Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

I. L DO CHN TI: Ni dung sch gio khoa ho hc lp 10 nng cao a vo mt s vn mi so vi chng trnh c, trong c phn: S xen ph v s lai ho cc obitan. Mt vn kh v tru tng khng nhng i vi hc sinh m nhiu gio vin cng kh lng tng. Nn dy nh th no? truyn th nhng vn g v s xen ph v lai ho; lm th no hc sinh d hiu d vn dng, ph hp vi chng trnh kin thc sch gio khoa? gp phn nng cao cht lng i mi phng php dy hc, xin mnh dn gii thiu ng gp mt phn kinh nghim bn thn qua ti: Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan trong ho hc lp 10 nng cao II. C S THC TIN V KHOA HC: A. C s thc tin: S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t l khi nim quan trng nht ca thuyt ho tr nh hng, c Pau linh a ra gii thch s nh hng cng nh bn ca lin kt nhiu hp cht hu c v v c (c bit l phc cht ) Lai ho cc obitan l mt vn mi m rt tru tng, cng vi s xen ph cc obitan chng l nhng vn c a ra sau khi hc sinh c hnh thnh khi nim v cc loi lin kt. y l nhng vn c pht trin thm theo quan im hin i: Thuyt lin kt ho tr c th l: - Lin kt ho hc c to nn bi cp electron c spin ngc chiu nhau ca 2 nguyn t. Trong s xen ph gia nhng obitan ca hai nguyn t to nn mt vng c mt in tch cao dn n s gim th nng ca h, ngha l lin kt c hnh thnh. - Lin kt c hnh thnh theo phng trong khng gian m kh nng xen ph gia cc obitan nguyn t l cc i. - Hai obitan nguyn t xen ph vi nhau cng nhiu th lin kt c to ra cng bn. S xen ph cc obitan v lai ho cc obitan l nhng ni dung kh i vi hc sinh nhng y l vn mi , d hp dn cc em. i vi gio vin, vic hiu su sc v bn cht vn t vi nghip v s phm ca mnh lm cho cc em hiu khi nim v s xen ph cc obitan, s lai ho cc obitan nguyn t, nm c mt s kin thc lai ho in hnh v vn dng kin thc lai ho gii thch dng hnh hc ca phn t l vn khng n gin. B. C s khoa hc: 1. S xen ph obitan: Thuyt lin kt ho tr (vit tt l thuyt VB ) v thuyt obitan phn t (vit tt l thuyt MO ) u ly mc xen ph ca cc obitan nguyn t lm tiu chun quan trng m t lin kt.

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

Nhng trng hp m cc obitan xen ph nhau nhiu, s xen ph dng lm tng xc sut tm thy electron vng nm gia hai ht nhn dn n s ht nhau gia hai nguyn t to nn lin kt mnh. V d:

_ _

++

s - s

+ +

_____

p-p

p -

Ngc li s xen ph m lm gim xc sut tm thy ca cc electron vng nm gia hai ht nhn dn n s y nhau gia hai nguyn t v lin kt khng c hnh thnh. V d:
+ + _ +

_ +

_ s p

p - p Ngoi ra cn c s xen ph trit tiu, tuy c s xen ph gia cc obitan nguyn t nhng khng to ra lc y hay ht gia hai nguyn t ngha l cc nguyn t trng thi khng lin kt. V d: + + _ s -p p _ + _ d + + _

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

2. Quan nim v s lai ho: Obitan nguyn t l mt hm ton hc nn hnh dng cc obitan nguyn t c biu din bng m hnh ton hc. Chng hn obitan p hnh s 8 ni; ngha l mt xc sut tm thy electron p l khi s 8 ni- y l mt biu thc ton hc , khng phi l electron chuyn ng theo hnh s 8 ni. Qua thc nghim cho thy 4 lin kt C H trong phn t CH 4 ging ht nhau v c gc lin kt HCH = 1090 28 , Sly - t v Pau- linh ra quan nim lai ho ca cc obitan trong mt nguyn t. Theo - khi to thnh lin kt, nhng electron ho tr ca mt nguyn t khng tham gia mt cch ring r vi nhau m cc hm sng ca chng tc l cc obitan nguyn t trn ln vi nhau hay ni mt cch ton hc l chng t hp vi nhau thnh nhng t hp tt nht c th to nn lin kt bn hn. Cc t hp tt nht l cc hm sng tng ng nhau, trong mi hm c mt phn ging nhau ca obitan ny v mt phn ging nhau ca obitan khc ca nguyn t. Chng hn trong v d trn: 4 hm sng tng ng ca C l 4 obitan lai ho sp3; trong mi obitan lai ho cha mt phn nh nhau ca obitan 2s ( 4 22s ) v mt phn nh nhau ca obitan 2p (
3 2 4

