Anh Dien

Phng php nh in
phng php nh in
V c Th
I- m u .
Mt trong nhng phng php rt hay dng gii cc bi ton
vt l l phng php m hnh ho. Ni dung c bn ca phng
php ny da trn cc tnh cht khc nhau lin quan n tnh
ng dng vt l ca cc hin tng ta c th thay th nhng bi
ton kh, phc tp bng cc bi ton gn vi nhng hin tng n
gin hn, bit da vo tnh ng dng ca chng.
Trong bi vit nh ny s trnh by mt v d c th ca ph-
ng php m hnh l Phng php nh in.
II- C s l thuyt ca ph ng php nh in.
1. C s l thuyt.
a. Ni dung ca nhng bi ton c bn ca tnh in hc l
bit c s phn b in tch trong khng gian, ta cn tm in
th v cng in trng mi im. Ngc li, c khi ta bit c
gi tr in th, hay in trng mt s im, ta cn tm s
phn b in tch trong khng gian, hay gi tr in th ti
nhng im khc.
b. Trong trng thi cn bng tnh in, tt c cc in tch
phn b trn b mt vt dn, nn mt in tch khi trong
vt dn cng nh trong khng gian gia cc vt dn u bng 0.
Hm in th trong khng gian sinh ra bi h thng cc
vt dn phi ng thi tho mn cc iu kin bin ca bi ton
cho ngha l :

V c Th Trng THPT chuyn L Hng Phong Nam nh
54
Phng php nh in
+ Bng cc gi tr in th cho trc cc vt dn hoc
in tch trn mi vt dn tng ng bng cc gi tr in tch cho
trc tng vt dn.
+ Trong trng hp c in mi, hm in th phi l hm
lin tc v tho mn cc iu kin v s bin thin ca in trng
mt gii hn cht in mi :
- Theo phng tip tuyn : E
1t
= E
2t
- Theo phng php tuyn : E
1n
=
2
E
2n
c. gii cc bi ton tnh in ta tha nhn kt qu sau :
Hm in th v c s phn b cc in tch u c xc
nh mt cch n tr. Nh vy nu bng mt phng php no
chng ta tm c biu thc cho hm in th tho mn cc
iu kin bin ca bi ton t ra th nh l v tnh n tr
cho php ta kt lun biu thc tm c l duy nht v do l
nghim thc ca bi ton. T nh l v tnh duy nht ny ta rt
ra cc h qu sau :
+ Cho trc s phn b ca mt h cc in tch. in trng
do h in tch ny sinh ra phn bn ngoi cc vt dn s khng
thay i nu ta thay th mt tp hp no c cc in tch
cho bng tp hp cc in tch mi, sao cho in th tng cng
tho mn cc iu kin bin cho.
+ in trng ca h in tch cho trc s khng b thay i
nu ta lp y th tch c gii hn bi mt mt ng th no
, c cha trong n mt in tch tng cng Q bng mt vn
dn in cng cha in tch Q.

55
Phng php nh in
+ Mt mt ng th bt k c th c thay th bng mt
bn dn mng v hn c in th tng ng, trng c hai pha
ca bn khi khng thay i.
2. Ni dung ph ng php nh in .
a. Vn tnh ton trc tip trng sinh ra bi h thng cc
in tch v cc vt dn (hoc cc in mi) l rt kh khn v
khi c mt thm cc in tch hng ng (hoc cc in tch lin
kt) s phn b in tch mt tr ln phc tp.
khc phc kh khn ny ta cn ch rng c im ca
in trng tnh in hon ton c xc nh bi cc gi tr in
th m t tnh cht ca trng ti bin gii gia cc vt dn v in
mi khc nhau, ln o hm ca chng theo phng php tuyn vi
b mt . Nh vy nu v mt pha ca mt bin, ta lm bin
i cc thng s ca mi trng (chng hn thay vt dn ny bng
vt dn khc hoc in mi, thay in mi ny bng in mi
khc hoc vt dn). Ri ta thit lp s phn b cc in mi n
gin hn, sao cho cc iu kin bin hon ton c gi nguyn nh
trc. Theo nh lut v tnh duy nht ta c th kt lun rng: tr-
ng pha bn kia ca mt bin vn khng thay i.
Khi ta d dng tin hnh mi tnh ton v gii cc bi tp
tnh in i vi h in tch im ny. H in tch va c
a vo nh vy c gi l in tch nh ca cc in tch cho.
b. Ni dung ch yu ca phng php nh in l xc nh
c cc in tch nh, sau ta bc vo gii bi ton tnh in
trn h in tch nh tm v h in tch im ban u
bit. Nghim ca bi ton cng l nghim duy nht phi tm. Nh

