Chng 2: Qu trnh cng ngh l hi

II.1.Khi nim l hi L hi l thit b to ra hi nc bo ha hoc hi nc qu nhit. Hi nc qu nhit dng lm ngun nng lng cung cp cho cc thit b quay (rotate device) ti cc nh my sn xut cng nghip nh turbine truyn ng bm hoc my nn...hay dn ng cc turbine quay cc my pht in. Bn cnh vic to ra ng nng, hi nc qu nhit ny cn c th s dng trong mt vi ng dng khc nh lm kh sn phm hay gia nhit cht xc tc .

Hnh 2.1: M hnh vt th l hi

Nc cp cho bn cha phi m bo yu cu v cht lng, c bm ht v v y vo l hi. B phn cung cp nhit c t bng du mazut (c th nhin liu khc) v ngun nhit t c n khong 1600 - 2200 oC. Vi m hnh thit b

nh trn, khi l sau khi i qua 3 pass v ra khi l nhit h xung cn 900 1300 oC (Hnh v bn di). Hi c cung cp cho cc thit b trao i nhit v sau khi ra khi cc thit b ny s b ngng t thnh lng v quay tr li bn cha nc cp cho l hi L hi c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip nh nh my ha cht, ng, ru, bia, nc gii kht, ch bin thc phm ...hi nc c s dng cho cc qu trnh un nu, gia nhit, sy, thanh trng, c c ... hi s dng trong qu trnh trao i nhit l hi bo ha. Loi l hi ny c gi l l hi cng nghip, c p sut hi thp, sn lng nh. i vi l hi cng nghip, hi sn xut l hi bo ha, p sut hi khng vt qu 2.0 Mpa, nhit t = 250 oC. 1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca l hi:

Hnh 2.2: S nguyn l hot ng ca l hi

Thnh phn c bn ca l hi gm: - B cp nc cho l hi - L hi - B phn s dng hi

Hnh 2.3: S cu to l hi

Chu trnh hot ng din ra bn trong l hi nh sau: Nc kh khong sau khi qua b trao i nhit (Economiser) s i vo bao hi, sau y n s trao i nhit ti bung la thng qua b gia nhit (Evaporator) v tr v li bao hi. Lc ny trong bao hi s l hn hp gia nc v hi nc. Do mc nc s thay i ph thuc vo p sut trong bao hi. Nu p sut gim th mc s tng v ngc li.

Dng hi bo ha ra khi bao hi s i vo Superheater. B Superheater ny bao gm hai dn trao i nhit. Sau khi trao i nhit ti dn trao i nhit th nht ca Superheater, hi qu nhit s c lm mt bng mt lng nc lm mt (quench water) iu ha nhit v tip tc i vo dn trao i nhit th hai. Hi nc ra khi dn trao i nhit th hai ny (tc l ra khi Superheater) chnh l hi nc qu nhit c s dng cho qu trnh sn xut. Lng hi ny s c a vo mng hi, ty vo lng hi c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut (downstream) m l hi thay i cng sut cho ph hp. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, ta cn phi duy tr mc nc trong bao hi mc an ton (thng thng l gia bao hi): khng thp qu m bo nc cho qu trnh to hi v trnh gy chy cc ng trao i nhit m cng khng cao qu n nh c p sut trong bao hi khi ti (nhu cu tiu th hi nc qu nhit) thay i. Do vy khi mc nc nm trong gii hn an ton ta cn phi bm lin tc mt lng nc vo bao hi bng vi lng hi c tiu th u ra ca l hi m bo mc nc khng thay i. gia nhit cho nc thnh hi nc qu nhit, ngun nhit nng c to t bung la bng vic t chy nhin liu. Cht lng qu trnh chy c kim sot bng nng Oxy kh thi. II.2.Phn loi l hi: Trong cng nghip l hi c phn loi thnh nhiu loi khc nhau da vo ch t nhin liu trong bn la, ch tun hon nc. Phn ny gii thiu cc loi l hi khc nhau: L hi ng la, l hi ng nc, l hi trn b, l hi bung la tng si, l hi bung la tng si khng kh, l hi bung la tng si iu p, l hi bung la tng si tun hon, l hi t l, l hi s dng nhin liu phun, l hi s dng nhin liu thi v thit b gia nhit. II.2.1.L hi ng la (Fire Tub Boiler)