2p )

Hin tng t hp gia cc obitan trong mt nguyn t gi l hin tng lai ho. Cc hm sng tng ng vi nhau c t hp nn gi l obitan lai ho. Nhng obitan lai ho ca mt nguyn t c kch thc v hnh dng hon ton ging nhau nhng ch khc nhau v phng trong khng gian. 3. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp: 3.1.Lai ho sp: V d: Xt s lai ho ca obitan s v obitan p (v d obitan pz ) . Gia 2 obitan c 2 t hp:
sp
a

1 2 1 2

s s

p p

= ( ) Obitan s mang du dng cn obitan p c phn dng v phn m. Cng hai obitan ny li s c obitan lai ho th nht nm dc trc z; phn dng ca n ln ra v nm trong phn dng ca trc z, cn phn m b li v nm trong phn m ca trc z. Ngc li t hp tr ca hai obitan s v p cho mt obitan lai ho th hai c kch thc v hnh dng ging vi obitan lai ho th nht ; cng nm trn trc z nhng c chiu ngc li. Trc hai obitan lai ho lm vi nhau mt gc 1800. Mi obitan c kch thc ln hn v mt pha cho nn c th to nn lin kt bn hn so vi lin kt to nn bi ring + z obitan s hay obitan p. s + pz s
b

sp

s s

pz s

s + pz s

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

spa + -_ + + spb Lai ho sp c gp trong phn t BeH 2 , C2H2, BeCl2 Kiu lai ho sp xy ra khi to thnh mui halogenua ca cc nguyn t nh Be, Zn ,Cd, HgNguyn t nhng nguyn t ny trng thi c bn c 2 electron ghp i- khi b kch thch th 1 electron s chuyn thnh electron p v nguyn t c 2 electron c thn. to thnh lin kt vi cc nguyn t halogen hai hm sng cc electron s v p ngha l cc obitan s v p t hp vi nhau to thnh 2 obitan lai ho sp, mi obitan lai ho c mt electron c thn. Hai obitan lai ho nm trn cng mt ng thng s xen ph vi 2 obitan p cng nm trn ng thng- v d phn t BeCl2: _ + + + + _ _

Be Cl Cl Cn vi phn t BeH2 li c s xen ph ca 2 obitan lai ho sp ca nguyn t Be vi 2 obitan s ca 2 nguyn t H

Be

3.2. Lai ho sp2: y l s t hp ca obitan s v 2 obitan p to nn 3 obitan lai ho sp 2 nm trong cng mt mt phng v lm vi nhau nhng gc 1200. Gi s hai obitan p tham gia t hp l px v py ; mt trong ba obitan lai ho sp 2 nm trn trc x ; cc obitan lai ho c cc hm sng nh sau:
2 a= sp 2 b= sp

1 ( s + 2 px ) 3 1 1 px ( s - 2 + 3

3 py 2

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

1 3

2 c= sp

( s -

1 px 2

3 py 2

Kiu lai ho sp2 xy ra khi to thnh cc hp cht ca nguyn t B chng hn; trng thi kch thch, nguyn t B c 3 electron c thn: 1 electron s v 2 electron p. Nh s lai ho sp2, nguyn t B c 3 obitan lai ho ging nhau, c trc nm trong cng mt mt phng v lm vi nhau nhng gc 1200. Mi obitan lai ho c mt electron c thn xen ph vi obitan nguyn t nguyn t khc to thnh lin kt. Nu nguyn t khc l nguyn t F chng hn th phn t BF3 c cu to hnh tam gic u vi nguyn t B nm trng tm ca tam gic v 3 nguyn t F ba nh ca tam gic. spb2
y

1200 1200 spc2

F F F

spa2

Kiu lai ho ny cn gp trong cc phn t nh C2H4

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

Nm lin kt nm trong cng mt mt phng, bao gm 4 lin kt C H v mt lin kt C- C. Cc gc lin kt HCH, HCC u c gi tr 120 0 . Hai obitan p cui cng khng tham gia lai ho ca nguyn t C s xen ph vi nhau to nn lin kt C C 3.3 Lai ho sp3 : y l s t hp ca obitan s v 3 obitan p to nn 4 obitan lai ho sp 3 ging nhau v kch thc v hnh dng hng ti 4 nh ca mt t din u m tm l ht nhn nguyn t. Trc cc obitan lm vi nhau nhng gc 1090 28| v t din u c c khi ta ly cc nh i din ca mt hnh lp phng m tm l ht nhn nguyn t. spb3 z
spa3

y x spc3 Phng ca 4 obitan lai ho sp3 Nu quy c h to ca nguyn t nh hnh trn th cc obitan lai ho sp3 c cc hm sng nh sau:
3 a= sp z p

spd3

1 2
1 2

( s + ( s -

x p

+ -

y p

+ +

z p

) )

p 3 c= s

1 2
1 2

( s + ( s -

x p

y p

)
x p y p z p 3 d= sp x p y p

3 b= s p z p

) Kiu lai ho sp3 xy ra khi to thnh cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t nh C, Si, Ge, v d: CH4 , H2O, NH3 6