56
Phng php nh in
vy ta chuyn bi ton phc tp c nhng in tch phn b
lin tc v bi ton n gin ch gm cc in tch im bng
cch thay th h v hn cc in tch phn b phc tp bng cc
in tch nh im.
III- p dng ph ng php nh in gii mt s bi ton tnh
in
1-Tr ng gy bi cc in tch phn b trn mt gii hn l
mt phng.
Bi 1: Mt in tch im q = 20,0 nc t trong chn khng
cch mt thnh phng bng kim loi ni t mt khong a =
50mm.
1- Tm lc F trong tng tc gia in tch q v thnh phng .
2- Mt in tch hng ng trn mt vt dn.
Bi gii :
1-V thnh phng kim loi ni t nn
in th ca thnh phng bng 0.
Ta xt ph ng sc v mt ng th ca mt h hai
in tch im bng nhau, tri du (hnh v). Ta thy mt
phng trung trc ca on thng ni hai in tch + q v - q l
mt mt ng th, mi im trn mt phng c in th bng
0.
Nh vy nu ta thay mt ng th ny bng mt mt kim
loi phng v hn (ni t, lc u khng mang in) th theo
kt qu trn in trng gia + q v mt phng s khng b thay
i, ngha l in trng c gy ra bi cc in tch
trong kim loi trng vi in trng gy bi in tch q t i

57
a
-q
+q
Phng php nh in
xng vi q qua bn kim loi. in tch o q gi l nh ca in
tch q qua bn kim loi.
Vy lc tng tc gia q v bn kim loi l :
F =
2
2
16 a
q
Thay s : F= 36. 10
-5
(N)
2- Xt trng gy ra ti im M nm
trn mt vt dn, cch A mt khong r.
Cng in trng do cc in tch q
v -q gy ra ti M c phng, chiu nh
hnh v. ln :
E
1
= E
2
= kq/r
2
.
Cng in trng tng hp do h hai in tch q
v -q gy ra ti M c phng, chiu nh hnh v.
ln : E = 2E
1
cos = 2kqa/r
3
.
Mt in tch hng ng trn mt vt dn : =
0
E =
qa/2 r
3
.
Bi 2 : Tnh in dung ca mt dy dn hnh tr bn knh R di
v hn, mang in dng, t song song vi mt t v cch mt
t mt khong h ( h >> R).
Bi gii :
in ph ca in trng gia dy dn v mt t
c biu din nh hnh v.
p dng phng php nh in, ta c
th coi in trng ny l do dy dn v
nh ca n qua mt t gy nn. l

58
E
1
E
2
E
-q
q
0
r
- - - - - - -
- - -
M
+q
-q
h
Phng php nh in
in trng tng hp ca hai mt tr dn
in di v hn tch in tri du gy ra.
C th s dng nh l Ostrograski Gaox tnh cng
in trng do mt dy dn hnh tr gy ra ti im cch trc
ca dy khong r l :
r
R
r
E

0 0
0
2

Trong : , l mt in di v mt in mt. R
l bn knh hnh tr.
Cng in trng tng hp do mt on dy dn hnh tr
di 1 gy ra ti mt im cch dy mang in dng mt khong
x l :
) 2 ( 2 2
0 0
x h l
q
lx
q
E
+

Trong : q l ln in tch trn mt on dy l
Hiu in th gia hai dy dn :

1
]
1
+
R h
R
R h
R
dx
x h l
q
lx
q
Edx V V
2 2
0 0
2 1
) 2 ( 2 2
=>
R
h
l
q
V V
2
ln
0
2 1

V hiu in th gia dy dn v nh ca n ln gp i
hiu in th gia hai dy dn v mt t. Nn hiu in th
gia dy dn v mt t s l :

R
h
l
q V V
U
2
ln
2 2
0
2 1

Coi h thng dy dn v mt t nh mt t in n gin,

ta s tnh c in dung ca mt n v di ca dy dn.

59
Phng php nh in
R
h
l
U
q
C
2
ln
2
0

Bi 3 : Mt in tch im q t ti im A cch mt phng
phn chia hai mi trng in mi ng cht, v hn mt khong
a, hng s in mi ca cc mi trng
1
,
2
.
1-Tm in th ca in trng.
2- Lc tc dng ln in tch q.
Bi gii :
1- Khi t in tch q vo trong
mi trng in mi, mi trng s b
phn cc. in th ca trng tnh
in khi c xc nh bng tng
in th
0
gy bi cc in tch t
do v in th gy bi cc in
tch lin kt trong mi trng in mi.
+ i vi mi trng
1
+
1 1
1
.r
kq
(1)
Trong : : in th do cc in tch lin kt
gy ra .
r
1
: Khong cch t im quan st n in
tch q.
Ta cn ch rng in tch khi trong ton in mi = 0
Mt khc ta c th nhn xt thy rng, di tc dng ca lc
in trng, c hai in mi u b phn cc vi mc khc
nhau. S phn cc c tnh cht i xng qua trc Oz h t im
t q xung mt phng. Do tnh i xng trong ton khng gian

