IC 555 - nguyn tc, ng dng

Ch nht, 10 Thng 10 2010 02:51

555 l mt loi linh kin kh l ph bin by gi vi vic d dng to c xung vung v c th thay i tn s ty thch, vi s mch n gin,iu ch c rng xung. N c ng dng hu ht vo cc mch to xung ng ct hay l nhng mch dao ng khc.y l linh kin ca hng CMOS sn xut .Sau y l bng thng s ca 555 c trn th trng :

+ in p u vo : 2 - 18V ( Ty tng loi ca 555 : LM555, NE555, NE7555..) + Dng in cung cp : 6mA - 15mA + in p logic mc cao : 0.5 - 15V + in p logic mc thp : 0.03 - 0.06V + Cng sut ln nht l : 600mW * Cc chc nng ca 555: + L thit b to xung chnh xc

+ My pht xung + iu ch c rng xung (PWM) + iu ch v tr xung (PPM) (Hay dng trong thu pht hng ngoi) y ch l nhng thng s c bn ca 555. Cn nhng thng s khc cc bn tham kho datasheet! 1 : Gii thiu, s khi, s nguyn l, chn ca 555 IC thi gian 555 c du nhp vo nhng nm 1971 bng cng ty Signetics Corporation bng 2 dng sn phm SE555/NE555 v c gi l my thi gian v cng l loi c u tin. N cung cp cho cc nh thit k mch in t vi chi ph tng i r, n nh v nhng mch t hp cho nhng ng dng cho n n v khng n nh. T thit b ny c lm ra vi tnh thng mi ha. 10 nm qua mt s nh sn sut ngng sn sut loi IC ny bi v s cnh tranh v nhng l do khc. Tuy th nhng cng ty khc li sn sut ra nhng dng ny Cc dng hnh dng chn ca 555 trong thc t:

Hnh dng ca 555 trong hnh 1 v hnh 2. Loi 8 chn hnh trn v loi 8 chn hnh vung. Nhng th trng Vit Nam ch yu l loi chn vung.

Nhn trn hnh 3 ta thy cu trc ca 555 n tng ng vi hn 20 transitor , 15 in tr v 2 diode v cn ph thuc vo nh sn xut. Trong mch tng ng trn c : u vo kch thch , khi so snh, khi iu khin chc nng hay cng sut u ra.Mt s c tnh na ca 555 l : in p cung cp nm gia trong khong t 3V n 18V, dng cung cp t 3 n 6 mA. Dng in ngng xc nh bng gi tr ln nht ca R + R . in p 15V th in tr ca R + R .phi l 20M Tt c cc IC thi gian u c 1 t in ngoi to ra 1 thi gian ng ct ca xung u ra. N l mt chu k hu hn cho t in (C) np in hay phng in thong qua mt in tr R. Thi gian ny n c xc nh v n c th tnh c thong qua in tr R v t in C

Mch np RC c bn nh trn hnh 4B Gi thit t in ban u l phng in.Khi m ng cng tc th t in bt u np thng qua in tr. in p qua t in t gi tr 0 ln n gi tr nh mc vo t. ng cong np c th hin qua hnh 4A.Thi gian n cho t in np n 63.2% in p cung cp v hiu thi gian ny l 1 hng s. Gi tr hng s thi gian c th tnh bng cng thc n gin sau: t = R.C

ng cong np ca t in

2 :Chc nng ca tng chn ca 555

IC NE555 N gm c 8 chn. + Chn s 1(GND): cho ni GND ly dng cp cho IC hay chn cn gi l chn chung. + Chn s 2(TRIGGER): y l chn u vo thp hn in p so snh v c dng nh 1 chn cht hay ng vo ca 1 tn so p.Mch so snh y dng cc transitor PNP vi mc in p chun l 2/3Vcc. + Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Chn ny l chn dng ly tn hiu ra logic. Trng thi ca tn hiu ra c xc nh theo mc 0 v 1. 1 y l mc cao n tng ng vi gn bng Vcc nu (PWM=100%) v mc 0 tng ng vi 0V nhng m trong thc t mc 0 ny ko c 0V m n trong khong t (0.35 ->0.75V) . + Chn s 4(RESET): Dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni masse th ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo mc p trn chn 2 v 6.Nhng m trong mch to c dao ng thng hay ni chn ny ln VCC. + Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): Dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC 555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni GND. Chn ny c th khng ni cng c nhng m gim tr nhiu ngi ta thng ni chn s 5 xung GND thng qua t in t 0.01uF n 0.1uF cc t ny lc nhiu v gi cho in p chun c n nh. + Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l mt trong nhng chn u vo so snh in p khc v cng c dng nh 1 chn cht. + Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem chn ny nh 1 kha in t v chu iu khin bi tng logic ca chn 3 .Khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc li th n m ra. Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lc IC 555 dng nh 1 tng dao ng . + Chn s 8 (Vcc): Khng cn ni cng bt l chn cung cp p v dng cho IC hot ng. Khng c chn ny coi nh IC cht. N c cp in p t 2V -->18V (Ty tng loi 555 nh thp nht l con NE7555) 3: Cu to bn trong v nguyn tc hot ng a) Cu to:

Nhn trn s cu to trn ta thy cu trc ca 555 gm : 2 con OPAM, 3 con in tr, 1 transitor, 1 FF ( y l FF RS): - 2 OP-amp c tc dng so snh in p - Transistor x in. - Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny to nn in p chun. in p 1/3 VCC ni vo chn dng ca Opamp 1 v in p 2/3 VCC ni vo chn m ca Op-amp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 VCC, chn S = [1] v FF c kch. Khi in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3 VCC, chn R ca FF = [1] v FF c reset b) Nguyn tc hot ng:

 trn mch trn ta bt l H l mc cao v n gn bng Vcc v L l mc thp v n bng 0V. S dng pc FF - RS Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v = Q- = [ 0]. Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v =Q- = [0]. Khi R = [1] th = [1] v Q = [0]. Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v Q-= [1], transisitor m dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset. Khi mi ng mch, t C np qua Ra, Rb, vi thi hng (Ra+Rb)C. * T C np t in p 0V -> Vcc/3: - Lc ny V+1(V+ ca Opamp1) > V-1. Do O1 (ng ra ca Opamp1) c mc logic 1(H). - V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0(L). - R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0. - Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1. - /Q = 0 --> Transistor hi tip khng dn.

* T C tip t np t in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3: - Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0. - V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0. - R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=1, /Q=0). - Transistor vn ko dn ! * T C np qua ngng 2Vcc/3: - Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0. - V+2 > V-2. Do O2 = 1. - R = 1, S = 0 --> Q=0, /Q = 1. - Q = 0 --> Ng ra o trng thi = 0. - /Q = 1 --> Transistor dn, in p trn chn 7 xung 0V ! - T C x qua Rb. Vi thi hng Rb.C - in p trn t C gim xung do t C x, lm cho in p t C nhy xung di 2Vcc/3. * T C tip tc "X" t in p 2Vcc/3 --> Vcc/3: - Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0. - V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0. - R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=0, /Q=1). - Transistor vn dn ! * T C x qua ngng Vcc/3: - Lc ny V+1 > V-1. Do O1 = 1. - V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0. - R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0. - Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1. - /Q = 0 --> Transistor khng dn -> chn 7 khng = 0V na v t C li c np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3. Ni tm li cc bn c nn hiu l : Trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca 555, in p trn t C ch dao ng quanh in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3. (Xem dng c tnh t in phng np trn) - Khi np in, t C np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3, v kt thc np thi im in p trn C bng 2Vcc/3.Np in vi thi hng l (Ra+Rb)C. - Khi x in, t C x in vi in p ban u l 2Vcc/3, v kt thc x thi

im in p trn C bng Vcc/3. X in vi thi hng l Rb.C. - Thi gian mc 1 ng ra chnh l thi gian np in, mc 0 l x in. 3 ) Cng thc tnh tn s iu ch rng xung ca 555

Nhn vo s mch trn ta c cng thc tnh tn s , rng xung. + Tn s ca tn hiu u ra l : f = 1/(ln2.C.(R1 + 2R2))

+ Chu k ca tn hiu u ra : t = 1/f + Thi gian xung mc H (1) trong mt chu k :

t1 = ln2 .(R1 + R2).C

+ Thi gian xung mc L (0) trong 1 chu k : t2 = ln2.R2.C

NH vy trn l cng thc tng qut ca 555. Ti ly 1 v d nh l : to c xung dao ng l f = 1.5Hz . u tin ti c chn hai gi tr c trng l R1 v C2 sau ta tnh c R1. Theo cch tnh ton trn th ta chn : C = 10nF, R1 =33k --> R2 = 33k (Tnh ton theo cng thc) 4 ) Cc dng mch dao ng t 555 a ) Mch bo ng m thanh dng SCR

b) Mch bo ngun in

c) Mch kha nghing

d) Cnh bo mt in

e ) My nhp iu m thanh

f) Dao ng CW

g) Trigio Smith

h) Dao 2 IC 555 trog th nghim m thanh

i) Mch nhp nhy 2 LED

Nh trn ti gii thiu qua v iC 555 v nhng mch ng dng ca n!