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

Chng hn : Phn t NH 3 c dng khi t din, nguyn t N lm nh v 3 nguyn t H nh ca tam gic u lm y: . . N H H H Nguyn t N trng thi lai ho sp3. Mt obitan lai ho c cp electron khng lin kt, cn 3 obitan lai ho khc mi obitan c mt electron c thn xen ph vi obitan 1s c electron c thn ca 3 nguyn t H to thnh 3 lin kt . Ngoi ra khi c obitan d tham gia lai ho th cn c cc kiu lai ho dsp 2,sp3d, sp3d2 4. iu kin trng thi lai ho obitan ca nguyn t xy ra v to c lin kt bn: - Cc obitan ch c lai ho vi nhau khi nng lng ca chng xp x bng nhau. - Mt electron ca cc obitan nguyn t tham gia lai ho phi ln xen ph ca obitan lai ho vi obitan nguyn t khc ln to ra lin kt bn. III. NI DUNG KHAI TH C: 1. S xen ph obitan: Sch gio khoa Ho 10 nng cao khi cp n vn xen ph ca cc obitan th c nu s hnh thnh cc phn t: H2, Cl2, HCl, H2S do s hnh thnh mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung. S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t H2: l do 2 obitan 1s ca hai nguyn t H xen ph vi nhau to thnh mt vng xen ph gia hai ht nhn nguyn t. Xc sut c mt ca cc electron tp trung ch yu khu vc gia hai ht nhn. V vy ngoi lc y tng h gia hai proton v hai electron cn c lc ht gia cc electron vi hai ht nhn hng v tm nguyn t. Lin kt cng ho tr gia hai nguyn t H trong phn t H2 l mt lin kt ho hc bn. Cn hiu r hn l theo thuyt MO, trong phn t H2 quan h gia nhng obitan nguyn t 1sa , 1sb vi nhng obitan phn t slk, s* c trnh by gin nng lng.
+ * s

7
s

lk

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

1sa 1sb

.+.

Hai electron trong phn t H2 c xp vo obitan phn t slk do cu hnh electron phn t H2 l ( slk )2 nn phn t H2 bn. Trong phn t Cl2 c s xen ph gia 2 obitan p cha electron c thn ca mi nguyn t Cl. Cn trong phn t HCl, lin kt ho hc hnh thnh nh s xen ph gia obitan 1s ca nguyn t H v obitan 3p c 1 electron c thn ca nguyn t Cl. Ni dung bi 18 sau phn lai ho c gii thiu thm s xen ph trc v s xen ph bn; Xen ph trc l s xen ph m trc cc obitan tham gia lin kt trng vi ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t. + + _ + + _ + + _

S xen ph trc to nn lin kt bn vng. Trong cc phn t Cl2, HCl trn u c s xen ph trc, v th u to ra lin kt bn ( lin kt ). Cn s xen ph trong trc cc obitan lin kt song song vi nhau v vung gc vi ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t lin kt gi l s xen ph bn. + _ + _

S xen ph bn to nn lin kt km bn. Chng ta cn lu rng ch c s xen ph dng mi dn n s ht nhau gia hai nguyn t v to nn lin kt mnh. Gio vin c th ng nhn trng hp no c s xen ph u to lin kt; nhng thc t ch c nhng trng hp sau mi to nn lin kt:

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

_ + s + _ + s + _ + + p
+ -

_ + p
+ -

_ + p
-

s -

_
+ +

p - d bi Lin kt cng ho tr, khi ni n s hnh thnh phn t H2S, t s xen ph ca obitan 1s ca hai nguyn t H vi hai obitan 2p ca nguyn t S th ng l gc lin kt HSH phi l 900 do hai obitan p ca nguyn t S c trc to vi nhau mt gc 900 nhng trn thc t gc lin kt HSH l 920. y cn phi hiu rng s sai lch trn thc nghim so vi l thuyt l do c s phn cc lin kt. Tuy nhin da vo s xen ph cc i gia cc obitan nguyn t s v p c th gii thch c hnh dng nhiu phn t nhng cch gii thch hon ton khng th p dng cho cc nguyn t nh: C, Si, Be, B v v th nn thuyt lai ho ra i. 2. Khi nim v s lai ho: a ra khi nim v s lai ho, sch gio khoa a ra v d v phn t CH 4 T cng thc cu to ca phn t CH4 : H H
C

p - p

H H

Gio vinH gii thiu lun c m hnh phn t H 4; Nguyn t C lm tm v 4 nn CH nguyn t H l 4 nh ca t din u v cc gc lin kt HCH u bng 1090 28 M t cu hnh electron ca nguyn t C* C* 2p3 1 2sThy rng 4 electron ho tr to ra 4 lin kt C- H khng ging nhau ( gm 1 electron s v 3 electron p ) m vn to c 4 lin kt ging ht nhau. gii thch hin tng ny cc nh ho hc Sly t v Pau linh ra thuyt lai ho , theo thuyt ny c s t hp trn ln mt s obitan trong mt nguyn t, v trong 9

