)
+ V: th tch VL lc
So - S
V1 = CO : th tch / 1m3 nc
6 < tkk < 10oC: CO = 250
tkk > 10oC:
CO = 300
tkk 10oC:
t1
CO = 30 100C
(CO: cng sut oxy ho (g/m3.ng.) )

V = V1Q
+ F: thng s tun hon nc
F=
1+R
R
(1 + 10)2
QT
R = Q : H s tun hon
2/ Xc nh li th tch VL lc theo hiu sut Eo
Eo =
100
0.4333 2 W
1+ 1-E
VF
Gii PT
Vmi
4/ Din tch b lc:
Trang 105
V
S=H
5/ ng knh b lc
D=
Nu Hnh ch nht:
6/ Ti trng thu lc:
4S
S = DxR
a=
Q + QT
S
7/ Ti trng cht HC
W
b = V (kg BOD / 1 m3.ngy)
8/ Lng kh cp:
f
WKK = 21
Vi:
+ f: lng BOD20 nc thi

+ 21: t l oxy khng kh
Cc cng thc tnh ti trng trn p dng tnh b lc sinh hc l cc, si, (60-100
mm); HVL = 0.9-2.5 m.
i vi b lc sinh hc c lp vt liu l cc tm nha gp np, HVL = 4-9 m: thp
sinh hc.
1/ Ti trng:
Co = P.H.KT/
Vi:
(g BOD5 / m2.ngy)
+ H: chiu cao vt liu lc

+ P: rng lp VL (%).
+ KT: hng s nhit (oC)
KT = K20 . 1,047 T 20 = 0,2 . 1,047 T 20
+ : ph thuc BOD5 u ra.
S (mg/l) 10
3.3
15
2.6
20
2.25
25
2
30
1.75
35
1.6
40
1.45
45
1.3
2/ Ti trng thu lc tnh bng (m3 NT/m3 TTVL lc)

qo = Co . Fa/So
Vi:
+ Fa: din tch b mt VL lc trn 1 n v VL lc (m2/m3)

+ So: BOD5 vo
4/ Th tch VL lch
Q
W=q
Trang 106
10.2.2._ B lc sinh hc c lp VL ngp trong nc thi
CHI TIET BE LOC SINH HOC

MANG CHAY TRAN
ONG DAN KH CHNH 168
ONG DAN NC THAI VAO 90
LAN CAN
ONG DAN NC THAI RA 250
500
500
ONG DAN KH NHANH 60
CAU THANG
3000
3000
VAT LIEU BAM DNH

0.00
0.00
0.00
2000
2200
1000
200
200
200
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
CHI TIET 1
1000
31000
200
200
200
200
500 1000 500 500 1000 500 500 1000 500 200
200
200
200
MAT CAT B-B
ONG PHAN PHOI NC THAI UC LO 42
R60
MAT CAT A-A

ONG DAN NC THAI VAO 90
200
VAT LIEU BAM DNH
CHI TIET 2
200
20
60
20
300
ONG DAN NC THAI RA
250
6000
2000
CHI TIET 1 (TY LE 20/1)

CHAN E ONG DAN KH
CHI TIET 2 (TY LE 20/1)

A SUC KH
CHI TIET 3
D20
1000
1000
1000
42
200
200
B
CHI TIET BO VAT LIEU BAM DNH
(ONG PVC RUOT GA 34)
MAT BANG
TRNG AI HOC KY THUAT - CONG NGHE

KHOA MOI TRNG - CNSH
SO ? KHNG GIAN M? NG LU ? I PHN PH? I KH
CHI TIET 3
(ONG PHAN PHOI NC 42 UC LO)
O AN TOT NGHIEP
THIET KE HE THONG X LY NUC THAI SINH HOAT

KHU DAN C TAN QUY ONG-QUAN 7
SVTH
NGUYEN CONG HANH
GVHD
Th.s. LAM VNH SN
CHI TIET BE LOC SINH HOC
TY LE 1:1
SO BAN VE: 11
BAN VE SO: 08
12 / 2007
Lc sinh hc c lp vt liu ngp trong nc nc
BOD + NH3 + O2
T bo VS (C5H7NO2) + O2 + H2O
O2
NH3 + CO2 + H2O
+ O2
NO2
+ O2
NO3-
Trong lp VL lc BOD b kh v chuyn ho NH4+ NO3Khi tn tht trong lp VL lc = 0,5 m ng van v x cn (30-40 giy)
Cng ra lc: 12-14 l/s.m2
TNH TON
+ BOD5 500
+ Tc lc 3m/h.
+ dht = 2-5 mm.
+ Hiu qu lc:
So
K = S = 10F+
Vi:
- F: chun s : F = H.B0,6.KT/q0,4
Trong :
Trang 107
KT = 0,2 x 1,047 T 20
T (oC): nhit nc thi
H: chiu cao lp VL lc
B: lu lng n v ca KK: 8 12 (m3 KK / 1 m3 nc thi)
q: ti trng thu lc (20-80 m3/m2.ng).
, : ph thuc vo qv ca KK, vo F
1.51
0.47
1.2
0.4
1.1
0.2
F
0.662
0.662
0.85
0.85
1.06
1.06
8
10
12
0
0.69
0.13
0.83
0.19
1.15
Bi tp p dng 1. Tnh ton b lc sinh hc c lp vt liu ngp nc

- BOD5 = 190 mg/l
-
Tc lc 3m/h.
dht = 2-5 mm.
Hiu qu lc:
So
K = S = 10F+
Trong :
So : Nng BOD5 u vo b lc sinh hc, So = 190 mg/l

S : Nng BOD5 u ra b lc sinh hc
H vl B 0.6 K 2 10 0.6 0.251

=
= 0.418
F : Chun s : F =
q 0. 4
50 0.4
KT = 0.2 x 1.047 T 20 = 0.2 x 1.047(25 - 20) = 0.251
T (oC): Nhit nc thi, T = 25oC
Hvl : Chiu cao lp vt liu lc, Hvl = 1.5 - 2m, Chn Hvl = 2m
B: Lu lng n v ca khng kh: 8 12 (m3 khng kh /m3 nc thi). Chn B = 10 (m3
khng kh /m3 nc thi)
q: Ti trng thu lc (20-80 m3/m2.ng), chn q = 50 (m3/m2.ng)
, : Ph thuc vo qnv ca khng kh v chun s F. Chn = 1.51, = 0
B
8
10
12
F
0.662
0.662
0.85
0.85
1.06
1.06
1.51
0.47
1.2
0.4
1.1
0.2
0
0.69
0.13
0.83
0.19
1.15
S0
= 10F +
S
=> S =
-
S0
190
= 1.510.662 = 19 mg/l
F +
10
10
Th tch b lc sinh hc:
Trang 108
W =
Trong :
(S 0 S ) QTBNgy
NO
So : Nng BOD5 u vo b lc sinh hc, So = 190 mg/l

S : Nng BOD5 u ra b lc sinh hc, S = 13.45 mg/l
Ngy
Ngy
QTB
: Lu lng trung bnh ngy m, QTB = 1200 m3/ngym
NO : Nng lc oxy ha ca b lc, NO = 550 gO2/m3.ngym (X l nc thi th v cng

nghip Lm Minh Trit)
W=
-
550
= 373 m3
Din tch hu ch ca b lc sinh hc:
F=
Trong :
(190 19) 1200
W
H vl n
n : So ngn ca b lc sinh hc. Chn n = 1
F=
373
= 186.5 m2
2 1
Chn chiu di ca b D = 31m, chiu rng R = 6m

-
Chiu cao phn y h1 = 0.5 m
Chiu cao lp vt liu Hvl = 2 m
Chiu cao dnh cho vt liu dn n h2 = 1 m
Chiu cao phn cha nc ra h3 = 1 m
Chiu cao bo v hbv = 0.5 m
Tng chiu cao b lc: H = Hvl + h1 + h2 + h3 + hbv = 2 + 0.5 + 1 + 1 + 0.5 = 5 m

* Lng kh cn thit
-
Lu lng khng kh cn cung cp cho b iu ha:

h
Lk = B Qmax
Trong :
B: Lu lng n v ca khng kh: 8 12 (m3 khng kh /m3 nc thi). Chn B = 10 (m3
khng kh /m3 nc thi)

h
h
: Lu lng gi ln nht, Qmax = 83 m3/h
Qmax
Lk = 10 83 = 830 m3/h
Chn h thng cung cp kh bng ng thp, phn phi kh bng a sc kh, c phn b dc theo
chiu di b cch nhau 1m. Nh vy c tt c 30 ng.
-
Lu lng kh trong mi ng:

qng =
Trong :
-
Lkh 830
= 83 m3/h
=
10
10
Vn tc kh trong ng 10 15 m/s. Chn vng = 10 m/s

ng knh ng chnh:
Dng =
4 Lkh
4 830
=
= 0.171 m = 171 mm
vng 3600
10 3600
Chn ng chnh Dng = 168 mm.
Trang 109

-
ng knh ng nhnh:
4 q ng
d ng =
vng 3600
4 83
= 0.54 m = 54 mm
10 3600
Chn ng phn phi kh c dng = 60 mm.

-
Chn dng a xp:
ng knh : d = 300 mm
Din tch b mt : f = 0.07 m2
Cng kh 200 l/pht.a = 3.33 l/s
S lng a phn phi trong b :

=
Lk
830 1000
=
= 69.23
3.33
3.33 3600
=> S lng a: chn = 90 a

-
B tr h thng sc kh:
Chiu rng :B = 6 m
Chiu di : D = 31 m
S lng a 90 a chia lm 30 hng, mi hng 3 i c phn b u cch mt sn ca b 1x2 m,

cch mt sn 0.2 m
-
Xc nh cng sut thi kh:
W=
Trong :
34400 ( p 0.29 1) Lkh

102 n
Lkh: Lu lng kh cn cung cp. Lkh = 0.23 (m3/s)

n: Hiu sut my bm: Chn n = 75%
p: Ap lc ca khng kh nn
p=
Trong :
10.33 + H d 10.33 + 5.4

= 1.52 (atm)
=
10.33
10.33
hd: Tn tht do ma st
hc: Tn tht cc b ng hd + hc 0.4 Chn hd + hc = 0.4
hf: Tn tht qua thit b phn phi kh. hf 0.5 Chn hf = 0.5
H: Chiu cao hu ch ca b, H = 4.5 m
Hd = 0.4 + 0.5 + 4.5 = 5.4 m

Vy cng sut thi kh l:
W=
-
34400 1.52 0.29 1 0.23

= 13.35 (KW/h)
102 0.75
Cng sut thc ca my thi kh:

Ntt = 1.2 x W = 1.2 x 13.35 = 16 KW/h
Vy chn 2 my thi kh c cng sut 18 KW / h. Hai my chy lun phin nhau cung cp kh cho 2
b iu ha v b lc sinh hc
Tm tt kch thc b lc sinh hc:
K hiu
Kch thc
D x R x (H + hbv)
31m x 6m x (4.5m + 0.5)
Cng sut my sc kh(W)
13.35 KW/h
Trang 110
Bi tp v d p dng 2. Tnh b lc sinh hc nh git

Tnh ton theo ti trng thy lc:
Xc nh h s K:
K=
La 1956,3
=
= 16,3
120
Lt
Trong :
La :
Lt
Lng NOS20 trc khi a vo b Biophin;
Lng NOS20 cn t sau x l ti b.
Chn ti trng thy lc q0 = 20 m3/m2.ng

Vi l do:
Khng tun hon nc thi;
Lng khng kh cp vo nh;
Chiu cao cng trnh nh;
Din tch cng trnh nh.
Ta chn cc s liu nh sau:
B = 8 m3/m2.ng
H = 3,5 m
Vi lu lng khng kh a vo b B = 8 m3/m2 nc thi

Khi chiu cao cng tc b: H = 3,5 m; (tra bng 7.5 Gio trnh x l nc thi HXD, 1975) ta c h s K1
= 18,05 > K = 16,3 nn khng cn tun hon nc thi.
Din tch b Biophin:
F=
tb
Qngd
q0
2988,6
= 149,43 m2
20
Trong :
tb
:
Qngd
Lu lng nc thi trung bnh ngy m;
q0
Ti trng thy lc.
Th tch ca b:
W = F H = 149,43 3,5 523 m3

Chn s b n = 4
Din tch mt bng mt b:
f =
F 149,43
=
= 37,36 m2
4
4
ng knh b:
D=
4f
4 37,36
= 6,9 m
3,14
Chiu cao xy dng b Biophin:
H xd = H ct + h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 = 3,5 + 0,4 + 1 + 0,25 + 0,5 = 6,05 m

Trong :
Hct :
Chiu su ca lp vt liu lc, Hct = 3,5 m;
Trang 111

h1 :
Chiu su t mt nc trong b n lp vt liu lc, h1 = 0,4 m;
h2 :
Chiu su khng gian gi sn vt liu lc v nn, h2 = 1 m;
h3 :
su ca mng thu nc chnh, h3 = 0,25 m;
h4 :
su ca phn mng, h4 = 0,5 m;
h5 :
Chiu cao bo v (t mt nc n thnh b), h5 = 0,5 m.
Cu to ca lp vt liu lc gm:
Si vi c ng knh ht l 5 mm;
Lp lt sn vt liu lc 0,2 m;
Dng si vi c ng knh 6 - 10 mm.
Tnh ton h thng ti phn lc:
B Biophin thit k dng hnh trn, phn phi nc bng h thng ti phn lc vi cc cnh ti t cch
lp vt liu lc 0,2 m.
Lu lng tnh ton nc thi trn 1 b Biophin cao ti:
q=
Qmax .s 67,45
=
= 16,86 L/s
n
4
ng knh h thng ti:
Dt = Db 0,2 = 6,9 0,2 = 6,7 m

Trong : 0,2 l khong cch gia u ng ti ti thnh b
Chn 4 ng phn phi trong h thng ti ng knh mi ng ti c xc nh theo cng thc:
D=
4.q
4 0,067
= 0,16 m, chn D = 200 mm
=
4. .
4 3,14 0,8
Trong :
v
Vn tc chuyn ng ca nc trong ng; v 1 m/s, chn v = 0,8 m/s.
S l trn mi ng ti:
m=
1
80
1 1
Dt
1
80
1 1
6700
42 l
Khong cch t mi l n trc ng ng l:
ri =
Dt
i
2
m
Trong : i l s th t ca l k t trc cch ti:
ri =
6700
1
517 mm
2
42
ri =
6700
2
731 mm
2
42
S vng quay ca h thng trong:
n=
34,8 10 6
34,8 10 6
q
=
4,215 = 3,62 vng/pht
0
42 12 2 6700
m d12 Dt
Trong :
Trang 112

d1 :
ng knh l trn ng ti d = 12 mm (theo iu 6.14-20 TCXD-51-84);
q0 :
Lu lng mi ng ti, q0 = 16,86
= 4,215 L/s
p lc cn thit ca h thng ti:
256.10 6 81.10 6 294.Dt

h = q02 4 2
+ 2 3
4
d
.
m
d
K .10
1
0
256.10 6 81.10 6 294 6700

= 240,13 mm = 0,24 m
h = 4,215 2 4
+
2
200 4
300.10 3
12 42
Trong :
k
Mun lu lng ly theo bng: k = 300 (Tra bng 7.5, Gio trnh x l nc thi HXD,
1974)
Ta c h= 0,24 m > 0,2 m
tha mn p lc yu cu h thng ti phn lc hot ng c.
4.2.2. B Aerotank
4.2.2.1- ng hc ca qa trnh x l sinh hc
qu trnh x l bng PP sinh hc xy ra tt th cn thit phi to iu kin pH, nhit ,
. Lc qu trnh x l s xy ra.:
a/ Tng trng TB: Tc tng trng c th biu din
dx
rt = .X = d = .x (1)
t
Vi:
+ rt: tc tng trng ca VK.(g/m3.s)

+ : tc tng trng ring 1/s.
+ X: nng bn hot tnh (g/m3)
b/ Cht nn- gii hn tng trng
Trong qu trnh sinh trng cht nn (BOD) cp lin tc
nh lut:
S
= m K + S
(2)
s
Vi:
qu trnh tng trng tun theo
+ m: tc tng trng ring max.

+ S: nng cht nn trong nc thi thi im tng trng b hn ch (lc s
lng cht nn ch c gii hn).(nng cn li trong nc thi)
+ Ks: hng s bn tc (ni ln s nh hng ca nng cht nn thi im:
max
= 2
m.X.S
T (1) v (2)
rt = K + S (3)
s
c/ S tng trng TB v s dng cht nn
Tip tc
Cc TB mi
Hp th cht nn
Cht nn
Oxy ho
Cht VC v HC n nh
Trang 113
Quan h gia tc tng trng v lng cht nn c s dng:

rt = -Y.rd
(4)
Vi:
+ rd: tc s dng cht nn (g/m3.s).

+ Y: h s nng sut s dng cht nn cc i (mg/mg).
T (3) v (4)
m.X.S
m
K.X.S
rd = Y(K + S) = K + S
(t K = Y ) (5)
s
s
d/ nh hng h hp ni bo
S gim khi lng ca cc TBo do cht v tng trng chm t l vi lng vi sinh c
trong nc thi v gi l phn hu ni bo (endogenous decay).
rd = -Kd.X
Vi:
+ rd: (do phn hy ni bo) s dng cht nn.
+ Kd:h s phn hu ni bo
+ X: nng bn hot tnh.
Do , tc tng trng thc:
m.X.S
m.S
rt = K + S - Kd.X = (K + S - Kd).X
s
s
Hay rt= -Yrd Kd.X
Tc tng trng ring thc:
S
= m.K + S - Kd
s
- Tc tng sinh khi (bn hot tnh):
r t'
yb = r
d
4.2.2.2- Nguyn l lm vic ca b Aerotank
B A c a ra v nghin cu rt lu (t 1887-1914 p dng).
B A l cng trnh XL sinh hc s dng bn hot tnh ( l loi bn xp cha nhiu
VS c kh nng oxy ho cc cht hu c).
Thc cht qu trnh x l nc thi bng b A vn qua 3 giai on:
+ Giai on 1: Tc xoxy ho xc nh bng tc tiu th oxy.
+ Giai on 2: Bn hot tnh khi phc kh nng oxy ho, ng thi oxy ho tip
nhng cht HC chm oxy ho.
+ Giai on 3: Giai on nit ho v cc mui amn.
Khi s dng b A phi c h thng cp kh (hnh v theo ti liu).
4.2.2.3- Phn loi b Aerotant
a/ Theo nguyn l lm vic
B A thng thng: cng sut ln
+ B A x l sinh ho khng hon ton (BOD20 ra ~ 60-80 mg/l)
+ B A x l sinh ho hon ton (BOD20 ra ~ 15-20).
Trang 114
B A sc cha cao: BOD20 > 500 mg/l.

b/ Phn loi theo s cng ngh
A
1 bc
A
2 bc
c/ Cu trc dng chy
A y
Nc ra
Nc vo
Khng kh
Bn hot tnh
tun hon
A trn
Bn hot tnh tun hon
Nc t b lng
ln th nht
Khng kh
Nc ra khi b
A kiu hn hp.
Nc t b lng ln th nht
Nc ra
Bn hot tnh
tun hon
Khng kh
d/ Theo PP lm thong
Bng kh nn
Khuy c hc
Thong kt hp
Qut gi
4.2.2.4- Cc dng s b A
S 1 (p dng rng ri)
A
Lng II
Cn d
Bn hot tnh
-
A mt bc, khng c ngn phc hi bn

Thit b v qun l n gin
Trang 115
S 2
A
Lng II
Bn d
B.htnhh
Ngn
phc hi
S 3:
A.1
Lng II (1)
A.2
Lng II (2)
X s
c
4.2.2.5- Tnh ton b
a. Xc nh cng thc v xc nh ng hc (nhc li nh hng ca phn hu ni bo)
rt= -Yrd Kd.X
Tc tng trng ring thc:
S
= m.K + S - Kd
s
Tc tng sinh khi:

r t'
yb = r
d
b. Lp cc m hnh tnh ton b Aerotank, P hiu kh
+ M hnh m phng h (hnh v)
MOHNH TH NGHIE
M BU
N HOAT TNH
IV
IV
III
IV
II
IV
IV
VI
+ Thit lp CT tnh ton cc thng s ng hc

K, Ks
m.X.S
K.X.S
- Ta c: rd = Y(K + S) = K + S
s
s
m
(t K = Y ) (theo 5)
Trang 116
Mc khc rd (T l lng cht nn mt trong mt n v thi gian : h s phn

S S 0 S S 0 S
=
=
Q (6)
hy ni bo): rd =
T
V
K.X.S S S
T 5 v 6 K + S = 0
s
K +S
X
= s
KS
S0 S
K 1 1
X
= s. +
Hoc
S0 S
K S K
- V ng thng hi quy tuyn tnh quan h gia X/ (S0 S) v 1/S
T ta c : y= ax + b
1
1
b = K K = b
K S = a K = a.K
S
K
Kd v Y
Xo: lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi.
So: cht nn trong nc thi.
Qv: lu lng nc thi vo.
QT: lu lng bn.
X: nng bn sau khi ho trn.
S: nng cn li sau khi ra khi b (nng cht nn).
Qr: lng nc sau khi ra ngun
Xr: nng bn hot tnh trong nc lng (ra khi b )
XT: bn hot tnh lng xung tun
: thi gian lu nc.
c: tui bn (thi gian lu bn).
dx
d : tc thay i nng bn hot tnh.
t
V: th tch b.
rt: tc tng trng thc ca bn hot tnh trong thi gian.
Hay
Cc PT cn bng:
Lng bn trong b = Lng bn i vo Lng bn x ra + Lng bn tng ln trong b
sau thi gian lu nc.
dx
dt .V = Qv.Xo (Qx.XT + Qr.Xr) + V(rt)
Gii phng trnh vi phn trn khi : X0 = 0 , n nh ; dx/dt = 0; rt= -Yrd Kd.X
Qx.XT + Qr.Xr
rd
= YX - Kd
V.X
Q xa X T + Qr X r
: lng bn thc Xthc
(Trong :
X
Ta c
ngha l
X thuc
V
Trang 117
Do :
Mc khc : rd =
rd
= YX - Kd (*)
S S 0 S S 0 S
=
=
Q th vo * ta c :
T
(S 0S )
K d
C
X
V ng thng hi quy tuyn tnh quan h gia thng s
(S0 - S)/ (.X) v 1/c
=Y
T ta c dng: y = ax + b
Kd = b
Y =a
+ Thit lp cng thc tnh th tch b Aerotank

Cch 1
T phng trnh
(S S )
1
=Y 0
K d
X
C
Q 1
=
Kt hp :
V
YQ( S 0 S )
1
=
K d
VX
C
Ta c :
V=
Q.Y.(So - S)c
X(1 + Kd. c)
Cch 2
+ rd: Tc s dng cht nn

Qv
So - S
rd = - V (So S) =
rd
+ t: = X : Tc s dng cht nn tnh cho 1 n v khi lng (g) bn hot
tnh/n v thi gian.
rd Q S o - S
=X=V X
Q(So - S)
V=
X
Ngoi ra:
F
Ch s quan trng: lng cht nn/khi lng bn hot tnh (M ).
Vi:
+ F: food
Trang 118
+ M: microorganism ratio
F So
M = X
Lu : khi chn la cc thng s cn lu :
So 100: X 1500 mg/l
So = 100-150: X 1000 mg/l
So = 150-200: X 2800 mg/l
So > 200: X = 2800-4000 mg/l
tro: Z = 0,3
c. Tnh ton thit k
+ Cc thng s u vo
BOD5
QNT, So, f = COD , t, Sra, CODra, SS, Xo, % cn HC(= a), X, Z, Xtun hon, Y, c
+ Xc nh hiu qu x l:
- Lng cn HC trong nc thi ra khi b lng: a.BOD5 ra = b.
- Lng cn HC theo COD:
1,42.b.(1 z) = c
(1,42: mg O2 sdng/md TBo phn hu)
- Lng BOD5 trong cn ra khi b: f.c = d
- Lng BOD5 ho tan khi b lng: c = BOD5 cho php d
Hiu qu x l theo COD:
CODvo - (CODra - c)
E=
CODvo
Hiu qu x l theo BOD5:
BOD5 vo - d
E = BOD
5 vo
Hiu qu x l BOD ton b
BODvo - BODra
E=
BODvo
-
+ Th tch b
V=
Q.Y.(So - S)c
X(1 + Kd. c)
(m3)
+ Thi gian lu nc
V
=Q
+ Lng bn HC l lng khi s dng BOD5:
- Tc tng trng ca bn:
Y
Yb =
(1/ngy)
1 + c xK d
- Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong ngy:
(kg/ngy)
Px = Yb.Q.(So - S)
- Tng lng cn lu lng sinh ra (tng bn d):
Px
Px1 = 1 - z
- Lng cn d hng ngy x ra:
Px = Px1 Pra
(Pra = Q.SSra.10-3)
- Lu lng x bn:
Trang 119
Qx =
V.X - Qr.Xr. c
XT.c
Vi:
+ Qr = Q v
+ XT = (1-z)Xbn
+ Xr = (1-z).c (mg/l)
+ Thi gian tch lu cn (tun hon ton b) khng x cn ban u
V.Xb
(ngy)
T= P
x
( Tthc = (3-4)T)
+ Sau khi h thng hot ng n nh th lng bn HC x ra hng ngy
(kg/ngy)
B = Qx.Xb
- Cn bay hi: B = (1-z).B.
- Cn bay hi trong nc x l i ra khi b: B = Qr.Xr
- Tng cn HC sinh ra: B + B = Px
+ Xc nh lu lng tun hon: Qr
X
QT
Gii ra tm QT
Qr = XT - X
+ T l F/M
So
F/M =
.X
+ Lng kh cn thit
- Lng oxy cn thit:
Q(So - S)
4.57(No - N)
OCo = 1000.f - 1.42Px +
(kg/ngy)
1000
Vi:
+ No: tng nit ban u (sau khi b sung dinh dng)
+ N: tng nit ra (5-6 mg/l)
- Lng oxy thc t:
Cs
1
1
OCt = OCo + C + C .1.024(T - 20) . (kg/ngy)
s
Vi:
+ Cs: oxy bo ho trong nc (9,08 mg/l).
+ C: lng oxy cn duy tr trong b (2-3 mg/l)
+ : 0,6-0,94.
+ OCTB = OCt/24 (kg/h)
+ OCt max = 1,5.OCt TB
+ OCt min = 0,8.OCt TB
+ Tnh lng khng kh cn thit:
OCt
(f = 1,5)
Ok = OU fan ton
Vi:
+ OU: cng sut ho tan thit b: OU = Ou.h

Trong :
Trang 120
Ok thc t = 2Ok
+ p lc kh my nn
Ou: ph thuc h thng phn phi kh (g O2/m3.m)

h: ngp nc (< hb)
Vi:
hd: do ma st.
hf: qua thit b phn phi (<= 0,5 m).
hc: tn tht cc b ng (hd + hc <= 0,4 m).
H: chiu cao hu ch ca b.
+ p lc kh:
p=
+ Cng sut my nn:
10.33 + Hd
10.33
(atm)
34400(P0.29 -1).q
N=
102.
Vi:
q: tnh cht kh (cng my):1.18

+ Chn kch thc, b tr phn phi kh
Trang 121
V d p dng 1 :
Lu lng nc thi : 1500m3/ngy m.
Lng BOD5 u vo (sau x l keo t ) (gim 60%) :
763 x 40
= 305,2(mg / l )
100
T l BOD5/COD = 305,2/460 = 0,66
Nhit nc thi t=300C
Nc x l xong t tiu chun BOD 50mg/l (30 mg/l).
Nc x l xong t tiu chun COD 100 mg/l (70 mg/l).
Hm lng cn l lng 50 mg/l gm 65% l cn hu c.
Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo b X0=0.
Thng s vn hnh nh sau :
1. Nng bn hot tnh trong b : X=3000 mg/l (cn bay hi).
2. tro ca cn Z=0,3-nng cn lng y b lng t 2 v cng l nng cn tun hon
10.000mg/l.
3. Thi gian lu ca bn hot tnh (tui ca cn) trong cng trnh c =10 ngy.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ch xo trn hon ton.