Vi loi l hi ny, kh nng i qua cc ng v nc cp cho l hi pha trn s c chuyn thnh hi. L hi ng la thng c s dng vi cng sut hi tng i thp cho n p sut hi trung bnh. Do , s dng l hi dng ny l u th vi t l hi ln ti 12.000 kg/gi v p sut ln ti 18 kg/cm2. Cc l hi ny c th s dng vi du, ga hoc cc nhin liu lng. V cc l do kinh t, cc l hi ng la nm trong hng mc lp t trn gi (tc l nh sn xut s lp t) i vi tt c cc loi nhin liu.

Hnh 2.4: Mt ct ca mt L hi ng la

II.2.2.L hi ng nc (Water Tube Boiler) l hi ng nc, nc cp qua cc ng i vo tang l hi. Nc c un nng bng kh chy v chuyn thnh hi khu vc ng hi trn tang l hi. L hi dng ny c la chn khi nhu cu hi cao i vi nh my pht in. Phn ln cc thit k l hi ng nc hin i c cng sut nm trong khong 4.500 120.000 kg/gi hi, p sut rt cao. Rt nhiu l hi dng ny nm trong

hng mc lp t trn gi nu nh my s dng du v/hoc ga lm nhin liu. Hin cng c loi thit k l hi ng nc s dng nhin liu rn nhng vi loi ny, thit k trn gi khng thng dng bng. L hi ng nc c cc c im sau: - S thng gi cng bc, cm ng, v cn bng s gip nng cao hiu sut chy. - Yu cu cht lng nc cao v cn phi c h thng x l nc. - Ph hp vi cng sut nhit cao

Hnh 2.5: L hi ng nc

II.2.3.L hi trn b (Package Boiler) Loi l hi ny c tn gi nh vy v n l mt h thng trn b. Khi c lp t ti nh my, h thng ny ch cn hi, ng nc, cung cp nhin liu v ni in c th i vo hot ng. L hi trn b thng c dng v s vi cc ng la c thit k sao cho t c tc truyn nhit bc x v i lu cao nht.

Hnh 2.6: L hi trn b t du cp 3 in hnh (Spirax Sarco)

c im l hi trn b:
-

Bung t nh, tc truyn nhit cao dn n qu trnh ha hi nhanh hn. Qu trnh truyn nhit do i lu tt hn do c lp mt s lng ln cc ng truyn nhit c ng knh nh gip truyn nhit i lu tt. Hiu sut chy cao do c s dng h thng thng gi cng bc Qu trnh truyn nhit tt hn nh s ln kh i qua l hi Hiu sut nhit cao hn so vi cc loi l hi khc.

Nhng l hi ny c phn loi da trn s ln s ln kh t nng i qua l hi. Bung t s l ln i qua th nht, sau c th l hai hoc ba b ng la. Loi l hi ph bin nht ca loi ny l l hi bc 3 (3 ln kh i qua l hi) vi hai b ng t v vi kh thi i qua b phn pha sau l hi. II.2.4.L hi bung la tn si (FCB).

