Lapdat TB

http://www.ebook.edu.
vn
1
B xy dng

CHONG TRNH B DNG KY S
T VN GM ST XY DUNG

Bi ging
Mn Hc

Gim st thi cng v nghim thu lp
t Thit b
Trong cng trnh dn dng

Ngi son :
PGs L KIu
Trng i hc Kin trc H ni

H ni, 1-2002

http://www.ebook.edu.vn
2

Chng I

Nhng vn chung

1. Trang b tin nghi trong cng trnh dn dng ngy cng chim vai tr
quan trng trong vic u t v xy dng cng trnh.

1.1 S pht trin cng ngh v nhng ng dng cng ngh phc v i
sng con ngi.

Trc y chng hn mt th k , hu ht dn c nc ta u thp n
du , cha bit in l g . Ngay cch y hai mi nhm nm c cu chuyn
chng ta m c c tht ln Ngh Tnh ct trong t lnh Nam H v ngy nay ,
tht ln ca chng ta tiu dng phi l tht nc. Hu nh mi nh thnh ph
u c TV. Vido dn dn khng c chung na m phi dng u a
compact ,VCD . S pht trin cng ngh v ng dng cng ngh mi phc v
con ngi lm cho kin trc s v k s xy dng phi c thi nghim
tc khi thit k v trang b nh v nh dn dng.

1.2 Ngi nh thng minh , phn nh su th thi i.

u nhng nm 1980 trn th gii bt u ni n khi nim " ngi nh
thng minh ". Nhiu nh l lun kin trc a ra nhng nh ngha v " ngi
nh thng minh " t ch cha tho ng n ng dn . Lc u c ngi nu
rng " ngi nh thng minh l ngi nh m mi th u thu ht". Hi tho
quc t v " ngi nh thng minh " t chc vo hai ngy 28 v 29 thng Nm
nm 1985 Toronto ( Canaa ) a ra khi nim " ngi nh thng minh kt
hp s i mi theo cng ngh vi s qun l kho lo khin cho thu hi n
ti a c vn u t b ra". Ngi nh khng ch l ni ngh ngi sau gi
lao ng ti sn xut sc lao ng m ngi hin i phi lun lun tip
cn c vi mi ngi , vi cng vic , vi th gii vo bt k lc no v
bt k v tr no trong ngi nh. Ngi nh l s kt hp ti u ho 4 nhn t
c bn l : kt cu ti u , h thng ti u , dch v ti u , v qun l c ti
u v quan h cht ch gia cc nhn t ny. Ngi nh thng minh phi l ni
h tr c cho ch doanh nghip , nh qun l ti sn , nhng ngi s dng
nh thc hin c mc tiu ca h trong lnh vc chi ph , tin nghi , thch
hp , an ton , mm do lu di v c tnh cht th trng .
Ngi nh thng minh l ngi nh gn lin vi cng ngh hin i. Yu
t th hin s hin i l in t. Quan nim theo in t v s vt th hin qua
4 nhm : (i) s dng nng lng hiu qu , (ii) h thng an ton cho con ngi
3
, (iii) h thng lin lc vin thng v (iv) t ng ho ni lm vic. C th ho
trn 4 nhm ny thnh 2 l nhm ln l phng tin iu hnh ( nng lng
v an ton ) v h thng thng tin ( thng tin v t ng ho ni lm vic ).
Phng tin iu hnh ni chung l vn kt cu vt cht v cch iu hnh
kt cu vt cht ra sao. H thng thng tin lin quan n s iu khin c th
bn trong ngi nh . Ngi Nht khi nhn nhn v ngi nh thng minh cho
rng c 5 vn chnh l : (i) mng li khng gian ti ch , ( ii) s tng nh
nng cao dn , (iii) phng ngang co li phng ng tng ln , (iv) h thng
nghe nhn v (v) th thng minh .
Tm li vn y l cuc sng cng ln cao, s phc v con ngi
bng nhng thnh qu cng ngh hin i cng c gn b vi cng trnh.
iu na l thi hin i , gi gic lao ng khng ch b hp trong khun gi
hnh chnh v hnh thi lao ng kiu mi cng thay i v a im lao ng
khng b gn trong c quan m nh , ni i chi gii tr cng l ni lao ng
v nhng phng tin lin lc , phng tin ct cha thng tin khng hn ch
ch trong c quan.

2. Vai tr ca ngi k s t vn gim st xy dng trong vic lp t
trang thit b tin nghi s dng cng trnh.

2.1 Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng ni chung :

T vn gim st xy dng c ch u t giao cho , thng qua hp
ng kinh t , thay mt ch u t chu trch nhim v cht lng cng trnh.
Nhim v ca gim st thi cng ca ch u t :

(1) V cng tc gim st thi cng phi chp hnh cc qui nh ca thit
k cng trnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt , cc tiu chun k thut ,
cc cam kt v cht lng theo hp ng giao nhn thu. Nu cc c quan t
vn v thit k lm tt khu h s mi thu th cc iu kin k thut trong b
h s mi thu l c s gim st k thut.
(2) Trong giai on chun b thi cng : cc b t vn gim st phi kim
tra vt t , vt liu em v cng trng . Mi vt t , vt liu khng ng tnh
nng s dng , phi a khi phm vi cng trng m khng c php lu
gi trn cng trng . Nhng thit b khng ph hp vi cng ngh v cha
qua kim nh khng c a vo s dng hay lp t. Khi thy cn thit , c
th yu cu ly mu kim tra li cht lng vt liu , cu kin v ch phm xy
dng .
(3) Trong giai on xy lp : theo di , gim st thng xuyn cng tc
thi cng xy lp v lp t thit b . Kim tra h thng m bo cht lng , k
hoch cht lng ca nh thu nhm m bo vic thi cng xy lp theo ng
h s thit k c duyt.
4
Kim tra bin php thi cng , tin thi cng , bin php an ton lao
ng m nh thu xut . Kim tra xc nhn khi lng hon thnh , cht
lng cng tc t c v tin thc hin cc cng tc . Lp bo co tnh
hnh cht lng v tin phc v giao ban thng k ca ch u t . Phi
hp cc bn thi cng v cc bn lin quan gii quyt nhng pht sinh trong
qu trnh thi cng . Thc hin nghim thu cc cng tc xy lp . Lp bin bn
nghim thu theo bng biu qui nh .
Nhng hng mc , b phn cng trnh m khi thi cng c nhng du
hiu cht lng khng ph hp vi yu cu k thut nh trong tiu ch cht
lng ca b h s mi thu hoc nhng tiu ch mi pht sinh ngoi d kin
nh ln qu qui nh , trc khi nghim thu phi lp vn bn nh gi tng
th v s c xut ca n v thit k v ca cc c quan chuyn mn c
php .
(4) Giai on hon thnh xy dng cng trnh : T chc gim st ca
ch u t phi kim tra , tp hp ton b h s php l v ti liu v qun l
cht lng . Lp danh mc h s , ti liu hon thnh cng trnh xy dng. Khi
kim tra thy cng trnh hon thnh m bo cht lng , ph hp vi yu cu
ca thit k v tiu chun v nghim thu cng trnh , ch u t t chc tng
nghim thu lp thnh bin bn . Bin bn tng nghim thu l c s php l
lm bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng v l c s quyt ton
cng trnh.

2.2 Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng trong cng tc lp t trang
b tin nghi v an ton :

(i) Quan h gia cc bn trong cng trng : Gim st bo m cht
lng trong cng tc lp t trang b tin nghi v an ton cho cng trnh nm
trong nhim v chung ca gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh l nhim v
ca bn ch u t. Di s ch o trc tip ca ch nhim d n i din cho
ch u t c cc cn b gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh . Nhng
ngi ny l cn b ca Cng ty T vn v Thit k k hp ng vi ch u
t , gip ch u t thc hin nhim v ny. Thng thng ch c ngi chu
trch nhim m bo cht lng xy lp ni chung , cn khi cn n chuyn
mn no th Cng ty t vn iu ng ngi c chuyn mn theo ngnh hp
n tham gia h tr cho ngi chu trch nhim chung .

5

S t chc v quan h in hnh mt cng trng

* * * * * * *

(ii) Phi hp tin l nhim v trc ht ca ch nhim d n m
ngi xut chnh l gim st bo m cht lng . Trc khi bt u tin
hnh cc cng tc xy lp cn lp tng tin . Tng tin ch cn vch ra
nhng vic thuc bn thi cng no vo thi im no m mc chi tit c th
tnh theo tng nh . Tng tin cho bit vo thi gian no cng tc no phi
bt u cc thnh vin tham gia xy dng ton b cng trnh bit v phi
hp . T tng tin m cc thnh vin tham gia xy lp v cung ng lp ra
bng tin thi cng cho n v mnh trong ht sc ch n s phi hp
ng b to din thi cng cho n v bn .

Ch u t
Nh thu chnh
Thu ph
Hoc Nh my
*Ch nhim d n
*T vn m bo
cht lng
*Cc t vn chuyn
mn
*Kim sot khi
lng
Ch huy
Cng trng
Gim st cht lng v
Phng ban k thut
ca nh thu
i
thi cng
i
thi cng
i
thi cng
6
(iii) Ch tr thng qua bin php thi cng v bin php m bo cht
lng. Trc khi khi cng , Ch nhim d n v t vn m bo cht
lng cn thng qua bin php xy dng tng th ca cng trnh nh phng
php o t ni chung , phng php xy dng phn thn ni chung , gii
php chung v vn chuyn theo phng ng , gii php an ton lao ng
chung , cc yu cu phi hp v iu kin phi hp chung . Nu n v thi
cng thc hin cng tc theo ISO 9000 th cn b t vn s gip Ch nhim d
n tham gia xt duyt chnh sch m bo cht lng ca Nh thu v duyt s
tay cht lng ca Nh thu v ca cc n v thi cng cp i .
(iv) Ch tr kim tra cht lng , xem xt cc cng vic xy lp lm
tng ngy . Trc khi thi cng bt k cng tc no , nh thu cn thng bo
t vn m bo cht lng kim tra vic chun b . Qu trnh thi cng phi c
s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng . Khi thi cng xong cn tin
hnh nghim thu cht lng v s lng cng tc xy lp hon thnh.

3. Phng php kim tra cht lng trn cng trng :

Thc cht th ngi t vn kim tra cht lng l ngi thay mt ch
u t chp nhn hay khng chp nhn sn phm xy lp thc hin trn cng
trng m kim tra cht lng l mt bin php gip cho s khng nh chp
nhn hay t chi .
Mt quan im ht sc cn lu tm trong kinh t th trng l : ngi c
tin b ra mua sn phm phi mua c chnh phm , c sn phm p ng
yu cu ca mnh. Do tnh cht ca cng tc xy dng kh khn , phc tp nn
ch u t phi thu t vn m bo cht lng.
C s nhn bit v kim tra cht lng sn phm l s p ng cc
Yu cu cht lng ghi trong b H s mi thu . Hin nay chng ta vit cc
yu cu cht lng trong b H s mi thu cn chung chung v cc c quan
t vn cha quen vi cch lm mi ny ca kinh t th trng .
Nhng phng php ch yu ca kim tra cht lng trn cng trng l :

3.1 Ngi cung ng hng ho l ngi phi chu trch nhim v cht lng
sn phm trc ht .

y l iu kin c ghi trong hp ng kinh t gia ch u t v nh
thu . T iu ny m mi hng ho cung ng a vo cng trnh phi c cc
ch tiu cht lng p ng vi yu cu ca cng tc. Trc khi a vt t ,
thit b vo to nn sn phm xy dng nh thu phi a mu v cc ch tiu
cho Ch nhim d n duyt v mu cng nh cc ch tiu phi lu tr ti ni
lm vic ca Ch u t cng trng. Ch tiu k thut (tnh nng ) cn
c in thnh vn bn nh l chng ch xut xng ca nh cung ng v
thng yu cu l bn in chnh thc ca nh cung ng . Khi dng bn sao th
7
i din nh cung ng phi k xc nhn v c du ng xc nhn mu v
c s chp thun ca Ch u t bng vn bn. Mi s thay i trong qu trnh
thi cng cn c Ch u t duyt li trn c s xem xt ca t vn bo m
cht lng nghin cu xut ng . Nh cung ng v nh thu phi chu
trch nhim trc php lut v s tng thch ca hng ho m mnh cung cp
vi cc ch tiu yu cu v phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v cht lng
v s ph hp ca sn phm ny.
Cn b t vn m bo cht lng l ngi c trch nhim duy nht
gip Ch nhim d n kt lun rng sn phm do nh thu cung ng l ph
hp vi cc ch tiu cht lng ca cng trnh . Cn b t vn gim st bo
m cht lng c Ch u t u nhim cho nhim v m bo cht lng
cng trnh v thay mt Ch u t trong vic xut chp nhn ny .

3.2 Kim tra ca t vn k thut ch yu bng mt v dng c n gin c
ngay ti hin trng :
Mt phng php lun hin i l mi cng tc c tin hnh th ng
vi n c mt ( hay nhiu ) phng php kim tra tng ng. Nh thu tin
hnh thc hin mt cng tc th yu cu gii trnh ng thi l dng phng
php no bit c ch tiu cht lng t bao nhiu v dng dng c hay
phng tin g cho bit ch tiu y . Bin php thi cng cng nh bin php
kim tra cht lng y c t vn trnh Ch nhim d n duyt trc khi thi
cng . Qu trnh thi cng , k s ca nh thu phi kim tra cht lng ca sn
phm m cng nhn lm ra . Vy trn cng trng phi c cc dng c kim
tra bit cc ch tiu thc hin. Th d : ngi cung cp b tng thng
phm phi chu trch nhim kim tra cng chu nn mu khi mu t 7
ngy tui . Nu kt qu bnh thng th nh thu kim tra nn mu 28 ngy .
Nu kt qu ca 7 ngy c nghi vn th nh thu phi th cng nn 14
ngy v 28 ngy xc nh cht lng b tng . Nu ba loi mu 7 , 14 , 28
c kt qu gy ra nghi vn th t vn kim tra yu cu lm cc th nghim b
sung khng nh cht lng cui cng. Khi thi cng cc nhi, nht thit ti
ni lm vic phi c t trng k bit dung trng ca bentonite , phi c
phu March v ng h bm giy kim tra nht ca dung dch khoan ,
phi c ng nghim o tc phn tch nc ca dung dch . . .
Ni chung th t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin qu trnh thi
cng v qu trnh kim tra ca ngi thi cng v nhn nh qua hiu bit ca
mnh thng qua quan st bng mt vi sn phm lm ra . Khi no qui trnh bt
buc hay c nghi ng th t vn yu cu nh thu thu phng th nghim kim
tra v phng th nghim c ngha v bo s liu t c qua kim tra cho t
vn t vn kt lun vic t hay khng t yu cu cht lng. trnh
tranh chp , t vn khng nn trc tip kim tra m ch nn chng kin s
kim tra ca nh thu v tip nhn s liu quyt nh chp nhn hay khng
8
chp nhn cht lng sn phm . Khi c nghi ng , t vn s ch nh ngi
kim tra v nh thu phi thc hin yu cu ny .

3.3 Kim tra bng dng c ti ch :

Trong qu trnh thi cng , cn b , k s ca nh thu phi thng
xuyn kim tra cht lng sn phm ca cng nhn lm ra sau mi cng on
hay gia cng on khi thy cn thit . Nhng ln kim tra ny cn c s
chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng. Mi vic kim tra v thi cng
khng c s bo trc v yu cu t vn m bo cht lng chng kin ,
ngi t vn c quyn t chi vic thanh ton khi lng hon thnh ny .
Kim tra kch thc cng trnh thng dng cc loi thc nh thc tm ,
thc cun 5 mt v thc cun di hn . Kim tra cao , thng ng
thng s dng my o c nh my thu bnh , my kinh v .
Ngoi ra , trn cng trng cn nn c sng bt ny kim tra s b cng
b tng . Nhng dng c nh qu di chun , di laze , ng nghim , t
trng k , cn tiu ly , l xy , vin bi thp , . . . cn c trang b . Ni chung
trn cng trng phi c y cc dng c kim tra cc vic thng thng .
Nhng dng c kim tra trn cng trng phi c kim chun theo
ng nh k . Vic kim chun nh k l cch lm tin tin trnh nhng
sai s v nghi ng xy ra qua qu trnh nh gi cht lng.
Trong vic kim tra th ni b nh thu kim tra l chnh v t vn bo
m cht lng ch chng kin nhng php kim tra ca nh thu . Khi no
nghi ng kt qu kim tra th nh thu c quyn yu cu nh thu thu n v
kim tra khc . Khi tht cn thit , t vn bo m cht lng c quyn ch
nh n v kim tra v nh thu phi p ng yu cu ny .

3.4 Kim tra nh cc phng th nghim :

Vic thu cc phng th nghim tin hnh kim tra mt s ch tiu
nh gi cht lng trn cng trng c thc hin theo qui nh ca tiu
chun k thut v khi ti cng trng c s khng nht tr v s nh gi ch
tiu cht lng m bn thn nh thu tin hnh .
Ni chung vic la chn n v th nghim , nh thu ch cn m bo
rng n v th nghim y c t cch php nhn tin hnh th cc ch tiu
c th c ch nh. Cn khi nghi ng hay cn m bo tin cy cn thit
th t vn m bo cht lng dnh quyn ch nh n v th nghim .
Nh thu l bn t ra cc yu cu th nghim v nhng yu cu ny
phi c Ch nhim d n da vo tham mu ca t vn m bo cht lng
kim tra v ngh thng qua bng vn bn . n v th nghim phi m bo
tnh b mt ca cc s liu th nghim v ngi cng b chp nhn hay khng
9
chp nhn cht lng sn phm lm ra phi l ch nhim d n qua tham mu
ca t vn m bo cht lng .
Cn lu v t cch php nhn ca n v th nghim v tnh hp php
ca cng c th nghim . trnh s cung cp s liu sai lch do dng c th
nghim cha c kim chun , yu cu mi cng c th nghim s dng phi
nm trong phm vi cho php ca vn bn xc nhn kim chun .
n v th nghim ch c nhim v cung cp s liu ca cc ch tiu
c yu cu kim nh cn vic nhng ch tiu y c t yu cu hay c ph
hp vi cht lng sn phm yu cu phi do t vn m bo cht lng pht
biu v ghi thnh vn bn trong t nghim thu khi lng v cht lng hon
thnh.

3.5 Kt lun v lp h s cht lng

(i) Nhim v ca t vn m bo cht lng l phi kt lun tng cng
tc , tng kt cu , tng b phn hon thnh c thc hin l c cht lng
ph hp vi yu cu hay cha ph hp vi yu cu .
nh km vi vn bn kt lun cui cng v cht lng sn phm cho
tng kt cu , tng tng nh , tng hng mc l cc vn bn xc nhn tng chi
tit , tng vt liu cu thnh sn phm v h s kim tra cht lng cc qu
trnh thi cng. Lu nay cc vn bn xc nhn cht lng vt liu , cht lng
thi cng ghi rt chung chung . Cn lu rng mi bn xc nhn phi c a
ch kt cu s dng , khng th ghi cht lng m bo chung chung.
Tt c nhng h s ny ng thnh tp theo trnh t thi cng khi tra
cu thun tin.
(ii) i i vi cc vn bn nghim thu , vn bn chp nhn cht lng
kt cu l nht k thi cng . Nht k thi cng ghi chp nhng d kin c bn
xy ra trong tng ngy nh thi tit , din bin cng tc tng v tr, nhn xt
qua s chng kin cng tc v tnh hnh cht lng cng trnh.
kin ca nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc thi cng khi h chng
kin vic thi cng , nhng kin ngh , xut qua qu trnh thi cng v
kin gii quyt ca t vn m bo cht lng v kin ca gim st ca nh
thu . . .
(iii) Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu v b phn cng trnh c lp
theo ng qui nh.

Tt c nhng h s ny dng lm c s cho vic thanh ton khi lng
hon thnh v c s lp bin bn tng nghim thu , bn giao cng trnh cho
s dng.

10

Chng II

Gim st thi cng v nghim thu
Cng tc lp t in

1. Nhng vn chung v h thng in trong cng trnh dn dng :

H thng in trong nh v nh dn dng thng bao gm cc thnh
t sau y:
- Ngun cung cp in
- Cc thit b qun l v iu hnh h thng in
- Mng li dy dn in
- Cc dng ph ti tiu th in ngoi nh , trong nh
- Mng tip a

Trong vic phi hp tin th ngay t khi xy dng mng cn c
mt ca nhng ngi xy lp in. Trong qu trnh lm cp pha mng , c
nhng ng cp xuyn qua mng cn c b tr nhng ng qua dm mng.
Nhng ng lun cp phi c t vo mng trc khi b tng . Trc khi
lp t vo mng , nhng ng cp, ng dy tip a phi t xong trong
lng nh.
Cn n c nhng ngi tin hnh xy lp in thc hin cc cng
vic v in nm trong phn ngm cng trnh . Khi cha kim tra v k bin
bn nghim thu cng trnh khut bao gm c cng tc xy dng in, li
chng st th cha lp t mng .

