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NHIM V
1. Nhim v thit k: Thit k chiu sng v cung cp in cho nh . 2. Cc s liu ban u: Cc s liu v bn v ca nh . 3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh tnh ton: Chng I: Tng quan v cung cp in v thit k chiu sng. Chng II: Gii thiu cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. Chng III: Thit k cung cp in.
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LI NI U Nn kinh t nc ta ang pht trin mnh m, i sng nhn dn cng c nng cao nhanh chng. Qu trnh th ha ang din ra khp cc tnh, thnh ph nhm xy dng c s h tng k thut phc v nhu cu nh c, thc y pht trin kinh t x hi v n nh trt t. Khi quy hoch mt th bt k th ngoi giao thng, mng li cung cp in ng vai tr then cht cho s pht trin cc nghnh khc, phc v sinh hot. H thng in phi c thit k hon ho, m bo cung cp y , cht lng v tin cy cho cc h dng in mc cao nht. Trong thit k cp in th vn chiu sng cng c cp n. Chiu sng gp phn khng nh lm hnh nh ca mt th hay thnh ph p hn trong mt mi ngi. Ngi thit k phi chn la c phng n ti u nht m bo gia cc yu cu k thut, m thut v kinh t. Theo yu cu thit k em thit k chiu sng cho trm kim dch tnh Qung Bnh Qua qu trnh tm hiu, c s hng dn ca thy PGS Ts.L THNH BC nhm chng em hon thnh bi thit k ca mnh. V thi gian c hn ch, kin thc cn hn hp, chc chn trong qu trnh hon thnh ti khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Knh mong qu thy c cng bn b ng gp kin ti c hon thin hn. Cui cng ti xin chn thnh cm n thy hng dn, qu thy c trong khoa in v cc bn to iu kin cho ti hon thnh ti ny. Nng, Ngy. thng .nm Nhm sinh vin thc hin
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1.2. GII THIU CC PHNG PHP CHIU SNG Gii thiu cc phng php chiu sng nhn to Cht lng nh sng bao gm sng chi, kh nng khuch tn v mu sc. iu cn ch l mu sc nh sng khng ch ph thuc vo bn thn ngun sng m cn ph thuc rt ln vo b mt cc thit b ni tht trong khu vc chiu sng. Trn c s lung sng ti b mt chiu sng, ngi ta chia thnh 5 phng php: Chiu sng gin tip.
Chiu sng na gin tip. Chiu sng khuch tn. Chiu sng na trc tip.
Chiu sng trc trip. 1.3. C S L THUYT V CUNG CP IN CHO CC CNG TRNH DN DNG V CNG NGHIP Trong s nghip cng nghip ha - hin i ha hin nay Vit Nam, ngnh cng nghip in lc gi vai tr c bit quan trng, bi v in nng l ngun nng lng c dng rng ri nht trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn. Khi xy dng nh my, khu dn c, thnh ph,Trc tin ngi ta phi xy dng h thng cung cp in cung cp in nng cho cc my mc v nhu cu sinh hot ca con ngi. V l do khi lp k hoch pht trin kinh t -x hi, k hoch pht trin in nng phi lm trc mt bc, nhm tha mn nhu cu in nng khng nhng trong giai on trc mt m cn d kin cho s pht trin trong tng lai 5, 10 nm hoc c khi lu di hn na. Trc tnh hnh , i hi h thng cung cp in phi c nghin cu k lng, m bo nhng yu cu kinh t-k thut trong thit k, vn hnh h thng cung cp in an ton, tin cy v linh hot.
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Mc tiu c bn ca nhim v thit k cung in l m bo cho h tiu th c in nng yu cu vi cht lng in v tin cy tt nht. C th nu ra mt s yu cu chnh sau y: tin cy cung cp in tin cy cung cp in ty thuc vo h tiu th loi no (h loi 1, 2, 3). Trong iu kin cho php ngi ta c gng chn phng n cung cp in c tin cy cng cao cng tt. Cht lng in Cht lng in c nh gi bng hai ch tiu l tn s v in p. Ch tiu tn s do c quan iu khin h thng in iu chnh. Ch c nhng h tiu th ln (hng chc MW tr ln) mi phi quan tm n ch vn hnh ca mnh sao cho hp l gp phn n nh tn s ca h thng in. V vy, cc K s khi thit k cung cp in thng ch phi quan tm m bo cht lng in p cho khch hng. Ni chung, in p li trung p v h p cho php dao ng quanh gi tr 5% in p nh mc. i vi nhng ph ti c yu cu cao v cht lng in p nh nh my ha cht, in t, c kh chnh xc, in p ch cho php dao ng trong khong 2.5%. An ton cung cp in H thng cung cp in phi c vn hnh an ton i vi ngi v thit b. Mun t c yu cu , ngi thit k phi chn s cung cp in hp l, r rng trnh c nhm ln, sai st trong vn hnh, cc thit b in phi c chn ng chng loi, ng cng sut. Trong cng tc xy dng, lp t h thng cung cp in nh hng ln n an ton cung cp in. Cui cng vic vn hnh qun l h thng in c vai tr c bit quan trng. Ngi s dng phi tuyt i chp hnh nhng quy nh v an ton s dung in. V kinh t Khi nh gi so snh cc phng n cung cp in, ch tiu kinh t ch c xt n khi cc ch tiu k thut nu trn c m bo. Ch tiu kinh t c nh gi qua: tng s vn u t, chi ph vn hnh v thi gian thu hi vn u t.