L hi bung la tng si (FBC) gn y ni ln nh l mt la chn kh thi v c rt nhiu u im so vi h thng t truyn thng, n mang li rt nhiu li ch thit k l hi gn nh, nhin liu linh hot, hiu sut chy cao hn v gim thi cc cht gy nhim c hi nh SOx v NOx. Nhin liu t ca nhng l hi loi ny gm c than, v tru, b ma, v cc cht thi nng nghip khc. L hi bung la tng si c cc mc cng sut rt khc nhau t 0,5 T/h cho ti hn100 T/h002E Khi khng kh hoc ga c phn b u, i qua lp ht rn minh, nhng ht ny s khng b nh hng vn tc thp. Khi vn tc khng kh tng dn, dn n trng thi cc ht n b treo l lng trong khng kh ny gi l tng si. Nu cc ht ct trng thi si c un ti nhit than c th bc chy, v than c cp lin tc vo, khi n lp nhin liu, than s bc chy tc th v lp nhin liu t c nhit ng u. Qu trnh t chy tng si (FBC) din ra mc nhit 840OC n 950OC. V nhit ny thp hn nhit tan chy ca x rt nhiu, nn c th trnh c vn x nng chy v cc vn khc c lin quan. Nhit chy thp hn t c l do h s truyn nhit cao nh s pha trn nhanh tng si v s thot nhit hiu qu t lp nhin liu qua nhng ng truyn nhit trong lp nhin liu v thnh ca tng nhin liu. Vn tc kh c duy tr gia khong vn tc si ti thiu v vn tc cc ht nhin liu b cun theo. iu ny gip m bo s vn hnh n nh ca lp nhin liu v trnh vic cc ht b cun theo vo dng kh. II.2.5.L hi bung la tng si khng kh (AFBC) Phn ln cc l hi vn hnh dng ny l theo Qu trnh Chy tng si khng kh (AFBC). Qu trnh ny phc tp hn l b sung mt bung t tng si vo l hi v s truyn thng. Nhng h thng nh th ny c lp t tng t nh l hi ng nc.

Than c p theo c 1 10 mm ph thuc vo loi than, loi nhin liu cp cho bung t. Khng kh kh quyn, ng vai tr l c kh t v kh tng si, c cp vo mt mc p sut, sau khi c un nng s b bng kh thi. Nhng ng trong tng nhin liu mang nc ng vai tr l thit b bay hi. Nhng sn phm kh ca qu trnh t i qua b phn qu nhit ca l hi, qua b phn tit kim, thit b thu hi bi v thit b un nng kh s b trc khi ra khng kh. II.2.6.L hi bung la tng si iu p (PFBC) loi l hi ny, mt my nn kh s cung cp kh s cp cng bc (FD) v bung t l mt ni p sut. Tc thot nhit trong tng si t l vi p sut ca tng si v do d, tng su s gip thot nhit nhiu. Nh vy, hiu sut chy v s hp th S2 trong tng nhin liu Hi c to ra trong hai ng, mt nm trong tng si v mt nm trn. Kh l nng c th chy tua bin s dng gas pht in. H thng PFBC c th c s dng trong ng pht (hi v in) hoc pht in chu trnh kt hp. Vic vn hnh chu trnh kt hp (tua bin dng gas v tua bin chy bng hi nc) s ci tin hiu sut chuyn i ton phn t 5 n 8 %. II.2.7.L hi bung la tng si tun hon kh (CFBC) Vi h thng tun hon, cc thng s ca tng nhin liu c duy tr thc y vic loi sch nhng ht rn trong tng nhin liu. Chng nng ln, pha trn trong dn ng ln v h xung theo cyclon phn li v quay tr li. Trong tng nhin liu, khng c ng sinh hi. Vic sinh hi v lm qu nhit hi din ra b phn i lu, thnh ng nc v u ra ca dn ng nng ln. Cc l hi bung la tng si tun hon kh thng kinh t hn so vi l hi bung la tng si khng kh khi p dng trong cc doanh nghip cng nghip cn s dng lng hi ln hn 75 100 T/h. Vi cc nh my c nhu cu ln hn, nh

c im l t cao ca h thng l hi bung la tng si tun hon kh s cung cp khong trng ln hn s dng, cc ht nhin liu ln hn, v thi gian lu hp th t hiu sut chy v mc SO 2 cao hn, vic p dng cc cng ngh kim sot mc NOx cng d dng hn so vi l hi bung la tng si khng kh .