Trnh t hp l vi h thng in l cng trnh , hng mc xa cn thi
cng trc . Th d nh h cung cp ngun thng c cp im u xa cng
trng, cn phi xy dng tuyn ti ngun n cng trng. Tip l xy
dng trm bin p cung cp . Mng dn in vo tng hng mc xy dng s
thi cng sau khi o t lm phn ngm xong v trc khi b tng mng v
lp t mng . S phi hp trong trnh t thi cng nhm trnh c o sau khi
lm phn ngm v trnh o bi sau khi lp t.

Nhng tiu ch cn lu tm khi kim tra cht lng phn xy v lp h
thng in cho cng trnh dn dng nh sau :

* Kim tra v thm nh cc tiu ch ca vt liu v thit b da vo yu
cu k thut trong thit k v catalogues .
* Kim tra v tr lp t
11
* Kim tra s gn kt ca vt liu v thit b vo v tr v cc dng c
neo gi.
* Kim tra mc cch in v dn in v nhy vn hnh ca thit b
in.
* Kim tra cc yu cu ca phn xy i km phn lp.
* Vn hnh th nghim v cc tiu ch , ch cn t khi vn hnh.

2. Mng li dy dn in :

C s kim tra v nghim thu mng li dy in trong xy dng dn
dng v nh l cc yu c ghi trong iu kin k thut thi cng h thng
in trong b H s mi thu v TCXD 25 : 1991 : t ng dn in trong
nh v nh cng cng . Tiu chun thit k.

Qu trnh xy lp in , t vn bo m cht lng phi chng kin
vic thi cng ca nh thu lp in . Phi i chiu vi thit k kim tra vt
liu in v sau ny nhng vt liu in ny phn ln b chn lp di t hay
nm bn trong lp va.
Dy dn in c la chn theo dng in m dy phi ti , mc an
ton m li phi tho mn , vt ti kh d c th xy ra , cch in
phi m bo , s chu lc c hc m dy phi chu trong qu trnh lp t v
s dng . Quan h gia nhit v cng dng in ti c phn nh
qua tit din dy.
C quan t vn thit k in gip ch u t lp bn thit k cung
cp in bao gm cung cp ngun in , mng li dy , cc trang thit b in
n tng ph ti . Nhng iu lu khi kim tra l s m bo tun theo ng
thit k hoc khi thay i ti ch phi m bo cc tiu ch s dng c ra
khi thit k. Thng thng cn i chiu gia s la chn ca thit k ban u
v khi thay th . Mun vy , cn d liu so snh . Sau u l nhng d liu
c bn quyt nh khi la chn :

Dng in lin tc cho php ln nht ca dy dn rut ng c
cch in bng v cao su , nha tng hp khi nhit khng kh l 25
o
C.

Dng in nh mc ca dy chy
cu ch ( A )

Tit din rut
dy dn ( mm
2
)

Dng in lin
tc ln nht cho
php (A) Dy chiu sng,dy chnh , dy
nhnh trong nh

0,5
0,75
6
6
-
-
12
1
1,5
2,5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
6
10
15
25
35
60
90
125
150
190
240
290
340

6
10
15
25
35
60
80
100
125
160
200
225
260

Dng in lin tc cho php ln nht ca dy dn rut nhm cch
in bng v cao su t trong nh nhit khng kh mi trng 25
o
C.

Dng in nh mc ca dy chy
cu ch ( A )

Tit din rut
dy dn ( mm
2
)

Dng in lin
tc ln nht cho
php (A)

Dy chiu sng,dy chnh , dy
nhnh trong nh

4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150

19
27
45
70
95
115
145
185
225
260
300

20
25
35
60
80
100
125
160
200
225
260

Dng in lin tc cho php ln nht ca dy dn rut ng c
cch in bng v cao su , nha tng hp t trong ng khi nhit khng
kh l 25
o
C.
13

Dng in lin tc cho php ln nht (A)
Dng in
nh mc
ca dy
chy cu
ch (A)

Tit din
rut dy
dn ( mm
2
) Trong ng
c 2 dy
dn
Trong ng
c 3 dy
dn
Trong ng
c 4 dy
dn
Dng trong
nh
1
1,5
2,5
4
6
10
16
22,5
35
50
70
95
120
6
10
15
25
35
60
75
100
120
165
200
245
280
6
10
15
25
35
55
70
90
110
150
185
225
255
6
10
15
25
35
45
65
80
100
135
165
200
230
6
10
15
20
25
35
60
80
100
125
160
200
230

Dng in lin tc cho php ln nht ca dy dn rut nhm cch
in bng v cao su t trong ng nhit khng kh mi trng 25
o
C.

Dng in lin tc cho php ln nht (A)
Dng in
nh mc
ca dy
chy cu
ch (A)

Tit din
rut dy
dn ( mm
2
) Trong ng
c 2 dy
dn
Trong ng
c 3 dy
dn
Trong ng
c 4 dy
dn
Dng trong
nh
4
6
10
16
25
35
60
19
27
46
57
75
90
125
19
28
42
54
70
85
115
20
27
35
50
60
75
105
20
25
35
35
60
60
100
14
70
90
120
150
155
190
215
245
145
175
195
225
125
155
175
200
125
160
160
200

Khi s lng dy ti in nhiu hn s qui nh trn cc bng nu trn
th iu chnh bng cc h s gim cng dng in theo cc h s:
* Nu 5~6 dy trong mt ng , h s gim cng l 0,68
* Nu 7~9 dy trong mt ng th h s gim cng l 0,63
* Nu 10 ~12 dy trong mt ng th h s gim cng l 0,60.

bo m bn c hc tit din ca dy dn v dy cp khng c
chn nh hn s liu trong bng sau y:

Chn dy c tit din cho php nh nht theo iu kin bn c hc

Tit din nh nht ( mm
2
)
Loi dy dn

ng

Nhm

1. Dy dn chung cp in n chiu sng
c nh trong nh
2. Dy dn n chiu sng ngoi nh
3. Dy mm cp in cc thit b trong
nh, n treo, n bn , n di ng
4. Dy mm c cch in t trn cc
vt cch in, khong cch vt nh
hn 1 mt khi :
* t trn kp s
* t trn tr s
5. Dy dn hai rut xon, mi rut c
nhiu si t trn cc vt cch in t
cch nhau khng qu 0,80 mt.
6. Dy dn cch in trn vt cch in
trong nh m khong cch vt nh sau:
* t 1 ~ 2 mt
* t 2 ~ 6 mt
* t 6 ~ 12 mt
* t 12 mt tr ln
7. Dy dn c cch in c bo v v
dy dn c cch in t theo b mt
ngoi cng trnh

0,5
1,0

0,75

1
1,5

0,75

1,5
2,5
4
6

2,5

-
-

-

2,5
2,5

-

4
4
10
16

4
15
- Cc trng hp khc
8. Dy dn c cch in t trong ng
9. Dy dn cch in c bo v t trong
ng
4
1

1,5
10
2,5

2,5

ng lun dy in phi trn . V l do g m ng thnh bu dc th
ng knh nh khng b hn ng knh ln 10% th cn c s dng . Nu
chnh m ln hn 10% th phi loi b. Ch lun dy vo ng khi lp va
trt kh . Khng c c ch ni dy hay phn nhnh dy bn trong rut
ng.
Dy cp in i trn v trong tng phi c gn cht vo tng ti cc
im c nh cp m khong cch nh sau :

V tr t cp

Khong cch gia cc im c nh
cp
1. Mt phng ngang
2. Mt ng
3. Mt ng

4. Mt ngang
5. Ch un cong

6. V tr t cp gn hp ni cp

7. Hp ni cp v u cp dn vo
thit b hoc ch bt u cp
Lp trn gi cp : 1 mt
2 mt
Kp gia nh cp 0,8 ~ 1 mt
Tt c cc im cn phng
khng cho lp v ch ca cp b
bin dng, ng thi khng lm
cho li trong hp u dy lin tip
b tc ng bi trng lng bn
thn ca cp gy nn
u cui mi on cp
u cui ca on cp un cong,
nu cp ln th cn t kp gia
on cong.
Khong cch gia cc im gi c
nh dy cp hai bn hp ni cp.
Cch hp ni , u cp hoc ch bt
u khng qu 100 mm.

Cp t h trong nh khng dng cp c v bc ngoi bng lp ay tm
nha. Trong cc phng khng chy, kh chy m m t v khng c vt nguy
him khi chy th c th dng cp c bc ngoi l si ay tm nha. Cp i
vo nh , ng hm hoc cp chuyn t thng sang ngang cn t d tr mt
on di hn 1 mt. Cp t trong nh khng cn c on d tr nhng khng
c cp cng qu.
16

Khi t ngm cp di nn nh th khong cch gia dy cp v ng
ng nc giao nhau di t khng nh hn 0,5 mt. Khi khng khng
gian m bo khong cch nh vy , phi c bin php bo v ch giao nhau
nh t tm chn , tm chn ny phi ko di v mi bn ca dy cp l 0,5
mt phng m t hay h hng do nguyn nhn c l.
Khi cn treo dy cp bng si dy thp th sc lm t dy cp phi ln
gp 4 ln sc chu khi treo dy cp. u cui ca cp khng u vo u cn
hn bt kn . Gia cp v gi cn cch in. Chiu dy lp cch in phi
ln hn 2 mm . Khi cp c v bc bn ngoi l cht hu c v kim loi cp
khng c cnh sc c th khng cn dng lp lt cch in, nhng nu c th
th nn lm .

t dy dn trong tng gip mi rt hay c ngi thit k s dng
nhng bin php ny cng l u mi ho hon nn phi tun theo nhng iu
sau y :
Lun dy dn trong ng thp , t kn trong tng , trn v mi vi nh
s dng vt liu khng chy . Nu dng puli s ng dy trong tng ny
th khong cch gia cc s khng c xa qu 0,6 mt. Khi i hai dy
song song th khong cch gia hai si phi xa hn 0,5 mt. Khi bt dy i
thp hn 2 mt k t mt sn ln phi c bin php chng h hng do cc tc
nhn c l. Dy dn s dng trn tng mi l dy ng . Dy dn nhm ch
dng trong mi nh m vt liu xy dng l loi khng chy. Hp ni v hp
phn nhnh phi bng kim loi. Cc thit b ng mch , thit b iu khin v
thit b bo v khng c t tng gip mi.
t dy in ngoi nh phi ch n qui hoch. Mi ni , nht l
nhng ni c ngi qua li , phi m bo an ton , khng con ngi ng
chm vo dy in.
Dy dn v dy cp khng i trong ng phi m bo tun theo cc qui
nh v khong cch an ton sau y:
* Theo phng ngang:
+ trn bc tam cp, ban cng cng nh mi nh : 2,5 mt.
+ trn ca s : 0,5 mt.
+ di ban cng: 1 mt.
+ di ca s ( tnh t khung ca ): 1mt.
* Theo phng ng : khong cch t dy dn n :
+ ca s : 0,75 mt.
+ ban cng : 1 mt.
* Dy dn cch mt t : 2,75 mt.

Dy dn t trn ct in , phi m bo khong cch t dy n ban
cng v ca s khng gn hn 1,5 mt. Khng cho t dy dn in ngoi nh
17
trn mi nh. Khi chm vo dy c cch in ngoi tri coi nh chm vo
dy trn v phi tun theo cc iu kin ca dy trn.
Dy in vt qua ng , khi dy i trn khng th phi cao hn :
+ ng xe qua : 6 mt.
+ ng khng c xe qua : 3,50 mt.
Khi dy in xuyn qua tng phi t ng cho dy i qua v m bo
ng khng tch t nc .

Sau khi lp xong ng dy, cn tin hnh kim tra :
* thng ca tng si dy theo tng mch . Cn tho tng l kim tra c
lp tng l .
* cch in ca tng dy vi v , vi cc dy khc trong ng v vi mi
trng cha ng dy.

3. Lp t trang thit b in trong nh dn dng v nh :

Vic lp t v nghim thu trang thit b in trong nh dn dng v nh
phi tun theo cc yu cu ca b H s mi thu , iu kin k thut trong
Hp ng giao nhn thu lp t in v TCXD 27 : 1991 , Tiu chun thit k
: t thit b in trong nh v nh cng cng.

Thit b dn in vo ngi nh c th kt hp vi bng phn phi , bng
in , t in ca ngi nh.
u dn vo ngi nh ca mng in phi t thit b bo v v iu
khin nhng nu thit b dn vo nh c dng in nh hn 20 A c th khng
cn t thit b iu khin.
Mng in phi c thit b bo v khi ngn mch. Phi m bo ngt
c mch khi c s c:
+ mt v nhiu pha ca mng in c trung tnh vi t
+ hai v ba pha ca mch trung tnh cch ly.
Thit b bo v t ni d kim tra v khng b cc tc nhn c hc
ph hng. Vic vn hnh ca cc thit b bo v phi m bo bnh thng
trong mi tnh hung , khng gy nguy him cho ngi phc v v cc vt
chung quanh.
Cc thit b bo v c b phn mng in h ch c php lp t
khi khai thc cng trnh c b tr th chuyn mn v in vn hnh v qun l.
Khi dng cu ch bo v mng in th t cu ch ti :
+ cc pha bnh thng khng ni t,
+ dy trung tnh ca mng in hai dy trong cc cng trnh c dy dn
m t , ni khng c th in chuyn mn vn hnh v qun l v in v c
nguy c n.
18
Khng c t cu ch dy trung tnh ca mng 3 pha 4 dy v ca
mng 2 pha, 1 dy trung tnh.

Khi t cc thit b dn vo bng phn phi in chnh, bng in v t
in trong nh phi p ng cc yu cu sau y:

(i) V tr t phi ni thun tin cho vic s dng , d kim tra v theo di
nh gm cu thang, tng hm ni kh ro.
(ii) Bng phn phi chnh , bng in, t in phi t trong cc t , hp bng
kim loi hay bng g hoc t trong cc hc ca tng chu lc chnh v phi
c ca kho. Tay iu khin ca cc thit b khng c nh ra ngoi. Nu b
tr mt phng ring bng iu khin , bng phn phi th nhng qui nh
trn khng nht thit phi chp hnh.
(iii) Thit b dn vo t in, bng in, hp in phi t cch xa ng dn
nc, rnh nc vi khong cch ti thiu l 0,5 mt.
Vi cc nh quan trng , t bng phn phi in chnh ca ngi nh
t vo phng ring c ca kho v ch nhn vin chuyn trch mi c vo.
Nhng ni c kh nng ngp nc th mi thit b dn vo , bng phn phi
in , bng in, t in v cc thit b khc phi t cao hn mc nc ngp.
Lu phng t t in , bng in khng t di cc phng dng nc
nhiu nh bp, x , tm , git . Khi c ng nc dn qua phng t cc thit b
iu khin in th khng c m vi , khng c c cc ming kim tra
hay bt k trang b g m c kh nng phun bn nc phng ny.

i vi nh th tit din dy dn in khng c nh hn cc ch s
nh bng di y:

Tit din nh nht ( mm2) Tn ng dy
ng Nhm
1. ng dy nhm mng in chiu
sng khng c cm in
2. ng dy nhm mng in chiu
sng c cm in v dy dn n
cm in
3. Dy dn in vo thit b m in
nng
4. Dy dn in thng ng ca
mng cung cp in cho cc h dng
in

1

1,5

2,5

2,5

2,5

2,5

4

4

Khi dng in ba pha nu tit din dy ng nh hn 16 mm2 v dy
nhm nh hn 25 mm
2
th dy trung tnh ly bng dy pha. Nu tit din ln
19
hn th dy trung tnh ly nh bng 50% dy pha . Thit b in t trong nh
yu cu c cch in tt. Cht cch in phi kh chy , chu m , khng ht
nc , khng h hng v bin dng do cc tc ng lin tc ca nhit cao
hn 25% so vi nhit cho php ca thit b trong iu kin lm vic bnh
thng.
Trong mi trng hp trn v thit b phi ghi cc ch s k thut cn
thit ca dng in i qua thit b nh : cng , in p , cng sut. . . Nu
thit b c nhiu b phn th tng b phn phi ghi cc ch s cn thit.
Mi cm in phi t cao hn mt nn , mt sn ti thiu l 1,50 mt.
Nu cm trong hc tng c th tho phch cm ra , hc tng c np
ng li c th t cao 0,4 mt tr ln so vi mt sn. Mi cm u phi
t xa cc b phn kim loi c tip xc vi t nh ng dn nc, chu tm,
cc ming kim loi t nht l 0,50 mt.
Yu cu i vi cm v phch cm nh sau:
+ Phch v phi thch hp v in th v la chn chng loi sao cho
nu c nhm cng khng th nhm c , th d in p 110 V dng thanh
cm dt , in p 220 V dng thanh cm trn hay l loi ba chn chng hn.
+ Hp b v s cc . Phch mt cc khng th cm vo nhiu cc.
Phch hai cc khng th cm vo ba cc . . .
in p li 127~220 V , mi cm phi c mt cu ch bo v.
Thit b tt dng n phi t cao trn 1,5 mt tnh t mt sn tr ln.
an ton trong s dng in , khng t thit b ng , tt n bung tm,
phng git , phng v sinh. Mch in chnh hay nhnh u phi t mt cu
dao . Nhiu mch ch do mt dng chnh cung cp th dng in ti a dng
ch c 5A.

Cc loi ng c s dng trong cng trnh nh my bm , my iu ho
khng kh cng nh cc thit b bo v ca chng phi t ni thun tin cho
s dng v phi c ngi c chuyn mn phc v mi c s dng. Nu vic
cung cp in cho ng c ng thi l dy dn cho chiu sng phi m bo
khi chy ng c , khng lm nhiu lon n chiu sng.

4. Lp t bng in chiu sng:

Bng in chiu sng t trong nh phn phi , tnh ton in nng
, ng thi bo v qu ti dng ngn mch trong mng in 3 pha xoay chiu
in p 380 V c trung ho ni t trc tip.

Bng in thng c t hp theo cc cch lp t nh sau:
(i) Loi bo v cc tng nh ( cu thang ) c kh c in bo v.
(ii) Loi bo v cng cc tng nh ( cu thang ) c kh c phn phi in
nng , bo v v cng t in.
20
(iii) Loi phi hp dng cc tng nh ( cu thang ) c kh c phn phi in
nng, bo v v cng t in.
(iv) Loi dng trong phng , c kh c phn phi in nng ( cho loi bng
t hc tng), bo v v cng t in.

Cc thit b in trong nh v cng trnh cng cng phi c ni t
v ni trn khng kh theo Quy phm ni t cc thit b in QPVN 13-78
v Quy phm trang b in QT 11 TCN 18-1984.

Cc bng chiu sng phi c gn cht vo tng nh . Trong iu kin
c th , lm thnh cc bng ring t trong khung , t , st vo tng hoc cc
kt cu ngn cch , khng nh hng n li qua li v m bo an ton chung
cho s dng cng trnh.

21
Chng III

Cng tc lp t thit b chng st

1. Nhng qui nh chung v chng st cho cc cng trnh dn dng v nh
:
lm cn c cho vic thi cng v nghim thu vic lp t trang thit b
chng st cho cng trnh , phi i chiu vi cc tiu ch nu trong b H s
mi thu , trong iu kin K thut cho Hp ng xy lp v cung cp trang
thit b cho cng trnh v TCXD 46 : 1984 - Chng st cho cc cng trnh xy
dng - Tiu chun thit k , thi cng.

1.1 Phn loi mc chng st cho cng trnh:

Cng trnh c chia thnh 3 cp chng st:
Cp I : Nhng cng trnh trong to ra cc cht kh hoc hi chy, cng nh
cc bi hoc si d chy chuyn sang trng thi l lng v c kh nng kt
hp vi khng kh hoc cht oxy- ho khc to thnh hn hp n , c th xy
ra ngay trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng k c iu kin lm vic bnh
thng nn hn ( m hoc ng cc thit b , cha hoc rt cc cht d bt la
hoc cc cht lng chy qua li cc bnh h . . .). Khi xy ra n s gy ra
nhng ph hoi ln v lm cht ngi.

Cp II : Nhng cng trnh trong c to ra cc cht kh, hi , bi hoc si
chy v c kh nng kt hp vi khng kh hoc cc cht oxy-ho khc to
thnh cc hn hp n. Nhng kh nng ny ch xy ra khi c s c hoc lm
sai quy tc, khng th xy ra trong khi lm vic bnh thng. Khi xy ra n ch
gy ra nhng h hng nh v khng cht ngi.
Thuc cp II cn k c nhng kho cha cc vt liu n v d bt la ,
ng trong bao b bng kim loi.

