CHUI LY THA V HM SINH

1. S phc
- nh ngha tp s phc C:
Tp hp s C l m rng tp hp R cc s thc vi
cc phn t tho 2 iu kin:
C cha mt nghim i ca phng trnh
x
2
+1=0
Cc php ton + v * trn R c m rng
thnh cc php ton trn C tha cc tnh cht quen thuc ca mt
trng, ngha l vi z
1
, z
2
, z
3
C
(z
1
+ z
2
) + z
3
= z
1
+ (z
2
+ z
3
)
z
1
+ z
2
= z
2
+ z
1
z
1
+ 0 = z
1
Vi mi z C, tn ti z sao cho z +
z = 0
(z
1
* z
2
) * z
3
= z
1
* (z
2
* z
3
)
z
1
* z
2
= z
2
* z
1
z
1
* 1 = z
1
Vi mi z C, z 0 tn ti z sao cho
z * z = 1, ta vit
z=z
-1
z
1
* (z
2
+ z
3
) = z
1
* z
2
+ z
1
*z
3
- Dng i s ca s phc v cc khi nim:
Mt s phc z c dng i s l z= a + ib (a,b R).
Trong :
a l phn thc v vit a= Re(z)
b l phn o v vit b= Im(z)
c bit:
Cc s thc z=a u c phn o =0
Cc s phc c dng z=ib, b R gi l cc
s thun o
Xt s phc z = a + ib. Ta ni s phc ib a z l lin
hp ca z
Tnh cht ca ca php lin hp


+ +
z z z
C z z z z z z
C z z z z z z
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
, * *
,
Modun ca mt s phc z= a + ib k hiu l |z| v c
nh ngha nh sau
2 2
b a z +
Cc tnh cht
n n
n n
z z z z z z z z z z
z z z z
z z z z z z
z z
+ + + + + + + +
< <

... ...
) Im( ) Re(
... ....
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
- Dng lng gic ca s phc:
Mt s phc z=a+ib cn c th c vit di dng
lng gic nh sau:
( ) sin cos i r z +
Trong
sin , cos r b r a
2 2
b a r +
r chnh l modun ca z v gc c gi l
argument ca z. Ta vit =arg(z).
Xt 2 s phc
( )
1 1 1 1
sin cos i r z + v
( )
2 2 2 2
sin cos i r z + .
Ta c:
[ ] ) sin( ) cos(
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + + i r r z z (*)
) 2 (mod ) arg( ) arg( ) arg(
) 2 (mod ) arg( ) arg( ) arg(
2 1
2
1
2 1 2 1

z z
z
z
z z z z

+
- Cn bc n ca mt s phc.
T (*) ta suy ra nu
( ) sin cos i r z +
th
( ) n i n r z
n n
sin cos + , nN.
c bit nu r=1 th ta c cng thc Moivre:
( ) n i n i
n
sin cos sin cos + +
Ta gi cn bc n ca mt s phc A l mt s phc z sao
cho z
n
= A
Ta vit A v z di dng lng gic:
( )
( )

sin cos
sin cos
i z
i r A
+
+
Nh vy ta c
r
n

v
n
(mod 2 )
Do tt c cc cn bc n ca A 0 l
1 ..., , 1 , 0 ,
2
sin
2
cos
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
,
_

+ n k
n
k
n
i
n
k
n
r z
n
k

Ch : cn bc n ca A l nh ca a gic u n cnh ni
tip trong vng trn tm O bn knh
n
A
.
c bit cc cn bc n ca n v (A=1) ni tip trong
vng trn n v. t
n
i
n

2
sin
2
cos +
th cn bc
n ca n v chnh l
1 2
,..., , , 1
n

. Ta ni l
1 cn bc n nguyn thy ca n v.
2. Chui ly tha
- Metric (khong cch) trn tp C.
Cho z v z thuc C, khong cch gia z v z c nh
ngha bi:
| z z| =
) b' - (b ) a' - (a
2 2
+
vi z = a+b i, z = a+b i.
- nh ngha khong cch trn tha cc tnh cht ca mt
metric.
- Gii hn v o hm.
nh ngha gii hn ca dy s phc cng tng t nh i
vi s thc:

z
k n n, k, 0, z
z lim n n
< > >

z
n
nh ngha gii hn ca hm s phc cng tng t nh
i vi hm s thc:
f(z) z - z z, , 0 0, L f(z)
lim
0 0
0
< > >

z
z z
o hm ca hm s phc G(z), k hiu l G(z), c
nh ngha bi gii hn ca t s
z - t
G(z) - G(t)
khi t z .
- Chui ly tha, s hi t v hi t tuyt i.
Chui ly tha c dng:

0 n
n
n z a
(1)
vi cc h s a
n
, v bin z ly gi tr phc.
Tng ring phn:

n
k
k
k n z a S
z
0
) (
Nu S
n
(z) c gii hn l G(z) khi n th ta ni chui ly
tha hi t v c tng bng G(z), v vit:

0
) (
n
n
n z a
z G
Chui (1) c gi l hi t tuyt i khi chui
|
0
|

n
n
n
z
a l hi t.
Tnh cht: Chui hi t tuyt i th cng hi t.
- nh l Abel.
(i) Tn ti duy nht R (0 R +) sao cho:
chui (1) hi t tuyt i nu | z | < R, v
chui (1) phn k nu | z | > R.
(ii) Hn na, nu 0 < R th chui (1) hi t u
trong a | z | .
Ta gi R l bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha.
Ghi ch: Trn vng trn | z | = R ta khng c kt lun tng
qut v chui (1).
H qu: Nu chui (1) hi t ti im z
0
0 th chui cng
hi t tuyt i ti mi z tha:
| z | < | z
0
|
v hi t u trong mi a | z | < | z
0
|.
- Cc quy tc tnh bn knh hi t
Quy tc Cauchy:
Nu
n
n a
lim
tn ti (c th bng +) th
R = (
n
n a
lim
)
-1
.
Quy tc DAlembert:
Nu
a
a
n
n 1
lim
+
tn ti (c th bng +) th
R =

,
_

a
a
n
n 1
1
lim
- Chui tng v chui tch.
Cho 2 chui ly tha z a
n
n
n
z f

0
) (
v z b
n
n
n
z g

0
) (

vi bn knh hi t l R
1
v R
2
. Ta lp chui tng v chui
tch nh sau:
( )
z b a
n
n
n n
z g f

+ +
0
) )( (
z c
n
n
n
z fg

0
) )( (
vi
c
n
= a
0
b
n
+ a
1
b
n-1
+ . . . + a
n
b
0
, n = 0, 1, 2,
Mnh :
Cc chui tng v tch c bn knh hi t min(R
1
,R
2
) v
hn na
(f + g)(z) = f(z) + g(z)
(f g)(z) = f(z) g(z)
vi | z | < min(R
1
,R
2
).
- o hm v nguyn hm ca chui ly tha.
Xt chui ly tha

0
) (
n
n
n z a
z G
vi bn knh hi
t R.
Do chui ly tha hi t u trong cc a | z | < R, ta
thy G(z) c o hm theo bin phc l

+
+
+
0
1
1
) 1 ( ) ( '
n
n
n z a
n z G
, | z | < R
(Php ly o hm theo tng s hng ca chui ly tha).
Mt hm c o hm theo bin phc trong mt min D
c gi l hm gii tch hay chnh hnh trong min D.
Nh vy G(z) l mt hm gii tch trong a hi t | z | < R.
Ta c khai trin Taylor

0
) (
!
) 0 (
) (
n
n
n
z
n
G
z G
, | z | < R
Ngoi php ly o hm theo tng s hng ta cng c php
ly tch phn theo tng s hng v hm

1
1
) (
n
n
n
z
n
a
z F
c cng bn knh hi t R v
) (
0 1
1
1
) ( ' z G
z a
a
z F
n
n
n
n
n
n
z n
n

trong a | z | < R.
3. Hm sinh
- nh ngha hm sinh.
nhn mnh quan h gia hm

0
) (
n
n
n z a
z G
v
dy {a
n
} ta ni G(z) l hm sinh ca dy {a
n
}.
- Mt s hm sinh thng gp.
(i) a thc z a
z
a a
z p
n
n
+ + + ... ) (
1 0
l hm sinh ca dy
hu hn a
0
, a
1
, , a
n
. Do p(z) l mt hm nguyn (gii tch trn
ton b C).
(ii) Xt hm m

0
!
n
n
n
z
e
z
. y cng l mt hm
nguyn.
Theo quy tc tnh chui tch ta c:
e
z z
e
z
e
z ' ' +

Theo quy tc o hm tng s hng ta c:

+
+

,
_

0 0
!
) 1 (
)! 1 (
1
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z
z e
z
dz
d
Vy e
z
e
z
dz
d

,
_

(iii) Cc hm lng gic theo bin phc:

0
2
)! 2 (
) 1 ( ) ( cos
k
k
k
k
z
z

+
+

0
1 2
)! 1 2 (
) 1 ( ) sin(
k
k
k
k
z
z
T quy tc cng chui ly tha ta c:
) sin( ) cos( z
e
iz
i z +
Vi z = x + i y ta c:
)) sin( ) (cos( y y
e
x
e
iy
e
x
e
z
i +
(iv) Cc hm
z 1
1
,
,
_

z 1
1
ln
, v dy s iu ha {H
n
}

0
1
1
n
n
z
z
, | z | < 1
Ly tch phn tng s hng ca chui

0 n
n
z ta c mt
nguyn hm ca hm
z 1
1
, k hiu l
,
_

z 1
1
ln
hay
-ln(1-z):