Gi tr ca thng s ng hc : Y = 0,46.
tro ca cn hu c l lng ra khi b lng l : 0,3 (70% lng cn bay hi)
Nc thi iu chnh sao cho : - BOD5 : N : P = 100 : 5 :1
a.
Xc nh hiu qu x l :
Lng cn hu c trong nc ra khi b lng (phn cn sinh hc d b phn hy l) : 65% x 50 = 32,5

mg/l
Lng cn hu c tnh theo COD : 1.42 x 32.5 x 0.7 = 32.305 (mg/l)
Lng BOD5 c trong cn ra khi b lng : 0,66 x 32,305 = 21.3213 (mg/l)
Lng BOD5 ha tan ra khi b lng bng tng BOD5 cho php u ra tr lng BOD5 c trong cn
l lng : 30 21.3213 = 8.6787(mg/l)
Hiu qu x l COD :
E=
460 - (70 - 32,305)

= 91,8%
460
Hiu qu x l tnh theo BOD5 ha tan.
Trang 122
E=
305,2 8,6787
x100= 97,15%
305,2
Hiu qu x l BOD ton b.
E=
305,2 30
x100= 90.2%
305,2
b.Th tch b Aerotank tnh theo cng thc ta c :
V =
Q x Y x c ( S0 S ) 1.500 x0,46 x10 x(305,2 8,6787) 2045996,97

=
=
= 426,25(m3 )
X (1 + K d x c )
3000(1 + 0,06 x10)
4800
Thi gian nc lu li trong b :
V 426,25
=
x 24 = 6,82 (h ) = 0,284 (ngay )
Q 1500
c.Lng bn hu c l lng sinh ra khi kh BOD5 n 97,15% :

Tc tng trng ca bn tnh theo cng thc:
Yb =
Y
1 + c x kd
0,46
= 0,2875
1 + 10 x0,06
Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong mt ngy:

Px = Yb x Q (So-S) = 0,2875 x 1500 x (305,2 8,6787)
=127874,8106 g
= 127,875 (kg/ngy).
Tng cn l lng sinh ra theo tro ca cn z = 0,3
Px1 =
Px 127,875
=
=182,68 (kg / ngay ) .
1 Z
0,7
Lng cn d hng ngy phi x i

Px = Px1 Q x 50 x 10-3 =182,68 1500 x 50 x 10-3
=107,68 (kg/ngy)
Tnh lu lng x bn Qx theo cng thc:
V xX
Q xa x X T + Qr x X r
(Gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai).
Suy ra:
Qxa =
V x X Qr x X xa xa 426.25 x 3000 1500 x 22.75 x10

=
=13.393 = 13.4 m3 / ngay
X T x C
7000 x C
Trang 123

Trong :
V :Th tch =426,25(m3)
QR =QV =1500 (m3/ngy)
X =3000 (mg/l)
c =10 ngy
Xt = 0.7 x 10.000 =7000 (mg/l)
Xr =32.5 x 0.7 =22075 (0,7 l t l lng cn bay hi trong tng s cn hu c , cn
khng tro).
d.Thi gian tch ly cn (Tun hon ton b) khng x cn ban u:
T =
V x X 426.25 x10000
=
= 33.33 ngay
Px
127874.8106
Thc t s di hn 3-4 ln v khi nng bn cha trong hiu qa x l thi gian u s thp v
lng bn sinh ra t hn Px
e. Sau khi h thng hot ng n nh th lng bn hu c x ra hng ngy:
B = Qx x 10.000 g/m3=13,4 x 10.000=134000 g/ngy =134 kg/ngy.
Trong cn bay hi:
B = 0,7 x134 = 93,8 kg
Cn bay hi trong nc x l i ra khi b QR x XR
B= 1500 x 22.75 x 10-3= 34,125 (kg/ngy)
Tng cn hu c sinh ra:
B + B = 93,8 + 34,125 = 127,925 kg = 128 kg = Px .
f.
Xc nh lu lng tun hon :QT .

nng bn trong b lun gi gi tr: X =3000 mg/l Ta c:
QT
X
3000
=
=
= 0,75
QV X T X 7000 3000
QT =0,75x 1500 = 1125 (m3/ngy)
g. T s F/M:
F
S
305,2 mg BOD / l
mgBOD5
= 0 =
= 0,358
M x X 0,284 x 3000 (mg / l )
mg bun . ngay
h. Tnh lng kh cn thit:
Tnh lng xy cn thit theo cng thc:
OCO =
Q (SO S )
1000 f
1,42 Px +
4,57 (N O N )
1000
(kg / ngay )
Trong :
Q = 1500 m3/ ngy
So = 305,2 mg/l .
S = 8,6787 mg/l
No= Tng hm lng N u vo :15,26 (mg/l) (sau khi b sung dinh dng)
N = Tng hm lng u ra : 5 (mg/l) (tiu chun l 6 mg/l).
PX = 127,875 (mg/ ngy)
f =BOD/COD =0,66
Vy:
Trang 124
OCO =
1500 (305.2 8.6787 )

4,57 (15.26 5)
1,42 x127.875 +
= 492.4 (kg / ngay )
1000 x 0.66
1000
Lng xy thc t cn theo cng thc:
OCt = OCo x
Cs
1
1
x
x (kg / ngay )
(T 20 )
Cs C 1.024
Trong :
Cs: Lng xy bo ha trong nc 9.08 mg/l.
C: Lng xy cn duy tr trong b 2 mg/l.
: h s t 0.6 0.94 . Chn 0.7.
Vy
OCt = 492.4 x
9.08
1
1
x
x
= 713.4 (kg / ngay )
( 30 20 )
9.08 2 1.024
0.7
OCttrung bnh = 29.7 (kg O2/h).

OCtmax = 29.7 x 1.5 = 44.55 (kgO2/h).
OCtmin = 29.7 x 0.8 = 23.97 (kg O2/h).
i. Tnh lng khng kh cn thit.
Chn h thng phn phi bt kh nh, tra bng 7.1 ( Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi
Trnh Xun Lai). Ta c Ou = 7gO2/m3.m.
B su h1 = 3.5 m; ngp nc h = 3m
Cng sut ha tan thit b.
OU = Ou x h = 7 x 3 = 21 gO2/m3.
Lng khng kh cn thit .
Ok =
OCt
713.4
xf=
x1.5 = 50957 (m3 / ngay ) = 0.59 (m3 / s ).
OU
21 x10 3
Trong :
OCt : Lng xy thc t cn.
OU : Cng sut ha tan thit b.
f : H s an ton. Chn 1.5.
Qktb = 2123.2 m3/h.
Qkmax = 1.5 x 3184.8 m3/h.
Qkmin = 0.8 x 1698.56 m3/h.
Lng khng kh cn thit chn my nn kh : 2 x 0,59 = 1.18 (m3/s).
k. Tnh p lc kh my nn:
Vn tc kh thot ra khi khe h :5-10 m/s.
Ap lc cn thit cho h thng ng kh nn xc nh theo cng thc :
Hd = hd + hc + hf + H.
Trong :
hd : Tn tht p lc do ma st dc theo chiu di trn ng ng dn (m).
hc : Tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m).
hf : Tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m). Gi tr ny khng vt qu 0.5m.
H: chiu cao hu ch ca b. 3m.
Tng tn tht hd v hc khng vt qu 0.4 m.
Vy p lc cn thit l :
Trang 125

Hd = 0.4 + 0.5 + 3 = 3.9 m.
Ap lc khng kh :
P=
(10.33 + H d ) =1.38amt.
10.33
Cng sut my nn :
N=
34400 x P 0.29 1 x q 34400 x 1.380.29 1 x1.18

=
= 41.27 ( KW )
102 x n
102 x 0.8
S ng phn phi D100 di 1m tnh theo cng cho php q ca mi ng :
l.
N q max =
Qmax 3184.8 x103

=
=147.4(ong ).
qmax
6 x 3600
N q min =
Qmin 1698.56 x103

=
=157(ong ).
qmin
3 x 3600
Chn kch thc b v ng phn phi kh.
ng phn phi kh b tr dc thnh b.

Chiu rng mt hnh lang: B = h = 3 m.
Chiu di hnh lang.
L=
F
V
426.25
=
=
= 31.6(m).
b h1 x b 3 x 4.5
Trong b b tr 3 hnh lang. Do kch thc b l : D x R = 16 x 9.
3000
3000
3000
3000
16000
Cp kh
Dng chy trong b l dng chy iu, chiu di gin ng xng c:

L = 2 x (16 3 ) = 26 m.
Khong cnh gia cc ng trong h phn phi :
l=
L
N q min
26
= 0.165(m).
157
Trang 126

Cng thi gi:
q=
50957
=119.55(m3 / m 2 ngay ).
426.25
Ch tiu gi:
a=
Ok
50957
=
=114.56 (m3khi / 1kgBOD5 ).
3
Q x ( So S ) x10
1500 x ( 305.2 8.6787) x103
V d p dng 2 .Tnh B Aerotank vi cc thng s thit k:

+ Lu lng nc thi: Qtb-ng = 150 (m3/ngym)
+ Nhit nc thi: t = 25oC
+ Hm lng BOD5 u vo = hm lng BOD5 u ra ca b lng I So = 637 (mg/l)
+ Hm lng COD u vo = hm lng COD u ra ca b lng I. CODvo = 1160
(mg/l)
+ Cn l lng: SSvo = 230 (mg/l)
u ra: Nc thi sau x l t TCVN 6980 - 2001
+ BOD5 u ra = S < 40 (mg/l), Chn BOD5 u ra = 20 (mg/l)
+ COD u ra < 70 (mg/l), chn COD ra = 50 (mg/l)
+ Cn l lng: SSra < 50 (mg/l), Chn SSra = 30 (mg/l)
-
Cc thng s vn hnh:
+ Cn hu c, a = 75%.
+ tro z = 0,3 (Tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi- Trnh Xun Lai)
+ Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo b, Xo= 0.
+ Nng bn hot tnh, X = 2500 4000 mg/l, chn X = 3000 (mg/l)
+ Lng bn hot tnh tun hon l nng cn ln y b lng 2, XT = 8000 (mg/l)
+ Ch xo trn hon ton.
+ Thi gian lu bn trong cng trnh, c = 515 ngy, chn c = 10 ngy
+ H s phn hy ni bo, Kd = 0.06 ngy-1
+ H s sn lng bn Y = 0,4 0,8 mg VSS/mg BOD5, chn Y = 0,6 mg VSS/mg BOD5
1.
Xc nh hiu qu x l
-
Hiu qu x l tnh theo BOD5 :
E
-
Hiu qu x l COD:
E =
2.
637 20
100 % = 96 ,86 %
637
1160 50
100 % = 95 , 69 %
1160
Kch thc b Aerotank

-
Th tch b:
V=
Q * Y * c ( S o S ) 150 * 0 , 6 * 10 * ( 637 20 )
116 (m3)
=
X * (1 + K d * c )
3000 * (1 + 0 , 06 * 10 )
Trong :
Q: Lu lng nc thi: Q = 150 (m3/ngym)
Trang 127

Y: H s sn lng bn Y = 0,6 mg VSS/mg BOD5
S0: Hm lng BOD5 nc thi u vo, S0 = 637 (mg/l)
S: Hm lng BOD5 nc thi u ra, S = 40 (mg/l)
X: Nng bn hot tnh, X = 3000 (mg/l)
Kd: H s phn hy ni bo, Kd = 0,06 ngy-1
c : Thi gian lu bn trong cng trnh, c = 10 ngy

-
Chn chiu cao b:

H = Hi + Hbv = 3 + 0,5 = 3,5 (m)
Trong :
Hi: Chiu cao hu ch, chn Hi = 3 (m)

Hbv: Chiu cao bo v, chn Hbv = 0.5 (m)
Din tch mt bng b:

F=
116
V
=
= 38,67 39 (m2)
Hi
3
Chn chiu rng b:

B = 5 (m)
Chiu di b:
D = 7,8 (m)
Th tch thc ca b:
Vt = D * B * H = 7,8 * 5 * 3,5 = 136,5 (m3)
3.
=
4.
Thi gian lu nc:
V
Q
ngay
tb
116
150
= 0,773 ngy = 18,55 (h)
Tnh ton lng bn d thi b mi ngy

-
Tc tng trng ca bn tnh theo cng thc:
Yb =
-
Y
1+ c * Kd
0 ,6
= 0 ,375
1 + 10 * 0 , 06
Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra do kh BOD5:

= Q *( S o S ) * Yb = 150 *(637 20) * 0,375*10
Px
= 34,7 (kg/ngym)
-
Tng lng cn sinh ra trong 1 ngy:
P1 x =
-
Px
3 4, 7
=
= 4 9, 6 (kg/ngy)
1 z 1 0, 3
Lng cn d x ra hng ngy:
Pxa = P1x Pra

Vi:
Pra = SSra * Q = 30 * 10-3 * 150 = 4,5 (kg/ngy)
Px = 49,6 4,5 = 45,1 (kg/ngy)

-
Lu lng bn x (nng bn hot tnh trong nc ra khi b lng)
Trang 128

Qx =
V * X Q ra * X ra * c 116 * 3000 150 * 22, 5 *10

=
= 5, 6 (m3/ngy)
X T * c
5600 *10
Trong :
XT: Nng bn hot tnh trong dng tun hon (cn khng tro), XT = (1 - 0,3) *
8000 = 5600 (mg/l)

Xra: Nng VSS ra khi b lng:
Xra = SSra * a = 30 * 0,75 = 22,5 (mg/l)
5.
H s tun hon bn:

Hnh 4.7: S lm vic b Aerotank
Q,X0
(Q +Qt), X
B
AEROTANK
Q,Xr
B lng
Qt, Xt
Qx ,Xt
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht i vi b aeroten:
(Q + Qt) * X = Q * X0 + Qt * Xt
Trong :
: Lu lng nc thi vo b, Q = 150 m3/ngy
Qt
: Lu lng bn tun hon, m3/ngy
: Nng VSS trong b, X = 3000 mg /l
X0
: Nng VSS trong nc thi dn vo b, X0 = 0
Xt
: Nng VSS trong bn tun hon, Xt = 8000 mg/l
Chia 2 v phng trnh cho Q, t =
Qt
l t s tun hon bn:
Q
X + * X = * Xt
Suy ra:
=
-
3000
X
=
= 0,6
X t X 8000 3000
Lu lng bn tun hon:
Ta c:
Qt
Q
Suy ra: Qt = *Q = 0,6 * 150 = 90 m3/ngy

6.
Kim tra ch tiu lm vic ca b aeroten:

-
Kim tra t s khi lng cht nn trn khi lng bn hot tnh F/M:
F/M =
So
*X
637
= 0,28 kg BOD5/kg MLVSS.ngy
0 , 75 * 3000
F/M = 0,28 nm trong gii hn cho php i vi b Aeroten xo trn hon ton: F/M = 0,2
0,6 kg BOD5/kg MLVSS.ngy
Trang 129

-
Ti trng th tch:
La =
So * Q
V
*10-3 =
637 * 150
116
*10-3 = 0,8237 kg BOD/ m3.ngy
La = 0,8237 nm trong gii hn cho php i vi aeroten xo trn hon ton: La = 0,81,9 kg
3
BOD/m .ngy (Theo ti liu Thot nc ca PGS, TS. Hong Vn Hu).

7.
Tnh lng xy cn thit:

-
Lng xy cn thit trong iu kin chun (khng cn x l Nit)
OC
Q * (S o S )
150 * ( 637 20 )
1, 42 * P x =
1, 42 * 34 , 7
1000 * f
1000 * 0 , 55
= 118,998 119 (kgO2/ng)

Trong :
f: Hng s chuyn i t BOD5 sang BOD20,
BOD 5
= 0 , 55
BOD 20
1,42- H s chuyn i t t bo sang COD

Px: Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong 1 ngy: Px = 33,6 (kg/ng)
-
Lng xy cn thit trong iu kin thc t:
OCt = OCo * (
Trong :
Cs
1
1
)*
*
T 20
C s C 1, 024
CS: Nng xy bo ha trong nc 20oC, CS
9,08 (mg/l)
C: Nng xy cn duy tr trong b, C = 1,5 2 (mg/l) (Tnh ton thit k cc cng

trnh x l nc thi- Trnh Xun Lai)
Chn C = 2 (mg/l)
o
T = 25 C, nhit nc thi
: H s iu chnh lng xy ngm vo nc thi (do nh hng ca hm lng

cn, cht hot ng b mt), = 0,6 0,94, chn = 0,7
O Ct = 119 * (
-
9, 0 8
1
1
)*
*
= 1 9 3, 6 4 (kg/ngy)
25 20
9, 0 8 2 1, 0 2 4
0, 7
Lng khng kh cn thit:

Qkh =
OC t
fa
OU
Trong :
fa: H s an ton, fa = 1,5 2, chn fa = 1,5 (Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l
nc thi- Trnh Xun Lai)

OU: cng sut ha tan xy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi tnh theo gam xy
3
cho 1m khng kh.

OU = Ou * h
Vi:
Ou: Ph thuc h thng phn phi kh. Chn h thng phn phi bt kh nh v mn,
(tra bng 7-1 sch Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi- .Trnh Xun Lai).
Trang 130

Bng : Cng sut ha tan xy vo nc ca thit b phn phi bt kh nh v mn
iu kin ti u
iu kin th nghim
iu kin trung bnh
Ou=grO2/m .m
Ou grO2/m3.m
12
10
8,5
Nc sch T=20oC
Nc thi T=20 C, =0,8
o
Ou = 7 (gO2/m .m)
3
h: ngp nc ca thit b phn phi kh, chn h = 2,8 (m)
OU = 7 * 2,8 = 19,6 (gO2/m3)
Qkh =
8.
193 , 64
* 1, 5 = 9879 , 7 (m3/ngy)
19 , 6 * 10 3
Tnh p lc my nn:
-
p lc cn thit cho h thng ng nn:

Trong :
hd: tn tht p lc do ma st dc theo chiu di trn ng ng dn, (m)

hc: tn tht cc b (m)
Tng tn tht hd v hc thng khng vt qu 0,4 (m)
hf: tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m)
Tn tht hf khng qu 0,5 (m)
H-: chiu su hu ch ca b, H = 3 (m)
Do p lc cn thit s l: Hd = 0,4 + 0,5 + 3 = 3,9 (m)

-
p lc khng kh l:
p=
10 ,33 + H ct
10 , 33 + 3 , 9
=
= 1,38 ( atm )
10 ,33
10 ,33
Cng sut my nn kh:
34400 ( p 0 , 29 1) q k
34400 (1, 38 0 , 29 1) 0 ,114
=
= 5 , 02 ( KW )
N=
102 n
102 0 , 75
Trong :
qk: lu lng khng kh: qk =
Qk
= 0 ,114 (m3/s)
86400
n: Hiu sut my nn kh, chn n = 0,75

9.
B tr h thng sc kh:
Chn h thng cp kh cho b gm 1 ng chnh, 4 ng nhnh vi chiu di mi ng l 7,8 m, t cch
nhau 1 m
-
ng knh ng chnh dn kh:
D =
4 * Q khi
=
*V
4 * 0,114
= 0,12 (m) = 120 (mm)
3,14 *10
D= 120 (mm)
Trong :
V: tc chuyn ng ca khng kh trong mng li trong ng phn phi,
V=10 15 (m/s), chn V = 10 (m/s) (Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi- Ts.Trnh Xun Lai)
-
ng knh ng nhnh dn kh:
Trang 131

Dn =
4 * q kk
=
4 * 10 * 3 ,14
4 * 0 ,114
= 60 (mm)
4 * 3 ,14 * 10
Chn Dn = 60 (mm)
-
Chn dng a xp, ng knh 170 (mm), din tch b mt F = 0,02(m2), cng kh
200l/pht.a = 3,3(l/s)
-
S a phn phi trong b l:
N =
Q kh i
0,1 1 4
=
= 3 4, 5 5 a
3, 3
3, 3 * 1 0 3
Chn: S lng a: N = 36 a
-
S lng a l 36 ci, chia lm 4 hng, mi hng 9 a phn b cch sn b 0,2 m v mi tm a
cch nhau 0,78 m
ng knh ong dan bun tuan hoan

Db =
4 * Q th
=
* vb
4 * 90
= 0, 0297 0, 03 m
3,14 *1, 5 * 86400
Chn Db = 34
Qth: Lu lng bn tun hon Qth = 90 (m3/ng)
Vb: Vn tc bn chy trong ng trong iu kin bm, Vb = 1 2 m/s
Chn Vb = 1,5 m/s
Cc thng s thit k b Aerotank
Trang 132

STT
Tn thng s
S liu dng thit k
n v
7,8
(m)
Chiu di b (L)
Chiu rng b (B)
(m)
Chiu cao b (H)
3,5
(m)
Thi gian lu nc ( )
18,55
gi
Thi gian lu bn ( C )
10
ngy
ng knh ng dn kh chnh
120
mm
ng knh ng dn kh nhnh
60
mm
Cng sut my nn kh
5,02
KW/h
S lng a
36
BAN VE CHI TIET BE AEROTEN

CONG SUAT 400 M3/NGAY
LAN CAN ONG SAT TRANG KEM
SAN CONG TAC

ONG PVC 60
DAN NC
THAI SANG BE
LANG
ONG PVC 42
DAN NC
THAI VAO BE
+4000
I
4800
ONG SAT
TRANG KEM60
200
0.00
1000
1000
200
500 1000
1000
1000 500
LP CHONG THAM
Bu long M20
MAT CAT A-A
LP VA TRAT
BETONG MAC 200
MAT CAT B-B
LP AT T NHIEN
20
B
70
I
6000
TL: 1:50
La 30x3 mm
450
250
Bu long M20
B
MAT BANG
4.2.3. B lng 2
C nhim v lng trong nc sau khi x l sinh hc.
300
200
CHI TIET AU PHAN PHOI KH

TL: 1: 2
TR NG AI HOC BACH KHOA

THANH PHO HO CH MINH
KHOA MOI TR NG
T le : 1: 50
CHI TIET 1:
Goi ch I bang be tong
TL: 1:10
SV thiet ke
So ban ve: 3
Ban ve so: 3
NHT: 18/6/2001
NBV: 23/6/2001
Trang 133

(Q + Qt)Co
Qt
+ Vt = S : do tun hon
+ VL: vn tc lng ca ht.
+ Nng ht ti cc mt
ct L v T l CL, CT.
C=0
CL
L
Vp = VL + Vt
QtCt
Vp = Vt
PT cn bng:
G = (Q + Qt)Co = S.VPL.CL
G = (Q + Qt)Co = S.VPL.CTR
S=
(Q + Qt)Co
CtVt
Gi l h s tun hon: Qt = .Q
Do :
Q(1 + ).Co
S=
Ct.VL
TNH TON B LNG II:
1/ Din tch mt bng ca b lng II:
S >=
Q(1 + ).Co
Ct.VL
Vi:
+ Q: lu lng nc thi (m3/h).
+ : h s tun hon, ly = 0,6-0,8
+ Co: nng bn hot tnh trong b sinh hc.
Co = .X ( ~ 0,8)
+ Ct: nng bn trong vng tun hon (7000-15000 mg/l)
+ VL: vn tc lng ca mt phn chia L.
VL = Vmax.e-KCL.10-6 (m/h)
Vi:
- Vmax = 7 m/h
- K = 600 (khi 50 < SVI <150) v y l thng s phi s dng.
2/ Din tch bung trung tm
fB = 10% S
3/ Tng din tch b
F = S + fB
4/ Thng xy dng dng b trn (li tm)
Trang 134
D=
4 xF
5/ ng knh bung phn phi

4 xf B
( d = 25%D)
d=
6/ Kim tra li fB, S

7/ Ti trng thu lc
Q
a= S
8/ Vn tc i ln ca nc trong b
(m3/m2.ngy)
a
V = 24
(m/h)
9/ Mng t vng ngoi c
Dmng = 80% D
10/ Chiu di mng thu nc
L = Dmng
11/ Ti trng chiu di mng
Q
aL = L
12/ Ti trng bn
b=
Q(1 + )Co
24.S
(kg/m2h)
13/ Chiu cao b

+ h1: Chiu cao mt thong d tr (0,3-0,5m).
+ h2: Chiu cao phn nc trong (2-6m).
+ h3: Chiu cao phn chp y b c dc 2% : h3 = 2%R
+ h4: Chiu cao cha bn :
H = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4
(m)
14/ Th tch phn cha bn
Vb = S h4
15/ Lng bn cha trong b lng
Ctb = Vb.Ctb (kg)
C + Ct
C
(Gtb = L
, CL = t )
2
2
16/ Thi gian lu nc trong b lng
V
T=
Q(1 + )
+ Dung tch b lng: V = H.S
17/ Thi gian c t cn
Vbn
T2 = Q + Q
t
x
V d p dng 1
a. Din tch mt bng ca b lng c tnh theo cng thc:

F=
Q x (1+ ) x Co
Ct x VL
Trong :
Q: Lu lng nc thi bng 1500 m3/ngy = 62.5 m3/h.
: H s tun hon ly 0.75.
Trang 135

C0: Nng bn hot tnh trong b aerotent.
X 3000
=
= 3750 (mg / l ) .
0.8 0.8
Co =
Ct: Nng bn trong dng tun hon bng 10000 (mg/l)

VL: Vn tc lng ca b mt phn chia ng vi nng CL.
CL =
Ct 10000
=
= 5000 (mg / l ) .
2
2
VL c xc nh theo cng thc.