Cp III : Tt c nhng cng trnh cn li.
Mt s cng trnh nm trong phm vi chng st cp III nhng c tm
quan trng c bit v chnh tr , kinh t th c nng ln cp II nh tr s
lm vic cp Nh nc, i Pht thanh, Truyn hnh, nh cho ngi s dng
cp cao . . .

1.2 Ni dung cng vic chng st cho cng trnh kin trc :

22
(i) Vi nh c chng st cp I , cp II phi : Chng st nh thng , chng st
cm ng tnh in v cm ng in t v chng st t cc ng dy v ng
ng bng kim loi dn vo cng trnh.

(ii) Vi nh c chng st cp III phi : Chng st nh thng v chng st t
cc ng dy v ng kim loi dn vo cng trnh.

Nhng cng trnh thp tng , chung quanh v khu vc c nhiu nh cao
lm chng st hoc chung quanh nh c nhiu cy cao hn nh nhiu th c
th khng cn chng st nh thng.

Khi c quan t vn thit k chng st cho ngi nh , h iu tra y
s liu v a cht , a hnh , c im ca kh hu v mi trng chung
quanh , c im kt cu cng nh c im s dng ca cng trnh. Khi lp
h s m bo cht lng chng st cho cng trnh cn lu tr nhng c s
ca thit k chng st cho cng trnh.
Chng st cho cng trnh phi m bo an ton v mt bo v, bn vng
trong qu trnh s dng cng trnh lu di v c ch n v p ca cng
trnh na.

Vic thit k chng st c Cng ty t vn thit k lp thnh h s
trong b h s thit k k thut cho cng trnh. Cn da vo yu cu thit k
kim tra chng st .

1.3 Cc yu cu cn kim tra vi vic lp t chng st:

(i) B phn thu st m bo kiu dng chn , v tr t thit b , kch
thc vt liu , kim tra lp m ca u kim , cc mi hn , ni khi c .
(ii) B phn dn st : v tr b tr , qui cch v s lng dy dn xung t ,
khong cch an ton n nhng v tr cn trnh , phng thc neo gn dy dn
vo cng trnh , phng thc ni dy dn st , phng thc sn , m , ph tip
xc .
(iii) B phn ni t : qui cch vt liu , cch hn , ni , khong cch an ton
n cc thit b kim loi trong nh , phi dng dng c o in tr t kim
tra cc tr s in tr ni t. Khi t thit b chng st c lp, tr s in tr
ni t xung kch phi t cc yu cu sau y :
* Khng qu 20 nu
tt
< 5.10
4
.cm
* Khng qu 50 nu
tt
5.10
4
.cm
Nu t thit b chng st ngay trn cng trnh v nhng cng trnh
khng thng xuyn c ngi hoc lm vic , tr s in tr ni t xung
kch qui nh nh sau:
* Khng qu 20 nu
tt
< 5.10
4
.cm
23
* Khng qu 50 nu
tt
5.10
4
.cm
Nu t thit b chng st trn cng trnh c ngi v lm vic thng
xuyn th in tr xung kch qui nh nh sau:
* Khng qu 10 nu
tt
< 5.10
4
.cm
* Khng qu 30 nu
tt
5.10
4
.cm

Nh c mi kim loi , c php dng mi lm b phn thu nu chiu
dy ca mi :
* Ln hn 4 mm vi cng trnh c nguy c n , chy.
* Ln hn 3,5 mm vi cng trnh t nguy c n, chy.
Mi kim loi phi m bo gn kt dn in ton mi v c 20~30 mt
li ni vi dy dn st xung b phn ni t , ton nh t nht c 2 dy ni
xung b phn ni t.

Cn kim tra khi thit b chng st t ngay trn cng trnh :
* Cc b phn dn in ca thit b chng st pha trn mt t phi t xa
cc ng ng, ng dy in lc, in thoi, ng ten dn vo cng trnh v
cc b phn kim loi c kch thc ln ca cng trnh vi khong cch ti
thiu l 2 mt. Vi nhng b phn kim loi ca cng trnh nu khng thc
hin c khong cch nu trn th cho php ni chng vi thit b chng st
nhng phi thc hin ng th tng tng. Gii php ni nn hn ch n ti
thiu.
* Khong cch trong t t cc b phn kim loi ca thit b chng st ti cc
ng ng kim loi , ng cp ngm dn vo cng trnh khng c nh hn
3 mt.
Nu khng m bo c khong cch trn th c ni chng vi nhau
ni gn nht nhng phi gim tr s in tr ni t cn 1. Trng hp ny
nht thit phi s dng cp dn in vo nh l loi c v kim loi sau ni
phn v kim loi vi b phn ni t ca chng st.

2. Qui cch v cc yu cu v thit b chng st:

2.1 Kim thu st :

Kim thu st c th bng thp trn, thp dt, thp ng hoc thp gc vi
tit din ca phn kim loi mi kim khng nh hn 100 mm
2
( nu theps dt
, b dy khng nh hn 3,5 mm ; nu thp ng , b dy ng khng nh hn 3
mm ) v chiu di hiu dng ca kim khng ngn hn 200 mm. Cng trnh c
kim thu st nm mi trng c n mn , tit din nh kim khng nh hn
150 mm
2
( thp dt chiu dy khng nh hn 4 mm v thp ng , chiu dy
thnh ng khng mng hn 3,5 mm).
24
Mi kim thu st khng cn vut nhn nhng nu l ng th phi dng
kim loi vt kn mi kim li. Kim thu st c th m km, m thic hoc sn
dn in. Ti nhng mi trng t kim c n mn th kim thu st phi m
km. Lp t kim thu st phi m bo chc chn trong sut qu trnh s dng
nht l phi chu c cc tc ng ngang do gi , lc v cc tc ng c hc
khc.
Nu t kim trn ct g , ct b tng ct thp th mi inh phi cao hn
u trn ca ct t nht l 200 mm v kim phi c gn chc chn vo ct.

2.2 Dy thu st :

Dy thu st l dy ni nhng kim thu st chng st nh thng lp t
trn mt bng cao nht ca cng trnh , to nn vng bo v st cho cng trnh
phi lm bng thp , tit din dy khng c nh hn 50 mm
2
. Dy cng
khng nn lm c tit din ln hn 75 mm
2
v phi c sn dn in. Dy
thu st t mi trng khng kh c ho cht n mn th tit din dy thu st
phi m n 75 mm
2
.
Vic c nh dy thu st vo kt cu cng trnh phi m bo chc chn
v mt c hc v tip xc tt.
Dy thu st c th to thnh hnh li t trn cc bng thp trn
cch nhau t 1 ~ 1,5 mt v dy thu st ny phi t cao trn mi cng trnh t
nht 0,60 mt.
Cc dy hoc li thu st phi c kim tra m bo cho:
+ Mi khng b chc thng sinh dt,
+ Khng lm h hng cc lp chng thm,
+ Khng cn tr n vic thot nc trn mi khi ma, v
+ Dy khng cng qu v khi dy qua khe ln phi c on un cong t
100 mm n 200 mm trnh s co ko lm dy qu cng.

2.3 Dy dn , dy ni v cu ni:

Dy dn st xung t c th lm bng thp trn , thp dt tit din
khng c nh hn 35 mm
2
v b dy thp dt khng c nh hn 3 mm.
Nu t b phn thu st ch t mt dy dn xung t th tit din dy ny
khng c nh hn 50 mm
2
.
Nhng ni mi trng khng kh c ln ho cht n mn th tit din
khng nh hn 50 mm2 v thp dt khng mng hn 3,5 mm.

Cu ni v dy ni ca thit b chng st v ai san bng in p c th
lm bng thp trn , thp dt tit din khng nh hn 28 mm
2
v b dy thp
dt khng mng hn 3 mm. Ni khng kh c ho cht n mn tit din dy
khng b hn 35 mm
2
v thp dt khng mng hn 3,5 mm.
25
Dy ni , cu ni v dy ni cn c sn chng g .
Dy ni t b phn thu st xung b phn tip t phi chn l no
ngn nht , khng nn c nhng on phi un nhn hay gp khc . Trng
hp khng th lm khc c m phi un th khong cch gia hai on dy
b un phi cch nhau t nht l 1/10 chiu di ca on dy phi un .
Cc cc dy gn vo kt cu cng trnh khng xa nhau qu , phi
nh hn 1,5 mt v khong cch t dy n mt kt cu phi ln hn 50 mm.
Nn chn v tr t dy ny ch t ngi qua li v phi cch l ca i , ca
s t nht l 1,5 mt. Li i c nhiu tr em qua li nh ti cc nh tr, trng
hc th dy dn phi cch li i t nht l 5 mt. Ni no m khng cch ly
c ngi v sc vt vi dy dn th phi t dy dn trong ng cch in
trong phm vi khng gian t mt t n cao 2,5 mt.
u ni dy dn st vo b phn tip t c th c ch ni tho ri c
vi mc ch kim tra in tr ca b phn ni t . Hai u dy ca b phn
ni v b phn tip t phi hn vi hai thanh ni bng thp dt dy trn 6
mm, rng trn 30 mm c l bt bu lng ni vi s l t nht l 2 lp 2 bu
lng ni loi M12. Khong cch gia 2 l bu lng l 40 mm .
Phi thng xuyn kim tra xit cht ca nhng bu lng ny.
Khi cng trnh ch c mt dy dn t b phn thu st xung b phn tip
t th khng c lm on ni m phi l mt dy ni lin v mi lin kt
u l lin kt hn c nh.

2.4 B phn ni t chng st:

B phn ni t chng st c th lm bng thp trn , thp dt , thp ng
vi phn tit din kim loi khng nh hn 100 mm
2
. ( b dy thp dt , thp
gc v thnh ng khng mng hn 4 mm). Nu t c tnh cht n mn th tit
din trn phi ln hn 100 mm
2
. B phn ni t c th c sn dn in , m
thic, m km nhng tuyt i khng c sn cch in , sn bitum , sn hc
n hay bt k loi sn no c tnh cht cn tr vic dn in. Ngi thit k qui
nh in tr yu cu ca b phn ni t tu theo in tr ca t ti khu vc
cng trnh.
Cn kim tra li tr s in tr sut ca t (
. . Cm ) ti hin trng.
Mi s liu cho sn trong cc S tay ch tham kho v thit k k thut m
thi.

Tr s in tr sut tnh ton (
.tt
) bng tr s in tr sut o c (

) nhn
vi h s thay i in tr sut ( ), cn c gi l h s thi tit hay l h
s ma . H s thay i in tr sut ca t theo thi tit ca cc kiu ni t
cho trong bng sau:

su t b H s thay i
26
Hnh thc ni t

phn ni t (m)
in tr sut ()
Ghi ch
Thanh ( tia ) t
nm ngang ( ni
t ko di )
0,5

0,80 - 1,00
1,40 1,80

1,25 1,45
Tr s nh ng vi
t kh ( o vo
ma kh )
Cc ng thng
ng
0,80
Tnh t mt t
n u mt trn
cng ca cc

1,20 1,40
Tr s ln ng vi
loi t m ( o
vo ma ma )

Thng thng nn chn hnh thc ni t theo ch dn di y:
(a) Khi tr s in tr sut t khng ln qu 3 x 10
4
. Cm th s dng hnh
thc ni t cc chn thng ng , chiu di cc t 2,5 n 3 mt , u trn
ca cc phi ng ngp su trong t t 0,50 n 0,80 mt.
Nu lp t su c in tr nh , t 3 x 10
4
. Cm tr xung hoc c
mch nc ngm cn s dng hnh thc cc chn su v c th tng chiu di
cc n 6 mt. Trong trng hp ny c th s dng cc b tng ct thp v
cc mng bng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh lm b phn ni t chn
su.
Trng hp lp t trn c tr s in tr nh, cc lp t di l , si
hoc c in tr sut ln th dng hnh thc ni t thnh tia t nm ngang
theo kiu ni t ko di chn su 0,50 n 0,80 di mt t , chiu di
mi thanh khng nn ly qu tr s chiu di ti hn , ng vi cc tr s in
tr sut nh bng sau y:

,.Cm

<5x10
4
5x10
4
10x10
4
20x10
4
40x10
4

l
th
, mt 25 35 50 80 100

Trng hp phi tng s thanh (tia) cng khng nn tng qu 4 thanh tia
v gc to thnh gia cc thanh trn mt bng khng nn nh hn 90
o
. Nn u
tin s dng hnh thc ni t ko di.

(b) Khi in tr sut ca t bng t 3 n 7x10
4
.Cm, cn s dng
hnh thc ni t hn hp ( cc kt hp vi thanh ). C th s dng ni t hn
hp kiu hnh vung , hnh ch nht , hnh trn .
Cc cc ch nn ng trong khong 2:3 chiu di ca thanh , tnh t u
thanh , pha ni vi dy xung.

(c) Khi tr s in tr sut ca t ln hn 7 x 10
4
.Cm , hoc t c
nhiu tng , va cho php ko di thanh ti ch c tr s in tr sut nh
nh h , ao , sng , sui nhng khng nn ko qu 100 mt.
27

(d) C th dng bin php nhn to ci thin dn in nhng
vng c in tr sut cao nh dng mui n ( NaCl ) pha nc ti cho khu
at chung quanh dy ni t . Theo quan im ca chng ti ( tc gi bi
ging ny) nu dng phng php ny th phi ghi ch v nhc nh rng c
3~5 nm li phi kim tra in tr sut ca t v b sung mui nu khng s
nguy him v in tr sut ca t ngy cng tng do nng mui gim do
ma .

Trong vic thi cng b phn thu st , b phn dn st , b phn tip t
th vic hn ni ht sc quan trng . Mt trong nhng iu ht sc ch khi
kim tra cht lng h chng st l kim tra cht lng mi hn. Mi hn phi
m bo chiu di ng hn , m bo khng r , khng ngt qung , khng
bt x , chiu cao ng hn phi p ng y .

3. Kim tra v nghim thu h thng chng st :

3.1 Trnh t :

Kim tra v nghim thu h chng st phi tin hnh theo hai giai on,
trc ht kim tra phn t ngm sau n kim tra ton b. Trc khi lp t
phi kim tra k phn s b lp t kn v lp h s ghi nhn.
Hng ngy t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin nhng hot ng
trong qu trnh lp t ca cng nhn lp h chng st . Tng on lm xong ,
cn b gim st ca nh thu phi kim tra cc tiu ch vi cng nhn thi cng
c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng.

3.2 Ban nghim thu :

Khi cng tc hon thnh , phi tin hnh t chc nghim thu m ban
nghim thu gm :
* i din ch u t l ch nhim d n lm ch tch ban nghim thu ,
c cc t vn m bo cht lng l ngi gip vic trc tip.
* i din c quan thi cng
* i din c quan thit k.

i vi cng trnh chng st cp I v II c i din c quan ch qun
cc bn cng tham d.

3.3 Ni dung kim tra :

Nhng ni dung cn kim tra v nu thnh vn bn nh sau:
28
* Vt liu v qui cch vt liu s dng trong cc b phn chng st.
* bn c hc v dn in ca cc mi hn , mi ni.
* S lin h gia h thng bo v chng st vi cc b phn kim loi khng
mang in c sn bn trong hoc bn ngoi cng trnh.
* Khong cch an ton cho php trong khng kh v trong t.
* Bin php gii quyt khi c on dy dn cn gp khc , un cong , bng
qua khe ln , khe nhit . . .
* Bin php chng han g , chng va chm c hc , chng dt cho mi
* Bin php lp t v tr s in tr tn dng in tn s cng nghip ca b
phn ni t.

Vic kim tra kt hp vi quan st bng mt thng vi s dng dng
c o kim chuyn dng. Khi s dng dng c o kim , nn thu theo phng
thc hp ng dch v kim tra vi cc c quan c php kim nh cht
lng . Nn lu mi dng c s dng trong o kim phi c kim chun
hp thc theo qui nh.

3.4. Lp h s nghim thu :

* Thu thp y v thit k v thuyt minh thit k .
*Vn bn th nghim in tr sut hin trng. Cc kt qu o c trong qu
trnh kim tra chi tit cc b phn.
* Cc vn bn nghim thu cng trnh khut, kn hay b lp.

* Vn bn kt lun sau tng t kim tra , sau tng giai on kim tra .
* Vn bn kt lun cui cng v nhng lu chung v tnh trng ca h thng
chng st bo v cng trnh v nhng kt lun chung v s dng.

{ Tin trn bo : Tin Phong s 75 ngy th hai 15 thng 4 nm 2002 ]
Thn 4 x Ea Nam huyn Ea Hleo, st t cn ging ngy 8/4 nh trng ct ngten TV nh
ng Nguyn Vn Tri lm thit mng ng Tri v con l Nguyn Vn Tin. Cng cn ging
ny cn gy st nh ct ngten nh anh Nguyn vn Quyt lm v anh Quyt b bng
nng, Anh bn on Bng v chu Nguyn th B b cht ti ch.

29
Chng IV

Cng tc lp t thang my
Trong nh v cng trnh dn dng

1. Nhng vn chung v thang my:

Khong chc nm gn y , do xy dng nhiu nh cao tng ng thi
vi s pht trin cc siu th , thang my tr thnh loi trang thit b tin nghi
cho s dng cng trnh khng th thiu c.
Chng ny cp n cc loi thang my chy in , thang my thu
lc , thang cun v bng ch ngi.
Phn loi s dng trong nh v nh cng cng th thang my bao gm
:
Loi I : Thang my chuyn ch ngi
Loi II : Thang my ch ngi nhng c k n hng ho m ngi em theo.
Loi III : Thang my ch ging ( bng-ca , brancard , stretcher ) chuyn dng
trong bnh vin.
Loi IV : Thang my chuyn ch hng ho nhng c ngi i km hng ho.
Loi V : Thang my iu khin ngoi cabin chuyn ch hng m khng c
ngi i km.
Tuy vy cn mt s loi thang nng c tnh nng hn ch c kt cu dn
ng n gin nh ti quay tay trc ng , thang nng phc v xy dng tm
trn cng trng v nhng thang hot ng theo ch c bit nh thang
chuyn ch cht n , thang vn hnh tc nhanh ( trn 2,5 m/s) nm ngoi
i tng cp y.

1.1 Kim tra h s ca thang my:

Cc yu cu v an ton trong lp t v s dng thang my c ra
rt nghim ngt nn mt thang my mun iu kin lp t phi c cc h
s sau y:

(i) Thang my nhp khu :

H s ca thang nhp khu phi c:

* H s k thut gc;
30
* D thang c gii thiu l c ch to theo tiu chun no , quc t hay
theo quc gia no cng phi ph hp vi tiu chun an ton ca Vit nam.
* Cc chi tit my i km phi ng b , nu cc chi tit c ch to theo
dng lin kt nhiu hng , nhiu quc gia th vic m bo qui cch k thut
phi do hng ng tn thang my phi chu trachs nhim. Cn kim tra k cc
chi tit sau y :
+ Cp thp , xch chu ti
+ Ray dn hng cho cabin v i trng
+ Puli dn ng , dn hng
+ H hm iu khin, dng tng
+ H hm an ton
+ C cu khng ch an ton , tn hiu bo v.

(ii) Thang my sn xut trong nc:

* n v sn xut thang my phi c cp php ring m khng s dng giy
php chung cho ngnh c kh .
* Thang my c ch to theo tiu chun k thut hin hnh v tiu chun
TCVN 5744:1993 - Thang my-Yu cu an ton trong lp t v s dng.**
Thang my ch to hng lot phi tun theo mu th nghim v phi c h
s k thut gc.
* Cc chi tit phi nhp hoc lin kt vi nc ngoi ch to phi ghi r cc
thng s c bn v qui cch k thut trong h s .

1.2 Php nhn lp t:

(i) n v lp t thang my phi c php do c quan chc nng c thm
quyn cp php hot ng.
(ii) C cn b k thut c o to theo chuyn ngnh.
(iii) C i ng cng nhn k thut lnh ngh , c hun luyn c bn v
nh k v k thut an ton.
(iv) C iu kin k thut, kh nng cng ngh cho cng tc lp t, iu
chnh v sa cha nh thit b gia cng, thit b kim tra, hiu chnh v o
lng.

1.3 H s v trch nhim :

H s k thut m bn lp t phi giao cho n v s dng nh sau:
(i) L lch gc ca thang my
(ii) Hng dn vn hnh , s dng an ton thang my.
(iii) Hng dn ch bo dng , kim tra thng xuyn v nh k , bin
php khc phc s c khn cp nh mt in , dng khng ng tng.
31
(iv) Phn cp trch nhim v quy nh chu k iu chnh , bo dng , sa
cha, khc phc s c gia n v lp t , bo dng v n v s dng thang
my.

n v lp t chu trch nhim t chc vic th nghim thang my sau
lp t v sa cha theo ng trnh t v qui tc ca tiu chun TCVN
5744:1993.