60

q,
q
A
z
0
r
1
r
2
B - q
x
2
M
a
Phng php nh in
m ta c th t vn l thay cc in tch lin kt trn mt
phn cch bng in tch q t ti im B i xng vi A qua
mt phn cch. Khi :
'
2 1
.
'
r
q k

(2)
V rng trong mi trng hai khng c cc in tch t do nn
in th
2
c th vit :
2 2
2
.r
q k

(3)
Do tnh lin tc ca in th trn mt in mi nn:
z=0
=
2
z = 0
(4)
Ta hy biu din r
1
, r
2
trong h trc to cc
2 2 2
1
) ( a z y x r + + ;
2 2 2 '
2
) ( a z y x r + + +
Thay (1), (2), (3) vo (4) ta c :
2 2
2
2 2
1
) 1 (
a x
q k
a x
q k
+
+
+
=>
2 1
) 1 (
+
(a)
V trn mt phn cch khng c in tch lin kt khi ni
theo phng tip tuyn vi mt phn cch in trng khng i,
cn thnh phn php tuyn vi mt phn cch th :
1
E
1n
=
2
E
2n
(5)
Ly o hm in th theo z ti z = 0 thay vo (5) ta c :
1 - = (b)
T (a) v (b) ta c :
1 2 2
1 2 1 2
2
;

+ +
Cui cng :
'
2 2 1 1
2 1
1 1
1
) (
) (
r
kq
r
kq

+
(6)

) (
2
2 1
2

kq
(7)

61
Phng php nh in
* Nhn xt :
Cc h thc (6) v (7) ni ln rng, khi xt in trng trong
mi trng
1
ta em gp v thay th tc dng ca cc lng cc
trn mt phn cch bng mt in tch q' = q t i xng vi
q qua mt phn cch vi gi thit ton khng gian l mi trng
1
.
Cn khi xt in trng trong mi trng
2
ta thay th tc dng
ca cc in tch t do v cc in tch phn cc trn mt phn
cch bng mt in tch q'' = q t v tr ca q. Vi gi thit
ton khng gian cha mi trng
2
.
2- Lc tng tc gia q v lp in mi c th thay bng lc t-
ng tc gia q v q' =
q .
2 1
2 1

+
l nh ca n qua mt phn cch

gia hai lp in mi, vi gi thit ton khng gian l mi trng
1
.
F =
2
2 1 1
2
2 1
4 . ) (
) (
a
q k

+
Khi
1
>
1
, lc F l lc y, nh vy in tch lc u
trong mi trng c ln s b y khi mt phn cch v hng ra
xa v hn.
Khi
1
<
2
lc F l lc ht. in tch lc u trong mi tr-
ng c nh b ht v mt phn cch, ct mt ri i vo
mi trng kia, lc n b y khi mt phn cch v i ra xa
v hn.
Cui cng chng ta lu rng bi ton c gii trong trng hp
b qua lc cn mi trng.
Bi 4 : Mt qu cu nh khi lng m, in tch q ban u c gi
v tr thng ng, cch mt mt phng kim loi rng v hn, c

62
Phng php nh in
mt in mt mt khong h. Th qu cu cho n chuyn
ng. Hy nghin cu chuyn ng ca qu cu.
Bi gii :
V bn rng v hn nn c th coi in trng do bn gy ra
l in trng u, c phng vung gc vi bn, c cng :
E =
0
2
Lcin do bn kim loi tc dng ln in tch q l tng hp

ca lc do in trng E tc dng ln q v do in tch hng ng
tc dng ln.
+ Lc do in trng E tc dng ln q l lc y, hng ra xa
bn v c ln :
0
1
2
q
qE F
Lc do in tch hng ng tc dng ln q bng lc tc dng
gi in tch q v in tch q l nh ca q qua mt phng v
hn. Lc ny l lc ht, n c hng ra xa bn v c ln :
2
2
2
4d
kq
F
Trong : d khong cch t q n bn kim loi.
Cui cng lc in tng hp tc dng ln bn kim loi
2
2
0
2 1
4 2
.
d
kq q
F F F
* V tr cn bng : P = F
mg =
2
0
2
0
4 2
.
d
kq q