6
VL =Vmax x e K x C L x 10 = 7 x e 600 x 5000 x 10 = 0.35 (m / h).

Trong :
Vmzx =7m/h.
K = 600.
Vy:
F=
62.5 x (1 + 0.75) x 3750

= 117.1875 (m 2 ) =118(m 2 ).
10000 x 0.35
Nu k c bung phn phi trung tm

Fb =1.1 x 118 = 129.8 (m2) = 130 (m2).
Xy dng mt b lng trn raian. ng knh b:
4 Fbe
D=
250
4 x130
= 13 (m)
3.14
ng knh bung phn phi:

d = 0.25 x D = 0.25 x 13 = 3.25 (m).
Din tch bung phn phi trung tm:
f =
Vy din tch vng lng ca b:
Ti trng thy lc:
a=
3.252 x 3.14
= 8.3 (m 2 ) .
4
SL = 103 8.3 = 125.7 (m2).
Q 1500
=
= 12 (m3 / m 2 .ngay ) .
S L 125.7
Vn tc i ln ca nc trong b.
V =
a 12
= = 0.5 (m / h)
24 24
Mng thu nc t vng trn c ng knh bng 0.8 ng knh b.

Chiu di mng thu nc :
Dmng = 0.8 x 13 = 10.4m.
L = x Dmng = 3.14 x 10.4 = 32.656 (m).

Ti trng thu nc trn 1m di ca ng:
Trang 136
aL =
Q 1500
=
= 45.93 <125(m3 / m 2 .ngay ) .
L 32.656
Ti trng bn:
b=
(Q + Qt ) x Co = 1.75 x1500 x 3750 x103 = 3.26 (kg / m 2 .h)

24 x S L
24 x125.7
b.Xc nh chiu cao b :

Chn chiu cao b H = 4m; chiu cao d tr trn mt thong h1 = 0.3 m. Chiu cao nc trong b l
3.7 m. Gm:
Chiu cao phn nc trong h2 = 1.5m.
Chiu cao phn chp y b c dc 2% v tm:
h3 = 0.02 x 6.5 = 0.13 (m).
Chiu cao cha bn phn hnh tr:
h4 = H h1 h2 h3 = 4 0.3 1.5 0.13 = 2.07 (m).
Th tch phn cha bn.
Vb = S x h4 = 130 x 2.07 = 269.1 (m3).
Nng bn trung bnh trong b :
Ctb =
CL + C t 5000 +10000
=
= 7500 ( g / m3 ) = 7.5 (kg / m3 ).
2
2
Lng bn cha trong b lng:

Gbn = Vb x Gtb = 269.1 x 7.5 = 2018.25 (kg).
Lng bn cn thit trong mt b aeroten
Gcn = n xV x Co = 1 x 426.25 x 3.750 = 1598 (kg)..
c.Thi gian lu nc trong b lng:
Dung tch trong b lng:
V = H x S = 3.7 x 130 = 481(m3).
Nc i vo b lng:
QL = (1 + ) x Q = 1.75 x 62.5 = 109.375 (m3/h).
Thi gian lng:
T=
V
481
=
= 4.39 ( gio)
Q + Qt 109.375
Thi gian c c cn:
T2 =
Vbun
269.1 x 24
=
= 5.67 ( gio)
Qt + Qxa 0.75 x1500 +13.4
V d p dng 2
-
Trang 137
F1 =
Q tt
(1 + 0, 6) * 0, 0035
=
= 0, 28( m 2 )
0, 02
V
Trong :
Vtt: Tc chuyn ng ca nc thi trong ng trung tm, ly khng ln
hn 30 (mm/s) (iu 6.5.9 TCXD-51-84).

Chn Vtt = 20 (mm/s) = 0,02 (m/s)
Qtt: Lu lng tnh ton khi c tun hon, Qtt = (1 + )*Qmaxs
-
Din tch tit din t ca b lng ng
F2 =
Q tt
(1 + 0 , 6 ) * 0 , 0035
=
= 11 , 2 ( m 2 )
V
0 , 0005
Trong :

V = 0,0005 (m/s) (iu 6.5.6 TCXD-51-84).
Din tch tng cng ca b lng 2:

F = F1 + F2 = 0,28 + 11,2 = 11,48 (m2)
ng knh ca b :
D =
-
4 *11, 48
= 3, 8( m )
3,14
ng knh ng trung tm:

d=
4F
4 * F1
4 * 0 , 28 = 0,59 m 0,6 m
Chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng trong b lng ng:

htt = V*t = 0,0005*1,5*3600 = 2,7 (m)
Trong :
t: Thi gian lng, t = 1,5 gi (iu 6.5.6 TCXD-51-84).

V = 0,0005 (m/s) (iu 6.5.6 TCXD-51-84).
Chiu cao phn hnh nn ca b lng ng c xc nh:

h n = h2 + h3 = ( D d
2
Trong :
) * tg = (
3 , 8 0 , 5 )*tg50o = 1,96 2 (m)

2
h2: chiu cao lp trung ha (m)

h3: chiu cao gi nh ca lp cn lng trong b
D: ng knh trong ca b lng, D = 3,8 (m)
dn: ng knh y nh ca hnh nn ct, ly dn = 0,5 m
: gc ngang ca y b lng so vi phng ngang, khng nh hn 500, chn

= 50o
-
Chiu cao ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng v bng 2,7 m.
. ng knh phn loe ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao ca phn ng loe v bng 1,35 ng
knh ng trung tm:

D1 = hl = 1,35 * d = 1,35 * 0,6 = 0,81 (m), chn D1 = 0,8 (m)
. ng knh tm chn: ly bng 1,3 ng knh ming loe v bng:
Dc = 1,3 * Dl = 1,3 * 0,8 = 1,04 (m)
. Gc nghing gia b mt tm chn so vi mt phng ngang ly bng 17o
- Chiu cao tng cng ca b lng ng s l:
Trang 138

H = htt + hn + hbv = htt + (h2 + h3) + hbv = 2,7 + 2 + 0,3 = 5 (m)
Trong :
hbv: khong cch t mt nc n thnh b, hbv = 0,3 (m)
thu nc lng, dng h thng mng vng chy trn xung quanh thnh b. Thit k mng thu
nc t theo chu vi vnh trong ca b, ng knh ngoi ca mng chnh l ng knh trong ca b.
-
ng knh mng thu: Dmng = 80% ng knh b

Dmng = 0,8*3,8 = 3,04 3,1 (m)
Chiu di mng thu nc:

L=
Dmng = 3,14 * 3,1 = 9,734 (m)
Ti trng thu nc trn 1m di ca mng:

aL =
Q 150 *1, 6
=
= 24, 65 (m3/mdi.ngy)
L
9, 734
Kim tra li thi gian lng nc

-
Th tch phn lng:
Vl =
-
d 2 * h tt =
( )
3,14
3,8 2 0 ,6 2 * 2 ,7 = 29 ,8 m 3
4
Vl
Q + Q
=
th
2 9 ,8
= 1, 4 9 2
1 2 , 5 * (1 + 0 , 6 )
Th tch phn cha bn:
V
-
(D
4
Thi gian lng:
t=
-
(h )
( )
= F * h n = 11 , 48 * 1 , 96 = 22 , 5 m
Thi gian lu bn:
tb =
Trong :
Vb
Q x +Q
=
th
22 , 5
= 2 , 9 (h
0 , 23 + 7 , 5
Qx: Lu lng bn thi: Qx = 5,6 (m3/ng) = 0,23 (m3/h)

Qth: Lu lng bn tun hon: Qth = 0,6*12,5 = 7,5 (m3/h)
Cc thng s thit k b lng II
STT
Tn thng s
S liu dng thit k
n v
0,28
(m2)
(f)
2
Din tch tit din t ca b lng (F)
11,2
(m2)
ng knh ng trung tm (d)
0,6
(m)
ng knh ca b lng(D)
3,8
(m)
Chiu cao b (H)
(m)
Thi gian lng (t)
1,5
gi
ng knh mng thu
3,1
(m2)
Trang 139
MAT CAT A-A T LE 1:20
+1.90
LAN CAN TAY VN STK 34
MAT BANG BE LANG NG T LE 1:20
HANH LANG CONG TAC
+1.15
ONG PVC 114 DAN NC THAI T

BE AEROTEN
+1.15
TAM CHAN CHAT NOI
CAU THANG LEO

0.00
PHEU THU CHAT NOI
0.00
MANG RANG CA
ONG XA CHAT NOI 150
ONG PVC 114 DAN NUC RA NGUON

MNG THU NC
ONG PVC 114 DAN

NC THAI T BE AEROTEN
ONG XA BUN 150
ONG TRUNG TAM 600

SAN CONG TAC
ONG TRUNG TAM 600
TAM CHAN
MANG RANG CA
PHEU THU CHAT NOI
BETONG COT THEP M200
TAM CHAN CHAT NOI
ONG XA CHAT NOI 150

ONG PVC150 XA BUN
ONG LOE
-3.25
-3.25
DAY NEO
ONG DAN PVC 114 DAN NC
CHI TIET SAN CONG TAC T LE 1:20

TAM CHAN
THEP KHUNG L50X50X5
KHUNG THEP THANG LEO L40X40X4
BETONG LOT M75
-5.25
ONG TRUNG TAM
4 LO 14 BAT VI BULONG M12 CHON SAN

TRONG THANG BE
LI THEP L18 HAN CHAT
VAO KHUNG THEP
CHI TIET MANG THU NC T LE 1:10
CHI TIET ONG NOI PVC 114 QUA TNG T LE 1:10
MANG RANG CA
CHI TIET MANG RANG CA T LE 1:5

KHAU RANG NGOAI
BULONG M10
RAU THEP 6 HAN CHAT

VAO PHU TUNG ONG
ONG SAT TRANG KEM

RANG MOT AU
ONG PVC 114
KHE DCH CHUYEN 12mm

LP EM CAO SU
ONG SAT TRANG

KEM ATIEN RANG SAN
4.2.4. X l nc thi bng vi sinh k kh (b UASB)

4.2.4.1. Cu to:
Kh
300
1000
(Vng lng)
NT ra
>=55
2000
450
1200
(Vng XL)
Dn nc
vo
Trang 140
4.2.4.2. Nguyn tc
Nc thi sau khi iu chnh pH v dinh dng c dn vo y b v nc thi i ln vi
vn tc 0,6-0,9 m/h. Qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php k kh xy ra (bn + nc
thi) to ra kh (70-80% CH4)
4.2.4.3. TNH TON
1/ Hiu qu lm sch
E=
Sv - Sr
Sv
2/ Lng S kh 1 ngy
G = Q (Sv Sr),10-3 (kg/ngy)

3/ Ti trng COD c b: ph thuc cc ngun thi (4 -18 kg COD/m3.ng)
4/ Dung tch x l ym kh cn thit
G
V = a (m3)
5/ Tc nc i ln (v = 0,6-0,9m/h)
6/ Din tch b cn thit
Q
F= v
7/ Chiu cao phn x l
V
H1 = F
8/ Chiu cao
H = H1 + H2 + H3
Vi:
+ H1: chiu cao phn x l
+ H2: chiu cao vng lng : H2 = (1,2-2m)
+ H3: chiu cao d tr : H3 = (0,3-0,5m)
9/ Thi gian lu nc
V
H.F.24
T=Q
.24 = Q
ngy
ngy
V d p dng 1. Tnh b UASB cho cng trnh x l nc thi Thy sn cng sut 300m3/ngy m
Khi i qua cc cng trnh x l trc th hm lng COD gim t 20 40 %. Chn hiu qu x l ca
cc cng trnh pha trc l 0 % th hm lng COD u vo ca b UASB l: CODv = 500
(mgCOD/l)
Trong b UASB duy tr s n nh ca qu trnh x l ym kh phi duy tr c tnh trng
cn bng th gi tr pH ca hn hp nc thi t 6,6 7,6.Gi s rng,t l cht dinh dng l ph hp
cho thch nghi v pht trin vi sinh vt.
to iu kin tt cho hot ng phn hy cc hp cht hu c thnh kh mtan gi tr pH
trong b x l phi thch hp: 6,8 7,5. Do trc khi nc thi vo b UASB ta tin hnh b sung
ho cht duy tr gi tr pH = 7.
Yu cu nc thi trc khi vo cng trnh x l ym kh tip theo ch tiu COD cn t l
325 mg/l.
A. Tnh ton kch thc b :
Lu lng nc vo b l : QV=300 m /ngy m
Chn hiu xut x l : 65 %
u vo c C0= 500 mgCOD/l
u ra c Ce= 175 mgCOD/l
Lng COD cn kh trong 1 ngy: m = (500 175) *300 * 10-3 =97.5 (kgCOD/ngy)
Trang 141

Chn ti trng COD ca b l: L = 3 (kg COD/m .ngy)
(Trang 455, XLNT th v cng nghip Lm Minh Trit).
Th tch phn x l ym kh cn l:
V=
m 97.5
=
= 32.5 (m3)
L
3
Tc nc i ln trong b: v = 0.6
lng.
0.9 (m/h) m bo bn trong b c duy tr trng thi l
Chn v = 0.781 (m/h)

=> Din tch b mt l:
F=
Q
300
=
= 16 (m)
VVao 0.781 * 24
=> Kch thc tit din b: F=B*L= 4 * 4 = 16(m2)

Chiu cao phn x l ym kh l:
H1=
V 32.5
=
=2.031 (m) 2.1 (m)
F 16
Chiu cao phn lng: H2 1m . (Trang 195 Tnh tn thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi TS. Trnh
Xun Lai)
=> Chn H2 = 1.2 (m)
Chiu cao bo v, chnh l phn thu kh: H3=0.3 (m)
Chiu cao xy dng ca b UASB s l:
Htc= H1+ H2 + h3 = 2.1+1.2+0.3 =3.6 (m)
Trong b thit k 1 ngn lng. Nc i vo ngn lng s c tch bng cc tm chn kh.
Tm chn kh t nghing mt gc (vi 550)
Chn = 550
Gi Hlng : chiu cao ton b ngn lng.
=> HLng= 2 (m).
(Trang 195 Tnh tn thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi TS. Trnh Xun Lai)
H lang + H 3
2 + 0.3
= 63.89% 30% (Tha yu cu)
3.6
H be
Thi gian lu nc trong ngn lng (tlng 1 h).
Kim tra:
Chn tlng= 1 gi.
t lang
1
3
* Lmatthoang * B * H lang 0,5 *L
matthoang *4 * 2( m )
=
= 2
=
= 1h
Q
Q
12.5m 3 / h
Vlang
Lmtthng=3.125 (m)
Khong cch t m trn cng ca ngn lng n thnh b l: (L-Lmtthng)/2 = (4-3.125)/2= 437
(mm)
Thi gian lu nc trong b (HRT = 4 12 h) :
HRT =
L B( H be H 3 ) 4 * 4(3.6 0,3)m
=
= 4.224h (Tha yu cu)
Q
12.5m3 / h
B. Tm chn kh v tm hng dng:
Trang 142

Khong cch gia 2 tm chn kh l :b
Vn tc nc qua khe vo ngn lng (vqua khe = 9 10 m/h) [1]
Chn vqua khe = 9m/h
Ta c: v quakhe =
Q
12.5m 3 / h
=
= 9m / h
S khe 4khe 4m bm
b= 0,087m=87 mm
Trong b UASB, ta b tr 2 tm hng dng v 4 tm chn kh, cc tm ny t song song vi
nhau v nghing so vi phng ngang mt gc 550
Tm chn kh 1:
.Di = B = 4 m
.Rng = b1 =
H lang H 2
sin 55
Chn rng = 975 mm
2 1,2
= 0.976m
sin 55 0
Tm chn kh 2:
on xp m ca 2 tm chn kh ly bng 0,25 m.
.Di = B = 4 m
.Rng = 0,25 m +
H2 + H3 h
sin 55 0
.Vi h = b*sin(900 550 ) = 87*sin 350 = 50 (mm)

.Rng = b2 = 0,25m +
1.2 + 0.3 0.050

= 2,02(m)
sin 55 0
Chn rng = 2020 mm

=> Tm hng dng: c t nghing so vi phng ngang mt gc
87 mm.
v cch tm chn kh di
Khong cch t nh tam gic ca tm hng dng n tm chn 1:
l=
bkhe
87
=
= 106mm
0
0
cos(90 55 ) cos 35 0
a1 = bkhe * cos 55 0 = 87 * cos 55 0 = 50mm

a 2 = l a1 = 106 50 = 56mm
h = bkhe sin 55 0 = 87 sin 55 0 71mm
tg =
h 71
=
= 52 0
a 2 56
= 180 0 2 = 180 0 2 52 0 = 76 0
on nh ra ca tm hng dng nm bn di khe h t 1020 cm. Chn mi bn nh ra 15 cm.
D = 2 l + 2 150 = 2 106 + 2 150 = 512mm
Chiu rng tm hng dng:
b3 =
512
2
2
=
= 416mm
sin(90 ) 0 sin(90 52) 0
Chiu di tm hng dng: B = 4 m

C. Tnh mng thu nc :
Chn mng thu nc b tng
Mng thu nc c thit k theo nguyn tc mng thu ca b lng, thit k 1 mng thu nc t gia b chy
dc theo chiu di ca b. Vn tc nc chy trong mng: 0,60,7 m/s (Nguyn Ngc Dung X l nc cp,
NXB Xy Dng, 1999)
Chn Vmng= 0,6 m/s
Din tch mt ct t ca mi mng:
Trang 143
A=
Q
Vmang
12.5m 3 / s
= 0,0058m 2
3600 0,6m / s
Chn chiu ngang mng 200 mm

chiu cao mng 200 mm
Mng b tng ct thp dy 65 mm, c lp thm mng rng ca thp tm khng g, c t dc b, gia cc tm
chn kh. Mng c dc 1% nc chy d dng v phn cui mng. Ti y c t ng thu nc 90
bng thp dn nc sang b Aerotank.
Mng rng ca:
Mng trn gm nhiu rng ca hnh ch V.
Chiu cao mt rng ca: 60 mm
Di on vt nh rng ca: 40 mm
Chiu cao c thanh: 260 mm
Khe dch chnh: Cch nhau 450 mm
B rng khe: 12 mm
Chiu cao: 150 mm
D.Tnh lng kh sinh ra v ng thu kh :
Lng kh sinh ra trong b = 0.5 m 3/kgCODloab (Metcalf & Eddy Waste water engineering
Treating, Diposal, Reuse, MccGraw-Hill, Third edition, 1991)
Qkh = 0,5 m3 /kgCODloab * 97.5kgCODloab /nga
= 48.75 m3/nga = 2.03125 m3/h = 0,564 (l/s)
Trong lng kh metan sinh ra chim 70 80%
Chn metan sinh ra chim 70%.
=> Lng kh methane sinh ra = 0,35 /kgCODloab
QCH4 = 0,35 m3kgCODloab * 97.5 kgCODloab
= 34.125 (m3/nga)
Tnh ng thu kh
Chn vn tc kh trong ng Vkh = 10 m/s
ng knh ng dn kh :
Dkh =
4 * Qkh
=
24 * 3600 * * Vkh
4 * 48.75
= 0,0085 m = 8 mm
24 * 3600 * * 10
Chn ng knh ng kh 14 ( trong = 8)

Kim tra vn tc kh :
V kh =
4 xQkh
4 * 0,00056
=
= 11,141 (m/s)
2
xD
* 0,008 2
E.Tnh lng bn sinh ra v ng x bn :

Lng bn sinh ra trong b = 0,05 : 0,1 g VSS/g COD loa b . (Metcalf & Eddy Waste water
engineering Treating, Diposal, Reuse, MccGraw-Hill, Third edition, 1991)
Khi lng bn sinh ra trong mt ngy
Mbn = 0,1 kg VSS/kg CODloi b * 97.5 kg VSS/kg CODloi b /ngy
=9.75 kg VSS/ngy
Theo sch Anaerobic Sewage Treament (Adianus C.van Haander and Gatze lettinna,trang 91 ) v
Lm Minh Trit.
Ta c: 1 m3 bn tng ng 260 kgVSS
Th tch ca bn sinh ra trong mt ngy
Vbn =
M bun 9.75(kgVVS / ngay )

=
= 0,0375 m3/ngy
P
260(kgVSS / ngay )
Lng bn sinh ra trong mt thng = 0,0375 * 30 = 1.125 m3 /thng

Chiu cao ca bn trong 1 thng :
hbn =
Vbun 1.125
=
= 0.070 m
F
4*4
Trang 144

ng x bn
Chn thi gian x bn 1-3 thng mt ln
Th tch bn sinh ra trong 3 thng
Vbn = 1.125 ( m3/thng) * 3 (thng) = 3.375 m3
Chn thi gian x bn l 3 gi .
Lu lng bn x ra :
Qbn =
3.375
= 1.125 m3/h
3
Bn x ra nh p lc thy tnh thng qua 1 ng inox 76,t cch y 400 mm, dc 2%

F. Ly mu :
kim tra s hot ng bn trong b ,dc theo chiu cao b ta t cc van ly mu .Vi cc
mu thu c cng 1 van ,ta c th c on lng bn cao t van . Da vo kt qu o t
v quan st mu sc bn ,t m c s iu chnh thch hp
Trong iu kin n nh , ti trng ca bn gn nh khng i , do mt bn tng ln u
n .Vic ly mu c thc hin u n hng ngy
Khi m van , cn iu chnh sao cho bn ra t t m bo thu c bn gn ging trong b
v nu m van ln qu thi` nc s thot ra nhiu hn.Th tch mu thng ly 500/1000 m3 .
B cao 3.6 m,do dc theo chiu cao b t 5 van ly mu , cc va t cch nhau 0,5 m.Van
di cng t cch y 0.5 m .
Chn ng v van ly mu bng nha PVC cng 27 ( trong = 20 ).
G. H thng phn phi nc trong b :
Vi loi bn dng ht ,ti trng > 4 kgCOD /m3.ngy th s im phn phi nc trong b cn tha
2 m2 trn u phn phi . Theo Metcalf & Eddy Waste water engineering Treating, Diposal, Reuse,
MccGraw-Hill, Third edition, 1991,
S u phn phi cn :
4 x4
= 8 u
2m 2 / dau
Nc t b tuyn ni c bm qua b UASB theo ng ng chnh ,phn phi u ra 4 ng nhnh nh

h thng van v ng h o lu lng t trn tng ng .
Vn tc nc trong ng chnh ( l ng y ca bm ): Vchnh = 1,5 : 2,5 m/s
Chn Vchnh = 2 m/s
Chn ng knh ng chnh :
Dchnh =
4Q
=
.Vchnh
4 * (12 . 5 / 3600 ) = 0.047 m =47 mm

*2
s dng ng inox 60 (trong = 50) lm ng chnh .