Hi ng k thut tham gia nh gi cng tc th nghim gm :
+ C quan cp ng k s dng thang my
+ i din c quan lp t thang my
+ i din n v hay c nhn s dng thang my.
Kt qu th nghim c nh gi bng vn bn c y ch k ca
cc thnh vin v ng du ca c quan lp t.
Cn lu v nhn vin chu trch nhim qun l v s hot ng an
ton v ngi vn hnh thang my phi c hun luyn c bn v nghip v
m mnh m nhim , phi hiu c tnh nng k thut ca thang my m
mnh ph trch nh trng ti , vn tc lm vic . . . Bit cc tiu chun an ton
lin quan n thang my , bit cch khc phc cc s c khn cp theo hng
dn ca n v lp t.

1.3. Cng tc chun b :

n v lp t thang my phi phi hp vi bn xy dng phn ging
thang cha sn l t cc b phn in lin quan n s dng thang my
nh cc l lp nt gi , l lp tn hiu bo tng . . .
Khi phn xy sn sng cho phn lp , cn kim tra cht lng xy dng
v ch tin hnh lp t khi phn xy khng cn khuyt tt v p ng cc yu
cu k thut theo thit k.
B tr cc sn thao tc bng g , lp t tng di tr ln , dc theo chiu
cao ging thang vi khong cch gia cc sn thao tc khng qu 3 mt. C
thang tre ln xung gia cc tng sn thao tc. Sn thao tc cn chc chn
v c th chu c ti l 2,5 KN trn 1m
2
sn. Che chn tt c cc ca tng v
lp rp t mt sn dng ln cao khng di 1,1 mt , che kn st ln sn
khng di 1,5 mt. Cc b phn che chn phi c nh chc vo tng.
Ko n sng thi cng vo tng tng trong ging thang v vo bung
my . in chiu sng thi cng dng loi in p khng qu 42V v chiu
sng sng hn 50 lux. Cc bng si t phi mc pha trn sn thao tc ti ni
khng cn tr n thao tc khi thi cng.
Trc khi thi cng phi kim tra v s lng chi tit v m bo cc chi
tit phi ng b lp v m bo cht lng. Ngoi ra phi y vt t ,
trang b , dng c, g cn thit cho lp t . Cc trang b in phi kim tra
32
dn in , s thng mch , cch in v cc yu cu khc khi t yu
cu mi c em s dng.
Cn mt ln na kim tra h s k thut - lp rp ca thang my. Phi
y trang b bo h lao ng , phng chng chy , v c bn ni qui an ton
lp t thang my treo ti ni thi cng .

1.4 Yu cu chung v lp t:

Trong ging thang v bung my khng c lp t bt k mt b
phn thit b no khc nh ng ng nc , dy in khng lin quan n
thang my.
Bung my phi thng thong , kh ro v che kn bi . H ging phi
kh ro, khng c nc thm t ngoi vo . Ca bung my phi c kho v
kho phi lp trc khi a thit b vo bung . Khong h gia dy cp v
mp l la cp phi cch nhau > 25 mm. Khong khe gia bc ca tng v bc
ca cabin khng c qu 25 mm vi thang iu khin t cabin v vi cabin
khng c ca , khng qu 35 mm vi cc loi thang khc. chnh xc dng
mi im dng phi m bo trong gii hn 20 mm i vi thang my
bnh vin, thang my cht hng bng xe v 50mm vi cc thang my khc.
Khong cch nhng im gn nht ca cc b phn thang my khng
c di cc gi tr sau:
* 50 mm gia cabin v i trng ;
* 50 mm gia cabin , i trng vi vch ngn tng li thp ;
* 25 mm gia cabin , i trng vi vch ngn kn ca ging pha khng c
ca cabin ( 15 mm vi thnh ging khng c nhng phn li , lm).
* 10 mm gia bc ca tng v bc ca cabin , gia cc chi tit nh ln ca ca
tng v ca cabin, khng k cc chi tit kho ca tng cng cc b phn lin
quan cabin.
* 10 mm gia cc chi tit nh ln ca cabin ( i trng ) vi cc phn kt cu
ray dn hng , k c cc chi tit kp cht ray.
Khong cch gia cnh ca tng vi cnh ca cabin khng vt qu 120
mm.
Khong cch t cc phn thp nht ca trn , ging thang hoc cc thit
b lp di trn n mt nc cabin , khi i trng trn cc t cng hoc
trn gim chn nn tn cng , khng c di 750mm.
Khong khng gian pha di cabin n y h ging , khi cabin ln
cc t cng hoc trn gim chn nn tn cng , khng c di 500 mm.

1.5 Cc yu cu v k thut an ton :

Lp thang my phi tun th nghim Quy phm k thut an ton trong
xy dng TCVN 5308:1991 , Tiu chun an ton in trong xy dng TCVN
33
4086 : 1985 , Quy phm k thut an ton thit b nng TCVN 4244:1986 , Yu
cu chung v an ton trong hn in TCVN 3146:1986 v An ton chy TCVN
3254:1979 ; ng thi phi tun th nghim ngt cc qui nh di y:

Nhng ch dn di y ht sc quan trng l kinh nghim lu nm tch
lu, tuy khng ghi thnh iu khon nhng cn tun th nghim tc n chi
tit.
Cc vic xy trt hon thin phi tin hnh sau khi lp t xong thit b
thang my. Vic trt tng ging thang ( nu thit k c yu cu) phi tin
hnh trc khi lp thang my.
Vic chy th khi ng, hiu chnh thit b c , thit b in , thit b
iu khin , h thng kim tra v tn hiu ch tin hnh sau khi hon thnh
mi cng tc xy trt hon thin. Khng c ng thi lp thang my vi thi
cng xy dng hoc lp my khc cao khc nhau trong khu vc ging
thang.
Khi hiu chnh cc chi tit thuc thang my phi bo m nhit trong
bung my v ging thang khng c qu 40
o
C v thp hn 5
o
C.
Cng tc hn trong lp t thang my phi do th hn bc 4/7 c chng ch
Tin hnh. Khi hn phi che chn bo v thit b thang my trnh tc ng
nhit v x hn. Khng c hn dy in khi t dy. Mi chi tit my
chun b lp t c xp ngn np , khng c by ba bi ra cc din tch
i li hoc ni c th b cc tc ng c hc lm h hng. Ni tp kt cc b
phn chun b lp t trn sn , ln mi , hoc nhng ni c thng lng
m tng thu dnh cho s dng trong thi hn cn thit.
phng nhng bt trc trong qu trnh lao ng nn trong khi tin
hnh lp t thang my, cng nhn khng c lm mt mnh m phi c t t
hai ngi tr ln c mt ti hin trng mi c thi cng. Khi lm vic nht
thit phi i m bo h lao ng v mang gng cch in , i ng cch in.
Khng c tro , bm vo cc khung st, ray dn hng v ng cp di
chuyn t cao ny ln cao khc m phi dng thang. Khng vt vo
ging nhng mnh kim loi , mu que hn hay bt k vt d tha khc. Khi
lm vic di cabin phi m bo chc chn cabin c treo trn cp m cp
phi p cht vo rnh puli dn v c hm bng b hm an ton , c chn
cht hoc c t trn dm thp khng th ri c.
Khng c lm vic trong hay trn nc cabin khi cabin ang chuyn
ng. C ngi trong cabin khng c th b hm an ton. Khng c dng
ng c in ca b dn ng tho cabin khi hm an ton.
Ch c lm vic trn nc cabin khi cabin treo chc chn vo cp, b hm
an ton c chnh v c th. Khng c ln nc ca bin qu 2 ngi v
khng c ngi trn nc cabin theo t th bung thng hai chn trong ging
thang. Khi c cng nhn ngi trn nc cabin ch c dch chuyn cabin theo
chiu i xung vi tc khng qu 0,71 mt/sec v phi cng mt cng nhn
34
khc tropng cabin, iu khin cabin di chuyn bng nt bm t trn nc.
Khi thi cng ht sc ch n nhng vic c th tin hnh bn ngoi ging
thang v trong ging thang ch lm nhng vic m khng th lm ngoi
c.
Khng ng ngoi hnh lang th tay qua ca tng v ca cabin m
khi ng thang my. Cc thit b nng h khi thi cng nh ti, palng, puli
c th c treo vo cc kt cu ca ging thang v neo gi sao cho khi lm
vic bo m n nh. Ch ng m , cc kt cu nng ny khi c hiu lnh
ca ngi c trch nhim. Mi hiu lnh khng r rng u ng ngha vi
lnh dng my. Qu trnh nng h ti trong ging thang, ti phi c kp cht
v treo chc chn. Ch tho khi ti c t an ton vo v tr chc chn,
khng c kh nng gy nguy him. Pha di ca ti nng v di ng i
ca ti khng cho php ngi qua li d ch rt nhanh ti thi im tng nh
khng nguy him.

Lp t thang my l qu trnh rt d xy ra tai nn nn vic tun th
qui tc an ton i hi ht sc nghim ngt. Ch c tun th nhng xut trn
y mi hn ch n ti thiu tai nn.

1.6. Qui tc c bn khi nghim thu sau lp t:

* Nhng vic chun b cho nghim thu:
+ Hon chnh b h s
+ Chun b cho thang my sn sng hot ng
+ Chun b ti v m bo cc iu kin nghim thu.

* Mc tiu nghim thu:
+ t cc thng s k thut v kch thc thang my vi cc s liu ghi trong
h s k thut.
+ Vn hnh an ton.
* Cc thng s k thut cn kim tra:

+ Trng ti
+ Vn tc lm vic v vn tc chm
+ chnh xc dng thang cc tng
+ Din tch sn cabin ca thang ch ngi.

* Cc qu trnh phi kim tra :

+ Quan st bng mt thng v nghe c nhn xt s b v hnh dng , v tr
, qu trnh vn hnh v nhn nhn tng th
+ Th khng ti
35
+ Th ti tnh
+ Th ti ng

* Nhng b phn sau y ca thang my cn c lu khi kim tra:
+ B dn ng
+ Thit b in
+ Cc thit b an ton
+ B iu khin , nh sng v tn hiu
+ Phn bao che ging thang
+ Cabin, h i trng , ray dn hng
+ Ca cabin v ca tng
+ Cp ( hay xch ) v phn neo kp u cp ( xch ).
+ Bo v in
+ cch in ca thit b in v dy dn in.

Ngoi ra cn ch n cc khong cch an ton , s in v cc
dng c cn thit trong bung my, cc nhn hiu ca nh my sn xut v
ngay c ch trn cc bng tn hiu , bng iu khin.

Nhng kinh nghim khi kim tra cn c ch ht sc:

(i) Khi th khng ti ngoi vic p ng cc tiu ch ca catalogue nu cn
cn ch n s hot ng ca cc b phn sau:

+ B dn ng ( xem nhit c tng hay khng , mc pht nhit ra sao,
du c b chy khng , phanh hm hot ng th no ).
+ Ca cabin v ca tng
+ B iu khin, chiu sng v tn hiu
+ Cc b phn an ton nh cng tc hnh trnh , nt "stop", kho t ng ca
tng , sn ng ca cabin.

(ii) Th ti tnh nhm mc ch kim tra bn ca cc chi tit ca b dn
ng, tin cy ca phanh hm, cp khng b trt trn puli dn , bn ca
cabin, ca kt cu treo cabin , treo i trng v tin cy ca kp u cp.
Th ti tnh c thc hin theo cch cabin tng thp nht , gi ti trong
thi gian 10 pht vi s vt ti so vi qui nh nh sau:
* 50% vi thang my c tang cun cp v thang my dng xch lm dy
ko.
* 100% vi thang my c puli dn cp.

C th thay th th ti tnh bng 3 ln di chuyn cabin i xung vi ti
trng vt ti qui nh l 50%.
36

(iii) Th ti ng nhm kim tra tin cy ca thang my c ti v kim tra
hot ng ca b phanh hm an ton , b hn ch vn tc v b gim chn .
Thng thng th ti ng bng cch cht ti vt ti qui nh 10% ri cho
cabin ln xung 3 ln.

Ni chung khi hon thnh lp t , bn lp t phi lp qui trnh v
phng php th nghim trnh ch nhim d n duyt . T vn m bo cht
lng kim tra qui trnh v phng php da theo h s k thut , catalogue v
cc yu cu nu trong ti liu ny m i chiu vi ngh ca nh thu , gp
v tho vn bn chp nhn hay sa i qui trnh v phng php trnh ch
nhim d n duyt.
Qu trnh th nghim , t vn m bo cht lng cn theo di , chng
kin v nu cn , yu cu lm lp khng nh d liu.
Mt ln na khng nh , t vn m bo cht lng l ngi thay mt
ch u t i chiu tnh trng cht lng vi cc tiu ch yu cu m nhn
hay t chi sn phm ch khng phi l cn b k thut hng dn nghip v
thi cng.

2. Thang my in :

Thang my in vn hnh nh ng c in pht lc dn ng cabin.
Sau nhng yu cu chung ca thang my nu phn trn , cng tc kim tra
loi thang my ny phi i vo tng b phn to thnh thang .

2.1 Ging thang :

i trng ca thang my loi ny b tr trong cng ging thang lp
cabin. Ging thang ch s dng ring cho thang my , khng c b tr kt
hp nhng cp in, ng dn , trang thit b v vt dng khc khng lin quan
n thang my.
Nu thang my bt u t mt sn th sn phi c tnh ton vi hot
ti sn ln hn 5000 N/m
2
. Phn h thang t su xung khng gian di sn
v c ct chng di b phn gim chn ca i trng nu khng phi trang b
b hm bo him cho i trng.
Ging thang phi c kt cu bao che kn , trn v sn. T ging ch c
cc l tr ra chung quanh nh sau : ca tng , ca kim tra , ca cu h , l
ca sp kim tra , l thot kh v khi do ho hon , l thng gi , l thng
gia ging vi bung my hoc bung puli.
Tng th ging thang phi chu c cc ti trng c th tc ng do
cc nguyn nhn :
* T my , t ray
37
* Thit b gim chn , chng ny , b hm bo him
* Ti lch tm ln cabin
* Khi cht ti v d ti cabin.
Vch, sn, trn ging thang phi dng vt liu chng chy, tui th cao,
khng bi bm v bn c hc.
Ging thang c yu cu ht sc nghim ngt v thng ng vch ging,
thng hng ca cc ca khoang tng . Thang cng cao cng i hi nghim
ngt. Khi kim tra kch thc hnh hc ca ging thang phi m bo cc ch
tiu :
Trn mt bng, t tm ging o v mi bn so vi kch thc danh ngha
ghi trn bn v , tu chiu cao ging thang, khng c vt qu cc gi tr
sau:
+ 25 mm i vi ging thang c chiu cao n 30 mt.
+35 mm i vi ging thang c chiu cao t 30 m ~ 60 m;
+ 50 mm i vi ging thang c chiu cao trn 60 m n 90 mt.
Sai lch gia hai ng cho ca ging thang trn cng mt mt ct
ngang ca ging thang khng c qu 25 mm.
Trong trng hp mt ging lp nhiu thang phi m bo khong ngn
cch ti thiu gia hai phn ging lp hai thang k nhau l 200 mm.
Theo mt ct dc thang sai lch chiu cao bung nh ging khng c
qu + 25 mm. Sai lch chiu su h thang khng c qu + 25 mm.
i vi khoang ca tng :
Sai lch chiu rng o t ng trc i xng v mi bn khng c qu +
25 mm, sai lch chiu cao khng qu + 25 mm , sai lch v tr ng trc i
xng ca mi khoang ca tng so vi ng trc thng ng chung ng vi
tm ging thang khng c qu 10 mm.

2.2 Bung my v bung puli
Bung my v bung puli ch dnh ring lp t my mc , cc thit
b km theo v puli ca thang my. Khng b tr cc ng dn , cp in hoc
cc thit b khc khng trc tip phc v thang my. Khng kt hp bung
my v bung puli thang my vi cc vic khc. Tuy vy c th c xem xt
cn nhc cn thn khi cn c th :
+Cho lp my dn ng ca thang hng hoc thang cun,
+ H iu ho khng kh phc v thang
+ Cm bin bo chy v bnh bt t ng c nhit tc ng thch ng
vi cc thit b in v phi c bo v chng va chm c hc.

Ca li vo bung my v bung puli c chiu cao thong khng t hn
1,8 mt , ngng ca cao khng qu 0,4 mt. Li ln cc bung ny cn thit
lm bc ln kiu xy. Ngoi cc yu cu v bn c hc ca bung thang v
bung puli sn cc bung ny phi khng trn trt.
38

D phi b tr cht chi trong bung my v bung puli th pha trc
cc t v bng iu khin cng phi c din tch tnh t mt ngoi t hay bng
tr ra khng nh hn 0,7 mt , chiu rng ng bng chiu rng ca t hay
bng.
Nu bung my c cc cao sn chnh nhau trn 40 cm phi lm bc
thang v phi c tay vn nu ti khu vc khng c cc my mc chuyn
ng. Pha trn cc b phn puli chuyn ng phi c khong cch thong n
cc vt khc t ra 30 cm. Khi sn c rng su trn 50 cm v hp hn 50 cm c
hoc khng c ng ng bn trong cng phi c tm ph y.

2.3 Ca tng :

Cc khoang ca tng ra vo cabin phi lp ca kn . Ca phi c bn
c hc m bo tnh nng s dng. Ca phi c th m bo tnh nng an
ton. chu la ca ca m bo trn 1 gi.
Kch thc cn m bo chiu cao thng thu ca ca tng t nht phi
m bo 2 mt. Chiu rng ca ca tng khng rng hn 50 mm v mi bn so
vi chiu rng ca ca cabin.
Ngng ca phi bn chu ti trng truyn qua khi cht ti vo
cabin. Mt trn ngng ca b tr dc ra pha ngoi nu c v th nc
cng khng chy vo trong cabin.
Ca tng phi m bo khng th xy ra kh nng b kt , khng trt
khi dn hng hoc vt khi gii hn hnh trnh di chuyn ca chng.
Ca la ngang phi c dn hng c trn v di. Ca la ng phi c
dn hng c hai cnh. Ca la ng hai cnh phi treo vo hai h dy ring
bit v dy treo m bo an ton l 8 tr ln. Nu treo bng puli th puli
treo c ng knh ln hn dy treo trn 25 ln. Cp hoc xch treo phi c
kt cu bo v chng bt khi rnh puli hoc trt khp vi a xch.
Phi m bo qu trnh vn hnh , kho ca v s dng cabin phi n
khp ht sc chnh xc nh l ca ch m khi cabin dng ng tng, thang
khng th chy khi mt ca no cn ang m . Nhng khi iu chnh im
dng tng kt hp vi m ca phi do th c chuyn mn thc hin v khi
m bo ht sc an ton bng tn hiu khng s dng khi ang chnh sa. Cn
lu m bo cabin khng th di chuyn khi chi tit kho ca cha gi su t
nht c 7 mm.

2.4 Cabin, i trng, kt cu treo v ray dn hng:

Chiu cao trong lng cabin khng c nh hn 2 mt. Chiu cao thng
thu khoang ca vo cabin khng c nh hn 2 mt.
Ti s dng trong cabin cn c kim tra ng vi s liu thit k.
39
Tuyt i khng c s dng vt ti.