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

trng hp trn chnh l obitan 2s t hp trn ln vi 3 obitan 2p to ra 4 obitan lai ho sp3 ging ht nhau, bn obitan lai ho ny xen ph vi 4 obitan 1s ca 4 nguyn t H to ra 4 lin kt C- H hon ton ging nhau. S lai ho obitan nguyn t l s t hp trn ln mt s obitan trong mt nguyn t c tng y obitan lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian. Khi nim v t hp trn ln tru tng i vi hc sinh ; chng ta c th nhc n phng php lai trong nng nghip hc sinh d lin h; chng hn cho lai vi ging cy khc nhau to ra mt ging mi mang mt s c tnh ca c cy b ln cy m. y, mi obitan lai ho kt hp c c tnh cht ca cc obitan ban u to nn n. V d: Obitan lai ho sp3 l kt qu ca s t hp gia mt obitan s v ba obitan p trong mt nguyn t , mi obitan lai ho kt hp c c tnh cht ca obitan s v obitan p sinh ra n. Khi dy cc kiu lai ho thng gp cn hiu r hn bn cht ca cc kiu lai ho sp, sp2 , sp3, nhn mnh iu kin trng thi lai ho obitan ca cc nguyn t xy ra v to c lin kt bn: - Cc obitan ch c lai ho vi nhau khi mc nng lng ca chng xp x nhau; trong cc trng hp lai ho thng xy ra nh sp, sp2,sp3 th cc electron s v p phi thuc cng mt lp - v d nh: 2s v 2p. - Mt electron ca cc obitan tham gia lai ho phi ln xen ph ca obitan lai ho vi obitan nguyn t khc ln to ra lin kt bn; vn ny lin quan n phng v trc ca cc obitan lai ho. sch gio khoa ln lt gii thiu: Lai ho sp: L s t hp 1 obitan s vi 1 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 2 obitan lai ho sp nm thng hng vi nhau hng v hai pha- lai ho ng thng. Cn cho hc sinh thy r nhng loi hp cht c kiu lai ho sp thng gp c dng AB2 nh: BeCl2, ZnCl2, BeH2 hay C2H2 Lai ho sp l nguyn nhn dn n tnh thng hng ( gc lin kt bng 180 0 ) ca cc lin kt trong nhng phn t trn. Lai ho sp2: L s t hp ca 1 obitan s vi 2 obitan p ca mt nguyn t to thnh 3 obitan lai ho sp2 cng nm trong mt mt phng, nh hng t tm n nh ca tam gic u lai ho tam gic.Thc t hnh dng ca phn t BF3 l hnh dng tam gic u nn ta chn kiu lai ho sp2 gii thch lin kt. Gio vin gii thiu nhng hp cht AB3 c kiu lai ho sp2 thng gp nh BF3, BCl3, SO3 hay C2H4 Lai ho sp3: L s t hp ca 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 4 obitan lai ho sp3 nh hng t tm n 4 nh ca mt t din u lai ho t din. Sch gio khoa gii thiu kiu lai ho sp3 thng gp cc nguyn t O,N,C nh phn t H2O, NH3,, CH4.Gio vin cn gii thiu lun dng phn t thng gp kiu lai ho ny l AB4, v d: CCl4, NH4+

10

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

Ngoi ba kiu lai ho sp, sp 2, sp3 c hc, c th cp thm cho hc sinh gii bit thm cc kiu lai ho sau: - Lai ho sp3d ( lng chp tam gic) 1AO s + 3AO p + 1AO d => 5 AO sp3d - Lai ho dsp2 ( vung phng ) 1AO d + 1AO s + 2AO p => 4 AO sp2d - Lai ho sp3d2 ( lng chp t gic hay bt din ) 1AOs + 3AO p + 2AO d => 6 AO sp3d2 Thnh tu to ln nht ca thuyt lai ho l gii thch hnh dng ca mt s phn t. Gio vin cn tng hp cho hc sinh nm c mt s kiu phn t thng gp c nguyn t trung tm thuc kiu lai ho g? hnh dng phn t v gc ho tr ca chng ra sao? Chng hn: Kiu phn t AB2 AB3 AB4 AB4 AB5 AB6 Kiu lai ho A sp sp2 sp3 dsp2 sp3d sp3d2 Hnh dng Phn t ng thng Tam gic T din Vung Lng chp Bt din Gc ho tr 1800 1200 109028 900 900 v 1200 900 Cc phn t v d BeCl2, ZnCl2, CO2 BF3, BCl3, SO3 CH4, CCl4, NH4+, PtCl42-, Cu(NH3)42PCl5 SF6, SiF62-