Kim tra vn tc nc trong ng chnh
Vchnh =
Q
S chnh
20,83 / 3600(m 3 / s )
= 1.7684 m/s
( 2 / 4)m 2
Vn tc trong ng nhnh : Vnhnh = 1 : 3 m/s

Chn Vnhnh = 2 m/s .
Lu lng nc trong mi ng nhnh
Qnhnh =
Q 12.5m 3 / h
=
= 3.125 m3/h
4
4
ng knh ng nhnh
Dchnh =
4Q
=
.Vnhanh
4 * (3.125 / 3600)
= 0,024 m = 24 mm
*2
s dng ng inox 27 (trong = 24) dn nc phn phi trong UASB.

Kim tra vn tc nc trong ng nhnh :
Vnhnh =
Q
S nhanh
3.125 / 3600(m 3 / s)
= 1.919 m/s
( 2 / 4)m 2
H. Bm :
Lu lng cn bm Q = 12.5 m3/h.
Ct p ca bm : H = z + h (m H2O)
z : khong cch t mt nc b tuyn ni n mt nc b UASB .
Trang 145

h : tng tn tht ca bm ,bao gm tn tht cc b ,tn tht dc ng ng ,tn tht qua lp bn l
lng trong b UASB.
Mt cch gn ng ,chn z = 4 m H2O
h = 7 m H2O
H = 4+ 7 = 11 m H2O
Cng sut yu cu trn trc bm :
N=
Q. p.g .H
(12.5 / 3600)m 3 * 1000kg / m 3 * 9.81m / s 2 * 11m
=
= 0,468 kw
1000.
1000 * 0.8
Vy chn bm ly tm cng sut 0.75 kw= 1 (HP )
MAT CAT A-A

HANH LANG CONG TAC
4000
ONG THU KH -
4000
30
4000
CHI TIET 2
T LE 1/5
MAT CAT B-B
CHI TIET 1
+6.800
270
300
+6.000
15
40
1600
Van lay mau
12
56
1000
172
MAT CAT C -C
MANG THU NC
150
450
4100
1000
00
0
15
500
1000
40
300
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1000
ONG THU BUN -
CHI TIET 2
500
1000
+ 0.000
1000
1000
1400
1000
1400
980
TAM KEP GI ONG
200
300
- 0.600
300
12000
BULONG
MAT BANG BE UASB

ONG THU NC -
2000
2000
B
2000
2000
200
CHI TIET 1
T LE 1/ 5
ONG THU NC -
400
TAM INOX
75
75
200
300
MANG THU NC
T LE 1/5
EM CAO SU
2000
50
1000
MAT BANG
300
BULONG
200
MANG RANG CA
100
150
75
5000
100
300
BULONG M10
EM CAO SU
5000
MANG RANG CA
T LE 1/10
60
250
100
KHE DCH CHNH 12mm
40
200
60
300
20
100
CAU THANG
25
50
480
2500
ONG PHAN PHOI NC TRNG H BACH KHOA

TP. HO CH MINH
KHOA MOI TRNG
O AN MON HOC KY THUAT X LY NC THAI
THIE T KE BE X LY SINH HOC NC

THAI NGANH THUOC DA
SVTH
QUACH.M.TUAN
GVHD
NG .TAN PHONG
CNBM
NG.VAN PHC
TY LE : 1/50
SO BAN VE: 3
BAN VE SO :3
CHI TIET BE UASB
6/2001
V d p dng 2. Tnh b UASB cho cng trnh x l NT c cc thong s cho trong bi

1) Hiu qu x l COD, BOD ca UASB l 75% (tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi,
Trnh Xun Lai, 2001)
BODra= 1367 - (1367*75%)= 342 mg/l
- Hiu qu x l COD.
CODra= 2236 - (2236*75%)= 517 mg/l
- Hiu qu x l N, P:
T l BOD : N : P trong b UASB tt nht = 350 : 5 : 1.
Nng c BOD b kh: 1367*0.75 = 1025.25mg/l
Nng N b kh tng ng: =
1025.25 * 5
= 17 mg / l
350
Nng P b kh tng ng: =
1025.25 * 1
= 3mg / l
350
N ra = 111 17 = 94mg / l
Pra = 27 3 = 24mg / l
Trang 146

- Lng COD cn kh mi ngy.
G = 1000m3*(75%*2236)=1677 kgCOD/ngy
- Ti trng kh COD ca b, theo quy phm t 4 - 18 kg COD/m3. ngy.Chn a=7 kgCOD/ngy.
2) Th tch x l ym kh cn thit.
V=
G 1677
=
= 240m3
a
7
3) gi lp bn trng thi l lng tc nc dng trong b khong

0,6-0,9m/h (Tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi, Trnh Xun Lai,2001 ).
Chn v = 0,9m3/h
- Din tch b cn thit
1000
Q
=
= 46.3 m2
v 24 * 0.9
F=
4) Chiu cao cn x l ym kh.
H1 =
V 240
=
= 5.2m
F 46.3
5) Tng chiu cao b.

H=H1+H2+H3
H1: chiu cao cn phi x l ym kh.
H2: Chiu cao vng lng, chiu cao ny phi ln hn 1 m bo khng gian an ton cho vng lng. Chn
H2=1,5m
H3: Chiu cao d tr chn 0,3m
=> H=5.2+1,5+0,3= 7 m.
6) Kim tra thi gian lu nc.
T=
V
24h
Q
Vi V=H*F= 7*46.3=324.1 (m3).

=> T =
324.1
* 24 = 7.78h
1000
7) Kch thc b:
Vi din tch F= 46.3 m2, chiu cao tng cng H=7 m
chiu di b L=8m
Chiu rng b B=5.9m
8) Nc khi vo ngn lng s c tch kh bng cc tm chn kh t nghing so vi phng ngang
mt gc 45-600. Chn 500
tg 500 =
H lang + H 3
B2
H lang + H 3 = tg 500 * B 2
=>Hlng=3.46 0,3 = 3.16m, >30% so vi chiu cao b nn tha mn iu kin thit k.

9) Trong b lp 1 tm hng dng.
Vi mt tm hng dng lp 4 tm chn kh, t theo hnh ch V, mi bn t 2 tm, cc tm ny t
song song vi nhau v nghing so vi phng ngang 1 gc 500.
Chn khe h cc tm chn ny bng nhau.
Trang 147

Tng din tch cc khe h chim 15-20% tng din tch b.
Chn Fkhe=0,15Fb
Trong ngn c 4 khe h, din tch mi khe.
Fkhe =
0.15 * Fbe 0.15 * 46.3

=
= 1.74m 2
sokhe
4
Khong cch (b rng) gia cc khe h.
Fkhe
1.77
=
= 0.435m
sokhe
4
H3
l=
lang
T m ch
kh 2
T m ch
kh 1
10) Tm chn kh 1.
435
T mh
dng
Chiu di l1=L=8m
Chiu rng b1.
b1 =
H lang H 2
sin 50
ng
3.16 1.5
= 2.17 m
sin 500
11) Tm chn kh 2:
Chiu di l2= L = 8m
Chiu rng b2
h = 435 * sin(90 50) = 280mm

di tm b2 chng ln b1 chn 400mm
b2 = 400 +
H 2 + H3 h
1.5 + 0.3 0.280
= 400 +
= 2.38m
sin 50
sin 50
12) Tm hng dng c t nghing so vi phng ngang 1 gc 500 v cch tm chn kh 1 l 435mm
Khong cch gia hai tm chn kh l L=4X.
Vi X=435*cos 500=280mm
=>L=4X=4*280=1119mm 1.12m
Trang 148
Tm hng dng c chc nng chn bn i ln phn x l ym kh ln phn lng nn rng y D

gia hai tm hng dng phi ln hn L.
on nh ra ca tm hng dng nm bn di khe h t 10-20cm, chn mi bn nh ra 20cm.
=>D=1120+400=1520m
Chn D=1520m
Chiu rng tm hng dng =
1520
2 =
2 = 1182mm
Cos500 Cos500
D
13) Tnh ton ng phn phi nc:

Vn tc nc chy trong ng ng chnh dao ng t 0.8-2m/s.Chn vng=1m/s
ng knh ng chnh:
4*Q
4 * 1000
=
= 0.122m = 122mm
3.14 * vong * 24 * 3600
3.14 * 1 * 24 * 3600
Dongchinh =
Vy chn ng chnh l thp khng g c ng knh 125mm.

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng:
vong =
2
ongchinh
4*Q
= 0.943m / s , gn bng 1m/s (tha).
* 3.14 * 24 * 3600
14) H thng u phn phi nc:

B UASB c thit k c tng cng 15 u phn phi nc.
Kim tra din tch trung bnh ca 1 u phn phi nc:
an =
8 * 5.8
= 3.1m 2 (nm trong khong cho php t 2-5m2/u.)
15
15) ng knh ng nhnh
Trang 149

Chn vn tc nc chy trong ng nhnh vnhnh= 1.5m/s.
Chn 5 ng nhnh phn phi nc vo b. Cc ng ny t vung gc chiu di b. Mi ng cch nhau 1.6m,
2 ng st tng t cch tng 0.8m.
ng knh ng nhnh:
Dongnhanh
4 * 1000
4 * Qongnhanh
5
=
=
= 0.044m = 44mm
3.14 * vongnhanh * 24 * 3600
3.14 * 1.5 * 3600 * 24
Chn ng knh ng nhnh Dong nhanh= 45mm.

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng nhnh:
vongnhanh =
4 * Qongnhanh
2
ongnhanh
* 3.14 * 24 * 3600
= 1.46m / s
16) L phn phi nc:

Tng cng c 15 u phn phi nc trn 5 ng nhnh.
mt ng nhnh s c 3 u phn phi nc.
Ti 1 u phn phi nc b tr 2 l theo 2 pha ca ng ng..
Lu lng qua l phn phi: Q phanphoi =
Qongnhanh
6
200
= 33.333m3 / ngy.
6
ng knh l phn phi:
4 * 200
4 * Q phanphoi
6
Dlo =
=
= 0.018m = 18mm
3.14 * v phanphoi * 24 * 3600
3.14 * 1.5 * 24 * 3600
Vn tc nc qua l phn phi = 1.5m/s.
l phn phi c ng knh 18mm.
Cc ng phn phi nc t cch y 20cm.
17) Tnh lng kh sinh ra
Lng kh sinh ra trong b tng ng: 0.5m3/1kgCODloi b
Th tch kh sinh ra trong ngy:
Vkh = 0.5 *1677 = 838.5m3 / ngy.

Lng kh metan sinh ra tng ng 0.35m3/1kgCODloi b
Th tch kh metan sinh ra: Vkhme tan
= 0.35 *1677 = 586.95m3 / ngy.
18) ng knh ng thu kh:

Vn tc kh trong ng t 10-15m/s.
Chn vn tc kh trong ng 10m/s.
Lp 2 ng dn kh 2 bn thnh b
ng knh ng dn kh:
Qkhi
4 * 419.25
2
=
=
= 0.025m
3.14 * vkhi * 24 * 3600
3.14 *10 * 24 * 3600
4*
Dkhi
Chn ng knh ng dn kh 50mm.

19)
Lng bn sinh ra:
Trang 150

Lng bn sinh ra tron b tng ng 0.05-0.1gVSS/gCODloai bo.
Khi lng bn sinh ra trong 1 ngy:
M bun = 0.1 *1677* = 167.7kgVSS / ngay.

Theo quy phm: 1m3 bn tng ng 260kg VSS.
Th tch bn sinh ra trong 1 ngy:
Vbun =
167.7
= 0.645m3 / ngay
260
Chn thi gian lu bn l 3 thng:

Lng bn sinh ra trong 3 thng = 0.645*30*3= 58 m3
Chiu cao bn trong 3 thng: =
58
= 1.24m
46.3
20) ng knh ng thu bn:

Chn thi gian x cn l 120 pht.
Lng cn i vo ng thu bn trong 120 pht: =
58
= 0.008m3 / s
120 * 60
B tr 3 ng thu bn, cc ng ny t vung gc vi chiu rng b, mi ng cch nhau 1.94m, 2 ng st

tng cch tng 0.96m
Vn tc bn trong ng chn 0.5m/s.
Din tch ng x cn: Fbun
0.008
= 0.0054m 2
3 * 0.5
ng knh ng thu bn: D =
4*S
=
3.14
4 * 0.0054
= 0.0083m = 83mm
3.14
Chn ng knh ng 85mm

21) S l c trn ng thu bn:
Chn tc bn qua l v = 0.5m/s
Chn ng knh l dlo= 30mm.
din tch l: f lo
3.14 * d lo2 3.14 * 0.032

=
= 0.0071m 2
4
4
Tng din tch l trn 1 ng x cn: Flo

S l trn 1 ng: n =
0.008
= 0.0054m 2
3 * 0.5
Flo 0.0054
=
= 7.6
f lo 0.00071
Chn s l trn 1 ng 8.
3 ng s c 24 l.
22) ng knh ng thu bn trung tm:
Chn vn tc 0.3m/s
ng knh ng thu bn: D =
4 * 0.008
= 185mm
3.14 * 0.3
Theo TCXD 51-84, ng knh ng thu bn ti thiu 200mm. Chn ng knh ng trung tm l 200mm.
23) Mng thu nc:
Trang 151

Mng thu nc t gia b chy dc theo chiu rng ca b.
Mng trn gm nhiu rng ca hnh ch V. Cng thc tnh lu lng qua mi rng mng hnh ch V
Q=
5
8
Cd tg
2g H 2
15
2
Trong :
: gc nh tam gic, chn
= 90
g : gia tc trng trng

H : chiu cao ct nc trn nh tam gic, chn H = 0,04 m
Cd : h s lu lng
0.7
R W 0.17
Cd = 0.56 +
Trong : W
0.165
gH 2 1000 * 9.81 * 0.042

=
= 224
70.10 3
: sc cng mt ngoi ca nc = 70.10-3
R=
H gH
0.04 * 9.81 * 0.04

= 36.7
0.8545.10 3
-3
: nht ng hc ca nc = 0,8545.10 Pas ( 27 C)
Cd = 0.71
Q=
5
3
8
900
* 0.71 * tg
* 2 * 9.81 * 0.04 2 = 0.00054 m
s
15
2
S rng ca trn mng: n =
1000
= 26
24 * 3600 * 0.00045
Nh vy hai bn mng thu nc mi bn c 13 rng.
l=
8
= 0.57m
13 + 1
Chiu rng mng chn b=0.3m.

Nc chy trong mng vi vn tc v = 0.24m/s, dc mng i=0.05
Thi gian trung bnh lu nc trong mng: t
Th tch mng thu: V
= Q *t =
Chiu cao mng thu nc: h =
8
= 17 s (17 giy).
2 * 0.24
1000
*17 = 0.197m3
24 * 3600
V
0.197
=
= 0.082m
L * b 8 * 0.3
Tng chiu cao mng thu nc: = 0.04 + 0.082 = 0.122m, chn 0.15m (do c thm chiu cao d tr mng rng
ca).
Chiu cao mng thu nc cui b: 0.15 + 0.05*8 =0.55m
Trang 152
8000
550
570
23) Lp t cc ng dn bn:
M
cn
24) Tnh tn tht ct nc v chn bm:

p dng phng trnh becnouly cho mt ct 1-1 (mt thong b gn m) v mt ct 2-2 (mt ct ti l
phn phi nc ca b UASB ).
Z1 +
P1
1v12
2g
+ H = Z2 +
P2
1v22
2g
+ h1 2
Suy ra ct p my bm:
H = ( Z 2 Z1 ) +
P2 P1
2v22 1v12
2g
+ h1 2
Trong Z2-Z1: chnh lch cao gia 2 mt ct = -2.3m

P1, P2: p sut ti mt ct 1, 2.
P1: p sut kh quyn 1.0*105 (N/m2).
P2: p sut ti mt ct 2.
P2 = Pthoang + gH = 1.2 *105 + 1000 * 9.81* 6.7 = 185727

Pthoang: p sut ti mt thong b UASB. Do c cha 1 lng kh nn gi s p sut 1.2*105
Trang 153
1 , 2
=1. (do nc chy trong ng l chy ri.)
v1, v2: vn tc ti mt ct 1, v 2. (v1=0, v2=1.5 m/s)
: tng tn tht.
1 2
a) Tng tn tht:
1 2
= hd + hc
hd : tn tht dc ng.
hd = hd _ 125 + hd _ 45 = 0.1176 + 1.21 = 1.3276m
hd _ 125 : tn tht dc ng trong ng chnh c ng knh 125mm.
l v2
d 2g
hd _ 125 =
Vi v l vn tc nc chy trong ng, v =1m/s
: h s ma st. Ph thuc vo s Renol

Re =
vd
1*0.125*1000
= 246284 >105
0.8545*103
Nn
1
1
=
= 0.0148
2
(1.8lg Re 1.5)
(1.8lg 246284 1.5) 2
c tnh theo cng thc Conacop:
l: chiu di ng bng 19.4m.

d: ng knh ng bng 0.125m.
Suy ra hd
_125 =
19.4 1
l v2
= 0.0148
= 0.1176m
0.125 2 g
d 2g
hd _ 45 : tn tht dc ng qua ng ng nhnh c ng knh 45mm.

hd _ 45 =
l v2
d 2g
Vi v l vn tc nc chy trong ng, v =1.5m/s
: h s ma st. Ph thuc vo s Renol

Re =
Nn
vd
1.5 * 0.045 *1000

= 78994 .
0.8545 *10 3
c tnh theo cng thc Blazious:
2320 < Re < 105
0.3164
0.3164
=
= 0.019
0.25
Re
(78994)0.25
l: chiu di ng bng 25m.

d: ng knh ng bng 0.045m.
Suy ra hd _ 45 =
l v2
25 1.52
= 0.019
= 1.21m
d 2g
0.045 2 g
Trang 154
hc : tn tht cc b hc = hc _ 125 + hc _ 45 = 0.044 + 1.66 = 1.71m

hc _ 125 =
v2
2g
+ 6 2 = 0.2 + 6 * 0.11 = 0.86
1 : h s tr lc khi vo ng ht.
2 :
h s tr lc khc cong 900
Suy ra hc _ 125 =
v2
1 .0
= 0.86
= 0.044m
2g
2 * 9.81
hc _ 45 =
= 4
v2
2g
+ 30 2 = 4 * 0.437 + 30 * 0.424 = 14.468
1 : h s tr lc khi thu hp t ng 125mm qua ng 45mm.

2 :
Suy ra hc _ 45
1 2
h s tr lc khu thu hp t ng 45mm qua l 18mm
1.52
v2
= 14.468
= 1.66m
2g
2 * 9.81
= hd + hc = 1.3276 + 1.71 = 3.1m
b) ct p my bm:
H = ( Z 2 Z1 ) +
P2 P1
2v22 1v12
2g
+ h1 2 = 2.3 +
185727 100000 1*1.52 1* 0

+
+ 3.1 = 8.8m
1000 * 9.81
2 * 9.81
c) cng sut my bm:
N=
QgH 0.0174 *1000 * 9.81* 8.8

=
= 1.88kW
1000
1000 * 0.8
Chn 2 bm cng sut 2.0kW. Mt hot ng v 1 d phng.

Q: lu lng nc cn bm (m3/s )
Cc thng s thit k b UASB.
Tn thng s
K hiu
n v
S lng
Chiu cao xy dng
Chiu di b
Chiu rng b
5.9
Chiu di tm chn kh 1
l1
B rng tm chn kh 1
b1
2.17
Chiu di tm chn kh 2
l2
B rng tm chn kh 2
b2
2.38
Chiu rng tm hng dng
1.52
Trang 155

Cnh bn tm hng dng
1.182
ng knh ng dn nc trung tm
mm
125
ng knh ng dn nc phn phi
mm
45
S lng ng nhnh cp nc
S lng ng thu kh
ng knh ng thu kh
mm
25
ng knh ng thu bn trung tm
mm
200
ng knh ng nhnh thu bn
mm
97
S lng ng nhnh thu bn
Chiu cao mng thu nc u b
Mm
150
Chiu cao mng cui b
mm
550
Trang 156
Chng 5: X L V S DNG CN NC THI

5.1. C TNH CA CN LNG V CC PHNG PHP X L
5.1.1. Thnh phn
- Mng VSV.
- Rc nghin nh: lng rc c nghin nh hoc x l vi cn hoc tr li song chn rc.
- Cc loi cn b tip xc, cn ny khng x l chung m em ra sn phi bn, nn cn, .
- Cc cht hu c cn chim 60-80% cht hu c tng cng.
- Thnh phn ho hc ca cn trong nc thi
Loi cn
1. Cn ti
2. Bn hot tnh
3. Mng vi sinh
Cht ko tro
72-90
65-75
65-75
N
2-3
3.4
5.5
P2O5 K2O
0.6-1.7 0.2
2.3
0.4
3.1
-
Cht bo
14-17
2.6
6
HC
20-30
4-7
-
E.coli
107-108
4.106-3.107
-
5.1.2. Phng php x l

- X l cn hiu qu nht bng phng php ln men k kh vi s tham gia ca VSV k kh.
- Qu trnh sinh ho k kh cn hu c rt phc tp:
+ Cc cht hu c (C) acid bo + Biogas (CO2, CH4, H2)
+ Cc cht hu c (N) NH3, N2
+ Cht hu c (S) H2S
- Sau khi ln men, tnh cht cn thay i v V thay i (khng tan cht tan + kh)
- Qu trnh ln men k kh gm 2 giai on
+ Giai on ln men acid.
+ Giai on ln men kim.
Giai on 1: Ln men Acid (ln men H). Di tc dng ca men VSV, cc cht hu c ca
cn:
+ u tin: Phn hu s/p n gin
Protid peptid v aa
Cht bo glicerine, a.bo
(H, C) ng n gin
+ Sau : Chuyn ho cc cht trn thnh s/p cui cng ca giai on 1 (ch yu l cc acid
hu c: a.butylic, a.propionic, a.acetic). pH < 7 ln men aicd
- VSV giai on 1 l : nm, VK butyric, propionic Th tch cn khng gim, c mi
hi
Giai on 2: Ln men kim (ln men metan)
+ Chuyn ho cc s/p ca giai on 1 thnh CH4, CO2, H2.
+ VSV tham gia: VK to CH4.
Methano bacterium
Methanococus
Methanosarica
+ Cc phn ng
Vi cc A.Bo H2 (tr CH3COOH) v ru (tr metylic):
men
4H2 + CO2
Vi H2 (t giai on 1)
H2 + CO2
men
4 + CH4 + 2H2O
CH4 + 2H2O + Q
Trang 157
Vi CH3COOH
men
CH3COO
CH4 + CO2 + Q
CH3COOH
CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O + Q
5.1.3. Cc cng trnh x l cn

- B t hoi
- B lng 2 v
- B metan
- Mt s cng trnh rc cn :p dy ai , Sn phi, B nn bn,.
5.2. CC CNG TRNH X L
5.2.1. B Mtan
- y l cng trnh x l cn hiu qu nht.
- Thi gian ln men ngn: 6-20 ngy, th tch ngn bn nh
- Cc loi cn dn n b
+ Cn ti t b lng 1
+ Bn hot tnh d trn mng VS
+ Rc nghin
- Cn c hm nng v xo trn to iu kin ti u cho qu trnh ln men.
- Khi b lm vic bnh thng:
+ pH = 7-7,5
+ Hm lng a.bo: 3-8 mg/l
+ kim: 60-70 mg/l
+ Nit ca mui amino: 600-800 mg/l
- Cng qu trnh ln men ph thuc vo nhit , lng cn, mc xo trn.
5.2.1.1. Cu to
5
c Dn cn vo
d Thit b hm nng cn
e Dn hi nng
f My trn
g Kh t
1
3
5.2.1.2. Tnh ton