Cabin phi c bao che hon ton bng vch, sn v nc v khng
c s dng vt liu d chy cng nh cc vt liu bc mi , bc kh , khi
c hi. Phi m bo bn c hc, chu c cc ti tc ng v pht sinh
trong qu trnh vn hnh , nht l trong tnh hung c tc ng ca cc b
phn hm bo him hoc khi cabin va mnh xung gim chn.
Nc cabin c th chu c trng lng 1000N trn din tch 0,2 x 0,2
mt m khng c bin dng d. Trn mt nc cabin phi c ch mt
ngi ng khi sa cha , ngha l din tch ti thiu 0,12 m2 m cnh nh
khng b hn 25 cm. Trn nc cabin c lan can bo v ti nhng mp m cnh
cabin cch vch ging trn 30 cm.
Ti ngng ca cabin phi c tm chn chn chy xut chiu rng
khoang . Tm chn chn c np g ln pha sn cabin v chm xung di
mc sn cabin khng t hn 75 cm.
Mi li vo cabin phi c ca cabin . Ca cabin phi kn kht v khi
ng th ca phi che kn li vo.
Ca cabin phi m bo bn c hc tho mn iu kin s dng.
Ca phi m bo thit k v gia cng , lp t sao cho hn ch ti a tc hi
khi kt phi ngi, qun o hay vt hoc khi chuyn ng va phi ngi.
trnh cnh sc khi va ngi , mt trong ca ca la khng c rnh su hay
g ni qu 3 mm. Mp g u lm vt , v trn.
Ca cn c trang b chng kt phng khi ang ng gp chng ngi th ca
phi i chiu chuyn ong m tr li v d nhin , cabin gi nguyn v tr,
khng chuyn dch.
Cabin phi c cc l thng gi pha trn v pha di.
Cabin phi c chiu sng lin tc bng nh sng trn 50 lux ln mt
sn v ln cc thit b i khin.
Kt cu treo cabin v i trng cn c kim tra k theo cc tnh nng
xc nh thit k. Cp thp phi m bo bn trn 1570 N/mm
2
vi cp
m cc si c bn nh nhau v nu cp c si ngoi bn b hn si trong
th bn si ngoi khng b hn 1370 n/mm
2
v si trong c bn 1770
mm
2
.
H s an ton l t s gia ti trng ph hu ti thiu ca cp vi ti
trng ti a tc ng trong dy cp khi cabin y ti dng tng thp nht.
Ni chung h s an ton ca dn ng ma st vi ba dy cp tr ln l 12 , dn
ng ma st vi hai dy cp th h s an ton l 16 v dn ng bng tang lun
cp th h s an ton bng 12.
Puli v a xch phi c trang b bo v, trnh xy ra cc hin tng gy
thng tch cho ngi trong mi trng hp , trnh xy ra cp bt khi puli khi
b trng , hoc vt l ri vo khe gia cp v puli.
40
Ray dn hng phi c t nht l hai ray cng bng thp. Nu tc
vt qu 0,40 m/sec th ray dn hng phi lm bng thp cn ko hoc b
mt ma st phi gia cng. Yu cu ny cng s dng cho mi vn tc chuyn
ng khc nu mun s dng b hm bo him vn hnh c m.

2.5 Khong cch an ton :

Khong cch theo phng ngang gia ngng ca , khun ca cabin (
hoc mp ca trong trng hp ca la ) vi vch ging thang khng c ln
hn 0,15 m. Khong cch theo phng ngang gia ngng ca cabin vi
ngng ca tng khng c ln hn 35 mm. Khong cch theo phng ngang
giu ca cabin vi ca tng khi vn hnh ng m ,. Cng nh khi ng
hn , khng c ln hn 0,12m. Trong trng hp phi hp ca tng kiu bn
l vi ca cabin l ca gp, khong cch gia hai ca ng phi sao cho khng
th b lt vin bi ng knh 0,15 m vo bt k khe h no gia hai ca.
Khong ch theo phng ngang gia cc phn nh ra xa nht ca cabin vi i
trng phi khng nh hn 0,05 m. Sai lch dng tng ca cabin khng c
ln hn 25 mm, ring i vi thang ch bnh nhn v thang cht hng bng xe
th sai lch dng tng cho php l 15 mm.

2.6 Thit b an ton c kh :
Thit b an ton c kh bao gm b hm bo him , b khng ch vt
tc , gim chn cabin v i trng .
B hm bo him t phn di thp ca cabin.
B khng ch vt tc pht ng cho b hm bo him cabin hot ng
khi vn tc i xung ca cabin t gi tr bng 115% vn tc nh mc .

Ni chung vic kim tra thang my phi l ngi c nghip v v thang
my. Nhng iu hng dn trn y nhm gip k s t vn bo m cht
lng cch nhn khi qut nhm theo di v t ra cc yu c vi bn thi
cng v cn b gim st chuyn mn.

3. Thang my thu lc :

Thang my thu lc l thang my vn hnh nng ti nh nng lng ca
bm in bm cht lng vo kch pht lc dn ng trc tip hoc gin tip
ln cabin. C loi thang trc tip c piston hoc xylanh lin kt trc tip vi
cabin hoc khung treo cabin. Thang gin tip c piston hoc xylanh ni vi
cabin hoc khung treo cabin bng dy treo ( cp, xch). Ni chung phng
php v i tng kim tra tng t nh thang my in. Nhng vn cn
kim tra vi thang my thu lc cng gm:

41
1. Ging thang
2. Bung my v bung puli
3. Ca tng
4. Cabin, i trng, kt cu treo v ray dn hng
5. Cc khong cch an ton
6. Thit b an ton c kh
7. My dn ng v cc thit b thu lc
8. Cc thit b in

V phng php kim tra v i tng kim tra nhm vo s m bo
tuyt i an ton cho s dng thang my. Vi thang my, nhng yu t ngu
nhin thng xuyn xy ra nn thit b phi tuyt i an ton , s lp t phi
p ng nghim ngt cc ch tiu k thut vn hnh an ton ti a.

4. Phn in ca thang my:

4.9.1.Cch t dy dn in v dy dn in trong bung li.

Cch in t dy dn trong gian my, trong ging thang v bung thang
my phi tun theo cc quy nh v cch t dy dn in v cc yu cu sau:

a) Phi dng cc dy dn hay cp cch in bng cao su hoc loi cch in
tng t. Khng cho php s dng cp in v cp kim tra c cch in giy
tm du.

b) Mt ct nh nht ca cc rut cp v dy dn phi l 1,5 mm
2
i vi rut
ng v 2,5 mm
2
i vi rut nhm. Phi s dng dy dn rut ng, cc
mch iu khin t hng kp u dy ca cc tng v hng kp u dy trong
bung thang n cc thit b bo him, v cc mch d hng do phi chu va
p hay rung ng thng xuyn (kho chuyn mch tng, tip im ca,
cng tc ca cc thit b bo him v.v..)

c) Khi lp bng iu khin, cc thit b v cc dy ni chng vi hng kp u
dy, phi dng cc dy dn hay cp rut ng loi nhiu si c mt ct nh nht
0,5 mm
2.

d) Mi u dy dn phi c k hiu theo thit k.

Dy dn in vo bung thang, phi l cp mm nhiu rut hay dy mm
nhiu si, c lng trong mt ng chung bng cao su mm. Khi phi c t
nht 2 rut cp hoc 2 dy dn d phng.
42
Cc cp v ng mm phi chu c ti trng c hc do trng lng bn
thn. C th treo dy dn vo cp thp tng thm kh nng chu lc c hc.

Cc cp v ng mm lng dy dn phi c b tr v c nh m bo
bung thang chuyn ng chng khng b c st vo cc kt cu thang. Cp thp
trong ging thang khi dn in bng nhiu cp hay nhiu ng mm th nn b
chng li vi nhau.

Trm t phi t thng ng, nghing cho php theo phng thng
ng khng c qu 5 mm.

Cc hp v bng t thit b phi c c nh chc chn.

4.9.2. Ni t cho phn in ca thang my:

Vic ni t thang my (my nng) phi tun theo cc yu cu trong cc
ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to v phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:

a) Phi ni t nhng b phn bng kim loi ca thit tr thang my c th mang
in p khi cch in ca cc b phn mang in b hng.

b) Cc u ng v v bc bng kim loi u phi c ni tt bng cch hn (c
th lm thiu).

c) ni t cc bung thang nn dng mt trong cc rut cp hay rut trong
cc dy dn cp in. Nn li dng cc vt sau y lm dy ni t b sung
mn chc kim loi ca cp v cp thp chu lc hoc k c cp thp chu lc ca
bung thang.

d) Khi b phn truyn ng, thang my v cc thit b c t trn cc m
gim sc v m cch m, th cc dy ni t phi c cc vng b tr.

) Cc bung dn hng bng kim loi, cc i trng v cc kt cu kim loi
ca ro chn ging thang, u phi c ni t.

Khi h ni t hon thnh, phi kim tra s lin mch v in gia cc
b phn c ni t v dy ni t ni vo thang my. Khi khng c c
nhng ch t mch, nhng ch tip xc xu .v.v...
Cc kt qu kim tra ni t phi lp thnh bin bn.

43
Chng V

H thng thng gi , iu ho khng kh , cp lnh

H thng thng gi bao gm cc h thng cp , ht , thi bi , thi kh
c.
H thng iu ho khng kh v cp lnh l h thng x l lm mt
hoc lm nng khng kh , vn chuyn v phn phi khng kh ti ni cn
thit.
Cc h thng bao gm ng ng, cc chi tit v thit b.

1. Cng tc ch to ng dn khng kh:

Cn da vo thit k kim tra kch thc ca ng ng. Cc tit
din trn hay tit din ch nht th vic o s dng kch thc ngoi lm
chun o. Mi on ng lp khuych i nn c chiu di t 1,80 mt
n 2,5 mt. C th c loi gia cng hn hay lin kt bng bulng nhng cng
khng nn lm nhng on ln hn 4 mt.
Cn cn c vo thit k kim tra cc m ghp. Cc m ghp phi m
bo ng thit k.
ng phi c mt ngoi u n , phng hoc cong u , khe ghp kn
kht , mch ni theo chiu dc phi so le.
Sai s cho php ca ng knh ngoi hoc cnh ngoi c php nh
sau:
* +1 mm nu kch thc cnh ln ( hoc ng knh ) ng nh hn hoc bng
300 mm.
* +2 mm nu kch thc cnh ln ( hoc ng knh ) ng ln hn 300 mm.
Sai s cho php ca ng knh trong ca mt bch trn hoc cnh di
trong ca mt bch tit din ch nht l +2mm, khng bng phng khng
qu 2mm.
Cn ht sc ch n cch ghp ni ng gi vi mt bch , mt cun,
bn knh cong v s t ti thiu ca ngot tit din trn. Phi da vo kch
thc qui nh trong thit k kim tra.
Chc ba, chc t ca ng thng gi tit din trn th gc kp nn l 15
o

n 60
o
. Sai s cho php ca gc kp phi nh hn 3
o
.
Vt liu lm ng thng gi do thit k ch nh theo yu cu ca ch
u t , c th l tn en v tn trng km , thp khng g, bng nhm l, bng
tm nha cng, bng nha ct vi thu tinh.
44
Khi kim tra , cn ch cht lng vt liu , phi dng chnh phm ,
khng c dng vt liu thu hi lm h ng thng gi. Cn lu cht
lng ng hn v cht lng mt bch. Cn da vo qui nh v qui cch
ming vt v mi hn , qui cch vt liu lm mt bch , kim tra tnh nguyn
vn ca vt liu s dng, dy ca vt liu , cht lng gia cng cho ng
thit k.

2. Ch to cc ph kin ca h thng ng gi :

(i) Ca gi :

Ca gi phi c b mt bng phng, sai s so vi cc kch thc thit k
khng qu 2 mm, chnh lch gia hai ng cho ca ca gi khng qu 3
mm. Cc b phn iu chnh ca ca gi phi linh hot , tm l cn bng ,
khng c va chm vo khung bin. Lm sao khi ng , m ca gi phi m
v kn ht mc. Sp xp cc l gi phi u n , tm ca trc hai u phi trn
cng mt ng thng, inh tn vi khung bin phi cht. Nu l ca gi quay
th b phn hot ng phi nh nhng, linh hot , kt cu chc chn.

(ii) Cc loi van :

Van phi chc chn, b phn iu chnh phi linh hot, chnh xc , tin
cy. Van nhiu l phi kht v c ly u n. Van phng ho khng c bin
dng khi chu la , dy v khng nh hn 2mm. B phn quay trong bt k
trng hp no cng phi quay d dng. Cu ch ca van phng ho phi c
kim nghim. Nhit iu chnh phi ph hp vi thit k , sai s cho php
l -2
o
C , cu ch phi t pha n gi ca van.
Cnh van khi ng phi kn kht , ngn c lung khng kh theo p sut qui
nh ca h thng.

(iii) Chp ht v cc b phn khc:

Kch thc cc chp ht phi chnh xc nh thit k, ch ni phi chc
chn. Cnh v ngoi phi kh ht cc ch sc cnh. M gi phi theo ng
tiu chun, trng tm m gi quay phi cn bng. ng ni nu khng c yu
cu ca thit k th c th lm bng vi bt hay gi da. Nu trong ng ni c
nc hoc m th bn trong vi bt phi qut lp cao su chng nc. Nu kh
dn c tnh n mn th s dng vt liu chng c n mn nh qut nha cao
su chu axit hoc nha polyvinyl clorit.

3. Ch to cc b phn x l khng kh :

45
(i) Bung x l nhit m khng kh:

B nc trong ngn phun x l nhit m khng kh phi m bo khng
r r. Dung tch b phi m bo cha nc bung phun c th hot
ng t nht l 1015 pht. Chiu cao mc nc sao cho ph kn li lc nc.
Gc gp ca tm chn nc phi ph hp yu cu thit k, sai s cho php ca
di v rng l 2 mm. C ly cnh phi u, s lin kt gia tm chn
nc vi tm c nh hnh lc phi cht ch, hp l. Phi t tm chn ngp
vo trong nc ch tm chn nc tip xc vi mt nc. Tm chn nc lp
ghp phn tng, mi tng phi t mt b phn ngn nc. Chi tit c nh
tm chn nc phi x l chng n mn.

(ii) B lc khng kh:

dy v cht ca vt liu lc trong b lc khng kh phi ph hp
yu cu thit k, khung phi bng phng, vung gc. Trc khi lp tm nha
xp vo b lc phi thng l bng dung dch kim nng 5%.

(iii) Ch to ng tiu m:

Vt liu tiu m phi ph hp vi cc yu cu chng chy, chng n
mn v chng m. Tm c l ca ng tiu m phi bng phng, hng l phi
thng, b mt trn nhn. H khung ca ng tiu m phi chc chn, ch ni
vch ngn vi thnh ng phi kn kht. Vt liu ht m bn trong ng tiu m
phi u n v chc chn, b mt phi bng phng.

(iv) B phn ht bi :

Sai s cho php v kch thc ng knh ng ht bi tit din trn hoc
cnh ng tit din ch nht khng c qu 5%. Cc mt trong v ngoi phi
trn, nhn. ng vo v ra ca b phn ht bi phi phng, thng , ng thi
tit din trn phi ng trc vi thn cn di, lch tm khng qu 2 mm.
Phn v ca b phn ht bi khi lp ghp phi bng phng, mi ni xen nhau ,
b mt mi hn khng c l r, khng c c bt kh, khng c kp vy ,
rn nt.

4. Thi cng lp t ng dn khng kh v cc ph kin:

(i) Lp t ng ng gi
Trong ng ng gi v cc b phn khc khng c ko dy in ,
cp in v cc loi ng dn kh c hi , kh d chy, d n v cht lng.
46
Mi ni c th tho c ca ng gi v cc b phn khc khng c b tr
trong sn v trong tng. Lp t ng gi ca h thng ht kh thi v ht bi
nn tin hnh sau khi lp cc thit b m chng phi phc v. Cc chi tit
ch, chn sn hoc bulng n ca gi treo, gi phi v tr chnh xc, chc
chn, cc phn chn chm th khng c sn v phi lm sch ht du m.
Kt cu nh gi treo, chng v ng ng thng gi khng c bo n
nu khng c qui nh ring th theo nh sau y:
* Lp ng ng nm ngang, ng knh hoc di cnh ln ca ng gi <
400 mm th khong cch khng qu 4 mt, 400 mm th c ly khng qu 3
mt. Khong cch gia hai im ng ng khng c xa qu 4 mt. Cn
thit k im c nh thch hp chng rung , chng lc lc cho ng gi treo.
Cc kt cu khng t vo v tr c ca gi, ca van v ca kim tra. Gi
treo khng c treo trc tip vo mt bch ng. Vt liu lm giong phi tun
theo ng thit k.
Khi lp ng nm ngang , chnh lch cao khng qu 3mm cho 1 mt
v tng chnh lch khng qu 20 mm. Khi lp ng gi ng nghing
khng c qu 3 mm cho 1 mt ng v tng nghing khng vt 20 mm.
Cc ph kin phi lp t v tr thun tin thao tc v phi m bo
cho mi thao tc phi nh nhng, chnh xc v chc chn. Khi lp nhung ng
mm phi ht sc ch cho mi ni c cht ch, khng xon , lch.

5. Thi cng lp t trang thit b ca h thng thng gi v iu ho
khng kh:

(i) Qut gi:

Qut phi t v tr d lui ti vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha. Mi
b phn truyn ng phi c bo v hp l. Cc mi lin kt u vo v u
ra ca qut c b tr sao cho khng gim p qu mc hay to ra dng qun
v nh th s nh hng n s lm vic ca qut.

Sai s khi lp t qut thng gi c php nh sau:
* Sai lch trn mt bng ca ng trung tm : 10 mm
* V cao so vi thit k : 10 mm
* Sai lch trn mt bng gia b rng bnh xe dy cuaroa: 1 mm
* khng cn bng ca bnh xe truyn ng 0,2/100
* ng tm ca ng lin trc chuyn dch theo chiu ng knh : 0,05
mm
* ng tm ca ng lin trc nghing lch theo hng trc : 0,2/1000

Trc khi chy th qut thng gi cn cho du nhn vo khp ni gia
ng c in v gung cnh qut mc va phi v kim tra cc yu cu v an
47
ton. Khi quay bnh khng thy vng, cht hay chm qut mi c. Cn
ch chiu quay ca gung cnh. Khi chy , phi ch n nhit ca trc
bi. Nhit ca trc bi khng c vt 70
o
C. Nhit cao nht ca trc bc
khng vt 80
o
C.

(ii) Bung x l nhit m khng kh :

Khi chuyn thit b gia nhit n cng trng lp t cn kim tra
cc im sau y:
# Cc b gia nhit bng hi hoc nc nng phi lm sch s bn trongng .
Cc b phn c th h hi do cc iu kin kh hu phi c bo v hp l.
# B phn gia nhit bng in th mi b phn nh mi tip xc, dy dn, cc
thanh gp bn trong k c hp s iu khin phi c bc chng m khi
chuyn n cng trng.
# Nu gia nhit bng du hoc kh th cc ng dn vo , ra , bung t phi
c bo v chng li bi bn v m.
# Nhng thit b dng khi c qut i ng b , nhng gi , neo gi phi
tho mn cc yu cu t ra v qut phi xoay c mt cch t do, khng kt.
# Thit b gia nhit phi kim tra k xem c du hiu h hng hay khng, da
vo nhng ch dn khi lp t v bo qun theo yu cu ca nh ch to
kim tra iu kin lp t , nu gi thit nu p ng nhng ch dn ny c b
kh khn g hay khng.

(iii) B lc khng kh:

Lp t b lc th v lc trung bnh phi thun tin khi thay vt liu lc.
Phi m bo kn kht gia b lc vi khung, gia khung vi kt cu tng
bao ca bung x l nhit m khng kh.

B lc khi lp t phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:

* Phi sch khng dnh bi bn
* c t ng hng ca dngf khng kh
* H khung gi b lc phi tht kn kht trnh khng kh i vng quanh b
lc.
* Cc chi tit v in ca cc b lc kh t ng , cc b lc tnh in phi
tun th cc yu cu v in. Cc ca to li ra, vo b phn bin p cao p v
khu vc t cc dy dn mang in p cao ca cc b lc tnh in phi trang
b cc kho an ton v c nhn vin c trch nhim v tinh thng nghip v
iu khin. Phi c bit quan tm n cc iu kin an ton.

(iv) B tiu m v chng rung
48

Vt liu tiu m rt mau b hng do cc tc ng c hc v b ph hu
nu b m nn cn c bo qun ht sc cn thn trong mi giai on thi
cng.

(v) Lp my iu ho khng kh dng t

Loi my ny c hai loi : hp khi v ring r. Cn nghin cu k ch
dn ca nh sn xut v tun th nhng ch dn y mt cch nghim ngt.
B phn t trong nh :

Trc khi lp t phi kim tra k nhng sai lch do vn chuyn gy ra
v phi iu chnh li my theo chng ch ca my. B my phi vng chc .
Mi ng ng bng ng, bng cht do, bng thp trng km phi lm bo
n trnh hin tng ng sng. Theo chng ch ni in. Cc im cn
ch khi kim tra l:
* Cng tc phi ban u v tr tt.
* kn ca ng dy ni in. Ch m bo dy ni t ng qui cch.
* Kim tra chc chn ca h thng .
* Kim tra ng thot nc ngng t , m bo cc mi ni phi kn kht.
* Kim tra cu ch cp in theo yu cu ca my.
* Cp in cho my chy v theo di qu trnh my chy v iu chnh nu
cn.