Kiu lai ho obitan nguyn t cho thy s obitan lai ho c to nn ng thi l s phi tr ti a ca nguyn t . Cng cn nhc nh hc sinh rng, kiu lai ho ph thuc vo cu tao nguyn t nguyn t trung tm nn s ph thuc vo v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon. Bng di y h thng li kh nng lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn t cc nguyn t v s phi tr ti a m nguyn t c theo chu k Nguyn t chu k Chu K II Chu k III Chu k IV Chu k V Chu k VI Kiu lai ho v s phi tr ( vit trong du ngoc ) sp (2), sp2 (3), sp3 (4) sp3 (4), dsp3 (5), d2sp3 (6), sp3d2 (6) sp3 (4), dsp3 (5), d2sp3 (6), sp3d2 (6) d2sp3 (6), d2sp3f (7) d2sp3 (6), d2sp3f (7)

3. Hng dn hc sinh cch pht hin kiu lai ho v dng hnh hc ca mt s phn t n gin: 11

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

Gio vin cn lu cho hc sinh: Vic chn kiu lai ho no gii thch s lin kt trong phn t tu thuc vo cu trc hnh hc thc nghim ca phn t. Tuy nhin c th dng mt s l thuyt hay ho lng t xc nh kiu lai ho m khng da vo gi tr thc nghim: Kiu lai ho v hnh dng phn t ph thuc vo s lin kt v s cp electron ho tr khng tham gia lin kt ca nguyn t trung tm. Xt phn t c dng: A XnEm , vi A l nguyn t trung tm lin kt vi n nguyn t X bng n lin kt v A c m cp electron ho tr khng tham gia lin kt th: Nu n + m = 2 => A c lai ho sp Nu n + m = 3 => A c lai ho sp2 Nu n + m = 4 => A c lai ho sp3 Nu n + m = 5 => A c lai ho sp3d Nu n + m = 6 => A c lai ho sp3d2 C th: Trng hp n + m = 2 . Nguyn t trung tm A trng thi lai ho sp Nh: BeX2 , ZnX2 , BeH2, CO2Phn t c dng ng thng, gc lin kt l1800 Trng hp n + m= 3 Nguyn t trung tm A trng thi lai ho sp2 . Nu phn t hay ion c dng AX3 chng hn BF3 , AlCl3, SO3phn t c dng tam gic u, gc lin kt l 1200 Nu phn t c dng AX2E chng hn SnCl2, SO2do cp electron t do chim khng gian ln hn cp electron lin kt nn gc lin kt hp li v < 1200 Trng hp n + m = 4. Nguyn t trung tm A trng thi lai ho sp3 Nu phn t hoc ion c dng AX4 chng hn CH4, NH4+, SO42-th n c dng t din u, gc lin kt l 109028 Nu phn t c dng: AX 3E chng hn NH3, PH3 .Phn t c dng thp tam gic, cp electron t do chim khng gian ln hn cp electron lin kt nn gc lin kt < 109028. Nu phn t c dng AX2E2 chng hn phn t H2O, cp electron t do chim khng gian ln hn cp electron lin kt nn gc lin kt < 109028. Nu phn t c dng AXE3 chng hn phn t HF ; Phn t c cu to thng, gc lin kt l 1800 Trng hp n + m = 5: Nguyn t trung tm trng thi lai ho sp3d chng hn phn t c dng AX5 nh PCl5 phn t ny c hnh lng thp tam gic. Trng hp n + m = 6: Nguyn t trung tm trng thi lai ho sp3d2 Nu phn t hoc ion c dng AX6 chng hn SF6 th phn t c dng bt din u. Nu phn t hoc ion c dng AX 5E chng hn BrF5 th phn t c dng thp vung. Nu phn t hoc ion c dng AX4E2 chng hn XeF4 phn t c dng vung phng.