2
0
0
0
2 4
k q
d
q mg

63
Phng php nh in
+ Nu h < d
0
qu cu chuyn ng xung v b ht vo bn
kim loi.
+ Nu h = d
0
qu cu v tr cn bng.
+ Nu h > d
0
qu cu chuyn ng ra xa bn kim loi.
Bi 5 : Mt in tch q t trong mt in mi ng cht v
cch mt phng phn chia in mi v mt vn dn rng v hn
mt khong a. Tm in th trong in mi, phn b in
tch hng ng trn b mt kim loi.
Bi gii :
Khi t in tch q trong in mi
do nh hng ca in mi m cng
in trng E v in th u gim i
ln. Nh vy khi k n nh hng ca
in mi th in tch q trong in mi
tng ng vi in tch q' =
q
trong
chn khng. S dng phng php nh
in ta c th thy in th do in
tch q' gy ra ti mt im trong khng
gian c k n cc in tch hng ng
trn kim loi l :
2 1 2 1
' '
r
kq
r
kq
r
kq
r
kq

Trong : - q : l nh ca in tch q' qua mt bn kim loi

64
E
1
E
2
E
-q
q
r
- - - - - - -
- - -
Phng php nh in
+ Cng in trng trn bn kim loi, do tnh cht i
xng ca q' v - q' nn vct cng in trng E theo phng
php tuyn vi mt bn v c ln:
3 2
2
cos .
2
r
kqa
r
kq
E

Mt khc mt in mt c cc nh t nh l xtr
- Graxtki Gaus
=
0
.E. => =
3
0
2
r
kqa
Hay =
3
r
qa
2- Tr ng gy bi cc in tch phn b trn mt gii hn l

mt cu
Bi 6 : Mt in tch im q cch tm qu cu kim loi bn knh
R ni t mt khong a. Hy xc nh :
1- Xc nh lc tng tc gia mt in tch im q v qu
cu.
2- Cng in trng do h gm in tch q v in tch
hng ng trn b mt qu cu gy ra trong khng gian xung
quanh v trn mt cu.
Bi gii :
V qu cu ni t nn in th trn mt qu cu bng 0.
Trn qu cu ch c cc in tch hng ng m.
Ta c th thay in tch hng ng trn mt qu cu bng
in tch - q' sao cho in th do q v -q' gy ra trn mt cu
phi bng 0, tc l mt ng th c in th bng 0 s trng vi
mt cu ni t.

65
Phng php nh in
V trng c tnh cht i xng qua trc oq nn cn phi t
in tch -q' trn trc ny.
* t OC = b. in th ti mt im N bt k trn mt cu
l :

1
2 1 2
' '
0
kq kq R q
R R R q
>

+ Khi N trng B th R
1
= R + b ; R
2
=
R + a

q
q
a R
b R '
+
+

(1)
+ Khi N trng A th R
1
= R - b ; R
2
=
a R
q
q
R a
b R '

(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra :

a
qR
q
a
R
b ' ;
2
(3)
Vy lc tng tc gia qu cu v
in tch im c ln l :
2
2
) ( b a a
kRq
F
Hay :
2 2 2
2
) ( R a
kRaq
F
(4)
2- Cng in trng do in tch q v in tch hng ng
trn b mt a cu gy ra trong khng gian xung quanh l :

3 3
'
'
kq kq
E R R
R R

uur ur uur

66
0
A
B
E
E
1
E
2
N
b
q C
q M
a
R
1
d
Phng php nh in
Trong : R, R khong cch t in tch q v q n im quan
st.
**) By gi ta s tm cng in trng tng hp do cc in
tch gy ra ti N trn mt cu.
Cng in trng do q v q gy ra ti N c phng, chiu
nh hnh v.
ln : 1 2 2 2
1 2
'
;
kq kq
E E
R R

(5)
Cng in trng tng hp do cc in tch gy ra ti N trn
mt cu c phng vung gc vi mt cu, chiu hng vo tm.
ln :
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 E E E E E Cos + (6) . Trong = < EE
1
N = <
CNM
T phng trnh (3) v (5) ta c :
2
1 2 2 2
1 2 2
2 1 1 1
' E q R R R
E E
E qR R R

(7)
V : trong tam gic CNM c ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 a b R R R R Cos + (8)
T (6), (7), (8) v
1
2
' R q R
R q a

ta c :
2
2
2 2
2 2 3
1 2
2
( )
( )
*
R
kq a
a R kq kq a R
a
E E E
R
R R RR
R
a

* Nhn xt :
+ Nu qu cu khng ni t v khng mang in th in
tch trn n phi m bo lun lun bng 0 v mt cu phi c
in th khng i. Nh vy iu kin bin ca bi ton s l :
(mt cu) = const v Q(mt cu) = 0
(5)