B phn t ngoi nh:

Kim tra nhng sai lch do vn chuyn my sinh ra. Kim tra lng
dch mi lm lnh np sn trong my. Nu vi , thiu , phi kim tra s r r
ca ng ng bn trong my.
Khi t my trn mt t th phi t trn b b tng cao hn mt t
chung quanh l 100 mm, kch thc b phi rng hn my mi chiu l 50
mm. My phi c chng rung vi b b tng bng l xo hay m cao su.
Khng gian c tm np bo v ng sau my v ng ly khng kh
vo phi thong, khng c vt cn. Hai pha cn li hai bn phi cch tng,
cy hay ca s t nht 300mm.
B phn t ngoi tri ny phi m bo nc ma khng chy trc tip
vo my. Khng gian t ming thi ra ca my khng b ngn cn trong phm
vi 1,5 mt v pha trc. Vic t my phi m bo ngang bng v ng u
phi c bo n.
Khi ni ng, vic ni v hn phi tun th qui trnh ni v cc qui nh
v hn ghi trong h s my. ng phi sch v kh. Phi ct ng ng bng
dao chuyn dng. Lp xong ng ng lnh phi ht chn khng ng opng
49
v b phn bn trong nh theo ng qui trnh ht chn khng cho my. Chy
th my t 2 n 12 gi h thng c thi gian n nh sau mi kim tra
qu trnh tra dch mi cht lnh vo my. ng ngng t t trong my ra ngoi
phi thng sut v bo n trnh ng sng.
Sau khi lp t xong li phi kim tra ton b h thng. Tin hnh xy
my nn theo thi gian qui nh trc khi chy ton b h thng my.

(vi) Lp my iu ho khng kh hai cc:

* Kim tra my v hiu chnh my do qu trnh vn chuyn lm sai lch.
* B phn trong nh cn lp t chc chn vo tng hoc trn bng bu lng
hoc vt n.
* B phn ngoi nh t trn gi chc chn v cn bng. Ming thi ca
my khng b cn tr.
* H thng ng ng bng ng ni b phn bn trong v ngoi nh phi
c lp t ng theo qui trnh lp t ng ng lnh. Khong cch, chnh
lch cao gia hai b phn trong v ngoi nh khng c vt qu ch s
qui nh trong ch dn ca nh ch to.
* Cc ng lnh u c bo n.
* ng thot nc ngng t phi m bo thng sut v x vo ni qui nh.

(vii) Lp h thng lnh:

Lp my:

H thng lnh thng dng cho iu ho khng kh trung tm. My lm lnh
kiu nn hi gm loi my nn piston v loi my nn ly tm.
Trong lp t cc loi my ny da vo qui phm lp t my ni chung
kim tra v phi da vo ti liu ca nh ch to.

Khi m thng cn kim tra tnh trng my c bc l. Phi theo di
danh mc cc ph kin , kim v s lng v tnh trng khuyt tt v hoen g.
Tu tnh trng cht lng m c gii php s l kp thi. Khi cn thit phi yu
cu b sung v thay th c hng ho tt cho s dng.

Khi mng my t cng , to mt lp bng phng , kim tra k
v kch thc, v tr v cao l bulng v chi tit ch. Mi vic n tho mi
lp my.
Sai s v khng bng phng v cc phng khng vt qu 0,2/1000.

Lp h ng lm lnh:
50

ng , van v cc chi tit phi c lau hoc ra sch s.
Cn th p sut ring r cho tng van ng ng dn mi cht lnh.
Khng c nhng ch un cong quay bng ln hoc xung trnh hin
tng to ti kh hay ti th lng m phi cho nhng hnh un nm trong
mt phng ngang. Qua tng hoc sn, ng xuyn phi c ng lng bao ngoi.
Mch hn khng c nm trong ng lng. Khe gia ng v bn trong ca ng
lng phi nhi kn bng vt liu cch nhit hoc vt liu khng chy. Cn tun
th ng qui nh ca nh ch to v chiu dc v dc ca ng khi lp t.

Cc chi tit v van phi m bo lp chnh xc theo ch dn ca nh ch
to v v tr, phng v chiu. Khng t tin thay i hay lp ngc chiu. Khi
lp van chn c tay cm th tay cm khng c hng xung di. u cc
van in t, van iu tit, van n nhit, van hm kiu ln xung u phi lp
thng ng ln trn. V tr lp cc van iu tit nhit v u cm ng nhit
phi lp tht chnh xc theo yu cu k thut , tun th ng ch dn ca nh
ch to.u cm ng phi c tip xc tt vi ng ng v c bc cch
nhit.

(vii) Chng n mn v cch nhit cho h ng ng:

Vic sn chng n mn phi c tin hnh ht sc cn thn. Trc khi
phun sn lt th mi chi tit c sn phi sch s, kh ro. Sn bao nhiu lp
phi theo ng hng dn ca nh ch to. Nu nhit mi trng khi sn b
thp di 15oC hoc m t th khng nn sn. Cht lng cc lp sn phi
m bo mng sn mng u, khng nhn , khng st, cm, ln bn.
Khi cc ng ng c kim tra cht lng hp chun mi c
bo n.
Thi cng cc lp cch nhit phi ph hp vi cc yu cu sau y:
* Vt liu s dng phi ng v chng loi, phm cht. Vt liu phi
c dn cht , ri u , khng trn , lng hay b t.
* Lp v ngoi bao lp cch nhit bng vt liu cng hoc na cng
phi kn kht, khe h gia cc mi ni khng qu 2mm v dng cht keo dnh
gn lin li vi nhau. Cc khe ngang phi so le. Khi lp cch nhit c chiu
dy ln hn 100 mm th lp cch nhit phi dn lm hai tng , gia cc tng
phi p cht.
* Lp cch nhit bng vt liu ri v cht liu mm phi p cht cho t
qui nh v dung trng. Khi buc vt liu giy tm vo ng ng phi m
bo khng c khe h cc mi ni.

Lp chng m phi t cc yu cu:

51
* Lp chng m phi dnh cht ln lp cch nhit, phi bc tht kn ,
khng c thiu ht, phng kh, gy gp, rn nt.
* Lp chng m phi t t u thp ln u cao ca ng ng. Mi
ni gia hai lp theo chiu ngang phi t sao cho lp pha trn ph ln lp
di, khe ni theo chiu dc phi bn cnh ng ng.
* Dng vt liu cun lm lp chng m c th dng kiu cun xon c
cun pha trn lp cch nhit, mp chng gia hai lp nn t 30~50mm.
* Nu dng giy du lm lp cch m c th lm bng cch bao cun
li, mp chng ni ca vt liu cun l 50 ~ 60 mm.

Lp bo v ngoi cng phi m bo:

* Lp bo v khng c lm hng lp chng m.
* Nu lp bo v l kim loi th phi x l chng n mn theo yu cu
ca thit k nh phi ni chng ln nhau m ch chng tip phi bng 30~40
mm . Ch chng tip lm cht bng inh vt t cng, inh tn ko v buc
cht.
* Nu lp bo v l vt liu qut ph th t l pha trn phi m bo
chnh xc, dy phi u, khng cm, cn phng nhn v khng c khe nt.

Cc ch u ca lp cch nhit phi c x l kn kht.

6. Kim tra h thng thng gi, iu ho khng kh v cp lnh:

(i) Kim tra h thng ng dn khng kh:

* Cn th kn kht ca tng on ng, ca nhnh ng trong tng h thng.
Phng php th thng dng l nn khng kh c hm lng khi
* Ch cho php bc cch nhit khi th xong ng ng.
* Cho vn hnh th nhm thi b bi bn v tp cht trong ng ng. Thi
gian chy th l 2 gi.
* Kim tra cc tiu ch an ton, bnh xe cng tc, cnh qut v quay d v
chiu quay. Nhit trc bi khng qu 70
o
C v trc bt khng qu 80
o
C.

(ii) Kim tra ng ca h thng lnh:

* Lm sch tp cht v bi bn bng cch bm thi kh tr ( N
2
).
* Th kn kht ca tng on ng, tng nhnh ng bng cch lp bch cho
kn tng on ng, bm khng kh n p sut qui nh, yu cu khng r r
kh. p sut th kn kht bng 1,5 ln p sut cng tc sau ny nhng
52
khng c nh thua 4 kG/cm
2
. Gi trong 1/2 gi , yu cu p sut khng
c gim.
* Th p sut ring cho tng van ng ng lnh

(iii) Kim tra h thng ng ng nc:

* ng ng c kim tra nh mc (ii) trn y.
* Vn hnh h thng bm ton b h thng c hot ng tun hon.
* o p lc nc ti cc im u chy , u ht ca trm bm, p lc nc
vo v ra ti cc b trao i nhit. Cc ch tiu p lc phi p ng yu cu ghi
trong h s ca nh ch to.
* Kim tra xong, x sch nc trong ng ng v tho ra van lc. Lp li v
tin hnh cc bc kim tra tip.

(iii) Kim tra b trao i nhit:

* B trao i nhit kim tra ti ni ch to , vn cn kim tra li vi p sut
khng nh hn 1,5 ln p sut khi lm vic cao nht trong thi gian 2 ~ 3 pht
m p sut th khng b suy gim.
* Nu cha kim tra ti ni ch to th th nh trn trong thi gian 30 pht.

(iv) Kim tra s lm vioc ca h thng lnh:
* Thi b tp cht, th kn kht, rt chn khng, bm mi cht lnh v chy
th. C s nh ra cht lng l nhng qui nh trong ti liu ny ngoi ra
cn cn c vo cc yu cu ghi trong l lch my do nh ch to cung cp.
* Khi chy th c ti hoc khng ti th h thng my nn kiu piston phi ph
hp vi cc qui nh sau:
+ Thn my phi gn cht ch vi b .
+ ng h v thit b in c kim nh trc khi lp t v
hiu chnh hot ng chnh xc.
+ Thi gian chy khng ti t nht 2 gi.
+ Thi gian chy th c ti t nht 4 gi.
+ Nhit ca du v cc b phn cn ph hp vi cc ch dn k thut
ca thit b.
+ Nhit nc gii nhit khng qu 35
o
C ti u vo v 45
o
C ti u
ra ca my lnh.

Cc my kiu ly tm cng cn chy th v cc tiu ch t c phi
ph hp nh h s do nh ch to cung cp.
Nc cp cho h tun hon nc lnh v nc gii nhit phi p ng
cc yu cu ca my v:

53
pH : 7,6
Hm lng st: 0,05 mg/l
cng ton phn: 17,8 dH
cng cacbnat: 13,5 dH
Lng hu c trong mi trng axit: 2,4 mg/l
Lng hu c trong mi trng kim 1,44 mg/l
Hm lng magi Mg : 25,7 mg/l
Hm lng canxi Ca : 84,4 mg/l
Hm lng nhm Al : 3,8 mg/l
Hm lng clo Cl : 30,0 mg/l

(v) Chy th ton b h thng:

* Nu thit b bm mi cht lnh v ng kn th chy th ti v tr lp
t vi thi gian khng t hn 8 gi.
* Nu my cha bm cht mi lm lnh th phi tun theo ch dn ca nh ch
to thit b v tun theo cc ch dn sau:
My nn ch hot ng sau khi vn hnh cc qut gi.
Qut gi ch ngng hot ng khi my nn ngng hot ng.

Vi my iu ho trung tm th:
+ Khi ng h thng nc h thng hot ng tun hon, x sch
kh trong h thng.
+ p sut nc trc v sau my iu ho phi ph hp vi thit b.
+ Khi ng h thng nc gii nhit h thng hot ng tun hon
i vi my lnh s dng nc gii nhit.
+ Khi ng my lnh, h thng bm du v qut ngng t hot ng
trc khi my nn hot ng i vi h thng gii nhit bng khng kh.
+ Khi ng qut thi, qut ht tun hon ca cc h thng dn khng
kh.
+ Chy th ton b h thng khng t hn 8 gi.
+ Khi ngng hot ng tun theo trnh t : ngng my nn, sau 2 pht
th ngng bm du, tip theo l ngng qut gi v cui cng l my bm nc.

Kim tra chi tit ca h thng cn tun theo cc yu cu :

* Dng kh kh thi b cht bn vi p sut 6 kG/cm
2
. Dng vi trng kim
tra , sau 5 pht m khng c vt bn l hp chun. Sau khi thi phi tho cc
rut van ra ty ra , tr van an ton.
* Th kn kht trong 24 gi. Sau 6 gi u , gim p khng c qu 0,3
kG/cm
2
. Ch sau 18 gi na m p sut khng gim mi t yu cu.
* p sut di khi th chn khng :
54
H amnic p sut th nghim khng qu 60 mmHg.
H freon p sut th nghim khng qu 40 mmHg.
Duy tr ch ny trong 24 gi vi p sut ca h amnic khng thay
i. p sut ca h freon khng tng hn 4 mmHg l t yu cu.
Bm mi cht lnh va phi vo h thng theo trnh t nh sau:
+ H thng dng amnic th tng p n 1~2 kG/cm2 dng giy ch th mu (
phnolephtaline ) kim tra r r.
+ H thng dng freon th tng n 2~3 kG/cm2 , dng n x halogen hay
my o halogen kim tra.

Ch khi khng thy c hin tng r r mi tng p sut n cc ch s
k thut qui nh. Khi bm ch phng trnh cht bn hay khng kh lt vo.

Sau khi kim tra thy cc tiu ch thng s cha khp vi h s do nh
sn xut bn giao th phi iu chnh theo s hng dn ca ngi cung cp
my.

7. Nghim thu h thng thng gi, iu ho khng kh v cp lnh:

Phi thnh lp Hi ng nghim thu bao gm cc thnh vin : Ch u
t c k s t vn m bo cht lng l ngi gip vic , n v thi cng , nh
thu chnh, t vn thit k v cng trnh v cng ngh.
Cc yu cu nghim thu: da vo c s l yu cu thit k v yu cu s
dng ghi trong b h s mi thu , tiu chun v qui phm ch to , lp t
thit b loi ny. Da vo yu cu an ton v thm m chung ca cng trnh.
H s nghim thu bao gm : Bn v thit k, h s k thut v cc yu
cu k thut ca nh ch to lp nn , bn v hon cng ca h thng thng
gi v iu ho khng kh, chng ch hp chun ca thit b , cc bin bn
kim tra , th nghim v nghim thu tng phn trong qu trnh ch to v lp
t.
Bin bn kim tra th nghim cc thng s k thut ca h thng
Kim tra chng ch hp chun ca cc thit b trc khi lp t.
Khi kim tra h thng cn tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
Kim tra bng mt thng ton b h thng ng ng, cc thit b
chnh, cc chi tit quan trng ca h thng vn hnh c ti.
Kim tra s hot ng ca bng iu khin , vn hnh thit b ca h
thng , kim tra qui trnh hng dn vn hnh ca h thng.
K kt vn bn nghim thu nu khng cn hiu chnh hay sa cha.

Vn bn yu cu c thit lp v lu gi:

Thuyt minh thi cng v bin bn hon cng ca h thng.
55
S dng chy cht lng, dng chuyn ng khng kh, s cn
bng cho tng my hon chnh, s vn hnh h thng , bn v cu to v
ch dn bao dng vi tng loi thit b.
S vn hnh my, bn v cu to my v ch dn bo dng.
Giy chng nhn xut xng hp chun hoc ti liu kim nghim ca
cc loi vt liu s dng, thit b lp t v khng lp t , thnh phm, bn
thnh phm v ng h o.
H s c lp khi nghim thu bao gm:
Bin bn nghim thu lin hp h thng iu ho khng kh
Bin bn th nghim v kim tra cht lng chi tit tng b phn.
Bin bn o c kim tra cc thng s k thut.
Bin bn th nghim v sinh h thng.

56
Chng VI

H thng cp nc bn trong nh

H thng cp nc bn trong nh bao gm h thng cp nc n ung,
cp nc cho sinh hot , cp nc sn xut v dch v, cp nc cha chy. H
thng ny c ng ng dn nc vo nh, ng h o nc, mng li ng
ng chnh, ng nhnh, ng phn phi nc dn n cc im dng nc, n
cc dng c v sinh, cc thit b sn xut v thit b cha chy.
Tu tnh hnh h thng cp nc bn ngoi m h thng cp nc
bn trong nh cn c thm my bm, kt nc p lc, kt nc kh nn, b
cha nc b tr trong hay gn cng trnh.

1. Qui nh chung:

H cp nc n ung sinh hot phi m bo cp nc c cht lng do
Nh nc qui nh cho nc dng n ung. Nc sn xut v dch v phi
p ng cc yu cu ca cng ngh , khng n mn ng ng v ph tng,
khng lng cn v pht trin cht bm trong ng ng. H thng cp nc
sinh hot ly t ngun nc thnh ph khng c ni c nh vi cc ng
ng cp nc sinh hot ly t cc ngun cc b, ch tr khi c s tho thun
ca c quan qun l h thng cp nc ca thnh ph hay a phng s ti.
Phi lp t ng ng cp nc cha chy trong nh vi cc trng
hp:
* Trong cc nh sn xut
* Trong nh gia nh t 4 tng tr ln, nh tp th , khch sn, ca
hng n ung t 5 tng tr ln.
* Trong cc nh hnh chnh t 6 tng tr ln. Trng hc t 3 tng tr
ln.
* Trong nh ga, kho tng, cc loi cng trnh cng cng khc, nh ph
tr cho cc cng trnh cng nghip c khi tch trn 5000 m3.
* Trong nh ht, rp chiu bng, cu lc b c ch ngi t 300 ch tr
ln.

2. H cp nc bn trong:

57
Vic la chn h thng cp nc bn trong do ngi thit k cn c vo
yu cu ca ch u t m thit lp phng n thng qua ch u t trc
khi thit k chi tit.
H thng ny phi m bo tiu chun s dng nhm cung cp s
lng nc cn dng v cht lng nc ng yu cu.

Theo yu cu ny, trong h s kim tra h thng cp nc bn trong
phi c chng ch kim tra cht lng nc v p lc nc chung v ti cc
im c qui nh.

(i) Vt t s dng trong h thng:

Mi vt t, thit b , ph kin a vo s dng trong h thng cp nc
bn trong nh cn c kim tra theo h s thit k . Vi tiu chun cht lng
nc dng cho h thng bn trong nh th ng ng thch hp nn l ng thp
trng km khi ng knh ng n 70 mm, ng thp khng trng km , ng
gang khi ng knh trn 70 mm.
Vi mng li ng ng cp nc sn xut khng dng n ung m
c yu cu khc nh lm mm nc, chng ct nc , c th dng ng nha .
Cc ph kin v thit b ng ng, cc ch ni cn t v tr d kim
tra v d sa cha khi cn thit.
Mt ngoi ca ng kim loi cn c lp bo v chng g, chng n mn.
Nhng ng mo, bp , st g, khng c s dng . u ren phi c
bo qun rng ren khng b dp hoc mn.
Cc ph kin ng ng phi hp cch , s dng d dng v tin cy.
ng c th ni theo kiu mng sng, kiu rcco, hn nhng phi m
bo cc qui nh v mi ni trong qui phm lp rp ng ng. c php s
dng cc vt liu h cao su , ay tm nha cho cc ni ni nhng phi m
bo kn kht khi th p lc.

(ii) Lp t:

H thng ng ng i ngm di t phi c thit lp thnh bn v
v lu gi trong h s hon cng . Khong cch nh nht theo mt bng ngang
ca ng ng nc n cc ng ng khc chn ngm di t theo qui
nh sau y:

58

Khong cch nh nht t ng nc vo nh (m) ng knh
ng(mm) n ng
thot nc
n ng dn
nhit
n ng dn
hi
Nh hn 200
Ln hn 200
1,5
3
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
ng vo nh ni vi mng ca thnh ph phi c ging t van kho
nc. Nu ng ng nh hn 40 mm th t van chn v khng nht thit
phi xy ging van. Khi ng dn vo nh bng gang v p lc ca ng ng
bn ngoi ln hn 50 m th nhng ch ngot ca ng ng dn nc vo
nh phi xy tr ng.
ng ng dn nc vo nh xuyn qua tng hm hay tng mng nh
u phi b tr l cha sn. Ni t kh khong rng gia hai ng v pha trn
t ra phi bng 0,15 mt v nhi khe h gia hai ng bng ay tm nha hay
tm du. t chung quanh l cha m t hay sng nc cn c l chn ngn
nc u ng cha.
Khi cn t chung cc ng ng k thut trong mng ngm th ng
ng dn hi, dn nc nng t bn trn ng nc lnh. ng ng dn nc
cha chy khng t dc theo v ko, dc theo ct kim loi.
ng nc cp khng t bn trong cc ng thng gi, thng hi,
thng khi.

Cc ng ng chnh, ng nhnh, ng phn phi nc dn n cc dng
c v sinh u t c dc t 0,002 n 0,005 v pha ng ng ng hay
im ly nc. Ti cc im thp nht ca ng ng phi t thit b x nc.
ng chnh, ng nhnh trong nh sn xut phi t h. Nu khng t h c
cho php t ng nc cp chung vi ng ng khc trong cng rnh
nhng rnh ny khng c c cc ng dn kh, dn cht lng d bt la hoc
c cht c.
ng nc sinh hot c th t chung vi ng nc thot trong iu
kin rnh kh.