,
_

1
) 1 ln(
1
1
ln
n
n
n
z
z
z
T ta c:

+
1
1
) 1 (
)) ( 1 ln( ) 1 ln(
n
n
n
z
n
z z
S dng quy tc nhn chui ta thy
,
_

z z 1
1
ln
1
1
l hm
sinh ca dy:
n
Hn
1
2
1
1 + + + , n = 1, 2,

,
_

1
1
1
ln
1
1
n
n
n z H
z z
Dy {H
n
} c gi l dy s iu ha, ng vai tr quan
trng trong s hc cng nh trong vic phn tch phc
tp ca mt s thut ton.
4. S Bernoulli
- nh ngha s Bernoulli.
o Dy s Bernoulli c nh ngha quy np nh sau

2
1
, 1
1 0
B B
(4.1)

2 ,
0

,
_

m B B
m
m
k
k
m
k
(4.2)
Trong
)! ( !
!
k m k
m
m
k

,
_

l h s nh thc.
o rng m=2 th (4.2) tr thnh
B
2
+ 2B
1
+B
0
= B
2
.
H thc ny c tha do (4.1)
Vi 3 m th (4.2) cho php tnh B
m-1
theo B
m-2
,
B
m-3
,, B
0
. Chng hn
30
1
, 0 ,
6
1
4 3 2
B B B
B
3
= B
5
= B
7
= = 0
- nh ngha a thc Bernoulli.
S dng cc s Bernoulli, ta c th nh ngha cc
a thc Bernoulli nh sau:
,... 1 , 0 , ) (
0

,
_

m
k
k m
k
m
k
m
m B B z z
Ch rng B
m
(z) l mt a thc bc m vi h s c bc cao
nht l B
0
=1 v h s hng B
m
(0)=B
m.
- Mt s tnh cht:
o ) 0 ( ) 1 (
0

,
_

m
k
m m k
m
k
m
B B B B
o ) ( ) (
1
z z
m m
mB B


5. Dng iu ca H
n
v n!
- K hiu O:
Kho st hm theo bin thc hoc nguyn f(x), g(x). Ta xt
dng iu ca hm khi x ln hoc |x| nh.
V d:
Khi x +, ta ni g = O(f) khi
tn ti M > 0 (khng ph thuc x) sao cho
|g(x)| M.|f(x)| , khi x kh ln.
Khi x 0, ta ni g = O(f) khi
tn ti M > 0 (khng ph thuc x) sao cho
|g(x)| M.|f(x)| , khi |x| kh b.
- Tnh cht:
f = O(f)
cf(x) = O(f(x))
O(f(x)) + O(f(x)) = O(f(x))
O(O(f(x))) = O(f(x))
O(f(x)) . O(g(x)) = O(f(x).g(x))
f(x).O(f(x)) = O(f(x).g(x))
- Cng thc quan trng v H
n
:

,
_

+ +
1
1
1
) (
m
k
m k
k
n
n
O
kn
B
n Ln H
trong hng s (c gi l hng s Euler) tnh theo
cng thc gii hn
( ) ) ln( lim
1
n
Hn
n

Ta nhn thy
1
) (

n Ln
H
n
khi
n
ngha l
H
n
~ Ln(n)
Vi n=6 ta c mt khai trin n cp 6 theo
n
1

,
_

+ + + +
6 4 2
1
120
1
12
1
2
1
) (
n
O
n n n
n Ln H
n

- Cng thc Stirling:
Ngi ta chng minh c rng gii hn sau y tn ti
hu hn v c gi l hng s Stirling:

,
_

+ +

n n n n
n
) ln( ) ( ) ! ln( lim
2
1

Ta cng c:

,
_

+ + +

,
_

+
n
n n n n
n
3
1
12
1
2
1
O ) ln( . ) ! ln(
v

,
_

,
_

+ + +

,
_

n n
n
n
n n
e
e
n
3 2
1
O
288
1
12
1
1 !

Dng tch phn ca hm bin phc ta c th chng minh
rng:

2
e
v c cng thc Stirling sau y:

,
_

,
_

+ + +

,
_

n n
n
n
n n
e
n
3 2
1
O
288
1
12
1
1 2 !
Suy ra
n
e
n
n n
,
_

2 !
6. Hm sinh ca mt dy xc sut (c thm)
7. Gii h thc qui bng hm sinh (c thm)