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Hy vit tt c cc phng trnh phn ng c th to ra kh NO2 , ghi r iu kin phn ng (nu c) . 2) Mui amoni v mui kim loi kim ging v khc nhau c bn nhng im no ? Nu ra mt vi th d c th . 3) Trong phng th nghim ho hc c 8 l ho cht mt nhn ng ring bit cc dung dch: NaCl, NaNO3 , MgCl2 , Mg(NO3)2 , AlCl3 , Al(NO3)3 , CrCl3 , Cr(NO3)3 . Bng phng php ho hc , lm th no nhn bit c mi dung dch ? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v ghi iu kin ( nu c ) . 4) Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn sau y ( c nh lut bo ton no c dng khi hon thnh phng trnh trn ? ) . 230 a. 92U238 + ... 90Th 235 206 b. 92U + ... 82Pb Cu II : 1) xc nh hm lng oxi tan trong nc ngi ta ly 100,00 ml nc ri cho ngay MnSO4(d) v NaOH vo nc . Sau khi lc k (khng cho tip xc vi khng kh) Mn(OH)2 b oxi oxi ho thnh MnO(OH)2 . Thm axit (d) , khi y MnO(OH)2 b Mn2+ kh thnh Mn3+. Cho KI ( d ) vo hn hp , Mn3+ oxi ho I- thnh I3-. Chun I3- ht 10,50 ml Na2S2O3 9,800.10-3 M. a. Vit cc phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng xy ra trong th nghim . b. Tnh hm lng ( mmol / l ) ca oxi tan trong nc . 2) T cc nguyn t O , Na , S to ra c cc mui A , B u c 2 nguyn t Na trong phn t . Trong mt th nghim ho hc ngi ta cho m1 gam mui A bin i thnh m2 gam mui B v 6,16 lt kh Z ti 27,3oC ; 1 atm . Bit rng hai khi lng khc nhau 16,0 gam . a. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi cng thc c th ca A , B . b. Tnh m1 , m2 . Cu III : 1) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ( nu c) ca kh clo , tinh th iot tc dng vi : a. Dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng , khi un nng ) b. Dung dch NH3 . 2) Trong cng ngh ho du , cc ankan c loi hiro chuyn thnh hirocacbon khng no c nhiu ng dng hn . Hy tnh nhit ca mi phn ng sau: C4H10 o C4H6 + H2 ; H1 (1)
(2) Bit nng lng lin kt , E theo kJ.mol-1 , ca cc lin kt nh sau : E , theo kJ.mol -1 435,9 416,3 409,1 587,3 Lin kt H-H C-H C-C C=C ( Vi cc lin kt C-H , C-C , cc tr s trn l trung bnh trong cc hp cht hirocacbon khc nhau ) . Cu IV : 1) Hy vit phng trnh ho hc v cu hnh electron tng ng ca cht u , sn phm trong mi tng hp sau y : a. Cu 2+ ( z = 29 ) nhn thm 2 e b. Fe 2+ ( z = 26 ) nhng bt 1 e c. Bro ( z = 35 ) nhn thm 1 e d. Hg o ( z = 80 ) nhng bt 2 e 2) Ho tan 7,180 gam st cc cha Fe2O3 vo mt lng rt d dung dch H2SO4 long ri thm nc ct n th tch ng 500 ml . Ly 25 ml dung dch ri thm dn 12,50 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,096 M th xut hin mu hng tm trong dung dch . a. Xc nh hm lng (phn trm v khi lng) ca Fe tinh khit trong st cc . b. Nu ly cng mt khi lng st cc c cng hm lng ca Fe tinh khit nhng cha tp cht FeO v lm li th nghim ging nh trn th lng dung dch KMnO4 0,096 M cn dng l bao nhiu ? CuV: 1) Cho: Eo 25oC ca cc cp Fe2+ / Fe v Ag+ / Ag tng ng bng - 0,440 V v 0,800 V. Dng thm in cc hiro tiu chun , vit s ca pin c dng xc nh cc th in cc cho . Hy cho bit phn ng xy ra khi pin c lp t hai cp hot ng . 2) a. Hy xp cc nguyn t natri , kali , liti theo th t gim tr s nng lng ion ho th nht ( I1). Da vo cn c no v cu to nguyn t a ra qui lut sp xp ? b. Da vo cu hnh electron , hy gii thch s ln hn nng lng ion ho th nht ( I1 ) ca Mg so vi Al ( Mg c I1 = 7,644 eV ; Al c I1 = 5,984 eV ) . Tom tt Li gii Cu I :