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Vic nh gi ch tiu kinh t phi thng qua tnh ton v so snh t m gia cc phng n, t mi c th a ra c phng n ti u
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GII THIU CC PHNG PHP TNH TON CHIU SNG 2.1. GII THIU CC PHNG PHP TNH TON CHIU SNG 2.1.1. S lc v thit k chiu sng ni tht 1. Mc ch Thng thng ngi ta quen vi nh sng t nhin, nh sng t nhin to ra nhng cm gi tm l thch hp cho sinh hot v tm l con ngi. V vy, khi thit k chiu sng v mt cht lng ta c to ra nhng trng thi ging nh ban ngy tc l phi t nhng yu cu sng, ri phn b u trn mt phng lm vic, nh sng trc tip kt hp vi nh sng khuch tn lm cho khng c s tng phn qu ng gia ni ti v ni sng. Ngoi ra khi thit k chiu sng, s b tr cc n chiu sng va m bo tnh kinh t k thut, ng thi to nn v m quan, nhm to nn mi trng tin nghi. 2. Yu cu i vi h thng nhn to cn phi m bo cc yu cu sau: + m bo yu cu vi mi trng sng. + m bo yu cu v k thut v an ton s dng. + m bo tnh kinh t k thut. + Loi n c chn phi tt, tui th cao, gi c hp l. Khi nh gi v cht lng nh sng cho nhng iu kin khc nhau. V l thuyt ngi ta da trn cc nguyn tc hot ng ca mt. Trong nhng iu kin phn b chi khc nhau trong trng nhn phi m bo ch tiu cht lng nh sng nh nhau. Ch s khng gian tin nghi (ch tiu nh gi chi la mt tin nghi gy ra cm gic kh chu trong trng hp chi phn b khng u trong trng nhn). 2.1.2. Chn dng chiu sng - La chn ngun sng - Chn thit b chiu sng Chn ri 1. Chn dng chiu sng i vi cao c, vn phng lm vic ch yu l chiu sng chung u, k c chiu sng cc b nhng ni c yu cu ring v chiu sng cc b cng c tnh ton i vi hnh lang, phng my, cu thang, ty theo mc lm vic v mc lu lng ngi ra /vo. 2. La chn ngun sng
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Trong nh v cc cng trnh cng cng ngun sng thng c dng l bng n hunh quang v n si t. n si t Cc u im ca n si t + Ni trc tip vo li in. + Kch thc nh. + Bt sng ngay. + Gi r. + To mu sc m p. Cc nhc im l tn in v pht nng. Ngoi ra cn mt nhc im l tnh nng ca n thay i ng k theo s bin thin ca in p ngun. n hunh quang u im + nh sng pht ra gn ging nh sng t nhin. + Hiu sut ca n hunh quang cao hn so vi n nung sng. + Tui th ca n hunh quang cao hn n nung sng. Nhc im + n hunh quang c cu to phc tp, nhiu ph tr km theo nh: (tc te, chn lu) gi thnh cao, gy mi mt khi s dng lu. Tnh hn hn ca n hunh quang so vi n nung l to ra c ri cao hn khi c hai n c cng sut nh nhau. T nhng tnh cht trn ta chn n hunh quang nhng v tr sau + Cc phng thng xuyn c ngi nhng thiu nh sng t nhin nh: vn phng, trung tm + Cc phng cn phn bit chnh xc mu sc nh siu th, ca hiu + Cc phng lm vic c yu cu v cng nhn cao trong thi lu. 3. Chn thit b chiu sng Phn x hai bn cu i vi cc phng lm vic, hnh lang cu thang Chn n c phn bc x bn cu di cho phng my, nh xe 4. Chn ri