Cc hng nc cha chy bn trong nh phi b tr gn li ra vo, trn
chiu ngh cu thang, tin snh, hnh lang v nhng ni d thy, d s
dng. So vi mt sn th chiu cao ca hng cha chy t cao 1,25 mt.
Mi hng cha chy phi ni vi ng mm bng bt qut cao su bn trong c
di t 10~30 mt c u ni v lng phun nc t trong t ring. T
ny c cnh ca lp loi knh dy khng qu 3 mm m khi v ch v vn,
khng c mnh to v sc cnh, trn mt knh sn k hiu ngn la mu v
ch " cu ho ".
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Cc van kho nc ca h cp nc trong nh phi t nhng v tr sau
y:
Trn ng dn nc vo nh.
Trn mng li phn nhnh khp vng m bo c th ng tng on
ng sa cha.
Trn mng vng ca h thng cp nc sn xut tnh ton m bo
cp nc ti thit b hot ng lin tc t hai pha ca mch vng.
Ti chn ng ng cp nc cha chy c t 5 hng cha chy v mi
on cha chy.
Ti chn ng ng sinh hot hoc cp nc sn xut trong nh cao t 3
tng tr ln.
Ti ng nhnh c t 5 vi nc tr ln.
Ti ng nhnh vo tng cn h , ng nhnh ti vi x, bnh x trn cc
ng nhnh dn nc ti vi tm v chu ra mt.
Trc vi cng cng, vi nc ti cy bn ngoi.
Trc cc thit b my mc c bit trong trng hp cn thit.
Trn mng li ng ng cp nc sinh hot v nc cha chy c
thit k vng kn th c 5 hng cha chy c mt van kho cho mt tng.
Nhng trng hp van kho trn ng cp nc t qua nh hng, nh
n cng cng v cc phng xy kt hp vi nh m khng th kim tra ban
m c th nn b tr ngoi nh.

Mi ph tng ng ng, vi nc, vi trn , cc ph tng ni ca h
thng cp nc sinh hot , h thng cha chy u tnh vi p lc lm vic l
60 mt. Ph tng lp cho h cp nc sn xut theo yu cu ring ca cng
ngh.
Ti nhng a im trong thnh ph m mng li cp c p lc d
cc nh nhiu tng c th t nhng thit b iu chnh p lc nh rng en
thay i tit din nc qua hay nu p lc thay i tht thng th trang b b
phn iu chnh p lc iu khin c.
Cn thit k chng n , chng rung cho thit b v ng ng.

(iii) Kim tra:

H thng cp nc trong nh cn c kim tra tng on khi lp t
xong. Bm th p lc phi p ng yu cu ghi trong thit k v h s my
mc hoc thit b c cung cp. Thng thng p lc th l 12 kG/cm
2
v lu
gi trong 30 pht, nu p lc khng gim l chp nhn c. Cn chnh sa
ngay nhng khuyt tt khi pht hin trong qu trnh th v sau khi sa xong li
phi th n khi t yu cu. Khng c dn n khi kim tra xong ton
b mi sa v lm nh th s b st cng vic sa m gy tr ngi v ko di
thi gian hon thin.
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3. My bm cp nc:

Khi mng li ng ng cp nc bn ngoi thng xuyn hay tng
thi gian khng p lc m cn thit a nc ln cc tng ca cng trnh
cn thit k trm bm tng p. Khng c lp my bm ht trc tip trn
ng ng dn nc vo nh m phi ht qua b cha nc iu ho.

Khng c t my bm trc tip di cc cn h, cc phng ca nh
tr, cc lp hc ca trng ph thng, cc phng iu tr ca bnh vin, phng
hnh chnh, ging ng trng i hc, v cc phng tng t khc.
Khong cch cho php nh nht gia cc thit b t trong phng my bm nh
sau:
T mp bin ca my bm n tng nh t nht phi cch nhau 70 mm .
Khong cch gia cc mng cng phi cch nhau ln hn 70 mm.
T cnh ca my bm pha ng ht n mt tng nh i din t nht
cch l 1000 mm. T cnh my bm pha c ng c in phi cch tng mt
khong cho khi tho rto m khng cn tho c ng c in.

My bm c lp t ng v tr qui nh trong bn v.
Khi lp my phi kim tra m bo my c lp cn bng. Trc
ngang ca ng c phi nm t th ngang bng, sai s ngang khng qu
0,1 mm . Sau khi xit cht bulng neo my vo b , phi kim tra v nghim
thu v cn bng ca my , sau chn kn phn di b my bng va
ximng ct 1:2 v mt trn lp chn c nh mu xi mng to sch s cho
my.

i vi cc b cha trc khi lp t cc trang b ca h thng cp nc
phi kim tra cng tc xy dng nh kn chng thm ca b, kch thc v
v tr cc l ch cho ng qua. Sau khi lp t trang b, mi khe h gia ng v
vch l xuynphi nhi vt liu chng thm nh si ay tm nha ri trt kn
ph bn ngoi bng va xi mng hay bt p bng mt bch kim loi m bo
khng cho nc r r qua.

61
Chng VII

H thng thot nc bn trong nh

H thng thot nc bn trong nh c nhng nhim v sau y:
* Thot nc ma trn mng x ra h thng thot nc bn ngoi.
* Thot nc qua s dng ra khi nh . Nc qua s dng l nc t cc
thit b v sinh, nc dng trong sinh hot nh nc ra , nc git , nc tm,
nc t khu sn xut nh trong nh .
H thng thot nc bn trong gm : thit b v sinh nh phu thu, chu
ra, chu git, chu x, chu tiu ... , ng ng nhnh thot nc, ng ng
ng, ng x nc, ng thot chnh, van, kho, ng thng tc, ng kim tra, cc
dng ng dn nc thot khc.
i vi nhiu cng trnh nc ngoi thit k cn b ngn cc dng m ,
x phng hoc x l cc b trc khi ra h thot nc chung.

1. H thot nc bn trong:

H thot nc tu tnh hnh cng trnh vi nhng cng nng c th m c
th c h thot nc thi sinh hot , h thot nc sn xut , h thot nc hn
hp c nc thi vi nc sn xut v h thot nc ma trn mi dn xung.
Nc thi c nhit trn 40
o
C phi lm ngui trc khi x vo mng
li thot th.
Cc ng ng, cc ph kin phi bn, m bo cht lng v sinh,
chng c cc tc ng ca nhit , tc ng n mn , d lm sch s. Khi
chn vt liu ng ng phi da vo cc thnh phn c trong nc thi.
Nu cc ph kin bng gang khng trng men th trc khi thi cng lp
t phi qut sn chng g cho c hai mt trong v ngoi. Mt trong ca cc
dng c v sinh bng gang phi c trng men v mt ngoi sn chu nc
hoc trng men lt ri sn chu nc.
B mt dng c v sinh bng thp phi trng men knh c hai mt trong
v ngoi.
B mt dng c v sinh bng gm s phi c lp men ph.
Mt trong v ngoi ca cc thit b v sinh bng gch hay b tng th lp
ph ngoi phi l va xi mng nh mu.
Khng nn dng thit b v sinh bng granit v xi mng thu nc thi
sinh hot phn, nc tiu.
Cc thit b v sinh ni vi ng ng u qua ng xiphng t ngay
di hay trong dng c v sinh ny.
Thit k s qui nh v tr t dng c v sinh v s lng thit b v sinh.
62
Chu x phi c thit b hnh x hay vi xc ra. Bnh x c t cao t
mt sn ln y bnh l 1,80 mt. on ng ni t bnh x n b x c ng
knh l 32 mm , bng thp, thp trng km v cng c th lm bng ng nha
c ng knh 25 mm.
Cn kim tra kch thc t mt sn n mp trn ca chu x bt t 0,40
mt n 0,42 mt. i vi cc khu v sinh ca trng tiu hc chiu cao t mt
sn n mt trn ca x bt l 0,33 m . Nh tr, trng mu gio th kch thc
ny l 0,26 m.
Mt trn ca x xm t 33 ~ 40 cm so vi mt sn phng x.
ng knh phu thu nc thi c ng knh t 50 , 75 , 100 mm thu
nc thi trn sn.
Vi phng tm ng knh phu thu nc nh sau:
Nu c 2 vi hng sen tr v ng knh phu thu l 75 mm.
Nu c 3~4 vi hng sen ng knh phu thu nn l 100mm.
dc ca sn phng tm hng sen phi bng 0,01 ~ 0,02 . Rnh thot nc
h trong phng tm hng sen phi rng t nht l 0,1 m v c chiu su khi
thu l 0,05 m v c dc 0,01 v pha phu thu.
Trong cc nh sn xut , cc phng th nghim m qui trnh s dng
c kh nng gy bc la ln o qun hoc gy bng ho cht cn t vi tm s
c , chu ra d phng hay b nc d tr ti nhng v tr ngi i li nhiu.
Phng x c t 3 chu x tr ln, phng ra mt c 5 chu ra tr ln cn t
vi ra.
Khi kim tra vt liu s dng trong h thot nc ch cc thnh kim
loi ca bn tm, khay tm phi ni vi ng cp nc cn bng in th.

2. Mng li ng ng thot nc bn trong:

Mng li thot nc bn trong thot nc thi sinh hot v nc ma
bn trong phi dng ng gang thot nc, ng cht do, ng xi mng hay ng
snh trng men hai mt. Nc thi sn xut c th dng ng gang, ng snh
trng men hai mt , ng b tng , ng xi mng, ng thu tinh, ng cht do v
ng thp.
Chn vt liu no tu thuc loi nc thi do bn thit k ngh . Nu
bn thit k khng ngh loi vt liu c th, nh thu c th ngh loi vt
t s dng v t vn m bo cht lng s tham mu ch u t m i
din l ch nhim d n duyt.
Nhng ng thot nc t chu ra n ng ng c php dng ng
thp hay ng thp m km. Khi dng ng snh phi tun theo TCVN 3786-
1994 ng snh thot nc v ph tng s dng thot nc thi sinh hot v
nc ma bn trong nh dn dng c tiu chun thp.
63
Phi lu vic t ng kim tra hay ng thng tc. Vi nh cao tng ,
vic t ng thng tc phi b tr c 3 tng li c mt ng dc theo ng ng.
Tu thuc loi nc thi m b tr ng thng tc nhiu hay t.

3. Trm bm thot nc v cng trnh lm sch cc b :

Nu nc thi khng t chy ra ng thot cng cng c th phi b
tr trm bm thot nc. Cp in cho trm bm nc thi phi s dng hai
ngun. Khi khng thit k c hai ngun , phi c ng x d phng. Lp t
cc trang b bm thot nc tham kho cng tc kim tra khi lp trm bm v
my bm cp nc.
Khi nc thi cha cc cht d chy, cc cht l lng , du , m , axit,
cc cht c hi lm ph hu mng ng ng phi c gn lng lm sch
trc. Phi ch m bo cc b phn c nhng chc nng khc nhau trong
vic lm sch cc b nc thi nh song chn rc, b lng ct, b lng cn, b
thu m ni, b thu hi cht lng chy nh xng, du, m, b trung ho axit hay
kim v cc cng trnh khc. Ho cht c trong nc thi phi c kh c
trng khi dn ra dng nc thi cng cng.
Cht thi c kh nng gy ly nhim do vi khun nh nc thi bnh
vin cn kh dit trc khi a vo h thot nc cng cng.
Cn da vo tnh cht ca tng trang b , cc yu cu s dng m nu cc
yu cu kim tra v nu cn, cn th nghim trc khi cho lp kn lm cc
phn khc.
Vn thot nc thi c nhiu im rt mi so vi trc y v l do
dn s tng nhanh, cc thit b cp nc, thot nc phi s dng ht cng sut,
cc tc ng c hc , ho hc , sinh hc rt a dng khin mi yu cu an ton
cho mi trng lun b e do. Chc nng ca t vn gim st thi cng v
nghim thu cn c suy ngh nghim tc xy dng mt mi trng lnh mnh
cho con ngi trong khi h thng tiu chun thit k, kim tra , nghim thu cn
gii hn.

64

Chng VIII

Cng tc thi cng v nghim thu
vic lp t cc thit b

Hin nay khng ch nh cng nghip mi c cc thit b cn lp t m
ngay trong cc phng th nghim , nh , nh cng cng cng c nhiu my
mc cn lp t c nh.

Cng vic lp t cc thit b, my mc cn m bo chnh xc vic
vn hnh bnh thng , ko di tui th ca my mc.
Bi ging ny cp n cc my cn lp trn b my s dng trong nh
dn dng , my khng ln lm .

1. Cc yu cu ca cng tc lp t my mc , thit b:

1.1 Cn kim tra my mc cn thn ngay khi m hm my , m bo
y cc b phn , cc chi tit , ng chng loi nh thit k ch nh, tnh
nguyn vn ca my, mc bo qun v h hng nh cn s l .

1.2 Mt bng t my phi ng v tr v m bo s trng khp v
tng tc gia cc b phn v cc my vi nhau , khng sai lch nh hng
n qu trnh vn hnh.

1.3 Mt bng t my phi thng bng qu trnh vn hnh khng gy
lc ph tc ng vo cc chi tit my ngoi mong mun.

1.4 Mng my phi tho mn cc iu kin v chng rung , chng thm ,
chng dch chuyn qua qu trnh vn hnh.

2. Chun b thi cng lp t my:

2.1 Giao nhn h s v thit k v ch dn lp t my.

Bn nh thu lp t cn nhn y h s v my , ch dn lp t ca
ngi ch to my t pha ch u t . Kim tra cc h s , giy t v
nghin cu trc h s lp t my.
2.2 i chiu gia h s v thc a

65
Pht hin nhng sai lch nu c v yu cu tin hnh chnh sa cc sai
lch. Theo di vic chnh sa cc sai lch theo s phn cng cho t khp vi
h s.
Mi sai lch v cch s l khc phc sai lch cn lp vn bn c xc
nhn ca bn ch u t , i din bn cung cp my v nh thu chnh cng
vi nh thu lp my.

2.3 Thi cng mng my:

Vic thi cng mng my cn ph hp vi s sp t mng my trong bn
v thi cng lp t. Cu to lp nn mng my phi ph hp vi thit k.
Cn c cc cc nh ng di y mng xc nh ng chiu cao lp
ct cn lt di mng my. Ct lt di mng my phi l ct ht trung sch.
Phi ti nc vi lng nc va phi cho ct m v m cht. Trc khi
t khun cho mng my cn t lp chng thm bo v mng my.
Nu v tr mng my khng lm nh hng n cht lng nc ngm
khu vc , c th s dng lp chng thm bng PVC. Nu mi trng t my
c th c kh nng nh hng n cht lng nc ngm, nn dng loi mng
chng thm h VOLCLAY nh voltex, voltex DC , swelltite . . . Nhng cht
to nn mng chng thm ny l cc khong cht t nhin , n nh cao di
tc ng ca nc. Cc sn phm VOLCLAY hin c Cng ty IDC Centepro
phn phi ti th trng nc ta.
Bn ngoi lp chng thm khi cn chng rung cho my v mng my s
t cc lp thch hp v chng loi vt liu , chiu dy lp, do ngi thit k
ch nh trc khi lp t quanh mng my. Bin php thng lm l lp chung
quanh mng my bng ct ht trung. Cng c th chn bng vt liu xp
stiropore .

t cp pha cho mng my khi s l y mng my bng lp chng
thm. Cn ht sc ch cho cc gc mng my c vung vc nu khng c
ch nh g khc. Mun cho hnh dng mt bng mng my c ng hnh ch
nht hay vung , sau khi kim tra cc chiu di cnh , cn kim tra chiu di
ng cho. Nu chiu di cc ng cho tng ng bng nhau , mt bng
mng m bo vung vn.

V tr l chn bu lng gi my vo mng my cn m bo chnh xc.
Tt nht l dp ly mu mt bng my xc nh l bu lng , sau lm
dng cm bu lng trc khi b tng.
Kim tra v tr v tr bulng cn o nhiu cch khc nhau khng c sai
lch dn truyn v bin dng v tr.

66
Nu my cha sn sng m phi lm mng my trc , l bu lng c
cha bng cc l c su theo qui nh v nn l l vung c kch thc tit
din ngang 100x100 mm . Lm khun cho l ny nn lm c vut hi nh
khi xung su d rt ln. xong b tng nn rt khun ny sau 4 ~ 5 gi.
Nu c bm dnh cht khng rt d dng c .

Khi chun b a my ra hin trng , cn chnh sa mt trn cng ca
mng my. Cn kim tra cao trnh t my , chnh xc n 2mm. Vi nhng
my chnh xc , yu cu cn chnh ngang bng n sai s nh hn 1/10 mm.
Lp va mng hon thin mt mng my nn khi lp my xong s hon
thin.
B tng nhi l chn bu lng ch thc hin sau khi lp xong bulng v
chn my. B tng ny c cht lng cao hn b tng lm mng my t nht
15% v pha thm ph gia lm cho xi mng khng co ngt v trng n nh
trong qu trnh ng rn ca xi mng nh Sikagrout , bt tro l than , bt cc
loi alit.
Khi kim tra v tr mng my, ph hp vi v tr thit k , cao trnh
mt lp t mng my , v tr v chiu su l t bulng neo my , lp h s
bin bn ghi nhn s kim tra ny v cc cch s l khi cn chnh , mi a
my n gn ni sp lp t m hm my.

2.4 Vn chuyn my n gn ni thi cng

Mi cng tc vn chuyn cn ht sc cn thn , trnh va p hoc lm v
thng bao b , bo v. Phi vn chuyn cc hm my trong tnh trng nguyn
hm.
Khi cn nng ct , phi s dng cn trc c sc trc , cao nng v tay
vi p ng yu cu ca vic nng ct. Cn mc vo tm y ton b hm
my vi lng mc cu sao cho nng c ton b my nh ch dan ca nh
ch to my thit k v bn cung ng my qui nh. Cn quan st bn ngoi
bao b v theo ch dn v v tr im cu. Thng thng bn ng bao b c v
hnh dy xch ti cc v tr c php cu bn ngoi hm my hoc trn bao b.
Khi im cu trn 3 , phi ch cho chiu di dy cu cn bng trnh b
lch hm my trong qu trnh nng ct.
Nn m hm my gn ni lp nht c th c v ch m hm my khi
thi tit khng ma.
Nu khng c iu kin chuyn my bng phng tin c gii trong c
l ngn ca cng trng, c th dng ti , palng xch ko chuyn trn mt
trt. Mt trt nn l nhng mt ghp g rng phn b c p lc
ca my xung nn vi p lc khng qu ln ( nn nh hn 2kG/cm2). Cn b
tr k lt di bn trt cho m bo sc chu ca nn vi trng lng my m
khng gy ln lch my trong qu trnh dch chuyn. Nn mt trt phi
67
cng my khng b ln trong qu trnh trt. Nu nn di mt trt qu
yu, nn gia cng bng lp ct trn vi hay gch v vi t l c u hay
gch v khng t hn 30%. Chiu dy lp ct ln gch v khng nh hn 250
mm.

Cc im mc , im ko phi m bo cho khng vng vo my m
ko chuyn c ton b y di chuyn. lt thng my cn song song
vi hng dch chuyn.
H con ln phi nm trn v s lng con ln cho my dch
chuyn u m khng b chuyn hng do thiu con ln.
Qu trnh ln chuyn m gp ma , phi ngng cng vic v che y cn
thn hm my , trnh b ma lm t hm my.
Khng c buc ngang thn hm my ti , ko. Ch c buc im
ti ko vo thanh tm sn y gn vi hm my.

S dng ti hay palng xch ko th qu trnh ko ch c dch
chuyn vi tc khng qu 0,20 m/giy. Khi cho trt xung dc phi c ti
hm khng ch tc v k chn.

Trc khi tin hnh ti trt lm my dch chuyn phi kim tra an ton.
Phi chun b con nm chng s trt vt qu tc cho php. Cn ch
sao cho thanh nm v con nm trong qu trnh phi lm vic khng vo
ngi v cc b phn ca c th ngi lao ng. Qu trnh ti, ko , trt my
phi c ngi ch huy chung. Ngi ny ra lnh thc hin cc thao tc v quan
st chung v iu phi s nhp nhng , trnh mt an ton.
Phi kim tra s ton vn ca dy cu , cp ti . Nu dy cp t 5% s
si trong mt bc cp th khng c dng si cp ny v phi thay th bng
dy cp tt hn. Dy cp b loi , khng c ti hin trng thi cng ,
trnh vic nhm ln cng nh quyt nh dng ba khi tnh hung gp gp.
Dy cp phi bi du , m theo ng qui ch vn hnh.

2.5 M hm , m bao b my.

Trc khi m hm my , phi lp bin bn ghi nhn tnh trng bn ngoi
ca hm trc khi m v lp bin bn c ba bn xc nhn : ch u t, nh
cung ng my v bn nh thu thi cng.
Phi r hm my nh nhng theo cch ny nh tng tm vn hay tho
tng mng. Hn ch v khng s dng bin php ph , p vn hm my. Nu
nh ch to dng inh ng hm my, cn s dng nhng loi xbeng chuyn
dng nh inh. Nu hm my c bt vt , phi tho vt nh nhng. Nu s
dng bulng hay inh tn th phi c bin php tho vi cng c chun b trc
68
m bin php tho ny phi c s ph duyt ca cn b t vn m bo cht
lng bn cnh ch u t bng vn bn.