1)
CH4
C6H6
+ H2
H o2
2 H2O
2 NO2 +
Fe 3 H 2O
6 HNO3 c
Fe(NO3)3
3 NO2
Na + + + O2 H 2O S 2 H2O C 2 H2O
+ + +
= = =
NaNO3 H 2SO4 CO 2 + +
+ + +
NO2 6 NO 2 4 NO 2 + +
to
to
2 CuO 4 NO2
4 NO 2 O2
2 H 2O 2) - Mui amoni v mui kim loi kim, lin kt trong phn t thuc lin kt ion, u tan nhiu trong nc v khi tan in li mnh . - Mui amoni v mui kim loi kim khc nhau nhiu v bn bi nhit : Mui kim loi kim c th nng chy nhit cao v khng b phn hu cn mui amoni rt km bn , khi un nng phn hu d dng . (V d NaCl nng chy 800 oC v si 1454oC , NH4Cl phn hu 350oC ; Na2CO3 nng chy 850oC , (NH4)2CO3 phn hu nhit thng ; NaNO2 nng chy 284oC cha phn hu, NH4NO2 phn hu > 70oC ). - Khc vi mui ca kim loi kim, mui amoni l mui ca baz yu nn khi thu phn cho dung dch c tnh axit NH 4+ + H2O = NH3 + H3O+ - Mui amoni tc dng d dng vi kim gii phng kh NH3 NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 + NaCl + H2O 3) Hc sinh c th lm theo cch sau : nh s th t cc l ho cht mt nhn ri ly ra mt lng nh vo cc ng nghim (mu A) lm th nghim, cc ng nghim ny cng c nh s th t theo cc l. Cho dung dch AgNO3 ln lt vo mi ng nghim (mu A) . Nu thy kt ta trng, nhn ra cc dung dch mui clorua .
AgNO3
AlCl3 ,CrCl3 . Mu A
trng AgCl , suy ra cc dung dch: NaCl, MgCl2 , Khng c hin tng phn ng , suy ra cc dung
dch : NaNO3 , Mg(NO3)2 , Al(NO3)3 , Cr (NO3)3 . Cho dung dch NaOH (d) vo ln lt cc dung dch mui clorua : -Nhn ra dung dch MgCl2 do to ra trng Mg(OH)2 . MgCl2 + 2 NaOH = Mg(OH) 2 trng + 2 NaCl. - Thy khng c hin tng phn ng , nhn ra dung dch NaCl .
3
- Thy cc kt ta ri tan trong dung dch NaOH ( d ) , suy ra 2 dung dch cn li l AlCl3 , CrCl3 . Tip tc thm nc brom vo : thy dung dch xut hin mu vng do Cr+3 b oxi ho thnh Cr+6 , nhn ra dung dch CrCl3 . Cn li dung dch AlCl3 . AlCl 3 + 3 NaOH = Al(OH) 3 + 3 NaCl. Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAlO2 + 2 H2O CrCl 3 + 3 NaOH = Cr(OH) 3 + 3 NaCl. Cr(OH)3 + NaOH = NaCrO 2 + 2 H2O 2 NaCrO2 + 3 Br2 + 8 NaOH = 2 Na2CrO4 + 6 NaBr + 4 H2O -Nhn ra mi dung dch mui nitrat cng lm tng t nh trn . 4) p dng nh lut bo ton vt cht ( bo ton s khi , bo ton in tch ) hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn 238 230 a. + 2 2He4 + 92U 90Th 2 235 206 1 b. + 7 2He4 + 92U 82Pb on + 4 Cu II : 1) a. Cc phng trnh phn ng : Mn2+ + 2 OHMn(OH)2 2 Mn(OH)2 + O2 2 MnO(OH)2 (1) MnO(OH)2 + 4 H+ + Mn2+ = 2 Mn3+ + 3 H2O (2) 2 Mn3+ + 3 I= 2 Mn2+ + 3I (3) I 3+ 2 S2O32= S4O62+ 3 I(4) Hm lng ( mmol / l ) ca oxi tan trong nc :
n O2 = 9,8.10 3.10 ,50 = 0,0257 mmol 2.2
0,0257 .