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ri tiu chun chn theo tiu chun TCXDVN 7114:2002 theo Chiu sng t nhin v nhn to cc cng trnh kin trc. Cc yu cu cho ri + Kch thc gia vt v nn. + tng phn gia vt v nn. + Mc sng ca vt v nn. + H s phn x 0,3 l ti, v > 0,3 l sng. H s phn x cn phi nhn thm h s d tr tnh n vic bng n b lo ha theo thi gian s dng, hay cc bi bn bm vo n. 2.1.3. Gii thiu cc phng php chiu sng Trong thit k chiu sng ngi ta s dng phng php chnh sau: + Phng php nh v cng sut. + Phng php h s s dng. 1. Phng php nh v cng sut Phng php thng dng thit k s b, hoc tng i khng yu cu chnh xc cao. Gm c cc bc sau + Chn mt cng sut n v P0, W/m2 ph hp vi i tng c chiu sng bng cch kim tra bng (TL[5]). + Xc nh cng sut tng cn cp cho khu vc c chiu sng c din tch S [m2]: PCS = P0xS [W]. + Chn loi n ph hp vi yu cu ca i tng c chiu sng c cng sut P [W]. + Xc nh s lng bng n b tr chiu sng: n = PCS/P. 2. Phng php h s s dng Phng php ny chnh xc cao v c s dng ph bin hn. Thng dng chiu sng chung cho phng c din tch trung bnh v ln. (2.1) + B tr n cho khu vc cn chiu sng theo cm, hng
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h1
htt
h2
b
a
Hnh 2 .1
Xc nh cao treo n (m). htt= H (h1+h2) Trong : htt : cao treo n. H : cao ca nh, xng h1 : Khong cch t n n trn. h2 : cao mt bn lm vic. Khi tnh ton theo phng php ny quang thng yu cu cc bng n trong mt dy n chiu sng c tnh theo cng thc:
F= E * k dt * S * Z n * k sd
(2.2)
(2.3)
Trong : F [lm] : Quang thng ca mi bng n, E [lx] : ri tng ng phng c chiu sng Ktd: H s s d tr tnh n vic gim quang thng ca n do thi gian, mi trng. N: S n chiu sng d kin trc khi chiu sng. S = axb (m2) : Din tch phng c chiu sng (vi a v b l chiu di v chiu rng). Z : T s gia ri trung bnh v ri tiu chun (c gi l h s tnh ton) thng chn Z = 0,8
1,4.
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(2.5)
Theo quang thng bng n tnh c, chn bng n tiu chun gn nht trong phm vi dao ng (-10%
+20%).
Nu khng chn c bng n ph hp, th ta iu chnh li s n chiu sng. Khi quang thng ca bng n cho trc th cng thc trn tnh s lng bng n n. Khi tnh ton chiu sng bng cc n chiu sng l bng n hunh quang, cc n chiu sng thng c N dy, do vy ta t N vo cng thc trn thay cho n th quang thng c tnh l quang thng tng ca cc bng n trong mt dy bng n F. Cng sut cho phng s l: PCS= nxP. Da vo c im ca phng b tr theo cm, hng, dy 3. La chn phng n Trong hai phng php tnh ton thit k chiu sng c bn trn th phng php h s s dng c chnh xc cao, c th v chi tit hn. 4. Tnh ton cc ch tiu cht lng chiu sng Vic kim tra thit k cho n lc ny cc dng thc c nh ngha ch cho php thc hin mt thit k s b. Thc t th do: + Khng gian gia hai b n lin tip khng phi bt buc c cng chiu di v chiu rng. + Cc ri ca tng v trn c trng cho mi trng chiu sng vn cn cha bit. + Cc nguyn nhn gy chi la mt trc tip hay do phn chiu phi c nghin cu theo cc tng phn ca cc b n to nn trong th trng. Nhim v phn ny l kim tra xem cch chn n chiu sng v b tr n c m bo yu cu chiu sng hay cha.
