DNG NH THC NEWTON CHNG MINH H THC V TNH TNG T HP. I.

. P DNG NH THC NEWTON CHNG MINH H THC V TNH TNG T HP. Nguyn Vn Nm - L Hong Nam I. Thun nh thc Newton Du hiu nhn bit: Khi cc s hng ca tng c dng th ta s dng trc tip nh thc Newton: . Vic cn li ch l kho lo chn a,b V d 1.1: Tnh tng D dng thy tng trn c dng nh du hiu nu trn. Ta s chn . Khi tng trn s bng V d 1.2: Chng minh rng: Tng t nh trn, ta ngh ngay n vic dng nh thc vi :

Nhng tng cn tm ch cha cc s hng c vi k chn nn ta phi trit tiu c cc s hng l bng cch tnh tng khc vi

Do tng cn tm l Bi tp tng t: 1. Chng minh rng: 2. Chng minh rng: II. S dng o hm cp 1,2 1. o hm cp 1 Du hiu: Khi h s ng trc t hp tng dn hoc gim dn t hay tc s hng c dng hoc th ta c th dng o hm cp 1 n tnh. C th

Ly o hm hai v theo x ta c : (1) n y thay x,a bng hng s thch hp ta c tng cn tm V d II.1: Tnh tng Gii Ta thy tng cn tnh c dng nh VP (1). Vic cn li ch cn chn ta tnh c tng bng 0. Cch khc: S dng ng thc ta c tng bng : Dng cch ny c th trnh c dng o hm do ph hp vi cc bn 11 cha hc n o hm hoc cm thy dng cha quen o hm. V d II.2: Tnh tng

Gii Nhn thy h s ng trc t hp gim dn nn phi hon i v tr v : o hm theo x:

Thay x = 2, a = 3 ta c tng bng Cch khc: Kho lo s dng 2 ng thc ta c th trnh vic phi dng o hm phc tm:

V d II.3: Tnh tng Gii H s trc t hp gim dn t 2008,2007,2,1 nn dng o hm l iu d hiu:

By gi nu ly o hm th ch c

trong khi

trong n 2008 do ta phi nhn thm x vo ng thc trn ri mi o hm:

Thay x = 1 vo ta tm c tng l Bi tp tng t 1. Chng minh rng 2. Tnh tng 3. Tm n bit 2. o hm cp 2 Du hiu: Khi h s ng trc t hp c dng hay hay ( khng k du ) tc c dng hay tng qut hn th ta c th dng o hm n cp 2 tnh. Xt a thc:

Khi o hm hai v theo x ta c:

o hm ln na:

n y ta gn nh gii quyt xong bi ton ch vic thay a, b, x bi cc hng s thch hp na thi. V d II.4: Chng minh rng S= D dng thy c VT ca ng thc trn ging gn nh hon ton VP (2) ta ch vic thay l gii quyt xong bi ton Ch : y ch l tng cn khi trnh by vo bi kim tra hay bi thi th ta phi ghi r xt a thc ri o hm 2 ln v thay x = 1 vo mi c trn s im.

Cch khc: Ta vn c th s dng c ng thc 2 ln tnh tng trn, c th:

Tng t nh trn ta d dng tnh c tng bng cch thay x = -1 v n = 16 Hoc ta cng c th s dng cht. V d II.5: Rt gn tng sau Gii Vi tng nh bi trn ta xt a thc n gin hn mt

o hm ln 1:

Nu ta tip tc o hm ln na th ch thu c 1.2, 2.3 , do thu c ta phi nhn thm hai v vi x ri mi ly o hm:

Thay x = 1 ta rt gn c tng trn thnh Tng t khi tnh tng cn ch l trc t hp c mt h s ln hn k trong ta phi nhn vi x trc khi o hm 2 ln. ta nn

Bi tp tng t: 1. Tnh tng III. S dng tch phn xc nh Du hiu: tng ca phng php ny l da vo h thc T y d dng tm c du hiu s dng phng php

ny l s hng ca tng c dng

. C th, xt

tch phn Tnh trc tip: Hoc gin tip:

ta c th tnh bng hai cch.

Hai cch trn l nh nhau nn t ta c c: Ty bi ton ta chn cc h s a, b, c, d, thch hp V d III.1: CMR Gii Nhn vo t ca phn s d dng tm c hai cn Tip tc mt cht ta chn tip suy ra pcm

Ch : Khi trnh by bi thi phi ghi r tch phn ri tnh bng hai cch mi c trn im. Cch khc: Ta c th trnh khng dng tch phn bng cch p dng ng thc: . Vic tnh ton khng nhng n gin hn m cn gim thiu c sai st khi lm bi:

thy r s hu ch ca ng thc n gin , ta xt mt v d khc. Tnh tng R rng dng tch phn i vi bi ny gn nh l khng th nhng nu p dng ng thc th li l mt chuyn khc: Vic cn li by gi ch l tnh tng trong ngoc vung . C rt nhiu cch tnh nn chng ta s quay li tng ny trong phn Cc phng php khc .

Tr li phn tch phn, vi vic thay a, b, c, d bng cch hng s thch hp ta c th ch ra cc bi ton phc tp hn, chng hn khi ta c:

V d III.2: Tnh Gii Mi s hng ca tng c dng nn ta ngh ngay n dng tch phn. Nhng mu ca h s li l so vi trong du hiu trn l . Do ta phi thay tch

phn

bng tch phn khc. y ta

chn . D dng tm c cn trn l 2, cn di l 1. Th li: Vic cn li by gi ch l i tnh trc tip I:

Vi tng ta xt tng sau: Mu ca h s trc t hp gi y khng cn mu mc na m nhy cc v mi s hng c dng hm l nn s hng ban u ca n trc khi ly nguyn hay n y phn no ta on ra . Nhng nh vy th

c tch phn ban u l du tr u ra ?

Tinh mt cht ta sa li c: . Vic thay cn n gin hn, y ta chn cn trn l 1, cn di l 0. Th

li t cht:

Phn cn li ca bi ton l tnh tch phn : Vi vic thay i tch phn ta c th lm ra ti t cc tng khc phc tp hn ^^!. V d Mt s bi tng t: 1. Tnh tng bng hai cch: ( HD: tng t v d III.1 ) 2. Tnh tng bng hai cch: ( HD: tng t v d III.1 ) 3. Chng minh rng ( HD: tng t v d III.2 ) 4. Chng minh rng ( HD: tng t v d III.2 )