2) a. t A l Na2X ; B l Na2Y , ta c :
nA =nB =n Z = 6,16 .273 = 0,25 ( mol ) 300 ,3.. 22 ,4
Na2X
Na2Y
+ Z Z c th l H2S , SO2 . Vy C 0,25 mol th lng A khc lng B l 16,0 g . So snh cc cp cht , thy A : Na2S ; B : Na2S + H2SO4 H2S
Na2SO4 . Vy : Na2SO4 +
4
b. Tnh m1 , m2 : m1 = 78 0,25 = 19,5 (g) m2 = 19,5 + 16,0 = 142,0 0,25 = 35,5 (g) Cu III : 1) a. Cc phng trnh phn ng ca kh clo , tinh th iot vi dung dch NaOH ( to thng , khi un nng) : Cl2 + 2 NaOH
ngui
NaCl
+ NaOCl
H 2O
nng
3 Cl2 + 6 NaOH = 5 NaCl + NaClO3 + 3 H2O 3 I2 + 6 NaOH = 5 NaI + NaIO3 + 3 H 2O b.Cc phng trnh phn ng ca kh clo , tinh th iot vi dung dch NH3 : 3 Cl2 + 8 NH3 = N2 + 6 NH4Cl 3 I2 + 5 NH3 = NI3.NH3 + 3 NH4I 2) Tnh nhit ca phn ng : * Tm h s cho cc cht C 4H10 o H1 (1) hay H3C - CH2- CH2-CH3 6 CH4 o H2 (2)
m n
i
C 4H6 +
H2
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2 C 6H6 + 9 H2 ; Trong Ei , Ej l nng v u v cui (tham trong phn ng . i , j s lin kt th
i=1
Ei _ j Ej
j=1
i , th j . Do Ho1 = ( 10 EC-H + 3EC-C ) - (6 EC-H + 2 EC=C + EC-C + 2 EH-H ) Thay s , tnh c Ho1 = + 437,0 kJ.mol-1 Tng t , ta c Ho2 = 24 EC-H - ( 3EC-C + 3 EC=C + 6 EC-H + 9 EH-H ) Thay s , tnh c Ho2 = + 581,1 kJ.mol-1. ( Ho2 > 0 , phn ng thu nhit ) . Cu IV : 1) a. Cu2+ + 2e Cuo 9 [Ar] 3d + 2e [Ar] 3d10 4s1 b. Fe2+ e Fe3+ [Ar] 3d6 e [Ar] 3d5 c. Bro + e Br [Ar] 3d 10 4s2 4p5 + e [Ar] 3d 10 4s1 4p6 = [Kr]d. Hgo 2e Hg2+
5
2e
[Xe] 4f 14
K hiu [Ar] ch cu hnh e ca nguyn t Ar ( z = 18 ) [Kr] Kr ( z = 36 ) [Xe] Xe ( z = 54 ) 2) a. Xc nh hm lng ca Fe trong st cc . Gi x l s mol Fe2O3 v y l s mol Fe c trong 7,180 g st cc . Fe 2O3 + 3 H2SO4 = Fe 2(SO4)3 + 3 H 2O x mol x mol Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe = 3 FeSO4 x mol x mol 3 x mol Fe + H 2SO4 = FeSO 4 + H 2 ( y - x ) mol ( y - x ) mol 10 FeSO4 + 2 KMnO4 + 8 H2SO4 5 Fe 2(SO4)3 + 2 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8 H2O S mol FeSO4 c trong 500 ml dung dch :
2x + y = 0,096 12 ,5 500 5 = 0,120 1000 25
H phng trnh : 59,691 x + 55,847 y = 7,180 x o,1 mol = 1,596 g 2x + y = 0,120 y = 7,180 1,596 = 5,584 g 5,584 100 Hm lng Fe tinh khit = 77,77 % 7,180 b. Nu tp cht l FeO th lng dung dch KMnO4 0,096 M cn dng :
1,596 = 0,0222 71 ,846
0,0222 m ol
H2O H2
FeO Fe +
H 2SO4 H 2SO4 =
FeSO 4 FeSO4
+ +
0,0999 m ol
1)
2+
H2 ( Pt )
H+ 1M
Fe2+ 1M ;
Fe cc H
E
: cc
Fe / Fe
cc Fe : cc 2e = + 2e = + + 2H = Fe2+ H2 Fe2+
H2
cc
H2 ( Pt )
H+ 1M
Ag+ 1M
Ag
p = 1at
EoAg+/Ag = 0,800 V
Phn ng :
cc H :
+ 2 H+
Fe : cc
Fe
Ag+ 1M Ag cc Ag : cc
; cc
Fe 2e = Fe2+ 2 Ag+ + 2e = 2 Ag + Fe + 2 Ag = 2Ag + 2 Fe2+ 2) a. Th t gim I1 l Li , Na , K Cn c : Cc nguyn t u thuc nhm I , c 1 e ho tr t trn xung : z ( z = 7 z = 19 ) r r tng nhanh hn nn lc ht gia ht nhn vi 1e ho tr gim t trn xung . Kt qu: I1 gim t trn xung . b. Mg ( z = 12 ) c 1s22s22p63s2 Al ( z = 13 ) c 1s22s22p63s23p1 Khi tch 1 e ca Mg t phn lp bo ho 3s1 phi tn nhiu nng lng hn khi tch 1 e ca Al t phn lp cha bo ho 3p1 . Do Mg c I1 ln hn Al .