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2.2. P DNG TNH TON CHIU SNG CHO NH . 2.2.1. TNG QUAN V TI Gii thiu chung Trm gm 3 tng c 10 phng c trng: *. Tng 1: cao 3,8 m, bao gm cc phng: - Phng khch: + Chiu di: 10,5m ; chiu rng: 4 m. + ri yu cu: 300 lux - Gara: + Chiu di: 5,5m ; chiu rng: 3,3 m. + ri yu cu : 50 lux
-
Bp + Bar: + Chiu di: 5,5m ; chiu rng: 4,0 m. + ri yu cu: 200-300 lux
*. Tng 2: cao 3 m ; bao gm cc phng : - Phng ng 1: + Chiu di: 7,5m ; chiu rng: 5,5m. + ri yu cu: 150-200 lux - Phng sinh hot chung: + Chiu di: 5 m ; chiu rng: 4,1 m. + ri yu cu: 300-400 lux Phng ng 2: + Chiu di: 8,37 m ; chiu rng: 5,5m. + ri yu cu: 150-200 lux *. Tng 3: cao 3 m, bao gm cc phng: - Phng th: + Chiu di: 5,5m ; chiu rng: 4,0m. + ri yu cu: 50 lux - Phng ng 3:
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I.
Yu cu ri l E yc =150 lux. Theo tiu chun TCXDVN 7114:2002 (bng 2 ph lc 2 sch K thut chiu sng). Din tch S : 46,035 m2 (5,5 x 8,37 m) Chiu cao H : 3 m a. Chn kiu chiu sng: Tham kho catalog cc loi n philips PL-C/4Px18W c cc thng s sau: Cng sut : 18 W Quang thng Fd : 2400 lm Tui th : 10000h Chn loi 2 n trong mt mng ngm trong trn (2x PL-C/4Px18W), c hiu sut = 0,68 , gi thit chiu cao ca mt bng lm vic hlv = 0,6 , xc nh chiu cao treo n:
Chn t s h = 1,5 (tra bng 3.6 sch K thut chiu sng) max Khong cch gia cc n n =1,5 h =1,5 2,4 = 3,6m chn n = 3,6m Ta b tr 4 hng n theo chiu dc v 1 hng n theo chiu ngang. Nh vy khong cch theo chiu ngang l m = 5,5m v theo chiu dc l n = 2,2m b. Kim tra: Kim tra theo iu kin:
n n 2,2 2,2 q hay 0,885 3 2 3 2
Trong : - n l khong cch gia cc n theo chiu di ca phng - q l khong cch t tm ca n ngoi cng ca mt dy n tng. Cn c vo c im ca ni tht chiu sng c th coi h s phn x ca trn, tng v sn tng ng l 50:30:10
k kg = a.b 46 ,035 = =1,38 h.( a + b) 2,4(5,5 + 8,37 )
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F =
S lng b n cn thit:
N=
c. Tnh ri:
E=
F 1 9 05 ,6 3 = = 7,9 4 Chn 8 b Fd 2 40 0
Fd .N ..kld 2400 .8.0,68 .0,61 = = 151 ,36 (lux) S .kdt 46 ,035 .1,2
Vy ri t yu cu Bng: ri, loi n, s lng n Din tch (m 2 ) 46,035 Chiu cao (m) 3 ri yu cu (lux) 150 Loi n Philips S lng bng n 8
II.
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n next sau Nhp s liu chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao ca cn phng. Chn tng phn ca trn:trng:sn ln lt l 50:30:10. Vo catalog chn loi n 2xCDM-T35W ca hng Philips Chn mt phng lm vic l 0.6 v chn J=0
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n next tip tc Chn ri yu cu cho phng ng 2 tng 2 l 150 lux Chn ba n trn mt hng. n caculate phn mm tnh ton
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Kt lun: Sau khi tnh ton trn phn mm Dialux ta c tng cng sut ca cc phng l: 2138,5 (W)
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IN : dng ngn mch. Vi thit b mt pha, dng tnh ton chnh l dng nh mc ca thit b in:
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Cc ptmt chn theo chng loi ca chu u nh: Merlin gerin (Php), Siemen (c). m bo tin cy trong cung cp in v bo v thit b mt cch an ton ta dng ptmt bo v ring cho cc tnh cht ph ti khc nhau, cc xut tuyn cho mi loi ta t ptmt ring. ng thi t ptmt tng cho tng tng ng vi mi loi ph ti. Chn ptmt bo v cho h thng HKK, h thng chiu sng, h thng my mc vn phng... II/ S lc v dy dn v cp 1. Gii thiu chung - Dy dn dn in ngi ta ch to 2 loi dy: dy bc cch in, dy dn trn. + Dy bc cch in: dng cho li ni tht h p. Dy bc c ch to nhiu kiu cch: dy mt si, dy nhiu si, dy cng, dy mm, dy n, dy i. Vt liu lm dy bc l ng v nhm. Dy bc li ng t hn dy nhm nhng kh nng ti in tt hn, t tn tht in nng hn nn c dng rng ri. 2. Gii thiu chung v cc phng php la chn dy dn C 3 phng php la chn tit din dy dn: + Chn tit din theo mt kinh t ca dng in Jkt. Jkt ( A/mm2) l s ampe ln nht trn 1 mm2 tit din kinh t. Phng php ny ch p dng vi li in c in p trn 110 KV + Chn tit din theo in p cho php Ucp. Phng php ny ly ch tiu cht lng in lm iu kin tin quyt. V vy n c p dng la chn tit din cho li in nng thn, ng dy ti in kh di, ch tiu in p d b vi phm. + Chn dy dn theo phng php pht nng lu di cho php. Phng php ny tn dng ht kh nng ti ca dy dn v cp, p dng rng ri cho li h p th, cng nghip, sinh hot.