67
Phng php nh in
Da vo kt qu bi ton trn, tho mn iu kin bin ta
c th thay th qu cu bng in tch q' =
a
qR
t C v
thm in tch q'' = - q' =
qR
a
t tm qu cu. Nh vy in
tch q'' m bo cho in th trn mt qu cu (mt cu) =
const khc 0. Cn in tch trong mt cu bng nhau v tri du.
+ Nu qu cu mang in tch Q th h in tch tng -
ng vi h ba in tch : q; in tch q' =
a
qR
t C v in
tch Q +
a
qR
t tm hnh cu. Kt qu ny cng p dng c
nu qu cu cho trc in th
Bi 7 : Mt mt phng dn in ni t c mt ch li ln hnh
bn cu bn knh a. Tm hnh cu nm trn mt phng. Mt
in tch im q nm trn trc i xng ca h v cch mt
phng mt khong b (b > a). Xc nh in th v in tch
hng ng ch li ln.
Bi gii :
Ta c th coi trng to bi in
tch q v cc in tch hng ng
trn b mt kim loi nh l trng to
bi h ca 4 in tch :
+ in tch q.
+ in tch q
1
l nh ca
in tch q qua mt phng dn

68
-q
1
M
+q
-q
2
+q
2
a
b
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
Phng php nh in
in, cch mt phng dn in
mt khong b.
+ in tch q
2
l nh ca
in tch q qua mt cu bn knh
a, Cch tm mt cu mt khong
b' =
b
a
2
, ln in tch q
2
=
+ in tch +q'
2
l nh ca in tch q
2
qua mt phng dn
in.
Vi q'
2
= q
2
=
b
qa
, cch mt phng dn in mt khong b' =
b
a
2
in th ca trng :
'
2 2
1 2 3 4
( )
q q q q
M k k k
r r r r
+
Hay :
1 4 2 3
1 1 1 1
( )
a
M kq
r r b r r
1
_

1
1
,
]
2- Cc vc t cng in trng do cc in tch q, q
2
, q
2
,
-q
1
gy ra ti im N (x,0,0) trn mt phng ca vt dn c ph-
ng, chiu nh hnh v.
ln : E
1
= E
4
= kq/r
1
2
, E
2
= E
3
= kq/r
2
2

Cng in trng tng hp
c phng vung gc vi mt vt
dn, c chiu nh hnh v. ln :
E = 2(E
1
cos - E
2
cos )
T hnh v :

2 2 2 2
'
;
'
b b
cos cos
x b x b

+ +

69
b
qa
+q
-q
2
+q
2
-q
1
a
b
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
E
23
E
1
E
2
E
3
E
4
E
14
N
Z
X
Phng php nh in
T :
( ) ( )
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 ' '
'
kqb kq b
E
b x b x

+ +
vi q ' =
b
qa
, b' =
b
a
2
+ in tch hng ng trn mt vt dn :

0
a a
Q ds Eds

. Vi ds = 2 xdx ; 4k
0
= 1

( ) ( )
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2 2 2
' '
' a a
qbx q b x
Q dx dx
b x b x

+ +

Ly tch phn ta c :
2 2
2 2
b a
Q q
b a b
+
in tch hng ng nhng ch li ln :

2 2
2 2
' ( ) (1 )
b a
Q q Q q
b a b

+
Bi 8 : Mt qu cu dn in bn knh R
1
t trong mt in
mi ng cht c hng s in mi
1
. Bn trong qu cu c mt
l hng hnh cu bn knh R
2
cha y in mi ng cht
hng s in mi
2
. Trong l hng c mt in tch im q
cch tm n mt khong a (a < R
2
). Tm th ca in trng trong
ton khng gian.
Bi gii :
- V vt dn trng thi cn bng tnh in l vt ng
th nn in th ca trng bn ngoi qu cu bng : 1
1
q
k
r

70
Phng php nh in
- Do tnh cht lin tc ca hm
in th nn bn trong vt dn ta
phi c :
2
1 1
q
k
R
- Cn bn trong l hng trng sinh ra bi

in tch q, in tch
2
2 2
' ; '
'
qR R
q a
a a

v in th
2
ca vt dn :
3
2 1 2 2 1 1
' kq kq kq
R r R

+
Bi 9 : Mt qu cu dn in bn knh
R trong trng ca mt in tch
im q cch tm qu cu mt khong
a > R. H trn c nhng vo mt in
mi ng cht hng s in mi .
Tm th ca trng nu cho trc
a- in tch ca qu cu Q
b- in th ca qu cu
0
( v cc = 0)
Bi gii :
a- in th ca in tch im v ca qu cu
tch in trong min r > a rt li thnh in th ca 4 in tch
im t trn cc trc i xng: in tch q cch gc to
mt khong a v ba nh ca n l cc in tch Q v q' =
a
qR