1/ Xc nh lng cn dn n Metan
a) Lng cn ti t b lng 1
Co.Q.E.K
Wc = (100 - P ).1000.1000.Y
c
(m3/ng)
Vi:
+ Co: hm lng cht l lng BL1
+ E: hiu sut lng %
+ K: h s tnh n kh nng tng lng cn do c c ht l lng (K = 1,1-1,2)
+ Pc: m cn ti (%)
+ Yc: trng lng th tch ca cn ti
b) Lng bn hot tnh d
Trang 158
Wb =
[Co(100 - E) - 100b]Q
(100 - Pb)106Yb
(m3/ng.)
Vi:
+ : h s tnh n kh nng tng trng khng iu ho ca bn hot tnh trong qu trnh x
l sinh hc ( = 1,15-1,25)
+ b: hm lng bn hot tnh tri theo nc ra khi b lng 2
+ Pb: o m bn hot tnh sau khi nn
+ Yb: trng lng th tch ca bn hot tnh
c) Lng rc nghin song chn
100 - P1
(m3/ng.)
Wr = W1.100 - P
2
Vi:
+ W1: lng rc trong ngy m vi m ban u P1
+ P1, P2: m rc trc v sau khi nghin
d) Lng cn tng cng metan:
W = Wc + Wb + Wr
e) m TB ca hn hp cn b
C + Bk + RK
P = 100 ( 1 K
(%)
W
Vi:
+ Ck: lng cht kh trong cn ti vi m Pc
Wc (100 - Pc)
Ck =
100
+ Bk: lng cht kh trong bn hot tnh d ng vi m Pb
Wb (100 - Pb)
Bk =
100
+ Rk: lng cht kh trong rc sau khi nghin vi m P2
Wr (100 - P2)
Rk =
100
2/ Dung tch b metan theo cng thc
W.100
Wm = d
(m3)
Vi:
+ d: lu lng cn trong ngy m dn vo b metan ph thuc m cn (ly theo bng)
d (d m cn %)
Ch ln men
93
94
95
96
97
Am 33oC
7
8
9
10
11
Nng 53oC
14
16
18
20
22
3/ Lng kh t: Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh Metan c sinh ra 1 lng kh t ch yu l
CH4 v mt t CO2.
a - nd
y = 100
Vi:
+ y: lng kh t tu c (m3/kg) cht khng tro
+ a: kh nng ln men ln nht ca cht khng tro trong hn hp cm dn n Metan %.
a = (0,92B + 0,62H + 0,34P)100
Vi:
- B: lng cht bo
- H: hm lng (H, C)
- P: hm lng protein
Trang 159
Trong TH khng xc nh c B, H, P
53 (Co + Ro) + 41Bo
a=
Co + Ro + Bo
- Co, Ro, Bo: Tng ng l lng cht khng tro ca cn ti, rc v bn hot tnh d
v c xc nh:
Ck (100 - Ac)(100 - Tc)
Co =
104
Vi:
+ Ck: lng cht kh trong cn ti (T/ng.)
+ Ac: m cn ti
+ Tc: t l tro trong cn
Rk (100 - Ar)(100 - Tr)
Ro =
104
Bk (100 - Ab)(100 - Tb)
Bo =
104
+ n: h s ph thuc m cn v ch ln men (theo bng)
Gi tr n theo m
Ch ln men
93
94
95
96
97
o
Am 33 C
1.05
0.98
0.72
0.56
0.4
Nng 53oC
0.435
0.385
0.31
0.24
0.17
Vi:
5/ Lng kh t tng cng c xc nh theo cng thc

K = y (Co + Ro + Bo).1000
5.2.1.2. Hm t hoi
L cng trnh x l sinh hc bc u ca h thng x l nc thi, trong cc tc nhn gy

nhim c phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt di iu kin k kh. S chuyn ha sinh hc xy
ra theo cc hng sau: Chuyn ho cc cht hu c thnh kh sinh hc v cc sn phm hu c
n gin hn
- Gim mt phn N, P do vi sinh vt s dng xy dng t bo
LO 300X300
LO 300X300
2900
3500
200
100
CHI TIET HAM T HOAI II
BE PHAN HUY
200
300
NGAN LANG 1
200
300
500
2800
300
3500
6600
200
300
500
MAT CAT A-A
7900
ONG THOAT PHAN D300
200
ONG THONG HI D150
600
800
11800
200
300
500
5750
300
11800
5750
200
300
500
MAT CAT B-B
800
5900
5900
NGAN LANG 1
200
300
12400
BE PHAN HUY
NAP THAM
NGAN LANG 1
200
300
4530
5900
NGAN LANG 2
1700
2900
ONG DAN NC THAI RA

NGAN LANG 2
3500
570 800
200
100
300
200
ONG DAN NC THAI RA
ONG THONG HI D150
225
275
500
3500
300
7300
MAT BANG
3500
200
300
500
O AN TOT NGHIEP
NGHIEN CU MO HNH BUN HOAT TNH PHUC VU
THIET KE HE THONG X LY NC THAI TOA NHA
SAIGON CASTLE
CHI TI? T HAM T HOAI II
Trang 160

V d p dng : Tnh hm t hoi cho cng trnh XLNT ca ta nh Saigon Castle
Cng trnh SAIGON CASTLE l mt t hp gm 8 khi nh gm 16 lc chung c. Do lu lng nc thi sinh hot ca
mi lc l:
552 : 16 =34,5 m3/ng
t khi A1 v khi A2 chung 1 b t hoi; khi C1 v khi C2 chung 1 b t hoi.
Cc khi B1, B2, B3, B4 mi khi t mt b t hoi.Do ta c tng cng 6 b vi lu lng tng b nh sau:
- B 1 ( ca khi A1 v khiA2 ): 34,5 x 2 = 69 m3/ng
- B 2 ( ca khi C1 v khiC2 ): 34,5 x 2 = 69 m3/ng
- B 3,4,5,6 ( ca cc khi B1, B2, B3, B4 ): 34,5 x 3 = 103,5 m3/ng
Theo tiu chun thit k (TCXD 51 84), lu lng nc thi sinh hot 69 m3/ng v 103,5 m3/ng, chn b t hoi ba
ngn x l s b nc thi sinh hot.
1.
Th tch tnh ton chung ca 1 b t hoi: ly khng nh hn lu lng nc thi trung bnh trong 1 2 ngy m (
iu 7.32 TCXD 51 -84), chn 2 ngy m tnh ton, khi :

W1 = W2 = Q1 x 2 ngy = 69 x 2 = 138 m3
W3 = W4 = W5 = W6 = Q2 x 2 ngy = 103,5 x 2 = 207 m3
Trong :
+ Q1, Q2: lu lng nc thi t cc nh v sinh theo ngy trung bnh ca 1 b
Q1 = 69 m3/ng., Q2 = 103,5m3/ng.
+ W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 , W6 : Th tch b 1, b 2, b 3, b 4, b 5, b 6
2.
Th tch ngn th nht bng th tch tng cng :
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 1 v b 2
Wa = 0,5 x 138 = 69 m3
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 3, b 4, b 5, b 6
Wa = 0,5 x 207 = 103,5 m3
3.
Th tch ngn th hai bng th tch ngn th ba v bng th tch tng cng:
- Th tch ngn 2 v ngn 3 ca b 1 v b 2

Wb = Wc = 0,25 x 138 = 34,5 m3
- Th tch ngn 2 v ngn 3 ca b 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Wb = Wc = 0,25 x 207 = 51,75 m3
4.
Chiu su cng tc cc ngn ca b t hoi:
B 1 v b 2
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:
F1 =F2 =
-
W1 138
=
= 69 m2
H
2
B 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2,5m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:
F3 =F4 = F5 = F6 =
W3
207
=
= 82,8 m2
2,5
H
Chn kch thc H x B x L ca cc ngn nh sau:

- B 1 v b 2
Trang 161

Ngn th I: H1 x B1 x L1 = 2 x 3 x 11,7
Ngn th II v th III: H2,3 x B2,3 x L2,3 = 2 x 3 x 5,75
- B 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Ngn th I: H1 x B1 x L1 = 2,5 x 3,5x 11,8
Ngn th II v th III: H2,3 x B2,3 x L2,3 = 2,5 x 3,5 x 5,9
Hm lng cht bn sau khi qua b t hoi gim v tnh nh sau:
Hm lng cht l lng gim 45%, tc l cht l lng cn li trong nc thi:
220 x (100% 45%) =121 mg/l
Hm lng BOD5 gim: 20 40 %, tc l hm lng BOD5 cn li trong nc thi:
340 x (100% 40%) =204 mg/l.
5.2.1.3. B nn bn
- B nn bn c nhim v lm gim m ca bn
- B nn bn thng thit k dng trn ng.
- Lng cn bao gm
+ Cn x l sinh hc (d)
+ Cn ban u (SS)
+ Cn keo tt phn
TNH TON
1/ Lng cn
P = PSH + PSS + PAl(OH)3
2/ Lu lng bn dn vo b
P
q = 24C (m3/h)
Vi:
+ P: Hm lng cn (g).
+ C: Nng bn m %
(C = Co)
(g/m3)
3/ Din tch b nn bn ng
q
F1 = L
q: m3/ng.
L: Ti trng b nn bn 24-30m3/m2ng.
4/ Din tch ng trung tm
q.103
F2 = V .3600.t
2
Vi:
+ V2: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm (28-30mm/s).
+ t: thi gian vn hnh (h).
5/ Din tch tng cng
F = F1 + F 2
6/ ng knh ca b
4F
D=
7/ ng knh ng trung tm
4F2
d=
8/ ng knh ng lc trung tm
d2 = 1,35d
9/ ng knh tm chn
Trang 162
10/ Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn
dc= 1,3d2
h1 = V1.t. 3600
Vi :
+ V1 =0,0001 m/s.
+ t: thi gian lng.
11/ Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing , ng knh y (0,2-0,4m) d
D - d
h2 =
2cotg
12/ Chiu cao t y ng loa n tm chn: h3 = 0,25-0,3m
13/ Chiu cao lp nc trung ho: 0,3m
Chiu cao lp bn nn
Hb =h2 - h3 hTH
h3
hTH
h2
Hb
V d p dng: Tnh B Nn Bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi Dt nhum cng sut 1500m3/ngay.em.
Lm gim m ca bn t 99.4% xung 96-97%. Bn v vn ni t b lng c bm vo b nn bn.
Lng bn sinh ra t :
Lng cn t b sinh hc.
Hm lng cn u vo .
Hm lng kt ta hyrxyt nhm sinh ra khi keo t bng phn nhm.
Lng cn t b sinh hc: 107.68 kg/ngy m.
Lng cn l lng u vo trong mt ngy 2.176 (kg/m3) x 1500 (m3/ngy m) = 3264 (kg/ngy m).
Tnh lng Al (OH)3 sinh ra khi thy phn phn Al2(SO4)3.18H2O.
Dng phn hm lng 150 mg/l vi tinh khit 90%. i vi phn nguyn cht 100% th lng phn l 135
mg/l.
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. 2 Al (OH)3
666
156g
135mg
x = 31.62 (mg/l).
Lng Al (OH)3 dng trong mt ngy l 0.03162 x 1500 = 47.43 (kg/ngy m).
Vy tng lng cn l : 107.68 + 3264 + 47.43 = 3419 (kg).
Hm lng cn trong 1m3 nc thi: P = 2.28 (kg/m3).
Lu lng bn dn vo b
q=
P x Q 2280 x1500
=
= 20.35 (m3 / h) = 488.4 (m3 / ngay ).
24 x C
24 x 7000
Trong :
P: Hm lng bn 2.28 (kg/m3).
Q: Lu lng nc thi.
24: Thi gian vn hnh.
C: nng bn m 70%.C = 7000 g/m3.
Din tch b nn bn ng :
F1 =
q 488.4
=
=18.78 (m 2 )
L
26
Trang 163

Trong :
L: Ti lng b nn bn 24-30 m3 /m2. ngy m.
Din tch ng trung tm:
F2 =
q 5.6
=
= 0.202 (m 2 )
V2 28
Trong :
V2: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm bng 28mm/s.
Din tch tng cng b nn bn ng.
F = F1 + F2 = 18,78 + 0.202 = 18.982 m2..
ng knh ca b nn bn ng:
D=
4F
4 x18.982
= 4.9 (m) . Chn D = 5m.
3.14
ng knh ng trung tm:
d=
4 F2
4 x 0.202
= 0 .5 ( m )
3.14
ng knh phn lc ca ng trung tm:

dL = 1.35 x d = 0.675 (m).
ng knh tm chn:
dc = 1.3 x dL =0.8775.
Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn:
h1 = V1 x t x 3600 = 0.0001 x 8 x 3600 = 2.9 m.
Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing 450 , ng knh b l 5.0 m v ng knh y l 0.4 m th h2 = 2.3 m.
Chiu cao lp bn nn :
Hb = h2 h3 hTH.
Trong
h2 : khong cch t y ng loe n tm chn 0.25 0.3 m. Chn 0.3 m.

hTH: chiu cao lp nc trung ha:2.3m.
Vy
Hb = 2.3 0.3 0.3 = 1.7 m.
Chiu cao b nn bn :
Hxd = h1 + h2 + 0.25 = 2.9 + 2.3 + 0.25 = 5.45 m.
Trang 164
5000
250
500
290
2300
5.2.1.4. Sn phi bn
Sn phi bn l cng trnh s dng nhit mt tri nhm mc ch gim khi lng ca hn hp bn
cn bng cch gn mt phn hay phn ln lng nuc c trong hn hp gim kch thc thit b x
l v gim trng lng phi vn chuyn n ni tip nhn.
S O MAT CAT SAN PHI BUN
20
1 000
7
6
5
100
2
200
1 000
9000
9 400
200
300 300
2 2200
Mat cat A-A

3 000
Mat cat B-B

B
800
300
200
3000
3000
3200
9800
200200
10200
On g tieu
nc bun
O n g da n bun
Lo i xuo n g sa n phi bun
n g i
Lp soi
Lp cat
6
7
Lp bun
K hoa xa bun
Ty le
1:45
Ng a y ve
Nhom
GV HD
L AM VNH SN
SAN PHI BUN

Tr n g HDL Ky thuat
Con g n ghe
K hoa Mo i trn g
B a n ve
so 2
Trang 165
r hn ta lm bi tp p dng sau y:
V d p dng: Tnh ton sn phi bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi vi cc thong s cho.
Lng bn hnh thnh bao gm: lng bn ti t b lng I v bn hat tnh d t b lng 2
a) Lng bn t b lng I
Hiu qu x l cn l lng t 94,23%, lng bn
Mti = 1000gSS/m3 * 94,23% * 300 m3/ngy = 282690 (g/m3) = 282,69 (kg/ngy)
ti
sinh
ra
mi
ngy
l:
Lu lng bn ti cn x l:
Q=
M tuoi
282,69
=
= 5369(l / ngay ) = 5,369 m 3 / ngay
S P 1,053 0,05
Trong :
S: t trng cn ti, S = 1,053 kg/l. (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 5% =0,05 ( m 95%) (bng 13-5)
b) Lng bn t b lng II
b Aerotank, lng bn d cn x l mi ngy l 40,62 kg/ngy
Lu lng bn cn x l
Q=
40,62
M
=
= 4041(l / ngay ) = 4,041 m 3 / ngay
S P 1,005 0,01
Trong :
S = 1,005 (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 1% =0,01 (bng 13-5)
Th tch bn a vo sn phi mi ngy
Vb = 5,369 + 4,041 = 9,41 (m3)
Ch tiu thit k: t nng cn 25% ( m 75%)
Chn chiu dy bn 25% l 10 cm, sau 4 tun (28 ngy) 1m2 sn phi c lng cn:
g = V . S . P = 0,1 x 1,4 x 0,25 = 0,035 (tn) = 35 (kg/28 ngy)
Trong :
V = 1m2 x 0,1 = 0,1 m3.
S: t trng bn kh, S = 1,4 (bng 13-1); P = 0,25.
Lng bn cn phi trong 28 ngy
G = 28 x (282,69 + 40,62) = 9052,68(kg)
Din tch sn phi
F=
( )
G 9052,68
=
= 250 m 2
35
g
Din tch cc cng trnh ph ca sn phi (ng bao, h thu nc, trm bm, ) ly bng 20 % din tch sn phi
bn. Tng din tch sn phi:
Ftng = 1,2 x 250 =300 (m2)
Ta b tr 5 . Din tch 1 :
f =
250
= 50(m 2 )
5
Mi c kch thc: 8 x 6,25 (m). Bn c phi v thu gom theo chu k 28 ngy (1 thng) 1 ln.
Trang 166

Thng s thit k sn phi bn
Thng s
Hnh dng
Di
Rng
Chiu cao tng cng
Chiu cao lp ct
Chiu cao lp si
Dn ng thu nc:
ng knh
dc
Chiu cao bo v
Chiu cao dung dch bn
Gi tr
Ch nht
8m
6,25 m
1,04m
25 cm
30cm
100 mm
1%
30 cm
= Vb/f = 9,41/50 = 19 cm
H thng ng bm ht bn
Chi tit mt ngn phi
Trang 167
Chng 6. KH TRNG NC THI

6.1. TI SAO PHI KH TRNG NC THI
Da vo s phn tch ta c th a ra 2 nguyn nhn cn phi kh trng nc thi v nc cp sau
y:
1. Theo yu cu ca tiu chun Vit Nam v ch tiu an ton nc cp v nc thi phi k n
ch tiu vi sinh
a. Nc cp:
+ Ecoli khng c tn ti
+ Coliform < 20MPN/100ml
b. Nc thi:
+ Coliform : < 5000 MPN/100ml
(loi A)
< 10000 MPN/100ml
(loi B)
2. Do trong qu trnh x l nc cp v nc thi phi qua nhiu cng on khc nhau do
kh nng gy nhim vi sinh l rt cao
H THNG X L NC CP
5600
phen
Be tieuthu
Be loc
3200
2700
Be tronng
Be phanng
xoay hnhpheu
3700
Chat kh trung
2000
Be lang
1000
Nc
Be cha
0,00
MLCN
TBCI
loc rac tinh
ho em
be ieu hoa
be loc sinh hoc nho giot
S O DAY CHUYEN CONG NGHE HTXL NC THAI KCN VN - SINGARPORE

MAT BANG TRAM X LY
ho thu + SCR tho

thung thu rac
be lang 2 (be lang ngang)
be bun hoat tnh
mng thoat
bun tuan hoan
thiet b gat bun
may ep bun
be ieu hoa
be cha bun
P. phan tch
may ep bun
be loc sinh
hoc nho got
loc tho
bun d
ho em
be bun hoat tnh
day hanh chanh
be lang
ngang
bai at trong (d tru m rong)
ho thu + SCR
nha bao ve
be cha bun
Trang 168
Kh trng l mt khu quan trng cui cng trong h thng x l nc sinh hot. Sau qu trnh x l
c hc, nht l nc sau khi qua b lc, phn ln cc vi sinh vt b gi li. Song tiu dit hon
ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi tin hnh kh trng nc.
Kh trng nc thi l nhm mc ch ph h, tiu dit cc loi vi khun gy bnh nguy him hoc
cha c hoc khng th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc thi.
Nc thi sau khi x l bng phng php sinh hc cn cha khong 105 106 vi khun /ml. Hu ht
cc loi vi khun c trong nc thi khng phi l vi trng gy bnh nhng khng loi tr kh nng c
vi khun gy bnh. Khi x ra ngun nc cp, h bi,.. th s lan truyn bnh rt ln. V vy cn phi
tuyt trng nc thi trc khi x ra ngoi.
Nh bit, x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin cho hiu xut x l
v kh trng cao nht, t ti 99%, cn cc cng trnh x l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to ch t
91 98%.
Biu sau y biu th s gim s lng vi khun sau khi nc thi x l qua mt s cng on:
% gim VK
120
100
I. Nc thi trc khi x l

II. Sau b lng 1
III. Sau b Aeroten
80
60
40
20
0
I
II
III
Vi nhng phn tch nh trn ta thy rng cn phi kh trng truc khi s dng (nc cp) v trc
khi thi ra ngun tip nhn (nc thi).
6.2. CC PHUONG PHP KH TRNG NC THI
9 Hin nay c nhiu bin php kh trng c hiu qu:
Kh trng bng cc cht oxi ho mnh: Cl2, cc hp cht Clo, O3, KmnO4.
Kh trng bng cc tia vt l: tia cc tm.
Kh trng bng siu m.
Kh trng bng phng php nhit.
Kh trng bng cc ion kim loi nng.
9 Cch la chn phng php ph thuc:
Cc yu t nh hng.
Hiu qu.
6.2.1. Kh trng bng cc cht xi ha mnh
6.2.1.1.Kh trng bng Clo v cc hp cht ca Clo
Cl2 l cht oxi ho mnh bt k dng no. Khi cho Clo tc dng vi n s to thnh HOCl c tc
Trang 169
dng dit trng mnh. Khi cho Clo vo trong H2O, cht dit trng s khuych tn qua lp v t bo
sinh vt gy phn ng vi men t bo lm ph hoi cc qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo vi sinh
vt.
Khi cho Clo vo trong nc, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Cl2 + H2O = HCl + HclO
Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn li
Cl2 + H2O = H+ + OCl- + Cl-.
Khi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Ca(OCl)2 + H2O = CaO + 2HOCl
2HOCl = 2H+ + 2OClKh nng dit trng ca Clo ph thuc vo hm lng HOCl c trong H2O. Nng HOCl ph thuc
vo lng ion H+ trong nc hay ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Khi:
- pH = 6 th HOCl chim 99,5% cn OCl- chim 0.5%
- pH = 7 th HOCl chim 79% cn OCl- chim 21%
- pH = 8 th HOCl chim 25% cn OCl- chim 75%
Tc l pH cng cao hiu qu kh trng cng gim.
Tc dng kh trng ca HOCl cao hn nhiu OCl-.
Khi cho Clo vo trong nc ngoi vic dit vi sinh vt, n cn kh cc cht ho tan v NH3.
HOCl + NH3 = NH2Cl + H2O
HOCl + NH2Cl = NHCl2 + H2O
HOCl + NHCl = NCl3 + H2O
Do kh nng dit trng km i. Bi v kh nng dit trng ca monocloramin hp hn dicloramin
khong 3 5 ln, cn kh nng dit trng ca dicloramin thp hn HOCl khong 20 25 ln.
Khi pH tng NCl3 to t. Kh nng dit trng ca NH2Cl =( 1/3 -1/5) NHCl2 v NH2Cl2 =(1/20
1/25)Cl2.
Sau khi qua x ly (h thng x l) th lng Clo lng d: 0.3-0.5mg/l. Sao cho n cui ng cn
0.05mg/l.
Lng Clo d a vo trong nc phi xc nh bng thc nghim. Khi thit k s b c th ly nh
sau : i vi nc thi sau x l c hc l 10mg/l; nc thi sau x l Aeroten khng hon ton hay
Biophin cao ti l 5mg/l; nc thi x l sinh hc hon ton l 3mg/l.
Khi trong nc c phenol, kh trng bng Clo Clo phenol c mi rt kh chu. Nn kh bng NH3
trc khi kh trng.
* Kh trng bng Clo lng: Khi dng Clo lng kh trng , ti nh my phi lp t thit b
chuyn dng a Clo vo nc gi l Clorat. y l thit b c chc nng pha ch v nh lng
Clo hi v nc.
Trang 170
Trang 171
Hnh : Clorat
Trang 172
Bnh Clo lng

50 100 l
Bnh Clo lng dung tch 800 1000li1t
H thng pha ch Clo
6.2.1.2. Kh trng bng Clorua vi v canxihyphocloit

Clorua vi c sn xut bng cch cho Clo + vi ti Cloruavi. Trong Cloruavi th lng Clo
hot tnh chim 20 25%. Canxi hypclorit Ca (OCl)2 l sn phm ca qu trnh lm bo ha dung
dch vi sa bng Clo. Ham lng Clo hot tnh chim 30 45%.
Trang 173
6.2.1.3. Kh trng bng Natri hypoclorit (nc zaven). NaClo l sn phm ca qu trnh in phn
dung dch mui n . Nc zaven c nng Clo hot tnh t 6 8g/l
Trang 174
6.2.1.4. Dng zn kh rng

zn l mt cht kh c mu tm t ha tan trong nc v rt c hi i vi con ngi. trong nc,
zn phn hy rt nhanh thnh xi phn t v nguyn t. zn c tnh hot ha mnh hn Clo, nn
dit trng mnh hn.
zn c sn xut bng cch cho Oxy hoc khng kh i qua thit b phng la in. cung cp
lng ozon cho trm x l nc ta dng my pht tia la in v cho khng kh chy qua. Ozon sn
xut ra d b phn hy thnh Oxy do phi lp thit b lm lnh my sn xut Ozon. C 2 loi my
lm lnh in cc:
- Lm lnh bng khng kh.
- Lm lnhbng nc.
u im ca Ozon:
- Khng c mi
- Lm gim nhu cu oxi ca nc , gim cht hu c,..
- Kh mu, phnol, xianua
- Tng DO
- Khng c sn phm ph gy c hi
- Tng vn tc lng ca ht l lng
Nhc im:
- Vn u t cao
- Tiu tn nng lng
Kh nng tit trng ca Ozon
ha tan ca Ozon gp 13 ln ca oxy. Khi va cho vo trong nc kh nng tit trng l rt t , khi
Ozon ha tan liu lng, ng vi hm lng oxy ho hu c v vi khun trong nc, lc
tc dng kh trng mnh nhanh gp 3100 ln so vi Clo, thi gian tit trng xy ra trong khong 3
8 giy.
Liu lng cn thit cho nc ngm l 0.75 1mg/l; 1.0 3.0 mg/l nc mt; sau b lng 2 trong x
l nc thi t 5 15mg/l.
6.2.2. Kh trng bng tia cc tm
Tia c tm UV l tia bc x in t c bc sng khong 4 400nm. di bc sng ca tia c tm
nm ngoi vng pht hin, nhn bit ca mt thng. Dng tia cc tm tit trng khng lm thay
i tnh cht ha hc v l hc ca nc.
Tia cc tm tc dng lm thay i DNA ca t bo vi khun, tia cc tm c di bc sng 254nm,
kh nng dit khun cao nht. Trong cc nh my x l nc thi, dng n thu ngn p lc thp
pht tia cc tm, loi n ny pht ra tia c tm c bc sng 253,7nm, bng n t trong hp thy
tinh khng hp ph tia cc tm, ngn cch n v nc. n c lp thnh b trong hp ng c
vch ngn phn phi khi nc cy qua hp, c trn u cho s lng vi khun i qua n
trong thi gian tip xc hp l cao nht. Lp nc i qua n c dy khong 6mm, nng lng
tiu th t 6000 13000mocrowat/s, bn 3000 gi n 8000 gi.
Tuy nhin khi s dng phng php ny th chi ph rt cao. Cc thc nghim gn y cho thy nc
thi c hm lng cn l lng SS < 50mg/l sau khi i qua hp n cc tm vi tiu chun nng lng
nu trn th nc cn 200 Colifrom/100ml.
Trang 175
6.2.3. Kh trng bng mt s phng php khc

- Kh trng bng siu m: Dng dng siu m vi cng tc dng ln s c th tiu dit ton
b vi sinh vt trong nc
- Kh trng bng PP nhit: PP c truyn. un si nc 1000C.
- Kh trng bng Ion Bc : C th tiu dit phn ln vi trng. Vi 2 10g/l ion l c th tc
dng.
Bi tp p dng: Tnh cng trnh kh trng nc thi cho trm x l nc thi cng sut 12,5 (m3/h)
- Lng Clo hot tnh cn thit kh trng nc thi c tnh theo cng thc: (X l nc thi th v
cng nghip,Tnh ton thit k cng trnh- Lm Minh Trit)
Ya =
Trong :
3 * 12 , 5
a*Q
=
= 0 , 0375 kg
h
1000
1000
Q: lu lng tnh ton ca nc thi, Q = 12,5 (m3/h)

a: liu lng Clo hot tnh trong Clo nc ly theo iu 6.20.3-TCXD-51-84, nc thi sau khi
x l sinh hc hon ton, a = 3

Vy lng Clo dng cho 1ngy l: 0,9 (kg/ng) = 27 (kg/thng)
Dung tch bnh Clo:
V =
27
m
=
= 18 , 36 (l )
1 , 47
P
P: trng lng ring ca Clo.