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Ta chn dy dn theo iu kin pht nng lu di cho php Icp. k1k2Icp Itt Trong : k1: H s hiu chnh nhit , ng vi mi trng t dy, tra s tay. k2: h s hiu chnh nhit ,k n s lng cp t chung mt rnh, tra s tay. Icp: Dng in lu di cho php ng vi tit din dy tra s tay. Itt: Dng in lm vic ln nht qua dy. Tit din dy sau khi chn phi kim tra iu kin kt hp vi thit b bo v: Nu bo v bng cu ch: k1k2Icp
I dc
(2.18)
(2.19)
ImA l dng nh mc ca ptmt 3. iu kin chn cu ch Umcc Uml Imcc Ilvmax III/ Tnh chn thit b v dy dn
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Theo ph lc 3.5 trang 356 sch H thng cung cp in ca x nghip cng nghip, th v nh cao tng tc gi: Nguyn Cng Hin)
Ta chn aptomat cho tng 2 loi EA52-G do Nht ch to c cc thng s sau : S cc : 2 cc in p nh mc 380V Dng in nh mc 10A Dng ct nh mc 5kA Theo ph lc 3.5 trang 356 sch H thng cung cp in ca x nghip cng nghip, th v nh cao tng tc gi: Nguyn Cng Hin) Tng cng sut tiu th ca tng 3 P3=127+85+36=248,5(W)
I tt = 248 ,5 = 1,4 A 220 .0,8
Ta chn aptomat cho tng 3 loi EA52-G do Nht ch to c cc thng s sau : S cc 2 cc in p nh mc 380V Dng in nh mc 10A Dng ct nh mc 5kA Theo ph lc 3.5 trang 356 sch H thng cung cp in ca x nghip cng nghip, th v nh cao tng tc gi: Nguyn Cng Hin) Tng 1 Tng 2 Tng 3 Loi EA52-G EA52-G EA52-G S cc 2 2 2 Im, A 10 10 10 Um, V 380 380 380 Icm, A 5 5 5
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2. Chn dy dn a. Chn dy dn tng 1 : Ta chn dy dn cho tng 1 cng 1 loi. Tng cng sut tiu th ca tng 1 : P1=984+36+144+108=1272(W)
I tt = 1272 = 7,2 A 220 .0,8
Ta chn dy chm rut ng c cch in bng cao su c tit din 1mm2, loi dy dn 1 rut t trong 1 ng hai dy, c dng in cho php Icp=16A. (Tra ph lc 4.13 trang 370 sch H thng cung cp in ca x nghip cng nghip, th v nh cao tng tc gi: Nguyn Cng Hin) b. Chn dy dn cho tng 2: Ta chn dy dn cho tng 2 cng 1 loi. Tng cng sut tiu th ca tng 2 : P2= 170+255+144=569(W)
I tt = 569 = 3,2 A 220 .0,8
Ta chn dy chm rut ng c cch in bng cao su c tit din 1mm2,loi dy dn 1 rut t trong 1 ng hai dy, c dng in cho php Icp=16A. (Tra ph lc
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4.13 trang 370 sch H thng cung cp in ca x nghip cng nghip, th v nh cao tng tc gi: Nguyn Cng Hin)
c. Chn dy dn cho tng 3: Ta chn dy dn cho tng 3 cng 1 loi. Tng cng sut tiu th ca tng 3 : P3=127+85+36=248,5(W)
I tt = 248 ,5 = 1,4 A 220 .0,8
Ta chn dy chm rut ng c cch in bng cao su c tit din 1mm2,loi dy dn 1 rut t trong 1 ng hai dy, c dng in cho php Icp=16A. (Tra ph lc 4.13 trang 370 sch H thng cung cp in ca x nghip cng nghip, th v nh cao tng tc gi: Nguyn Cng Hin)
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