Hnh 2.7: L hi CFBC

II.2.8.L hi t ghi:

Bung la c chia tu theo phng php cp nhin liu cho l v kiu ghi l. Cc loi chnh bao gm bung la ghi c nh v bung la ghi xch hoc ghi di ng. 1.Bung la ghi c nh Bung la ghi c nh s dng kt hp chy trn ghi l v chy trong khi ri. Than c a lin tc vo l trn lp than ang chy. Than nhn c nhit v tin hnh cc giai on ca qu trnh chy. Nhng ht than to hn (phn cc) ri trn ghi, chy vi mt lp than mng, chy nhanh. Phng php t ny rt linh hot vi nhng dao ng mc ti, v vic t chy to ra tc thi khi tc chy tng. V vy, bung la ghi c nh c a chung hn nhng loi bung la khc trong cc ng dng cng nghip. 2.Bung la ghi xch hoc bung la ghi di ng Than c cp vo phn cui ca ghi l ang chuyn ng. Khi ghi chuyn ng dc theo chiu di ca bung la, than chy, cn x ri xung pha di. S dng loi l ny, cn phi c mt s k nng, nht l khi thit lp ghi, van iu tit, v cc vch ngn m bo qu trnh t sch, khng cn cacbon cha chy trong x. Phu cp than chuyn ng dc theo phn cp than ca l. Thit b chn than c s dng iu chnh t l than cp vo l thng qua kim sot dy ca lp than. Kch c than phi u v nhng vin to s khng chy ht ti thi im chng n cui ghi.

Hnh 2. 8: Bung la ghi di ng

II.2.9.L hi s dng nhin liu phun Hu ht cc nh my nhit in (than) u s dng l hi dng nhin liu phun, v rt nhiu l hi ng nc cng nghip cng s dng loi nhin liu phun ny. Cng ngh ny c nhn rng rt nhanh v hin c hng nghn nh my p dng, chim hn 90% cng sut t than. Than c nghin (pulverized) thnh bt mn sao cho di 2% c ng knh +300 micrometer (m) v 70-75 % nh hn 75 microns, i vi than bitum. Cng cn lu rng, bt qu mn s gy lng ph in s dng cho my nghin. Mt khc, bt to qu s khng chy ht trong bung t v dn ti tn tht do cha chy ht.

Than nghin c phun cng vi mt phn kh t vo dy chuyn l hi thng qua mt s vi t. C th b sung kh cp 2 v 3. Qu trnh chy din ra nhit t 1300-1700 C, ph thuc nhiu vo loi than. Thi gian lu ca cc than trong l in hnh t khong 2 n 5 giy, v kch thc ht phi nh va hon tt qu trnh t, din ra trong khong thi gian ny. H thng kiu ny c rt nhiu u im nh kh nng chy vi cc loi than cht lng khc nhau, phn ng nhanh vi cc thay i mc ti, s dng nhit kh un nng s b cao, vv... Mt trong nhng h thng ph bin nht t than nghin l t theo phng tip tuyn s dng 4 gc to ra qu bng la gia l.

Hnh 2.9: t chy theo phng tip tuyn nhin liu phun

II.2.10.L hi s dng nhit thi Bt c ni no c sn nhit thi nhit cao hoc trung bnh u c th lp t l hi s dng nhit thi mt cch kinh t. Khi nhu cu hi cao hn lng hi to ra t nhit thi, c th s dng l t nhin liu ph tr. Nu khng cn s dng hi trc tip c th s dng hi cho my pht tua bin chy bng hi pht

in. L hi loi ny c s dng rng ri vi nhit thu hi t kh thi ca tua bin chy bng gas hoc cc ng c diezen.

Hnh 2.10: Gin L hi s dng nhit thi