12

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

C th coi tng m + n l tng s nhm nh c xung quanh nguyn t trung tm. Lc : - Nu tng s nhm nh c xung quanh nguyn t trung tm l 2 => lai ho sp - Nu tng s nhm nh c xung quanh nguyn t trung tm l 3 => lai ho sp2 - Nu tng s nhm nh c xung quanh nguyn t trung tm l 4 => lai ho sp3 - Nu tng s nhm nh c xung quanh nguyn t trung tm l 5 => lai ho sp3d - Nu tng s nhm nh c xung quanh nguyn t trung tm l 6 => lai ho sp3d2 Yu cu ca hc sinh bc trung hc ph thng l xc nh ng kiu lai ho .Gio vin cn nhn mnh cho hc sinh rng: bc THPT, khi bi tp no ni n vn lai ho ca mt phn t no th thng trong phn t c s lai ho cc obitan. Vn l cn xt xem l kiu lai ho g? cn khng phi hp cht cng ho tr no cng c s lai ho. * p dng l thuyt v s lai ho cc obitan nguyn t, gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr trong phn t cn cho hc sinh lm cc bc sau: - Thit lp cng thc cu to phn t , c lu n cc cp electron t do. - Xc nh tng s nhm nh c xung quanh nguyn t trung tm. Mi nguyn t hay (nhm nguyn t) lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm v mi cp electron t do ca nguyn t trung tm c coi l mt nhm nh c . - Da trn s nhm nh c, xc nh kiu lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm t d on hnh dng phn t. ** Vic xc nh dng hnh hc ca phn t cn ph thuc vo s cp electron t do nguyn t trung tm: Lai ho sp2 to dng tam gic khi ba nhm nh c u l nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm. Nu c mt cp electron t do, phn t cn c dng ch V. Lai ho sp3 to dng t din khi bn nhm nh c u l nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm. Nu c mt cp electron t do, phn t cn dng thp y tam gic v nu c hai cp electron t do th phn t cn c dng ch V. *** Trong mt s trng hp gio vin cn gii thch c s sai lch v gc lin kt trn thc t c khc so vi l thuyt. V d : trong phn t H2O, NH3 cc gc lin kt HOH(104,50) gc HNH (107,00) mc d cc nguyn t trung tm O, N u trng thi lai ho sp3. y chng ta cn phi hiu s sai lch gc ho tr do cp electron khng tham gia lin kt chim obitan lai ho khuch tn tng i rng hn so vi obitan lai ho chim bi cp electron lin kt (to thnh lin kt) nn c tc dng y cc cp electron khc mnh hn so vi cp electron lin kt. Tuy nhin gii thch ng hnh dng ca phn t, ngoi s lai ho cn vn dng thm mt s gi thit na. V d trong lin kt i, ba khi xt cu trc hnh hc ca phn t ch yu ngi ta ch ch n lin kt v ch lin kt mi quyt nh hng lin kt, tuy nhin theo quy tc Gillespie ( Di- let- pi) th m my electron ca lin kt i xp hn chim khong khng gian ln hn m my lin kt n .V vy, trong phn t 13

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

AX3 ( lai ho sp2 ) c mt lin kt

th gc lin kt s ln hn 120

v tt nhin gc

cn li s b hn 1200. Chng hn trong phn t HCHO c cc gc lin kt nh sau: H 116 0 H Cn i vi nhng phn t sau y, cc nguyn t trung tm u cng mt kiu lai ho sp3 ca cc obitan nhng s bin i ca gc ho tr c gii thch nh sau: Gc ho tr gim xung v vai tr ca s trong s lai ho sp3 gim xung Gc ho tr Gim xung v s cp electron t do tng ln H2O 1050 NH3 1070 CH4 1090 28 H2S 920 PH3 940 H2Se 910 AsH3 920 H2Te 900 SbH3 900

1220 C O

4. Vai tr ca s xen ph obitan v thuyt lai ho: Mc d thi lng hc nhng vn ny khng nhiu, n ch ng khung trong 2 tit hc nhng chng c vai tr quan trong trong vic m t bn cht lin kt v gii thch dng hnh hc ca phn t. Mt thc trng hin nay l do vn ny cn mi v kh nn nhiu gio vin cho rng ch cn nh my mc kiu lai ho ca mt s phn t thng gp nu cho hc sinh. Tuy nhin nu khng gii thch c th cho hc sinh th vic lnh hi kin thc ca cc em s th ng, nht l i vi hc sinh i thi hc sinh gii. Do cn lm th no m hc sinh bit vn dng gii thch dng hnh hc ca mt s phn t da vo cc kiu lai ho. Da vo l thuyt v s xen ph chng ta c th gii thch c nhng trng hp hnh thnh hay khng hnh thnh lin kt ho hc; lin kt to ra bn ( lin kt ) hay khng bn ( lin kt ). Nh chng ta t vn khi a ra khi nim v s lai ho, l thuyt lai ho gii thch c hnh dng ca mt s phn t m theo thuyt lin kt cng ho tr thun tu s khng gii thch c hoc gii thch bng thuyt lai ho s st vi thc nghim hn. 5. Mt s bi tp vn dng: 14