71
q
-q
0 Q+q
a
r
1
r
2
r
M
Z
r

1

2
o
R
1
r
1
r
r
2
z M
1
M
2
q
a
-q
a
Phng php nh in
gc to v in tch q' im a' =
a
R
2
lin hp iu ho i
vi mt cu.
in tch q' m t tc dng ca in tch hng ng pha
mt qu cu gn q nht (du in tch ny ngc du vi q) in
tch + q' m t tc dng ca in tch hng ng phn qu cu
xa q hn v n cng du vi q.
in th do h gy ra ti im M l :
1 2
' ' q Q q q
r r r

+
+
y : q' =
a
qR
; cos ' 2 '
2 2
2
r a a r r + ; a' =
a
R
2
l gc to bi gia 0M v trc 0Z
b- Trong trng hp (b) thay Q =
0
R -
a
qR
**)Nhn xt :
+ Nu qu cu chung ho th khng c s hng cha Q.
+ Nu qu cu ni t (
0
= 0) th in th c dng :
1 2
' q q
r r

3- Tr ng gy bi cc in tch phn b trn mt gii hn
l mt tr.
Bi 10 : Mt dy dn thng, di v hn c tch in vi mt
in di , t song song vi trc ca mt hnh tr c bn knh r
mang in - trn mt n v di. Khong cch gia dy
dn v trc hnh tr bng a.
1- Xc nh lc tc dng ln mt n v di ca dy dn.
2- Tm in th, cng in trng do h sinh ra trn mt
tr.
3- Tm phn b in tch mt trn mt tr .

72
Phng php nh in
Bi gii :
*) Nhn xt :
+ Mt tr trng thi cn bng in l mt mt ng th.
Mi im trn mt c cng in th.
+ Mt ng th ca hai dy dn thng, di v hn mang
in v - trn mt n v di l nhng mt tr bao
quanh cc dy.
Nh vy ta c th thay mt tr tch in bng mt dy dn
thng, di v hn mang in - t v tr no bn trong
hnh tr v song song vi trc hnh tr sao cho mt ng th do
h hai dy gy ra trng mt tr. Khi trng do h gy ra trong
khng gian khng thay i.
Gi b : khong cch gia hai dy
v -
Cng in trng do mt dy
dn di v hn gy ra ti mt im M
l :
0
2
E
R
(1)
Trong R : khong cch t dy
dn n im quan st M.
Ta chn khong cch R
0
>> b bng 0 th :
+ in th do dy dn gy ra ti mt im :
0
0 0
ln
2
R
R
R
Edr
R
(2)
+ in th do hai dy gy ra ti M trn mt tr :

73
0
A
E
E
2
E
1
M
b
-
C
N
a
R
2
R
1
B
r
Phng php nh in

1 2
0 0 0
ln ln
2
R R
R R
1
+
1
]

2
0 1
ln
2
R
R
(3)
+ Khi M A th R
1
= a r, R
2
= r (a b)

0
( )
ln
2
r a b
a r
]
(4)
+ Khi M B th R
1
= a + r, R
2
= r + (a b)
0
( )
ln
2
r a b
a r
1 +
1
+
]
(5)
T iu kin mt ng th cho ta :
( ) ( ) r a b r a b
a r a r
+
+

r
2
= a(a b) (6)
Nh vy : ta c th thay th mt tr bn knh r tch in u -
t cch mt dy dn thng di v hn mang in trn mt
n v di mt khong a bng mt dy dn mang in - trn
mt n v di t khong cch b = (a
2
r
2
)/a .
a) Lc tc dng ln mt n v di ca dy:
2
2 2
0 0
2 2 ( )
a
F
b a r

(7)
b) in th do h gy ra ti mt im trn mt tr :
0
( )
ln
2
r a b
a r
1 +
1
+
]
(8)
Thay b = (a
2
r
2
)/a ta c
0
ln
2
r
a
(9)
c) Cng in trng do h in tch gy ra ti im M trn
mt tr :

1 2
E E E +
uur uur uuur
(10)
Trong : E
1
, E
2
l cng in trng do cc in tch gy ra
ti M .