-
Tnh ton mng trn

xo trn nc thi vi Clo, chn mng trn vch ngn c l tnh ton thit k. Thi gian xo trn trong
vng 1 2 pht. Mng gm 3 ngn vi cc l c d = 20 100 (mm) (X l nc thi th v cng nghip,Tnh ton thit
k cng trnh- Lm Minh Trit)
Chn d = 30 mm
Trang 176

Chn Chiu rng mng: B = 0,5 (m)
Khong cch gia cc vch ngn: l = 1,5*B = 1,5*0,5 = 0,75 m
Chiu di tng cng ca mng trn vi 2 vch ngn c l:
L = 3*l + 2* = 3*0,75 + 2*0,2 = 2,65 m
Chn thi gian xo trn l 2 pht.
Thi gian nc lu li trong mng trn c tnh bng cng thc:
t=
H 1 * B * L H 1 * 0 , 5 * 2 , 65
=
= 2 * 60 ( giy )
Q max
0 , 0035
Vy: Chiu cao lp nc trc vch ngn th nht
H1=
2 * 60 * 0 , 0035
0 , 5 * 2 , 65
= 0 ,3 ( m )
S hng l theo chiu ng:

C: H1 = 2d*(nd 1) + d
nn =
l
H 1d
0 , 3 0 , 03
+1=
+ 1 = 5 ,5 6
2*d
2 * 0 , 03
S hng l theo chiu ngang:

C: B = 2d*(nn 1) + 2d
l
B 2*d
0 , 5 2 * 0 , 03
+1=
+ 1 = 8 ,3 8
2*d
2 * 0 , 03
Chiu cao lp nc trc vch ngn th 2

H2 = H1 + h = 0,3 + 0,13 = 0,43 9m)
Trong :
h=
h: Tn tht p lc qua cc l ca vch ngn th 2.
v2
=
2 * 2 g 0 , 62
1
= 0 ,13 ( m )
* 2 * 9 ,81
V: Tc chuyn ng ca nc qua l. Chn v = 1 (m/s)
: H s lu lng:
= 0,62 X l nc thi th v cng nghip,Tnh ton thit k
cng trnh- Lm Minh Trit)

Chiu cao xy dng: H = H2 + Hbv = 0,43 + 0,17 = 0,6 (m)
20mm
H1 = 0,3m
30mm
30mm
B = 0,75m
Vch ngn mng xo trn
Trang 177
H2
H1
D1 = 0,75
B = 0,5
D = 2,65 m
mng trn vch ngn c l
-
Tnh ton b tip xc kiu b lng ngang
Th tch hu ch ca b tip xc c tnh theo cng thc:

V = Qmaxh * t = 12,5 *
Trong :
Chn
30
= 6,25 (m3)
60
t: thi gian lu nc, chn t = 30 pht (X l nc thi- Hong Hu)
Chiu cao b: H1 = 0,8 (m)

Chiu cao bo v: hbv= 0,2 (m)
Din tch b mt:

F=
V
6 , 25
=
= 7 ,8125 ( m 2 )
H
0 ,8
Chn chiu di b:
D = 4 (m)
chiu rng b:
B=
F
= 1, 953 2 ( m )
D
Cc thng s thit k b kh trng
STT
Tn thng s
S liu dng thit k
n v
Chiu di b (D)
Chiu rng b
Chiu cao b (H)
Thi gian lu nc
0,5
Trang 178
Chng 7: S CHUNG V C S K THUT

QUN L TRM X L
7.1. S CHUNG TRM X L
7.1.1. Nhng yu cu v sinh v la chn phng php x l
7.1.1.1. Khong cch v sinh v din tch xy dng.
9 Chn khu t xy dng lin quan ti vic b tr mt bng cc xng trnh v gii quyt mt cch
hp l nht cc h thng k thut bn trong: ng t, in, nc
9 Theo nguyn tc: khu t phi nm cui hng gi ma h, cui dng sng so vi thnh
ph,c dc nc t chy t cng trnh ny qua cng trnh kia, t ai tt, mc nc
ngm su. V tr cng trnh x l v cng x nc vo ngun phi c c quan kim tra dch
t trung ng v chnh quyn a phng ng .
9
Khong cch t trm x l n cc khu nh phi bo m gii hn cho php ti thiu gi l
khong cch v sinh. Khong cch ph thuc vo phng php x l v cng xut ca trm.
Chng hn i vi trm x l c lu lng di 200m3/ngy m, khong cch v sinh phi t
15m ( nu l bi lc ngm) n 200m (nu l cnh ng lc l thin). Nu cnh ng ti v
bi lc c lu lng nc thi>50.000m3/ngy m, th khong cch v sinh ti thiu l 1km
9 i vi trm x l bng phng php c hc v sinh hc c lu lng di 50.000m3/ngy
m th khong cch d phi l 300 500m.
9 Khi c cng trnh kn lng cn v khng c sn phi bn trong phm vi trm x l th
khong cch ni trn c th gim 30% vv
9 Khong cch v sinh theo qui nh c th ly theo bng sau
Loi cng trnh x l
-
X l c hc c sn phi bn
X l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn
to c sn phi bn
Bi lc
cnh ng ti
H sinh hc
MOT
Aeroten ko di thi gian lm thong
Trm bm
Quy m trm x l,(1000m3/ngy m)

0,2
0,2 0,5
5 - 50
50
500
400
200
150
150
200
150
200
150
70
15
200
200
200
200
200
100
20
400
500
400
20
500
1000
1000
30
Din tch cn thit ca khu t xy dng trm x l c th xc nh s b theo bng sau

Lu lng nc
thi,(m3/ngm)
5000
10000
15000
20000
30000
40000
Din tch (ha)

X l c hc
X l sinh hc nhn to
1,3 1,0
0,7 0,5
2,0 1,5
1,2 1,8
2,5 2,0
1,5 1,0
3,0 2,3
1,8 1,2
4,3 3,5
2,5 1,6
6,0 4,5
3,2 - 2,0
7.1.1.2. Chn phng php x l

9 Mc x l phi c tnh ton theo iu kin kinh t k thut v v sinh v do c quan
v sinh trung ng duyt ng . Chn phng php x l v cng trnh n v trong dy
Trang 179
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
chuyn cng ngh phi da vo mc x l cn thit, c im thnh phn, lu lng

nc thi v vo cc iu kin a phng khc.
Ni chung, nn dng cc cng trnh x l sau:
Khi x l nc thi bng phng php c hc vi lu lng nc thi:
Di 25m3/ngm (c th n 50m3/ngm): b t hoi, kh trng bng
clorua vi.
Di 5000m3/ngm: song chn rc, b lng ct, b lng hai v , trm
kh trng bng clo nc hoc clorua vi, sn phi bn.
Di 1000m3/ngm: song chn rc, b lng ct, b lng ng, trm
clorat, b tip xc,cng trnh x l cn bng phng php c hc.
B lng ly tm nn dng khi lu lng nc thi trn 20.000m3/ngm.
Khi x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc, ngoi cc cng trnh x l x
hc v x l cn trn, cn c thm mt trong nhng cng trnh sau:
Di 25m3/ngm (c th n 50m3/ngm) bi lc ngm, h sinh hc,
b lc sinh hc ( Biophin nh git).
Di 5000m3/ngm: cnh ng ti, bi lc, b Biophin cao ti
Trn 7000m3/ngm: cnh ng ti, b Aeroten
Khi chn loi cng trnh, phi lu n kh nng s dng vt liu a phng. c bit
i vi b lc sinh hc, nu phi vn chuyn vt liu lc t ni xa th phi tng gi thnh
ln nhiu.
Cnh ng ti, bi lc c s dng ty thuc vo iu kin t ai, kh hu, c tnh
ca t, a hnh khu vc v khong cch v sinh. Ni chung khi lu lng nc qu
nhiu m dng cnh ng lc th s khng li, v g thnh qu cao, tn nhiu din tch.
Khi mc nc ngm cao, trnh o su th nn dng b lng ngang.
Chn loi cng trnh no th phi da trn c s tnh ton, so snh kinh t k thut cc
phng n v phi tnh ti vn u t xy dng, chi ph qun l. Trong phi dng cc
ch tiu c th theo iu kin a phng nh gi thnh vt liu xy dng, chiu di
ng ng vn chuyn nc v.v
V tr ca tng cng trnh v quy hoch chung ca trm x l phi sao cho ph hp v cc
qu trnh cng ngh x l nc thi, ch bin cn m li d qun l.
Phi t hp tt c cc cng trnh sao cho c th xy dng trm theo th t tng bc v
m rng n khi lng nc thi tng ln hoc cc cng trnh phi sa cha.
Chiu di ca cc ng ng k thut trong trm (knh, mng mng, diuke, ng dn
v.v) phi ngn nht. Lin h cao trnh gia cc cng trnh phi m bo c chn lch
p lc cn thit.
Khi thit k mt bng tng th trm x l, nn hp nht cc cng trnh vi nhau thnh
mt khi hoc phn khi theo chc nng. Th d: song chn, l hi, kho vt liu, b lm
thong s b vi b lng t 1, b lng t 1, b Aeroten vi b lng t 2, trm pha ch
vi kho cha clo, trm thi kh, trm bm bn vi xng c kh, phng giao ca hnh
chnh vi phng th nghim,phng thay qun o vi phng tm git
7.1.1.3.Nhng thit b trn trm x l

9 Thit b phn phi nc u trong tng cng trnh, c th l nhng ngn, ging phn phi
nc trc cc b lng t 1 v cc b Metan khi cho cn lin tc vo b, cc b phn phn
phi trc b Aeroten v b lng t hai.
9 Nhng thit b ngt khi cn thit khng cho cng trnh lm vic v l do ra cng trnh,
ng ng hoc khi sa cha hoc v l do no khc.
9 Thit b x nc thi trc v sau cc cng trnh x l c hc khi c s c.
9 Cc knh, mng mng chnh ca trm x l phi tnh vi lu lng gy ln nht ca nc
thi, c tnh n kh nng m rng cng trnh.
9 Ngoi cc cng trnh sn xut chnh, ty thuc vo iu kin a phng, trong phm vi trm
x l cn phi c cc cng trnh phc v khc nh: l hi, xng c kh, trm bin th, nh
xe, phng hnh chnh, phng th nghim.
Trang 180
9 Xung quanh trm x l nc thi c hng ro ngn cch. Bn trong trm trng nhiu cy xanh,
chiu sng tt, ng cp phi v ng qua li gia cc cng trnh y v,v
9 Ty thuc vo iu kin a phng trong n thit k phi c bin php chng l lt. Xung
quanh mi cng trnh phi c song chn m bo an ton.
7.1.2. Mt bng tng th v cao trnh trm x l
9 Khi lp mt bng tng th ca trm x l phi xt n kh nng m rng (theo mt bng, cao
trnh v tit din cc knh mng ).
9 Mt bng tng th trm x l, ty thuc vo kch thc thng lp theo t l 1:200, 1:500 hoc
1:1000. Trn mt bng th hin cc cng trnh chnh v ph x l nc thi, ng thi c
cc ng ng dn nc, in, ng i
9 Cao ca tng cng trnh nh hng ln n s ca trm x l, v n quyt nh khi
lng cng tc t. Cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln (b lng ng, b lng 2 v, b Metan) nn
t na chm na ni so vi mt t, gim khi lng cng tc t v lng t phi chuyn
ch i.
9 t o ln li p cho cc cng trnh cn p v cc cng trnh cch nhit. Sn phi bn c
kch thc ln nn t trn mt t gim khi lngcng tc t. Cc cng tc t. Do
ty thuc vo a hnh khu vc, c khi ngi ta xy dng sn phi bn kiu bt thang. Nhiu
khi ct t sn phi bn quyt nh s cao trnh ca trm.
9 Nc thi phi t chy qua cc cng trnh. Thng dng bm bm cng t b lng t mt
v b Mtan, bn hot tnh t b lng t hai v b Aeroten, bn d v b lng ng t hoc b
nn bn trc khi ln b Metan.
9 nc thi t chy qua cc cng trnh, mc nc cng trnh u ca trm x l phi cao
hn mc nc cao nht ngun 1 gi tr bng tng tn tht p lc qua cc cng trnh v cng
thm p lc d tr 1 1,5m ( nc t chy t ming cng x ra sng).
9 Vic xc nh chnh xc tn tht p lc qua mi cng trnh thit b v ng dn l iu kin u
tin bo m cho trm x l lm vic bnh thng.
9 Tn tht p lc trn trm x l gm:
1- Tn tht theo chiu di khi nc chy trong ng, knh mng ni cc cng trnh vi nhau.
2- Tn tht khi nc chy qua mng trn, ca s ch dn nc vo v ra khi cng trnh,
qua cc thit b o kim tra.
3- Tn tht qua tng cng trnh v nhng ch chn lch mc nc.
9 Ngoi ra, cng cn tnh n p lc d tr khi m rng trm x l trong tng lai.
9 Trong tnh ton s b c th chn tn tht p lc qua tng cng trnh (khng k tn tht cc b
knh mng vo v ra khi cng trnh) nh sau.
Song chn rc
5 20cm
B lng ct
10 200cm
B lm thong s b
15 25cm
B lng ngang
20 40cm
B lng ng
40 50cm
B lng Radian
50 60cm
B lng trong c tng cng l lng
60 70cm
B Biophin, ti nc phn lc
H + 150cm
B Biophin, vi phun bt ng
H + 250cm
B Aetoten
25 40cm
B tip xc
40 60cm
B trn
10 30cm
( H chiu cao lp vt liu lc )
9 Tng s tn tht p lc trm x l ph thuc cch b tr cc cng trnh - tc l ph thuc
khong cch gia chng, s b c th ly nh sau:
khi x l bng phng php c hc
3,5m
Khi x l bng phng php sinh hc trn b Aerote
4,0m
Khi x l bng phng php sinh hc trn b Biophin
10m
Trang 181
9 xc nh mt cch chnh xc ct mc nc cc im khc nhau ca trm x l ngi ta

phi tnh tn tht p lc cc b nhng ch nc vo v ra khi cng trnh, thit b o, b
trn, nhng ch ngot, ch thu hp hoc m rng ca knh mng v.v
9 xc nh mi quan h gia cc cng trnh v mt cao trnh, ng thi vi mt thit lp mt
bng tng th ca trm, ngi ta phi dng mt ct dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca nc v
bn gi l mt ct dc theo nc v theo bn. t l ngang ca mt ct dc thng ly nh t l
mt bng, ngha l 1:200, 1: 5000, 1:1000 cn t l ng 1:20; 1:50; 1;100.
9 Mt ct theo nc l mt ct trin khai cc cng trnh theo ng chuyn ng di nht ca
nc t knh dn vo trm n cng x ra ngun.
9 Mt ct theo bn bt u t b lng t 1 n sn phi bn.
9 Trn mt ct dc phi th hin ct mc nc, ct y knh, mng, ng v cc im quan trng
khc ca cng trnh, ct mt t t nhin v ct san nn.
9 B lng ct chn theo kiu ngang chuyn ng vng v x ct bng bm phun tia. lm kh
ct, ngi ta dng boong ke, ra ct ri cho vo xe ti ch i.
9 B lng t mt l cc b lng ng bng b tng ct thp lp gp. X cn t b lng nh p
lc thy tnh v t chy theo ng ng d = 200mm ti b cha cn ti. T cn c bm
t my bm 4H ti ngn phn phi nc b Mtan. Ngn phn phi c tnh vi dung tch
15 pht dung lng my bm.
9 khi N02 ca trm x l gm trm bn nc lng trong, nc tun hon v b biophin,
trm bm bn, l hi trm iu khin, trm bin th xng c kh, kho cha phng th nghim
ha nuc vi sinh, cc phng sinh hot.
9 Trm pha ch (clorat) t chung vi kho ch clo. Trong trm dng: cc b Biophin cao ti
theo thit k mu vi h thng phn phi nc bng phn lc, cc b lng t hai, b tip xc
su 3,3m vi cc tm panen nh hnh cao 3,6m.
9 ln men cn ti v mng vi sinh ngi ta dng b Metan lp ghp bng cc tm panen
nh hnh.
9 Trong trm c sn phi bn trn nn t nhin phi kh cn ln men sau khi qua khi b
Metan.
9 Cn t b lng t I,II v rc nghin t song chn rc c a vo b Metan ln men.
9 lm kh cn ngi ta dng thit b c gii ng thi c sn phi bn d phng.
9 Ct t cc b lng ct lm kh bng boongke hoc sn phi ct tnh vi iu kin x ct vi
chiu cao 5m trong nm.
9 Nu dng cc b lng ngang th vic hp khi cc cng trnh sn xut chnh s n gin hn.
9 Cc trm x trn c th dng x l sinh ha hon ton nc thi vi nng ban u NOS
= 170 210 mg/l, theo cht l lng 220 275mg/l v nhit trung bnh nm ca nc thi l
150c. Vi nng nhim bn v nhit ca nc thi khc vi nhng ch s trn, th theo
tnh ton ch cn thay i loi my, v cng sut ca my thi kh, liu lng cn v s b
Metan, s l hi, chiu di b Aeroten l c.
9 Ch tiu kinh t so snh cc phng n thit k l lu lng n v - lng nc thi c
x ly1trong ngy u tnh trn 1m2 din tch trm x l. lin x c ch tiu kinh t bng
5m3/m2 ngm, cc nc khc thp hn mt cht.
Trang 182
(2x2C-1, 2mm2 XLPE)

? T TR ON G ? NG C? N G D =20mm; TREO TUONG
? T TR ON G ? N G C ? NG D=60mm; I M
(5x4C-2,0mm2 XLPE + 2x4C-2,5mm2 +
6x1C-2, 0m m2 ECC) + 4x1c-1,5mm2.
?T TRONG ?N G C ? N G D32mm; I M
(1x4C-2,0mm2 XLPE +1C-2,0mm2 ECC)
? T TR ON G ? N G C ? NG D32mm; I M
(1x4C-2,0mm2 XLPE +1C-2,0mm2 ECC)
? T TR ON G ? NG C? N G D 32mm; I M
(1x 4C-2, 5mm2 XLPE +1C-2,0mm2 ECC)
(2x 4C-2,0mm2 XLPE +1C-2,0mm2 ECC)

+ 4x1C-1,5mm2 Level S witch.
? T TR ON G ? NG C? N G D 32mm; I M
BAN VE MAT BANG KHU X LY
Trang 183
7.1.4. Phn phi nc thi vo cc cng

Nc thi chy vo trm x l c th theo ng y c p lc theo knh mng t chy.
tip nhn nc thi t cc ng dn c p ngi ta xy dng cc ngn tip nhn trc cc
cng trnh x. Ngn tip nhn c th xy dng trn mt t hoc t trn gi , ty thuc vo
iu kin a hnh v dy chuyn cng ngh.
Kch thc ca cc ngn tip nhn,ty thuc vo lu lng,c th kham tho bng
Lu lng nc
thi (m3/h)
Kch thc (m)

A
100 160
250
400 630
1000 1250
1600 - 200
1500
1500
1500
2000
2000
1000
1000
1000
2300
9300
H1
1300
1300
1300
2000
2000
1000
1000
1000
1600
1600
h1
400
400
400
750
750
400
500
650
750
900
b
250
350
500
600
800
l1
600
600
600
1000
1000
800
800
800
1200
1200
ng knh ng dn
(mm)
Khi 1 ng
Khi 2
ng
150 250
150
250
150
400
250
600
250
700
400
phn phi vn chuyn nc thi v cn lng ti tng cng trnh ngi ta dng cc knh
mng h tit din ch nht hoc cc ng dn trn. Dng cc knh mng h tt hn v d dng
qun l (theo gii, quan st v ty ra).
Khi dn nc thi ti cac cng trnh theo kiu diuke th phi dng ng (chng hn t b lng 1
n b Biophin). Cc mng dn nc nn c np y, kch thc knh mng v ng dn xc
nh theo tnh ton thy lc. Tc nc chy trn knh mng tnh bng,4 0,6m/s ( cc
trm nh 0,2 0,3m/s ) khi lu lng qmin, v khng qu 1m/s khi lu lng ti a. Chiu cao
xy dng ca knh mng phi ly ln hn chiu su lp nc chy trong khong 0,1
0,2m.
Tc nc chy trong ng dn phi chn ln hn trong knh mng trnh lng cn trong
ng.
phn phi nc phi vo cc cng trnh khi knh mng c chiu rng di 1m.
Khi lu lng nc thi ln hoc phn phi cn vo cc cng trnh, ngi ta dng cc ngn
phn phi hoc knh thon gi.
ng knh ca ng dn iuke hoc kch thc ca mng dn vo cc cng trnh xc nh
bng tnh ton thy lc. Tc nc chy trong ng iuke ly bng 0,8 0,9 m/s khi lu
lng ti thiu v bng 1,25 1,3 m/s khi lu lng ti a. Bn knh ch ngot ca ng iuke
dn vo phi khng nh hn 2,3d. nc thi chy trng qua cc l trn theo dng chy t do
phn phi u v tng cng trnh.
Chiu rng b ca cc l trng hoc p lc t do cc ca ra ca ng iuke xc nh theo cng
thc mng trn t do.
+ 3000
+ 1700
+ 1400
+ 1500
+ 1000
+ 200
XA RA NGUON
0.0
-1000
-1300
-1300
NC THAI VAO
- 3000
-3850
-4015
TEN CONG TRNH
HAM BM
KCH THC
(Dai*Rong*Cao), m
2,5*2,2*3,2
BE IEU HOA
15*5*2,7
BE LANG I
D=2,87
H=5,515
BE UASB
6*4*3,3
BE AEROTANK
19,1*4*5
BE LANG II
BE KH TRUNG
D=4,7
H=5,25
3*2,08*2,3
Trang 184
S O MAT CAT THEO NC

NC SACH
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
PAC
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
Al2(SO4)3
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
NaOH
0.00
0.00
ONG KHONG AP
BE KEO TU, TAO BONG

(MOI NGAN
2,3 x 2,3 x 2)
BM AP LC
BE TUYEN NOI
& IEU HOA
D x H = 7,4 x 4
BM AP LC
TRAM BM
2 x 2,8 x 2
ONG KHONG AP
THANH GA T BUN
BE LANG NGANG
15 x 4 x 2,5
BE X LY SINH HOC
30 x 10 x 5
KENH THAM LNG
CHU THCH:
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
C-Polymer
MAY EP BUN
ng bun
BE NEN BUN
D x H = 5 x 4,4
ng hoa chat
ng nc sach
TRNG A I HOC
KY THUAT CONG NGHE TP. HCM
KHOA MOI TR NG VA
CONG NGHE SINH HOC
ng nc thai
GVHD
SVTH
O AN TOT NGHIEP
GVHD
KY TEN
Th.S LAM VNH SN
Ty le1:40
S O MAT CAT THEO NC
DNG TH BCH LIEU
So ban ve: 08
Ban ve so: 07
+2,8
+2,0
+0,5
+3,05
+3,0
+1,5
+0,25
+1,5
+1,3
+1,3
+0,5
0.0
+0,2
+0,2
-1,5
-3,0
-4,1
-4,27
-4,5
TEN CONG TRNH
BE CHA
BE LANG CAT
BE IEU HOA
BE LANG 1
BE BIOPHIN
KCH THC: D*R*C (m)
5*4*2,1
4*3,5*2
25*40*5
d=5,2 ; h=7,27
d=6,9 ; h=6,05
+2,0
+1.0
+1,7
+0,5
0.0
+0,3
+0,15
+0,25
-0,25
-1,4
-3,0
-1,8
-1,8
-2,0
-3,0
TEN CONG TRNH
BE LANG 2
BE NEN BUN
BE SINH HOC
BE KH TRUNG
KCH THC: D*R*C (m)
d=5,045 ; h=5,74
d=6,3 ; h=4,7
150*120*1,5
8*4*2
7.1.5. Thit b o lu lng trn trm x l