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

V d 1: Da vo s lai ho, m t cu trc ca cc phn t sau di dng xen ph obitan nguyn t v cho bit dng hnh hc ca mi phn t: a. BeH2 b. BF3 c. CH4 HD: GV cn hng dn cho hc sinh l mun da vo s lai ha m t cu trc phn t th trc ht phi xt cu to nguyn t trung tm Be, B, C ; xc nh ng cng thc cu to phng ca cc phn t nht l xc nh tng s lin kt v s cp electron khng lin kt ca nguyn t trung tm, kt hp vi cu hnh electron ho tr ca nguyn t , t xc nh c trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm v cch hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr. Be H 1s Cng thc c to Nhm nh c Lai ho Dng hnh hc
1

BeH2
5

B 2s1 F

BF3
6

CH4 2s1 2p3 1s1 H

Cu hnh electron

2s1
1

2p1
9

2p2
1

2s

2p

Be

B F

C H 4 sp3 T din

2 sp ng thng

3 sp2 Tam gic

V d 2: Hy m t s hnh thnh lin kt v cu to ca phn t etan C2H6 HD:

6

C*

2p3 2s1 Trong phn t C2H6 hai nguyn t C u trng thi lai ho sp3, mi mt obitan lai ho c mt electron c thn. mi nguyn t C, ba obitan lai ho sp3 xen ph vi ba obitan1s ca H c mt electron c thn to thnh ba lin kt C- H. Hai obitan lai ho sp3 cn li hai nguyn t C s xen ph vi nhau to thnh lin kt C-C. Tt c nhng 15

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

lin kt C H v C C l lin kt v l lin kt n. Cc gc lin kt CCH, HCH u c gi tr 1090 28. Phn t C2H6 c cu to khng gian:
C C

V d 3 : Hy cho bit dng hnh hc ca cc phn t sau y: CO2, HNO3, SO2, H2SO4 , NH3, H2O. HD: GV cn hng dn cho hc sinh cch xc nh s nhm nh c xung quanh cc nguyn t trung tm: C, N, S, O. Trong phn t CO2 xung quanh nguyn t trung tm C c 2 nhm nh c l 2 ngyn t O Trong phn t HNO 3 xung quanh nguyn t trung tm N c 3 nhm nh c l 2 ngyn t O v 1 nhm OH. Trong phn t SO2 xung quanh nguyn t trung tm S c 3 nhm nh c l 2 nguyn t O v mt cp electron khng tham gia lin kt. Vi phn t H2SO4 xung quanh nguyn t trung tm S c 4 nhm nh c gm 2 nguyn t O v 2 nhm OH Vi phn t NH3 ,xung quanh nguyn t trung tm N c 4 nhm nh c bao gm 3 nguyn t N v mt cp electron cha tham gia lin kt Phn t H2O , xung quanh nguyn t trung tm O c 4 nhm nh c bao gm 2 nguyn t O v 2 cp electron khng tham gia lin kt. CO2 Nhm nh c Kiu lai ho Dng hnh hc 2 sp O=C=O HO HNO3 3 sp2 O N O O ng Tam gic thng S O HO O Ch V T din SO2 3 sp2 H2SO4 4 sp3 OH S O H H Thp y tam gic Ch V NH3 4 sp3 .. N H H H2O 4 sp3 .. .. O H

16

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

V d 4 : Hy cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t: PF3 , PCl3, PH3 v hy so snh cc gc lin kt gia nguyn t P vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t. HD: GV hng dn cho HS vit cng thc cu to: P F F Cl P P H H H Cl Cl F Cc phn t trn u thuc loi AX3E( lai ho t din ). Tuy nhin v c cp electron khng lin kt nn gc lin kt nh hn gc t din ( 109028). Cc gc lin kt cng khng ng nht v cc phi t c m in khc nhau. m in ca cc phi t cng ln, m my lin kt cng b y v pha cc phi t v do gc lin kt cng nh. V m in gim dn theo chiu: F > Cl > H Nn gc FPF < gc ClPCl < gc HPH. V vn lin quan gc lin kt vn cn nhng quan im tri ngc nhau. Chng hn, khi xt n phn t H2S, mt s ti liu cho rng t thc nghim l phn t H2S c gc lin kt HSH = 920 ~ 900 nn cc obitan ca S khng lai ho v nu c lai ho th S trng thi lai ho sp3, gc lin kt phi gn vi gi tr 109028. Bn cnh mt s ti liu li ni rng trong phn t H2S th S trng thi lai ho sp3. y nguyn t S c cu hnh electron 3s2 3p4 vi 2 electron p c thn s lin kt vi 2 nguyn t H. Nh chng ta bit , trc ca cc obitan p lun vung gc vi nhau nn gc HSH ng l phi l 900 nhng trong thc t gc lin kt HSH l 920. S sai khc ch vi gii thch s lai ho y khng r rt.Trong phn t H2S, nguyn t S vn trng thi lai ho sp3. S H