74
Phng php nh in

1 2
0 1 0 2
;
2 2
E E
R R

(11)
Cng in trng tng hp c phng vung gc vi mt tr,
chiu hng vo trong. ln :
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 E E E E E Cos + (12) . Trong
= < CMN
Vi :
2
1 2
1
R
E E
R
v
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 b R R R R Cos + ta tm c :
0 1 2
2
b
E
R R
Mt in tch lin lt mt :
0
1 2
2
b
E
R R

Bi 11: Trng tnh in to bi hai hnh tr dn in c cc trc
song song, bn knh R
1
, R
2
v c mt in di l t . Khong
cch gia hai tr l l. Tm in dung tng h ca cc hnh tr
tren mt n v di.
Bi gii:
V cc mt tr l cc mt ng th. Ta c th thay th cc
mt tr tch in ny bng cc dy dn thng di v hn mang
in t sao cho cc mt ng th trng vi mt tr. Khi tr-
ng bn ngoi cc hnh tr khng thay i.
Gi b : khong cch gia hai dy v - .
a
1
: khong cch gia dy - v o
1
; a
2
: khong cch gia
dy - v o
2
Theo kt qu bi ton trn ta c :
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
; R a a b R a a b
T hnh v : a
1
+ a
2
b = l
Gii cc phng trnh trn ta c :
( )
2 2
2 2 1 2
1 1 2
2 ;
2
l l b R R
b c R a a
+

75
Phng php nh in
Trong :
2 2 2
1 2
2
l R R
c
l

+ in th do h in tch
gy ra ti mt tr R
2
xc nh
theo cng thc :
2
2
0 2
ln
2
R
a
+ in th do h in tch
gy ra ti mt tr R
1
l :
1
1
0 1
ln
2
a
R
+ Hiu in th hai mt tr :

1 2
1 2
0 1 2
ln
2
a a
R R

in dung tng h gia hai
mt tr trn mt n v
di :

( )
2 2
1 2 0
0
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2
2 ln
2
ln
l l b R R
C
a a
R R
R R

1
+

1
]
4- Cc bi tp vn dng :
Bi 12 : Mt in tch q chuyn ng rt xa v pha mt bn
kim loi, xc nh nng lng tng tc ca in tch vi bn kim loi
v vn tc ca in tch khi n cn cch bn kim loi mt khong
d.Cho bit khi rt xa bn kim loi, vn tc in tch bng 0
p s :
md
k
q V
d
kq
W
2
;
2
2

76
R
1
R
2
O
1
O
2
a
2
a
1
l b
Phng php nh in
Hng dn : Thay chuyn ng ca in tch trong trng do
in tch hng ng trn bnkim loi gy ra bg trng ca in
tch q' l nh ca in tch q qua bn kim loi.
Bi 13 : Gc nh din gia hai mt phng dn in ni t bng
. Bn trong gc c mt in tch im q. Tm in th gy ra
ti mt im kho st trng hp = 90
0
; = 60
0
; = 45
0
.
Hng dn : Trng bn trong gc nh din c th coi nh to bi
h in tch nh hnh v:
Bi 1 4 : Cho hai in tch q
1
, q
2
cch nhau mt khong l d.
Lc tng tc gia chng thay i th no khi
a vo gia chng mt bn kim loi di v
hn, c kch thc v v tr nh hnh v? Lc tc
dng ca chng ln bn l bao nhiu? Cc
khong cch ch ra trn hnh v.
Bi 15 : Mt lng cc in c mmen P trong chn khng, gn
mt mt phng dn in rng v hn. Xc nh lc tng tc F
gia lng cc v in tch hng ng trn mt kim loi.
Hng dn : Gi s lng cc im (O ; Oz) nu hnh chiu
ca m men lng cc P ln cc trc x , y, z bng psin , 0 , pcos

77
+q
+q
+q
+q
+q
-q
-q
-q
-q
+q
-q
-q
-q
+q
+q
+q
-q
-q
45
0
60
0 90
0
q
1
q
2
d
1
d
Phng php nh in
th hnh chiu nh ca n ln cng cc trc s l - psin , 0 , pcos
.
Ta c th thay tng tc gia lng cc v mt phng bng t-
ng tc gia lng cc v nh ca n qua mt phng. T ta c
th tm c :
) cos 1 (
16
3
2
4
2
+
z
p
F
z
Bi 16 : Mt dy dn thng v hn mang dng in I c t
song song vi mt phng phn cch hai mi trng c h s t
thm
1
, v
2
. Khong cch t dy dn n mt phn cch l a.
Xc nh t trng.
Hng dn : T trng trong mi trng 1 trung vi t trng trong
chn khng to thnh bi hai dng in thng.
I
1
=
1
I v I
2
=
) (
)
2 1
1 2

+
I
Dng I
1
chy trong cng dy dn mang dng I, dng I
2
chy
trong dy dn l nh ca dy dn th nht i vi mt phng
phn cch cc mi trng.
T trng trong mi trng hai trung vi t trng trong chn
khng to thnh bi dng I
1
=
) (
2
2 1
2 1