9 cc cng trnh x l lm vic c bnh thng, khng nhng phi bit lu lng tng
cng ln trm, m cn phi bit lu lng nc vo tng cng trnh. Ngoi ra, cn bit s dao
ng lu lng nc theo gi trong ngy.
9 xc nh lu lng nc ngi ta dng cc thit b o nc khc nhau. Khi nc chy vo
cc cng trnh theo ng p lc dng thit b o lu lng kiu ng venturi hoc ng h o
nc vi p k vi sai.
9 Khi nc chy vo cc cng trnh theo mng h dng:
p trng thnh mng.
p trng c mc nc xc nh thng lu v h lu.
Cng nc chy di ca chn
Trang 185
9 Thng thng nht l p trn thnh mng:

1. Nu ca ch nht vi nc chy khng ngp lu lng c xc nh theo cng thc.
Q = m0 b 2 g H 3/ 2
Trong :
Q: lu lng nc, m3/s.
b: chiu rng p trn m
H: ct nc trn (m) tc l chiu cao mc nc thng lu so vi nh p.
m0: H s lu lng, ph thuc vo ct nc trn H, chiu cao ca ng p
P1 v xc nh bng thc nghim.
Theo Badanh
0,003
H 2
) 1 + 0,55(
)
H
H + P1
2. Nu nc chy qua cc ca tam gic vi gc nh 900 th lu lng c th xc nh theo cng
thc:
Q = 1,343H 2, 47 (m3 / s )
m0 = (0,405 +
Mang tran thanh mong hinh tam giac
Theo cng thc ny ngi ta thnh lp bng xc nh lu lng qua p vi gi tr H t 0,03 n

0,65m.
H(m)
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,10
Q(l/s)
0,23
0,47
0,81
1,29
1,88
2,62
3,50
4,55
H(m)
0.12
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,255
0,275
Q(l/s)
7,14
10,45
12,40
14,54
19,43
25,29
43,82
55,36
H(m)
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
Q(l/s)
68,67
100,4
139,9
186,9
242,7
306,0
386,1
463,2
3. Nu nc chy t di ca chn lu lng xc nh theo cng thc:

Q = 2 gH
Trang 186
Trong :
o : h s lu lng, chn bng 0,6 0,7
o H: ct nc tnh t mt nc ti tm ca phn ca cng m.
: din tch phn ca cng m
Hin nay trong cc trm x l cng xut ln ngi ta thng dng mng parsan o lu lng nc
thi. Mng lm vic theo nguyn tc dng chy co hp. Mng o kiu ny c chnh xc n 1% v
tn tht p lc trong nh hn 25% so vi cc p trn kiu khc, ngoi ra khng gy cn tr i vi
ht rn trong nc thi.
i=0.0002
H
h
hmax
i=0.0002
Cu to ca mng c tiu chun ha vi nhng kch thc nht nh. Mng gm cc thnh phn
chnh sau: phn thu hp, hng v phn m rng.
Mng c t nhng on knh mng thng c tit din ch nht, chiu rng khng nh hn 40cm.
phn gia (hng) cc ng bin ca mng phi thng ng v song song tuyt i. y lm dc
0,375 theo hng nc chy. Chiu di chiu rng ca nhng mng thu hp v m rng ph thuc vo
chiu rng b ca hng.
9 xc nh lu lng nc chy qua mng ta ch cn o chiu su H(m) ca lp nc im
u ca ng cong dc, ti tit din II II.
9 Chiu su ny c o bng thc mia hoc p k vi sai vi thit b t ghi ni vi b phn c
hc o gi hoc ng c in truyn t xa.
9 Do c th o lu lng nc bt c thi im no v tng lu lng nc ngy m.
9 Mng o lu lng ny c xy dng bng b tng ct thp.
9 Lu lng nc c th xc nh bng cng thc thc nghim:
Khi b = 0,15m
Q = 0,384bH 1,58 (m3 / h)
Khi b = 0,3 1,5m

Trang 187
Q = 2,356bH n , (m3 / s)
9 S m n, chn ty thuc vo chiu rng b, theo bng
b(m)
n
0.3
1,522
0,5
1,54
0,75
1,558
1,0
1,572
1,25
1,577
1,50
1,585
9 Nhng cng thc trn cho kt qu chnh xc khi chiu su lp nc so vi nhng ca mng
trng ti im D (ranh gii gia l1 v l2) nh hn 0,5H vi b=15cm v < 0,7H vi b 30cm.
9 Ty thuc lu lng nc thi m kch thc mng o c theo ly theo bng.
Kh nng vn
chuyn(l/s)
Min
Max
5
110
5
500
10
750
10
1150
20
1500
20
2000
30
3000
Kch thc (cm)

b
25
30
50
75
100
125
150
l1
132,5
135
145
157,5
170
182,5
195
l2
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
l3
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
2/3 l1
90
92,5
98,5
107
115,5
124
132
A
78
84
108
138
168
198
228
B
55
60
80
105
130
155
180
C
22,2
22,2
22,5
22,5
22,5
22,5
22,5
9 i vi thit b o lu lng, yu cu khng cho php lng cn, mng phi lm vit tt k c
khi c chn lch p lc nh (tn tht p lc).
9 o lu lng chung ca trm x l, thit b o lu lng nn t khong gia b lng ct
v b lng.
7.2. C S K THUT QUN L TRM X L NC THI
7.2.1. Nghim thu cng trnh
nghim thu cng trnh x l sau khi xy dng xong phi thnh lp 1 tiu ban c i din ca c
quan thanh tra v sinh Nh nc tham gia. Ni dung nghim thu bao gm :
- Kim tra cng trnh c c xy ng vi thit k duyt khng.
- Kim tra s lng v qui cch lp t cc thit b,k c d tr.
- Kim tra cht lng thi cng : dng nc sch kim tra s r r ca cng trnh;kim tra s
hot ng ca my mc thit b;v tr tng quan v cao gia cc cng trnh, dc c m
bo nc t chy hay khng
i vi cc cng ngm v cc cng trnh ngm khc phi c bin bn v chng t ca mi giai
on thi cng thng qua tiu ban nghim thu.
Quy tc v nghim thu k thut c trong quy phm do y ban kin thit c bn Nh nc ban hnh.
Qun l cng trnh x l cng tin hnh theo quy trnh qun l k thut cc h thng cp thot nc.
7.2.2. Giai on a cng trnh vo hot
9 Sau khi nghim thu cng trnh th bc sang giai on a cng trnh vo hot ng hay cn
gi l qun l th.
9 a cng trnh vo hot ng phi thnh lp mt t chc c bit gm i din ca
nghnh kinh t cng cng v cc lnh vc cng nghip khc nhau.T chc ny s nh ch
lm vic ti u ca tng cng trnh m bo cht lng nc sau khi x l,m gi thnh
x l li thp.
9 Trong sut giai on a cng trnh vo hot ng phi tin hnh kim tra v iu chnh ch
lm vic ca tng cng trnh. Lc u khi iu chnh, i vi a s cc cng trnh ngi ta
dung nc sch m bo cc iu kin v sinh khi cn sa cha li.
Trang 188
9 i vi song chn rc, b lng ct, b lng, trm clorat, sn phi bn th thi gian a vo
hot ng tng i ngn.Trong thi gian tin hnh iu chnh v cho cc b phn c
kh, van kha v cc thit b o lng,phn phi vo hot ng.
9 i vi cc cng trnh x l, trong din ra cc qu trnh sinh ho th gian on a vo
hot ng i hi tng i di, vi sinh vt pht trin vi mt lng cn thit v qu
trnh x l din ra c tt,ngha l cc cng trnh x l phi c chn mui.
9 Do giai on a cng trnh vo hot ng cn gi l giai on chn mui v l giai
on quyt nh, nn i hi phi lu v hng ngy phi kim tra hiu qu lm vic ca
cng trnh.
9 Vi b lng hai v : giai on a vo hot ng l giai on iu chnh s lm vic ca
mng lng v ngn cha bn.
9 u tin nc thi phi c phn phi u theo tit din ngang ca mng lng.
9 Mun vy phi t ng v tr ca mng phn phi nc vo v thu nc ra.Cng nh i vi
tt c cc b lng ngang, nhng mng phi t vung gc vi ng dng chy.
9 Cu to ca ca vo b phi tt nc thi vo mng phn phi c iu ha theo ton b
chiu rng ca mng. nh mng phn phi phi ngang thng nc chy trn qua c
u.
9 cn nhanh chng t c giai on ln men mtan phn t hoi, phi ly cn ln
men b lng 2 v khc, hoc b metan ang lm vic bnh thng, hoc mc cn bn t
m h lu nm v cho v ngn cha bn ca b. Lng cn bn chn ny phi bng 1520% th tch ca ngn cha bn. Sau cho nc thi chy qua v b s lm vic bnh
thng.Nu khng lng bn chn th cho nc thi chy qua t t cho ti khi lng
cn ti tch ng lai bng lng bn chn v cho cng trnh ngng hot ng mt thi
gian cn ln men.Khi bn chin tc l phn ng kim ca mi trng xut hin,khng
cn mi ca sunphuahydro,xut hin mu bn en,th li tip tc cho nc thi chy qua. C
nh th lm lp i lp li cho ti khi lng cn chn t 20% th cho cng trnh hot ng
bnh thng.
9 Nu khng c bn chn lc u, th thi gian a b lng hai v vo hot ng bnh
thng phi ko di ti 6 12 thng, ty thuc vo nhit ca nc thi.
9 Vic x cn b ln men bn chn ln u c th tin hnh khi mc cn trong ngn cha
thp hn khe h cua mng lng 1m.
9 Vi b Biophin : Giai on a vo hot ng c bt u t lc thay ra b lc loi b
rc, ct v cc vt dnh vo vt liu lc. Tt c th s b gi li b lng 2 ri x i.
9 Sau khi ra b lc vi ngy, ngi ta bt u cho nc thi chy vo vi lu lng nh
trn ht vt liu lc to thnh mng sinh vt vi mt lng lm sch nc thi.
Tc tng trng ca mng ph thuc vo nhit ca nc thi trong thn b lc. Vi
nhit 9 - 10oC qu trnh tng trng din ra chm;vi ta nhit 5-6oC th qu trnh hu
nh b nh tr.Do cc nc x lnh ngi ta thng cho b Biophin vo hot ng vo
ma m khi nhit ca nc thi chy vo trm x l khng di 17-18oC.
9 Lc u ta ti vi lu lng bng 1/10 n 1/4 lu lng tnh ton. C th cho ti khi xut
hin Nitrat vi 50% lng mui amoni(chng 15-20 mg/l) trong nc ra khi b.
9 Sau tng dn lu lng v khong sau mt thng tng ti lu lng tnh ton.
9 tng nhanh qu trnh tng trng ca mng vi sinh vt trong b Biophin hoc Acrophin
ngi ta c th cho thm vo b Biophin khng c chim qu 10% th tch vt liu lc(tnh
theo th tch cn sau khi lng mt gi).
9 Vi b Aeroten : Giai on vo hot ng l giai on tch ly bn hot tnh cn thit lm
vic bnh thng.
9 Bn hot tnh c th to ra t bn thn nc thi. Mun vy,nc sau khi lng trong cc
b lng mt a vo b Aeroten. cho thi khng kh v cho nc vo vi lu lng
khng qu mt na lu lng tnh ton. Sau bn thu c b lng hai li bm v b
Aeroten ri tm dng khng cho nc chy vo na, ng thi lin tc thi khng kh vo
bn cho ti khi khng cn thy nit ca mui amon na, m li thy xut hin Nitrat(nu b
phi x l ti giai on nitrat ha) v tch oxy ha tan.
Trang 189
9 Ngoi ra, cn phi quan st xem qu trnh lng bng bn hot tnh c din ra nhanh khng.
Tip theo li cho nc thi vo b vi ti trng bn tng dn cho n khi t gi tr tnh ton.
9 Nu b x l vi mc khng hon ton, th vic to bn hot tnh cng nh vy, nhng
tng dn ti trng ln v nh gi theo BOD5 ca nc thi ra khi b m khng phi theo
lng nitrat(khi x l khng hon ton th khng to thnh nitrat). Thi k a b vo hot
ng c th t chc nh sau : cho nc vo b vi ti trng nh v thng xuyn bm bn t
b lng hai v. Khi tch ly bn ngi ta cho tng dn ti trng ti gi tr tnh ton.
9 Nu trn trm x l c b Aeroten c hoc hot ng bnh thng th ch vic bm bn
hot tnh d vo b mi.
9 Nu dng bn hot tnh ca trm x l khc, th c th dng t tc ch trong iu kin
thong gi lin tc. Thi gian a b vo hot ng l khng cn thit na.
9 rt ngn thi gian a cng trnh vo hot ng c th dng bn hot tnh un nng.
9 i vi nc thi sn xut,th khi cho b Aeroten vo hot ng,u tin nn dng bn hot
tnh ca nc thi sinh hot.Vi cnh ng lc,cnh ng ti : thi gian a vo hot ng
l thi gian cn vi sinh trong t pht trin v to ra qu trnh hiu kh.Gian on ny bt
u t lu lng nh ri tng dn n lu lng thit k khi m cht long nc sau khi tiu
i t yu cu lm sch.
9 Song song vi nghim thu v a cng trnh vo hot ng cn t chc cho cng nhn qun
l hc tp v cng ngh x l nc thi v cc quy tc qun l cng nh k thut an ton lao
ng.
9 Sau khi nghim thu v a cng trnh vo hot ng, cn thit lp h s hng dn qun l
tng cng trnh v s cu to ca chng, cng nh cc bin php khc phc khi gp sai
st, s c trong qun l.
7.2.3. Nhng phng php kim tra theo di ch lm vic ca cc cng trnh x
9 trm x l lm vic bnh thng th phi thng xuyn kim tra ch cng tc ca tng
cng trnh v ca ton trm.
9 Thc hin kim tra theo cc ch tiu sau :
Lng nc thi chy vo ton trm v tng cng trnh.
Lng ct, cn, bn hot tnh v hi kh thu c.
Lu lng khng kh, hi nng v nc nng.
Nng lng in tiu th ( kh trng hoc khi x l bng phng php ho hc).
Hiu sut cng tc ca cc cng trnh theo s liu phn tch ho hc v vi sinh vt ca
nc thi trc v sau khi x l.
Liu lng bn hot tnh trong b Aeroten.
9 iu kin quan trng l phi xem lu lng thc t c ng vi lu lng thit k khng.
Nn tin hnh o lu lng nc thi bng cc dng c thit b t ghi qua bng t ghi c th
bit c lu lng tng cng v s dao ng ca lu lng theo gi trong ngy m.
9 Nu ton b nc thi c a vo cng trnh x l bng trm bm chung c trang b ng
h o lu lng th khng phi o lu lng tng cng trm lm sch na. Khi c cc s
liu v lu lng nc thi th phi thng xuyn chuyn t trm bm v trm x l.
9 Lng cn ti v bn hot tnh c th xc nh theo dung tch ca b cha(bung thu nhn)
trong trm bm bn v theo lu lng my bm.
9 Lng khng kh cp vo b Aeroten hoc Aerophin v lng kh (gas) b Metan c th o
bng ng h o kh hoc p kh v sai t ghi.
9 Ngi ta cn phi o lng oxy t do ho tan trong nc sau khi x l phi bng 2 mg/l hoc
ln hn.
9 Lng hi v nc nng dng hm nng b Metan c th o bng ng h o kh v ng
h o nc. Nhit trong b Metan o bng nhit k in tr.
9 Nng lng in tiu th phi o theo tng phn xng ( trm lm thong,trm bm bn,
b phn c gii ca thanh gt b lng) v trong ton b trm x l.
9 Nhng ch tiu c bn c trng cho thnh phn ca nc thi l : cn (theo th tch) sau khi
lng 2 gi trong phng th nghim (mg/l), cht l lng theo trng lng (mg/l), sy kh
Trang 190
105oC; nhit ca nc thi (0C); trong (cm), mu (theo pha long nc thi bng
nc ct n khi mt mu); mu sc, clorua (mg/l), oxy ho (mgO2/l) : BOD20, BOD5 ;
Nit ca mui amon, nitrit, nitrat, oxy ho tan (mg/l) v pH .v.v
9 Trong nhiu trng hp cn phi xc nh c lng Sunfat, Photphat, Kali, tinh cn khi nung
600oC, phng x
9 V vi sinh vt, th phi xc nh lng vi khun trong 1ml nhit 37oC, lng trng giun
sn trong nc trc v sau x l.
9 nh gi c tnh ca cn, ngi ta xc nh m, tro & v thnh phn ho hc ca
n (lng m, m, ng).
9 Khi c nc thi sn xut chy vo trm vi mt lng ln th khi lng phn tch phi
nhiu hn v phi xc nh cc tp cht c trng cho loi nc thi .
9 Mi qu mt ln phi tin hnh phn tch mt cch hon chnh ton b nc thi trc v sau
khi x l. Phi ly mu nc qua tng khong thi gian nht nh trong ngy m phn
tch. i vi tng cng trnh, th mu nc ly theo thi gian nc lu li trong . V thnh
phn ca nc thi thay i theo thi gian trong ngy m, cho nn mi thng mt ln ly
mu nc theo gi phn tch. Cc mu nc c trn ln theo t l c tnh n s dao
ng v lu lng ly mu nc trung bnh. Nhng mu nc phn tch phi ly
nhng im v chiu su nht nh do ngi ph trch cng ngh quy nh.
9 ng thi vic ly mu nc ngi ta o nhit ca nc ti thiu mi ngy mt ln.
Mi ngy 3 ln ghi nhit ca khng kh vo lc 7, 12, 19 gi. theo di nhit ca
khng kh c th dng nhit k t ghi.
9 Nhng kt qu ca mi ln phn tch, kt qu trung bnh sau thi gian mt nm c chnh l
v ghi vo s.
Cc ch tiu cng tc ca tng cng trnh l :
i vi song chn rc : lng rc c gi li.
i vi b lng ct : lng ct c gi li v tri i.
i vi b lng : lng vt cht l lng c gi li v tri i.
i vi b Aeroten : lng vt cht hu c c oxy ho, cc dng nit, lng oxy ho
tan .v.v
i vi cnh ng ti : cc dng nit, oxy ho tan.
9 Vic phn tch nh vy phi tin hnh thng xuyn hng ngy, i vi mi cng trnh phi
c s ghi ring. Trong ghi tt c cc s liu v phn tch c trng cho hiu sut x l
cng nh tt c cc hin tng bt bnh thng xy ra.
9 Tu thuc vo lu lng v mc phc tp ca trm x l t chc iu khin, ngi ta
phi xy dng :
1- ng in thoi v cc im thng trc.
2- iu khin t xa hon ton hoc tng b phn cc cng trnh v dy chuyn.
3- iu khin theo chng trnh hon ton hoc tng b phn cc cng trnh v dy chuyn.
4- T ng ho hon ton hoc tng b phn ca qu trnh cng ngh, hoc cc b phn c
gii ca cc cng trnh.
9 sa cha cc my mc thit b kim tra ch cng tc bnh thng ca trm, th trn
trm phi c trm sa cha.
9 Song song vi cc iu kin t xa v t ng ho cc cng trnh x l, vn phi duy tr s
iu khin th cng m bo cho cc cng trnh vn hnh lin tc trong nhng lc c s
c v ngun in hoc mt b phn t ng no b hng.
9 i vi cc trm c lu lng ln phi xy dng nhng nt iu khin tng cng trnh v
phng iu khin trung tm cho ton trm.
9 Nhng ch s ca cc thit b tng im iu khin ring l chuyn v trung tm (k c cc
ch tiu cng ngh nh nhit , lng kh v cc ch tiu v cht lng nc thi). i vi
cc trm c lu lng nh, phm vi din tch nh c th ch cn xy dng mt im iu
khin chung cho ton b cc cng trnh.
9 C th iu chnh vic phn phi nc ti cc cng trnh, song chn, mng phn phi, nhm
cc b lng.v.v bng cc thit b in t ng.
Trang 191
9 Tn hiu ng m c bo t cc thit b phao ca my o hoc t trung tm iu khin.

9 T ng ho song chn l t ng u khin cc song chn c gii, my nghin rc, cc
cnh ca cng dn nc vo. Phng n ny ch thc hin khi song chn c gii c iu
khin t ng theo chnh lch mc nc knh vo v ra. Nu iu khin cc b i vi
song chn v my nghin rc th dng nt in.
9 X ct t cc b lng ct c tin hnh t ng bng cch bm tia theo biu nh thit b
in t s ch huy. Khi thit b ny truyn xung lng n b phn x cn th cc kho
(ng m bng in) s m cho nc ti Eject ri x ct t b lng ct, khi my bm
cng bt u lm vic. Thi gian vn hnh ca Eject tu thuc vo thi gian lm vc ca b
lng ct. Nu bm v kho c s c th s c tn hiu bo v trm iu khin.
9 Trong cc b lng li tm t mt vic x cn c th t ng ho theo biu v cn s
chuyn ngay v b Metan.
9 Qu trnh ny c th thc hin nh sau :
Qua nhng khong thi gian nht nh s truyn xung lng cho b phn c
gii ca thanh gt lm vic. Tip qua mt thi gian nh trc s truyn xung
lng m kho cho cn t b lng vo ng ht ca bm bn v bm s y
cn v b Metan Vic bm cn tin hnh nh vy cho tt c cc b lng. Sau
khi x cn xong th kho trn ng ht ng li v tt b phn c gii ca thanh
gt.
Khi thanh gt b dng li do s c, kho b tt, bm bn khng lm vic th s
c tn hiu bo v trm iu khin.
b Biphin nhiu ngn, th nh thit b t ng ngi ta c th iu chnh
nc phn phi u v cc ngn.
cc b Aeroten lm vic tt phi iu chnh lng khng kh vo b tng
ng vi lng oxy ho tan v mc yu cu x l.
Trong cc b Aeroten phi c cc thit b o kim tra bit lu lng khng
kh v xc nh lng oxy ho tan u, gia v cui b. Ngoi ra, cn phi o
v ghi c lng bn hot tnh tun hon v nng (liu lng) ca n trong
b, cng nh nhit ca nc thi mng vo v ra khi b.
i vi cc b Aeroten lng c th t ng ho c vic o nng bn hot tnh
phn lng na. Vic x bn hot tnh tha t gn lng c iu chnh theo
mc bn.
i vi b lng hai, th quan trng nht l vn t ng ho vic x bn hot
tnh theo chiu cao v m ca n.
7.2.4. Nhng nguyn nhn ph hy ch lm vic bnh thng ca cc cng trnh x l. Bin
php khc phc.
9 Nc thi sau khi x l v x vo sng h phi p ng nhng yu cu v sinh. Mun vy
phi qun l tt cc cng trnh lm vic c bnh thng.
9 qun l tt cc cng trnh ngi ta phi thng xuyn theo di, kim tra cc qu trnh
cng ngh.
9 Nhng nguyn nhn ch yu ph hu ch lm vic bnh thng ca trm x l l :
1- Cc cng trnh b qu ti.
2- Lng nc thi t xut chy vo qu ln, hoc c nc thi sn xut vi cht lng
khng p ng yu cu ra chy vo h thng thot nc th.
3- Ngun cung cp in b ngt.
4- L lt ton b hoc mt vi cng trnh b ngp.
5- Ti k hn, nhng khng kp sa cha i tu cc cng trnh v thit b c in.
6- Cn b, cng nhn qun l khng tun theo quy tc qun l k thut k c k thut an
ton.
9 Qu ti c th do lng nc thi chy vo trm vt qu lng tnh ton, do phn phi nc
v cn khng ng v khng u gia cc cng trnh, hoc do mt b phn cng trnh phi
ngng i tu hoc sa cha bt thng.
Trang 192
9 Phi c ti liu hng dn v s cng ngh ca ton b trm x l v cu to ca tng