Hai obitan lai ho, mi mt c mt cp electron khng lin kt cn hai obitan lai ho cn lai mi mt c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 1s c electron c thn ca hai nguyn t H to thnh hai lin kt cng ho tr. Phn t c cu to: .. S 920 H H

V d 5: 17

Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

Da vo thuyt lai ho hy cho bit dng hnh hc ca hai phn t: BeCl 2 v NF3 Tnh nh hng ca lin kt cng ho tr thun tu ( khng xt s lai ho ) c gii thch c dng hnh hc ca chng khng? V sao? HD: Be : 1s2 2s2 Be* : 1s2 2s12p1 -> Be c 2 electron c thn to thnh 2 lin kt vi 2 nguyn t clo, khng cn c cp electron ho tr no khng tham gia lin kt -> Be trong BeCl2 lai ho sp v phn t BeCl2 c cu trc thng. Bng lin kt cng ho tr thun tu khng khng nh c cu trc thng ca phn t BeCl2 v hng xen ph ca 2 AO 2p ca Be vi AO ho tr ca Cl l xc nh, cn hng xen ph ca 2AO 2s ca Be vi AO ho tr ca Cl th hai l khng xc nk do AO s hnh cu nn xen ph mi hng u c gi tr nh nhau. N: 1s2 2s22p3 -> N c 3 electron c thn trn 3 AO 2p khc nhau. Cc AO 2p ny u nm thng gc vi nhau v cng l hng xen ph ln nht vi cc ho tr ca 3 nguyn t F. Vy theo thuyt lin kt cng ho tr thun tu, phn t c hnh thp tam gic vi cc gc lin kt FNF khong 900. Theo thuyt lai ho : N trong NF3 c s lai ho sp3 v N to 3 lin kt vi 3 nguyn t F v vn cn mt cp electron ho tr cha tham gia lin kt. Vy phn t NF 3 c hnh thp tam gic v gc FNF gn bng gc t din u ( 1090 28 ). Thc nghim xc nhn gc FNF gn bng 1020, ngha l gn vi gc t din u -> vy c hai thuyt u gii thch c cu hnh ca phn t NF3 nhng thuyt lai ho d on gc FNF gn st vi kt qu thc nghim hn. IV. KT LUN: Qua thc t ging dy chng trnh ho 10 nng cao ca bn thn ti trong nm u tin thc hin chng trnh Ho hc lp 10 phn ban. Vi vic phn thnh hai i tng ging dy: Mt nhm dy bnh thng nh trong SGK; Mt nhm ti p dng s khai thc cc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan.Vic gio vin hiu su sc hn v lai ho kt hp vi s khai thc ng trng tm th thy hiu qu ca vic khai thc l r rt, hc sinh hng th hc hn, ch ng hn trong vic tip thu kin thc v gii bi tp vn dng. Trong khun kh mt sng kin kinh nghim, ti xin c trnh by kin ca mnh, rt mong c s gp ca ng nghip gp phn vo vic nhanh chng tip cn vi chng trnh v phng php mi, nng cao hiu qu mi bi ging. Ti xin chn thnh cm n ! Din chu, thng 6 nm 2007 Ngi vit

V Th H

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Khai thc vn xen ph v lai ho obitan Ho lp 10 nng cao

MC LC I. L do chn ti..Trang 1 II. C s thc tin v khoa hc ................1 A. C s thc tin.1 B. C s khoa hc.1 1. S xen ph obitan..1 2. Quan nim v s lai ho................3 3. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp..3 4. iu kin trng thi lai ha obitan ca nguyn t xy ra v to lin..7 III. Ni dung khai thc 1. S xen ph obitan ..7 2. Khi nim v s lai ho9 3. Hng dn hc sinh cch pht hin kiu lai ho v dng hnh hc ca mt s phn t n gin.11 4. Vai tr ca s xen ph obitan v thuyt laiho ..14 5. Mt s bi tp vn dng ..1518 IV. Kt lun:.................18 T I LI U THAM KH O: 1. Ti liu nng cao v m rng kin thc ho hc Hi ho hc Vinam NXB GD 2. Ho hc V c tp 1 Tc gi: Hong Nhm 3. Ti liu Bi dng Gio vin B GD& T 4. Bi tp ho hc i cng Tc gi: o nh Thc 5. Bi tp chn lc Ho hc 10 Nguyn Thanh Hng- Nguyn Th Hng Qu 6. Tuyn tp bi ging ho hc v c Tc gi : Cao c Gic V gm nhiu ti liu khc

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