+
chy trong cng dy dn nh
dng I cho
Bi 17 : Mt dy dn mang dng in I t song song vi trc
ca mt hnh tr trn v hn v cch trc mt khong b. Bn knh
ca hnh tr l a (a < b) h s t thm l . Tm lc tng tc F
trn mt n v di

78
Phng php nh in
p s :
) 1 )( (
) 1 ( 2
2 2 2
2 2
+
a b b c
a I
F
Bi 18 : Mt nam chm vnh cu nh mmen m t trong chn
khng v gn mt phng bin ca mt cht c h s t thm .
Xc nh lc F tc dng ln nam chm vnh cu.
p s :
2
2 2
) 2 ( 16
) cos 1 ( ) 1 ( 3
a
m
F
+
+

y : a l khong cch t nam chm n mt phng ;
l gc gia m v php tuyn vi mt phng.
Ch rng khi 1 (st non trong t trng yu) ta c kt
qu ging nh trng hp lng cc in gn mt phng kim loi.

IV- Kt lun
1. Qua vic vn dng m hnh nh in, ta c th thy m
hnh ny chng t l c hiu qu khi gii mt s bi ton khc
phc tp v trng tnh in m mt bin c tnh cht i xng
(mt phng, mt cu, mt tr). Nh m hnh ny m ta
chuyn vic nghin cu trng ca cc in tch phn b phc tp
v nghin cu trng ca mt s hu hn cc in tch im gy
ra v ta c th s dng nhng cng c ton hc thng thng, ph
hp vi ph thng gii hn na cng nh m hnh nh in
ny m ta c th nghin cu c nhng hin tng vt l xy ra phc
tp da vo mt s bi ton ly nh c bn.

79
Phng php nh in
2. C s l thuyt ca phng php nh in ch yu da trn
nh l v tnh duy nht. Mc d vi kin thc vt l ph thng
cha chng minh nh l ny nhng qua thc t ging dy ti
thy rng vi hc sinh ban A nht l cc lp chuyn, vi nhng kin
thc m cc em c c th vic ta cho tha nhn nh l v tnh
duy nht v cc h qu ca n , t xy dng m hnh nh
in l ni dung khng vt ra ngoi nhn chc ca cc em.
3. Trong bi vit ny ti c gng chn lc v n gin ho
mt s bi ton ph hp vi hc sinh ph thng. i vi cc em
ban A c th gii quyt c cc bi ton v s phn b in tch
mt cc vt dn c mt gii hn l mt phng v hn, mt cu
ni t v khng ni t. Cn i vi hc sinh cc lp chuyn, nht
l cc em nm trong i d tuyn Quc gia v Quc t, c th gii
quyt c c cc bi ton vt dn trong cc mi trng khc nhau.
5. Bi vit ny cng xin cp n mt s bi tp nh t
mc kh. Hc sinh c th da vo s tng t gia in trng
v t trng gii.
Do kh nng c hn vi nhng kinh nghim ban u thu thp
c, bi vit khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. Rt mong c s
ng gp kin ca c gi.
Cui cng ti xin by t lng bit n su sc thy gio V
nh tu, thy gio Pham Vn Hoan, thy gio Trn Huy Hun, thy
gio V Mnh Thip cho nhiu nhn xt gi tr v cch din t
v ni dung bi vit.
VI- Ti liu tham kho

80
Phng php nh in
1- I. E. TAMM- Nhng c s l thuyt ca in hc- Ngi dch
ng Quang Khang . NXB khoa hc v k thut 1972
2- V thanh khit- Nguyn th khi- V ngc hng- Gio trnh
in i cng tp I . NXBGD 1977.
3- V. V. BATGIN- I. N. Tptgin- Tuyn tp cc bi tp in
ng lc hc. Ngi dch : V thanh khit, nguyn phc thun-
NXBGD 1980
4- I. E. IRp, I.V xavalip, o.i.amsa- Tuyn tp cc bi tp
vt l i cng. Ngi dch Lng duyn Bnh, Nguyn quang hu.
NXB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip H Ni
5- . AEM. EKPECTB MAHETM . A-
TEMCTBO HAKA MOCKBA 1971.
6- C. B. AEOB- B. A. APEB. AA O
EMEHTAPHO KE .

81

Anh Dien

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Anh Dien

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Phng php nh in

Coi h thng dy dn v mt t nh mt t in n gin,

l nh ca n qua mt phn cch

Lcin do bn kim loi tc dng ln in tch q l tng hp

2- Tr ng gy bi cc in tch phn b trn mt gii hn l

- Cn bn trong l hng trng sinh ra bi

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