Khi bc l phn my bn trong cng cn ghi nhn bng vn bn tnh
trng chung trc khi kim chi tit. Nhng iu cn lu trong bin bn tnh
trng chung : s gn gi ca my ln x ca thng , bao b chng m , s
bao ph cc lp chng g , s lng bao , ti cha ph kin, tnh trng nguyn
vn ca bao ti , ti ng catalogues v ch dn lp t km trong hm my.
Khi kim tra chi tit phi xem xt k tnh trng nguyn vn ca chi tit
vi va chm c hc, vi tnh trng st g . Cn i chiu vi danh mc cc chi
tit trong catalogues ghi chp y cc yu t cht lng , s lng. Cn
bo qun c ngn np v ghi tn , ghi y s lng cc chi tit d phng
theo danh mc sau khi kim k , kim tra .

2.6 Thi cng mng my

Phi kim tra vic chun b trc khi b tng mng my. Nhng iu
cn c ghi chp trong bin bn nghim thu cho php b tng bao gm:
* V tr mng my so vi cc trc chnh ca nh.
* Cao trnh mt mng theo thit k v ca cp pha hin trng.
* Cao trnh y mng my ti v tr tng lp chun b ca nn.
* Chiu dy cc lp chun b di y mng my.
* Kch thc hnh hc ca phn thng thu ca cppha.
* Tnh trng chng , vng v k m ca cppha.
* Tnh trng lp chng m y mng v s chun b cho chng thm
thnh mng my bao gm vt liu , cch thi cng v tnh trng thc t.
* Tnh trng lp chng dnh cho cp pha ( nu c )
* Cc chi tit t sn bng thp hoc bng vt liu khc trong mng my
theo thit k.
* V tr cc chi tit khun cho bulng hoc bulng neo gi my cn c
kim tra ht sc chnh xc. Dng cch xc nh theo nhiu to khc nhau
loi tr sai s.
S cho php b tng mng my l kt lun ca bin bn kim tra s
chun b b tng mng my.

Vi nhng mng my ln phi thit k bin php chng nt do btng
to nhit qua qu trnh ng rn. S phn chia mng my thnh khi nh chng
hiu ng to nhit trong qu trnh ho ca xi mng cng nh cc bin php
hn ch tc hi do to nhit bng cc bin php vt l nh s dng qut gi ,
nc , ct liu lnh , phi c lp v bo v phng n, c thit k v c
t vn gim st duyt trc khi a b tng n cng trng.
69
Nu chiu cao mng my khng qu 1,2 mt , chiu rng ca cnh ln
nh hn 4 mt, s dng ximng Pooclng ph thng th khng cn c bin
php chng hiu ng to nhit . Vi loi mng ny , cho php xoa trn mt
chng vt nt li ti sau khi b tng 4 gi v chm nht trc 5 gi phi xoa
xong b mt. Nu kch thc mng ln hn, phi c gii php chng nt do to
nhit khi ximng ng kt.
Khi b tng em n hin trng cn kim tra st , c mu kim tra
cng mi c s dng. Mu c cn c gn nhn ghi r s hiu mu,
ngy gi ly mu v kt cu c s dng.
B tng thnh tng lp khp y mng, mi lp dy 250 ~ 300 mm
m k d dng. Lp trn c ph ln lp di khi lp b tng di cn
ti , ngha l b tng lp di cha bt u ninh kt.
S dng m chn ng su ( m di ) m th khi m lp trn ,
mi m phi ngp trong lp di t nht 50 mm.
Nu phi s dng cc bin php h nhit trong qu trnh b tng ng
rn th cn tun th nghim ngt qui trnh bo v v c duyt.
Sau khi b tng 6 gi phi tin hnh bo dng nh Tiu chun qui
nh.

3. Qu trnh lp t my:

Trc khi lp t thit b phi tin hnh khu lm v sinh, ty ra nhng
du , m s dng bo qun chng g trong qu trnh vn chuyn v ct gi.
Nhng chi tit c lm v sinh , ty ra sch phi sp xp c th t
trn nn sch s , c lt ming vi nha PVC chng lm , bi.
Qu trnh lm v sinh phi ht sc cn thn , chng va chm mnh , lm
xy xc. Nu pht hin nhng h hng nh chi tit b nt , b lm hoc mi
hn thic b bong, cng nh cc khuyt tt mi pht sinh trong qu trnh vn
chuyn phi lp bin bn c s chng kin ca bn ch u t, bn cung ng
my mc v bn nhn thu lp my.
i vi cc chi tit in v in t, khng th dng gi lau chi m
dng bn chi lng mn qut nh nhng. i vi nhng linh kin mng manh,
c th ch dng ng xt kh thi bi. Khng c thi bng ming v trong
kh thi ra t ming c hi nc, c th lm m linh kin hoc nc bt bm
vo linh kin gy tc hi khc.
Vic lp my phi tin hnh t khung c bn.
t xong khung c bn cn cn chnh ng cao trnh , ng thng
bng mi lp tip cc chi tit khc vo khung c bn.
Nhng b phn cn lin kt bng bulng , inh tn hay hn cn g , m
th. Khi tht chnh xc th xit dn c cho cht dn. Cn ch khu xit i
xng cc c trnh s pht sinh ng sut ph do xit lch. Vic xit cc c
70
hon chnh vi cht no cn theo ch dn ca catalogues do bn lp my
cung cp.
Lp nhng chi tit quay cn theo di qu trnh lp, lm sao bo m mi
thao tc xit cht c khng lm cn tr s quay ca chi tit. Nu thy vioc xit
c lm cn tr s quay, cn ni iu chnh cho thch hp.
Vi nhng chi tit c qu trnh dch chuyn khi vn hnh cng ging nh
cc chi tit quay, qu trnh lp v xit cht c phi khng cn tr s di chuyn.
S dch chuyn v s quay cng nh , cng tt. Nu cm thy s dch chuyn
hay s quay b cn tr cn c gii php iu chnh tc thi. Khng cng bc
s dch chuyn khi chi tit dch chuyn khng trn tru. Mi lin kt, ghp ni
cn ghi chp y phng php thc hin , cc s tr o c qua qu trnh
lin kt nh s tr ng h bo cht ...
Vic u dy in v cc chi tit iu khin cn tun th ng bn ch
dn lp rp. Cn kim tra tng bc trong qu trnh lp trnh nhm ln vic
u dy. Mi nt iu khin cn vn hnh nhy v d dng.
Khi lp xong cn dng tay kim tra s dch chuyn v quay ca my .
Cn bm du , m bi trn y theo ch vn hnh thng thng. Du
v my phi ng chng loi v s lng theo ch dn lp v bo qun my.
Cn np du hoc nc lm mt theo ch dn s dng my.
My lp xong cn che ph bng o ph thch ng bng vi hay bt khi
cha kim tra v cho chy th.

4. Kim tra v chy th my :

Cc tiu ch cn kim tra vic lp t my nh sau:
* V tr my trong dy chuyn sn xut ca phn xng hay nh my so vi cc
trc qui nh trong thit k.
* Cao trnh mt ta my ln mng my.
* Cao trnh thao tc ch yu ca cng nhn vn hnh.
* thng bng ca my.
* S tng hp vi cc my khc trong cng phn xng.
* S tng tc vi cn trc cu chuyn nguyn liu , thnh phm gia cng trn
my.
* C ly, ln ca li i an ton ca cng nhn vn hnh khi ng thao tc lao
ng v dch chuyn trong qu trnh sn xut.
* cht ca cc bulng hay bn ca riv , mi hn.
* S d dng ca cc chi tit c qu trnh quay hay dch chuyn.
* Mc v chng loi ca vt liu bi trn v lm mt
* Cc b phn in v in t : S u ng dy. Dy thng xut. Cc thit b
t ng vn hnh bnh thng. Cc thng s ca linh kin v mch nh in
dung, in tr khng, cch in, s hp b . . .
71
Sau khi tp hp y cc d liu kim tra theo cc yu cu trn, tin
hnh chy th my theo ch do nh sn xut xut trong catalogues. Bt
u chy th my phi do hi ng nghim thu ra lnh v kt qu chy th my
phi c s k kt ca ch u t , i din nh cung ng my v i din bn
nh thu lp my.

5. Nghim thu

Hi ng nghim thu tun theo qui nh ca Ngh nh 52/1999/N-CP
ngy 8-7-1999 v Ngh nh 12/2000/N-CP ngy 5-5-2000 ca Chnh ph qui
nh trong iu 47.
Chi tit ca t chc nghim thu c ghi r trong Quyt nh s
17/2000/Q-BXD , Quy nh Qun l Cht lng Cng trnh Xy dng do B
Xy dng ban hnh.
Nhng c bn qui nh v T chc Nghim thu nh sau:
* Nghim thu tin hnh vi tng phn vic trong qu trnh thi cng , lp t.
* Vic nghim thu tng phn , chy th do Ch u t t chc thc hin c s
tham gia ca bn thit k , bn nh thu lp t , bn cung ng thit b.
* Vi vic lp t phc tp th Th tng Chnh ph s quyt nh Hi ng
nghim thu Nh nc.
Vn bn nghim thu l c s a cng trnh vo khai thc , s dng ,
a my mc vo khai thc , vn hnh.

72
Chng IX

Cng tc thi cng v nghim thu
trang thit b chng chy

Phng chng chy l vn ht sc quan trng i vi cng trnh. Nhng v
chy ln trong thi gian qua bc l nhiu iu bt cp trong h thng phng v
chng chy cho cng trnh.
Phng chng chy phi thc hin t khu quy hoch, thit k, thi cng v phi
thng xuyn luyn tp cc phng n s l khi c chy.

1. Cc yu cu chung v phng chng chy cho nh v cng trnh :

1.1 Vn bn php quy v phng, chng chy :

Khi thit k, xy dng v ci to nh v cng trnh phi tun theo cc tiu
chun hin hnh v phng chng chy :

- TCXD 218 : 1998 H thng pht hin chy v bo ng chy Quy nh
chung
- TCVN 3254 : 1989 An ton chy Yu cu chung
- TCVN 4878: 1989 Phn loi chy
- TCVN 4879 : 1989 Phng chy Du hiu an tyan
- TCVN 2622: 1995 Phng chy chng chy cho nh v cng trnh Yu cu
thit k
- TCVN 6161 : 1996 Phng chy cha chy Ch v trung tm thng mi
Yu cu thit k
- TCVN 6160 : 1996 Phng chy cha chy nh cao tng Yu cu thit k
- TCVN 5040 : 1990 Thit b phng chy v cha chy K hiu hnh v
trn s phng chy Yu cu k thut
- TCVN 5760 : 1993 H thng cha chy Yu cu chung v thit k, lp t
v s dng
- TCVN 5738 : 1993 H thng bo chy Yu cu k thut

v nhng tiu chun lin quan khc nh:

TCVN 4513 : 1988 : Cp nc bn trong nh

Tuy h thng tiu chun v phng chy, cha chy ban hnh khng t nhng
vic tun th cn ht sc hn ch nn qua nhng v chy gn y vic s l khi
c s c t ra rt lng tng. Ngoi ra cn ph bin v xy dng thc tun th
73
cc qui nh v phng chng chy nghim tc mi trnh c thit hi khi xy
ra s c chy.
1.2 Cc yu cu chung v an ton chy:

Trong mt cng trnh phi m bo hai h thng : h thng phng chy v h
thng chng chy. Bn thit k trc khi em ra thi cng cn qua c quan
phng chng chy c phn cp thm nh v tho thun bng vn bn.

Nhng yu t nguy him v c hi do chy tc ng n ngi bao gm:

La v tia la
Nhit ca khng kh v vt nng cao do chy
Cc yu t c hi do chy sinh ra
Khi
Nng Oxy gim thp
Nh v chi tit kt cu b xp,
N

i vi h thng phng chy ch :

Ngn nga cc nguy c gy chy : ngn nga s hnh thnh mi trng chy,
cc s hnh thnh cc ngun gy chy, khng ch nhit , p sut di mc
nguy him, c kh nng gy chy.
Mi trng nguy him c th gy chy : Mi trng c nng chy d chy
cc th loi nh bi, nc, kh.
C qui nh v vn hnh, s dng my mc, thit b, vt liu c kh nng gy
mt an ton do chy. Cn tun th cc qui tc hn ch ngun gy chy nh st,
phng in, tia la trc tip hay tia la hnh thnh qua qu trnh khai thc, s
dng nh v cng trnh.

i vi h thng chng chy ch :

S dng vt liu khng chy v kh chy cho kt cu cng trnh nhng ni c
nguy c chy.
T chc li thot nn hp l v c ch dn thot nn khi c s c chy.
C b tr cc phng tin cha chy ph hp gn trn kt cu nh v di chuyn
c trong nh v khu vc cn bo v .
C h thng pht hin chy v bo chy.
Hn ch cht gy chy.
C gii php cch ly cc mi trng nguy him chy.
C ngi chu trch nhim bo v an ton khi c chy v h thng cha chy
phi thng xuyn c hiu lc, c thc tp v thng trc khi lm nn.
74
C quy nh v an ton chy v nim yt, hng dn ti khu vc thch hp cc
ch dn v an ton chy. Phi nim yt, sn hoc bin bo cc du hiu v an
ton chy ti ni cng cng, dc li i mi ngi d nhn bit v du hiu
ny phi l nhng ch dn thit thc ti mi ni cn thit.

1.3 S p ng cc yu cu phng chng chy trong bn thit k v xy
dng:

Ngi nh phi c gii php phng chng chy theo 5 bc chu la quy nh.
Vt liu xy dng to thnh kt cu, b phn ca nh phi p ng cc yu cu
v bc chu la.
Trong ngi nh phi thit k cc b phn ngn chy, khng ngn la v m
chy ly lan t do.
Phi b tr v c ch dn li thot nn ph hp vi tnh cht cng trnh. Li
thot nn phi m bo c ly thch hp trn mt bng cng nh gii php thot
nn theo khng gian v chiu ng. Li i, li thot nn phi chiu rng
d dng di chuyn v v tr d thy. Qu trnh s dng khng c xp c
lm hp kch thc li i.
Thit k sp xp cng trnh trn mt bng cn m bo giao thng v khong
cch phng chng chy nh li i cho xe cu ho c th tip cn ti mi v tr
chy, khong cch gia nhng nh ln cn ngn mi nguy him chy.
Trong t chc khng gian kin trc ngi nh hay cng trnh, phi p ng cc
yu cu v an ton phng chng chy khi sp xp v tr cc chc nng s dng
khng gian.
Kho cha vt liu c kh nng chy khng c xp tng hm hay gn b
phn chu lc chnh, ton b cc tng trn.
Khu vc c kh nng gy chy v gy c phi c ngn bng kt cu thch
hp v s dng vt liu thch hp.
B tr s dng, khai thc tng din tch trong cng trnh, nh ht sc ch
trnh nhng tc ng tng tc tiu cc do s dng khng gian ny gy cho
khng gian lin k.

Nh v cng trnh phi b tr ni ly nc cha chy, cc hng cu ho v cc
phng tin cha chy c nhn nh cc bnh cha chy di chuyn c ti
nhng ni d tm, d thy, gn u mi giao thng v cch nhau mt khong
cch theo cc tiu chun qui nh.
Nh v cng trnh cn trang b h thng bo chy thch hp theo tnh nng s
dng.

2. Kim tra h thng cha chy :

2.1 Cc h thng :
75
H thng cha chy bao gm cc thit b k thut chuyn dng, ng ng v
cht dp chy.
H thng cha chy c nh c lp t trn cng trnh. H cha chy bn c
nh c phn c lp c nh, c phn c lp thm khi s dng chng chy.
H thng t ng s hot ng khng cn s iu khin ca con ngi khi c
chy. H thng cha chy c nhn, di chuyn c c con ngi s dng khi
c chy , c th chuyn n ni c chy dp la.

H thng cha chy bng nc c trang b cho hu ht cc cng trnh. Trn
cng trnh cn c trang b cc phng tin cha chy dng bnh. C loi bnh
cha bt dp chy, c loi bnh cha bt dp chy, c loi bnh cha hi hay
kh dp chy.

2.2 Phn loi m chy :

m chy c chia thnh 4 loi v trong cc loi li chia thnh cc nhm :

K hiu m chy c tnh ca loi
m chy
K hiu nhm m
chy
c tnh ca nhm
m chy

A1

Chy cc cht rn
vi qu trnh chy
m ( G, giy, c
kh, rm, than, vi
si )

A

Cht chy rn

A2

Chy cht rn
nhng khng c qu
trnh m ( Nha,
cht do )

B1

Chy cht lng
khng tan trong
nc ( Xng, du ),
cht rn ho lng (
Paraphin )

B

Cht chy lng
B2 Cht lng ho tan
trong nc ( ru,
Mtann, glyxrin)

C

Cht chy kh
( Mtan, Hudro,
Propan ... )

D1

Chy kim loi nh (
Nhm, manh )
D

Chy kim loi
Chy kim loi kim
76
D2

v cc kim loi
ng dng khc (
Natri, Kali )

D3
Chy cc cht c
kim loi nh cc
hu c kim loi,
hydrua kim loi )

2.3 Kim tra b tr, lp t:

Trn ni phng tin cha chy v trn phng tin cha chy phi gn biu
tng ph hp s dng ng phng tin cho tng m chy.
Loi biu tng A , vit cha A trng trn nn tam gic en.
Loi biu tng B , vit ch B trng trn nn hnh vung en.
Loi biu tng C , vit ch C trng trn nn hnh trn en.
Loi biu tng D , vit ch D trng trn nn hnh thoi en.

2.3 Kim tra gii php chng chy:

- V tr li thot nn v phng tin thot nn:
V tr so vi cu thang
Chiu rng li thot nn
Thang dng thng xuyn v thang dng khn cp

BB

D D
Aaa
77
S lng li thot nn

- Hng m ca ca cc phng c nhiu ngi s dng ng thi, hng
m phi t trong nh m ra li thot .
- S ghi bng hiu li thot.
- Phng tin tip t khn cp t cc tng cao v mi nh nh thang thot
him, ng thot him.
- S ph hp ca m chy vi phng tin dp chy.

Dp chy bng nc : cho loi chy A
1
v A
2

Dp chy bng bt nh n nhiu cho A
1
, A
2
, B
1

Dp chy bng bt nng n t v n trung bnh cho loi chy A
1
,
B
1
, B
2

Dp chy bng kh CO
2
cho loi chy B
1
, B
2
, D
1

Dp chy bng bt dp chy k hiu B,C cho loi chy B
1
, B
2
, D
1

Dp chy bng bt dp chy k hiu A,B,C,D cho loi chy B
1
, B
2
,
C, D
1

Kim tra b phn bo ng : cc u bo chy, sch, nhy tm chy.
Kim tra b phn iu khin, bng nhn tn hiu v pht lnh tip.
Lng d tr cht dp chy.
S vi nc dp chy, dy dn nc mm, lng phun nc.
B phn ng ng dn nc cha chy
in cho my bm nc cha chy.

i vi h cha chy bng nc th phi nc cho loi m chy c qui
nh trong thit k cp chng chy cho nh. Nc chng chy phi p lc
u phun c th phun ti mi a im chy t cc v tr vi thch hp.

Lp t v cc phng tin cha chy ng theo v tr thit k.
H thng phng tin phi tt, vn hnh thun tin v d dng.
Cht v bnh dp chy phi ni khng b thi tit v cc yu t gy h
hng tc ng.

3. Nghim thu cng tc lp t trang b cha chy :

Hi ng nghim thu phi c mt i din ch u t, n v thit k, n v
xy lp cng trnh, n v lp t h thng nc v n v chu trch nhim
Phng cha chy qun l a phng.

Hi ng nghim thu phi chng kin vic th nghim vn hnh ton h thng.
78
n v lp t v cung ng h thng dp chy phi c vn bn hng dn s
dng cc trang b lp t trao cho ch u t. Bin bn th nghim h thng
dp chy phi c lu gi ti c quan ch u t v bn s dng.
Cn thit qui nh ch kim tra nhy vn hnh h thng trang thit b dp
chy theo chu k thch hp.
n v s dng nh v cng trnh phi phn cng ngi chu trch nhim bo
qun v duy tr s vn hnh ca h thng.
i phng chy, cu h c lch nh k hun luyn v thc tp.
Phng, chng chy ht sc quan trng vi cng trnh. Va qua c nhiu m
chy gy thit hi nghim trng, khng th coi nh cng tc ny./.

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