cng trnh.Trong ngoi cc s liu v k thut cn phi ch r lu lng thc t v lu
lng thit k ca cng trnh.
9 Khi xc nh lu lng ton b cc cng trnh phi k n trng thi cng tc tng cng tc l mt phn cc cng trnh ngng i tu hoc sa cha. Phi m bo khi ngng hot
ng mt cng trnh th s cn li phi cng ng vi lu lng trong gii hn cho php.
9 trnh qu ti lm ph hu ch lm vic ca cc cng trnh phng ch o k tht cng
ngh ca trm x l phi tin hnh kim tra mt cch h thng v thnh phn tnh cht ca
nc thi theo cc ch tiu v s lng v cht lng.Nu l hin tng vi phm quy tc qun
l th phi kp thi chn chnh ngay.
9 Khi cng trnh b qu ti mt cch thng xuyn do tng lu lng v nng ca nc thi
th phi bo co ln cp trn v c quan thanh tra v sinh c bin php x l.
9 Trong khi ch i, c th ra ch qun l tm thi cho n khi c bin php mi nhm
gim ti trng i vi cng trnh.
9 Nc thi chy vo trm vi lu lng ln bt bnh thng c th do nhng nguyn nhn sau
y :
1- Nc thi chy vo mt cch rt khng u, tc l do ch x nc sinh hot v sn
xut vo mng li thot nc th khng u hoc do ch bm khng hp l.
2- Khng thng xuyn c ra knh mng dn nc ti cc cng trnh gy lng ng cn
dc knh mng to nn hin tng ng tm thi.
9 khc phc hin tng trn th cng nhn qun l mng li, trm bm v trm x l phi
thc hin cc quy nh sau :
Nc thi sn xut c lu lng v nng dao ng ln trong ngy m, th phi
c php x vo mng li thot nc th sau khi qua x l cc b trong nng
nghip cng nghip.
iu chnh ch bm cho ph hp vi cng sut ca trm x l.
Tin hnh ty ra knh mng u n.
9 trnh b ngt ngun in, trm x l nn dng hai ngun in c lp.
7.2.5. T chc qun l v k thut an ton.
7.2.5.2. T chc qun l .
9 Qun l cc trm x l nc thi c thc hin di s ch o trc tip ca c quan qun
l h thng thot nc ton thnh ph hoc vng dn c.C cu lnh o, thnh phn cn b
k thut, s lng cng nhn mi trm tu thuc vo cng sut ca trm, mc x l
nc thi, cc c im k thut khc v c mc c gii, t ng ho ca trm.
9 V lnh o : cc trm ln th c : gim c v k s trng; cc trm nh th ch cn k
s trng hoc cn b trung cp k thut, i vi cc trm ln c th chia thnh cc phn
xng : x l c hc, x l sinh hc, x l cn.
9 V cn b k thut : cc trm ln v trung bnh phi gm c cc chuyn gia ho hc, sinh
ho, nu c cnh ng ti phi c cn b nng hc.
9 Trong trm x l phi c phng th nghim kim tra cht lng nc thi trc v sau khi
x l, kim tra cc qu trnh cng ngh v nghin cu cc bin php tng hiu sut ca cc
cng trnh . cc trm nh, nu khng c phng th nghim kim nghim ch cng
tc ca cc cng trnh th c th thc hin cc phng th nhim cc trm ln gn hoc
cc trm v sinh dch t a phng.
9 Nhim v chc nng ca cc c nhn, phng ban phi c cng b r rang. Phng k
thut c trch nhim :
1. Qun l v cc mt : k thut an ton, phng ho v cc bin php tng nng sut.
2. Tt c cc cng trnh phi c h s sn xut. Nu c nhng thay i v ch
qun l cng trnh th phi kp thi b sung vo h s .
3. i vi tt c cc cng trnh phi gi nguyn khng c thay i v ch cng
ngh.
4. Tin hnh sa cha, i tu ng k hn theo k hoch duyt y.
Trang 193
5. Nhc nh nhng cng nhn thng trc ghi ng s sch v kp thi sa cha sai
st.
6. Hng thng lp bo co k thut v ban qun ly cng trnh.
7. Nghin cu ch cng tc ca tng cng trnh v dy chuyn ng thi hon
chnh cc cng trnh, dy chuyn .
8. T chc cho cng nhn hc tp k thut nng cao tay ngh v lm vic cho
qun l cng trnh c tt hn, ng thi cho h hc tp v k thut an ton lao
ng.
9. C th t chc thi ua gia cc t, ca, phn xng, xi nghip v gia cc nghnh
ngh.
9 Cn b qun l cc trm x l nc thi cn c nhng bin php tng cng cng sut ca
cng trnh, m bo cht lng x l, p dng k thut mi v cc thnh tu khoa hc k
thut vo lnh vc x l nc thi. ng dng cc phng php t chc lao ng tin tin v
gim gi thnh qun l 1 m3 nc thi.
7.2.5.3. K thut an ton.
9 Khi nhn cng nhn mi vo lm vic phi c bit lu h v an ton lao ng. Phi hng
dn, ging dy cho h v cu to, chc nng ca cc cng trnh, k thut qun l v an ton ;
hng dn cch s dng cc my mc thit b v trnh cho ho tip xc trc tip vi nc thi
v cn.
9 Mi cng nhn phi c trang b qun o v cc phng tin bo h lao ng khc.
nhng ni lm vic cc cng trnh phi c chu ra, tm v thng nc sch. i vi cng
nhn ty ra cn cc cng trnh, ra vt liu lc Biophin, ph mng cn b lng 2 v, b
Metan phi c nh tm nc nng. Cc cng vic lin quan n clo nc, clorua vi th
phi c nhng hng dn v quy tc c bit.
9 Khi lm vic b Metan lin quan n kh c, d n, d chy phi c nhng bin php ngn
nga v an ton.
7.2.6. Thng k v cng ngh ca cc cng trnh
9 nh gi v kinh t k thut phi lp thng k cng ngh v kt qu cng tc ca tng
cng trnh v ton b trm x l.
9 Cc ch tiu cng tc ch yu v c trng ca cc cng trnh x l l :
1. Lu lng nc thi n trm v n tng cng trnh.
2. Lu lng rc c gi li song chn, m, thnh phn, dung trng v tro ca n.
3. Lng rc gi li b lng ct, dung trng, tro, v thnh phn c ht trong .
4. Lng cn ti b lng ln mt, m, tro, lng cn tri i tnh theo th tch v
trng lng.
5. Lu lng v nhit ca cn v bn hot tnh nn v a vo b Metan, ra khi b
Metan. m v tro ca chng. Lng kh thu c v lng hi nng tiu th.
6. Lu lng khng kh, liu lng bn hot tnh trong b Aeroten.
7. Lng bn hot tnh a v b Aeroten, lng bn hot tnh d a v b lm thong s
b hoc b nn bn.
8. Hm lng bn hot tnh tri theo nc sau b lng hai.
9. Lng clo tiu th.
10. Chi ph nng lng in v lng nc cho tt c cc cng trnh.
9 Thng k ln th nht do cng nhn thng trc thc hin. Anh ta ghi tt c cc s liu v
ch lm vic ca tt c cc cng trnh vo s theo di tng ca v s tng kt vo c ban
ngy. s cng tc ngoi cc ch tiu c bn cn phi ghi tt c nhng hin tng sai lch
bt thng cu cc thit b v cng trnh. Trn c s thng k cc s liu ngi ta lp bn
tng kt.
9 Hng thng theo quy cch nh, da vo cc bng ngi ta lm bo co k thut v ch
lm vic ca cc cng trnh.Km theo bo co k thut l thuyt minh ngn gn phn tch
ch lm vic ca cc cng trnh theo cc s liu c.Trong bo co k thut ghi tt c
nhng nhc im v thnh tu qun l v phn nh cc kt qu cng tc nghin cu khoa
Trang 194
hc, ng dng cng ngh mi v cc phng php tin tin.Da vo bo co hng thng lp
bo co tng kt hng nm.Trong a ra nhng giai on cng tc ch yu l cc ch tiu
kinh t.
9 Hiu sut cng tc ca cc cng trnh x l phi c nh gi bng cc ch tiu kinh t v
gi thnh. Mi trm x l phi l mt x nhip doanh thu. nhng trm x l ln th mi
phn xng phi l mt b phn doanh thu. Nhim v c bn l tng nhanh thi gian khu
hao ca trm x l.
9 Trn c s cc bo co hng qu, hng nm x nghip hoc phn xng phi c nhng con
s v ch tiu sn xut, thu nhp nc thi, nhn lc, chi ph trc tip, chi ph theo tng phn
xng, i tu, n gi v tiu chun tiu th n v v in, nc, hi nng v kh t.v.v
Trang 195
MC LC
Chng 1: NHNG VN CHUNG V X L NC THI................................................... 001
1.1. PHN LOI NC THI ......................................................................................................... 001
1.1.1. Nc thi sinh hot .............................................................................................................. 002
1.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip (nc thi sn xut) ........................................................................ 003
1.1.3. Nc thi l nc ma......................................................................................................... 004
1.2. THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA NC THI VA CC DNG NHIM BN................ 004
1.2.1. Lu lng nc thi ........................................................................................................... 004
1.2.1.1. Nc thi sinh hot ................................................................................................. 006
1.2.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip............................................................................................. 007
1.2.1.3. Nc ma................................................................................................................. 007
1.2.1.3.1. Cc s liu c bn thit k h thng thot nc ma ..................................... 010
1.2.1.3.2. Tnh ton nc ma ........................................................................................ 010
1.2.2. Dao ng ca lu lng nc thi ...................................................................................... 010
1.2.3. Chn lu lng thit k ....................................................................................................... 010
1.2.4. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi........................................................................................... 010
1.2.4.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht cn c trong nc thi..................................................... 011
1.2.4.2. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD v nhu cu oxy ha hc COD ..................................... 012
1.2.4.3. Oxy ha tan (DO)..................................................................................................... 012
1.2.4.4. Thnh phn thc n: c 3 loi ch yu.................................................................... 013
1.2.4.5. pH............................................................................................................................. 013
1.2.4.6. Hp cht Nit v Phospho....................................................................................... 013
1.2.4.7. Cc hp cht v c trong nc thi sinh hot khng cn phn tch, nhng ng lu
1 l chlorite v sulphate..................................................................................................... 013
1.2.4.8. Thnh phn VS......................................................................................................... 013
1.2.4.9. Nhit nc thi.................................................................................................... 014
1.3. BO V NGUN NC KHI B NHIM BN, KH NNG T LM SCH CA
NGUN NC................................................................................................................................... 014
1.3.1. Du hiu ngun nc nhim bn. Kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc.......................... 015
1.3.2. Nguyn tc x nc thi vo ngun .................................................................................... 016
1.3.3. Xc nh mc x l nc thi......................................................................................... 016
1.3.3.1. Theo SS..................................................................................................................... 016
1.3.3.2. Theo BOD ................................................................................................................ 017
1.4. S CNG NGH X L NC THI.............................................................................. 017
1.4.1. C s la chn cng trnh x l nc thi: ........................................................................ 019
1.4.2. Dy chuyn cng ngh trm x l nc thi: ...................................................................... 020
1.4.3. Gii thiu 1 s dy chuyn x l nc thi: ....................................................................... 027
Chng 2: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC............................................... 027
2.1. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC 027
2.1.1. Thit b chn rc: ................................................................................................................. 027
2.1.2. Thit b nghin rc: .............................................................................................................. 027
2.1.3. B iu ha: ......................................................................................................................... 027
2.1.4. B lng ct: .......................................................................................................................... 028
Trang i
2.1.5. B lng: ................................................................................................................................ 028

2.1.6. Lc ................................................................................................................................... 028
2.1.7. Tuyn ni, vt du m ......................................................................................................... 028
2.2. TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH C HC ........................................................... 032
2.2.1. Song chn rc....................................................................................................................... 032
2.2.2. B lng ct............................................................................................................................ 034
2.2.2.1. B lng ct ngang .................................................................................................... 034
2.2.2.2. B lng ct ng: .................................................................................................... 034
2.2.2.3. B lng ct tip tuyn: ............................................................................................. 037
2.2.2.4. B lng ct lm thong: ........................................................................................... 039
2.2.3. B vt du m...................................................................................................................... 039
2.2.4. X l bng phng php lng ............................................................................................ 042
2.2.4.1. C s l thuyt lng ................................................................................................ 042
2.2.4.2. Cc loi b lng ....................................................................................................... 043
2.2.4.2.1. B lng hnh trn............................................................................................. 043
2.2.4.2.2. B lng ngang (HCN) ..................................................................................... 052
2.2.4.2.3. Cch tnh ton chung b lng 1....................................................................... 052
2.2.5. X l bng phng php lc............................................................................................... 052
2.2.5.1. Nguyn l ca qu trnh lc ..................................................................................... 052
2.2.5.1.1. Khi nim........................................................................................................ 052
2.2.5.1.2. Phn loi b lc............................................................................................... 052
2.2.3.1.3. Vt liu lc...................................................................................................... 054
2.2.5.2. Tnh ton cc loi b lc.......................................................................................... 056
2.2.5.2.1. B lc .............................................................................................................. 062
2.2.5.2.2. B lc nhanh ................................................................................................... 062
2.2.5.2.3. B lc p lc ................................................................................................... 063
2.3. B iu ha ................................................................................................................................... 069
2.3.1. B iu ho lu lng v cht lng ................................................................................... 069
2.3.2. B iu ho ch yu lm nhim v iu ho lu lng....................................................... 069
Chng 3: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP HA L............................................... 070
3.1. PHNG PHP KEO T TO BNG ..................................................................................... 070
3.1.1. Keo t v cc ha cht dung trong keo t ............................................................................ 071
3.1.2. Cc thit b v cng trnh ca qu trnh keo ....................................................................... 072
3.1.2.1. Cc cng trnh chun b dung dch phn:(nh liu lng phn): bao gm: .......... 072
3.1.2.1.1. B ho trn phn: ............................................................................................ 074
3.1.2.1.2. B tiu th:...................................................................................................... 074
3.1.2.2. Thit b nh lng phn:......................................................................................... 075
3.1.2.3. Thit b pha ch vi: ................................................................................................ 075
3.1.2.4. Kho ho cht:........................................................................................................... 075
3.1.3. Thit b ha trn cht phn ng ........................................................................................... 075
3.1.3.1. Phng php trn c hc: ....................................................................................... 075
3.1.3.2. Phng php trn thu lc:..................................................................................... 075
3.1.3.2.1. B trn ng: .................................................................................................. 075
3.1.3.2.2. B trn c tm chn khoan l ......................................................................... 076
Trang ii
3.1.3.2.3. B cha vch ngn c ca thu hp................................................................. 076

3.1.3.2.4. B trn c kh.................................................................................................. 076
3.1.4. B phn ng to bng kt ta .............................................................................................. 076
3.1.4.1. B phn ng xoy ................................................................................................... 077
3.1.4.1.1. B phn ng xoy hnh tr.............................................................................. 078
3.1.4.1.2. B phn ng xoy hnh phu: ......................................................................... 078
3.1.4.2. B phn ng kiu vch ngn:.................................................................................. 084
3.1.4.3. B phn ng c lp cn l lng: ............................................................................ 084
3.1.4.4. B phn ng c kh .................................................................................................. 084
3.2. PHNG PHP TRUNG HA .................................................................................................. 085
3.2.1. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim. ..................................... 086
3.2.2. Trung ho bng cch cho thm ho cht vo nc thi....................................................... 086
3.2.3. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung ho. ..................... 086
3.3. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TUYN NI ................................................... 086
3.3.1. Gii thiu chung................................................................................................................... 086
3.3.2. Phn loi
........................................................................................................ 086
3.3.2.1. Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng thit b c hc. ................................................ 086
3.3.2.2. Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng my bm kh nn (qua cc vi phun, qua cc tm
xp). ................................................................................................................................... 087
3.3.2.3. Tuyn ni vi tch khng kh t nc (tuyn ni chn khng ; tuyn ni khng p;
tuyn ni c p hoc bm hn hp kh nc)....................................................................... 087
3.3.2.4. Tuyn ni in, tuyn ni sinh hc v ho hc. ....................................................... 087
3.4. PHNG PHP HP TH ........................................................................................................ 088
3.5. X L BNG PHNG PHP HP PH............................................................................... 088
3.5.1.C s qu trnh hp ph ........................................................................................................ 088
3.5.2.Cht hp ph ......................................................................................................................... 089
3.5.3.Phn loi hp ph.................................................................................................................. 090
3.6.X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TRCH ............................................................. 090
3.6.1.Nguyn l c bn .................................................................................................................. 090
3.6.2.K thut trch ly ................................................................................................................... 090
3.6.3.Phn loi
.......................................................................................................................... 090
3.7.X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TRAO I....................................................... 091
3.7.1.Mt s khi nim v qu trnh trao i ion ........................................................................... 091
3.7.2.Cc cht trao i ion ............................................................................................................. 092
3.7.3.C s qu trnh trao i ion .................................................................................................. 092
3.8.X L BNG MNG ................................................................................................................. 092
3.8.1.Thm thu ngc .................................................................................................................. 093
3.8.2.Siu lc.................................................................................................................................. 093
3.8.3.Thm tch v in thm tch ............................................................................................... 093
3.8.4.X l nc thi bng phng php lm thong v chng bay hi....................................... 093
3.8.4.1. Phng php lm thong.......................................................................................... 094
3.8.4.2. Phng php chng bay hi..................................................................................... 094
3.8.5.X l nc thi bng phng php oxi kh ......................................................................... 094
3.8.5.1. Oxy ho bng Clo. .................................................................................................... 094
Trang iii
3.8.5.2. Oxy ho bng hyro peoxit ....................................................................................... 095

3.8.5.3. Oxy ho bng oxy trong khng kh ........................................................................... 095
3.8.5.4. Oxy ho bng pyroluzit............................................................................................. 095
3.8.5.5. Ozon ha ................................................................................................................... 099
3.8.6. X l nc thi bng phng php in ho....................................................................... 099
Chng 4: X L NC THI BNG PHNG SINH HC ...................................................... 095
4.1. CNG TRNH X L NC THI TRONG IU KIN T NHIN.................................. 095
4.1.1. Cnh ng ti cng cng v bi lc .................................................................................. 095
4.1.2. Cnh ng ti nng nghip: .............................................................................................. 099
4.1.3. H sinh hc: ......................................................................................................................... 099
4.1.3.1. H k kh .................................................................................................................. 100
4.1.3.2. H k hiu kh: thng gp...................................................................................... 100
4.1.3.3. H hiu kh:.............................................................................................................. 102
4.2. CNG TRNH X L SINH HC NHN TO ....................................................................... 104
4.2.1. B lc sinh hc (B Biophin)( c lp vt liu khng ngp nc) ....................................... 104
4.2.2. B lc sinh hc c lp VL ngp trong nc thi ................................................................. 107
4.2.2. B Aerotank ......................................................................................................................... 113
4.2.2.1. ng hc ca qa trnh x l sinh hc .................................................................... 113
4.2.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca b Aerotank........................................................................ 114
4.2.2.3. Phn loi b Aerotant .............................................................................................. 114
4.2.2.4. Cc dng s b A ................................................................................................ 115
4.2.2.5. Tnh ton b ............................................................................................................. 116
4.2.3. B lng 2 .............................................................................................................................. 133
4.2.4. X l nc thi bng vi sinh k kh (b UASB).................................................................. 140
4.2.4.1. Cu to: ................................................................................................................... 140
4.2.4.2. Nguyn tc ............................................................................................................... 141
4.2.4.3. Tnh ton .................................................................................................................. 141
Chng 5: X L V S DNG CN NC THI ..................................................................... 157
5.1. C TNH CA CN LNG V CC PHNG PHP X L .......................................... 157
5.1.1. Thnh phn........................................................................................................................... 157
5.1.2. Phng php x l ............................................................................................................... 157
5.1.3. Cc cng trnh x l cn ...................................................................................................... 158
5.2. CC CNG TRNH X L ....................................................................................................... 158
5.2.1. B Mtan .............................................................................................................................. 158
5.2.1.1. Cu to..................................................................................................................... 158
5.2.1.2. Tnh ton .................................................................................................................. 158
5.2.1.2. Hm t hoi ............................................................................................................. 160
5.2.1.3. B nn bn................................................................................................................ 162
5.2.1.4. Sn phi bn ............................................................................................................ 165
Chng 6. KH TRNG NC THI............................................................................................. 168
6.1. TI SAO PHI KH TRNG NC THI ............................................................................ 168
6.2. CC PHUONG PHP KH TRNG NC THI.................................................................. 169
6.2.1. Kh trng bng cc cht xi ha mnh............................................................................... 169
6.2.1.1.Kh trng bng Clo v cc hp cht ca Clo .......................................................... 169
Trang iv
6.2.1.2. Kh trng bng Clorua vi v canxihyphocloit....................................................... 169

6.2.1.3. Kh trng bng Natri hypoclorit (nc zaven). ..................................................... 173
6.2.1.4. Dng zn kh rung .......................................................................................... 174
6.2.2. Kh trng bng tia cc tm .................................................................................................. 175
6.2.3. Kh trng bng mt s phng php khc.......................................................................... 175
Chng 7: S CHUNG V C S K THUT QUN L TRM X L........................... 176
7.1. S CHUNG TRM X L.................................................................................................. 179
7.1.1. Nhng yu cu v sinh v la chn phng php x l...................................................... 179
7.1.1.1. Khong cch v sinh v din tch xy dng............................................................. 179
7.1.1.2. Chn phng php x l.......................................................................................... 179
7.1.1.3.Nhng thit b trn trm x l................................................................................... 180
7.1.2. Mt bng tng th v cao trnh trm x l........................................................................... 181
7.1.4. Phn phi nc thi vo cc cng ....................................................................................... 184
7.1.5. Thit b o lu lng trn trm x l ............................................................................... 185
7.2. C S K THUT QUN L TRM X L NC THI.................................................. 188
7.2.1. Nghim thu cng trnh ......................................................................................................... 188
7.2.2. Giai on a cng trnh vo hot ...................................................................................... 188
7.2.3. Nhng phng php kim tra theo di ch lm vic ca cc cng trnh x .................. 190
7.2.4. Nhng nguyn nhn ph hy ch lm vic bnh thng ca cc cng trnh x l. Bin
php khc phc. ............................................................................................................................. 192
7.2.5. T chc qun l v k thut an ton. ................................................................................... 193
7.2.5.2. T chc qun l ....................................................................................................... 193
7.2.5.3. K thut an ton....................................................................................................... 194
7.2.6. Thng k v cng ngh ca cc cng trnh......................................................................... 194
Trang v
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Environmental Engineering Mc Graw Hill Iternational Edition Gerard Kiely 1996.
2. Hong Hu PGS,PTS, X l nc thi, Nh xut bn xy dng, 11/1996.
3. Hong Hu, cp thot nc. Nh xut bn Xy dng , H Ni, 1994.
4. Hong Hu, Hng dn lm n mn hc cp thot nc. Nh xut bn xy dng H Ni, 1991.
5. Hong Hu, Thot nc I,II,III. i hc kin trc H Ni, 1994.
6. Lm Minh Trit v cc cng s: Tp bo co cc kt qu nghin cu xc nh quy trnh cng ngh
x l nc thi cc loi hnh cng nghip ti Tp.HCM S KHCN v MT Tp. HCM, 1997 1998.
7. Metcalf and Eddy: Wastewater Engineering Treament, Disposal, Reuse third Edition 1991.
8. Tiu chun thot nc th TC 51 72, TCVN 51 84.
9. Trn Hiu Nhu, Lm Minh Trit, X l nc thi. i hc Xy dng H Ni, 1978.
10. Trn Hiu Nhu, Thot nc v x l nc thi cng nghip, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut , H
Ni, 1978.
11. Trn vn M, K thut mi trng, Nh xut bn Xy Dng, H Ni,1993.
12. Trnh Xun Lai, TS. Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, Cng ty t vn cp that
nc s 2, Nh xut bn Xy Dng, H Ni,2000.
Trang 196

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TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH

KHOA MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC

H THNG X L NC THI KHU CNG NGHIP VIETNAM-SINGAPORE

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Chng 1: NHNG VN CHUNG V X L NC

Tng lng cht thi

Tng cht thi

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Ni chung, nc thi t cc nh my ch bin thc phm c hm lng nit v photpho cho qu

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

thm, 36% l nc thi sn xut.

Mc thit b v sinh trong cng trnh

Tiu chun thi

C h thng cp thot nc, c dng c v

C h thng cp thot nc, c dng c v sinh

C h thng cp thot nc, c dng c v

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Bng 1.7: Tiu chun thi nc t cc cng s

H s khng iu ha chung Kc = Kng . Kh

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Bng 1.9. H s khng iu ha chung ca nc thi sinh hot

1.2.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip

nc thi/sn phm (qtc)

54 lit/tn sn phm crp

0,3 m3/gi la (36 lit)

0,1 0,8 m3/tn thp

Chn nui gia cm

Sn xut giy v bt giy

60 240 m3/tn sn phm

Ngoi ra trong x nghip cn c mt lng nc thi sinh hot rt ln nn vic xc nh n cng c

Tiu chun thot nc

Phn xng thng

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

(Cng thc xc nh tm p dng cho cc b mt tp trung nc ma c san nn khng c

Cc gi tr n, C, b tra trong bng phn b ma tng a phng

iu kin lm vic ca cng

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

iu kin thun li:

a hnh phng, i< 0,006 khi:

Gi tr P khi q20 bng

Bng 1.15. Chu k trn cng i vi khu vc cng nghip

5. H s dng chy: L t s gia lng nc ma chy vo mng li thot nc v lng nc ma

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

1.2.1.3.2. Tnh ton nc ma

1000 2000 3000 4000

Lng nc ma khi cng trn xm nhp vo MLTN ring l 470m3/ha.ngy.

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

1000 mg/l tng hm

a. Tng hm lng cn (TS)

1.2.4.2. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD v nhu cu oxy ha hc COD

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

- phn hy hon ton (98%) th phi cn n 20 ngy cy (BOD20)

Khng c dng chy

S thay i ch oxy c th biu din nh sau:

A: im ti hn ca Dmax, biu din trng thi nguy him ca nc ngun v mt v sinh.

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

1.2.4.9. Nhit nc thi

Bin thin nhit P ph thuc vo nhit :

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Ngun nc b nhim bn s dn n tnh trng mt cn bng ST. Do , ngun nc t iu chnh

- : H s ph thuc c tnh thy lc v hnh dng dng chy ca nc ngun: