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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

GHP KNH TN HIU S


(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

GHP KNH TN HIU S


Bin son : TS. CAO PHN THS. CAO HNG SN

LI NI U
Ghp knh tn hiu s l mt lnh vc rt quan trng. Khi u ca ghp knh tn hiu s l iu xung m (PCM) v iu ch Delta (DM), trong PCM c s dng rng ri hn. T PCM, cc nh ch to thit b vin thng cho ra i thit b ghp knh cn ng b (PDH) v sau l thit b ghp knh ng b (SDH). Mng thng tin quang SDH m ra mt giai on mi ca cng ngh truyn thng nhm p ng nhu cu tng trng rt nhanh ca cc dch v vin thng, c bit l dch v Internet. Vi tc bit hin ti ca SDH l 10 Gbit/s vn cha p ng mt cch y cho truyn lu lng Internet , ang v s pht trin theo cp s nhn. V vy cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) xut hin. c th tn dng bng tn truyn dn ti min ca s th hai ca si quang n mode, k thut ghp cht cc bc sng DWDM ang ng vai tr quan trng trn mng thng tin quang ton cu. Tuy nhin, thng tin quang SDH l cng ngh ghp knh c nh. V vy rng bng tn vn khng c tn dng trit . Theo c tnh th hiu sut s dng rng bng tn kh dng ca h thng thng tin quang SDH mi t c 50%. Trc thc t mt mt rng bng tn ng truyn cn b lng ph, mt khc cng ngh truyn gi IP v ATM i hi h thng thng tin quang SDH phi tho mn nhu cu trc mt v c cho tng lai, khi m cc dch v gia tng pht trin trnh cao. Ch c th tho mn nhu cu v tc truyn dn v nng cao hiu sut s dng bng tn ng truyn bng cch thay i cc phng thc truyn ti lu lng s liu. Vn mu cht ng dng cc phng thc truyn ti tin tin l kt chui cc cc conten, s dng cc phng thc ng gi s liu thch hp, truyn ti gi linh hot theo cch ti s dng khng gian v chuyn mch bo v thng minh nng cao tin cy ca mng v rt ngn thi gian phc hi ca h thng khi c s c. Nhng vn ny s c phn tch k trong cc ch sau y: 1) Trnh by mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu, c bit l tn hiu s v cc phng php ghp knh s. 2) Cc phng php duy tr mng. Ni dung ch yu ca chuyn ny l cc phng php chuyn mch bo v mng ng thng v mng vng SDH. 3) Cc chun Ethernet, mng vng th bi v FDDI. 4) Cc phng thc truyn ti s liu bao gm cc phng thc ng khung s liu, kt chui, iu chnh dung lng tuyn, cc giao thc ti s dng khng gian v.v. Sau mi chng c cc bi tp hoc cu hi sinh vin t kim tra v nh gi kin thc ca mnh khi i chng vi p s v tr li trong phn ph lc. Ti liu ging dy ny c bin son theo cng mn hc "Ghp knh tn hiu s" ca chng trnh o to i hc chnh quy hin nay ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Tuy nhin, y l ln bin son u tin nn khng trnh khi thiu st v ni dung v hnh thc. Rt mong cc c gi gp ti liu ngy cng hon thin hn. kin ng gp ca cc c gi xin vui lng gi trc tip cho Phng o to i hc t xa Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Xin chn thnh cm n! Nhm tc gi

CHNG I MT S KHI NIM C BN TRONG TRUYN DN TN HIU


1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny gii thiu cc ni dung chnh sau y: - Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu s. - Cc phng php s ho tn hiu analog nh: PCM, DPCM v DM. Trong phng php PCM c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng ghp knh PDH. - Cc phng php ghp knh: im qua cc phng php ghp knh theo tn s, theo tn s trc giao, theo thi gian, theo m, ghp knh thng k v.v. trong ghp knh theo thi gian c s dng trong ghp knh PDH, SDH. - ng b trong vin thng: tin hnh phn tch cc phng thc ng b nh: ng b sng mang, ng b k hiu, ng b bit, ng b khung, ng b gi, ng b mng, ng b a phng tin v ng b ng h thi gian thc. Tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th m s dng mt trong cc phng thc ng b hoc s dng ng thi mt s phng thc ng b. Chng hn trong mng thng tin quang SDH s dng c ng b mng, ng b sng mang, ng b khung, ng b k hiu.

1.2. NHP MN GHP KNH S


1.2.1. Tn hiu v cc tham s 1.2.1.1. Cc loi tn hiu
(1) Tn hiu analog: tn hiu analog (tng t) l loi tn hiu c cc gi tr bin lin tc theo thi gian, th d tn hiu thoi analog. Mt dng in hnh ca tn hiu analog l sng hnh sine, c th hin di dng: S(t) = Asin (t + ) trong : A l bin tn hiu, l tn s gc ( = 2f, f l tn s), l pha ca tn hiu. Nu tn hiu l tp hp ca nhiu tn s th ngoi cc tham s trn y cn c mt tham s khc, l di tn ca tn hiu. (2) Tn hiu xung: tn hiu xung l loi tn hiu c cc gi tr bin l hm ri rc ca thi gian. in hnh ca tn hiu xung l tn hiu xung ly mu tn hiu analog da vo nh l ly mu. (3) Tn hiu s: y cng l loi tn hiu c cc gi tr bin l hm ri rc ca thi gian nh tn hiu xung. Tuy nhin, khc vi tn hiu xung ch bin ca cc xung bng 0 hoc 1, mt khc tp hp ca mt nhm xung i din cho mt ch s, hoc mt k t no . Mi mt xung c gi l mt bit. Mt vi loi tn hiu s in hnh nh: tn hiu 2 mc (0 v 1), cn c tn l tn hiu xung nh phn hay tn hiu xung n cc; v tn hiu ba mc (-1, 0 v +1), cn c gi l tn hiu xung tam phn hay tn hiu xung lng cc. (4) Tn hiu iu bin xung, iu tn xung hoc iu pha xung: y l trng hp m sng mang xung ch nht c bin , hoc tn s, hoc pha bin i theo quy lut bin i ca bin tn hiu iu ch. Ba dng tn hiu ny thng c s dng trong mng thng tin analog. 3

1.2.1.2. Cc tham s ca tn hiu


(1) Mc in Mc in tng i: L(dB ) = 10 log
Px P0

trong : Px l cng sut tn hiu (mW) ti im cn xc nh mc in, P0 l cng sut tn hu ti im tham kho (mW). Mc in tuyt i: L(dBm ) = 10 log
Px 1mW

L(dB)m= 0 dBm khi cng sut ti im x bng 1 mW, L(dBm) > 0 khi cng sut tn hiu ti im x ln hn 1 mW, L(dBm) < 0 khi cng sut tn hiu ti im x b hn 1 mW. (2) T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SNR (dB ) = 10 log Ps V I = 20 log s = 20 log s Pn Vn In

trong : Ps, Vs, Is tng ng l cng sut, in p v dng in tn hiu; Pn, Vn, In tng ng l cng sut, in p v dng in nhiu.

1.2.2. ng truyn v rng bng tn truyn dn 1.2.2.1. ng truyn


L mi trng truyn dn c s dng truyn ti tn hiu, th d ng truyn cp kim loi, ng truyn cp si quang, ng truyn Radio, v.v. ng truyn cn c phn chia thnh tuyn (Path), knh v.v.

1.2.2.2. rng bng tn truyn dn


Mun o rng bng tn truyn dn ca tn hiu no phi cn c vo cc quy nh sau y: (1) rng bng tn in (BW)e rng bng tn in l bng tn t tn s tn hiu bng zero n tn s tn hiu m ti p ng ca tn hiu (h s khuch i, in p, dng in) gim cn 0,707 so vi gi tr cc i ca p ng tn hiu (hnh 1.1). V/Vmax 1 0,707

0 (BW)e

fmax

Hnh 1.1- rng bng tn in (2) rng bng tn quang (BW)o rng bng tn quang l bng tn t tn s iu ch bng zero n tn s iu ch m ti mc cng sut quang gim 50% (3dBm) so vi cng sut quang cc i, nh minh ho hnh 1.2. 4

P(dBm) Pmax 3 dBm

0 (BW)o

fmax

Hnh 1.2. rng bng tn quang

1.2.3. Truyn dn n knh v a knh


Truyn dn n knh v a knh c ng l h thng truyn dn quang c mt hay nhiu bc sng. Th d: h thng thng tin quang thng thng ch c mt bc sng ti 1310 nm hoc 1550 nm; trong khi , h thng thng tin quang ghp bc sng (WDM) c th truyn ng thi hng chc bc sng khc nhau nm trong min ca s th hai (1300 nm) hoc ca s th ba (1550 nm) ca si quang n mode.

1.2.4. H thng truyn dn s v cc tham s 1.2.4.1. H thng truyn dn s


H thng truyn dn s bao gm h thng truyn dn cp si quang v h thng truyn dn vi ba s. H thng truyn dn vi ba s l h thng a im ng thng. H thng truyn dn s cp si quang c th s dng cu trc ng thng, vng hoc hn hp. Cc cu hnh ny s c trnh by chi tit trong chng III. Di y ch gii thiu khi qut mt vi cu trc c bn ca h thng. (1) H thng truyn dn ng thng Cc cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn ng thng nh hnh 1.3. ng truyn ng truyn TRM

TRM

REG

a) Cu hnh im ni im ng truyn ng truyn

TRM

ADM

TRM

b) Cu hnh a im, xen/ r Ch thch: TRM- B ghp u cui, ADM- B ghp xen/ r, REG - B ti sinh (b lp). Hnh 1.3. Cc cu hnh ng thng Trong cu hnh im ni im ch c hai b ghp u cui kt ni trc tip vi nhau hoc qua b lp bng ng truyn s, to thnh mt ng thng, v vy gi l h thng ng thng. Ngoi ra cn c tn gi khc l h thng h. Cu hnh a im, xen/ r ngoi hai b ghp u cui cn c thm mt hoc nhiu b ghp xen r c kt ni vi nhau bi ng truyn s thnh mt ng thng. Cu hnh a im, r nhnh cng l h thng h. Ti a im xen/r, cc lung s c tip tc truyn ti mt b ghp u cui khc to thnh mt nhnh ca h thng chnh. Cc cu hnh ng thng p dng cho vi ba s v thng tin cp si quang PDH hoc SDH. 5

Cc cu hnh trn y khng c kh nng t duy tr khi ng truyn c s c, chng hn t cp hoc hng nt. (2) H thng truyn dn vng (ring) Trong cu hnh ny ch c cc ADM v c th c cc REG. Cc nt c kt ni vi nhau bi hai hoc bn si quang to thnh mt vng kn, nh trn hnh 1.4. ADM ADM

Ring STM-N

ADM

ADM

Hnh 1.4. Cu hnh vng ca h thng truyn dn s

1.2.4.2.Cc tham s
(1) Tc bit: s bit pht i trong mt giy. Cc n v o tc bit: bit/s, kbit/s (1kbit/s = 103 bit/s), Mbit/s (1Mbit/s = 103 kbit/s = 10 bit/s), Gbit/s (1Gbit/s = 103 Mbit/s = 106 kbit/s = 109 bit/s), Tbit/s (1Tbit/s = 103 Gbit/s = 106 Mbit/s = 109 kbit/s = 1012 bit/s). Tn hiu s c s dng trong cc mng thng tin s.
6

(2) T s li bit BER: s bit b li chia cho tng s bit truyn. - PDH: BER 10-6 cht lng ng truyn bnh thng, 10-6 < BER < 10-3 cht lng ng truyn gim st (cnh bo vng), BER 10-3 cht lng ng truyn rt xu (cnh bo ). - SDH: BER 10-9 cht lng ng truyn bnh thng, BER = 10-6 cht lng ng truyn gim st (cnh bo vng), BER = 10-3 cht lng ng truyn rt xu (cnh bo ). (3) Rung pha (Jitter) Rung pha l s iu ch pha khng mong mun ca tn hiu xung xut hin trong truyn dn s v l s bin i nh cc thi im c ngha ca tn hiu so vi cc thi im l tng. Khi rung pha xut hin th thi im chuyn mc ca tn hiu s s sm hn hoc mun hn so vi tn hiu chun, nh minh ho trn hnh 1.5. Bin a) Xung nhp chun

Bin

ng bao b rung pha

t
ng bao chun b) Tn hiu s b rung pha Hnh 1.5. Tn hiu s b rung pha 6

Rung pha xut hin l do c ly ng truyn khc nhau nn tr khc nhau, lch tn s ng h ngun v ng h thit b thu trong cng mt mng, lch tn s gia ng h ca thit b SDH v tn s ca lung nhnh PDH.

1.3. S HO TN HIU ANALOG


S ho tn hiu analog l chuyn i tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu s. Mun vy c th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau y: - iu xung m (PCM) - iu xung m vi sai (DPCM) - iu ch Delta (DM) Sau y trnh by cc phng php s ho tn hiu analog.

1.3.1. iu xung m PCM


PCM c c trng bi ba qu trnh. l ly mu, lng t ho v m ho. Ba qu trnh ny gi l chuyn i A/D. Mun khi phc li tn hiu analog t tn hiu s phi tri qua hai qu trnh: gii m v lc. Hai qu trnh ny gi l chuyn i D/A. S khi ca cc qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A nh hnh 1.6.
B ly mu B lng B m t ho VPAM ho-nn s Chuyn i A/D B gii m - dn s B lc thp

Tn hiu analog

ng truyn

Tn hiu analog

Chuyn i D/A

Hnh 1.6- S khi qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A trong h thng PCM

1.3.1.1. Chuyn i A/D


(1) Ly mu Hnh 1.7 th hin ly mu tn hiu analog. y l qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu analog thnh dy xung iu bin (VPAM). Chu k ca dy xung ly mu (Tm) c xc nh theo nh l ly mu ca Nyquist:
Tm 1 2 f max

(1.1)

trong f-max l tn s ln nht ca tn hiu analog.

S(t)

Xung ly mu Tn hiu analog

t Tm Hnh 1.7- Ly mu tn hiu analog

Tn hiu thoi c bng tn hu hiu t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. T biu thc (1.1), c th ly gi tr fmax = 4000 Hz. Do chu k ly mu tn hiu thoi l:
Tm = 1 = 125s 2 4000 Hz

(1.2)

Hoc tn s ly mu tn hiu thoi:

f m = 2 f max = 8kHz (2) Lng t ho

(1.3)

Lng t ho l lm trn bin xung ly mu ti mc lng t gn nht. C ngha l gn cho mi xung ly mu mt s nguyn ph hp. Mc ch ca lng t ho m ho gi tr mi xung ly mu thnh mt t m c s lng bt t nht. C hai phng php lng t ho: u v khng u. Lng t ho u Hnh 1.8 minh ho lng t ho u. Lng t ho u l chia bin cc xung ly mu thnh cc khong u nhau, mi khong l mt bc lng t u, k hiu l . Cc ng song song vi trc thi gian l cc mc lng t. Sau lm trn bin xung ly mu ti mc lng t gn nht s nhn c xung lng t. Nu bin ca tn hiu analog bin thin trong khong t -a n a th s lng mc lng t Q v c mi quan h sau y:
2a = Q

(1.4)

S(t)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Xung lng t - Bc lng t u Tn hiu analog Mc lng t

t Tm
Hnh 1.8- Lng t ho u

Lm trn bin xung ly mu gy ra mo lng t. Bin xung mo lng t nm trong gii hn t - /2 n +/2. Cng sut mo lng t PMLT c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:
P MLT =
+ / 2 / 2

2 a WLT (a )da

(1.5)

trong : a l bin ca tn hiu analog, WLT(a) l xc sut phn b gi tr tc thi ca bin xung ly mu trong mt bc lng t. WLT(a) = 1/. Thay biu thc (1.4) vo kt qu ly tch phn nhn c:

PMLT =

2 12

(1.6)

T biu thc (1.6) thy rng cng sut mo lng t ch ph thuc vo , khng ph thuc vo bin tn hiu. Nh vy t s cng sut tn hiu c bin ln trn cng sut nhiu lng t s ln hn t s cng sut tn hiu c bin yu trn cng sut mo lng t. Theo phn tch ph th tn hiu thoi ch yu do cc thnh phn tn hiu c cng yu to thnh. V th nu s dng lng t ho u s lm gim cht lng tn hiu thoi ti u thu. Mun khc phc nhc im ny, trong thit b ghp knh PCM ch s dng lng t ho khng u. Lng t ho khng u Tri vi lng t ho u, lng t ho khng u chia bin xung ly mu thnh cc khong khng u theo nguyn tc khi bin xung ly mu cng ln th di bc lng t cng ln, nh trn hnh 1.9. Lng t ho khng u c thc hin bng cch s dng b nn.

S(t)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Xung lng t i - Bc lng t khng u

Tn hiu analog Mc lng t

t Tm
Hnh 1.9- Lng t ho khng u

(3) M ho - nn s c tnh bin b m ho - nn s Chc nng ca m ho l chuyn i bin xung lng t thnh mt t m gm mt s bit nht nh. Theo kt qu nghin cu v tnh ton ca nhiu tc gi th trong trng hp lng t ho u, bin cc i ca xung ly mu tn hiu thoi bng 4096 . Do mi t m phi cha 12 bit, dn ti hu qu l tc bit mi knh thoi ln gp 1,5 ln tc bit tiu chun 64 kbit/s. Mun nhn c tc bit tiu chun, thng s dng b nn c c tnh bin dng logarit, cn c gi l b nn analog. Biu thc ton hc ca b nn analog theo tiu chun chu u c dng:
1 Ax 1 + ln A khi 0 x A y= 1 + ln Ax khi 1 < x 1 1 + ln A A

(1.7)

trong : A= 87,6 c trng cho mc nn, x = Vvo/ Vvo max v y = Vra/ Vra max. Tuy nhin, do b nn analog ti pha m ho v b dn analog ti pha gii m cha cc diode bn dn nn gy ra mo phi tuyn. Trong PCM s dng b m ho - nn s v b gii mdn s loi tr mo phi tuyn. Tm li, s dng m ho- nn s va t c mc tiu lng t ho khng u, va t c mc tiu mi t m ch c 8 bit. 9

Da vo c tnh bin b nn analog lut A xy dng c tnh bin b m ho nn s bng cch gn ng ho ng cong logarit thnh 13 on thng. V vy c tnh bin ca b m ho - nn s c tn l b m ho - nn s A = 87,6/13. Hnh 1.10 l nhnh dng (ti gc 1/4 th nht ca h to ) c tnh bin ca b m ho nn s A = 87,6/13. Nhnh m (ti gc 1/4 th III) c tnh bin i xng vi nhnh dng qua gc to . Bn on gn gc to c gc nghing nh nhau nn gp thnh mt on, do ton b c tnh bin c 13 on thng. Trn trc honh t cc gi tr ca in p vo theo t l logarit. Gi tr in p vo u cc on u ghi r trn hnh v. Trn trc tung t cc gi tr ca in p ra v c chia thnh 8 on bng nhau, mi on c 16. Trc honh cng c chia lm 8 on, mi on gm 16 bc lng t mi v bng nhau (i, i l s th t on). Bin mi bc lng t i c xc nh da vo quy lut l bin bc lng t ca on sau ln gp i bin bc lng t ca on trc lin k. Tht vy: 7 = (2048- 1024)/ 16 = 64, 5 = 16, 4 = 8, 3 = 4, 2 = 2,
128 112 96 80 64 48
II III IV V VI

6 = (1024- 512)/ 16 = 32, suy ra 1= 0 =

Vra
VII

32 16 0 128 64 32 16 256 512 1024 2048


I 0

Vvo

Hnh 1.10- Nhnh dng c tnh bin b m ho- nn s A= 87,6/13 Hot ng ca b m ho nn s B m ho nn s hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh gi tr bin xung lng t cha b nn vi cc ngun in p mu xc nh gi tr cc bit. Trong b m ho - nn s c 11 loi ngun in p mu nh bng 1.1. K hiu bin in p xung cn m ho l VPAM. - Chn bit du b1: VPAM 0 th b1= 1; VPAM < 0 th b1= 0 - Chn on: xc nh bin xung thuc on no. 10

. Xc nh b2: VPAM 128 th b2 = 1; VPAM < 128 th b2 = 0 . Xc nh b3: c hai trng hp: Trng hp th nht, b2 = 1: VPAM 512 th b3 = 1; VPAM < 512 th b3 = 0 Trng hp th hai, b2 = 0: VPAM 32 th b3 = 1; VPAM < 32 th b3 = 0 . Xc nh b4: c 4 trng hp: Trng hp th nht, b2b3 = 00: VPAM 16 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 16 th b4 = 0 Trng hp th hai, b2b3 = 01: VPAM 64 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 64 th b4 = 0 Trng hp th ba, b2b3 = 10: VPAM 256 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 256 th b4 = 0 Trng hp th t, b2b3 = 11: VPAM 1024 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 1024 th b4 = 0 Bng 1.1- Cc ngun in p mu T.T. on 0 I II III IV V VI VII M on b2 b3 b4 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 in p mu chn bc trong on b8 2 4 8 16 32 64 b7 2 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 b6 4 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 b5 8 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 in p mu u on 0 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

- Chn bc trong on: sau khi bit bin xung thuc on no, tip tc xc nh bin xung thuc bc no trong on y, tc l xc nh gi tr cc bit b5 b6 b7 b8. Nguyn tc chung l em VPAM so snh vi tng cc ngun in p mu; gm in p mu u on, in p mu ca bit y v in p mu ca cc bit xc nh trc nu gi tr ca chng bng 1 (trng hp cc bit xc nh trc nu c gi tr bng 0 th ngun chun tng ng vi chng s bng 0). . Xc nh b5: VPAM Vm1 th b5 = 1; VPAM < Vm1 th b5 = 0, trong Vm1= Vm + Vm(b5) 11

. Xc nh b6: VPAM Vm2 th b6 = 1; VPAM < Vm2 th b6 = 0, trong Vm2 = Vm + Vm(b6) + Vm(b5 = 1) . Xc nh b7: VPAM Vm3 th b7 = 1; VPAM < Vm3 th b7 = 0, trong Vm3 = Vm + Vm(b7) + Vm(b5 = 1) + Vm(b6 = 1) . Xc nh b8: VPAM Vm4 th b8 = 1; VPAM < Vm4 th b8 = 0, trong Vm4 = Vm + Vm(b8) + Vm(b5 = 1) + Vm(b6 = 1)+ Vm(b7 = 1) Sau khi xc nh gi tr cc bit b5 b6 b7 b8, da vo bng 1.2 s bit c bin xung thuc bc no trong on. C ngha l u ra b m ho xut hin 4 bit m bc tng ng. Bng 1.2- M bc TT bc 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b5 b6 b7 b8 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 TT bc 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 b5 b6 b7 b8 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

1.3.1.2. Chuyn i D/A


Cc qu trnh chuyn i D/A nh hnh 1.6. B gii m - dn s c chc nng chuyn i mi t m 8 bit thnh mt xung lng t b nn v sau dn bin xung ti gi tr nh khi cha b nn. Dy xung u ra b gii m - dn s qua b lc thng thp c tn s ct bng 3,4 kHz khi phc li tn hiu thoi analog. Th d: u vo b gii m - dn s c t m 10110101, xc nh bin xung u ra. b1 = 1, gii m thnh xung dng. 011 ng vi on III, v vy u ra ca b gii m - dn s c ngun in p mu u on III l 64. Bit th su bng 1 v ng vi b6 nn c thm ngun in p mu 16. Bit th tm bng 1 v l b8 nn u ra c thm ngun in p mu 4. Nh vy u ra b gii m- dn s c tng ba ngun in p mu bng 84.

1.3.2. iu xung m vi sai DPCM


Trong phng php m ho - nn s ca PCM mi t m c 8 bit, v do tc bit mi knh thoi l 64 kbit/s. Mt phng php s ho tn hiu thoi analog khc m mi t m ch cn bn bit, nn gim tc bit ca mi knh thoi xung cn mt na. l phng php DPCM.

1.3.2.1. Chuyn i A/D


S khi my pht DPCM c th hin ti hnh 1.11a.

12

B lc hn ch di tn tn hiu thoi analog n 3,4 kHz. B ly mu c tn s ly mu ~ fm = 8 kHz. Xn l gi tr bin xung ly mu hin ti. X ni l gi tr bin cc xung ly mu
trc . X n l gi tr d on ca bin xung ly mu tip theo:
p ~ X n = ai X n i i =1

(1.8)

trong : ai l h s d on, c chn ti thiu ho sai s gia gi tr bin xung ly mu hin ti Xn v gi tr d on ca bin xung ly mu tip theo. X n l gi tr d on bin
xung ly mu tip theo, c ngoi suy t p gi tr xung ly mu trc . en l hiu s, hay cn gi l vi sai gia Xn v X . en c m ho thnh 4 bit. Bit th nht l bit du ca en. Khi en
n

dng th bit du bng 1, khi en m th bit du bng 0. Ba bit cn li c s dng m ho gi tr tuyt i ca en. Trc khi m ho, en c lng t ho u, c ngha l gn cho mi en mt s nguyn tng ng ging nh trong PCM. Ch khc PCM ch en b hn bin xung ly mu nn ch cn 4 bit m ho n. B ly mu Xn

Tn hiu analog

B lc

en
p i

B m ho B gii m

a) My pht

~ X n = ai X n i

Tn hiu DPCM

B d on Tn hiu DPCM b) My thu B gii m

en

Xn
Tn hiu analog

en

~ Xn

B lc

p ~ X n = ai X n i i

B d on Hnh 1.11- S khi my pht (a) v my thu (b) DPCM

1.3.2.2. Chuyn i D/A


S khi my thu DPCM nh hnh 1.11b. Tn hiu DPCM ti u vo l cc t m 4 bit. Sau khi gii m, mi t m c chuyn thnh mt xung c bin bng en v c a ti b cng. Mt u vo khc ca b cng c ni ti u ra b d on. u ra b cng xut hin mt xung ly mu c bin bng xung ly mu pha pht. Dy xung ly mu qua b lc khi phc li tn hiu analog.

1.3.3. iu ch Delta (DM)


Khc vi PCM v DPCM, trong iu ch Delta mi t m ch c mt bit (-1 hoc +1). Mt khc trnh mo tn hiu analog ti pha thu, tn s ly mu ti pha pht ln hn nhiu ln

13

so vi tn s ly mu ca PCM v DPCM (fm = 8 kHz). Tn s ly mu ca DM c xc nh theo biu thc sau y: fm(DM) 2 f(TH) amax / trong : fm(DM) l tn s ly mu ca DM (kHz), f(TH) l tn s cc i ca tn hiu analog (kHz), amax l bin cc i ca tn hiu analog (V), l bc lng t u (V). (1.9)

1.3.3.1. Chuyn i A/D


Qu trnh thc hin DM c th hin ti hnh 1.12. Tn hiu analog c ly mu theo chu k Tm(DM) (Tm(DM) = 1/ fm(DM) ). Thit lp hm bc thang mi bc bng theo nguyn tc khi sn tn hiu tng th bc thang i ln, khi sn tn hiu nm ngang th bc thang cng nm ngang, khi sn tn hiu gim th bc thang i xung. Ti thi im ly mu nu gi tr tn hiu X(t) ln hn gi tr hm bc thang trc mt chu k th nhn c V> 0 v m ho V thnh +1. Ngc li, ti thi im ly mu m gi tr ca X(t) b hn gi tr hm bc thang th V < 0 v c m ho thnh -1. Trong qung thi gian sn tn hiu tng hoc gim nhanh th hm bc thang tng hoc gim khng kp v gy ra qu ti sn (phn c cc ng t nt ti hnh 1.12). Bin

Qu ti sn

Tn hiu analog

Hm bc thang Tn hiu DM 0 t Hnh 1.12- Chuyn i A/D trong DM

1.3.3.2. Chuyn i D/A


Ti pha thu ti lp li hm bc thang da vo kt qu gii m. Nhn c mt dy cc bit 1, b tch phn ti my thu to ra dy bc thang i ln, nhn c dy cc bit 1 v -1 an xen nhau th b tch phn to ra dy bc thanh nm ngang v nhn c dy cc bit -1 th b tch phn to lp dy bc thang i xung. Tn hiu dng bc thang qua b lc tch ra gi tr trung bnh ca hm bc thang v l ng tc khi phc li tn hiu analog. V tn hiu analog ti u ra b lc l gi tr trung bnh ca hm bc thang nn trong qung thi gian qu ti sn th dng sng tn hiu analog thu c b lch so vi dng sng analog ti pha pht. Do qu ti sn gy ra mo tn hiu. khc phc mo tn hiu do qu ti sn cn s dng k thut iu ch Delta thch ng (ADMo).

1.4. CC PHNG PHP GHP KNH


1.4.1. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM
14

Khi nim: ghp knh theo tn s l tn s (hoc bng tn) ca cc knh khc nhau, nhng c truyn ng thi qua mi trng truyn dn. Mun vy phi s dng b iu ch, gii iu ch v b lc bng.

1.4.1.1. S khi v nguyn l hot ng b FDM


S khi h thng ghp knh v tch knh theo tn s nh hnh 1.13. S c N nhnh, mi nhnh dnh cho mt knh. S ch c mt cp iu ch, nhng trong thc t c nhiu cp iu ch. Tu thuc mi trng truyn dn l v tuyn, dy trn, cp i xng hay cp ng trc m s dng mt s cp iu ch cho thch hp. Pha pht: tn hiu ting ni qua b lc thp hn ch bng tn t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. Bng tn ny c iu ch theo phng thc iu bin vi sng mang fN c hai bng bn. Trong ghp knh theo tn s ch truyn mt bng bn, loi b bng bn th hai v sng mang nh b lc bng, nh biu din trn hnh 1.14. Trong hnh 1.14 th d truyn bng di. Ti cp iu ch knh, khong cch gia hai sng mang k nhau l 4 kHz. B lc bng B gii iu ch f1 B lc bng B lc bng B gii iu ch f2 B lc thp B lc thp

B lc thp

B iu ch f1

B lc bng

B lc thp

B iu ch f2

B lc thp

B iu ch fN

B lc bng

B lc bng

B gii iu ch fN

B lc thp

Hnh 1.13- S khi h thng ghp knh theo tn s

c tnh suy hao - tn s ca b lc bng Bng tn thoi Bng di fN Bng trn f (kHz)

0,3

3,4

Hnh 1.14- Tn hiu iu bin trong cp iu ch knh Cp iu ch knh hnh thnh bng tn c s 60 108 kHz. T bng tn c s to ra bng tn nhm trung gian nh sng mang nhm trung gian. T bng tn nhm trung gian to ra bng tn ng truyn nh mt sng mang thch hp. N b lc bng ti u ra nhnh pht ni song song vi nhau.

15

Pha thu: cc b lc bng ti nhnh pht v nhnh thu ca mi knh c bng tn nh nhau. u vo nhnh thu c N b lc bng ni song song v ng vai tr tch knh. B iu ch ti nhnh pht s dng sng mang no th b gii iu ch ca knh y cng s dng sng mang nh vy. Tn hiu knh c gii iu ch vi sng mang v u ra b gii iu ch ngoi bng m tn cn c cc thnh phn tn s cao. B lc thp loi b cc thnh phn tn s cao, ch gi li bng m tn. Ghp knh theo tn s c u im l cc b iu ch v gii iu ch c cu to n gin (s dng cc diode bn dn), bng tn mi knh ch bng 4 kHz nn c th ghp c nhiu knh. Chng hn, my ghp knh cp ng trc c th ghp ti 1920 knh. Tuy nhin do s dng iu bin nn kh nng chng nhiu km.

1.4.1.2. Ghp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM


(1) M u Ghp phn chia theo tn s trc giao l mt cng ngh trong lnh vc truyn dn p dng cho mi trng khng dy, th d truyn thanh radio. Khi p dng vo mi trng c dy nh ng dy thu bao s khng i xng (ADSL), thng s dng thut ng a m ri rc (DMT). Tuy thut ng c khc nhau nhng bn cht ca hai k thut ny u pht sinh t cng mt tng. V vy trong phn ny xt trng hp s dng cho mi trng khng dy. Nh trnh by trong phn FDM, bng tn tng ca ng truyn c chia thnh N knh tn s khng chng ln nhau. Tn hiu mi knh c iu ch vi mt sng mang ph ring v N knh c ghp phn chia theo tn s. trnh giao thoa gia cc knh, mt bng tn bo v c hnh thnh gia hai knh k nhau. iu ny gy lng ph bng tn tng. khc phc nhc im ny ca FDM, cn s dng N sng mang ph chng ln, nhng trc giao vi nhau. iu kin trc giao ca cc sng mng ph l tn s ca mi mt sng mang ph ny bng s nguyn ln ca chu trnh (T) k hiu, nh biu th trn hnh 1.15. y l vn quan trng ca k thut OFDM. Bin chun ho 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0.2 0.4 Thi gian chun ho (t / T)

0.6 0.8 1 Hnh 1.15. Ba sng mang ph trc giao trong mt k hiu OFDM (2) M hnh h thng

iu ch cc sng mang trc giao cn s dng phng php bin i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT). Hnh 1.16 l s b iu ch OFDM. 16

dn

Chuyn ni tip thnh song song

ej2f1tm

ej2fN-1tm

Sm

Hnh 1.16. B iu ch OFDM u vo b iu ch c dy s liu d0, d1,...., dN-1 trong dn l k hiu phc (c th nhn t u ra b iu ch phc nh QAM, PSK, v.v.). Gi thit thc hin bin i Fourier ngc trn dy 2dn s nhn c N s phc Sm (m = 0,1,...., N-1):
N 1 N 1 nm S m = 2 d n exp j 2 = 2 d n exp( j 2f n t )[m = 0,1,....N 1] N n =0 n=0

(1.10)

trong
fn = n NTS

v t = mTS

trong TS l chu k ca cc k hiu gc. Cho phn thc ca dy k hiu trong biu thc (1.10) i qua b lc ly thp i vi tng k hiu ring trong qung thi gian TS s nhn c phin bn bng gc ca tn hiu ODFFM:
N 1 n y (t ) = 2 Re d n exp j 2 t T n =0

khi 0 t T

(1.11)

trong , T = NTS

1.4.2. Ghp phn chia theo thi gian TDM


Khi c nhiu tn hiu c tn s hoc bng tn nh nhau cng truyn ti mt thi im phi s dng ghp knh theo thi gian. C th ghp knh theo thi gian cc tn hiu analog hoc cc tn hiu s. Di y trnh by hai phng php ghp knh ny.

1.4.2.1. TDM tn hiu tng t


(1) S khi b ghp S khi TDM 4 knh nh hnh 1.17.
Tn hiu analog B lc 1

thp B lc thp

B chuyn mch ng truyn

B phn phi

Tn hiu B lc analog thp 1 B lc thp

B lc thp
3

B lc thp B lc thp
Pht xung B Thu xung B

B lc thp

Hnh 1.17. S khi ghp 4 knh theo thi gian 17

(2) Nguyn l hot ng B lc thp hn ch bng tn tn hiu thoi analog ti 3,4 kHz. B chuyn mch ng vai tr ly mu tn hiu cc knh, v vy chi ca b chuyn mch quay mt vng ht 125 s, bng mt chu k ly mu. Chi tip xc vi tip im tnh ca knh no th mt xung ca knh y c truyn i. Trc ht mt xung ng b c truyn i v tip theo l xung ca cc knh 1, 2, 3 v 4. Kt thc mt chu k ghp li c mt xung ng b v ghp tip xung th hai ca cc knh. Qu trnh ny c tip din lin tc theo thi gian. pha thu hot ng ng b vi pha pht, yu cu chi ca b phn phi quay cng tc v ng pha vi chi ca b chuyn mch. Ngha l hai chi phi tip xc vi tip im tnh ti v tr tng ng. Yu cu ng b gia my pht v my thu s c p ng nh xung ng b. Pha thu, sau khi tch dy xung ca cc knh cn khi phc li tn hiu analog nh s dng b lc thp ging nh b lc ny ti pha pht. Hnh nh ghp knh theo thi gian tn hiu 3 knh c minh ho ti hnh 1.18.

S1(t)

S2(t)

S3(t)

XR(t)
2 XB 1 3 XB 2 3 1 3 XB 1 2

125s

XR(t) l dy xung ghp ti u ra b chuyn mch. Hnh 1.18- Dng sng ca TDM

1.3.2.2. TDM tn hiu s


(1) S khi b ghp S khi b ghp TDM tn hiu s c th hin ti hnh 1.19. (2) Nguyn l hot ng Qu trnh hot ng ca b chuyn mch v b phn phi c trnh by trong phn TDM tn hiu tng t (analog). Sau y trnh by hot ng TDM tn hiu s. Pha pht: sau khi ly mu tn hiu thoi analog ca cc knh, xung ly mu c a vo b m ho tin hnh lng t ho v m ho mi xung thnh mt t m nh phn gm 8 bit. 18

Cc bit tin ny c ghp xen byte to thnh mt khung nh khi to khung. Trong khung cn c t m ng b khung t ti u khung v cc bit bo hiu c ghp vo v tr quy nh trc. B to xung ngoi chc nng to ra t m ng b khung cn c chc nng iu khin cc khi trong nhnh pht hot ng. Pha thu: dy tn hiu s i vo my thu. Dy xung ng h c tch t tn hiu thu ng b b to xung thu. B to xung pha pht v pha thu tuy thit k c tc bit nh nhau, nhng do t xa nhau nn chu s tc ng ca thi tit khc nhau, gy ra sai lch tc bit. V vy di s khng ch ca dy xung ng h, b to xung thu hot ng n nh. Khi ti to khung tch t m ng b khung lm gc thi gian bt u mt khung, tch cc bit bo hiu x l ring, cn cc byte tin c a vo b gii m chuyn mi t m 8 bit thnh mt xung. Do b phn phi hot ng ng b vi b chuyn mch nn xung ca cc knh ti u ra b gii m c chuyn vo b lc thp ca knh tng ng. u ra b lc thp l tn hiu thoi analog. B to xung pha thu iu khin hot ng ca cc khi trong nhnh thu.
1 B lc thp B lc thp B lc thp Bo hiu ng truyn B lc thp B lc thp 1

Cc bit bo hiu B m ho B to xung B chuyn mch To khung Ti to khung

B gii m

B lc thp B lc thp

B lc 4 thp Tn hiu analog

T m ng b khung

Tch . h

B to xung

B phn phi

4 Tn hiu analog

Hnh 1.19- S khi h thng TDM tn hiu s

1.4.2.3. Ghp knh thng k


(1) M u Trong ghp phn chia theo thi gian ng b trnh by trn y vic phn b khe thi gian cho cc ngun l tnh, ngha l c nh; do khi cc ngun khng c s liu th cc khe b b trng, gy lng ph. khc phc nhc im ny cn s dng phng php ghp thi gian thng k. (2) c im ca TDM thng k - Phn b cc khe thi gian linh ng theo yu cu; - B ghp knh thng k r sot cc ng dy u vo v tp trung s liu cho n khi ghp y khung mi gi i; - Khng gi cc cc khe thi gian rng nu cn c s liu t ngun bt k; - Tc s liu trn ng truyn thp hn tc s liu ca cc ng dy u vo; - Nu c n cng I/O a vo b ghp thng k, ch c k khe thi gian kh dng, trong k<n. (3) S khi b ghp S khi b ghp knh thng k nh hnh 1.20.

19

Ngun 1 Ngun 2 Ngun 3 B ghp ng dy u vo Hnh 1.20. S khi b ghp knh thng k (4) Nguyn l hot ng

My thu 1 ng truyn B tch My thu 2 My thu 3

Th d s c ba ngun s liu. B ghp tin hnh ghp s liu ca cc ngun theo nguyn tc trnh by trong phn c im trn y to thnh mt khung s liu nh hnh 1.21. Cc gi s liu c gi qua ng truyn. B tch x l cc gi v da vo a ch phn pht s liu n my thu tng ng. C a ch iu khin Khung con TDM thng k FCS C

FCS- dy kim tra khung a) Khung tng qut a ch S liu b) Khung con ch c mt ngun s liu a ch Chiu di S liu a ch Chiu di S liu

c) Khung con c nhiu ngun s liu Hnh 1.21. Khun dng khung TDM thng k C hai la chn khun dng khung con TDM thng k: - Trng hp th nht (hnh 1.21 b): Trong khung con ch c mt ngun s liu, chiu di s liu thay i v hot ng khi ti trng thp. - Trng hp th hai (hnh 1.21c): Trong khung con c nhiu ngun s liu, c nhiu mo u, hot ng khi ti trng cao. c im th t nu r tc s liu ng truyn thp hn tc s liu tng ca cc ngun u vo. S d nh vy l v phi hn ch kch c ca b m gim gi thnh, nhng quan trng hn l gim tr ca s liu. Vn ny c kim nghim qua o th v kt qu c trnh by ti cc hnh 1.22 v 1.23.

20

Kch c b m (s khung c m) 10 8 6 4 2 0 tr (ms) 400 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 H s s dng ng truyn Hnh 1.22- Kch c trung bnh ca b m ph thuc vo h s s dng ca ng truyn

100 40 20 M= 25 kbit/s M= 50 kbit/s M= 100 kbit/s 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 H s s dng ng truyn M- Tc bit ca ng truyn Hnh 1.23- tr ph thuc vo h s s dng ng truyn T hnh 1.22 thy rng mun tng h s s dng ng phi tng kch c b m. Nhng t hnh 1.23 li cho bit khi tng h s s dng, tc l tng kch c b m th tr li tng rt nhanh.

1.4.3. Ghp knh phn chia theo m CDM


Ghp knh phn chia theo m chnh l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). Nguyn l chung ca CDMA c th hin nh hnh 1.24. S: m & Eb f: tn s

t: thi gian

Hnh 1.24. Nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo m 21

Trong CDMA, nhiu ngi s dng c th dng chung tn s v trong cng thi gian. khng gy nhiu cho nhau, mi ngi s dng ch c php pht i mt nng lng bit (Eb) nht nh m bo t s Eb/ N0 quy nh, trong Eb l nng lng bit ca tn hiu cn thu v N0 l mt ph tp m tng ng gy ra do cc tn hiu ca ngi s dng khc. gim mt ph tp m cn phi tri ph tn hiu ca ngi s dng trc khi pht. Ngoi ra, my thu c th phn bit c tn hiu cn thu vi cc tn hiu khc, mi tn hiu pht i phi c ci khu ng ring theo mt m nht nh. C th so snh CDMA nh l nhiu ngi trong phng ni chuyn vi nhau tng i mt theo cc ngn ng khc nhau (cc m khc nhau). Nu ni kh (N0 nh) th h hon ton khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Hnh 1.24 biu th N ngi s dng, mi ngi c m ho bng mt m ring, c k hiu t 1 n N. Mi khi con c trng cho s chim tim nng v tuyn ca ngi s dng: tn s, thi gian v E0. Do c th ca di ng nn khi mt ngi s dng no n gn trm gc, N0 ca ngi y gy ra cho my thu ngi khc s ln hn (ting ca ngi y nghe to hn) v gy nhiu nhiu hn cho my thu ngi khc. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn - xa. gim nh hng ca hin tng gn - xa, cn iu chnh cng sut my di ng thp hn khi n tin n gn trm gc. Trong h thng CDMA, qu trnh iu khin cng sut c tin hnh t ng. CDMA l phng thc a truy nhp c nhiu u im so vi cc phng thc a truy nhp khc.

1.5. KHUNG V A KHUNG TN HIU


1.5.1. Khi nim v khung v a khung
Khung tn hiu l tp hp ca mt s bit hoc mt s byte c chiu di c nh hoc khng c nh, bao gm cc bit ng b khung t ti u khung, trng tin ghp tn hiu ca ngi s dng v mt s bit ph ng vai tr chn, gim st, iu khin, v.v. a khung l tp hp ca mt s khung. u a khung c t m ng b a khung lm gc thi gian ghp cc khung theo th t quy nh. Pha thu tch t m ng b a khung lm gc thi gian tch cc khung theo trnh t nh ghp pha pht. Ngoi t m ng b a khung v cc khung, trong a khung cn c cc bit ph nh bo hiu, cnh bo v.v. a khung c to lp khi cn cc khe thi gian chuyn ti bo hiu cc knh hoc dng chung cc byte mo u cho cc khung trong a khung.

1.5.2. Cu trc c bn ca mt khung tn hiu


Cu trc c bn ca mt khung tn hiu nh hnh 1.25. Trong thi gian TK ghp cc bit ng b khung, cc bit ph v cc thng tin u vo b ghp. TK- di khung (thi hn khung)

Cc bit Cc Trng tin ng b bit ph khung Hnh 1.25- Cu trc c bn ca khung tn hiu

1.6. NG B TRONG VIN THNG


1.6.1. M u
Tin hnh ng b hot ng ca cc thit b khc nhau hoc s tin trin ca cc qu trnh khc nhau bng cch ng chnh thang thi gian ca chng gi l ng b. 22

Nhiu hot ng trong h thng s cn phi tun theo mi quan h tin nh. Nu hai hot ng tun theo mt s tin nh, th ng b nhm m bo cho cc hot ng din ra theo mt trnh t chnh xc. Ti mc phn cng, ng b c iu tit bng cch phn phi mt tn hiu thi gian chung ti tt c cc mun ca h thng. mc tru tng cao, cc qu trnh phn mm c ng b nh trao i thng bo. Ph thuc vo phm vi ng dng, cc h thng tru tng khc nhau c chp nhn c hiu qu v c cu trc theo kiu phn cp, trong mi mc tru tng lin h vi cc c tnh ca mc tru tng thp hn v che du cc chi tit khng cn thit i vi mc cao hn. Tru tng cho php cc nh thit k b qua cc chi tit khng cn thit v tp trung vo cc c im cn thit. V vy d dng thc hin mt bn thit k h thng phc tp hn. Trong cc h thng phn cng s, gii php chung l cu trc h thng c din gii theo cc mc tru tng nh mc vt l, mc mch, mc phn t v mc mun. Trong mc vt l, nh thit k quan tm n cc quy tc vt l chi phi cc c tnh ca bn dn. Mc mch lin quan n transistor, resistor, v.v. Mc phn t tp trung vo cc cng, cc cng logic v.v. Trong mc mun, cc phn t c phn chia thnh cc thc th phc tp hn nh cc b nh, cc khi logic, cc CPU v.v. Cc giao thc thng tin c thc hin nh cc mun phn mm, c cu trc ph hp vi m hnh lp. Cc ngn xp giao thc c xy dng theo cch cc giao thc ti mc cho trc cung cp cc dch v cho cc giao thc mc trn v s dng cc dch v ca mt s mc thp hn. Trong m hnh giao thc tham kho kt ni h thng m (OSI) c by mc (lp) tru tng. Cc tiu chun ca mc 1 (lp vt l) quy nh cc giao din vt l v khung bit c s, c ngha l quy nh cc bit c truyn trn mi trng vt l nh th no nhm cung cp mt knh truyn dn s im ni im y . Cc tiu chun mc 2 (lp kt ni d liu) quy nh cc giao thc nhm cung cp mt knh s im ni im khng c li bng cch pht li cc khung b li hoc nh k thut sa li. Cc giao thc ca cc lp trn cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn mng (lp mng), cc dch v truyn ti qua mng (lp truyn ti) v cung cp cho ngi s dng u cui cc dch v ng dng trc tip. Nhng ci g l tiu chun tru tng c s dng m t cc h thng phn cng v phn mm u lin quan vi nhau v ti mc bt k s hot ng chnh xc ca chng u ph thuc vo thi gian. Cc thc th ca cc mc tru tng khc nhau trong h thng phn cng v phn mm thng yu cu chc nng ng b c lp khc nhau. Th d, ng b cc qu trnh giao thc ti mc cho trc v nguyn tc l c lp vi ng b hot ng cc qu trnh mc thp. Tuy nhin, t th d trn y thy rng vn ng b c th khc nhau hon ton v mc tru tng v tnh cht ca cc phn t hoc qu trnh ng b. Mi quan tm ny lm xut hin s nghi ng v mc thch hp ca s chp nhn thut ng "ng b" lin quan n mt tp hp y ca nhng vn c tnh cht khc nhau, trong thi gian l cn thit. Tuy nhin, s nghin cu y v ng b nu ln mt s c im chung trong bi cnh khc nhau. V vy a ra l do ti sao thut ng c tnh lch s ny c chp nhn. i vi nhiu k s thng tin s, vic cm nhn thut ng ng b cn b hn ch. H cho rng n ch lin quan n hot ng tch ng h ti my thu v cc thng tin cha trong tn hiu thu c. Thc ra vn ny ch lin quan n ng b sng mang hoc ng b k hiu. Tri li, ng b ng vai tr quan trng trong mt s lnh vc vin thng.

23

Gii iu ch kt hp ca tn hiu iu bin da vo cu trc li sng mang, ngha l da vo tch tn hiu kt hp vi sng mang c tn s v pha cho trc. l ng b sng mang. Trong trng hp bt k, gii iu ch s yu cu nhn bit cc thi im ly mu v quyt nh tch thng tin logic t tn hiu analog thu c, do a ra quyt nh hnh thnh bit 0 hay bit 1. y l ng b k hiu. Sau khi tch c thng tin logic, bc tip theo, ti mc tru tng cao l sp xp li cc khung t cc bit thu c. y chnh l ng b khung. ng b khung cho php thit b thu hiu c vai tr cc byte ti cc v tr khc nhau trong khung (th d 30 knh dnh cho cc cuc gi in thoi khc nhau trong b ghp PCM-30). Khi thng tin ngun c phn chia thnh cc gi truyn hoc nh tuyn c lp ti ch (trong mng chuyn mch gi) th c th m phng knh nu thit b thu c kh nng cn bng tr khc nhau ca cc gi thu c. Do ti to li c lung bit gc nu lung ny truyn qua mng chuyn mch knh. Vic cn bng tr gi l ng b gi v c thc hin bng cch khi phc li nh thi gc t dy cc gi thu c thng qua k thut thch nghi hoc bng cch x l thng tin nh thi ngun c ghi trong u gi. Nhng khi nim trn y lin quan n cc mc khc nhau ca ng b trong truyn dn im ni im. Mt mc khc ca ng b l ng b mng: tp trung vo hot ng ca h thng cc nt mng. H thng ny c th phn phi ng h chung ti tt c cc nt mng truyn dn v chuyn mch trong khun dng s, sao cho mi phn t mng c th hot ng ng b vi cc phn t mng khc v ng b cc lung bit n. Ti mc tru tng cao nht, ng b a phng tin lin quan n vic sp xp cn thn cc phn t hn tp (hnh nh, vn bn, audio, video, ...) thnh thng tin a phng tin ti cc mc tch hp khc nhau. Mt loi khc ca ng b mng l ng b ng h thi gian thc truyn qua mng vin thng, trong vic phn phi thi gian tuyt i (thi gian theo tiu chun quc gia) c lin quan ti mc ch qun l mng.

1.6.2. ng b sng mang


Trong cc h thng iu bin (AM), khi nhn tn hiu iu ch s(t) vi sng mang cos2f0t c tn hiu iu bin X(t) dng: X(t) = s(t) . cos2f0t hoc [1+ m s(t)] . cos2f0t (1.12) (1.13)

Trong trng hp sau, ng bao ca tn hiu iu bin X(t) t l vi s(t) nu ms(t ) 1 . iu ny cho php thit k d dng b gii iu ch (gii iu ch ng bao). Trong trng hp trc c kh nng gii iu ch bng cch nhn tn hiu iu ch vi sng hnh sine c tn s v pha ca sng mang v sau cho qua b lc loi tr cc thnh phn tn s cao: X(t). cos2f0t = s(t) . cos20t = [s(t)/2] (1+ cos20t) (1.14) Loi iu ch ny yu cu tn hiu nhn cos0t c s dng trong my thu phi c cng tn s v pha ca sng mang iu ch thu c. S dch pha bt k ca s gy suy hao tn hiu mt i lng [s(t)/2]cos ti u ra b lc thp (nu = /2 th tn hiu ra bng zero). T cc biu thc trn y thy rng iu bin trong min tn s tng ng vi s chuyn dch ph tn hiu iu ch ti tn s sng mang f0. Tht vy, ph ca tn hiu iu bin l 24

d tha, gm hai phn chnh nm v hai pha ca sng mang f0. iu ch mt bng bn (SSB) ch truyn mt trong hai phn chnh (mt trong hai bng bn). iu ch SSB phi kt hp, trong s ng chnh pha thm ch cn cht ch hn, v mt lng dch pha bt k cng gy ra mo tn hiu iu bin. Nh trnh by trn y, gii iu ch kt hp l da vo ti cu trc sng mang, ngha l da vo vic khi phc tn hiu kt hp vi sng mang v tn s v pha. Hot ng ny chnh l ng b sng mang. C th d dng ti cu trc sng mang, nu trong ph tn hiu thu c mt ng ph ti sng mang f0, thng xy ra khi tn hiu iu ch c gi tr trung bnh bng zero. Trong trng hp ny, c th thc hin tch sng mang nh s dng b lc bng hp hoc vng kho pha (PLL). PLL c thit k c bng thng hp, do b to dao ng iu khin bi in p ngoi (VCO) c th kho v theo di thng dng tn s xung quanh tn s danh nh. ng tic l trong nhiu trng hp khng c vch ph ti f0. Mt mt, theo quan im truyn thng tin th iu ny l c hiu qu, bi v cng sut ca sng mang nu c truyn i s gy lng ph. Mt khc, trng hp ny cn h thng ng b tinh vi hn c kh nng khi phc sng mang v tn s v pha. Mt th d n gin ca ng b sng mang: xem xt trng hp truyn dn s kho dch pha nh phn (BPSK), trong k hiu 1 v 0 l c lp vi nhau, c cng xc sut xut hin v c m ho thnh cc xung vung i cc nhau. V vy, sng iu bin c dng cost v ph cng sut lin tc, khng c cc vch ri rc ti f0. Tt nhin, ch bin i phi tuyn mi c th to ra vch ph f0 mong mun t tn hiu thu c. Trong trng hp n gin ny, bnh phng v chia tn mi gii quyt c vn (xem hnh 1.26). Bnh phng sng iu ch xo b iu ch v to ra thnh phn (1+ cos20t)/2 c vch ph ti tn s 2f0 xut hin v thu c sng mang nh chia tn. s(t) B lc bng PLL v chia tn f0

(...)2

Hnh 1.26- ng b sng mang cho h thng BPSK Trong iu ch pha cu phng (h thng QPSK truyn cc nhm k hiu 2 bit), thit b ng b da vo tng tn s tn hiu gp 4 xo iu ch v sau to ra vch ph ti tn s 4f0.

1.6.3. ng b k hiu (symbol)


Trong truyn dn s thng s dng dy xung i din cho cc k hiu cn truyn v pht i vi tc khng i R= 1/ T, trong T khong cch gia hai k hiu k nhau (chu k). Trong mi trng hp, pha thu c th gii iu ch kt hp hoc khng kt hp bit c nh thi dy, ngha l v tr thi gian ca cc k hiu v tch thng tin logic t tn hiu analog thu c. Thng tin nh thi dy cho php c k hiu ti cc thi im ng. Khi phc nh thi dy k hiu t tn hiu analog thu c gi l ng b k hiu. i khi cn lin quan n khi phc ng h. Hnh 1.27 minh ho nguyn tc thu bng gc nh phn. Tn hiu analog thu c r(t) c ly mu to ra dy cc gi tr thc r(kT), t tch ra dy bit nh quyt nh logic. B ly mu c iu khin bi h thng ng b thch hp. H thng ny nh gi cc thi im c t = kT bng cch kim tra r(t). 25

Khi ng b k hiu c thc hin sau khi chuyn i tn hiu thnh bng gc, c th s dng mt s k thut khi phc nh thi k hiu ging nh k thut ng b sng mang. Xem xt truyn bng gc nhiu mc: nu ph ca tn hiu truyn dn c dng:
s (t ) = ak g (t kT )
k

(1.15)

c mt ng ph ti tn s k hiu 1/ T v nm ti trung tm b lc bng hp th c kh nng khi phc sng hnh sine, t tch ra dy xung nh thi c tn s ca dy k hiu. Nu khng c ng ph ti tn s 1/ T, vn c kh nng to ra n bng cch chuyn i phi tuyn thch hp. Th d nh chuyn i bnh phng u = s2 hoc chnh lu u = s.

B lc cn r(t) bng knh

B ly mu t = kT

r(kT) Quyt nh 1011 k hiu

B ng b k hiu (khi phc ng h) Hnh 1.27- ng b k hiu trong my thu bng gc nh phn Cng c th ng b k hiu bng cch khi phc trc tip t tn hiu ly bng m khng cn khi phc sng mang v chuyn i thnh bng gc. Th d, tn hiu iu ch c dng:
s (t ) = ak g (t kT )cos 0 t
k

(1.16)

l c th c c ng bao hoc bnh phng tn hiu nhn c ng ph ti tn s k hiu 1/ T. S dng ng ph ny c thi gian k hiu. Tuy nhin, cn c cc k thut ng b sng mang v ng b k hiu khc da vo cc nguyn tc khc nhau to ra cc ng ph. Sau y tm tt ba lnh vc ng b k hiu: (1) Da vo bm li; (2) Da vo tm kim cc i v lc; (3) Da vo chuyn i phi tuyn v lc. Lnh vc th nht s dng cc h thng PLL. Lnh vc th hai so snh dy k hiu pht i ban u vi cc k hiu lp lu tr nh gi dch pha. Lnh vc th ba c trnh by trn y.

1.6.4. ng b khung
Sau khi hon thnh ng b sng mang v ng b k hiu v thng tin logic c tch ra t tn hiu n, bc tip theo l xc nh im u v im cui ca t m hoc ca nhm cc t m, nh vy gi l ng b t m. ng thi sp xp li cc t m thu c thnh khung theo ng trnh t nh khung pha pht, nh vy gi l ng b khung. Trong truyn dn s, cc bit thng c t chc thnh khung n nh ngha khc nhau cho cc byte. Cc byte cc v tr khc nhau trong khung c th dnh cho cc knh ngi s dng khc nhau c chung mi trng vt l trong ghp knh phn chia thi gian (TDM), chng hn nh 26

trong b ghp PCM-30 hoc phn nh cc chc nng mo u (kim tra li, truyn ti thng tin qun l v iu khin v.v.). V vy ng b khung l ht sc quan trng trong truyn dn s. Tch cc lung nhnh ng c bt u t m t chnh xc cc khung. K hoch ng b khung bt k (cng c quan h n ng chnh khung) gm hai hot ng c bn: (1) Tm kim: xy ra khi thit b (b ng chnh) chch khi ng b khung v ng chnh khung ang d tm lung bit thu c. (2) Duy tr: mi khi thit b tha nhn ng b khung v kim tra lin tc ranh gii khung. T m ng chnh khung t u khung tr gip ng b khung v t m ny c ci t mt gi tr c bit. Tm kim c thc hin bng cch d tm mu t m ng chnh ti v tr bt k ca lung bit thu c v c duy tr nh kim tra t m ng chnh khung, ti bt u mt khung. Trong khi tm kim mu t m ng chnh khung c th gp trng hp t m ng chnh khung b phng to t lung bit s liu. V vy cn tin hnh kim tra t m ng chnh khung ti mt s v tr trc khi cng nhn c ng b. Mc tiu la chn k hoch ng chnh khung c hiu qu l: (1) Di iu kin ng chnh khung chnh xc, ti thiu ho xc sut mt ng chnh khung do li ng truyn (mt ng chnh cng bc); (2) Di iu kin chch ng chnh khung, ti thiu ho xc sut ng chnh khung gi mo do phng to mu t m ng chnh khung trong lung bit ngu nhin thu c; (3) Ti thiu ho thi gian khi phc ng chnh khung. C th phn tch qu trnh phng on khi m t mt v khi phc ng chnh khung ph hp vi k hoch ng chnh khung chn nh s dng m hnh chui Markov thch hp nh hnh 1.28, trong P l xc sut nhn bit ng t m ng b khung. Tt nhin, P c biu th khc nhau di cc iu kin khc nhau v trong min khc nhau ca biu .

A0
1-P P

A1
P 1-P

C-1
P P

1-P

A2
1-P 1-P

C1
P P

1-P

A-1
1-P 1-P P

C0 B
1-P

Hnh 1.28- M hnh chui Markov ca k hoch ng chnh khung

27

T trng thi ng chnh ng A0, trong qu trnh duy tr c thc hin, b ng chnh chuyn ti trng thi chch ng b B ch khi pht hin li trong t m ng chnh lin tip. Ti trng thi B, b ng chnh thc hin qu trnh tm kim v khi pht hin c mu bit ging t m ng chnh th chuyn sang trng thi ng chnh ng tm thi C0. Ti y b ng chnh thc hin qu trnh duy tr v s chuyn sang trng thi bnh thng A0 ch khi khng pht hin li trong t m ng chnh lin tip. Ngc li, nu pht hin li trong t m ng chnh u tin th quay tr v trng thi B bt u li qu trnh tm kim. Khi trng thi ng chnh ng A0, nu pht hin c mt ng chnh th chuyn sang trng thi B. Nguyn nhn gy ra s chuyn ny l: (1) Li trong cc t m ng chnh (mt ng chnh cng bc); (2) Mt nh thi bit hoc trt khung n (mt ng chnh thc); nu mt nh thi bit, b ng chnh bt u qu trnh tm kim t trng thi B. Cc tham s c trng cho cht lng k hoch ng b l: (1) Tc bin c trung bnh R ca mt cng bc; (2) Thi gian khi phc ng chnh trung bnh
2 t r v phng sai tr ca thi gian khi

phc ng chnh tr (thi gian ti lp khung) c xc nh nh l khong cch gia thi im bt u qu trnh tm kim trong trng thi B v thi im ti chim ng chnh thc trong trng thi A 0; (3) Xc sut ng chnh gi mo pfa, c ngha l xc sut chuyn t trng thi B sang trng thi A0 do mu t m ng chnh b phng to, mc d vn cn trong iu kin chch ng chnh. Cn nhn mnh rng trong trng hp mt ng chnh cng bc, thi im bt u ca qu trnh tm kim xy ra ng thi vi thi im bt u khung; cn trong trng hp mt thc th n xy ra ng thi vi thi im ti chim nh thi k hiu. V vy, thi gian khi phc ca mt cng bc, theo thng k, khng chm hn thi gian khi phc ca mt thc. Mt ng chnh cng bc l lin quan, xc sut P ca cng nhn t m ng chnh ng vi gi thit l h thng trong iu kin ng chnh bnh thng c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:
P = p1 = (1 ) 1 a
a

(1.17)

trong , l tc khng i ca li bit ng truyn (gi thit khng tng quan) v a l s lng bit ca t m ng chnh. Mt khc, qu trnh tm kim l lin quan, xc sut P by gi l xc sut phng to mu t m ng chnh. cho n gin, gi thit rng cc bit ny l c lp thng k v c cng xc sut xut hin th xc sut P c xc nh nh sau:
P = p2 = 1 2a

(1.18)

Theo phn tch m hnh ti hnh 1.20, nhn c cc biu thc xc nh cc tham s c trng cho cht lng ca k hoch ng b l:
R p (1 p1 ) R (1 a )(a ) R= 0 1 0 L 1 (1 p1 ) L 1 (a )

(1.19)

28

tr =

L R0

p2 1 1 1 1 + p2 1 + + (L ) (1 p ) 1 1 p2 2

(1.20)

2 tr =

1 L2 (L a ) p2 2 (2 p2 +1 ) 2 R0 (1 p2 )

+ +

p2 1 2( p +1 1) + p2 (1 p2 )(1 + 2 2 ) (1 p2 ) +1 2

(1.21)

p2 2 1 p2 1 + p 2 1 (1 p2 )(1 2 ) 2 (1 p2 )
La

]
(1.22)

i p fa = 1 (1 p2 ) p2 i =0

= 1 (1 p2 +1 )

La

trong L l chiu di khung (s bit trong khung) v R0 l tc bit danh nh ca tn hiu ghp. V L >>1 nn s bin i ngu nhin ca tr c xu hng phn b chun (phn b Gauss). V vy thi gian khi phc ng chnh cc i c xc nh theo biu thc sau y: t r / max = t r + 3 tr (1.23) Da vo s trn y c th lp k hoch ng chnh khung khc nhau i vi tn hiu ghp ti cc mc khc nhau ca phn cp s cn ng b (PDH). Th d i vi PCM-30, gi tr tiu chun ca = 3 v = 1. S thay i mt t khi thit k ng b khung i vi thit b SDH. Trong t m ng chnh (gm 96 byte i vi STM-16) cn ch hai tp hp con ca cc byte trong qu trnh tm kim v duy tr: chn t m ng chnh di gim xc sut phng to, trong khi chn t m ng chnh ngn gim bt xc sut mt ng chnh cng bc. Biu trng thi s dng cho k hoch ng b SDH c th hin ti hnh 1.29. IF M J OOF K Hnh 1.29- K hoch ng b khung trong SDH S c ba trng thi chnh cn xem xt: (1) Trng thi trong khung (IF) l trng thi hot ng bnh thng di cc iu kin ng chnh (tng ng trng thi ng chnh chnh xc A0); (2) Trng thi mt khung (LOF) l trng thi cnh bo ca mt ng chnh (tng ng trng thi B); (3) Trng thi chch khung (OOF) l trng thi trc cnh bo (tng ng cc trng thi Ai vi 0<). 29 LOF LOF N

T trng thi IF, trong ang tin hnh qu trnh duy tr, b ng chnh chuyn sang trng thi OOF sau khi pht hin li trong t m ng chnh ca M khung lin tip. Sau K khung lin tip c t m ng chnh b li th b ng chnh chuyn sang trng thi LOF. ang trong trng thi OOF, nu pht hin J khung lin tip khng c li trong t m ng chnh khung th b ng chnh quay tr li trng thi IF. Trong trng thi LOF ang tin hnh qu trnh tm kim, nu khng pht hin li trong N t m ng chnh khung lin tip th quay tr v trng thi ng chnh bnh thng IF. Biu trng thi ti hnh 1.29 khng phi l m hnh Markov. trnh chuyn mch gin on gia hai trng thi OOF v IF, b ghi dch phi m cc khung c li trong t m ng chnh khung khi m h thng ang trong trng thi OOF (ngha l b ghi dch iu khin chuyn t trng thi OOF sang trng thi LOF v m t 0 n K) khng ci t ti zero khi m h thng ang trong trng thi IF i vi L khung lin tip. Cc gi tr tiu chun ca cc tham s khi lp k hoch ng b khung SDH l: M 5, J 2, K = 24, N = 24 v L = 24. Sau khi ng b khung, cc khung ng b c sp xp c trt t thnh a khung nh t m ng b a khung t u a khung. y chnh l ng b a khung.

1.6.5. ng b bit
Trong vin thng ng b bit c din t theo hai ngha chnh. Th nht, ng b bit c lc c hiu c lin quan n ng b k hiu c trnh by trc y. Th hai, tng qut hn, ng b bit c s dng biu th ng b lung bit cn ng b theo tn s ng h ca thit b ti ch. Vn ny c thc hin bng cch ghi cc bit ca lung bit cn ng b vo b nh n hi (b m) theo tn s ca lung vo v sau c ra theo tn s ca ng h thit b ti ch. ng b bit c hiu ch yu theo cch gii thch th hai ny. ng b bit c s dng sp xp cc bit v khi u khung ca tn hiu PCM ti u vo tng i in t s, cho php chuyn cc octet t mt khe thi gian ti mt khe thi gian khc. Ngoi ra, ng b bit cn c thc hin trong b ghp tn hiu s, ti khi ng b ho. Ti y cc nhnh c ng b bit chuyn lung s cn ng b thnh lung ng b bng cch chn bit.

1.6.6. ng b gi
Chuyn mch gi bao gm phn chia thng tin ngun thnh thng bo hoc cc gi truyn i, hoc nh tuyn ti ch. Cc gi cha mt s on s liu ngun v b sung thm mt vi thng tin mo u. Gi c chiu di c nh hoc thay i. Gi c chiu di c nh gi l t bo. Chuyn mch gi l mt cng ngh c hiu qu lin kt s liu vi thoi hoc vi lu lng thi gian thc khc trong mt mng duy nht. thc hin mng s lin kt a dch v bng rng (B-ISDN), cc t chc tiu chun ho quc t chn k thut chuyn mch t bo: kiu chuyn ti khng ng b (ATM). Phng php chuyn ti chuyn mch gi c cc c im sau y: (1) Do tnh cht thng k ca chuyn mch gi, c bit l xp hng bn trong mng, cc gi m c tr nht nh khi chuyn ti qua mng v c cc thi gian n trung bnh thng k; (2) Nu cc gi ca cuc gi n c nh tuyn c lp (mi gi i qua mt tuyn khc nhau xuyn qua mng) th chng n ch khng theo th t; 30

(3) Ti my thu c kh nng khi phc tn s ng h ca ngun thng tin khi da vo lung bit n. Chuyn ti trong sut tn hiu thoi xuyn qua mng chuyn mch gi i hi ng u vi cc vn trn y ti to ting ni c cht lng chp nhn c t cc gi n c tr khc nhau. V vy yu cu b sung cc chc nng ti giao din thu. Cn bng tr ngu nhin ca gi thng lin quan n ng b gi. Nhim v cn bng tr gi c thc hin theo mt s cch v c chia lm hai nhm: da vo mi trng mng khng ng b, ti cc nt khc nhau c nh thi bi ng h c lp ti ch; hoc da vo mi trng mng ng b c h thng phn phi ng h chung ti cc nt. Ph hp vi cch phn chia ny, c cc phng php ch yu sau y khi phc nh thi:

(1) Khi phc nh thi khng ng b


- nh gi tr khng nhn thy K hoch n gin nht nh gi thi gian to ra mt gi n c tin hnh trong trng hp xu nht: my thu cho rng gi c nh gi da vo tr truyn dn cc tiu v da vo cc gi khc c th b tr khng vt qu mt lng thi gian cc i cho trc. Nh vy gi l nh gi khng nhn thy. Sau khi nh gi thi gian kt thc ca gi th nht, my thu s dng s th t dy trong cc gi tip theo xc nh mt cch chnh xc thi gian kt thc ca mi gi. Cc gi n c tr ln s b loi. - o hnh trnh Mc d nh gi tr khng nhn thy l n gin nhng khng y trong mng ng di. K thut nh gi tr thc t tt nht l o tr hnh trnh gia gi chuyn i v gi thu c v s dng gi tr ny nh gi tr mt hng ca cc gi khc vi gi thit tr c phn b nh nhau gia hai hng. - Tr thay i do b sung Trong trng hp ny, o tr thc t khi truyn cc gi qua mng. S thay i ca tr c o nh du hiu tr tch lu ca mi gi. Mi phn t mng b sung tr vo du hiu tr khi o theo ng h ti ch v lng chnh lch gia thi im n v i. Bit tr gi, cho php xc nh thi gian kt thc l thi gian thc t cng vi lng chnh lch gia gi tr du hiu tr cc i v gi tr du hiu tr thc t. - K hoch thch ng Khng c phng php no trn y o tr hon ton chnh xc. V vy cc thut ton khc nhau c s dng thay i thch ng tr khi thu lung gi da vo mc y b m thu hoc da vo lp li hnh trnh o tr. - K hoch thch nghi da vo PLL Tt c cc phng php trn y ch ph hp vi truyn dn thoi trn mng chuyn mch gi bng hp. Cc mng ATM B-ISDN yu cu nghim ngt hn do tc chuyn mch cao v do c nhiu dch v. Trong cc mng ATM khng ng b, thng s dng k thut lc jitter t bo nh khi phc nh thi PLL. K thut n gin ny c th c thc hin nh lc trc c m s liu mc y hoc cc gi tr tc thi n ca t bo s c a vo b lc trc. PPL l b lc thp lc Jitter t bo. Mc d k thut ny c cht lng tt hn v linh hot hn cc k thut m t trc y, nhng m phng knh ti u ra mng ATM vn gp kh khn trong vic tun th cc tiu chun hin hnh v jitter. 31

(2) Khi phc nh thi ng b


Khi nim c bn ca k thut ny da vo tnh kh dng ca ng h tham kho chung (ng h mng ng b). y khng phi l vn trong mng SDH, m trong mng quang ng b (SONET) ca Bc M chn lp vt l truyn ATM. V l do ny m k thut ng b gim jitter t bo c thit k i vi mng ATM B -ISDN. - K thut m ho tn s ng b (SFET) ng h ngun khng ng b c so snh vi ng h tham kho mng. S khng ng nht gia hai ng h c o v m ho trong mo u lp p ng ATM (AAL). Ti my thu, ng h mng chung v thng tin m ho c s dng cu trc li ng h ngun. - Du hiu thi gian (TS) B m 16 bit do ng h tham kho mng iu khin. Hai byte ca mo u lp con hi t (CS) mang gi tr tc thi ca b m trong mi nhm 16 t bo. Ti pha thu, ng h ngun c cu trc li t TS thu c v ng h mng. - Du hiu thi gian d ng b (SRTS) Phng php ny l TS ci tin v da vo s quan st thy rng i vi ng h ngun chnh xc, cc bit c ngha thp ca TS 16 bit chuyn ti hu ht thng tin c ch. V vy SRTS ch cn 4 bit. iu ny cho php lin kt SRTS vo trong mo u ca AAL hin c m vn khng lm tng kch c ca n. SRTS c ITU-T chp nhn nh l k thut tiu chun khi phc nh thi i vi AAL-1 (m phng knh).

1.6.7. ng b mng
ng b mng lin quan n phn phi thi gian v tn s trong mng cung cp ng h tri khp trn mt vng rng ln. Mc ch l ng chnh thi gian v tn s ca tt c ng h nh kh nng thng tin ca cc tuyn kt ni gia chng (chng hn cp ng, cp si quang, cc tuyn radio). Sau y l mt s ng dng c hiu qu: (1) ng b ng h ni b ca cc im ghp v chuyn mch khc nhau trong mng vin thng s. (2) ng b ng h trong mng vin thng yu cu mt vi dng a truy nhp phn chia thi gian, chng hn nh mng v tinh, u cui di ng ca thng tin di ng GSM v.v. (3) Ngi s dng mng o khong cch gia hai nt trong mng, xc nh v tr v hot ng ca chng. ng b mng ng vai tr trung tm trong thng tin s, c nh hng nht nh n cht lng hu ht cc dch v m nh iu hnh cung cp cho khch hng. ng b mng thng tin s s c trnh by trong cc chuyn ca chng sau.

1.6.8. ng b a phng tin


a phng tin lin quan n tch hp cc thnh phn khng ng nht nh vn bn, hnh nh, audio v vidio trong s a dng ca cc mi trng ng dng. S liu c th ph thuc rt nhiu vo thi gian nh audio v vidio hnh nh ng v i hi trnh by theo th t thi gian khi s dng. Nhim v ca tch hp nh vy gi l ng b a phng tin. ng b c th s dng chm dt tranh chp gia cc lung s liu v cc bin c bn ngoi do ngi s dng to ra. Ni mt cch khc, mun m ch mi tng quan thi gian gia mi trng, nh xem video kt hp vi m thanh, hoc c th trnh by r rng nh trng hp ti liu a phng tin s hu vn bn ch thch thoi hoc trong trng hp siu vn bn a phng tin. 32

S ph thuc thi gian ca cc dy s liu c th l tuyn tnh, nh trong trng hp trnh din file audio trn dy hnh nh. Nhng cng c kh nng trnh by s liu theo kiu khc nh truy nhp thun nhanh, truy nhp ngc nhanh v truy nhp ngu nhin. Vn ng b a phng tin c gii thiu rng ri trong cc ti liu. Tuy nhin, vic tho lun chi tit ch ny khng nm trong ni dung cun ti liu ny.

1.6.9. ng b ng h thi gian thc


Mt kiu khc ca ng b mng l phn phi thi gian tham kho tuyt i (thi gian theo tiu chun quc gia) ti cc ng h thi gian thc ca thit b trong mng vin thng (ng b ca cc ng h thi gian thc). Phn phi ng h tiu chun quc gia nhm mc ch qun l v iu khin mng. Cc s kin bt k u c h thng gim st thit b , chng hn nh vt ngng t s li bit (BER), cc cnh bo ng, hng phn cng v.v. c lu tr bo co. Khi mng vin thng c qun l bi h thng qun l (mng qun l vin thng tiu chun TMN), cc s kin s c ch nh thit b truyn thng bo qun l ti h thng iu hnh (OS). Trong trng hp khc, vic lu tr thng tin phi bao gm c ngy gi v ng h thi gian thc ca thit b s c ly ra. iu cn thit l cc ng h thi gian thc ton mng phi c ng b theo thi gian tuyt i nh nhau, nu khng s khng lin quan vi cc thng bo khc nhau mt cch c ngha theo mt nhn chung. Ch khi ng h thi gian thc thit b c ng b vi thi gian tiu chun th mi c kh nng sp xp mi tng quan thi gian v logic trong s cc s kin khc nhau v v vy mi dn n suy on c t s liu cha x l s kin tp hp v lu tr. ng b ng h thi gian thc khc vi ng b mng. ng b ng h thi gian thc phn phi thng tin thi gian tuyt i (th d 10.32.05 AM ngy 23 thng 6 nm 2006, hoc du hiu thi gian khc) v a ra cc yu cu khc nhau ca chnh xc. i vi qun l, rt cn vn nu trn y, chnh xc thi gian n vi mili giy l hon ton c kh nng. Phm vi ngy gi trong qun l cn lu tr khng g khc l xc nh r ngy, thng, nm v gi, pht, giy. Mc ch ca ng b mng l ti thiu ho thng dng li thi gian trong s cc ng h, tr khi ng b pha. iu ny c ng l tn hiu nh thi vt l ng b (th d sng hnh sine) c phn phi ti cc ng h mng. ng b mng vin thng s thc hin lch thi gian khng ln hn 10 ns hoc 100 ns. Mt khc, ng b thi gian thc thng c thc hin nh trao i thng bo v thng tin thi gian (cc du hiu thi gian) theo giao thc ph hp c chuyn ti trn cc tuyn gia cc nt mng. Th d giao thc thi gian mng (NTP) c s dng trong cc dch v thi gian Internet v khch hng ng b ng h thi gian thc cng nh t chc v duy tr t ng mng con ng b thi gian. NTP c pht trin t cc giao thc n gin hn, nhng c thit k c bit c chnh xc, n nh v tin cy cao, thm ch khi s dng trn cc tuyn Internet in hnh lin quan n cc cng ghp v cc mng khng tin cy. Giao thc da vo thng bo c chuyn ti trn giao thc Internet (IP) cc gi giao thc datagram ngi s dng (UDP) cung cp dch v chuyn ti khng kt ni. Tuy nhin, n sn sng p ng i vi cc b giao thc khc. Cc c trng khc khng bt buc gm xc nhn v mt m ho thng bo cng nh cung cp iu khin v gim st t xa. 33

Trong NTP, mt hoc nhiu dch v s cp c ng b trc tip t cc ngun tham kho bn ngoi. Cc dch v thi gian th cp c ng b t cc dch v s cp ph hp vi phn cp. Cu hnh li cc ng ng b thay th l c kh nng khc phc s gin on v cc s c. Thut ton c kh nng nh gi v b tr truyn dn ngu nhin ca cc gi truyn qua mng v v vy thc hin chnh xc thi gian tuyt i ti mc vi mili giy.

1.7. NGU NHIN HO TN HIU


1.7.1. Khi nim
Trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu s c th gp mt s trng hp khng mong mun, nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu thu. Trng hp th nht, xut hin dy cc bit 0 hoc bit 1 ko di, dn ti khng tch c ng h t dy xung thu trong qung thi gian xut hin cc dy bit nh vy. Trng hp th hai, xut hin lp i lp li nhiu ln mt t m nn lm tng tch lu rung pha ca tn hiu thu. C hai nguyn nhn ny s c khc phc nu s dng ngu nhin ho tn hiu, tc l s dng b trn ti pha pht v b gii trn ti pha thu.

1.7.2. Cu to v hot ng ca b trn v b gii trn


Hnh 1.30 l cu trc ca b trn v b gii trn.

B cng mun 2

x-1 x-1 x x-1 x-1


-1

B ghi dch phn hi

B ghi dch phn hi

x-1 x-1 x-1 x-1 x-1

B cng mun 2

S liu vo Di

S liu ra Ds

S liu vo Ds

S liu ra Di' Khi phc ng h

a) B trn

b) B gii trn Hnh 1.30- B trn v gii trn

B trn v b gii trn u c b ghi dch, mi b ghi dch cha 5 t tr. Thi gian tr ca mi t tr bng 1/x v bng rng mt bit. Th d dy tn hiu u vo b trn l Di th khi qua hai t s l Di .(1/x). (1/x), ngha l tr hai bit, v (1/x). (1/x) = x -2. Tn hiu nh phn u vo b trn i ti b cng mun 2 th nht v c b sung thm tn hiu nh phn n t b cng mun 2 th hai. Do tn hiu nh phn u ra b trn Ds= Di Ds(x -3 x -5) hoc Di = Ds (1 x -3 x -5) v v vy Ds = Di / (1 x -3 x -5) Dy tn hiu nh phn u ra b trn Ds qua ng truyn, a ti u vo b gii trn. V vy dy nh phn u ra b gii trn c dng: 34

Di = Ds (1 x 3 x 5 ) = Di (1 x 3 x5 )/ (1 x x 5 ) = Di

Nh vy l sau khi gii trn nhn c dy tn hiu nh phn nh u vo b trn. Nh trnh by trn y, mc ch ca trn l xo trn cc bit trong mt t m theo mt quy lut nht nh. Da vo quy lut , b gii trn hot ng ngc li ti to tn hiu ban u.

TM TT
Trong s ho tn hiu analog th phng php PCM l n gin nht, tuy nhin s dng phng php ny th tc bit mi knh thoi ln hn cc phng php khc. Phng php ghp knh theo thi gian l phng php ghp knh c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin s. V vy phi s dng cc gii php ng b v ngu nhin ho tn hiu nhm m bo cht lng tn hiu thu, c th l t s li bit khng vt qu ngng ci t trc. Cn phn bit cc loi ng b trong mng vin thng: ng b sng mang l tch sng mang t tn hiu iu ch trong gii iu ch kt hp. ng b k hiu l nhn bit cc thi im ly mu v quyt nh trong gii iu ch s tch thng tin logic t tn hiu analog thu c. ng b t m v ng b khung l nhn bit thi im bt u v kt thc t m hoc khung ti to khung t dy bit thu. ng b gi l cn bng tr cc thi im n ca gi nhm ti cu trc bn tin trong mng chuyn mch gi. ng b mng l phn phi ng h chung n cc nt trong mt mng rng ln iu khin ng h cc nt chy cng tc bit v pha vi ng h chung. ng b a phng tin l sp xp cc phn t hn tp nh hnh nh, vn bn, audio, vodeo, v.v. trong truyn thng a phng tin ti cc mc tch hp khc nhau. ng b ng h thi gian thc l phn phi thi gian tuyt i (thi gian tiu chun quc gia) trong mng vin thng qun l mng.

BI TP
(1) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t VPAM = 875 , xc nh gi tr 8 bit u ra ca b m ho - nn s. (2) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t VPAM = -1898 , xc nh 8 bit u ra ca b m ho - nn s. (3) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t VPAM = 209, tm bin xung b nn tng ng vi 8 bit ti u ra b m ho - nn s. (4) u vo b gii m - dn s c t m 0110 1101, tm bin xung u ra b gii m dn s. (5) V nhnh dng ca c tnh bin b m ho- nn s theo trc to y = f(x). Cho x = 0,5; xc nh gi tr ca mi bit trong t m 8 bit ti u ra b m ho- nn s. (6) Tnh tc bit ca mt knh thoi trong trng hp khng s dng b nn v c s dng b nn A = 87,6/ 13. (Xem p s ti phn ph lc).

35

CHNG II GHP KNH PCM, PDH V SDH


2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Ni dung chnh ca chng II gm c: - Cu trc cc khung trong ghp knh PDH: cc loi khung 2/8, 8/34, 34/140 u c hai loi khung. l loi khung ch s dng chn dng v loi khung khc s dng c chn dng v chn m. Ring khung 140/565 ch s dng chn dng. - Ghp knh SDH: s dng phng php xen byte sp xp hoc ghp cc byte tn hiu vo cc khung. Trong qu trnh ghp s dng con tr ng chnh tc v pha ca cc khung tn hiu n v khung ghp thng qua vic s dng chn dng v chn m.

2.2. GHP KNH PCM


2.2.1. S khi b ghp PCM-N
S khi b ghp PCM-N nh hnh 2.1.

1 S1

LM

MH NS

Ghp knh TX B 1

Lp m u ra ng


N SN

CXK

B TX pht

N X l bo hiu

LM N 1 B TX thu

CXK

GM-DS

Tch knh

Gii m u vo ng

Hnh 2.1- S khi b ghp knh PCM-N

2.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng


Theo tiu chun ca chu u th N = 30, ngha l ghp c 30 knh thoi. Theo tiu chun bc M N = 24. Pha m tn c N b sai ng (S) ng vai tr chuyn hai dy m tn thnh bn dy m tn v ngc li. C th l mt pha b sai ng kt ni vi my in thoi qua 36

hai si dy ng ca cp m tn, pha khc kt ni vi hai si thuc nhnh pht v hai si thuc nhnh thu ca thit b PCM-N. u ra v u vo pha mng kt ni vi thit b ghp bc cao qua cp ng trc. Qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu ca PCM- 30 nh sau: (1) Nhnh pht Tn hiu thoi analog qua S, qua b lc thp hn ch bng tn ting ni n 3,4 kHz. Khi LM c chc nng ly mu tn hiu thoi vi tc 8 kHz. Khi m ho - nn s MH-NS thc hin lng t ho khng u v m ho mi xung lng t thnh 8 bit nh b m ho - nn s A = 87,6/13. Tn hiu nh phn u ra khi MH-NS c a vo khi ghp knh. Ti y, ngoi tn hiu s ca 30 knh thoi cn c tn hiu s ca mt knh ng b v mt knh bo hiu c ghp xen bit, to thnh lung E1 c tc bit l 2048 kbit/s. Cui cng dy s liu nh phn c khi lp m ng chuyn thnh dy xung ba mc HDB-3. Ngoi cc khi trn y, trong nhnh pht cn c b to xung pht hot ng ti tc bit 2048 kbit/s v u ra ca n c khi chia tn to dy xung c tc bit theo yu cu iu khin cc khi lin quan hot ng. Khi TXB to ra xung ng b khung v a khung. Khi x l bo hiu tip nhn tn hiu gi ca cc knh thoi chuyn thnh cc bit v c ghp vo v tr quy nh trong lung s E1. (2) Nhnh thu Dy tn hiu 2048 kbit/s HDB-3 t mng ti trc ht c khi gii m ng chuyn i thnh dy xung hai mc. Trong tn hiu thu c cc t m ca 30 knh thoi, knh ng b v knh bo hiu. Cc loi tn hiu ny c tch ra nh khi tch knh. Tn hiu ng b khung i vo khi to xung thu khi ng khi chia tn, nhm hnh thnh cc khe thi gian ng b vi pha pht. Ngoi ra, khi tch knh cn c chc nng tch ng h t dy bit vo ng b tc bit ca b to xung thu. Cc bit tn hiu gi c tch ra, i vo khi x l tn hiu gi chuyn thnh sng m tn rung chung my in thoi. B to xung thu cng c b phn chia tn hnh thnh dy xung iu khin hot ng ca cc khi nhnh thu. Mi byte (8 bit) ca tn hiu thoi qua khi gii m - dn s GM-DS chuyn thnh mt xung c bin tng ng v a ti khi chn xung knh (CXK), u ra khi CXK l tp hp xung ca ring tng knh. Dy xung iu bin u ra khi CXK qua b lc thp khi phc tn hiu thoi analog, qua S ti my in thoi.

2.2.3. Cu trc khung v a khung (1) i vi PCM-30


Tn hiu s u ra thit b PCM-30 c sp xp thnh khung v a khung trc khi truyn. Cu trc ca khung v a khung nh hnh 2.2. (a) Cu trc khung Mi khung c thi hn l 125 s, c chia thnh 32 khe thi gian v nh s th t t TS0 n TS31. Mi TS c thi hn l 3,9 s v ghp 8 bit s liu. T m ng b khung c cu trc ring 0011011 v c ghp vo TS0 ca khung F0 v cc khung chn (F2, F4,..., F14). Trong TS0 ca cc khung l (F1, F3,..., F15) ghp cc bit nh sau: bit th nht s dng cho quc gia (Si), bit th hai c nh bng 1 phn bit t m ng b khung vi t m ng b khung gi to khi 7 bit cn li trong TS0 ca cc khung l trng vi 7 bit tng ng ca t m ng b khung, bit th ba cnh bo mt ng b khung (A). Tn hiu cc knh thoi th nht n th 15 ghp vo cc 37

khe thi gian TS1 n TS15; tn hiu cc knh thoi th 16 n th 30 ghp vo cc khe thi gian TS17 n TS31. Tn hiu gi ca mi knh thoi c 4 bit (a, b, c, d) ghp vo mt na ca khe thi gian TS16 ca cc khung F1 F15 trong a khung. TK = 125 s 16 = 2 ms a khung Fo F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 TK = 125 s Khung TS0 TS1 TS2 TS15 TS16 TS17 TS29 TS30 TS31

A= 0 -c ng b khung A = 1- mt ng b khung Khung F00 Cc khung chn Khung F Si - s dng cho quc t Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 00 00 x Yx x Sn, x- s dng cho quc gia Khung F1 F15 Y= 0- c ng b a khung Cc khung l Y= 1- mt ng b a khung a bcd a b c d Si 1 ASn Sn Sn Sn Sn abcd - 4 bit bo hiu Hnh 2.2- Cu trc khung v a khung PCM-30 (b) Cu trc a khung PCM-30 ghp c 30 knh thoi. V vy c tt c l 30 tn hiu gi. Mi khe TS16 ghp c tn hiu gi ca hai knh thoi. Do cn phi c tt c l 15 khe thi gian TS16 chuyn ti tn hiu gi ca tt c cc knh thoi. Ngoi ra cn thm mt TS16 na ghp xung ng b a khung v cnh bo mt ng b a khung. Nh vy yu cu a khung phi cha 16 khung (mi khung c mt TS16). Cc khe thi gian TS16 ca cc khung trong a khung c b tr chuyn ti s liu nh sau: TS16 ca khung zero (F0) ghp cc bit ng b a khung 0000 v bit cnh bo mt ng b a khung Y. Na bn tri ca TS16 khung th nht ghp 4 bit tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th nht, na bn phi ghp 4 bit tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th 16. Na bn tri ca TS16 khung th hai ghp tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th hai v knh thoi th 17. C tip tc nh vy cho n TS16 cui cng ca khung th 15 ghp tn hiu gi ca knh thoi 15 v knh thoi 30.

(2) i vi PCM-24
Mi khung c mt bit c (F) t u khung v 24 khe thi gian, mi khe ghp 8 bit. Tng s bit trong khung bng 8 bit 24 + 1 bit = 193 bit. Tc bit u ra PCM-24 c tnh nh sau: RPCM-24 = 193 bit/ khung 8. 103 khung /s = 1544 kbit/s a khung ca PCM-24 gm 24 khung, nh s th t t F1 n F24, nh trn hnh 2.3. Mi bit ca t m ng b khung 001011 c ghp vo v tr bit th nht ca cc khung F4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. Cc bit th nht ca cc khung l truyn t m ng b a khung (cc bit m). Bit th nht cc khung F2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, l cc bit kim tra s d chu trnh (cc bit e1 e6). Bit th tm ca cc khe thi gian trong khung F6, F12 , F18 v F24 truyn tn hiu gi (A, B, C, D). 38

TK = 125s 24 = 3 ms F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F20 F21 F22 F23 F24 m m 0 A m m 0 m m 1 B Hnh 2.3- Cu trc a khung ca PCM-24 m m 0 C m m 1 m m 1 D

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

e6

2.3. GHP KNH PDH


2.3.1. Cc tiu chun tc bit
Hin nay trn th gii tn ti ba tiu chun tc bit. l cc tc bit theo tiu chun Chu u, tiu chun Bc M v tiu chun Nht Bn. Cc tiu chun ny c trnh by di dng phn cp s cn ng b nh hnh 2.4. E1 2048 4 kbit/s E2 8448 4 kbit/s ITU-T ITU-T 5 1544 4 kbit/s T1 6312 kbit/s T2 7 44736 kbit/s 6 T3 274176 kbit/s 2 T4 560160 kbit/s T5 Bc M 32064 3 kbit/s 97728 4 kbit/s 400352 kbit/s Nht Bn CEPT E3 34368 kbit/s 4 E4 139264 4 kbit/s E5 564992 kbit/s

Hnh 2.4- Phn cp s cn ng b

(1) Tiu chun chu u (CEPT)


Tiu chun chu u bao gm 5 mc. Tc bit ca mc sau c to thnh bng cch ghp bn lung s ca mc ng trc lin k. Mc th nht c tc bit 2048 Mbit/s c to thnh t thit b ghp knh PCM-30 hoc t tm mch trung k ca tng i in t s. Tc bit ca mc th hai l 8448 kbit/s, gm c 120 knh. Mc th ba c 480 knh v tc bit bng 34368 kbit/s. Mc th t c 1920 knh v tc bit l 139368 kbit/s. Bn mc ny c CCITT (hin nay i tn thnh ITU-T) chp nhn lm cc tc bit tiu chun quc t. Mc th nm c tc bit bng 564992 kbit/s v bao gm 7680 knh.

(2) Tiu chun Bc M


Tiu chun Bc M gm 5 mc. Tc bit ca mc th nht bng 1544 kbit/s, c hnh thnh t thit b ghp knh PCM-24 hoc t tng i in t s v c 24 knh. Ghp bn lung s mc th nht c tc bit mc hai l 6312 kbit/s v gm c 96 knh. Mc th ba c tc bit 39

l 44736 kbit/s l kt qu ca ghp by lung s mc hai v bao gm 672 knh. Ba mc ny c ITU-T chp nhn lm tiu chun quc t. Mc th t c c bng cch ghp su lung s mc ba, tc bit bng 274176 kbit/s v bao gm 4032 knh. Mc th nm l kt qu ca ghp hai lung s mc bn nhn c 8064 knh v tc bit l 560160 kbit/s.

(3) Tiu chun Nht Bn


Hai mc u tin hon ton ging tiu chun Bc M. Mc th ba c hnh thnh t ghp nm lung s mc hai, c tc bit l 32064 kbit/s v 480 knh. Ba mc u tin ny c ITU-T chp nhn. Ghp ba lung s mc ba c lung s mc bn vi tc bit bng 97728 kbit/s, 1440 knh. Mc cui cng ghp bn lung s mc bn nhn c 5760 knh v tc bit bng 400352 kbit/s.

2.3.2. K thut ghp knh PDH 2.3.2.1. S khi b ghp knh PDH
Nh trnh by trong mc 2.2.1, theo tiu chun chu u, c nm mc khi ghp bn lung vo s c mt lung ra. V vy s khi tng qut ca b ghp knh PDH nh hnh 2.5.

Lung nhnh 1 Tch H

M1 fG1 f1

1a

Khi so pha _ +

Khi iu khin chn

1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 1 2 3 4 Khi TX

Lung nhnh 2 Lung nhnh 3 Lung nhnh 4

Khi ghp xen bit

TX B

Hnh 2.5- S khi b ghp PDH Mi lung s dng ring mt s khi nh: b nh n hi (M1), khi tch ng h (H), khi so pha v khi iu khin chn. Cc khi dng chung gm c: khi to xung ng b (TXB), khi to xung (TX) v khi ghp xen bit. Lung nhnh c a ti b nh n hi v a vo khi tch ng h to ra tn s iu khin ghi fG. C mi mt xung iu khin ghi tc ng vo M1 th mt bit ca lung nhnh c ghi vo mt nh. Cc bit ghi s c c ly ra theo ng h iu khin c f1 da vo nguyn tc mt bit iu khin c tc ng vo M1 th mt bit c ly ra. Dy bit u ra b nh i vo khi ghp. Dy xung iu khin ghi v iu khin c i ti khi so pha. Cn c vo lch pha (lch thi gian) gia hai dy xung ny m u ra khi so pha xut hin xung dng 40

hay m. Nhn c xung dng, khi iu khin chn pht lnh chn dng v nhn c xung m s pht lnh chn m. Khi ghp xen bit tin hnh chn xung theo lnh iu khin. Ngoi dy bit ca bn lung vo cn c xung ng b t khi to xung ng b v cc bit bo hiu (khng th hin trong hnh v) u c a vo khi ghp ghp xen bit to thnh lung ra. Hot ng ghp xen bit, so pha v hot ng chn c gii thiu trong cc phn sau. Pha thu tin hnh tch knh theo trnh t ngc li vi qu trnh ghp. Trc tin tch xung ng b v tch ng h t dy bit thu c. Xung ng b lm gc thi gian tch cc bit ca cc lung thnh phn, xung ng h c s dng iu khin b to xung thu. Dy xung knh ca mi lung c tch ring bit v cc t m tm bit ln lt c gii m v dn tr thnh dy xung lng t nh pha pht. B lc thp khi phc tn hiu analog t dy xung lng t.

2.3.2.2. Phng php ghp xen bit


Qu trnh ghp xen bit c minh ho ti hnh 2.6. E1# 1 t E1# 2 t E1# 3 t E1# 4 t XB T = 125s E2 TGH t t

Hnh 2.6- Ghp xen bit bn lung E1 thnh lung E2 Gi thit ghp bn lung mc 1 thnh lung mc 2. Trc khi ghp s liu cc lung, phi ghp mt xung hoc mt nhm xung ng b khung. Sau xung ng b khung l bit th nht ca lung E1#1, bit th nht ca lung E1#2, bit th nht ca lung E1#3, bit th nht ca lung E1# 4. Tip ghp cc bit th hai ca cc lung vo theo trnh t nh ghp cc bit th nht. C tip tc ghp nh vy cho ht cc bit ca bn lung vo trong chu k ghp TGH. Ghp xung ng b khung trc khi ghp tip cc bit s liu ca bn lung nhnh. B ghp phi sp xp cc bit st li vi nhau v cn phi hnh thnh cc bit c rng b hn trong mt chu k ghp TGH ngoi xung ng b v cc bit ph khc phi cha ht cc bit ca bn lung nhnh. V vy tc bit lung ra lun lun ln hn tc bit tng ca bn lung vo. Thi hn ca chu k ghp TGH ph thuc vo cp ghp. 41

Trong qu trnh ghp xen bit c th xy ra trng hp trt bit. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do ng h tch t lung vo c tn s khc vi tn s ca ng h ni (hnh 2.7). Nu tn s ng h ni ti b hn tn s xung nh thi cha trong lung vo th mt bit trong b nh n hi c c hai ln, nhng ln sau l c khng nn gim tc bit u ra. Ngc li, nu tn s ng h ni ti ln hn tn s xung nh thi cha trong lung vo th mt s bit c c thm nn lm tng tc bit ca lung ra. Tng thm hoc gim s bit u ra b nh m c quan h n trt. Trong thc t c hai dng trt, l trt iu khin c v trt khng iu khin c. Trt iu khin c c ngha l iu khin c phm vi tng hoc gim s bit, chng hn trt mt octet hoc mt khung. Trt khng iu khin c l do lch nh thi v do khng iu khin c phm v tng hoc gim s bit. Nu phm vi lch tn s gia ng h ni ti v tn s lung bit vo duy tr phm vi 10-9 v tn s ly mu bng 8 kHz th trt c th xy ra sau mi qung thi gian l 34 gi. Tng thm dung lng b nh n hi s hn ch trt khng iu khin c nh chuyn thi im trt n khong gia hai khi s liu. Bin php quan trng hn ch trt l n nh tn s b to xung ca cc nt trong mng thng tin PDH. c khng (gim) Lung vo b nh ng h ni ti t Lung u ra b nh t a) b) Thiu bit a) Tn s ng h ni ti ln hn tn s lung vo b) Tn s ng h ni ti nh hn tn s lung vo Hnh 2.7- Hin tng trt bit t t Tha bit c thm (tng) t

2.3.2.3. K thut chn trong PDH


(1) Khi nim T hnh 2.7b bit c trong trng hp tn s (nghch o ca chu k) ng h ni ca b ghp nh hn tn s ca lung nhnh th mt s bit tin b nh mt ti u ra (do gn trng thi im xut hin vi xung c trc). V vy bo ton thng tin ca lung nhnh, cn ti to cc bit b mt ny ca lung bit u ra b ghp v ghp chng vo mt v tr quy nh trong khung. Hot ng nh vy gi l chn m. Tri li, trong trng hp tn s ng h ni ca b ghp ln hn tn s lung nhnh nh hnh 2.7a th mt s ln c khng lm gim tc bit lung ra. m bo tc bit nh mc, cn b sung mt s bit khng mang tin v ghp vo v tr quy nh trong khung. Nh vy gi l chn dng. (2) Chn dng B ghp knh PDH phi nhn bit c thi im c xung c nhng khng c xung u ra b nh n hi, ng thi phi m c s bit khng mang tin cn b sung vo lung ra b nh ny trong mt n v thi gian. Yu cu th nht c thc hin nh khi so pha v yu cu th hai do b m m nhim. 42

u vo khi so pha c c dy bit iu khin ghi c tch ra t lung bit thu v dy bit iu khin c ly t ng h ni (xem hnh 2.5). Khi so pha theo di mc lch pha (lch thi gian) gia dy bit ghi v dy bit c v nhn bit quy lut bin thin ny ca lch pha xc nhn thi im thiu bit trong lung ra b nh n hi. T hnh 2.7b cho bit lch pha gia hai dy bit ghi v c gim dn t gi tr cc i n gi tr cc tiu v sau thi im dch pha cc tiu ng mt chu k ca dy bit c s xut hin thi im chn dng. Ti thi im u ra khi so pha c mt xung dng a ti khi iu khin chn, khi ny pht lnh iu khin chn dng. Nhn c lnh chn dng, khi ghp xen bit chn mt bit khng mang tin vo v tr quy nh ca khung sau. Cn nu khng chn dng th v tr bit chn dng l bit tin. Lnh iu khin chn dng hoc khng chn cng chnh l thng bo chuyn ti pha thu. Nhn c thng bo ny, my thu xo bit chn dng trc khi gii m. Lnh iu khin chn dng trong khung ch s dng chn dng l 111 c ghp vo khung hin ti. i vi khung s dng chn dng v chn m th lnh iu khin chn dng l 111 111. Trong , ba bit 111 trc c ghp vo khung hin ti v ba bit 111 sau ghp vo khung tip theo. (3) Chn m Cng nh trng hp chn dng, b ghp knh PDH phi nhn bit thi im m mt bit c tc ng vo b nh n hi ly ra hai bit gn trng nhau. Nu khng c gii php g c bit th bit c thm trong cp bit ny s b mt v do mt thng tin. V vy mi ln c thm l mt ln xy ra chn m.Khi so pha cn c vo lch pha gia dy bit ghi v dy bit c bit c thi im chn m. T hnh 2.7b bit c lch pha tng dn t gi tr cc tiu n gi tr cc i. Ti thi im lch pha t gi tr cc i, mt xung m xut hin ti u ra khi so pha, i ti khi iu khin chn v khi ny pht lnh chn m. Nhn c lnh ny, khi ghp xen bit ghp mt bit mang thng tin ca bit c ra sau (0 hoc 1) vo v tr quy nh trong khung tip theo. My thu nhn c thng bo chn m, tin hnh tch bit chn m x l nh cc bit thng tin khc. Lnh iu khin chn m gm 000 000. Trong ba bit 000 trc c ghp vo khung hin ti v ba bit 000 sau ghp vo khung tip theo. (4) Khng chn i vi khung ch s dng chn dng, khi khng chn th cc bit iu khin chn l 000 c ghp vo khung hin ti; trong trng hp ny cc bit chn l cc bit tin ly t cc lung nhnh. i vi khung s dng chn dng v chn m th th lnh iu khin khng chn l 111000, trong ba bit 111 ghp vo khung hin ti v ba bit 000 ghp vo khung tip theo. Nhn c lnh khng chn, b ghp ci t bit chn dng l bit tin v bit chn m l bit khng mang tin.

2.3.3. Cu trc khung PDH in hnh 2.3.3.1. Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8
B ghp ny ghp bn lung nhnh 2048 kbit/s 50 ppm thnh lung s mc 2 c tc bit 8448 kbit/s 30ppm. Cu trc khung trong trng hp ch s dng chn dng nh hnh 2.8. Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn nh hnh 2.9. Trong khung ghp cc bit knh nghip v 32 kbit/s kt ni gia hai b ghp u cui l kt qu ca iu ch delta thch ng (ADMo). Bit th t trong phn khung 3 ghp bit gi chung ca knh dch v. Bn bit u tin ca cc PK2, 3, 4 ghp cc bit iu khin chn. Bit th 5 n 43

bit th 8 ca phn khung 4 ghp bn bit chn m. Bit th 9 n bit th 12 ca phn khung 4 ghp bn bit chn dng. TK = 848 bit = 100,4 s PK1 12 200 4 PK2 208 4 PK3 208 4 4 PK4 204

1111010000 b11b12 ng b khung

Cc bt iu khin chn Cc bit chn dng Bit d tr

Cnh bo mt ng b khung Hnh 2.8- Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8 s dng chn dng v khng chn

TK = 1056 bit = 125 s PK1 8 256 4 4 PK2 256 4 4 PK3 256 4 4 4 PK4 252

11100110 ng b khung

Cc bit iu khin chn Knh dch v 32 kbit/s D tr

Cc bit chn m

Cc bit chn dng Knh dch v chung Cnh bo mt ng b khung Hnh 2.9- Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn T hnh 2.9 kim tra li nhng vn phn tch i vi khung ca b ghp 2/8 khi chn m, chn dng v khng chn. Tc bit nh mc tng ca bn lung nhnh l: V = 2048. 103 4 = 8192. 10 3 bit/s (2.1) Khi khng chn m v cng khng chn dng th cc bit 5 8 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit khng mang tin, cc bit 9 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit tin. Vy tng s bit ca 4 lung nhnh ghp trong khung khi c bn lung khng chn l: T = 256 bit 3 + 252 + 4 bit = 1024 bit / khung Tc bit truyn cc bit tin ca khung khi c bn lung khng chn l: Vtruyn = 1024 bit / khung 8. 103 khung / s = 8192. 103 bit/s (2.2) Kt qu ca cc biu thc (2.1) v (2.2) nh nhau, vy vic quy nh v tr cc bit trn y hon ton hp l. Khi c bn lung u chn dng th cc bit 5 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit khng mang tin. 44

Vy tng s bit tin ca bn lung nhnh ghp xen bit trong khung khi chn dng l: T(+) = 256 bit 3 + 252 bit = 1020 bit / khung Khi c bn lung u chn m th cc bit 5 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit tin. Vy tng s bit tin ghp xen bit trong khung khi c bn lung u chn m l: T(-) = 256 bit 3 + 252 bit + 4 bit + 4 bit = 1028 bit / khung. Cn ch l cc lung nhnh hot ng c lp vi nhau nn c th lung ny chn nhng lung khc khng chn.

2.3.3.2. Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34


B ghp 8/34 c hai kiu cu trc khung. Kiu cu trc khung th nht s dng chn dng v khng chn. Kiu cu trc khung th hai s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn. B ghp ny ghp bn lung nhnh 8448 kbit/s 30 ppm thnh lung mc ba 34368 kbit/s 20 ppm. Cu trc khung khi s dng chn dng v khng chn nh hnh 2.10. Tng s bit trong khung bng 1536 bit v c chia lm 4 phn khung. Cc bit iu khin chn ghp vo u cc phn khung th hai, th ba v th t ca khung hin ti. Cc bit chn dng ghp vo v tr bit th 5 v bit th 8 ca PK4. Lnh iu khin chn dng ca mi lung nhnh gm 3 bit 111 v khng chn l 000. Lung no c yu cu chn dng th chn mt bit khng mang tin vo v tr bit dnh ring cho mnh ti v tr bit th 5 8 trong PK4. Khi khng chn th bit chn c thay bng bit thng tin ly t lung nhnh y. TK = 1536 bit = 44,9 s PK1 10 1 1 372 4 PK2 380 4 PK3 380 4 4 PK4 376

1111010000

ng b khung Hnh 2.10- Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34 s dng chn dng

Bit d tr Cc bit iu khin chn Cnh bo mt ng b khung

Cc bit chn dng

Cu trc khung 8/34 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn nh hnh 2.11. TK = 2148bit = 62,5 s PK1 12 704 4 4 PK2 4 704 4 4 4 PK3 4 700

111110100000 ng b khung

Cc bit iu khin chn D tr

Cc bit chn dng

Cc bit chn m Cc bit dch v Hnh 2.11- Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn 45

Khung bao gm 2148 bit, c thi hn 62,5 s v c chia lm 3 phn khung. S bit trong mi phn khung l 716. H thng c thit k ghp xen bit 4 lung nhnh vo cc v tr bit 13 n 716 trong phn khung 1 v 2 v v tr bit 17 n 716 trong phn khung 3. T m ng b khung 111110100000 (12 bit) chim v tr bit 1 n 12 ca phn khung 1. Cc bit iu khin chn v cc bit dch v chim v tr cc bit 1 n 4, 9 n 12 trong phn khung 2 v 1 n 4 trong phn khung 3. Chn dng c ch th bi t m 111 trong hai khung lin tip. Trong khi chn m c ch th bi t m 000 trong hai khung lin tip. Ch th khng chn gm cc bit 111 trong khung hin ti v cc bit 000 trong khung tip theo. Cc bit 9 n 12 trong phn khung 3 c s dng chuyn ti cc bit chn m. Cc bit chn dng chim v tr bit 13 n 16 ca phn khung 3. Trong phn khung 2 c cc bit 5 v 6 l cc bit ca knh dch v s ADMo 32 kbit/s, bit 7 ch th cnh bo ti b ghp u xa, bit 8 l tn hiu rung chung ca knh dch v.

2.3.3.3. Cu trc khung b ghp 34/140


C hai loi cu trc khung: loi th nht ch s dng chn dng, loi th hai c c chn dng v chn m. Cu trc khung s dng chn dng nh hnh 2.12. C hai phng php hnh thnh tc bit mc 4. Phng php th nht s dng 4 lung 34368 kbit/s. Phng php th hai ghp trc tip 16 lung 8448 kbit/s nhn c lung mc bn. C hai phng php u s dng chn dng. Cu trc khung ca phng php ghp th nht c th hin ti hnh 2.12. Khung bao gm 2928 bit, chia thnh 6 phn khung 488 bit v thi hn bng 44,9 s. Trong phn khung1, bit 1 n 12 truyn t m ng b khung 111110100000 (12 bit), bit 13 l bit cnh bo truyn ti u xa (bng1 khi c cnh bo, bng 0 khi khng c cnh bo). Bit 14 n 16 trong phn khung 1 s dng cho quc gia v ci t bng 1 khi truyn qua bin gii quc gia. Trong cc phn khung 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 l cc bit iu khin chn. Khi c lnh iu khin chn 11111 th chn mt bit khng mang tin vo v tr cc bit chn dng trong khung sau. Khi khng chn th truyn 00000 v bit chn trong khung sau l bit tin. Cc bit cn li trong cc phn khung l ca bn lung nhnh ghp xen bit. PK1 12 1 3 472 4 PK2 484 4 TK = 2928 bit = 44,9 s PK3 PK4 484 4 484 4 PK5 484 4 PK6 4 480

111110100000

Cc bit iu khin chn Cc bit chn dng

ng b khung S dng cho quc gia Cnh bo mt ng b khung

Hnh 2.12- Cu trc khung b ghp 34/140 s dng chn dng Cu trc khung b ghp 34/140 khi s dng chn dng v chn m nh hnh 2.13. Cu trc khung ny l ca b ghp khi ghp 4 lung mc 3 thnh lung mc 4 c tc bit 139264 kbit/s 15ppm. Khung c 2176 bit, thi hn 15,625 s c chia lm 4 phn khung 544 bit. Trong PK1, bit 1 n bit 10 dnh cho t m ng b khung 1111010000, bit 11 knh dch v 32 kbit/s iu ch Delta thch ng (ADMo), bit 12 s dng rung chung cho knh dch v. 46

Trong PK2, 3, 4, bit 1 n bit 4 s dng cho iu khin chn. Khi chn dng cu trc iu khin chn 111 c truyn trong hai khung lin tip. Tri li, khi chn m th cc bit iu khin chn l 000 truyn trong hai khung lin tip. Khi khng chn, cc bit iu khin chn 111 truyn trong khung hin ti v 000 truyn trong khung sau. Trong PK4, cc bit 5 n 8 l cc bit chn m mang tin khi chn v khng mang tin khi khng chn; cc bit 9 n 12 mang tin khi khng chn dng v khng mang tin khi c chn dng. Cc bit cn li trong khung l ca 4 lung nhnh ghp xen bit. TK = 2176 bit = 15,625 s PK1 10 2 532 4 PK2 540 4 PK3 540 4 4 PK4 4 532

Cc bit iu khin chn 1111010000 Cc bit dch v Cc bit chn dng ng b khung Cc bit chn m Hnh 2.13- Cu trc khung b ghp 34 /140 s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn

2.3.3.4. Cu trc khung b ghp 140/565


B ghp ny s dng bn lung 139264 kbit/s 15 ppm ghp xen bit nhn c lung mc 5 c tc bit 564992 kbit/s 15 ppm. Cu trc khung ca b ghp nh hnh 2.14. PK1 12 372 4 PK2 380 4 PK3 380 4 TK = 2688 bit PK5 PK4 380 4 380 4 PK6 380 4 4 4 PK7 376

111110100000 ng b khung

Cc bit iu khin chn

Cc bit cnh bo Cc bit chn dng

Hnh 2.14- Cu trc khung b ghp 140/565 s dng chn dng v khng chn Vo nm 1986 s dng tc bit 564992 kbit/s c 7680 knh thoi trn trung k hoc h thng dung lng cao. H thng ny bao gm thit b thng tin quang v b ghp bn lung 139264 kbit/s m CMI v chn bit to ra lung mc nm 564992 kbit/s. Lung s ny c chuyn thnh m 5B6B v kt hp vi cc bit mo u to ra tc bit ng truyn xp x 680 Mbit/s trn cp si quang a mode. Cc bit mo u bao gm knh dch v, iu khin chuyn mch bo v, gim st v.v. H s suy hao ca si quang a mode khong 0,6 dB/km ti bc sng 1310 nm nn khong lp ch t c 30 km. t lu sau si quang n mode xut hin v s dng tc bit mc nm ny t chc mng thng tin quang PDH c khong lp t gn 100 km ti bc sng 1550 nm. Khung c 2688 bit v c chia lm 7 phn khung, mi phn khung 384 bit. Trong qu trnh ghp ch s dng chn dng. Lnh iu khin chn dng ca mi lung nhnh l 11111 47

c truyn ti v tr bit th nht n th nm ca PK2 n PK6. Nhn c lnh ny, b ghp chn mt bit khng mang tin vo mt trong bn v tr ti bit th 5 n th 8 trong phn khung 7 ca khung sau. Khi khng chn, lnh iu khin c cu trc 00000 nn bit chn c thay th bi bit tin ca chnh lung nhnh . Bn bit u tin trong PK7 l cc bit cnh bo ca cc lung nhnh.

2.4. GHP KNH SDH


2.4.1. Cc tiu chun ghp knh SDH 2.4.1.1. Cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v SDH
G.707 Cc tc bit SDH G.708 Giao din nt mng SDH G.709 Cu trc ghp ng b G.773 Cc b giao thc ca giao din Q G.774 M hnh thng tin qun l SDH G.782 Cc kiu v cc c tnh chung ca thit b ghp SDH G.783 Cc c tnh ca cc khi chc nng thit b ghp SDH G.784 Qun l SDH G.803 Cu trc mng truyn dn da vo SDH G.957 Cc giao din quang ca thit b v h thng lin quan n SDH G.958 Cc h thng s SDH s dng cho cp si quang

2.4.1.2. Tc bit ca SDH


Mng SDH l mng ng b, trong mi phn t mng s dng tn hiu ng b c cung cp t mt ngun ng h chun quc gia. Theo khuyn ngh G.707/Y.1322 th tc bit phn cp SDH c 6 mc. Mc 0 c tc bit l 51, 84 Mbit/s. Mc 1 c tc bit l 155,52 Mbit/s. Tc bit cc mc cao l bi s nguyn ca tc bit mc 1. Su mc tc bit bao gm: STM-0 STM-1 STM- 4 = 51,840 Mbit/s = 155,520 Mbit/s = 622,08 Mbit/s

STM- 16 = 2048,32 Mbit/s STM- 64 = 9953,28 Mbit/s STM- 256 = 39813,120 Mbit/s Cc lung nhnh PDH u vo thit b ghp SDH c ITU-T chp nhn gm c: - Theo tiu chun chu u: 2,048 Mbit/s; 8,448 Mbit/s; 34,368 Mbit/s v 139,264 Mbit/s. - Theo tiu chun Bc M: 1,544 Mbit/s; 6,312 Mbit/s v 44,376 Mbit/s.

2.4.1.3. Quy nh v conten o (VC)


Tn hiu lung nhnh PDH a n thit b ghp SDH trong khong thi gian 125 s c cha trong mt hp c dung lng nht nh v gn nhn ch r trong hp cha loi tn hiu lung nhnh no, hp nh vy gi l conten o. C hai loi conten o: conten o mc thp 48

VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 v conten o mc cao VC-3, VC-4. Ngoi cc conten o, khuyn ngh G.707/Y.1322 cn quy nh cc loi conten o kt chui nh: VC-4-4c, VC-4-16c, VC-4-64c v VC-4-256c. Tc bit tng v tc bit ti trng ca cc conten o n v kt chui c lit k nh bng 2.1. Bng 2.1- Dung lng cc VC-n Loi VC-n VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4-4c VC-4-16c VC-4-64c VC-4-256c Tc bit tng (kbit/s) 1664 2240 6848 48960 150336 601344 2405376 9621504 38486016 Tc bit ca ti trng (kbit/s) 1600 2176 6784 48384 149760 599040 2396160 9584640 38338560

2.4.1.4.Quy nh v ng, tuyn v on


Khi tm hiu thit b cng nh cu trc v hot ng ca mng SDH c lin quan n khi nim v ng, tuyn v on nh biu th trn hnh 2.15, v vy trong mc ny trnh by cc quy nh . (1) on (section) C hai loi on, l on ghp v on lp. on ghp l mi trng truyn dn gia hai trm ghp knh k tip nhau, trong mt trm to ra tn hiu STM-N v trm kia kt cui tn hiu STM-N ny. on lp l b phn truyn dn gia hai trm lp k tip nhau, hoc gia trm lp v trm ghp knh k tip. (2) Tuyn (Path) Tuyn l b phn truyn dn c tnh t im nhp vo mt tn hiu c hnh thnh bi conten o (VC) n im tch ra chnh tn hiu y. C hai loi tuyn, l tuyn mc thp lin quan n tn hiu VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 v tuyn mc cao lin quan n tn hiu VC-3 v VC-4. (3) ng (Line) l tp hp ca tt c cc tuyn ca h thng truyn dn thng sut tn hiu STM-N. ng (STM-N) on ghp
VC

MUX

REG

REG

MUX

Tuyn

MUX

VC VC

VC

on lp

on lp

Tuyn
VC VC

Tuyn (VC)

Hnh 2.15- M hnh xc nh ng, on v tuyn 49

2.4.2. S khi ghp cc lung PDH vo khung STM-N 2.4.2.1. S khi b ghp knh SDH
S khi b ghp knh SDH nh hnh 2.16.
STM-N N 1 AUG 3 1 AU-4 VC-4 3 TUG-3 AU-3 VC-3 7 Ch thch: X l con tr ng ghp cc lung nhnh PDH chu u N = 1, 4, 16, 64 v 256 7 TUG-2 1 3 4 TU-2 TU-12 TU-11 VC-2 VC-12 VC-11 1 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 C-2 C-12 C-11 44,736 Mbit/s 34,368 Mbit/s 6,312 Mbit/s 2,048 Mbit/s 1,544 Mbit/s C-4 139,264 Mbit/s

STM-0

Hnh 2.16- S khi thit b ghp knh SDH

2.4.2.2. Chc nng cc khi


u vo b ghp l cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u v Bc M. Cc khi ca thit b ghp c phn thnh cc nhm C-n, VC-n, TU-n, TUG-n, AU-n, AUG v STM-N. Chc nng ca cc khi trong cc nhm ny l: (1) C-n: conten mc n (n = 1, 2, 3, 4). Mc 1 ca Bc M k hiu C-11 v ca chu u k hiu C-12. Cc mc cn li c mt ch s. C-n c chc nng sp xp lung nhnh PDH tng ng, n thm cc byte khng mang tin cho s byte nh mc ca khung chun C-n. (2) VC-n: conten o mc n. VC-n c chc nng sp xp tn hiu C-n, chn thm bit chuyn lung vo cn ng b thnh lung ra ng b, b sung cc byte mo u tuyn (VC-n POH). (3) TU-n: con tr khi nhnh mc n (n = 11, 12 v 3). Con tr khi nhnh c chc nng ng chnh tc bit v tc khung tn hiu ghp VCn mc thp cho ph hp vi tc bit cng nh tc khung ca tn hiu VC-n mc cao hn. (4) TUG-n: nhm khi nhnh mc n (n = 2, 3) Nhm khi nhnh ghp xen byte cc tn hiu TU-n mc thp thnh khung chun TUG-2 hoc ghp cc tn hiu TUG-2 thnh khung chun TUG-3. Cng c th sp xp tn hiu TU-3 thnh khung TUG-3. (5) AU-n: con tr khi qun l mc n (n = 3, 4). Con tr khi qun l ng chnh tc bit v tc khung ca tn hiu ghp VC-3 hoc VC-4 cho ph hp vi tc bit v tc khung ca tn hiu AUG. (6) STM-N: mun truyn dn ng b mc N (N = 1, 4, 16, 64 v 256). STM-N ghp xen byte N tn hiu AUG, mo u on v con tr khi qun l AU-n thnh khung STM-N. 50

2.4.3. Qu trnh ghp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung STM-1


Trong SDH, khung ca tt c cc mc ghp u c 9 hng v thi hn l 125 s, s ct nhiu hay t l ph thuc vo dung lng byte trong khung nhiu hay t. Khung STM-1 c cu trc nh hnh 2.17. 9 ct RSOH
AU-4 PTR

270 ct 261 ct

Ti trng

9 hng

MSOH Hnh 2.17- Cu trc khung STM-1 Khung STM-1 c 9 hng 270 ct. Khi nim ct ng nht vi khi nim byte (8 bit). Khung bao gm 4 phn: mo u on lp (RSOH) chim 3 hng v 9 ct, mo u on ghp (MSOH) chim 5 hng v 9 ct. Con tr AU-4, k hiu l AU-4 PTR ghp vo hng 4, ct 1 n ct 9. Phn ti trng dnh ghp tn hiu VC-4 c 261 ct v 9 hng. Tng s byte trong khung STM-1 = 270 byte 9 = 2430 byte. Tc bit truyn ca khung STM-1: STM-1 = 8 bit / byte 2430 byte /khung 8.103 khung/s = 155,52 Mbit/s. y chnh l tc bit mc 1 ca SDH. Trong mc ny ch trnh by ghp cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u vo khung STM-1. Mun to thnh khung STM-1 c th p dng mt s phng php sau y: (1) Ghp mt lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s; (2) Ghp 3 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s; (3) Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s; (4) Ghp 1 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 42 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s; (5) Ghp 2 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 21 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s.

2.4.3.1. Sp xp cc lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1


(1) Sp xp lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s vo khung VC-4 Trc ht khi C-4 chuyn i m ba mc ca lung nhnh thnh m hai mc v chuyn giao cho khi VC-4. c th bin lung nhnh cn ng b thnh lung ng b theo ng h ca thit b SDH, khi VC-4 cn tin hnh chn m. Ct th nht ca khung VC-4 ghp 9 byte VC-POH, cn li 260 ct c chia thnh 20 khi, mi khi 13 byte nh biu th trn hnh 2.18. Mi hng ca khung VC-4 c 260 byte nh hnh 2.18b, ghp cc loi bit nh sau: 130 bit n khng mang tin (R); 10 bit mo u (O); 5 bit iu khin chn (C); 1 bit chn S; v (241 byte + 6 bit) tin I. S lng byte I m lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s cung cp cho khung VC-4 trong thi hn 125 s c xc nh nh sau: 51

BE4 = 139264.103 bit : 8 bit : 8.103 = 2176 byte S byte tin I sp xp c nh trong khung VC-4 l:

(2.3)

B0 = (241 byte + 6 bit) 9 = 2169 byte + 6 byte + 6 bit = 2175 byte + 6 bit. (2.4) So snh cc biu thc (2.3) v (2.4) thy rng lung nhnh E4 cung cp cho khung VC-4 nhiu hn 2 bit I so vi s lng bit I ghp c nh trong khung ny.V vy phi tin hnh chn bit v y l chn m. 2 bit chn m ny c chn vo 2 hng ca khung VC-4. Hng no cn chn th lnh iu khin chn m c ci t trong 5 bit iu khin CCCCC = 11111 v bit chn S ca ca dng trong khung sau l bit tin I. Dng no khng chn th c lnh iu khin CCCCC = 00000 v bit S l bit n khng mang tin. (2) Ghp khung VC-4 vo khung STM-1 Sau khi sp xp khung VC-4 th khung ny c ghp vo phn ti trng ca khung STM-1 nh hnh 2.18a. Khi STM-1 ghp thm cc byte mo u SOH v cc byte con tr AU-4 hnh thnh khung STM-1 hon chnh. STM-1 20 khi 13 byte

RSOH 1 byte PTR MSOH


J1 J1

B3
C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

9 hng

a)

VC-4 POH
1 1 12 byte

13 byte
Y Y Y X 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I Y 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I Y X Y Z 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I

POH W X Y Y

96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I

X Y Y Y

96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I

b)

Y
X Y

Ch thch:

I bit tin W=IIIIIIII O- mo u X =CRRRRROO C- iu khin chn Y = R R R R R R R R S- bit chn Z =IIIIIISR R- bit n

Hnh 2.18- Sp xp lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s vo VC-4

2.4.3.2. Sp xp lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1


(1) Sp xp lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s vo khung VC-3 Qu trnh sp xp c th hin ti hnh 2.19. 52

Trc ht mi khi C-3 chuyn i tn hiu xung ba mc 34,368 Mbit/s thnh hai mc v chuyn giao cho khi VC-3. Khi VC-3 chuyn lung nhnh cn ng b 34,368 Mbit/s thnh lung ng b bng cch s dng chn dng v chn m. Khung VC-3 c 85 ct 9 hng, trong ct u tin l VC-3 POH c cu trc nh VC-4 POH. Chia khung VC-3 thnh 3 phn khung T1, T2 v T3, mi phn khung chim 3 hng nh hnh 2.19a v c c th ho nh hnh 2.19b. Trong mi phn khung c: (71 byte + 5 bit) n c nh R; 5 bit C1 v 5 bit C2; mt bit S1 v mt bit S2; (178 byte + 7 bit) tin I. S byte khi tc lung nhnh E3 t nh mc 34,368 Mbit/s cung cp cho mt phn khung l: BE3 = 34368.103 bit : 8 : 8.103 /3 = 179 byte. (2.5) Trong thi gian tc lung nhnh E3 t nh mc th S1 l bit n, S2 l bit I v C1C1C1C1C1= 00000, C2C2C2C2C2 = 00000.
J1 B3 C2 J1 J1 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

T1 T2 T3 VC-3 POH a)
38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I

3 hng 3 hng 3 hng

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

C C C

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I

C 38I C 38I

Ch thch

b)
R R R R R R C1C2 R R R R R R R S1 S2 I I I I I I I IIIIIIII

= RRRRRRRR I bit tin, R bit n, S1bit chn th nht, S2 bit chn th hai C1 iu khin bit S1, C2 iu khin bit S2

Hnh 2.19- Sp xp lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s vo khung VC-3 - Chn m Khi tc lung nhnh tng 30 ppm th s bit tng thm trong mi phn khung l: bTng = 34368. 103 bit 30. 10-6 / 8. 103/3 = 0,4 bit C ngha l c sau 5 phn khung tng thm 2 bit I. Khi c lnh C1C1C1C1C1 = 11111 chuyn bit chn m S1 ca hai phn khung sau t bit n thnh bit I v C2C2C2C2C2 = 00000 cc bit S2 gi nguyn trng thi bit I. - Chn dng Chn dng xy ra trong trng hp tc bit ca lung nhnh gim 30 ppm, ngha l trong mi phn khung gim 0,4 bit v sau 5 phn khung gim 2 bit. Khi c ch th chn 53

C1C1C1C1C1= 00000 cc bit S1 trong hai phn khung sau gi nguyn trng thi l cc bit n, cn C2C2C2C2C2 = 11111 chuyn cc bit I ti bit chn dng S2 ca 2 phn khung sau thnh cc bit n. (2) Ghp 3 khung TU-3 vo VC-4 Trnh t ghp 3 khung TUG-3 vo khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.20. Khung TUG-3 c 86 ct v 3 TUG-3 c 258 ct. Trong khi , khung VC-4 c 261 ct. V vy phi n 18 byte c nh vo ct th hai v th 3 ca khung VC-4. T ct th 4 n ct th 261 dnh ghp 3 khung TUG-3. Qu trnh ghp xen byte t cc byte trong cng mt khung TUG-3 vo mt ct ca khung VC-4. Do to thnh cc ct A, B, C. TUG-3 (A) 1 1 S S A B C A B C 86 1 TUG-3 (B) 86 1 TUG-3 (C) 86 261 A B C C

VC-4 POH

n Hnh 2.20- Ghp 3 khung TUG-3 vo khung VC-4

(3) Ghp 3 VC-3 vo khung STM-1 Trnh t ghp 3 khung VC-3 vo khung STM-1 nh hnh 2.21.

54

9 RSOH STM-1
AU-4 PTR

261

VC-4

9 hng

MSOH

AUG

AU-4 PTR

VC-4

86 3+3 = 261 ct P O HS S S
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 S S

VC-4

3 VC-3

3
H1 H2 H3

86 ct

TUG-3

VC-3
S

85 ct P O H

VC-3

C-3

9 hng

Hnh 2.21- Ghp 3 VC-3 vo khung STM-1 Khung C-3 c 84 ct 9 hng. VC-3 bao gm C-3 v VC-3 POH, v vy khung VC-3 c 85 ct 9 hng. Khi TU-3 ghp cc byte H1 H2 H3 ca TU-3 PTR vo u ct th nht ca khung TU-3. Khi TUG-3 n 6 byte S to thnh khung TUG-3 c 86 ct 9 hng. Ba khung TUG-3 ghp vo khung VC-4. V 3 khung TUG-3 ch c 258 ct, nn khi VC-4 n thm 18 byte S vo ct th hai v th ba, ghp 9 byte VC-4 POH to thnh khung VC-4 c 261 ct 9 dng. Khung AU-4 v AUG ging nhau, gm khung VC-4 v 9 byte AU-4 PTR. Cui cng, khung AUG ghp vo khung STM-1.

2.4.3.3. Sp xp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1


(1) Sp xp a khung VC-12 v a khung TU-12

55

Trong thi hn 125 s lung nhnh E1 cung cp cho khi C-12 34 byte. Mi khung C-12 s dng mt s byte mo u nh khung VC-n bc cao l khng cn thit. V vy cn phi ghp 4 khung C-12 v b sung thm mt s byte mo u vo u cc khung C-12 to thnh a khung VC-12. VC-12 POH c 4 byte (V5, J2, N2 v K4). Cu trc a khung VC-12 nh hnh 2.22a. Khi TU-12 b sung vo u khung th nht, th hai, th ba, th t ca a khung VC-12 mt byte con tr (V1, V2, V3) v V4 l byte d tr to thnh a khung TU-12 c 4 khung nh hnh 2.22b. a khung VC-12 a khung TU-12
V5 V1

35 byte
J2 V2 V5 N2 V3

36 byte

K4

V4

500 s

a)

500 s

b)

Hnh 2.22- Cu trc a khung VC-12 v TU-12 (2) Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung VC-4 Qu trnh ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung VC-4 c minh ho bi qu trnh ghp 63 khung TU-12 vo khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.23. Chuyn khung TU-12 mt ct, 36 byte thnh khung TU-12 c 4 ct 9 hng. Ba khung TU-12 ghp xen byte thnh khung TUG-2 c 12 ct 9 hng, trong khung ny c 3 byte V. Ghp 7 khung TUG-2 thnh khung TUG-3 c 86 ct 9 hng. Trong khung TUG-3 c 21 byte V. Tuy nhin, 7 khung TUG-2 ch c 84 ct, v vy khi TUG-3 ghp 3 byte NPI v 6 byte n S vo ct th nht ca khung TUG-3. Tip theo ghp 9 byte n S vo ct th hai. T ct th ba n ct 86 dnh ghp 7 khung TUG-2. NPI l 3 byte con tr khng c hiu lc. y l cc byte c cu trc c nh v mang du hiu ring pha thu phn bit trng hp ny vi trng hp khung TUG-3 c 3 byte TU-3 PTR khi ghp 3 VC-3 vo khung VC-4.

56

261 ct VC-4
N P N P P O S S N P H S S I I I S S S S 125 s
63V

9 hng

3
12 7 + 2 = 86 ct TUG-3
N P I S S 125 s 21V

9 hng

7
V V V

12 ct

TUG-2

9 hng
125 s

4 ct
V

9 hng TU-12
125 s

Hnh 2.23- Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo VC-4 V 3 byte TU-12 PTR ghp phn tn trong a khung TU-12 ko di trong 500 s, nn pha thu cng mt 500 s mi c kt qu x l con tr ny. Hnh 2.23 ch minh ho ghp 63 khung TU-12 vo khung VC-4. Nhng trong thc t phi ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC-4. Vn ny c trnh by trong phn sau. Sau khi hnh thnh khung VC-4, tip tc ghp khung VC-4 vo khung AUG v tip ghp khung AUG vo khung STM-1.Khi STM-1 ghp thm cc byte mo u on lp (RSOH), mo u on ghp (MSOH) v 9 byte con tr AU-4. (3) Ghp 7 TUG-2 vo TUG-3 hiu r vic ghp 7 khung TUG-2 vo khung TUG-3, s dng hnh 2.24. Trc ht ghp 3 khung TU-12 thnh khung TUG-2 v sau ghp 7 khung TUG-2 thnh khung TUG-3. Ba khung TU-12 ghp xen byte thnh khung TUG-2 c 12 ct. Sau 7 khung TUG-2 ghp xen byte vo khung TUG-3. Nhng 7 khung TUG-2 ch c 84 ct nn khi TUG-3 n thm 18 byte vo ct th nht v th hai.

57

TU-12#1

TU-12#2

TU-12#3

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

TUG-2 #1
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

TUG-2 # 7
1
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

1
2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

1
2 3

1
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6

TUG-3
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6

86

S S

Hnh 2.24- Ghp 7 khung TUG-2 vo khung TUG-3 (4) Ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC-4 Hnh 2.25 th hin vic ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC-4.
1
P O S S S S S H S S S 33 P O S S S S S H S S S 33 P O S S S S S H S S S 33 P O S S S S S H S S S 33 34 35 N P I N P I N P I
V4

23

63

1
2

23

63

1
3

23

63

1
4

23

63

a khung TU-12#1
V1 2 3 4

a khung TU-12#63
V1 2 3 4

N P I N P I N P I

V1

4
V2

N P I N P I N P I

34 2

35 3

36 4

125s

36 33 V2 2 3 4

36 33 V2 2 3 4

N P I N P I N P I

V3

34 2

35 3

36 4

250s

33 36 V3 2 3 4

36 33 V3 2 3 4

4
34 2 35 3 36 4

4
36 33 V4 2 3 4

375s

33 36 V4 2 3 4

252 ct = 4 63 ct 261 ct

36

500s 33

36

33

36

Hnh 2.25- Ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC- 4

58

Mi khung VC-4 dnh 252 ct ghp 63 khung TU-12. 63 khung TU-12 ghp vo mt khung VC-4 c cng loi byte con tr. C th l trong khung VC-4 th nht c 63 byte V1, trong khung VC-4 th hai c 63 byte V2, trong khung VC-4 th ba c 63 byte V3 v trong khung VC-4 th t c 63 byte V4. Dy ch s trn cng ca hnh v (1 2 3 .....63, 1 2 3 .... 63...) biu th ghp xen byte 63 khung TU-12. Trnh t ghp 63 khung TU-12 vo 252 ct (t ct 10 n ct 261) ca mi khung VC-4 nh sau: Hng th nht: 63 byte V, 63 byte th hai, 63 byte th 3, 63 byte th t. Hng th hai: 63 byte th nm, ...., 63 byte th tm. Ghp tip tc cc byte ca hng th ba, t, nm, su, by, tm. Hng th chn: 63 byte th 33, 63 byte th 34, 63 byte th 35 v 63 byte th 36. (5) Chn m v chn dng Trong qu trnh ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1 s dng kiu sp xp khng ng b sp xp cc byte ca lung nhnh ny vo a khung VC-12. Kiu sp xp nh vy c lin quan n chn m v chn dng. Vn ny c gii thch da vo hnh 2.26.
V5 R

32 byte
R J2
C1C2 0 0 0 0 R R

35 byte

140 byte 500 s

32 byte
R N2
C1C2 0 0 0 0 R R

35 byte

32 byte
R K4
C1C2 RRRRR S1 S2 I I I I I I I

35 byte

Ch thch R bit n O bit mo u C1 iu khin bit chn S1 C2 iu khin bit chn S2 I bit tin

31byte
R

35 byte

Hnh 2.26- Sp xp khng ng b lung nhnh E1 vo a khung VC-12 T hnh 2.26 thy rng trong khung VC-12 th t ch ghp (31 byte + 7 bit) tin I. Trong khi lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s cung cp cho khung ny 32 byte. V vy khi lung nhnh c tc bit nh mc 2,048 Mbit/s th S1 l bit n, S2 l bit tin I. Cu trc cc bit iu khin chn trong trng hp ny l C1C1C1 = 000 v C2C2C2 = 000. y l trng hp khng chn. - Chn m Khi tc lung nhnh tng 50 ppm th s bit tng trong mt a khung l: bTng= 2048 .103 bit 50. 10-6 : 2. 103 = 0,05 bit. Sau 20 a khung tc lung nhnh tng thm 1 bit. V vy phi chn vo a khung sau (a khung th 21) mt bit tin I. thc hin cng vic ny, trc ht thit b ci t C1C1C1 = 111 iu khin chn vo v tr bit S1 mt bit tin I v C2 C2 C2 = 000 iu khin bit S2 gi nguyn trng thi bit tin I. - Chn dng 59

Chn dng xy ra trong trng hp lung nhnh gim tc bit 50 ppm. S bit gim trong mt a khung l 0,05 bit. Sau 20 a khung tc lung nhnh gim 1 bit. Vy phi chn vo v tr S2 ca a khung th 21 mt bit khng mang tin. Lnh iu khin chn dng gm C1C1C1 = 000 S1 vn gi nguyn trng thi bit khng mang tin v C2C2C2 = 111 chn 1 bit khng mang tin vo v tr S2. Tm li, S1 l bit chn m khi C1C1C1 = 111; S2 l bit chn dng khi C2C2C2 = 111. Khi khng chn m v cng khng chn dng th C1C1C1 = 000 v C2C2C2 = 000.

2.4.4. Vai tr v hot ng ca con tr trong SDH 2.4.4.1. V tr, chc nng v cu to ca con tr
(1) V tr ca con tr - AU- 3 PTR v AU- 4 PTR Hai loi con tr ny lin quan n khung AUG. V vy 9 byte con tr AU-3 hoc 9 byte con tr AU-4 ghp vo dng th t thuc ct 1 n ct 9 ca khung AUG (hnh 2.21). - TU-3 PTR Con tr TU-3 lin quan n trng hp ghp 3 lung nhnh E3 vo khung VC-4. V vy c 3 con tr TU-3. Ba byte TU-3 PTR u ghp vo hng 1, 2, 3 ca khung VC-4. Nhng TU-3 PTR th nht ghp vo ct 4, TU-3 PTR th hai ghp vo ct 5 v TU-3 PTR th ba ghp vo ct 6 ca khung VC-4. - TU-12 PTR TU-12 PTR lin quan n a khung TU-12. Ba byte TU-12 PTR ghp vo u cc khung 1, 2, 3 ca a khung TU-12. (2) Chc nng ca con tr C ba loi con tr: con tr khi qun l AU-4, con tr khi nhnh mc cao TU-3, v con tr khi nhnh mc thp TU-12. Con tr AU-4 c s dng ng chnh v tr khung VC-3 hoc VC-4 trong khung AUG thng qua vic ch th a ch byte J1 ca VC-3 hoc VC-4 trong khung AUG. Con tr TU-3 c chc nng ng chnh v tr cc khung VC-3 trong khung VC-4 thng qua vic ch th a ch byte J1 ca VC-3 trong khung VC-4. Con tr TU-12 c chc nng ng chnh v tr a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12 thng qua vic ch th a ch byte V5 ca a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12. (3) Cu to ca con tr - Con tr AU-3, AU-4 v TU-3 Cu to ca cc con tr AU-3 v AU-4 nh hnh 2.27. 3 byte chn m H1 Y Y H2 "1" "1" H3 H3 H3 H1 H2
10 bit gi tr con tr

3 byte chn dng Y = 1001SS11 1 = 11111111 H1 = NNNN SS ID H2 = IDIDIDID


" "

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

Hnh 2.27- Cu to ca con tr AU-3 v AU-4

60

Chc nng ca cc byte AU-4 PTR: Y v "1" l cc byte c cu trc c nh; HI, H2 v H3 l cc byte c trng cho hot ng ca con tr: 4 bit NNNN l c s liu mi NDF, SS ch th loi con tr (AU-3 PTR, AU-4 PTR v TU-3 PTR u c SS = 10), 5 bit D o gi tr khi chn m v 5 bit I o gi tr khi chn dng. Bnh thng 3 byte H3 khng mang thng tin, khi chn m cc byte H3 b xo ghp vo 3 byte ti trng ca cc lung nhnh. Ba byte lin sau H3 l v tr chn dng. Chn m v chn dng s c trnh by trong phn sau. Con tr TU-3 ch c cc byte H1, H2 v H3 ging H1, H2 v H3 ca AU-3/AU-4 PTR. - Con tr TU-12 Con tr TU-12 gm cc byte V1, V2 v V3 tng ng vi H1, H2 v H3 ca cc con tr AU-3 v AU-4. Trong V3 l byte chn m. Byte 35 l byte chn dng. - C s liu mi Bit 1 n bit 4 (N bit) trong con tr mang NDF, cho php gi tr con tr thay i nu s thay i l do ti trng thay i. Hot ng bnh thng c ch th bi t m 0110 trong 4 bit N. C s liu mi NDF c ch th bi o gi tr 4 bit N thnh 1001. NDF c din gii l c kh nng khi c ti thiu 3 bit ph hp vi mu 1001. NDF c din gii l khng c kh nng khi c ti thiu 3 bit ph hp vi mu 0110.

2.4.4.2. Hot ng ca con tr


(1) M u Trong chng I trnh by qu trnh sp xp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung VC-n tng ng. Do tn s ng h ca h thng PDH khng n nh, dn n tc bit lung nhnh PDH thay i. V vy phi s dng chn bit hiu chnh tc bit ca cc lung nhnh cho ph hp vi tc bit ca ng h thit b SDH. Vic chn bit l hon ton t ng v khng lin quan g n hot ng ca con tr. Tuy nhin, tn s ng h ca cc h thng SDH cng khng khp nhau mt cch l tng. Do khi to khung tn hiu mc cao t cc khung tn hiu mc thp hn cn s dng chn byte hiu chnh tc bit v tc khung ca cc tn hiu u vo khi ghp. Hot ng chn c thc hin di s gim st ca con tr. (2) Gi tr con tr Byte u tin (J1) ca tn hiu VC c t vo v tr no trong khung ghp l ph thuc vo thi im n ca n v J1 cch con tr bao nhiu nhm byte th gi tr con tr bng by nhiu. Khong cch c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr. S gi tr c kh nng ca mi con tr bng 210 = 1024. Trong thc t, ph thuc vo kch c ca khung ghp nn phm vi ch th ca 10 bit gi tr con tr b hn s gi tr c kh nng. S lng gi tr thc t ca cc khung ghp c xc nh da vo s a ch cc nhm byte trong khung ghp. (3) Quy tc to lp con tr - Khi hot ng bnh thng, con tr ch th v tr bt u ca VC-4 trong khung AUG, hoc v tr bt u ca VC-3 trong khung VC-4, hoc v tr bt u ca a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12. Ti thi im NDF = 0110. - Gi tr con tr ch c th thay i theo cc hot ng di y: Nu c yu cu chn dng th gi tr con tr hin ti c truyn i sau khi o cc bit I v tip theo l chn cc byte khng mang thng tin vo v tr cc byte chn dng. Gi tr con tr trong khung tip theo tng mt n v. Nu gi tr con tr trong khung trc khi chn dng 61

t cc i th gi tr con tr trong khung sau chn dng bng zero. Sau khi chn dng gi tr con tr khng c tng hoc gim ti thiu trong ba khung lin tip. Nu c yu cu chn m th gi tr con tr hin ti c gi i sau khi o cc bit D v tip theo l chn cc byte thng tin vo v tr cc byte chn m. Gi tr con tr trong khung sau chn m gim mt n v. Nu gi tr con tr trc khi chn m bng zero th con tr sau chn m ci t ti gi tr cc i. Sau khung chn m, ti thiu trong ba khung lin tip gi tr con tr khng c thay i. Nu s ng chnh VC-n thay i v l do khc vi quy tc to lp con tr th gi tr mi ca con tr c gi i v km theo NDF = 1001. NDF ch xut hin trong khung u tin cha gi tr mi ca con tr. (4) Din gii con tr ti pha thu Tm tt quy tc din gii con tr: - Khi hot ng bnh thng, con tr ch th im bt u ca VC-4 trong khung AUG, hoc ca khung VC-3 trong khung VC-4, hoc ca a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12. - S thay i bt k ca gi tr hin ti ca con tr u c b qua, tr trng hp gi tr mi ph hp thu c trong ba khung lin tip hoc thng bo v ni dung theo quy tc to lp con tr. - Nu o a s cc bit I ca 10 bit gi tr con tr, l ch th chn dng. Gi tr con tr tip theo s tng mt n v. - Nu a s cc bit D ca t m con tr o gi tr, l ch th chn m. Gi tr con tr tip theo s gim mt n v. - Nu NDF c din gii l c kh nng th gi tr con tr lc s c thay th bi mt gi tr mi khc, tr khi my thu ang trong trng thi mt con tr. (5) nh a ch cc byte v cc nhm byte - nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG Hnh 2.28 minh ho cch nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG. 261 ct
522 609 696 AU-4 PTR 0 87 174 261 348 435 522 609 696 AU-4 PTR 0 87 608 695 782 86 173 260 347 434 521 608 695 782 86 173

9 hng

Hnh 2.28- nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG

62

Tng s nhm byte trong khung AUG cn nh a ch: NC = 261 byte 9 : 3 = 783 nhm. Nhm ba byte th nht mang a ch 0 t ngay sau H3 v nhm ba byte cui cng mang a ch 782 t cui hng th ba ca khung tip theo. Phm vi ch th ca AU-4 PTR = 0 782. - nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung VC-4 S nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.29. 255 ct
H1 H1 H1 595 H2 H2 H2 680 H3 H3 H3 0
679 764 84 169 254 339 424 509 594 679 764 84

P O H S

85

S
S S

170 255 340

9 hng

S 425
510

H1 H1 H1 595 H2 H2 H2 680 H3 H3 H3 0

Hnh 2.29- nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung VC-4 Tng s nhm byte trong khung VC-4 cn nh a ch: NC = 255 9 :3 = 765 nhm. Nhm ba byte th nht mang a ch 0 t ngay sau H3. Nhm ba byte cui cng mang a ch 764 t cui hng th hai ca khung VC-4 tip theo. Phm vi ch th ca TU-3 PTR = 0 764. - nh a ch cc byte trong a khung TU-12 (hnh 2.30)
V1 105
139

36 byte

V2 0 V3 34 35 69 V4 70 104 500 s Byte Byte

chn m chn dng

Hnh 2.30- nh a ch cc byte trong a khung TU-12 Trong a khung TU-12 c 140 byte dnh ghp a khung VC-12. Mi byte mang mt a ch v c nh s t 0 n 139. Byte mang a ch 0 t ngay sau byte th hai ca con tr

63

TU-12, l V2 v byte cui cng mang a ch 139 t cui khung TU-12 th nht (khung c byte con tr V1). Phm vi ch th ca TU-12 PTR = 0 139. (6) Hot ng ca con tr AU-4 khi chn dng - Nguyn nhn Khi tc khung (s khung /s) ca khung ghp AUG nhanh hn tc khung VC-4 th khi AUG tip nhn khng s byte nh mc t khung VC-4. V vy phi chn thm mt s byte khng mang tin vo khung AUG. - Hot ng Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T trong ba khung lin tip gi tr con tr khng c thay i. V vy xt mt a khung AUG nh hnh 2.31.
Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4
n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 1 125 s

Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4


n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 2 250 s

Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit I) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3


n-1 n n

Bt u VC-4
n n+1

Khung 3 375 s

Ba byte chn dng Gi tr con tr (n+1) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3


n-1 n n

Bt u VC-4
n n+1

Khung 4 500 s

Hnh 2.31- Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn dng Trong khung th nht khng chn dng nn byte u tin ca khung VC-4 (byte J1) ghp vo v tr u nhm byte n. Byte J1 ca VC-4 cch H3 ca con tr n nhm byte, v vy gi tr ca con tr AU-4 bng n. Trong khung th hai cng khng chn dng nn hon ton ging khung th nht. Trong khung th ba c chn dng. Con tr o 5 bit I, ngay sau chn 3 byte khng mang tin vo sau H3, tc l chn vo v tr nhm byte mang a ch 0. Thng bo chn dng (o 5 bit I) truyn n pha thu my thu xo cc byte chn dng. Do chn 3 byte vo sau H3 nn cc byte ti trng ca VC-4 dn sang bn phi mt nhm byte. By gii J1 ca VC-4 c ghp vo v tr u nhm byte (n +1).

64

Trong khung th t khng chn dng nn J1 c t ti v tr u nhm byte (n+1) v do gi tr con tr bng (n+1). Tm li sau khi chn dng gi tr con tr tng thm 1. (7) Hot ng ca con tr AU-4 khi chn m - Nguyn nhn Trong trng hp tc khung ghp AUG chm hn tc khung VC-4 th khi AUG tip nhn cc byte ti trng VC-4 vt s lng byte nh mc. Cc byte vt ny s khng cn ch ghp chng nu khng c bin php g c bit. khng lm mt thng tin, phi tin hnh xo cc byte H3 ca con tr AU-4 v ghp vo ba byte ti trng ca khung VC-4. y chnh l hot ng chn m. - Hot ng Tin hnh xt mt a khung AUG ti hnh 2.32.
Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4
n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 1

125 s Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4


n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 2

250 s Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D) H1...H2... Ba byte chn m Bt u VC-4


n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 3

375 s Gi tr con tr (n-1) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4


n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 4

500 s

Hnh 2.32- Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn m Trong khung th nht khng chn m. J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo u nhm byte n, gi tr con tr bng n. Trong khung th hai cng khng chn m nn gi tr con tr vn bng n. Trong khung th ba c chn m. Trc ht AU-4 PTR o 5 bit D v ngay sau xo 3 byte H3 ghp vo 3 byte ti trng ca VC-4. Thng tin o 5 bit D c truyn n my thu my thu tch 3 byte 65

chn m x l nh nhng byte tin khc. V 3 byte ti trng ghp vo v tr 3 byte H3 nn ti trng li sang tri mt nhm byte. J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1). Trong khung th t khng chn m nn J1 vn ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1). Khong cch t H3 n J1 gim mt nhm byte so vi khung khng chn m. V vy gi tr con tr trong khung ny bng (n-1). Ngha l gi tr con tr AU-4 trong khung sau khung chn m gim i 1 v bng (n-1). (8) Hot ng ca con tr TU-3 khi chn dng Con tr TU-3 lin quan n trng hp ghp 3 khung VC-3 vo khung VC-4. Do trong khung VC-4 c 3 con tr TU-3. Cc con tr ny hot ng c lp vi nhau. VC-3 no cn chn th con tr TU-3 gim st VC-3 y hot ng ng chnh. - Nguyn nhn Trong trng hp tc khung VC-4 nhanh hn tc khung VC-3 th khung VC-4 tip nhn cc byte ti trng ca cc khung VC-3 khng s lng byte nh mc. V vy phi chn thm mt s byte khng mang tin vo khung VC-4. chnh l hot ng chn dng. - Hot ng Xt mt a khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.33.
H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n) Bt u VC-3#1
n-1 n n n n+1

P OS S H

H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 S S S H1 H1 H1

Khung 1

125 s Gi tr con tr (n) Bt u VC-3#1


n-1 n n n n+1

P H3 H3 H3 OS S H
S S S

H2 H2 H2

Khung 2

H1 H1 H1

250 s Gi tr con tr (o cc bit I) Byte chn dng ca VC-3#1 Bt u VC-3#1


n-1 n n n n+1

P H3 H3 H3 OS S H
S S S

H2 H2 H2

Khung 3

H1 H1 H1

375 s Gi tr con tr (n+1) Bt u VC-3#1


n-1 n n n n+1

P OS S H

H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 S S S

Khung 4

500 s

Hnh 2.33- Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR # 1 khi chn dng 66

Gi thit lung nhnh VC-3 th nht (k hiu VC-3 # 1) cn chn. Khung th nht khng c yu cu chn dng. Byte J1 ca khung VC-3 #1 ghp vo byte u tin ca nhm byte n. Byte u tin ny ca khung VC-3 #1 cch byte H3 ca TU-3 PTR #1 n nhm byte. V vy gi tr con tr bng n. Khung th hai khng yu cu chn. J1 ca VC-3 #1 vn ghp vo v tr byte th nht ca nhm byte n. Gi tr con tr TU-3 #1 bng n. Khung th ba c yu cu chn dng. Con tr TU-3 #1 o 5 bit I, chn vo v tr th nht ca nhm byte mang a ch 0 mt byte khng mang tin. Ti trng ca VC-3 #1 li sang bn phi mt nhm byte v cch H3 ca mnh (n+1) nhm byte. Trong khung tip theo khung chn dng khng xy ra chn. J1 ca VC-3 #1 c t ti v tr byte th nht ca nhm byte (n+1). Gi tr ca TU-3 #1 bng (n+1), tc l tng thm 1 so vi gi tr con tr ca khung khng chn dng. (9) Hot ng ca con tr TU-3 khi chn m Hnh 2.34 th hin hot ng chn m ca con tr TU-3 #1.

P OS S H

H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n) H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 S S S

Bt u VC-3 #1
n n

Khung 1

n-1 n-1 n-1 n

P OS S H

H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n) H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 S S S H1 H1 H1

125 s

Bt u VC-3 #1
n n

Khung 2

n-1 n-1 n-1 n

250 s Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D)

P OS S H

H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 Byte chn m Bt u VC-3 #1 S S S H1 H1 H1


n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n

Khung 3

375 s Gi tr con tr (n-1) Bt u VC-3 #1


n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n

P H3 H3 H3 OS S H
S S S

H2 H2 H2 Khung 4

500 s

Hnh 2.34- Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR th nht khi chn m 67

Hai khung u khng c yu cu chn dng. J1 ca VC-3 #1 ghp vo v tr byte u tin ca nhm byte mang a ch n. Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #1 bng n. Khung th ba c yu cu chn m. TU-3 PTR #1 o cc bit D, xo byte H3 ca TU-3 PTR #1 v ghp vo mt byte ti trng ca VC-3 #1. Thng tin o 5 bit D chuyn n pha thu my thu tch byte I ti v tr H3 ca TU-3 PTR #1 x l nh nhng byte tin khc. Ti trng ca VC-3 #1 dch sang tri mt nhm byte. J1 ca VC-3 #1 cch H3 ca mnh (n-1) nhm byte nn gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #1 bng (n-1). (10) Hot ng ca con tr TU-12 khi chn dng v chn m - Khi khng chn Xt a khung VC-12 v a khung TU-12: V5 ca VC-12 POH ghp vo byte n ca a khung TU-12. Gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong a khung ny chnh l khong cch tnh theo byte k t V5 n byte V2 ca TU-12 PTR bng n. - Hot ng chn dng Khi tc a khung TU-12 nhanh hn tc a khung VC-12 th a khung TU-12 tip nhn cc byte t a khung VC-12 thp hn nh mc. V vy phi chn thm byte khng mang tin vo a khung TU-12. a khung TU-12 #3 c yu cu chn dng. TU-12 PTR o 5 bit I, ghp vo v tr byte 35 ca a khung TU-12 mt byte khng mang tin (xem hnh 2.30). Ti trng ca a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12 #3 dch xung di mt byte nn gi tr ca TU-12 PTR bng (n+1). Thng tin o 5 bit I c my thu hiu l c chn dng nn xo byte chn dng. Gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong a khung TU-12 sau a khung chn dng tng thm 1. - Hot ng chn m Nu tc a khung TU-12 chm hn tc a khung VC-12 th a khung TU-12 tip nhn s byte vt nh mc nn phi ghp byte ny vo mt v tr no . Nh vy gi l chn m. Xt 4 a khung TU-12 nh khi xt chn dng. Trong hai a khung u khng c yu cu chn m nn V5 ca a khung VC-12 ghp vo v tr byte n ca a khung TU-12. Gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong c hai a khung u bng n. Trong a khung TU-12 #3 c chn m. TU-12 PTR o 5 bit D, xo byte V3 ca TU-12 PTR v ghp vo mt byte tin ly t a khung VC-12. Gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong a khung ny l o cc bit D. Cc byte ti trng ca a khung VC-12 dch ln trn mt byte (xem hnh 2.30). a khung TU-12 th t khng chn m. V5 ca VC-12 POH ghp vo v tr byte (n-1) v gi tr ca TU-12 PTR bng (n-1). Ni mt cch khc, gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong a khung lin sau a khung chn m gim i mt.

2.4.4.3. X l con tr pha thu


(1) Trnh t x l Trong SDH, khi cn tch mt s lung nhnh t lung STM-N th khng phi tch theo trnh t t cao xung thp nh trong PDH. Mun tch mt lung nhnh no ch cn x l cc con tr ca lung nhnh y s bit c v tr cc byte ca n trong khung ghp v tch chng mt cch trc tip. 68

(2) Tch lung nhnh 139,264 t STM- N (N = 4,16,64) Mi lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s c gn vi mt khung AU-4 #N.V vy tm s th t N theo yu cu s bit c lung nhnh E4 cn tch. Tip x l con tr AU-4 bit c v tr byte J1 ca VC-4 trong khung AUG. T tch ra tn hiu VC-4 v cho tn hiu VC-4 qua khi C-4 nhn c lung nhnh E4. (3) Tch lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s (E3) t STM-1 Mi VC-4 c 3 TUG-3 c nh s th t t 1 3. Khung VC-4 c 261 ct, tr 3 ct u tin thuc v VC-4 POH v 2 ct n c nh, cn li 258 (t ct 4 ct 261) dnh ghp 3 TUG-3. Mi TUG-3 chim 86 ct sau y: - TUG-3 #1 chim cc ct 4, 7, 10, ........, 259 - TUG-3 #2 chim cc ct 5, 8, 11, ........, 260 - TUG-3 #3 chim cc ct 6, 9, 12, ........, 261. Mi TUG-3 ch c 1 TU-3. Mi TU-3 c gn 3 thng s l K, L, M, trong K l s th t ca TUG-3, L v M lun lun bng 0. V tr cc ct trong khung VC-4 thuc TUG-3 (K, 0, 0) c xc nht theo biu thc (2.16). CK = 4 + (K -1) +3 (x - 1), trong x = 1 86. Th d TU-3 (1, 0, 0) chim cc ct 4, 7 ..., 259. TU-3 (2, 0, 0) chim cc ct 5, 8,..., 260. TU-3 (3, 0, 0) chim cc ct 6, 9,..., 261. Tm tt trnh t x l con tr khi tch lung 34,368 Mbit/s: Nhn c lung STM-1, my thu chuyn khung STM-1 thnh khung AUG. X l con tr AU-4 to khung VC-4. ci t trc cho mi E3 gn vi mt TUG-3, v vy bit c lung nhnh E3 y thuc TU-3 no. X l con tr TU-3 s tch ra cc byte ca VC-3 tng ng ti cc ct nh trnh by trong biu thc (2.16). Cui cng cho tn hiu VC-3 qua khi C-3 chuyn thnh lung nhnh E3. (4) Tch lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s (E1) t STM-1 Mun tch mt lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s # n (n = 1 63) t khung STM-1 th my thu trc ht x l con tr AU-4 bit v tr ca khung VC-4 trong khung AUG. V mi lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s thuc v mt TU-12 v mi TU-12 gn vi ba tham s l K, L,M; trong K = 1 3 ch r lung nhnh cn tch thuc TUG-3 no, L = 1 7 ch th lung nhnh thuc TUG2 no, M = 1 3 ch th lung nhnh thuc TU-12 no. Nhn c lung STM-1, my thu chuyn khung STM-1 thnh khung AUG. X l con tr AU-4 tch khung VC-4. Bit c lung nhnh E1 thuc TU-12 no s tm c cc tham s K, L, M. T tch cc byte thuc TUG-3 mong mun, tch tip cc byte TUG-2 theo yu cu, tch cc byte thuc TU-12 nh trc. X l con tr TU-12 s nhn c lung E1. (2.16)

2.4.5. Mo u on SOH v mo u tuyn POH 2.4.5.1. Mo u on


(1) Cu trc 69

Cc byte mo u on trong khung STM-1 p dng cho mng thng tin quang nh hnh 2.35.

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 B1 D1 E1 D2 AU-4 PTR B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 D5 D8 D11 K2 D6 D9 D12 F1 D3

RSOH

MSOH

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2

Cc byte s dng cho quc gia Hnh 2.35- Cu trc ca SOH

(2) Chc nng cc byte A1 = 11110110, A2 = 00101000: su byte ng b khung J0: nh v khung STM-1 trong khung STM-N (N= 4, 16, 64). Nu khng s dng cho chc nng ny th c th s dng nh tuyn on lp. B1: gim st li on lp, k hiu l BIP-8. B2: ba byte gim st li on ghp knh, k hiu l BIP-24. E1: knh thoi nghip v kt ni trm lp vi trm ghp knh. E2: knh thoi nghip v kt ni cc trm ghp knh. F1: knh iu hnh mng. K1 v K2: knh truyn tn hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng v thng bo li D1 D3: cc knh truyn s liu kt ni trm lp vi trm qun l. D4 D12: knh truyn s liu kt ni trm ghp knh vi trm qun l. M1: truyn cnh bo trng thi ca ng. S1: Chuyn ti mc cht lng Q ca ng h ti trm ghp knh tip theo. Z1, Z2: cc byte d tr. (3) Mt s khi nim - Knh truyn s liu DCC D1 D3 l DCC t trm lp n trm qun l, c tc bit l 192 kbit/s (64 kbit/s 3). D4 D12 l DCC t trm ghp knh n trm qun l, c tc bit 576 kbit/s (64 kbit/s 9). - Cc knh thoi nghip v E1 v E2 s dng iu xung m PCM c tc bit 64 kbit/s. - S1 70

Trong SDH c mt ng h ch quc gia c n nh cao nht, thng l ng h nguyn t, khng ch ng h tt c cc trm trong ton mng. ng h ny c truyn xung cc trm cp th hai v t ng h c truyn t cp cao hn xung cp thp hn lin k. Qua mi cp, cht lng ng h gim i mt t. ITU-T quy nh mc cht lng cho ng h tng cp. Bn bit cui ca S1 c s dng ch th mc cht lng Q ca ng h cc cp nh bng 2.2. Bng 2.2- Mc cht lng Q ca ng h Q 0 2 3 4 5 6 S1 0000 0010 0100 1000 1011 1111 ngha Khng tn ti G.811,ng h cp1(cp quc gia) G.812, ng h cp chuyn tip G.812, ng h cp ni ht ng h ni b thit b SDH Khng s dng cho SDH

Hnh 2.36 minh ho vic s dng S1 chuyn ti mc cht lng Q. Trm (nt) A ni vo ng h cp 1 c Q =2 (theo khuyn ngh G.811 ca ITU-T). T nt A ng h c truyn n nt B v gi km theo byte S1 = 0010 ch th ng h ly t ng h cp 1. Ti nt B, ng h Q=2 tin hnh ng b lung s u ra cng hng v u vng ngc hng. Theo quy nh ti bng 2.2, ng h u vng c Q = 6 cc nt khng s dng ng h cht lng thp ny. T nt B ng h c chuyn n nt C v gi km theo S1= 0010 thng bo ngun gc ca ng h ly t ng h cp 1. Ti C, ng h Q=2 ng b nt ny, ng thi a ra ngoi ng b ng h cp chuyn tip c Q= 3. ng h Q=3 ni vo hng thun chuyn ti nt C, ng thi ni trc tip sang hng ngc ng b lung ra ca cc nt theo hng ngc li .

G.811 Q=2
Q=2 Q=6 Q=2 Q=6 u vng

G.812 Q=3
Q=2 Q=3 Q=2 Q=3 Q=3

Q=3

Q=6

Q=6 u vng

Hnh 2.36- S dng byte S1 chuyn ti mc cht lng Q ca ng h ng b mng SDH - BIP- n (n = 8, 24) BIP-n l t m c n bit s dng kim tra tng chn cc bit trong khung nhm pht hin li trong khung . Th d tnh gi tr 8 bit ca BIP-8 nh hnh 2.37. em tt c cc bit th nht ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 th nht (khung n) cng li. Nu tng l s l th bit th nht (b1) ca byte B1 trong khung STM-1 tip theo (khung n +1) bng 1. Nu tng l s chn th bit b1 ca byte B1 trong khung STM-1 # n+1 bng 0. Cng tt c cc bit th hai ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 # n, nu tng l th bit b2 ca byte B1 trong khung STM-1 # n+1 bng 1, tng chn th bit b2 ca byte B1 trong khung STM-1 # n+1 71

bng 0. Tin hnh theo cch nh vy i vi cc bit tip theo. Cui cng, cng tt c cc bit th tm ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 #1, nu tng l th b8 ca B1 trong khung STM-1 # n+1 bng 1, nu tng chn th b8 = 0. Qua mi trm lp, b cng tin hnh cng cc bit cng th t ca cc byte, k c byte B1 trong khung STM-1 # n+1, nu pht hin c tng l th m 1 li. y l li khi. i vi BIP-24 th gp 3 byte trong khung STM-1 #1 thnh mt khi con v xem mi khi con y l mt t m p dng cch tnh ton gi tr bit 1 n bit 24 ca BIP-24 trong khung STM-1 # n+1 nh trn. 11, 21,...K1,...81 12, 22,...K2,...82 1i, 2i,...Ki,...8i 1n, 2n,...Kn,...8n Byte B1 1, 2,...K,...8

Khung STM-1# n

K i = chn....K = 0 l.........K = 1
1

Khung STM-1# n+1

Hnh 2.37- Nguyn tc tnh BIP-8 - K1 v K2

72

Chc nng ca byte K1 v K2 nh hnh 2.38. K1 R R R P ID ID ID ID

Mc yu cu 111- Chuyn mch cng bc 110- Mt tn hiu 101- Gim cht lng tn hiu 100- Chuyn mch nhn cng 011- i phc hi 010- Hon thnh chuyn mch 001- Yu cu tr li v tr ban u 000- Ri

Mc u tin 0- Thp 1- Cao


Yu cu chuyn mch 0- u vng 1- Chng

Nhn dng knh Nhn dng nt

K2

ID ID ID ID Ty S

Mc yu cu 111- Chuyn mch cng bc 110- Mt tn hiu 101- Gim cht lng tn hiu 100- Chuyn mch nhn cng 011- i phc hi 010- Hon thnh chuyn mch 001- Yu cu tr li v tr ban u 000- Ri

Loi chuyn mch 0- 1+1 1- 1: N Loi chuyn mch 0- u vng 1- Chng 1:1

Trng thi 111- AIS ng 110- RDI ng Trng thi 111- AIS ng 110- RDI ng xxx- Gim cht lng ng bo v yyy- Mt tn hiu ng bo v

APS cho h thng im ni im.

APS cho mng ring

Hnh 2.38- Cu trc v cc chc nng ca K1 v K2

2.4.5.2. Mo u tuyn
(1) VC-3/ VC-4 POH VC-3 hoc VC-4 u c 8 byte nh hnh 2.39. J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 - Byte J1: Nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn VC-3 hoc VC-4 BIP-8 Nhn tn hiu Ch th li u xa Knh iu hnh mng S th t khung VC-4 trong a khung Knh iu hnh mng Knh iu khin APS cc tuyn VC3/ VC-4 Gim st im chuyn tip tuyn VC- 3 hoc VC-4

Hnh 2.39- Cu trc v chc nng VC-3/ VC-4 POH

J1 l byte u tin trong khung VC-3 hoc VC-4. V tr ca n trong khung c ch th bi 10 bit gi tr con tr. Trong mng quc gia hoc trong phm vi ngi iu hnh th m nhn dng im truy nhp lung mc cao ghp vo cc byte J1 l mt lot gm 4 tp hp, mi tp hp gm 16 byte c cu trc nh bng 2.3. 73

Bng 2.3- M nhn dng im truy nhp T.T. byte 1 2 0 X Gi tr cc bit 1 8 1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 X X X X X X

16

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 l t m kim tra s d chu trnh CRC- 7 ca khung ng lin trc. 0XXXXXXX l t m c k t theo khuyn ngh T50. - BIP-8: Cch tnh tm bit ca byte B3 trnh by trong phn tnh B1 ca SOH. Nhng cn ch y l tnh cho khung VC-3 hoc VC-4. - C2: Byte C2 c s dng ch th thnh phn v cch sp xp ti trng trong khung VC3/VC-4 nh trong bng 2.4. - G1 Byte G1 c s dng chuyn ti thng bo v trng thi v cht lng cui tuyn (u vo trm u xa) ti trm gc. Chc nng cc bit ca G1 c quy nh nh sau: Bit 1 n bit 4 ch th li u xa (REI) khi kim tra byte B3. Chn gi tr u ca 4 bit ch th t khng c li (0000) n 8 li (1000). By gi tr cui ca 4 bit ch th u xa khng c li. Cc bit b5, b6, b7 ch th u xa khng hon ho (RDI) nh AIS, mt tn hiu VC-3/ VC-4 (LOS), mt khung (LOF). Khi xy ra cc s c th ci t b5 b6 b7 = 101 v chuyn v trm gc. Bng 2.4- Cu trc ca C2 Cc bit b1 b2 b3 b4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cc bit b5 b6 b7 b8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 M HEX 00 01 02 03 04 12 13 14 15 FE FF Din gii Khng trang b C trang b Cu trc TUG TU c nh Sp xp khng ng b E3 vo VC-3 Sp xp khng ng b E4 vo VC-4 Sp xp ATM Sp xp ti trng MAN Sp xp ti trng FDDI Sp xp tn hiu o O.181 VC-AIS

74

(2) VC-12 POH Mo u tuyn mc thp gm c V5, J2, N2 v K4. - V5 y l byte ng u a khung VC-12. V tr ca n trong a khung TU-12 c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr ca con tr TU-12. Chc nng ca V5 c m t ti hnh 2.40. BIP-2 1 2 REI 3 RFI Nhn tn hiu RDI 4 5 6 7 4

BIP-2- Kim tra li tuyn VC-12 REI- Ch th li u xa RFI- Ch th c s c ti u xa RDI- Ch th u xa khng hon ho Hnh 2.40- Cu trc VC-12 POH BIP-2 T m kim tra tng chn c s dng kim tra li khi ca a khung VC-12. Hai bit ca BIP-2 c tnh nh sau: em tt c cc bit l ca tt c cc byte trong a khung VC-12 # n cng li, nu tng chn th bit b1 ca V5 trong a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 0, nu tng l th b1 ca V5 trong a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 1. Cng tt c cc bit chn ca tt c cc byte trong a khung VC-12 # n, nu tng chn th bit b2 ca V5 trong a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 0, nu tng l th b2 ca V5 trong a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 1. REI u cui xa ln lt kim tra tng ca cc bit, k c cc bit ca V5, trong a khung VC12 # n+1, nu pht hin c tng l th m mt li khi. Nu c li th ci t bit th ba ca V5 (REI) bng 1 v truyn ngc v trm gc. RFI Nu trm cui xa hng hc th ci t bit th t ca V5 bng 1 v truyn v trm gc. RDI Trong cc trng hp u xa nhn c AIS, mt con tr TU-12 hoc mt a khung VC12 th ci t bit th tm ca V5 bng 1 v truyn v trm gc. b5, b6 v b7 y l nhn tn hiu, gii thch trng thi ca tn hiu VC-12 trong a khung VC-12 (bng 2.5).

75

Bng 2.5- Cu trc nhn tn hiu VC-12 b5 b6 b7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 - J2 Byte J2 l m nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn VC-12 c cu trc nh byte J0 v J1 c gii thch trong cc phn trn. - N2 Gim st im chuyn tip lung VC-12 v c cu trc nh bng 2.6. Bng 2.6- Cu trc ca N2 b1 b2 BIP-2 BIP-2 T m kim tra tng chn ca lung VC-12 ni chuyn tip. Cch tnh gi tr 2 bit ca t m ny trnh by trong phn BIP-2 ca V5. Ch khc l kim tra c thc hin ti im ni chuyn tip lung VC-12. Thng bo li va hin th ngay ti trm c ni chuyn tip x l s c, ng thi truyn cng hng v trm cui v li c ci t trong TC-REI. Bit th ba c nh bng 1 ngn nga trng hp N2 l dy 8 bit 0. Bit th su ch th li khi trong lung VC-12 u ra (OEI) Bit 7 v 8 ci t m nhn dng ni chuyn tip (TC- APId), ci t thng bo cho trm gc bit ti u xa lung ni chuyn tip VC-12 b mt hoc mt khung (TC-RDI), ci t ch th c AIS trong lung ni chuyn tip (ODI). - K4 Knh chuyn ti tn hiu iu khin chuyn mch bo v t ng lung VC-12. (3) S truyn tn hiu cnh bo Cc tn hiu cnh bo truyn trong mt h thng thng tin SDH theo hng thun v c theo hng ngc. Hnh 2.41 tm tt hot ng cnh bo ca cc byte VC-n POH. Trng hp th nht: Khi mt trm hoc mt khi no ti u vo mt tn hiu thu (LOS), hoc mt khung (LOF), hoc nhn c tn hiu cnh bo AIS th ci t AIS trong tn hiu ra truyn cng hng cho trm hoc khi tip theo. 76 b3 "1" b4 AIS n b5 TC-REI b6 OEI b7 b8 TC- APId, TC-RDI, ODI ngha Khng trang b C trang b Sp xp khng ng b Sp xp ng b bit Sp xp ng b byte D tr cho pht trin Tn hiu o th O.181 VC-AIS

Trng hp th hai: Trm u cui xa xy ra LOS, LOF hoc nhn c AIS th ci t cnh bo RDI truyn ngc v cho trm gc. Trng hp th ba: Trm u cui ci t BIP-8 trong byte B1 kim tra li qua tng on lp, kt qu kim tra cn chuyn n trm u cui xa. Trng hp th t: Cc khi u cui ng, lung mc cao (HOVC), lung mc thp (LOVC) ci t BIP24 trong 3 byte B2 hoc BIP-8 trong byte B3 kim tra li ca cc khi tng ng, nu pht hin c li th ci t cnh bo REI truyn ngc v khi tng ng ti trm gc.

Tuyn mc thp Tuyn mc cao on ghp on lp on lp


LOVC HOVC LT

LOS LOF

REG

LOS LOF

AIS

LT

LOF

RDI

AIS

HOVC

LOF LOVC

AIS

AIS

RDI

RDI

BIP-8 BIP-24

BIP-8

REI

REI

BIP-8

REI

BIP-2

Trm u cui

Trm lp

Trm u u cui Thu

Hnh 2.41- Truyn tn hiu kim tra v cnh bo trong h thng SDH

Pht

TM TT
Trong b ghp PCM-24 ca Bc M v PCM-30 ca chu u s dng k thut iu xung m chuyn i tn hiu thoi analog thnh tn hiu s. C hai loi thit b ny u s dng nndn s. Khung ca PCM-30 c 32 khe thi gian, trong 30 khe thi gian dnh ghp 30 knh thoi, 2 khe thi gian cn li ghp bo hiu v tn hiu ng b khung. Mi a khung ca PCM30 c 16 khung nhm mc ch hnh thnh 16 khe thi gian TS16 ghp tn hiu ng b a khung v bo hiu ca 30 knh thoi. 77

Trn th gii hin c 3 tiu chun tc bit PDH: chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn. Vit Nam s dng thit b ghp knh theo tiu chun chu u. Trong ghp knh PDH s dng k thut ghp xen bit. Chn bit nhm mc ch ng b tc bit cc lung nhnh trc khi ghp thnh lung c tc bit cao hn. B ghp SDH ghp xen byte cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u v Bc M to thnh STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64 v STM-256. Con tr ng vai tr ng chnh lch tc khung gia khung tn hiu n v khung ghp. Mt khc, nh c con tr m vic xen- r knh trong SDH n gin hn nhiu so vi PDH. Cc byte mo u trong SDH rt phong ph v to thun li cho vic hnh thnh cc knh gim st, iu khin, bo dng, v.v. mng thng tin SDH.

BI TP
1. Da vo cu trc khung v a khung ca PCM-30, xc nh tc bit ca cc tn hiu sau y: - ng b khung - ng b a khung - Cnh bo mt ng b khung - Cnh bo mt ng b a khung - Bo hiu. 2. Trong b ghp 2/8 ch s dng chn dng, bit cc lnh iu khin chn ca cc lung nhnh tng ng l 111, 000, 111, 000, tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh trong khung c chn dng. 3. Trong b ghp 8/34 s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn, bit cc lnh iu khin chn ca cc lung nhnh tng ng trong hai khung lin tip l 111 111, 000 000, 111 000, 111 000, tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh trong khung. 4. Cho bit cc bit iu khin chn ca cc lung nhnh trong khung ca b ghp 34/140 ch s dng chn dng l 00000, 00000, 11111, 11111. Tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh trong khung c chn dng. 5. Cho bit gi tr con tr AU-4 bng 67, vit cu trc 10 bit gi tr ca con tr. 6. 10 bit gi tr con tr AU-4 khi khng chn l 0100111000. Tm cu trc 10 bit gi tr con tr trong cc trng hp sau y: - Trong khung chn dng - Trong khung chn m - Trong khung lin sau khung chn dng - Trong khung lin sau khung chn m. 7. Trong khung AUG khng chn, gi tr ca AU-4 PTR bng 123. Tm to (ct, hng) byte J1 ca khung VC-4 trong khung AUG ny. 8. Gi tr ca con tr TU-3 th hai trong khung VC-4 bng 27, tm to byte J1 ca khung VC-3 th hai. 9. Cho bit to byte J1 ca VC-3 th hai trong khung VC-4 l (66;3). Vit cu trc 10 bit gi tr con tr TU-3 th hai 2.

78

10. Gi tr con tr TU-12 trong a khung TU-12 bng 16. Vy byte V5 cch byte V2 ca con tr TU-12 bao nhiu byte? Xc nh v tr ca V5 trong a khung TU-12. 11. Tm s li khi trong khung STM-1 di y theo phng php kim tra BIP-8 11100011 01010011 11100010 11110000 11001100 01010111 01001101 00010101 01100101 11110000 10011001 11111000 01100110 00111001 10011101 11101010

STM-1 #1

B1 STM-1 #2

(Xem p s ti phn ph lc).

79

CHNG III CC GII PHP DUY TR MNG


3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny cn ch nhng vn quan trng sau y. - Cc phng thc bo v trong mng vin thng nh bo v 1+1, 1:N v bo v trong mng vng quang. Trong mng vng 2 si n hng s dng bo v tuyn v bo v ng. Trong mng vng 2 si hai hng v 4 si hai hng s dng bo v ng. Ring mng vng 4 si hai hng cn c bo v chng. - Phng thc bo v ng s dng bo hiu trong byte K1 v K2 v do cc nt mng cn mt thi gian x l hai byte ny nn tng thi gian phc hi chm hn so vi phng thc bo v tuyn (khng s dng K1 v K2).

3.2. CC CU HNH THIT B


3.2.1. Gii thiu
Hin nay trn mng thng tin quang c hai loi thit b ghp: thit b ghp u cui (TRM) v thit b ghp xen r (ADM). Th d, b ghp STM-1 cung cp cc giao din cho 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s to thnh lung s 155,52 Mbit/s l mt loi cu hnh TRM. B ghp u cui quang (OLTM) l mt th d khc ca TRM c chc nng ghp cc lung s tc thp thnh lung s c tc cao v chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang truyn trn si quang. Ph thuc vo c tnh ca thit b ca nh cung cp, TRM cng c th cung cp giao din ng b, o th, bo dng v iu hnh. Mng ng b hin nay cn s dng cu hnh hai thit b u cui lng i lng truyn tn hiu t si quang vo n si quang ra ti a im trung gian nh ni cho in nhn cng. Thit b ni cho s khng s dng cu hnh hai u cui lng u lng m s dng thit b chuyn mch t ng c gi l thit b ni cho s ng b v k hiu l SDXC. Mt loi thit b khc t ti a im trung gian c th ly ra mt s lung nhnh tc thp t lung tng v ngc li a mt s lung nhnh nhp vo lung tng. y chnh l thit b xen-r ADM. Chng hn ti mt trm trung gian c th tch mt s lung 2,048 Mbit/s t lung tng STM-1 = 155,52 Mbit/s a vo tng i in t s. T tng i in t s, cc lung 2,048 Mbit/s a vo b ghp SDH cng cc lung 2,048 Mbit/s khc hnh thnh lung STM-1 tip tc truyn trn si quang ti ADM tip theo. Trong h thng vi ba s, thit b ghp u cui tch ri thit b thu pht siu cao tn. Nhng trong mng thng tin quang ng b th thit b ghp u cui hoc ADM hp nht vi mun quang. Cu hnh u cui s dng trong mng im ni im. Cu hnh ADM s dng trong mng a im v c trong mng vng. Ngoi ra, nu c ly gia hai thit b ghp vt qu phm vi cho php, cn s dng cc thit b lp. Sau y gii thiu chi tit cc cu hnh thit b nu trn.

3.2.2. Cc loi cu hnh thit b


3.2.2.1. Cu hnh u cui Cu hnh tng qut thit b ghp u cui nh hnh 3.1. 80

Cc lung nhnh

Lung tng STM- N Hnh 3.1- Cu hnh b ghp u cui

Lung tng STM-N c hnh thnh t cc lung nhnh c tc bit nh nhau hoc khc nhau. V hnh thc c th quan nim trong thit b ghp u cui, cc giao din lung nhnh c b tr v mt pha v cc giao din lung tng b tr v mt pha khc. Trong mng thng tin quang, pha cc lung nhnh c cc giao din in v c th c c giao din quang. Th d thit b u cui quang STM-16 c lung nhnh STM-1 quang. ng nhin, trc khi ghp vi lung nhnh in khc phi chuyn i lung nhnh quang STM-1 thnh STM-1 in. Hng ngc li, phi chuyn STM-1 in thnh STM-1 quang, qua giao din lung nhnh STM-1 quang i ra ngoi. Hnh 3.2 l mt kiu cu hnh b ghp u cui khc.
Cc cnh bo ni b ng h Giao din tham kho iu hnh Mun giao din iu hnh v ng b h Khi ghp trung gian MUX Cc lung nhnh SDH E/O & O/E

STM-N

Hnh 3.2- Cu hnh b ghp u cui kt hp xen-r Khi ghp trung gian ghp cc knh iu hnh, nghip v v ng b thnh mt lung chung ri mi a vo giao din nhnh ghp vi cc lung nhnh SDH khc to thnh lung tng. Khi E/O chuyn i lung tng thnh tn hiu quang. Hng thu chuyn i tn hiu ngc li vi qu trnh chuyn i ca hng pht.

3.2.2.2. Cu hnh xen-r ADM


Cu hnh ADM tng qut c th hin ti hnh 3.3. STM-N (Ty) ADM STM-N (ng)

Cc lung nhnh Hnh 3.3- S khi tng qut cu hnh ADM 81

V mt khng gian, trong cu hnh ADM cc giao din lung tng c b tr v c pha ng v pha Ty, cc giao din lung nhnh c b tr v mt pha khc. Hng pht pha ng: Cc lung nhnh c ghp thnh lung tng STM-N, chuyn i thnh tn hiu quang v truyn qua si quang. Hng thu pha ng: Tn hiu quang STM-N c chuyn thnh tn hiu in, tch tn hiu STM-N in thnh cc lung nhnh. Mt th d minh ho hot ng ca cu hnh ADM trong thc t nh hnh 3.4. y l h thng STM-16 gm 16 STM-1. Pha Ty, ADM tch STM-16 thnh 16 STM-1. Mt lung STM-1 a vo khi MUX/DMUX bn trn tch thnh 63 lung E1. Khi MUX/DMUX bn trn ghp 63 lung E1 thnh STM-1 v xen lung STM-1 ny vo lung STM16 pha Ty. Pha ng, ADM tch STM-16 thnh 16 STM-1. Mt lung STM-1 a ti khi MUX/DMUX bn di tch thnh 63 lung E1. Cng chnh khi MUX/DMUX ny ghp 63 lung E1 thnh STM-1 v xen lung STM-1 ny vo lung STM-16 pha ng.
1

Cc lung STM-1 ni chuyn tip

STM-16 STM-16 (Ty)

O/E MUX O/E DMUX


1 16 16 1

DMUX E/O MUX E/O


16

STM-16 STM-16 (ng)

Cc lung 2,048 Mbit/s xen-r ca hng Ty

MUX& STM-1 DMUX STM-1

16

Cc lung 2,048 Mbit/s xen-r ca hng ng

MUX& DMUX STM-1 STM-1

Hnh 3.4. Xen-r cc lung nhnh E1 trong h thng STM-16

3.2.2.3.Cu hnh lp
Hnh 3.5 l s khi ca cu hnh lp REG. REG STM-N (Ty) Hnh 3.5- S khi cu hnh lp Tn hiu STM-N i qua thit b lp s c khuch i cng sut b vo cng sut b suy gim do on lp lin trc gy ra. C hai loi thit b lp: in v quang. Thit b lp in c 3 chc nng: chuyn i O/E v E/O, tch ng h t dy xung thu phc v cho chc nng th ba l ti to xung. V vy thng gi thit b lp nh vy l thit b lp 3R. Nh ti to xung nn loi tr c rung pha (Jitter) v tp m trong dy xung thu. Bn thn chc nng th ba bao gm c khuch i xung. Tuy nhin, trong thit b lp in c cc mch nh thi gy tr xung v hn ch tc bit truyn. 82 STM-N (ng)

Thit b lp quang ch c chc nng khuch i tn hiu quang v khng c chc nng hiu chnh dng xung. V vy nu tn hiu quang qua nhiu thit b lp quang tri di trn mt c ly qu ln th tn hiu xung ti u ra my thu s b mo nghim trng. khc phc nhc im ny, sau mt dy thit b lp quang xen vo mt thit b lp in.

3.2.2.4. Cu hnh ni cho s


Ni cho s l phng thc ni bn c nh cc lung s vi nhau. Chng hn, trong thng tin PDH ni cc lung s 2,048 Mbit/s hoc 34,368 Mbit/s vi nhau trn gi phi dy. Chuyn mch l ni tm thi lung s di s iu khin ca thu bao; trong khi ni cho s ni bn c nh cc lung s di s iu khin ca nh khai thc mng. Khi cc dch v bng rng pht trin s hp nht gia ni cho s v chuyn mch s. Chuyn sang giai on ghp hng trm bc sng trn si quang s c th ng dng ni cho quang hon ton. Lc cc nhc im ca ni cho s s c khc phc. Ni cho cc lung cn ng b thng l nhn cng nn c mt s nhc im nh: chm, d b sai st v tin cy thp. V vy ch s dng ni cho s PDH cho cc a im thuc h thng thng tin quang SDH c dung lng ni cho t. i vi h thng thng tin quang SDH c tc bit cao thng s dng ni cho s ng b (SDXC). Trong SDXC, ni cho c thc hin ti cc mc VC-n nh hnh 3.6. Cng Cng im ni cho 2,048 Mbit/s STM-1
VC-4 VC-12 VC-12 C-12

Cng 2,048 Mbit/s Cng STM-1 Cng 34,368 Mbit/s

im ni cho
C-12 VC-12 VC-12 C-12

Cng 2,048 Mbit/s Cng 34,368 Mbit/s Cng 34,368 Mbit/s

im ni cho
VC-4 VC- 3 VC-3 C-3

im ni cho
C-3 VC-3 VC-3 C-3

Hnh 3.6 - Cc mc ni cho s ng b Nu dung lng ni cho s khng nhiu hn dung lng xen-r th ni cho s c kt hp vi xen-r trong cng mt thit b ADM. Cn nu dung lng ni cho s ln hn nhiu dung lng xen-r th s dng thit b ni cho s c lp SDXC-4 hoc SDXC- 4/1. SDXC-4 ch ni cho mc VC-4. SDXC-4/1 ni cho t mc VC-12 n VC-4. S khi thit b SDXC-4/1 nh hnh 3.7. Chc nng chnh ca cc giao din quang: Hng t giao din ti chuyn mch: chuyn i O/E, chuyn tn hiu STM-N in thnh VC-4 hoc cc VC khc ph hp vi yu cu chuyn mch. Hng t chuyn mch n giao din: chuyn i cc VC thnh STM-N in, chuyn i E/O. Chc nng chnh ca cc giao din PDH: Hng t giao din ti chuyn mch: chuyn i dy xung 3 mc thnh dy xung 2 mc, sp xp thnh cc VC ph hp vi yu cu chuyn mch. Hng ngc li: chuyn cc VC thnh 83

dy xung 3 mc ph hp vi ng truyn. Thit b SDXC 4/1 c th ni cho ti thiu 32 cp cng STM-1 v ni cho ti a c 256 cp cng STM-1.
GD STM-1e GD STM-1o GD STM- 4 GD STM- 16

B chuyn mch 32 32 hoc 128 128 hoc 256 256 STM-1


iu khin chuyn mch

GD 2,048 Mbit/s

GD 34,368 Mbit/s

GD 139,264 Mbit/s

Hnh 3.7- S khi thit b SDXC 4/1

3.2.2.5. Cu hnh thit b STM-N mc cao


(1) STM-4 STM-4 c to thnh bng cch ghp xen byte t 4 STM-1 nh hnh 3.8. STM-1 #1 a1 a2 a3 a4.......an STM-1 #2 b1 b2 b3 b4.......bn MUX a1 b1 c1 d1.......an bn cn dn...... 1/4 STM-4 STM-1 #3 c1 c2 c3 c4.......cn STM-1 #4 d1 d2 d3 d4.......dn an, bn, cn, dn - k hiu cc byte ca cc STM-1 Hnh 3.8- Cu hnh thit b STM-4 (2) STM-16 Cu hnh ca thit b STM-16 ghp xen byte t 16 STM-1 nh hnh 3.9. STM-1 #1 STM-1 #2 STM-1 #3 STM-1 #4 11 12 13 14.......1n 21 22 23 24.......2n 31 32 33 34.......3n MUX 11 21 31 41....161....1n 2n 3n...16n.... 41 42 43 44.......4n 1/16 STM-16

16 16 16 16 ..16 STM-1 #16 1 2 3 4 n 1n, 2n, ... 16n - k hiu cc byte ca STM-1# n Hnh 3.9- Cu hnh thit b STM-16 84

Cu hnh ca thit b STM-16 ghp xen nhm 4 byte t 4 STM-4 nh hnh 3.10. STM-4 #1 11 21 31 41....... STM-4 #2 12 22 32 42....... STM-4 #3 13 23 33 43....... STM-4 #4 14 24 34 44....... n1, n2, n3, n4 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)- k hiu cc byte ca cc STM-4 Hnh 3.10- Cu hnh thit b STM-16 ghp 4 STM-4 MUX 11 21 31 41.......14 24 34 44...... 4/16 STM-16

3.3.CU HNH MNG


3.3.1. Cu hnh im ni im
Cu hnh im ni im nh hnh 3.11. Cc lung nhnh
TRM

STM-N

REG

STM-N

TRM

Cc lung nhnh

Hnh 3.11- Cu hnh mng im ni im Cu hnh im ni im bao gm hai thit b ghp u cui (TRM) c kt ni trc tip hoc qua cc thit b lp hay cn gi l ti sinh (REG) bng mt cp si quang. V dc theo h thng khng c cc nt trung gian, ch c hai nt u cui nn dung lng tng thp. Hn na, khi cp b t th thng tin b gin on.

3.3.2. Cu hnh a im
Trong cu hnh ny, ngoi hai nt u cui cn c cc nt ADM nh hnh 3.12. Cc lung nhnh
TRM

STM-N

REG

STM-N

A D M

STM-N

TRM

Cc lung nhnh

Cc lung nhnh Hnh 3.12- Cu hnh mng a im Cu hnh a im thch hp cho cc h thng ko di qua cc im dn c tp trung, ti mt thu bao cao. Cu hnh ny khng nhng c s dng trn mng quc gia, m c trn mng quc t. Tu theo tc bit ca ng truyn thp hay cao m c ly on lp hoc on ghp ngn hay di. Nu tc bit cao nht l STM-16 v s dng cp si quang n mode th c ly on c th t ti 100 km. Nu c ly on ghp vt qu di cho php c tnh ton khi thit k h thng th phi s dng thit b lp. Tuy nhin, khi cp b t hoc hng nt th thng tin lin lc gia cc nt s b chia ct thnh tng vng v thng tin ton tuyn s b gin on. Mun duy tr mng phi c mt h thng khc d phng c lp vi h thng hot ng.

85

3.3.3. Cu hnh r nhnh


Cu hnh r nhnh cng l cu hnh a im. Ch khc cu hnh a im ch c thm t nht mt nt r nhnh nh hnh 3.13. Ti im r nhnh, tn hiu STM-(m< N) c kt ni sang mt hng khc to thnh mt nhnh ca h thng chnh. Cc lung nhnh
TRM

STM-N

REG

STM-N

R NHNH

STM-N

TRM

Cc lung nhnh

STM-m<N
TRM

Hnh 3.13- Cu hnh mng r nhnh

3.3.4. Cu hnh vng


Cu hnh vng (ring) bao gm ti thiu ba nt ADM kt ni vi nhau bi mt cp si quang to thnh mt vng kn nh hnh 3.14. V vy cu hnh ny cn gi l cu hnh kn phn bit vi cu hnh h trnh by trn y. ADM A ADM E B ADM Ring STM-N

ADM

C ADM

Hnh 3.14- Cu hnh vng (ring) Cu hnh vng bao gm ti a 16 ADM kt ni vi nhau qua 2 si hoc 4 si quang. Cu hnh vng c kh nng duy tr mng (hay cn gi l t phc hi) khi t cp ti mt im bt k hoc hng mt ADM bt k bng cch to ng vu hi. S d mi mng vng ch c ti a 16 nt l v trong byte K1 hoc K2 c 4 bit nhn dng nt, tc l mi nt c gn vi mt a ch 4 bit v tt c ch c 16 a ch (24 = 16). L do th hai hn ch mi mng vng c ti a 16 nt l nu vt qu 16 nt th tng thi gian x l byte K1 v K2 khi mng c s c s tng ln v thi gian hi phc mng vt gi tr cho php. Vn t phc hi ca mng vng s c gii thch k trong phn chuyn mch bo v t ng.

3.3.5. Cu hnh a vng


C th kt ni nhiu vng vi nhau qua cc ADM hoc qua nt ni cho s to thnh mng a vng (hnh 3.15). Cu hnh ny c s dng nhiu trong thc t, bi v p ng c nhu cu pht trin cc dch v vin thng trn mt vng a l rng ln khng ch bao gm mt quc gia m nhiu quc gia. 86

Ring STM-1 Ring STM-4

Ring STM-1

Ring STM-4

Ni qua 2 ADM

Ni qua SDXC

Hnh 3. 15- Cu hnh a vng Kt ni hai ADM ca hai vng khc nhau vi nhau c thc hin qua cc lung nhnh PDH i vi cc vng c dung lng thp v trung bnh. Nu cc vng c dung lng cao, chng hn ghp theo bc sng, c th kt ni qua lung nhnh STM-1e. Mng a vng c kh nng t phc hi trong trng hp trn mi vng cp b t ti mt im bt k hoc hng mt nt, tr nt kt ni hai vng.

3.4. KH I NIM DUY TR MNG


3.4.1. Khi nim
Duy tr mng l p dng cc bin php k thut m bo cho mng hot ng thng sut 24/24 m vn gi vng c cc ch tiu cht lng ca tn hiu v cc dch v.

3.4.2. Cc bin php


(1) thng sut m bo truyn dn thng sut trong mi iu kin, trong mi thi gian, k c trong gi cao im phi p dng cc bin php sau y: - Phi cung cp s lng knh truyn dn khng gy tc nghn vt qu ch tiu cho php. - S dng bo v ng i vi mng ng thng bng cch thit lp ng bo v ring. - S dng bo v ng, bo v tuyn cho mng vng hai si n hng. - S dng bo v ng cho mng vng hai si, hai hng. - S dng bo v ng, bo v chng cho mng vng 4 si, hai hng. - Bo dng, kim tra nh k v t xut Bo dng v kim tra nh k nhm phng nga hng hc. Bo dng v kim tra t xut khc phc hng hc t xut. (2) m bo cc ch tiu cht lng - Ch tiu cht lng v thi gian chuyn mch bo v. - Ch tiu cht lng v thi gian khc phc s c. - Ch tiu cht lng v li bit (BER). - Ch tiu cht lng v rung pha, tri v trt. - Ch tiu cht lng v suy hao, xuyn m, tp m v nhiu. 87

Cc ch tiu cht lng do ngnh hoc ITU-U quy nh.

3.5. CC C CH BO V
3.5.1. Bo v 1+1
M hnh bo v 1+1 nh hnh 3.16. Trong , tn hiu c truyn lin tc trn c h thng hot ng v h thng bo v. B chn ti my thu kim tra cht lng tn hiu thu c ca c hai h thng bng cch o BER v la chn tn hiu ca ng truyn no c cht lng cao hn. H thng hot ng (W) MUX E/O H thng hot ng (W) O/E DMUX H thng bo v (P) O/E DMUX Pha thu B chn

H thng bo v (P) MUX E/O

Pha pht

Hnh 3.16- M hnh bo v 1 + 1

3.5.2. Bo v 1:1
C ch bo v 1:1 l trng hp ring ca bo v 1:N khi N=1. Bo v 1:1 c c im l trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu ch truyn trn h thng hot ng. Nu h thng hot ng b t si quang th chuyn mch hot ng chuyn tn hiu sang h thng bo v. Kiu bo v ny c th tr li hoc khng tr li v l loi bo v phc hi hon ton cc dch v trn h thng c si b t.

3.5.3. Bo v 1:N
M hnh c ch bo v 1:N c th hin ti hnh 3.17. Trong c ch bo v 1:N, cc h thng hot ng v h thng bo v t trong cng mt ng vt l. S gm c cc mun chuyn mch bo v c cu trc ging nhau c lp t ti pha pht v c pha thu, bus 1:N v b iu khin chuyn mch bo v (PSC). Cc mun chuyn mch bo v c t trong gi thit b ghp gim bt chiu di cp ng trc kt ni gia chng. trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu c truyn trn cc h thng hot ng. Pha thu gim st tn hiu da vo mu khung, m ng, BER. Nu BER hoc chch khung (OOF) trong h thng hot ng vt ngng cho php, hoc mt tn hiu thu (LOS) trn h thng hot ng th nt u v nt cui trao i thng tin iu khin cng chuyn mch a tn hiu trn h thng hot ng km cht lng hoc c s c sang h thng bo v. Trong trng hp c nhiu h thng hot ng c s c th ch h thng c u tin cao nht c s dng h thng bo v. Sau khi sa cha hng hc trong h thng hot ng th tn hiu trn h thng bo v c chuyn tr li cho h thng hot ng ny. Mng ng thng bo v 1:N ch c hiu qu khi mt tn hiu trn h thng hot ng hoc ch t si trn h thng hot ng. Khi cp b t th ton b mng ngng hot ng. Trong

88

mng ng thng chuyn mch bo v 1:N, mun chuyn mch ti nt u v nt cui v c cu chuyn mch hot ng theo giao thc APS khi s dng byte K1 v byte K2.
3a H thng hot ng 1

MUX E/O DMUX O/E

t si

O/E DMUX E/O MUX


PSC

1a

5a

7a

H thng hot ng 2

MUX E/O DMUX O/E

O/E DMUX E/O MUX

H thng hot ng N

MUX E/O DMUX O/E MUX E/O DMUX O/E


4 K1K2

O/E DMUX E/O MUX O/E DMUX E/O MUX


2 K2 6

N
5b

Knh


7b

3b

1b

bo v

K1

PSC

Mun chuyn mch Nt u

PSC - B iu khin chuyn mch Kt ni iu khin chuyn mch n Ch th bc n ca giao thc

Mun chuyn mch Nt cui

Hnh 3.17- Hot ng ca giao thc APS trong bo v 1:N Sau y m t giao thc hot ng ca K1 v K2 gia hai nt khi t si trn h thng hot ng th nht. Bc 1: Si ca h thng hot ng th nht b t, nt cui ca knh hot ng nhn c yu cu chuyn mch nn ng chuyn mch u ra nt cui ca n (1a) v chuyn mch u vo nt cui ca h thng bo v (1b). Nt cui ca h thng hot ng th nht ci t yu cu chuyn mch trong byte K1, thng qua 2 chuyn mch ng v bus 1:N gi ti nt cui ca h thng bo v. Bc 2: Nt cui h thng bo v ghp byte K1, gi byte ny n nt u thng qua h thng bo v. Bc 3: Nt u h thng bo v kim tra v nh gi byte K1. Khi bit c yu cu ca h thng hot ng th nht, nt cui ca h thng bo v bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht (thng qua ng cc chuyn mch 3a v 3b). 89

Bc 4: Nt u h thng bo v ci t yu cu chuyn mch trong byte K1 v s th t knh (lung nhnh) hot ng trong byte K2, sau gi ngc tr li c hai byte ny cho nt cui ca n a ra yu cu s dng h thng bo v. Bc 5: Nt cui h thng bo v x l byte K1 v byte K2 v thit lp cu ti h thng hot ng th nht (5a v 5b ng). Hot ng ny ch mi hon thnh chuyn mch mt hng t tri qua phi. Bc 6: Khi nt cui h thng bo v bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht n ci t s th t ca knh hot ng ang s dng h thng bo v trong byte K2 v sau gi byte K2 qua h thng bo v ti nt u ca n. Bc 7: Ti nt u h thng bo v, khi s th t knh trong byte K2 thu c ph hp vi s th t knh yu cu chuyn mch th knh c la chn cho chuyn mch v nt u thc hin bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht (7a v 7b ng). V vy hon thnh chuyn mch hai hng. Ch rng, cc byte K1 v K2 thng c truyn trn h thng bo v. Thi gian phc hi bao gm thi gian x l cc byte K1 v K2 v thi gian chuyn mch ca phn t chuyn mch. Tiu chun thi gian phc hi nh hn hoc bng 50 ms. Khi xy ra s c trn h thng hot ng, thi gian phc hi mng Tph tnh theo biu thc sau y: Tph(s) = Tc + Txl 3 + Tcm (3.1 ) Trong Txl l thi gian x l byte K1 hoc byte K2 ti mi nt. Gi thit rng mi nt nhn dng byte K1 hoc K2 trong 3 khung lin tip v chim thi gian mt khung l 125 s x l byte K1 hoc byte K2 . V vy thi gian x l v nhn dng byte K1 hoc K2 trc khi chuyn mch l: Txl = 125s 3 5 = 1,875 ms (3.2) Thi gian ci t byte K1 hoc K2 gi thit bng thi gian mt khung 125 s. Do thi gian ci t ton b l: Tc = 125s 4 = 600 s (3.3) Tcm l thi gian chuyn mch ca tt c cc phn t chuyn mch tham gia vo qu trnh hot ng chuyn mch bo v. Trong hnh 3.17 c 4 cp phn t chuyn mch tham gia vo qu trnh hot ng chuyn mch. Tcm tr thnh mt yu t quyt nh khi xc nh ch tiu ca APS. Tuy nhin trong thc t tng thi gian t lc xy ra s c cho n khi hon thnh chuyn mch bo v thng nh hn ch tiu 50 ms.

3.5.4. Cc c im ca chuyn mch bo v 3.5.4.1.Chuyn mch bo v c tr v v khng tr v


C ch chuyn mch bo v tr v c c im l khi khc phc xong s c trn h thng hot ng th tn hiu c chuyn tr li cho h thng y. Th d nh trng hp bo v 1:N 90

phn tch trn y. Cn loi khng tr v th tn hiu vn tip tc truyn trn h thng bo v ngay c khi s c trn h thng hot ng c khc phc.

3.5.4.2. Bo v tuyn, bo v ng v bo v chng


hiu r cc loi bo v ny, cn xem xt quy nh v tuyn, ng v chng trong mt mng thng tin c th hin ti hnh 3.18.

Tuyn (Path) ng (Line) on (Section) TM REG on (Section) TM ADM hoc DXC ng (Line) on (Section) REG TM

on (Section)

Tuyn (Path)

Hnh 3.18- Quy nh on, ng v tuyn trong mng truyn dn SDH Ngoi cc quy nh trn y v on, ng v tuyn cn c mt quy nh v chng (Span). Khi nim chng khng trng vi khi nim ng. Bi v ng c tnh t nt hnh thnh tn hiu STM-N n nt kt cui tn hiu STM-N ny v c th i qua nhiu nt. Cn chng c hnh thnh gia hai nt k tip nhau (tr nt lp) v gm cc tuyn truyn dn ngc hng nhau. T hnh 3.16 rt ra cc khi nim sau y: - Bo v tuyn l bo v tn hiu VC-n truyn t nt truy nhp n nt kt cui VC-n y trong cu hnh mng h v mng vng. Bo v tuyn s dng phng php la chn tuyn. - Bo v ng l bo v tn hiu STM-N t im truy nhp n im kt cui tn hiu y. Bo v ng s dng u vng tn hiu STM-N. Bo v chng s dng u cho tn hiu STMN.

3.6. BO V TRONG MNG VNG


3.6.1. u im ca vic s dng mng vng t phc hi
(1) V phng din chuyn mch bo v t ng Chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) l k thut phc hi c s dng cho mng thng tin quang. Cu trc gim st khi s dng APS l cu trc gim st thng thng. APS nh tuyn li tn hiu t h thng hot ng sang h thng bo v khi h thng hot ng c s c. APS nhm hai mc tiu c bn: cung cp phng php truyn ti dch v ca h thng tm ngng hot ng khi lp t thit b mi hoc bo dng h thng v cung cp kh nng phc hi h thng trong trng hp c s c khng mong mun, chng hn nh t cp hay 91

hng nt. APS l k thut phc hi h thng n gin nht v nhanh nht. C cu APS 1:N c th phc hi mng im ni im khi h thng hot ng c s c v khng c tc dng khi t cp trong mng ny, bi v si bo v v si hot ng cng t chung trong mt cp. C cu bo v 1:N tr v (1:N/DP) c th phc hi mt phn dch v ca si b t. C cu bo v 1:1/DP hoc 1+1/DP c th phc hi y cc dch v ca si b t, v n lin quan n bo v hon ton. Cc c cu APS 1+1, 1:1 s dng cho cc mng ng thng v c mng vng. V vy cn phn bit APS vi k thut chuyn mch thng thng hoc chuyn mch bo v thng minh. Di y trnh by chi tit v bo v i vi mng vng. (2) V phng din kinh t Mng vin thng hin nay ca nhiu nc, trong c Vit Nam ang s dng cng ngh si quang v s dng chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) bo v mng khi cp b t hoc hng nt. Nh chng ta bit, mng vng tp hp cc nt to thnh mt vng kn, trong mi cp nt c kt ni vi nhau qua 2 hoc 4 si quang. Mng vng t phc hi l mng vng cung cp rng bng tn v thit b mng d phng c th phc hi mng khi mng c s c. Thit b ghp knh s dng trong mng vng l ADM c chc nng tch v ghp cc knh ti ch v ni thng cc knh chuyn tip. Hnh 3.19 a ra mt th d mng hub c mt nt chnh v 3 nt trung tm (CO) chu s chi phi ca nt chnh (hub).

W W P C CO P W P B P P P CO HUB A W P

ADM P CO ADM Pht trin P W C ADM P W D B ADM W P A P W

Thit b u cui quang,

ADM,

W- Hot ng, P- Bo v

Hnh 3.19- Mng hub pht trin thnh mng vng Kt ni gia cc CO v hub c thc hin qua si quang im ni im. Cc b ghp u cui trong mng hub c th pht trin thnh cc ADM ch khi cc ADM ny hot ng ti tc bit cao. Bi v chng dng chung cho c thit b quang v thit b ghp knh s. T hnh 3.19 thy rng trong mng hub s dng c cu bo v 1:1/DP. C cu ny cn ti 12 thit b u cui quang, s dng 6 si quang. Trong khi mng vng ch cn 2 si quang. Theo cc nh cung cp thit b cho bit gi thnh ca mt thit b u cui quang bng 80% gi thnh mt ADM khi tc bit ng truyn ca hai mng nh nhau. Nh vy l mng vng tit kim c 58% tng kinh ph v thit b. Nu s dng cp cng loi th mng vng tit kim c 2/3 tng kinh ph v cp. V phng din bo v, mng hub s b mt thng tin gia cc nt khi cp b t ti mt im bt k. Tm li mng vng u vit hn mng hub. 92

Cc trng hp bo v mng vng c tm tt trong hnh 3.20. Trong mng vng hai si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn s dng phng php la chn tuyn. Trong mng vng hai si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng s dng k thut u vng. Trong mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng s dng k thut u vng. Trong mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng s dng phng php u vng v phng php bo v chng bng cch u cho tn hiu t 2 si quang hot ng sang 2 si quang bo v. Mng vng hai si hai hng khng c chuyn mch bo v tuyn.

Bo v mng vng

USHR 2F USHR/P Bo v tuyn 2F USHR/P 2F USHR/L 2F BSHR/L 4F BSHR/L 2F USHR/L Bo v ng

BSHR 4F BSHR/L Bo v ng 2F BSHR/L Bo v ng

- Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn - Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng - Mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng - Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng

Hnh 3.20- Cc trng hp bo v mng vng

3.6.2. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn


S mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn (2F USHR/P) nh hnh 3.21. 2F USHR/P l mt c cu mng vng trng thi bnh thng, nhng khi t cp ti mt im no s hot ng theo kiu mng ng thng. Ngha l trong trng thi t cp th si hot ng v si bo v u i chung trong mt cp. Hnh 3.21a l hot ng ca mng vng hai si n hng vi gi thit l nt A v nt C ang lin lc vi nhau. trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu truyn ng thi trn c si hot ng (W) v si bo v (P). Tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu ca mt nt ADM truyn trn hai si khc nhau v cng hng vi nhau, trong hnh l cng hng kim ng h. Ti pha thu c chuyn mch bo v v chuyn mch tip xc vi si hot ng W. Hnh 3.21b m t trng thi cp b t trn on BC. Khi cp t, ti u vo nt C mt tn hiu, tc l c cnh bo LOS. Ngay sau , chuyn mch ti C hot ng v chuyn sang tip xc vi si P bn tri. Chuyn mch trang b cho tt c cc tn hiu lp tuyn nn gi l chuyn mch bo v tuyn.

93

W P D C a) b) A B P W W P P W W P D

A B C t cp P W P W

Hnh 3.21- Chuyn mch bo v trong 2F USHR/P 2F USHR hot ng chuyn mch trong cc trng hp sau y: (1) Pht hin LOS hoc AIS ng kch hot ci t AIS tuyn trong tt c cc tuyn ca lung xung. (2) Pht hin AIS tuyn trn mt hoc hai lung nhnh s khi ng chuyn mch bo v ca cc lung khc. Ch rng trong c ch iu khin ny, chuyn mch bo v c th tr v hoc khng tr v. Hnh 3.22 l th d minh ho hot ng ca 2F USHR/P khi cp b t. cho n gin, gi thit dung lng ca mng vng bng 622,08 Mbit/s v c bn ADM xen- r tn hiu VC-4. Mi ADM lin lc vi tt cc ADM khc qua knh STM-1. Ch s trong hnh 3.22 ch r kt ni gia cc ADM. Th d 2-1 c ngha l ADM #2 lin lc vi ADM#1. Gi thit nh vy nhm lm n gin vic m t hot ng ca mng vng, khng gy nh hng g n s chuyn mch bo v.

94

2-1 1-4 2-4

2-3 1-3 4-3

1-2 4-1 4-2

ADM#3
1-4 2-4 3-4 3-1 2-1 3-2 4-1 3-4 3-1 1-4 4-3 1-3 1-2 4-2 3-2

ADM#4
1-3 1-2 2-3

Ring STM-4

ADM#2

2c 2b 2a

ADM#1
2-4 2-3 3-4

t cp
2-1 3-1 4-1

4-2 3-2 4-3

Ch thch AIS tuyn Chuyn mch bo v Ni chuyn tip

Hnh 3.22- Mt th d v hot ng ca 2F USHR/P trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu STM-4 truyn trn cc vng theo hng kim ng h v c hng ngc chiu kim ng h. Khi 2 si gia nt 1 v nt 4 b t, my thu ti nt 1 pht hin LOS v a ra cnh bo . V c ch iu khin gn vo c hai hng nn trong tho lun sau y ca vng ngc hng kim ng h cng p dng cho vng cng hng kim h. Sau khi nt 1 xc nhn LOS hoc pht hin AIS ng, n xen AIS tuyn vo tt c cc VC-4. Ti giao din STM-1 ca nt 1 trng thi ca tn hiu nhnh c kim tra. Vic pht hin AIS tuyn thuc mt trong 2 tn hiu nhnh STM-1 kch hot chuyn mch bo v lung nhnh v cho php b chn la chn tn hiu nhnh tin cy hn. V nt 1 gn im t cp nn tt c cc giao din STM-1 ca nt 1 thc hin chuyn mch bo v. u ra nt 1 trn vng ngc chiu kim ng h c AIS tuyn trong tt c cc VC-4 ca n, tr cc VC-4 c b sung ti nt ny. Ti nt 2, b ghp tc bit cao khng pht hin c bt k cnh bo no, v khung SDH khng bao gi b gin on. Sau khi r knh, cc giao din STM-1 2a v 2b ca nt 2 pht hin AIS tuyn v thc hin chuyn mch bo v. Giao din 2c tng ng vi kt ni gia nt 1 v nt 2 khng b nh hng ca t cp nn khng yu cu chuyn mch bo v. i vi cc knh ni chuyn tip qua nt 2, ch c knh 4-3 (kt ni gia nt 4 v nt 3) mang AIS tuyn. Cc knh 1-3 v 1-4 bt ngun t nt 1 nn u truyn ti s liu tin cy. p dng thut ton nh trn cho nt 3 thy rng ch c knh 4-3 yu cu chuyn mch bo v. Hn na, ba knh ni chuyn tip (2-1, 1-4, 2-4) u mang tn hiu tin cy. i vi nt 4, khng c mt giao din STM-1 no yu cu chuyn mch bo v. Cc ADM trn vng cng chiu kim ng h hot ng hon ton ging nh cc ADM trn vng ngc chiu kim ng h. V 2F USHR/P l mt dng ca chuyn mch knh v kch hot chuyn mch khi c AIS tuyn nn 95

khng yu cu giao thc APS (c ngha khng cn hot ng ca K1 v K2). Kt qu l cu trc 2F USHR/P c lp hon ton vi qu trnh pht trin v tiu chun ho giao thc APS.

3.6.3. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng


S hot ng ca mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng 2F USHR/L nh hnh 3.23. W P 5 W P 6 P W a) b) Hnh 3.23- Chuyn mch bo v trong 2F USHR/L Xt mt mng vng c 6 ADM, k hiu t 1 n 6 v gi thit ADM#1 v ADM#4 ang lin lc vi nhau. trng thi bnh thng (hnh 3.23a), tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu ca mi ADM c truyn trn hai si hot ng (W) cng hng vi nhau (trong hnh v l theo hng kim ng h). Tuy nhin, trn mi si W, tn hiu pht ca trm ny v tn hiu thu ca trm khc cng truyn ng thi. Do dung lng ca mi ADM s b hn ch. Khi cp b t ti mt im bt k, th d trn on gia ADM #2 v ADM #3, th hai ADM gn im b t (ADM#2 v ADM#3) tin hnh chuyn mch u vng tn hiu ng trn si W b t sang si bo v (P) duy tr lin lc gia cc ADM (hnh 3.23b). S u vng ti hai nt khi si b t nn phi p dng k thut chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) c s tham gia ca byte K1 v byte K2. Hot ng u vng tn hiu ng da vo thng tin cha trong K1 v K2 chnh l phng thc chuyn mch bo v ng. 1 2 4 W P 3 P W W P 6 P W 1 P W u vng 2 5 W P 4 W P 3 t cp u vng

3.6.4. Mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng


S mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng (2F BSHR/L) nh hnh 3.24. Cu trc BSHR c thc hin khi s dng 2 si quang. Tn hiu pht v thu ca mt ADM truyn trn 2 si v ngc hng nhau. Trong mi si, mt na tng s knh c s dng cho hot ng v na cn li dnh cho bo v. Hnh 3.24 p dng cho mng vng STM-16 (c 16 STM-1). Trn hnh 3.24a ghi r i vi si W1 v c si W2 c cc STM-1#1 n STM-1#8 dnh cho hot ng, STM-1#9 n STM-1#16 s dng cho bo v. Hnh 3.24b l trng hp cp b t, th d cp t trn on gia ADM#2 v ADM#3. Lc , hai ADM gn im b t (ADM#2 v ADM#3) tin hnh u vng ni STM-1#1 trn si W1 sang STM-1#9 trn si W2, v.v., ni STM-1#8 trn si W1 sang STM-1#16 trn si W2. 96

8 9 16

8 9 16

W1 W2

W1 W2 W1 W1
1

u vng
8 9 16

8 9 16

4 1

3
W1

5 W2
W2

4 1

W2 3

t cp 2
W1 W2 W1 W2
1 1 8 9 16

6
W1 W2

a)

b) Hnh 3.24- Chuyn mch bo v trong 2F BSHR/L

u vng
8 9 16

u vng c thc hin ti hai ADM, v vy phi c thng bo gia hai nt ny v phi hp chuyn mch ng thi. Mun vy cc thng bo v tn hiu iu khin c truyn ti trong cc byte K1 v K2. Cu trc 2F BSHR/L s dng truyn ti tn hiu STM-N, trong N l s chn, in hnh l STM-4 v STM-16. Tuy nhin y khng phi l iu kin bt buc. Nu N l s l s c hai kh nng thc hin. Hai kh nng tri ngc nhau v bo v v s dng. Nu tc bit s dng (hot ng) nh hn hoc bng 50% tc bit ca c h thng th p dng k thut u vng nh phn tch trn y. Cn nu lu lng s dng ln hn 50% lu lng ca h thng th khe thi gian s dng cui cng c b tr truyn ti dch v u tin thp. Tt nhin khi mng c s c th tn hiu dch v u tin thp ny s b mt.

3.6.5. Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng


S mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng (4F BSHR/L) nh hnh 3.25. Hnh 3.25a l mng vng 4 si chuyn mch bo v ng trng thi bnh thng. Mng c cu trc t 4 si quang, trong 2 si hot ng v 2 si bo v. Tn hiu STM-N truyn trn hai si hot ng ngc hng vi nhau. V c hai si bo v nn trng thi bnh thng trn 2 si hot ng s dng 100% tng s knh ca h thng. Hnh 3.25b th hin trng thi ca mng khi t cp trn on BC. Nguyn tc chung l hai nt gn im b t chuyn mch chuyn cc lung nhnh t 2 si hot ng b t sang 2 si bo v khng b t. Trong hnh v, nt B v nt C tin hnh chuyn mch u vng to thnh ng truyn lin tc gia ADM#A v ADM#D.

97

D E C E

D C u vng

Ring STM-N A B

Ring STM-N A B

t cp

a)

b) Hot ng (W) Hot ng (W) Bo v (P) Bo v (P) Hnh 3.25- Chuyn mch bo v trong 4F BSHR/L

u vng

Trong 4F BSHR/L, chuyn mch bo v c kch hot nh pht hin thng bo ci t t ng trong byte K1 v K2. K thut u vng trong 4F BHSR/L ch bo v c lu lng khi cp t v khng c tc dng bo v khi hng nt. Mun bo v lu lng khi t 2 si hot ng v hng nt cn s dng k thut bo v chng (bo v span). S bo v chng c minh ho ti hnh 3.26.

D E Ring STM-N A B C u cho

t 2 si W

u cho Hot ng (W) Bo v (P) Hnh 3.26- 4F BHSR bo v chng Trong trng hp 2 si hot ng (W) b t th 2 ADM gn im b t tin hnh chuyn mch u cho lu lng t 2 si W b t sang 2 si bo v trnh im t. Trong trng hp ny ch s dng 2 si bo v trong on c 2 si W b t. Khi ng chuyn mch ca 2 ADM ti hai u on c thc hin nh thng bo chuyn ti trong K1 v K2. T vic phn tch chuyn mch bo v trong mng vng 2 si hai hng cng nh mng vng 4 si hai hng thy rng vai tr ca cc byte K1 v K2 rt quan trng. V vy sau y tho lun v qu trnh vn hnh ca cc byte K1 v K2.

98

3.6.6. So snh cc mng vng bo v 3.6.6.1. Thi gian phc hi


(1) Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn Mng ny khng cn thi gian x l K1 v K2 ti cc nt nn thi gian phc hi nhanh nht. Thi gian phc hi c xc nh t thi im xy ra s c n thi im hon thnh chuyn mch ca phn t chuyn mch. Thi gian k t thi im xy ra s c n thi im bt u chuyn mch gi l thi gian khi ng chuyn mch. C hai tiu chun khi ng chuyn mch bo v, l mt tn hiu v suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Mt tn hiu l s c "cng" gy ra do mt tn hiu (LOS), mt khung (LOF), BER vt qu 10-3. Cn suy gim tn hiu l s c "mm" gy ra bi BER vt qu ngng ci t nm trong phm vi 10-5 n 10-9. Mt tn hiu thng c u tin chuyn mch bo v hn suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Thi gian pht hin BER ca h thng STM-N l tng cng ca thi gian pht hin tng l khi kim tra cc BIP-24 (3 byte B2) ca tn hiu STM- N trong mt chu k thi gian pht hin cc i. Chu k thi gian pht hin cc i l hm ca ngng BER. Bng 3.1 ch r mi lin quan gia BER v s lng vi phm BIP-24 da vo yu cu thi gian pht hin cc i. Bng 3.1 - Mi lin h gia BER v s vi phm BIP-24 ca STM-N BER 10-3 10
-4

Thi gian pht hin cc i 10 ms 100 ms 1s 10s 100s 1000s 10.000s

S lng vi phm BIP-24 1002 N 1476 N 1530 N 1536 N 1536 N 1536 N 1536 N

10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9

Th d 1, nu ngng BER bng 10-6 v s lng vi phm BIP-24 c pht hin trong chu k 10s i vi tn hiu STM-4 l 6300 th h thng ny lm vo tnh trng gim cht lng. Bi v s vi phm ny ln hn 6144 (1575 4). Nh vy, nu tnh trng suy gim cht lng c BER = 10-6 ko di th thi gian phc hi bng 10 s cng vi thi gian chuyn mch. Sau khi hon thnh chuyn mch th tn hiu trn h thng hot ng mi c chuyn sang h thng bo v. Th d 2, nu BER = 10-3 v s lng vi phm BIP-24 c pht hin trong chu k 10 ms i vi tn hiu STM-1 l 1600 th h thng c xem nh mt tn hiu. Trng hp ny c thi gian phc hi bng 10 ms cng vi thi gian chuyn mch. Tm li i vi mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn th thi gian chuyn mch bo v ti a k t khi pht hin mt tn hiu cho n khi hon thnh chuyn mch bo v nh hn tiu chun 50 ms. (2) Mng vng 2 hoc 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng i vi mng vng 2 hoc 4 si chuyn mch bo v ng khi t cp ch c hai nt gn im b t tin hnh u vng. V vy ng truyn byte K1 v K2 gia hai nt ny c xem nh l mt mng a im. V vy vic chuyn tip bo hiu K1 v K2 qua cc ADM s gy tr ng k v l thnh phn cn quan tm khi tnh thi gian phc hi ca mng vng chuyn mch 99

bo v ng. Cc ADM phi c kh nng c v chuyn tip cc byte K1 v K2. Nh trnh by trn y, thi gian x l byte K1 hoc K2 bng thi gian mt khung 125 s. Ngoi ra, ti mi ADM byte K1 hoc K2 c kt cui v ti to chuyn ti ADM tip theo. Do thi gian tr ti thiu bng 2 khung 125 s. Nh vy l thi gian x l v thi gian tr ca byte K1 hoc K2 ti mt ADM l 3 khung. Gi thit trong mng vng c ti a 16 ADM th tr bo hiu K1 v K2 l: Ttr = (16 - 2) nt 3 khung 125 s / khung = 5,25 ms (3.4) Ti mi ADM cn gim st lin tip 3 byte K1 hoc 3 byte K2. Do thi gian tr tng ca bo hiu K1 hoc K2 l 15,75 ms. Nu thi gian phc hi i vi mng vng cng yu cu hon thnh trong 50 ms nh mng im ni im th thi gian chuyn mch dnh cho mi phn t chuyn mch ti 2 ADM gn im b t s l (50 - 15,75) /2 = 17,125 ms. Vi thi gian chuyn mch ca mi phn t chuyn mch nh vy l c th p ng d dng i vi chuyn mch in t. Tm li, thi gian phc hi ca 2F BSHR/L, 4F BSHR/L bao gm thi gian chuyn mch ca cc phn t chuyn mch v thi gian tr ca bo hiu K1 v K2. Hai thnh phn ny xp x bng nhau.

3.6.6.2. So snh cc ch tiu khc


Bng 3.2 so snh cc ch tiu k thut nh tc phc hi, kh nng bo v nt (ADM), phc tp, s dng byte K1 v K2, gi thnh mi ADM v dung lng chuyn ti gia cc loi mng vng. Bng 3.2- So snh cc loi mng vng Cu trc SHR 4F BSHR/L 2F BSHR/L 2F USHR/L 2F USHR/P Dung lng Ln Trung bnh Thp Thp Gi thnh nt Cao Trung bnh Thp Thp S dng K1 v K2 C C C Khng phc tp Trung bnh Phc tp Trung bnh n gin Bo v nt C Khng Khng Khng Tc phc hi Chm Chm Chm Nhanh

T bng 3.2 cho bit: 4F BSHR/L c gi thnh mi ADM l cao nht. S d nh vy l v mng ny c xem nh mng vng kp (4 si) nn mi ADM phi trang b mt s thit b nhiu gp i so vi mng vng 2 si v do chi ph cho si quang cng cao nht. Tuy nhin dung lng ghp trn h thng hot ng nhiu gp i so vi 2F BSHR v c kh nng bo v nt. 2F BSHR/L phc tp nht, v phi dnh mt na dung lng cho hot ng v mt na dung lng cho bo v. Ngoi ra cn phi u vng cc khe thi gian tng ng vi nhau khi chuyn mch bo v. 2F USHR/P cu trc n gin nht, thi gian phc hi nhanh nht, nhng dung lng ghp thp.

TM TT
Trong thng tin SDH s dng cho si quang c cc loi cu hnh nt nh: u cui, xen-r (ADM), lp v ni cho s. Cu hnh u cui ch s dng trong mng ng thng. Cu hnh ADM s dng cho c mng ng thng v mng vng. 100

Cu hnh mng ng thng bao gm mng im ni im v mng a im. Hai cu hnh ny s dng 2 si quang: mt si cho tn hiu pht v mt si cho tn hiu thu. Cu hnh mng vng c phn chia thnh mng vng 2 si mt hng, mng vng 2 si hai hng v mng vng 4 si hai hng. Mng vng hai si mt hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn khng s dng bo hiu cha trong cc byte K1 v K2 v chuyn mch bo v bng cch chn tuyn c cht lng tt hn trong hai tuyn. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng bng cch u vng cho mt hng ti 2 nt gn im cp b t. Mng vng 2 si hai hng s dng bo v ng bng cch u vng ti hai nt gn im cp b t cho hai hng. Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng bng cch u vng tn hiu trn 2 si hot ng sang 2 si bo v ti 2 nt gn im cp b t. Trong trng hp si hot ng b t, mng vng 4 si hai hng c kh nng u cho tn hiu bo v chng. Tt c cc loi mng vng chuyn mch bo v ng v chng u s dng byte K1 v K2 truyn ti bo hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng.

CU HI
1. i vi cu hnh mng im ni im STM-N c th s dng c ch bo v no khi si quang ca h thng hot ng b t? a. C ch bo v 1:1 b. C ch bo v 1+1 c. C ch bo v 1:N d. C 3 loi c ch 2. H thng STM-1 im ni im STM-1 c th s dng c ch bo v no khi mt trong cc lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s c BER 10-3? a. u vng b. La chn tuyn c. C cu bo v 1:N 3. Mng vng c s nt ti a l 16, khi t cp ti mt im th bo hiu K1 v K2 i qua bao nhiu nt? a. 16 nt b. 14 nt c. 12 nt 4. Trong mng vng 2 si n hng bo v tuyn, cc bo hiu K1 v K2 truyn nh th no? a. Hai hng b. Mt hng c. Khng dng bo hiu K1 v K2 5. Mng vng 2 si hai hng c cc loi bo v g khi t cp? a. Bo v nt b. Bo v tuyn c. Bo v ng 101

6. Trong mng vng 4 si hai hng c nhng kh nng bo v g khi t cp? a. Bo v tuyn b. Bo v nt c. Bo v ng v chng 7. i vi h thng STM-1, s ln vi phm BIP-24 trong 10 ms l 960. Vy trung bnh trong mi khung STM-1 c bao nhiu ln vi phm BIP-24? a.10 ln b.11 ln c.12 ln 8. Nu s ln vi phm BIP-24 trong 10.000s bng 960 th trung bnh mi khung c bao nhiu ln vi phm BIP-24? a. 1,2 10-5 ln b. 1,5 10-5 ln c. 1,2 10-4 ln 9. Trng hp no sau y c u tin chuyn mch bo v? a. BER = 10-6 b. BER = 10-3 c. t cp quang (Xem tr li ti phn ph lc).

102

CHNG IV CC PHNG THC TRUYN TI S LIU


4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny gii thiu cc phng thc truyn ti s liu nh: - Cc phng php truyn ti ATM qua SDH bng cch sp xp cc t bo ATM vo cc conten o VC-n. Trong phn ny tp trung tho lun cch sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-4 v vo kt chui lin k VC-4-Xc. Qu trnh sp xp ny phi to kh nng my thu tch chnh xc gii hn cc t bo nhm m bo khng gy tn tht t bo. - Cc phng thc ng khung s liu IP. C 4 phng thc ng khung c gii thiu, l ng khung kiu giao thc im -im (PPP), kiu iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao (HDLC), kiu giao thc truy nhp tuyn SDH (LAPS), th tc ng khung chung (GFP). Sau khi ng khung, s liu c truyn qua mng SDH di dng im - im, v vy gi chung l phng thc truyn ti gi trn SDH (POS) - Phng php kt chui cc conten o VC-n truyn ti s liu c tc bit cao hn tc bit ca conten o. - Phng php truyn ti IP hoc ATM trn mng quang. - Giao thc s liu phn b si quang (FDDI), trong c mng vng th bi kp, thng gi l token ring. - Cng ngh Ethernet. - Cng ngh mng vng truyn ti cc gi s liu c kh nng t phc hi. Trong phn ny tp trung phn tch hai ch : giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP) v chuyn mch bo v thng minh (IPS). y l phng thc truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT).

4.2.TRUYN TI S LIU QUA SDH


4.2.1. Truyn ti ATM qua SDH 4.2.1.1. Cu trc t bo ATM
Trc ht gii thiu cu trc ca t bo ATM. T bo ATM c cu trc nh hnh 4.1. Th t bit trong mt byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 5 byte u 5 6

48 byte trng tin 53 Hnh 4.1. Cu trc t bo ATM

S byte trong t bo

103

T bo ATM c hai phn: u v ti trng. u c 5 byte v ti trng chim 48 byte. Trong u c cc bit s dng cho nh tuyn, iu khin lung v cc chc nng khc. Th t truyn cc bit trong mt byte l t tri qua phi. Cc byte trong t bo c truyn t trn xung di. Mun truyn ti s liu qua SDH th cng vic u tin l sp xp cc t bo ATM vo khung SDH. V nguyn tc, cc t bo ATM c th sp xp vo khung VC-n tt c cc mc. Tuy nhin, dung lng ca cc khung VC-n cc mc khc nhau khng nh nhau. V vy c khung cha ht cc t bo v cng c khung khng cha ht cc t bo. Sau y trnh by cch sp xp.

4.2.1.2. Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-n


Sp xp cc t bo ATM c thc hin bng cch ng chnh cu trc byte ca mi t bo so vi cu trc conten o n hoc kt chui cc conten o. V dung lng conten o hoc kt chui conten o khng bng bi s nguyn ln di t bo (53 byte) nn cho php t bo cui cng trong khung VC-n chuyn sang khung VC-n tip theo. Trng tin ca t bo (48 byte) c trn trc khi sp xp. Pha thu gii trn trng tin trc khi chuyn t bo vo lp ATM. u ca t bo cha trng kim tra li u (HEC) ng vai tr nh t m ng b khung v c s dng ti to t bo ti pha thu. (1) Sp xp vo khung VC-3/VC-4 Khi sp xp lung t bo ATM vo VC-3/VC-4 cn ng chnh bin gii byte ca t bo vi bin gii ca VC-3/VC-4. Trnh t sp xp nh hnh 4.2. H H trng tin trng tin trng tin H trng tin H H H 9 hng H trng tin H trng tin H

H VC-3/ VC-4 POH

trng tin

trng tin

H- u

Hnh 4.2. Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo khung VC-3/VC-4 Khung C3 c 84 ct v khung C-4 c 260 ct dnh ghp cc t bo ATM. Mi hng ca khung C-3/C-4 khng phi l bi s nguyn ca 53 byte, v vy t bo cui cng ca cc dng trong khung VC-3/VC-4 c mt s byte phi ghp xung u hng ca dng tip theo. Tng s byte trong khung C-3/C-4 dnh sp xp cc t bo ATM bng 756/2340 byte. S byte ny khng l bi s nguyn ca 53 byte, v vy t bo cui cng trong khung c mt s byte chuyn sang u khung tip theo. (2) Sp xp vo VC-4-Xc Trong trng hp kt chui lin k X khung VC-4 cn phi ng chnh bin gii t bo ATM so vi bin gii ca VC-4-Xc. Do dung lng ca VC-4-Xc khng phi l bi s nguyn ca 53 byte nn byte cui cng ca t bo trong khung VC-4 c php chuyn sang khung VC-4 104

hoc VC-4-Xc tip theo. Trc khi sp xp, n c nh X-1 ct vo lin sau ct VC-4 POH (hnh 4.3). trng tin trng tin H H trng tin trng tin H H H

H n c nh

trng tin

trng tin

9 hng H

H X-1 VC-4-Xc POH

trng tin

trng tin

X 260 byte Hnh 4.3- Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo khung VC-4-Xc

(3) Sp xp vo VC-12 a khung VC-12 c 4 khung VC-12. Mi khung VC-12 gm mt byte VC-12 POH v 34 byte ti trng. Cc t bo ATM c sp xp vo vng ti trng ca VC-12 v c ng chnh gia bin gii t bo v bin gii byte ca VC-12. V dung lng vng ti trng ca mi khung VC-12 bng 34 byte khng phi l c s nguyn ca 53 byte nn t bo c th chuyn sang khung hoc a khung VC-12 tip theo.

4.2.2. Cc phng thc ng khung s liu 4.2.2.1. M u


Vn ny lin quan n mng quang SDH th h tip theo v c th hin ti hnh 4.4.

IP PDH MPLS VLAN Ethernet DVB

ATM

Fibre Chanel ESCON FICON

HDLC/PPP/LAPS GFP-F GFP-T

Kt chui lin k NG SDH

Kt chui o

Hnh 4.4- M hnh mng quang SDH th h tip theo

105

Trc y, cng ngh SDH c thit k ti u cho mc ch truyn ti cc tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Tuy nhin hin nay yu cu t ra i vi mng hon ton thay i khi cc dch v truyn ti d liu ngy cng tng. iu c ngha l trong tng lai, h thng SDH truyn thng khng th p ng c nhu cu gia tng ca cc dch v s liu na. SDH th h tip theo (NG-SDH) l mt c ch truyn ti cho php tn ti ng thi cc dch v truyn thng v cc dch v mi trn cng mt mng m khng lm nh hng ln nhau. Cc giao thc quan trng c s dng trong SDH th h tip theo phc v cho vic truyn ti s liu qua mng SDH bao gm: th tc ng khung chung (GFP), kt chui o (VCAT) v c ch iu chnh dung lng tuyn (LCAS), tt c u c ITU-T tiu chun ha. Cc cng ngh ny cho php kt hp mt cch hiu qu nhiu giao din s liu khc nhau vo trong SDH. iu quan trng nht l SDH c th thc hin vic phn b bng thng m khng lm nh hng ti lu lng hin ti. Ngoi ra, SDH th h tip theo cn c kh nng cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS) thch hp cho cc dch v mi v kh nng truyn ti ng thi nhiu loi dch v khc nhau trong cng mt mi trng.

4.2.2.2. ng khung kiu HDLC


(1) Gi PPP Cc gi IP c sp xp vo khung SDH khi s dng gi PPP. Cc gi s liu IP c sp xp thnh cc gi c kch c ca mt khi truyn dn cc i (MTU). Khun dng gi PPP nh hnh 4.5.
0 1 2 3

0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 45 67890 12 34 56789 0 1
Giao thc Giao thc (nu 16 bit)

Trng tin .......


m

MTU = Trng tin + m = 1500 byte Hnh 4.5- Khun dng gi PPP Trng giao thc c chiu di mt hoc hai byte. Gi tr ca trng giao thc biu th loi giao thc, th d giao thc Internet (IP), giao thc iu khin tuyn (LCP), v.v. Ti trng cc gi s liu IP c truyn ti trong trng tin. Trng tin cng vi m c chiu di cc i 1500 byte. Trong trng hp gi s liu IP ln hn MTU th phn thnh nhiu gi nh v s dng mt s gi PPP. (2) ng khung HDLC Hnh 4.6 minh ho kiu ng khung iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao HDLC. Hnh ny khng bao gm cc bit xen cho ng b v cc bit xen bt k.

106

Mi khung c dy c 8 bit ti u khung. C c quy nh l dy nh phn 01111110. Gia hai khung ch yu cu mt c. Hai c lin tip biu th khung rng v c xo mt cch n gin v khng c m nh mt dy kim tra khung (FCS). HDLC quy nh trng a ch 8 bit. Bi v truyn gi trn SDH (POS) ch s dng cc tuyn im ni im nn khng yu cu a ch trong HDLC. Chnh v vy m trng a ch ci t "a ch tt c cc trm" bi dy nh phn "11111111" . Tuy nhin, trng a ch phi c x l pht hin a ch tt c cc trm.
0 1 2 3

0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 45 67890 12 34 56789 0 1
C a ch iu khin 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 00 1 1

Gi PPP .......
FCS

FCS (nu 32 bit)

C 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Lm y gia cc khung hoc a ch tip theo

Hnh 4.6- Cu trc khung HDLC Trng iu khin 8 bit c s dng trong HDLC thc hin mt s chc nng iu khin. Trong POS trng ny l dy nh phn "00000011". FCS c tnh ton trn ton b khung, bao gm cc trng a ch, iu khin, giao thc, thng tin, m v cc bit hoc cc byte bt k xen vo nhm m bo tnh trong sut. Trng FCS t ti cui khung. V cc byte trong trng tin c th b phng to thnh byte c, nn trnh mt ng b khung cn s dng th tc m byte. Byte m c t sau khi tnh ton FCS. Ti pha thu cn tnh ton FCS pht hin khung b li. (3) Khun dng giao din ng khung HDLC c s dng cung cp giao din mt octet cho lp vt l SDH. Lung octet c sp xp thnh AUG trong bin gii octet AUG. M ng truyn nh phn c s dng cho cc giao din SDH. Dy di ton cc bit 0 s gy ra rc ri trong mng SDH. Th d, my thu thng phc hi ng h t lung s liu n nhm m bo ng b chnh xc trn ton mng. Trong trng hp xut hin dy di cc bit 0 th h thng vng kho pha ca my thu s mt ng b v dn ti nh thi khng chnh xc nt SDH v tt c cc lung xung ca cc nt. V vy phi tin hnh trn ti trng ti pha pht v gii trn ti pha thu. Kiu trn c ch th bi byte nhn tn hiu C2 trong mo u tuyn. Theo khuyn ngh RFC-2615 th giao din POS c tc truyn dn c s l 155,52 Mbit/s v cng c kh nng to ra cc giao din POS tc bit cao STM-4c v STM-16c. Ring giao din HDLC STM-64c s dng kiu ng khung c t m 32 bit. 107

4.2.2.3. ng khung kiu LAPS


Giao thc truy nhp tuyn SDH (LAPS) l mt giao thc tuyn s liu c thit k cho mc ch IP/ SDH v Ethernet / SDH c ITU-T chun ho ln lt trong khuyn ngh X.85, X.86. LAPS hot ng nh khung HDLC bao gm dch v lin kt s liu v ch tiu giao thc thc hin vic sp xp gi IP vo ti SDH. IP/SDH s dng LAPS nh mt s kt hp cu trc thng tin s liu giao thc IP (hoc cc giao thc khc) vi mng SDH. Lp vt l, lp tuyn s liu v lp mng hoc cc giao thc khc c sp xp tun t gm SDH, LAPS v IP hoc PPP. Mi lin h ny c biu din nh ngn giao thc / lp cho IP trn STM-N. Hnh 4.7 m t IP/SDH nh ngn giao thc/lp.
TCP/ UDP

IP LAPS
VC mc thp

Giao thc Internet

VC mc cao on ghp knh on lp on in/quang

G.707/Y.1322

G.703/G.957

Hnh 4.7- Ngn giao thc /lp cho IP trn STM-N s dng LAPS X.85

4.2.2.4. ng khung kiu GFP


GFP quy nh mt c ch chung thch ng cc tn hiu khch hng lp cao vi mng truyn ti ng b. Cc tn hiu khch hng c th dng khi s liu giao thc PDU (nh IP/PPP hay Ethernet MAC), m khi (nh knh si quang hay ESCON) hoc lung s c tc bit c nh. GFP bao gm c phn chung v phn c trng cho tng loi tn hiu khch hng. Phn chung ca GFP p dng cho tt c cc loi lu lng. Hin nay c hai ch thch ng tn hiu khch hng c nh ngha cho GFP. Ch thch ng vi tn hiu dng PDU c gi l GFP sp xp khung (GFP-F). Ch thch ng vi tn hiu c dng m khi c gi l GFP trong sut (GFP-T). Hnh 4.8 minh ho mi quan h gia cc tn hiu khch hng lp cao vi GFP v cc tuyn chuyn ti ca n. Ethernet IP/PPP (Ph thuc ti trng) GFP - Phn chung (Khng ph thuc ti trng) Tuyn truyn ti SDH Hnh 4.8- Quan h ca GFP vi cc tn hiu khch hng v tuyn truyn ti 108 Cc dch v khc

GFP - Phn c trng khch hng

(1) Phn chung ca GFP Khung ngi s dng GFP Cu trc ca khung ngi s dng GFP c minh ha trong hnh 4.9.
PLI u chnh u ti trng Th t truyn byte u m rng (ty chn) TI TRNG n byte Tng kim tra (ty chn) 4 byte 4 byte 0-60 byte cHEC (CRC-16) PTI PFI kiu EXI UPI tHEC (CRC-16) EXI eHEC (CRC-16) PLI: ch th kch c PDU cHEC: kim tra li u chnh PTI: ch th kiu ti trng 000: s liu khch hng 100: qun l khch hng PFI: ch th FSC ti trng 1: c FSC 0: khng FSC kiu EXI: ch th u m rng 0000: Null 0001: Chui 0010: V UPI: ch th ti trng ngi s dng tHEC: HEC trng kiu EXI: ch th u m rng eHEC: HEC m rng Ti trng: cha khung PDU pFCS: FCS ti trng

TI TRNG
0-4 byte pFCS (CRC-32)

Th t truyn bit

Hnh 4.9- Cu trc khung ngi s dng GFP Khung ngi s dng gm phn u chnh v vng ti trng. Vng u chnh: vng u chnh c kch thc c nh l 4 byte bao gm trng ch th di PDU (k hiu l PLI) v trng kim tra li u chnh cHEC. Hai byte trng PLI ch th s byte trong vng ti trng, kch thc ti a ca vng ti trng l 65535 byte (216-1). Hai byte trng kim tra li cha chui CRC-16 c nhim v bo v tnh nguyn vn ni dung ca phn u chnh thng qua kh nng sa li n bit v pht hin li a bit. Chui cHEC c tnh trn tt c cc byte cn li ca phn u chnh. Vng ti trng: vng ti trng bao gm tt c cc byte trong khung GFP sau phn u chnh. Kch thc ca vng ti trng thay i trong khong t 4 n 65535 byte. Vng ti trng thng bao gm hai thnh phn: trng u ti trng v trng ti trng, trng FCS ti trng ch l tu chn. u ti trng c kch thc thay i t 4 n 64 byte h tr cc th tc qun l tuyn s liu cho cc tn hiu khch hng lp cao. Vng ny bao gm hai trng chnh: trng kiu (4 byte gm c tHEC) v phn u m rng c kch thc thay i. S c mt cng nh khun dng ca phn u m rng v FCS ti trng c ch th bi trng kiu. Trng kiu bao gm cc trng sau : PTI (3 bit), PFI (1bit), kiu EXI (4 bit) v UPI (1 byte). u m rng h tr u tuyn s liu c trng cho tng cng ngh nh nhn dng tuyn o, a ch ngun/ch, s cng, lp dch v v kim tra li u m rng. Trng ti trng GFP cha khung PDU, c kch thc thay i trong khong t 0 n (65.536-X) trong X l kch c u ti trng. Khi s liu giao thc ngi s dng/iu khin lun lun c t vo trong trng ti trng. Khung iu khin Cc gi tr ca PLI t 0 n 3 c s dng trong cc khung iu khin trong gi tr PLI=0 tng ng vi khung rng. Khung rng l khung iu khin c bit gm c 4 byte cha 109

u chnh vi cc trng PLI v cHEC c thit lp bng 0. Khung rng khng c vng ti trng, c s dng nh mt khung lc gip cho my pht thch ng lung byte GFP vi bt k mt mi trng truyn ti no. Cu trc cc khung iu khin c minh ho trong hnh 4.10.
PLI:=0 khung rng

0x0000

u CRC-16

PLI:=1 hoc 2 hoc 3

PLI

u CRC-16

Bn tin OA&M (48 bit)

CRC-16 ti trng

Hnh 4.10- Cu trc khung iu khin (2) Phn c trng ti trng cho GFP sp xp khung Ti trng MAC Ethernet Quan h gia khung MAC Ethernet v khung GFP c minh ho trong hnh 4.11. Khung MAC Ethernet byte Khung GFP PLI cHEC Kiu u Bt u ranh gii khung a ch ch (DA) a ch ngun (SA) di/kiu D liu khch hng MAC m FSC 4 7 1 6 6 2 TI TRNG GFP tHEC u m rng GFP

Hnh 4.11- Quan h gia khung MAC Ethernet v khung GFP Mi khi s liu giao thc (PDU) lp cao c sp xp vo mt PDU GFP. c bit, cc ranh gii ca PDU GFP c ng b vi cc ranh gii ca cc PDU lp cao c ng khung. Ton b cc byte MAC Ehternet t phn a ch ch n FCS c t vo vng ti trng GFP. ng b byte v nhn bit cc bit trong byte c duy tr. Ti trng IP/PPP Trc tin c ng gi vo trong mt khung kiu HDLC, tip theo mi PDU PPP/HDLC c sp xp vo mt PDU GFP. Cc ranh gii ca PDU GFP c ng b vi cc 110

ranh gii ca cc PDU PPP/HDLC lp cao. Quan h gia khung PPP/HDLC v khung GFP c minh ho trong hnh 4.12. Tt c cc byte t khung PPP/HDLC c t vo trong vng ti trng ca khung GFP. Vic ng b byte v nhn dng bit trong cc byte cng c duy tr. Khung PPP/HDLC byte 2 2 2 2 C a ch iu khin Kiu PPP Thng tin PPP (m) FSC 4 Hnh 4.12- Quan h gia khung PPP/HDLC v khung GFP (3) Phn c trng ti trng cho GFP trong sut Sp xp trong sut ti trng m khi 8B/10B vo khung GFP lm cho vic truyn ti cc tn hiu khch hng yu cu tr truyn dn rt nh tr nn thun tin hn. Mt s cc tn hiu khch hng loi ny l: Fibre Chanel, ESCON, FICON v Gigabit Ethernet. Thay v m ton b khung s liu khch hng vo khung GFP, mi k hiu ca tn hiu khch hng c gii m khi sau c sp xp vo cc khung GFP c chu k v kch c c nh. Vic sp xp c thc hin vi c k hiu s liu v k hiu iu khin. 1 1 1 2 TI TRNG GFP Khung GFP PLI cHEC Kiu tHEC u m rng GFP

4.2.3. Cc c ch kt chui cc conten o


Kt chui cc VC c s dng truyn ti cc khi ti trng yu cu dung lng ln hn dung lng tiu chun ca cc VC-n. Hai phng thc kt chui c nh ngha l: kt chui lin k v kt chui o. Ti u cui ca tuyn, c hai phng thc u cho dung lng truyn dn ln gp X ln dung lng ca conten mc n (C-n).

4.2.3.1. Kt chui lin k (VC-n-Xc)


Kt chui lin k c thc hin vi cc conten o mc 4: VC-4-Xc, X = 4, 16, 64, 256 v conten o mc 2 (VC-2-Xc, X = 1 7). Mt VC-n-Xc cung cp mt vng ti trng ln gp X ln mt conten mc n (C-n). Mt khi mo u tuyn POH chung cho ton b VC-n-Xc. Cu trc khung VC-4-Xc c th hin ti hnh 4.13 v VC-2-Xc nh hnh 4.14. VC-4-Xc c truyn ti trong X khi qun l mc 4 (AU-4) lin k ca khung STM-N. Ct u tin ca VC-4-Xc lun lun nm trong khi AU-4 th nht. Con tr ca AU-4 th nht 111

ch th v tr ca byte J1 ca ca VC-4-Xc. Cc con tr ca cc khi AU-4 th 2 ti th X c thit lp ch th ti trng kt chui (hai byte H1 v H2 c gi tr 1001SS1111111111). Vic hiu chnh con tr c thc hin chung cho c X AU-4 kt chui v khi chn s dng X3 byte. Mt VC-4-Xc cung cp mt dung lng ti trng 599.040 kbit/s vi X= 4, 2.396.160 kbit/s vi X=16, 9.584.640 kbit/s vi X= 64. X VC-2-Xc c kt chui lin k trong mt conten o mc 3 (VC-3). VC-2-Xc nm trong X TU-2 k nhau trong mt VC-3. Ct u tin ca VC-2-Xc lun lun nm trong TU-2 th nht. Con tr ca khi TU-2 th nht ny s ch th v tr ca byte V5 trong phn POH ca VC-2Xc. Cc con tr ca cc khi TU-2#2 ti #X c thit lp ch th ti trng kt chui (hai byte V1 v V2 c gi tr 1001SS1111111111). Vic hiu chnh con tr c thc hin chung cho c X TU-2 kt chui v khi chn s dng X byte.
1

J1 B3 C2 G1 Chn F2 c nh H4 F3 K3 9 N1
1 X-1 X x 261

C-4-Xc

125 s X x 260

Hnh 4.13- Cu trc khung VC-4-Xc


X x 107 1 X-1 X x 106

V5 J2 N2 K4
Hnh 4.14- Cu trc khung VC-2-Xc

Chn c nh

C-2-Xc
500 s

4.2.3.2. Kt chui o VCAT (VC-n-Xv)


Mt khi VC-n-Xv cung cp mt vng ti trng c dung lng bng X ln C-n. Conten c sp xp ring vo X VC-n to thnh VC-n-Xv. Mi VC-n c mo u tuyn ring. Hnh 4.15 minh ha cu trc khung VC-3/4-Xv v hnh 4.16 l cu trc khung ca Vc-12-Xv. Mi VC-n ca VC-n-Xv c truyn ti ring bit qua mng. Do ng i ca cc VC-n khc nhau dn n tr ng truyn khc nhau gia cc VC-n v do th t ca cc VC-n s 112

thay i. Ti trm ch, cc VC-n phi c b tr, sp xp v tp hp khi phc li khi ti trng ban u. Qu trnh x l ti trm ch phi b c khong tr ti thiu 125 s. phc v cho vic b tr trm ch, trm ngun sp xp cc VC-n li thnh a khung. Byte H4 (K4) c s dng ch th th t (SQ) v ch th a khung (MFI) cho cc VC-n.
1 1 X

C-3/4-Xc

9 X J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 C-3/4 K3 N1

125 s

1 1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 9 N1

C-3/4

VC-3/4-Xv
125 s VC-3/4#1 VC-3/4#X 125 s

Hnh 4.15- Cu trc khung VC-3/VC-4-Xv


X

C-1/2-Xc
X 1 V5 J2 N2 K4 4 C-2/1 VC-1/2#1

500 s

1 1 V5 J2 N2 4 K4

500 s VC-1/2#X 500 s

VC-1/2-Xv

Hnh 4.16- Cu trc a khung VC-1/2-Xv (1) Ch th th t v a khung VC-3/4-Xv Mt a khung tng 512 ms c s dng b tr trong khong t 125 s n 256 ms. a khung tng gm 256 a khung. Ch th a khung c chia lm hai phn. Phn th nht s dng 4 bit (bit 5 n bit 8) ca byte H4 ch th a khung (MFI-1). MFI-1 tng mt n v sau 113

mi khung v c gi tr trong khong t 0 n 15. Phn th hai l ch th a khung 8-bit (MFI-2) s dng cc bit t 1 n 4 ca byte H4 thuc khung 0 (bit 1-4 ca MFI-2 ) v thuc khung 1 (bit 5-8 ca MFI-2). MFI-2 tng mt n v sau mi 16 khung (1 a khung) v c gi tr trong khong t 0 n 255. Kt qu l a khung tng c 4096 khung, di 512 ms (hnh 4.17). Vic nhn dng mi VC-3/4 trong VC-3/4-Xv c thc hin nh cc bit ch th th t (SQ) nh minh ha trong hnh 4.18. Mi VC-3/4 ca mt VC-3/4-Xv c mt s th t c nh duy nht nm trong khong t 0 n X-1. VC-3/4 truyn ti khe thi gian th nht ca VC-3/4-Xc c s th t 0, VC-3/4 truyn ti khe thi gian th hai ca VC-3/4-Xc c s th t 1 v.v VC-3/4 truyn ti khe thi gian th X ca VC-3/4-Xc c s th t (X-1). S th t 8-bit (cho gi tr ca X trong khong t 0 n 256) c truyn ti trong cc bit 1 n 4 ca cc byte H4, s dng khung 14 (bit 1-4 ca SQ) v khung 15 (bit 5-8 ca SQ) nh bng 4.1.

MFI1: 0 MFI1: 0 MFI2_MSB: 0 MFI2_MSB: 0 MFI1: 1 MFI1: 1 MFI2_MSB: 0 MFI2_MSB: 0 POH POH

POH

POH

POH

MFI1: 0 MFI1: 0 MFI2_MSB: 0 MFI2_MSB: 0 MFI1: 1 MFI1: 0 MFI2_MSB: 1 MFI2_MSB: 1 SQ: X-1 SQ: 0 POH POH

Hnh 4.17- Ch th a khung v th t VC-3/4-Xv


1

5 6

POH

POH

11

POH

MFI1: 15

MFI1: 15

a khung (MF) 32

R R R R R RCh th R Rt R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R th R m khung R: bit d tr

Hnh 4.18- a khung 32 bit (bit th hai byte K4) (2) Ch th th t v a khung VC-1/2-Xv Bit th 2 ca byte K4 ca VC-1/2 POH c s dng mang thng tin v th t VC-1/2 v th t khung. Mt chui gm 32 bit ni tip (hnh thnh t 32 a khung, mi a khung c 4

114

khung) c sp xp nh hnh 4.18. Chui bit ny c lp li sau mi 16 ms (32 bit x 500 s/bit) hay sau mi 128 khung. Bng 4.1- Ch th th t v a khung trong byte H4 Byte H4 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 Ch th a khung th nht MFI1 (bit 1-4) Ch th th t MSB (bit 1-4) Ch th th t LSB (bit 5-8) Ch th a khung th 2 MSB (bit 1-4) Ch th a khung th 2 LSB (bit 5-8) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) D tr ( "0000" ) Ch th th t MSB (bit 1-4) Ch th th t LSB (bit 5-8) Ch th a khung th 2 MSB (bit 1-4) Ch th a khung th 2 LSB (bit 5-8) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 S th t khung S th t a khung

14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2

n-1

n+1

Cu trc ca a khung gm cc trng sau: t bit th 1 n th 5 l trng m khung, bit th 6 11 l cc bit ch th th t, 21 bit cn li c dng d tr cho tng lai v c thit lp ton b l bit "0". Nm bit m khung cho php xc nh lch tr ln ti 512 ms, bng 32 ln di ca a khung (32 x 16 ms = 512 ms). Cc bit ch th th t (SQ) gip nhn dng th t ca mi VC-2/1 trong VC-1/2-Xc. Mi VC-1/2 ca mt VC-1/2-Xv c mt s th t c nh duy nht nm trong khong t 0 n (X-1). VC-1/2 truyn ti khe thi gian th nht ca VC-1/2-Xc c s th t 0, VC-1/2 truyn ti khe thi gian th hai ca VC-1/2-Xc c s th t 1 v.v VC-1/2 truyn ti khe thi gian th X ca VC1/2-Xc c s th t (X-1). 115

4.2.3.3. So snh kt chui o v kt chui lin k


S khc nhau gia hai phng thc kt chui l cch truyn ti cc VC gia cc u cui (hnh 4.19). Ngoi ra, phng thc kt chui o cng cho hiu sut truyn dn cao hn so vi phng thc kt chui lin k nh minh ho trong bng 4.2. Bng 4.2- So snh hiu sut ca hai phng thc kt chui Dch v Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Chanel ATM DVB ESCON Tc bit 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 1000 Mbit/s 1700 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s 270 Mbit/s 160 Mbit/s Kt chui lin k VC-3 (20%) VC-4 (67%) VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-16c (42%) VC-3 (50%) VC-4-4c (37%) VC-4-4c (26%) Kt chui o VC-11-7v (89%) VC-3-2v (99%) VC-4-7v (95%) VC-4-12v (90%) VC-11-16v (98%) VC-3-6v (93%) VC-3-4v (83%)

Kt chui o chia nh khi ti trng cn truyn v sp xp vo cc VC-n ring, cc VC-n c truyn i v c ti kt hp ti im cui ca tuyn truyn dn. Chnh v vy, phng thc kt chui o ch yu cu chc nng kt chui ti thit b u cui ca tuyn. Trong khi , kt chui lin k yu cu chc nng kt chui ti mi phn t mng.
Kt chui lin k VC-4-4c POH 2 Bng thng yu cu 1 II Kt chui o VC-4-3v POH POH POH Mt nhm VC (VCG)

3 VC thnh vin Mt tuyn 3 622 Mbps III Nhiu tuyn 3 x 155 Mbps

IV

Hnh 4.19- V d so snh hai phng thc kt chui

4.2.4. C ch iu chnh dung lng tuyn LCAS


Nh trnh by trn, kt chui ti c thc hin to nn nhng ti c dung lng khc nhau. Mc d mt s lng ti kt chui c th c xc nh trc cho phn ln ng dng nhng thc t chng ta cng cn phn phi linh hot mt s ti cho mt vi ng dng c 116

POH POH POH

POH

th. LACS c thit k thc hin chc nng trn. LCAS l mt giao thc bo hiu thc hin trao i bn tin gia hai im kt cui VC-n xc nh s lng ti kt chui. ng vi yu cu ca ngi s dng, s lng ti kt chui c th tng/gim ph hp vi dung lng lu lng trao i. c tnh ny rt hu dng vi nh khai thc thch ng bng tn gia cc b nh tuyn thay i theo thi gian, theo ma...

4.2.4.1. Gi iu khin
C ch hot ng ca LCAS da trn vic trao i gi iu khin gia my pht v my thu. Mi gi iu khin s m t trng thi ca tuyn trong gi iu khin k tip. Nhng thay i ny c truyn ti pha thu my thu c th chuyn ti cu hnh mi ngay khi nhn c n. Gi iu khin gm mt lot cc trng dnh cho nhng chc nng nh trc v cha thng tin truyn t m y pht n m y thu cng nh thng tin t my thu n my pht. Hng i: Trng ch th a khung (MFI) Trng ch th dy (SQ) Trng iu khin (CTRL) Bit nhn dng nhm (GID) Hng v Trng trng thi thnh vin (MST) Bit xc nhn thay i th t (RS-Ack) Truyn hai hng Trng CRC Cc bit d tr khng s dng c thit lp bng 0 pha pht, MFI ca tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm kt chui o (VCG) u bng nhau v tng sau mi khung. pha thu, MFI c s dng tp hp li ti trng cho tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm. MFI c s dng xc nh tr gia cc thnh vin trong cng mt nhm. Trng SQ cha s th t c gn cho mt thnh vin xc nh. Mi thnh vin trong cng mt VCG c gn mt s th t duy nht. Trng iu khin c s dng truyn ti thng tin t pha pht ti pha thu. Ngoi mc ch ng b gia hai pha, n cn cung cp trng thi ca mi thnh vin trong nhm (xem bng 4.3). Ti thi im bt u ca mt VCG, tt c cc thnh vin s pht CTRL = IDLE. Bit ch th nhm GID c s dng nhn dng VCG. Trong cc khung c cng MFI, bit GID ca tt c cc thnh vin thuc cng VCG c cng gi tr. Bit GID l phng tin pha thu kim tra xem tt c cc thnh vin n c hnh thnh cng t mt trm pht hay khng. Ni dung ca bit GID l gi ngu nhin s dng mu 215-1. Trng CRC c s dng bo v mi gi iu khin. Sau khi thu c, mi gi iu khin u c kim tra CRC. Nu kim tra CRC khng pht hin li, gi s c s dng, ngc li s b loi b. Trng trng thi thnh vin c gi t pha thu ti pha pht (hng ln) cha thng tin v trng thi ca tt c cc thnh vin ca mt VCG. MST s dng mt bit vi hai trng thi: OK 117

= 0 v FAIL = 1. Khi bt u mt VCG, tt c cc thnh vin gi MST = FAIL, MST khng s dng cng c thit lp bng FAIL. Bng 4.3- Cc t m iu khin Gi tr 0000 0001 0010 0011 0101 1111 Lnh FIXED ADD NORM EOS IDLE DNU ngha u cui ny khng s dng LCAD Thnh vin ny chun b c thm vo nhm Truyn ti bnh thng S th t cao nht v truyn ti bnh thng Thnh vin ny khng thuc nhm hoc sp b loi b Khng s dng (ti trng), pha thu nhn bit li

Bt k mt thay i no c pht hin ti pha thu lin quan n s th t ca thnh vin u c ghi nhn v gi v phi pht thng qua o bit RS-Ack. Bit RS-Ack ch c th thay i sau khi nh gi trng thi ca tt c cc thnh vin. Vic o bit RS-Ack s cng nhn gi tr ca MST trong a khung trc. Pha pht c th s dng vic o bit nh l du hiu cho php thay i t pha thu v n s chp nhn thng tin MST mi.

4.2.4.2. Cc chc nng chnh ca LCAS


(1) Thm thnh vin (tng dung lng) Hnh 4.20 minh ha qu trnh thc hin vic thm hai thnh vin sau thnh vin cui cng.
memn-1 (EOS) Sk memn (mi) Sk memn+1 (mi) Sk

NMS Lnh ADD

LCAS

CTRL=ADD CTRL=ADD MST=OK CTRL=NORM CTRL=EOS MST=OK CTRL=EOS

CTRL=NORM

memi : thnh vin th i

Hnh 4.20- Thm nhiu thnh vin Khi mt thnh vin c thm vo, n s lun c ch nh s th t ln hn s th t cao nht hin ti (trong t m CTRL c ch th EOS). Sau lnh ADD, thnh vin u tin phc p MST = OK s c ch nh s th t cao nht (tip theo s th t cao nht hin ti) v thay

118

i t m CTRL thnh EOS, ng thi thnh vin cao nht hin ti cng thay i CTRL ca n thnh NORM. Trong trng hp thm nhiu thnh vin (v d x thnh vin) v nhn c ng thi nhiu thnh vin c phc p MST = OK, vic ch nh s th t c thc hin mt cch ty , min l chng to thnh mt dy x s th t tip theo s th t cao nht hin ti. T m CTRL ca thnh vin cao nht hin ti s chuyn t EOS thnh NORM, ng thi t m CTRL ca thnh vin mi cao nht c thay i thnh EOS, CTRL ca tt c cc thnh vin mi cn li c thit lp bng NORM. Bc cui cng ca qu trnh thm thnh vin l gi i NORM hoc EOS trong t m iu khin ca gi iu khin cho thnh vin . Khung conten u tin cha s liu ti trng cho thnh vin mi s l khung conten ngay sau bit cui cng ca khung cha bn tin NORM/EOS. (2) Loi b tm thi thnh vin (gim dung lng) Khi ti pha thu pht hin ra mt thnh vin pht NORM hoc EOS b s c trong mng, pha thu s gi i MST = FAIL cho thnh vin . Sau pha pht s thay th iu kin NORM/EOS bng DNU v thnh vin ngay trc s gi i EOS trong trng CTRL. Bc cui cng trong qu trnh loi b tm thi mt thnh vin l loi b vng ti trng ca thnh vin khi VCG. Khung conten cui cng cha ti trng ca thnh vin b loi b l khung cha bit cui cng ca gi iu khin cha t m DNU. Khung tip theo khung cui cng s cha ton bit 0 trong vng ti trng. Hnh 4.21 minh ha qu trnh loi b thnh vin cui cng do li s dng lnh DNU. Khi pha thu pht hin nguyn nhn gy s c c xa b, n s gi MST = OK cho thnh vin . Pha pht s thay th iu kin DNU bng NORM/EOS v thnh vin ngay trc s gi i NORM trong trng CTRL. Bc cui cng khi khi phc li mt thnh vin b loi b tm thi l bt u s dng li vng ti trng ca thnh vin . Khung conten u tin cha s liu ti trng cho thnh vin ny l khung ngay sau khung cha bit cui cng ca gi iu khin c t m NORM/EOS u tin cho thnh vin .
NMS LCAS memn-1 Sk memn (EOS) Sk
MST=FAIL

Trng thi li memi : thnh vin th i

CTRL=EOS

CTRL=DNU

Hnh 4.21- Gim dung lng do s c mng (3) Xa thnh vin (gim dung lng) Khi cc thnh vin b xa, s th t v trng thi ca cc thnh vin khc s c ch nh li. Nu thnh vin b xa cha s th t cao nht ca nhm, thnh vin c s th t cao th hai s thay i t m iu khin thnh EOS, ng thi gi iu khin ca thnh vin b xa chuyn 119

thnh IDLE. Nu vic xa khng c thc hin bi thnh vin cao nht th cc thnh vin c s th t trong khong t thnh vin b xa ti s th t cao nht s cp nht SQ trong cc gi iu khin, ng thi thnh vin b xa thay i trng thi. Khi thnh vin b xa gi i t m iu khin IDLE, khung conten cui cng ca thnh vin ny cn cha s liu ti trng l khung cha bit cui cng ca gi iu khin. Hnh 4.22 minh ha qu trnh loi b cc thnh vin th 4 v th 5 t mt VCG c n = 6 thnh vin. mem4 mem5 mem6 (EOS) Sk Sk Sk NMS LCAS
Lnh gim
CTRL=IDLE SQ=4 MST=FAIL o bit RS-Ack MST=FAIL o bit RS-Ack CTRL=IDLE SQ=5 CTRL=EOS SQ=3

memi : thnh vin th i

Hnh 4.22- Loi b thnh vin 4 v 5 t mt VCG c n = 6 thnh vin

4.3. IP/ATM TRC TIP TRN QUANG


4.3.1. Hn ch cc lp trung gian trn mng ng trc
Trong giai on lu lng IP chim u th trong mng th cu trc mng phn lm nhiu lp khng cn thch hp na. Mc ch l ti thiu ho truyn mo u v cng chnh l cc i ho rng bng tn truyn dn hu ch. Tt nhin l phc tp trong gim st, iu hnh, lp k hoch mng v k thut cng cn gim bt cc tiu ho chi ph iu hnh ca nh cung cp dch v v tng li nhun. C th nhn thy t hnh 4.23, cc lp SDH v ATM c gim bt khi chuyn mng ng trc thnh mng hai lp ti giai on cui. Vic pht hin v gii quyt li cng nh phc hi mng tr thnh vn quan trng. Nh gim bt lp SDH trung gian m c ch phc hi ton din c xo b v ch thc hin trong lp quang hoc lp IP. IP ATM
SDH

IP ATM
Quang/WDM

IP
SDH

IP
Quang/WDM

Quang/WDM

Quang/WDM

Hnh 4.23- Chuyn t cu trc mng 4 lp sang 2 lp

120

T hnh 4.23 cho bit c 4 kh nng cu trc mng. Tuy nhin, vn mt bng iu khin i vi mng quang l rt quan trng v vn cha c gii quyt trn vn. Phi chng iu khin c bt ngun t lp quang v vn hnh IP theo cch chng ln? Hay l IP iu khin mt bng quang? Thm ch cc mt bng iu khin khc cng c pht sinh t cc quyt nh nh tuyn (th d cc mt bng iu khin nhn c t chnh sch)? Nhng vn ny c tho lun trong chuyn "Cc mt bng iu khin quang hin ti v tng lai" v khng thuc ni dung ca cun ti liu ny.

4.3.2.IP/ATM trc tip trn quang 4.3.2.1. IP trc tip trn quang
Gii php th t hn ch c lp SDH v ATM v ch xy dng cu trc mng hai lp khi s dng lp IP v lp quang/ WDM. Gii php ny c cc nh cung cp dch v n nhn cung cp dch v s liu v dch v VoIP. Hiu qu truyn dn l ti u v lp ATM b xo. S lng thit b cng c gim thiu, v khng s dng thit b SDH. Cng ngh WDM c th s dng tng dung lng ca cng trnh cp si quang. 4.3.2.2. So snh vi IP trn ATM trn quang IP trn ATM trn quang l gii php n gin hn ch lp SDH nhng vn duy tr c lp ATM. Cc nh cung cp dch v nhn c mt s lng ln cc dch v lp 2 (th d ng dy cho thu v cc dch v thoi) v s dng gii php ny xy dng mng 3 lp (lp IP, lp ATM v lp quang/WDM). iu bt li ca cu trc ny l chuyn ti lu lng IP khng c hiu qu. Bi v ATM vn cn tn ti. Tuy nhin, ATM cng c mt s u im, th d nh kh nng v QoS vn gi nguyn .

4.4. CNG NGH MNG VNG TH BI (TOKEN RING) V FDDI


4.4.1. Gii thiu 4.4.1.1. Tng quan
Mc d si quang c s dng theo cc cch khc nhau trn c s tiu chun mng vng th bi IEEE 802.5 v mt s tiu chun hot ng khc, nhng quan trng nht l tiu chun LAN th bi si quang hot ng trn giao din phn phi s liu si quang (FDDI) ca mng vng th bi 100 Mbit/s. Tiu chun ny a ra cu trc mng vng kp truyn ngc hng 100 Mbit/s. FDDI c th to ra 1000 kt ni vt l trn mng vng kp 200 km si quang. V mt l thuyt, FDDI c th phc v mt s lng khng hn ch cc trm. FDDI bao gm 3 lp: lp vt l, lp tuyn s liu v lp qun l trm. (1) Lp vt l - Ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD): thc hin chc nng truyn dn vt l tn hiu bng gc s trn si quang, gm my thu pht si quang, cp si quang, cc b ni, cc chuyn mch v cc thc th khc. - Giao thc lp vt l (PHY): c trng cho kt ni gia PMD v lp tuyn s liu. N c cc chc nng nh ng b, lp m v gii m lung bit n/i thnh cc k hiu s dng trong lp tuyn s liu..

121

(2) Lp tuyn s liu Lp ny iu khin truy nhp ti mi trng, hnh thnh v sp xp thng tin a ch v kt hp ngang hng bn trong mng. Lp ny cn to ra v kim sot dy kim tra khung nhm m bo rng s liu tin cy c chuyn ti lp cao hn. Phn lp thp nht c gi l iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC). (3) Lp qun l trm (SMT) Lp ny cung cp cc dch v, th d qun l v iu khin cu hnh, cnh bo v gim st trng thi, cch ly li v iu khin phc hi v lp chng trnh. N qun l cc qu trnh ca cc lp khc nhau sao cho cc trm c th hot ng nhp nhng trn mng vng.

4.4.1.2. Hot ng ca mng vng FDDI


Hnh 4.24 th hin kt ni gia cc trm trn mng vng FDDI.
Trm 1 MAC S M T A PI SO SI PHY B PO PI A SO SI Trm 2 MAC PHY B PO S M T

PO B S M T

SI

SO A

PI

PO B

SI

SO A

PI S M T

PHY MAC Trm 4

PHY PHY MAC Trm 3

Hnh 4.24- Mng vng FDDI Mng bao gm cc trm kt ni ni tip v mt vt l trong mt mng vng kn. Kt ni vt l ti mng FDDI bao gm cc lp PMD ca mi trm kt ni ti c mng vng s cp v th cp. Thng tin c chuyn ti t trm ti trm theo mt hng quanh mi mng vng vt l. Mng vng s cp bao gm mt u ra s cp (PO) v mt u vo s cp (PI). Mng vng th cp bao gm u ra th cp (SO) v u vo th cp (SI). Cc u ra v u vo u tip xc vi PHY ca mi trm. Mng vng ng kn v mt logic nh cc kt ni bn trong thuc lp MAC ca mi trm. Kt ni ti mi trng vt l thng qua lp PHY c iu khin bi cc lnh xen vo v tc b ca lp qun l trm (SMT). Cc trm u c my thu pht kp (A v B) kt ni ti mng vng si quang s cp v th cp. y l cc trm loi A. Cc trm loi B ch kt ni ti mt mng vng (khng th hin trong hnh v). Lp MAC cung cp cc chc nng nh iu khin chuyn th bi, iu khin dy bit-m, xc nhn tnh hp l, phin dch gi v ng gi. MAC gi cc k hiu m hexa 4 bit vo lp PHY v ti m ho thnh m NRZ 5 bit. Sau lp vt l thc hin mc th hai ca m ho 122

to thnh cc bit m 4B/5B NRZI v truyn trn si quang. i vi lung s liu thu, m NRZI c gii m thnh dng m NRZ v sau gii m mt ln na thnh cc k hiu hexa v chuyn ti MAC. Mi thng tin trn FDDI c truyn nh mt dy ca cc nhm m. MAC quyt nh dy m pht. Cc k hiu c th vn chuyn 3 loi thng tin: trng thi ng, iu khin v s liu. Cc k hiu 4 bit t MAC c m ho thnh cc nhm m NRZ 5 bit v chuyn giao cho chc nng pht. B to dao ng ni b 125 MHz nhp cc k hiu v cc bit m i qua my pht. Sau chc nng pht m ho lung bit m NRZ thnh lung xung cn bng NRZI chuyn ti my pht si quang trong lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). FDDI s dng m NRZI kt hp s liu v ng h, ng thi cn bng thnh phn mt chiu ch thay i trong gii hn 10%. My thu quang chuyn i cc xung quang thnh lung bit NRZI in. Sau chc nng thu gii m lung bit NRZI thnh lung xung cn bng 5 bit NRZ. ng h 125 MHz c tch t lung xung n. My thu phc hi ng h (RCRCLK) ng b lung bit n v cung cp ch th kho tn s v pha cho SMT. M NRZ c chuyn ti b gii m chuyn i thnh cc k hiu 4 bit v gi ti MAC. Lp SMT thc hin chc nng qun l cu hnh trm, qun l kt ni vt l v qun l giao din mi trng. FDDI s dng giao thc th bi thi gian c thit k nhm m bo thi gian quay vng th bi cc i. m thi gian do qu trnh ra mnh lnh quyt nh da vo khi u.

4.4.2. Cu trc khung


Cu trc khung v th bi ca FDDI nh hnh 4.25. Th bi Tin t Khung Tin t SD FC DA SA Trng tin FCS ED FS SD FC ED

Phm vi kim tra li khung Cc i 4500 octet

SD- Gii hn khi u khung; FC- iu khin khung, 8bit; DA- a ch ch, 16 hoc 48 bit; SA- a ch ngun, 16 hoc 48 bit; FCS- Dy kim tra khung, 32 bit; FS- Trng thi khung; ED- Gii hn cui khung. Hnh 4.25- Cu trc th bi v cu trc khung FDDI

4.5. CNG NGH ETHERNET


4.5.1. Cc chun Ethernet
123

Cc chun IEE 802.3 gm c: IEEE 802 : tng quan v cu trc IEEE 802.1: bc cu v qun l IEEE 802.2: iu khin lin kt logic IEEE 802.3: phng php truy nhp CSMA/CD IEEE 802.4: phng php truy nhp bus chuyn th bi IEEE 802.5: phng php truy nhp mng vng th bi IEEE 802.6: phng php truy nhp DQDB IEEE 802.7: LAN bng rng IEEE 802.10: bo an IEEE 802.11: khng dy IEEE 802.12: truy nhp yu cu u tin IEEE 802.15: mng vng c nhn khng dy IEEE 802.16: mng vng th khng dy bng rng

4.5.2. Cu trc khung Ethernet 4.5.2.1. Khun dng khung


Hnh 4.26 minh ho khun dng ca khung Ethernet theo nh ngha ca chun IEEE 802.3.
7 byte 1 byte
S F D

6 byte

6 byte

2 byte

di thay i t 46 1500 byte

4 byte

D_MAC_Addr S_MAC_Addr di/Kiu S liu khch hng MAC FCS

64 byte kch c khung 1518 byte Hnh 4.26- Khun dng khung Ethernet Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong khung: u : dy 56 bit c s dng cho ng b SFD: dy 8 bit c cu trc 10101011 ch th bt u khung D_MAC_Addr: trng a ch MAC ca ch nhn dng trm hoc cc trm tip nhn khung S_MAC_Addr: a ch MAC ca ngun nhn dng trm khi ngun ca khung. Trong Ethernet hin nay s dng a ch 6 byte. a ch ch c th ring cho mt trm hoc a ch chung cho mt nhm trm. a ch ch gm ton bit 1 lin quan n tt c cc trm ca LAN c gi l a ch qung b. Chiu di/Kiu: nu gi tr ca trng ny nh hn hoc bng 1500 th trng Chiu di/Kiu ch th s lng byte trong trng s liu khch hng MAC tip theo. Nu gi tr ca trng ny ln hn hoc bng 1536 th trng Chiu di/Kiu ch th bn cht ca giao thc khch hng MAC (kiu giao thc). 124

S liu khch hng MAC: trng ny cha s liu truyn t trm ngun ti trm hoc cc trm ch. Kch c cc i ca trng ny l 1500 byte. Nu kch c ca trng ny nh hn 46 byte th vic s dng trng "Pad" tip theo l cn thit a kch c khung ti chiu di cc tiu. Pad: nu cn thit th cc byte s liu d c gn vo trng ny a chiu di khung ti kch c cc tiu. Kch c khung Ethernet cc tiu l 64 byte k t trng a ch MAC ch ti dy kim tra khung. Dy kim tra khung: trng ny cha gi tr kim tra s d chu trnh (CRC) c s dng kim tra li. Khi trm ngun tp hp mt khung MAC, n tin hnh tnh ton CRC trn tt c cc bit trong khung t a ch MAC ch cho ti cc trng Pad v truyn n nh l mt b phn ca khung. Khi trm ch nhn c khung, n thc hin kim tra nhn dng. Nu gi tr tnh ton khng ph hp vi gi tr trong trng ny th trm ch cho l li xy ra trong khi truyn v loi b khung.

4.5.2.2. a ch MAC
a ch MAC c th hin ti hnh 4.27. Nh cung cp Thit b 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 byte

byte th nht 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 bit

Hnh 4.27- a ch MAC Bit th nht: bit a ch ring hoc nhm (0 l ring, 1 l nhm). Bit th hai: bit qun l ton cu hoc a phng (0 l ton cu, 1 l a phng).

4.5.2.3. M rng khun dng khung


Vo nm 1998, IEEE chp thun tiu chun 802.3ac quy nh m rng khun dng khung cung cp cho mng din cc b o (VLAN) nm trong mng Ethernet. Giao thc VLAN cho php xen b nhn dng hoc "nhn" vo khun dng khung Ethernet nhn dng VLAN. Nhn VLAN 4 byte gn vo gia trng a ch MAC ngun v trng Chiu di/Kiu ca khung Etherne. Hai byte u tin ca nhn VLAN bao gm "Kiu nhn 802.1Q. Hnh 4.28 l khung Ethernet khng c u nhn VLAN IEEE 802.3. Hnh 4.29 l khung Ethernet IEEE 802.3 c u nhn VLAN 4 byte 802.1Q. a ch ch a ch ngun di/Kiu S liu CRC

Hnh 4.28- Khung Ethernet khng c u nhn VLAN

125

a ch ch a ch ngun

Nhn 4 byte

di/Kiu

S liu

CRC

B nhn dng giao thc nhn (TPID) 2 byte B nhn dng giao thc nhn (TPID) 0 8100 16 bit

B nhn dng iu khin nhn (LCI) 2 byte 802.1p 3 bit


C F I

B nhn dng VLAN 12 bit

1 bit

Hnh 4.29- Khung Ethernet c u nhn VLAN Hai byte cui cng ca nhn VLAN c cc thng tin sau y: Ba bit u tin l trng u tin ngi s dng nh du mc u tin ca khung Ethernet. Bit tip theo l b ch th khun dng chnh tc (CFI) c s dng trong khung Ethernet ch r s c mt ca trng thng tin nh tuyn (RIP). 12 bit cui cng l nhn dng VLAN (VID) nhn dng duy nht VLAN s hu khung ny.

4.5.3. Lp vt l Ethernet 4.5.3.1. Cc tiu chun k thut chung


Bng 4.4 thng k ch tiu k thut lp vt l c p dng cho Ethernet. Chiu di cc i cc on cp c p dng cho hot ng na song cng i vi mng ch c mt trm lp hoc hub lp.Chiu di cc i cc on cp i vi mng c nhiu hn mt trm lp p dng cho hot ng song cng. Bng 4.4- Cc ch tiu k thut lp vt l Ethernet

126

Tiu chun 10 Base -T 10Base -FL 100 Base-TX 100 Base- FX 1000Base-LX

Khuyn ngh 802.3i-1990 802.3j-1993 802.3u-1995 802.3u-1995 802.3z-1998

Tc 10 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s

Mi trng 2 cp 100 cp UTR 2 si quang 2 cp 100 2 si quang = 1300 nm 2a=62,5 m 2a= 50 m 2a= 10 m

Chiu di cc i cp (m) Na song cng 100 2000 100 412 316 316 316 Song cng 100 > 2000 100 2000 550 550 5000

1000Base-SX

802.3z-1998

1 Gbit/s

= 850 nm 2a=62,5 m 2a=50 m 275 316 275 550

1000Base-T 10Gbase SR/SW

802.3ab-1999 802.3ae-2002

1 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s

4 cp 100 = 850 nm 2a=62,5 m 2a=50 m

100 NA

100 33 300

10GbaseLR/LW 10GbaseER/EW 10Gbase-LX4

802.3ae-2002 802.3ae-2002 802.3ae-2002

10 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s

= 1310 nm 2a= 10 m = 1550 nm 2a= 10 m = 1310 nm 2a=62,5 m 2a= 50 m 2a= 10 m

NA 10.000 NA 40.000 NA 300 300 10.000

4.5.3.2. 10Base-T
Cp xon i 10Base-T cung cp tc tryn dn 10 Mbit/s trn 2 i dy cp in thoi xon i loi 3 hoc tt hn. y l loi cp s dng rng ri cho Ethernet. B ni RJ-45 10Base-T s dng mt i dy pht s liu v mt i khc thu s liu. C hai i c t trong mt cp c c hai i ph khng s dng cho 10Base-T. Mi u cp c kt cui vi mt b ni RJ-45 hoc Jc cm. Kt ni im- im Mi kt ni 10Base-T l im -im. iu ny c ngha l mt cp 10Base-T c th c ti a 2 my thu pht Ethernet (hoc MAU). Mt u ca cp tip xc vi mt hub lp 10Base-T hoc chuyn mch L2. u khc ca cp tip xc trc tip vi tm giao din mng (NIC) ca trm my tnh, hoc my thu pht 10Base-T bn ngoi. Chc nng ca my thu pht c tch 127

hp vo trong hu ht cc NIC 10Base-T, cho php cp cm trc tip vo b ni RJ-45 trn NIC m khng cn bt k thnh phn hoc u cui no bn ngoi. Giao din AUI trn cc NIC c c th c s dng tip xc vi mng 10Base-T qua my thu pht bn ngoi. S dng cp "vt" v cp "rnh thng" Hai NIC 10Base-T c th tip xc trc tip vi nhau m khng cn hub lp 10Base-T. Trong trng hp ny mt cp "vt" c bit yu cu tip xc vi i pht ca mt trm ti i thu ca trm khc v ngc li. Khi gn NIC vo hub lp cn s dng cp "rnh thng" thng thng v chc nng vt c thc hin bn trong hub lp. Chiu di on cc i Chiu di on i vi 10Base-T c cp loi 3 l 100 m. Cp cht lng cao nh dy ng loi 5 c kh nng thc hin on di ti 150 m m vn m bo cht lng tn hiu.

4.5.3.3. 100Base-T
Nhn dng 100Base-T lin quan n mt tp y cc ch tiu k thut v cc tiu chun mi trng i vi Ethernet 100 Mbit/s hoc "Ethernet nhanh". Bn tiu chun mi trng 100 Mbit/s c quy nh l: 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4 100Base-T2 Vic s dng cc tiu chun 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX c m t di y. Tt c cc tiu chun 100Base-T u c chung ch tiu cht lng "iu khin truy nhp mi trng" (MAX), nhng mi tiu chun c "lp vt l", hoc my thu pht v ch tiu cht lng ring. My thu pht 100 Mbit/s c th tch hp trc tip bn trong thit b mng, chng hn trm lp hoc tm giao din mng (NIC), hoc t bn ngoi thit b. Nu t bn ngoi, my thu pht tip xc vi trm lp hoc NIC qua b ni "giao din c lp mi trng" (MII) 40 chn. My thu pht c th cm trc tip vo b ni MII, hoc tip xc qua mt cp MII tng t cp AUI c quy nh nh l mt b phn ca tiu chun 10 Mbit/s. Cp MII c th t di cc i 0,5 m. MII cung cp hot ng Ethernet ti 10 Mbit/s hoc 100 Mbit/s. Nhiu my thu pht Ethernet nhanh gm cc thnh phn in t cho php h tr hot ng ti mt trong hai tc trn y.

4.5.3.4. 100Base-X
B nhn dng "100Base-X" c quan h vi cc tiu chun 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX . C 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX u c chung ch tiu k thut bo hiu "4B/5B" theo tiu chun X3T9.5 ca ANSI p dng cho giao din phn phi s liu si quang (FDDI). Ch tiu k thut bo hiu hin ti ph hp vi tc cc sn phm 100Base-X. Trong bo hiu 4B/5B, mi nhm 4 bit ca s liu c chuyn i thnh m 5 bit truyn qua mi trng. Mo u kt hp vi bit d yu cu tc truyn tn hiu l 125 megabaud c s dng vn chuyn net 100 Mbit/s ca s liu ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, bit d cho php "cc k hiu" 5 bit truyn ti thng tin iu khin b sung vo s liu ngi s dng. 128

Cc k hiu 5 bit cng c quy nh theo cch m bo truyn dn theo chu k tn hiu v cho php my thu duy tr ng b vi lung s liu n.

4.5.3.5. 100Base-TX
Cp xon i 100Base-TX cung cp tc truyn dn 100 Mbit/s trn hai i cp ng xon i (UTP). Cp loi 5 l loi cp c cht lng cao hn cp loi 3 s dng trong 10Base-T. UTP c th truyn ti tn s 100 MHz. Cp loi 3 cung cp truyn dn ch ti 16 MHz. 100Base-TX truyn s liu m ho 4B/5B theo tiu chun ANSI X3T9.5 p dng cho giao din phn phi s liu si quang (FDDI). Ch rng vic s dng m 4B/5B i hi tc truyn s liu 125 megabaud truyn ti net 100 Mbit/s. Nhng 125 megabaud tng ng vi tn s cc i l 62,5 MHz thp hn tn s cc i 100 MHz m cp loi 5 cung cp. Kt ni im- im Tt c cc on ca 100Base-TX u l im ni im c mt my thu pht ti mi u ca cp. Hu ht cc 100Base-TX kt ni trm my tnh n hub lp hoc chuyn mch L2. Cc thit b ny c chc nng thu pht c tch hp cm trc tip cp loi 5 vo b ni RJ-45 trn hub hoc chuyn mch. Cc trm my tnh tip xc thng qua tm giao din mng (NIC). Chc nng thu pht c tch hp vi NIC cho php cp xon i loi 5 cm trc tip vo b ni RJ-45 trn NIC. S dng cp "vt" v cp "rnh thng" Hai tm giao din mng (NIC) 100Base-TX cng c th tip xc trc tip vi nhau m khng cn mt hub lp 100Base-TX. Trong trng hp ny cn s dng cp vt chuyn dng v yu cu ni cp pht ca mt trm vo cp thu ca trm khc v ngc li. Khi ni NIC vo hub lp cn s dng cp rnh thng thng thng v chc nng vt c thc hin bn trong hub lp. Cung cp tu chn ca kiu hon ton song cng Cc tuyn pht v thu c lp ca mi trng 100Base-TX cho php kiu hot ng hon ton song cng. Mun cung cp kiu hon ton song cng, c NIC v hub phi c kh nng v cu hnh i vi hot ng hon ton song cng.

4.5.3.6. 100Base-FX
Cp si quang 100Base-FX cung cp tc truyn dn 100 Mbit/s trn hai si quang. N cho php di on t ti 412 m i vi tuyn na song cng v ln hn hoc bng 2000 m i vi tuyn hon ton song cng. 100Base-FX cn phng n si quang theo tiu chun 100Base-FX. Cp ng xon i v cc b ni c s dng trong 100Base-TX c thay th bi cp si quang v cc b ni ca 100Base-FX . C hai tiu chun u s dng kiu m ho tn hiu 4B/5B. Cp si quang c s dng i vi 100Base-FX l cp si a mode (MMF) c kch c 62,5/125 m. Loi cp si quang khc, chng hn nh 50/125 m, 85/125 m v 100/140 m cng c th s dng cho 100Base-FX, nhng chng khng hnh thnh cc on c di nh cp si quang 62,5/125 m. Bc sng s dng cho 100Base-FX l 1300 nm. 129

B ni quang Tiu chun 100Base-FX cho php s dng mt s loi b ni quang. Cc b ni song cng "SC" c khuyn co s dng, nhng cc b ni "ST" v "FDDI MIC" cng c th dng c. Hai si quang s dng trong mi on 100Base-FX.. Mt si s dng cho pht tn hiu v mt si s dng thu tn hiu. Cc kt ni im- im Tt c cc on 100Base-FX u l im ni im, trong c mt my pht ti mi u ca tuyn. 100Base-FX yn cu phn cng my pht ng nht. Hub lp 100Base-FX c cc b ni v my thu pht si quang rt-cm. Cc tm giao din mng c th tch hp vi cc b ni v my thu pht 100Base-FX, hoc my thu pht 100Base-FX c th gn bn ngoi thng qua b ni giao din c lp mi trng (MII) 40 chn. Kiu hon ton song cng tu chn Cc tuyn pht v thu c lp ca 100Base-FX cho php hot ng hon ton song cng. Khi hot ng theo kiu hon ton song cng, chiu di on ca 100Base-FX c th tng t 412 m ti 2000 m. Cng c th cung cp chiu di on ln hn khi s dng cp si quang n mode (SMF) t hn. Trong kiu hon ton song cng, chiu di on khng b hn ch bi thi gian kh hi yu cu i vi min xung t ca CSMA/CD.

4.5.3.7. 1000Base-X
1000Base-X lin quan n cc tiu chun "Ethernet Gigabit" 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX v 1000Base-CX. Mi tiu chun ny u da vo cc ch tiu k thut lp vt l ANSI X3.2301994 i vi knh si quang. c bit, 1000Base-X s dng s m ho "8B/10B". Ch rng 1000Base-T l tiu chun Gigabit Ethernet b sung, khng s dng cc ch tiu k thut lp vt l knh quang v khng thuc v h tiu chun 1000Base-X Bo hiu 8B/10B Nh bo hiu 8B/10B m mi byte 8 bit c chuyn i thnh k hiu 10 bit truyn trn mi trng si quang. Mo u kt hp vi cc bit d yu cu truyn tn hiu vi tc 1,25 gigabaud vn chuyn net 1 Gigabit/s. Tuy nhin, cc bit d cho php mt k hiu duy nht c phn phi cho mi lin hp 8 bit s liu tin cy, ng thi cho php cc k hiu b sung chuyn ti thng tin iu khin v cc thng tin khc. Cc k hiu iu khin c s dng cho cc trng hp nh u gi, cui gi v ri. Nhiu k hiu l khng tin cy v nu thu c chng th ch th xy ra li truyn dn. Tt c cc k hiu tin cy c quy nh bao gm 5 bit 1 v 5 bit 0 an xen nhau nhm cn bng thnh phn mt chiu tn hiu truyn dn. iu ny cng cho php my thu d dng thc hin ng b k hiu v m bo lung bit n c cc chuyn mc tch ng h d dng. Giao din c lp mi trng (GMII) Tiu chun 1000Base-X quy nh mt giao din c lp mi trng Gigabit (GMII) kt ni iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) cc chc nng lp vt l (PHY) ca mt thit b Ethernet Gigabit. GMII tng t nh giao din khi kt ni (AUI) trong Ethernet 10 Mbit/s v giao din c lp mi trng (MII) trong Ethernet 100 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, khc AUI v MII ch khng cn b ni i vi GMII, cho php my thu pht gn vi nhau bn ngoi qua cp. Chc nng thu pht c a vo trong mi thit b Ethernet Gigabit v GMII tn ti nh mt giao din thnh phn bn trong. 130

4.5.3.8. 1000Base-LX
Ch ci "L" trong 1000Base-LX k hiu cho "long" ch r s dng Laser bc sng di truyn tn hiu trn cp si quang. Laser bc sng di hot ng trong phm vi bc sng t 1270 nm n 1355 nm trn si quang a mode v n mode. Laser bc sng di t hn laser bc sng ngn, nhng c u im l c ly truyn di hn.

4.5.3.9. 1000Base-SX
Ch ci "S" trong 1000Base-SX k hiu cho "Short", ch r s dng Laser bc sng ngn truyn tn hiu trn si quang. Laser bc sng ngn c quy nh hot ng trong di bc sng t 770 nm n 860 nm v ch s dng cp si quang a mode. Laser bc sng ngn c u im l r hn Laser bc sng di.

4.6. CNG NGH MNG VNG GI T PHC HI RPR


4.6.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh RPR 4.6.1.1. Tng quan
Giao thc mng vng gi t phc hi RPR c IEEE tiu chun ho vo thng 7 nm 2004. RPR l mt giao thc truyn s liu mi trn mng vng gi din th (MAN) v mng vng din rng (WAN). Nhm cng tc 802.17 xut RPR tiu chun c cc c im ch yu: - Cung cp ti 255 trm trn mt mng vng. - Mng vng ti u c chu vi cc i l 2000 km. - Cung cp truyn n hng, a hng v qung b. - a dng dch v. - Tng rng bng tn hu dng vt xa cc cng ngh hin ti. - Topo t ng v trm c kh nng cm phch l chy. - Truyn khung cht lng cao: Phc hi dch v nh hn 50 ms. Khng cho php mt gi trong MAC. C th bo v khi c s c ti nhiu hn mt im. C cc chc nng iu hnh, qun l v bo dng (OAM)

4.6.1.2. M hnh lp
M hnh lp RPR v mi lin quan ti m hnh tham kho kt ni h thng m (OSI) c minh ho ti hnh 4.30. Phn lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC), phn lp tuyn s liu MAC v cc phn lp trung gian c quy nh trong m hnh ny nh l giao din dch v MAC v giao din dch v vt l PHY do cc phn lp cung cp. Giao din dch v MAC cung cp cc c s dch v cho khch hng MAC s dng nhm trao i s liu vi mt hoc nhiu khch hng hoc chuyn pht thng tin iu khin ni b gia MAC v khch hng MAC. Phn lp iu khin MAC iu khin phn lp tuyn s liu, duy tr trng thi MAC v phi hp vi phn lp iu khin MAC ca cc MAC khc v iu khin cc chc nng chuyn pht i vi mi mng vng dt.

131

Cc lp m hnh tham kho OSI ng dng Trnh din on Truyn ti Mng Tuyn s liu Vt l
Fairness

Cc lp RPR Cc lp cao iu khin tuyn logic (khch hng MAC)


iu khin MAC Topology v bo v OAM

Giao din dch v MAC

Tuyn s liu MAC Lp vt l Mi trng Hnh 4.30- Mi lin quan gia m hnh RPR v m hnh tham kho OSI

Giao din dch v PHY

Cc khch hng MAC s dng giao din dch v PHY pht v thu cc khung trn mi trng vt l. Cc phn lp trung gian khc nhau quy nh s sp xp gia cc giao din PHY c th v cc giao din c lp mi trng (MII). Tiu chun ny bao gm nh ngha cc phn lp khc nhau i vi mi giao din PHY v cng nhn cc phn lp khc da vo cc yu cu t ra.

4.6.1.3. Cu trc mng vng dt


RPR s dng cu trc cc mng vng dt kp n hng v ngc chiu nhau. Mi mng vng dt thit lp cc tuyn c lung s liu cng hng. Cc mng vng dt c nhn dng nh l mng vng dt 0 v mng vng dt 1 c th hin ti hnh 4.31.

S0

S1

S2 Chng

S3 Tuyn

S4

S5

S253

S254

mng vng dt 1 mng vng dt 0

Hnh 4.31- Cu trc mng vng dt kp S kt hp mt tuyn v mt mng vng dt ring bit l khng thay i nh s thay i trng thi ca cc tuyn hoc cc trm. Cc trm trong cc mng vng c nhn dng bi a ch MAC IEEE 802 c 48 bit nh c quy nh trong IEEE Std 802-2002. Tt c cc tuyn trong mng vng hot ng ti tc s liu nh nhau, nhng chng c cc c tnh tr khc nhau. Phn gii hn gia hai trm lin k c gi l mt chng. Mt chng bao gm cc tuyn n hng truyn s liu theo hng ngc nhau. Trm Y l ln cn theo lung xung ca trm X trong mng vng dt 0/1 nu lu lng ca trm Y tr thnh lu lng thu ca trm X trong mng vng dt lin quan. V th trm S5 l ln cn theo lung xung ca trm S4 trong mng vng dt 0; tng t nh vy, trm S2 l ln cn theo lung xung ca trm S3 trong mng vng dt 1. Trm Y l ln cn theo lung ln ca trm X trong mng vng 0/1 nu lu lng ca trm Y tr thnh lu lng thu ca trm X trong mng vng lin quan. Do , trm S4 l ln cn theo 132

lung ln ca trm S5 trong mng vng dt 0 v trm S3 l ln cn theo lung ln ca trm S2 trong mng vng dt 1.

4.6.1.4. Cu trc trm


Hnh 4.32 minh ho cu trc ca trm.
iu khin Chn mng vng dt MAC Khch hng MAC

S0

S1

PHY Ty

Chn mng vng dt 0 Chn mng vng dt 1

PHY ng

S3

S253

S254

Trm S2

Mng vng dt1 Mng vng dt 0

Hnh 4.32- Cu trc trm Mt trm bao gm mt thc th khch hng, mt thc th MAC v hai thc th PHY. Mi PHY kt hp vi chng chung vi trm lin k. Thc th MAC cha mt thc th iu khin MAC, mt thc th chn mng vng dt v hai thc th tuyn s liu (mi tuyn s liu kt hp vi mt mng vng dt). Pht ca PHY trong mng vng dt 0 v thu trong mng vng dt 1 c xc nhn l PHY pha ng. Pht ca PHY trong mng vng dt 1 v thu trong mng vng dt 0 c xc nhn l PHY pha Ty. Tuyn s liu trong mng vng dt 0 thu cc khung t PHY pha Ty v pht hoc chuyn tip cc khung t PHY pha ng. Tuyn s liu ca mng vng dt 1 thu cc khung t PHY pha ng v pht hoc chuyn tip cc khung t PHY pha Ty.

4.6.1.5. Cu trc MAC


(1) Kt ni tuyn s liu Cu trc ca iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) nh hnh 4.33.
MA_DATA.yu cu MA_DATA.ch th Giao din MA_CONTROL. yu cu MA_CONTROL.ch th dch v MAC iu khin Chn mng vng dt MAC Phn lp iu khin MAC Phn lp tuyn s liu MAC

Tuyn s liu mng vng dt 0 Tuyn s liu mng vng dt 1 Thu Pht

Giao din dch v PHY

Hnh 4.33- Cu trc MAC ca trm n

133

Thc th MAC kt hp vi trm cha ng mt thc th phn lp iu khin MAC v hai thc th phn lp tuyn s liu MAC. Mi thc th ca tuyn s liu MAC phc v mt trong hai mng vng dt. Khch hng MAC gi cc khung s liu ti khi la chn mng vng dt v thu cc khung s liu t mt trong hai tuyn s liu MAC. Thc th iu khin MAC gi cc khung iu khin ti khi la chn mng vng dt v thu cc khung iu khin t mt trong hai tuyn s liu MAC. Hnh 4.34 l cu hnh u cui- u cui ca cc thc th MAC.
Khch hng MAC MA_DATA.yu cu Giao din dch v MAC MAC Khch hng MAC MA_DATA.ch th

S1

iu khin

Chn

S2

iu khin

Chn

S3

iu khin

Chn

Tuyn s liu ring dt 1

Tuyn s liu ring dt 0

Tuyn s liu ring dt 1

Tuyn s liu ring dt 0

Tuyn s liu ring dt 1

Tuyn s liu ring dt 0

Ty

PHY

ng

Ty

PHY

ng

Ty

PHY

ng

Hnh 4.34- Cu trc u cui- u cui MAC S liu truyn t trm S1 ti trm S3 qua trm S2. Cc chc nng ca giao din khch hng MAC ch c s dng ti cc trm c b sung hoc sao li cc khung t mng vng dt. Trong trng hp n hng, iu ny ph hp vi cc trm ngun v ch. Khi mng vng dt hot ng bnh thng, khung c x l bi thc th tuyn s liu MAC nh nhau trong mi trm (v d, tuyn s liu MAC ca mng vng dt 0 ti mi trm chuyn tip hoc tuyn s liu MAC ca mng vng dt 1 trong mi trm chuyn tip). (2) Chn mng vng dt a ch ch Thc th chn mng vng dt trong phn lp tuyn s liu MAC kim tra a ch ch, a ch ngun v cc tham s khc chn mng vng dt truyn ti khung khng b trn v bo v c khung v khun dng khung. Chn mng vng dt c tin hnh nh sau: cc trm c kh nng so snh tham s a ch ch da vo mi a ch MAX kt hp vi cc trm kt ni. Vic so snh ny cho php trm xc nh v tr vt l ca ch v khi nhn bit v tr vt l s xc nh c vic kt ni ti ch tt hay khng. a ch th cp Khi b sung vo a ch MAC vt l s cp, mi trm c th c mt hoc hai a ch MAX b sung v c gi l a ch th cp. Nu khng cung cp a ch th cp trong my pht, vic truyn a ch th cp s b trn, mc d ch c ch hin ti sao chp khung thu c cho khch hng. Cc trm ngun c th phin dch cc a ch th cp thnh a ch MAC s cp ph hp trc khi chuyn khung. Phin dch ngun a ch th cp nh vy s trnh c trn b sung. phin dch ngun thun tin, cc trm c th cng b a ch th cp thng qua cc khung ATD trong c s s liu tp ca cc trm khc. 134

4.6.1.6.. Cc loi khung RPR


C 4 loi khung RPR: khung s liu, khung iu khin, khung fairness v khung ri. (1) Khun dng khung s liu Cc trng trong khung s liu c minh ho ti hnh 4.35. 1 1 6 6 1 1 2 2 n 4 ttl baseControl da sa ttlBase extendedControl hec protocol/Type seviseDataUnit fcs Ti trng ui u 1 1 6 6 1 1 2 6 6 2 n 4 ttl baseControl da sa ttlBase extendedControl hec daExtended saExtended protocol/Type seviceDataUnit fcs b) ui Ti trng u

a) a) Khun dng khung c bn b) Khun dng khung m rng

Hnh 4.35- Khun dng khung s liu Cc k hiu trong hnh 4.35:

ttl- Thi gian sng. Trng ny gm 8 bit quy nh s lng bc nhy cc i m khung mong mun t ti trc khi n ch. Trng ny cung cp c ch m bo khung khng chy vng quanh lin tc trong mng vng. baseControl- Trng iu khin c s 8 bit. Trong : bit u tin (ri) nhn dng mch vng dt m khung ang truyn trong n (bng 0 khi truyn trn mng vng dt 0 v bng 1 khi truyn trn mng vng dt 1), bit th hai (fe) nh du khung c chu s chi phi ca thut ton chnh xc hay khng (bng 0 ch th khng iu kin, bng 1 c iu kin), bit th ba v th t (ft) nhn dng kiu khung (00- khung ri, 01- khung iu khin, 10- khung fairness, 11- khung s liu), bit th nm v th su (sc) nhn dng loi dch v ca khung (00- loi C, 01- loi B, 10loi A1, 11- loi A0), bit th 7 (we) ch th khung c iu kin ng gi hay khng (bng 0 ch th khng iu kin, bng 1 c iu kin), bit th tm (parity) bo v cc trng tti v baseCtrol. extendedControl- iu khin mng vng m rng. Trng ny gm 8 bit: bit th nht ch th khung s liu m rng, bit th hai v th ba ch th khung c b trn hay khng (00- khng trn, 01- trn mt hng, 10- trn hai hng, 11- d tr), bit th t c s dng ngn nga p (bng 0 khi c truyn ln u tin v bng 1 khi khung truyn ln th hai trong mng vng dt), bit th nm ch th khung c yu cu sp xp cc nhu cu theo th t nghim ngt hay khng, ba bit cui l d tr. da- Trng a ch ch 48 bit. Trng ny cha a ch MAC 48 bit ring hoc nhm. sa- a ch ngun 48 bit nh r trm gi khung i. ttlBase- Trng ttlBase 48 bit c ci t ti gi tr ban u ca trng ttl ca khung s liu ang truyn. 135

hec- Trng kim tra li u 16 bit. fcs- Trng kim tra khung 32 bit theo cch kim tra s d chu trnh (CRC). seviceDataUnit- Trng c di thay i cha khi s liu dch v do khch hng cung cp. protocol/Type- Trng 16 bit ch th bn cht ca giao thc khch hng MAC (cch phin dch) v kiu khung. hec- Trng kim tra li u 16 bit Hec c tnh ton da vo cc trng ttl, baseControl, da, sa, ttlBase v extendedControl. daExtended- Trmg a ch ch m rng 48 bit quy nh r trm cui cng tip nhn khung. saExtended- Trng a ch ngun 48 bit quy inh trm gc gi khung vo mng vng. Trng ny cha a ch MAC 48 bit ring. Cc gii hn kch c ca khung s liu c lit k trong bng 4.5. Bng 4.5- Gii hn kch c khung s liu Gi tr (byte) 24 12 1616 9216 Tn DATA_MIN EXT_HDR_SIZE ERGULAR_MAX JUMBO_MAX Hng 1 2 3 4 ngha Kch c khung s liu cc tiu Kch c b sung ca khung s liu m rng Kch c khung s liu thng thng cc i Kch c khung s liu ln cc i

Khung s liu nh nht c 24 byte. Kch c cc i ca khung s liu l 1616 byte trong trng hp khng c cung cp khung ln (Jumbo) v 9216 bye khi c cung cp khung ln. (2) Khun dng khung iu khin Hnh 4.36 th hin khun dng khung iu khin.

1 1 6 6 1 1 2 1 1 n 4

ttl baseControl da sa ttlBase extendedControl hec controlType controlVersion controlDataUnit fcs ui Ti trng u

Hnh 4.36- Khun dng khung iu khin 136

Cc k hiu trong hnh 4.36: ttl, baseControl, da, sa, ttlBase v fcs gii thch trong phn m t khun dng khung s liu. extendedControl -Trng m rng 8 bit. Bt th nht (ef) bng 0 ch th cc khung iu khin c to lp ch t cc trm ni b ca mng vng cc b, bit th hai v th ba (fi) ch th cc khung iu khin khng b trn, bit th t (ps) bng 0 ch th cc khung iu khin gi i lc u khng nht thit phi hon chnh, bit th nm (so) bng 0 ch th cc khung iu khin khng yu cu nghim ngt v th t cc yu cu hoc trnh p khung, ba bit cn li (res) d tr v c ci t ton bit 0 v pha thu b qua. controlType- Trng 8 bit ch th kiu khung iu khin. controlVersion- Trng 8 bit l s lng phin bn kt hp vi trng controlType. controlDataUnit- Trng c di thay i ph thuc vo gi tr ca trng controlType. (3) Khun dng khung fairness Khun dng khung fairness c m t trong hnh 4.37. 1 1 6 2 2 4 ttl baseControl sacompact fairnessHeader fairRate fcs Ti trng ui u

Hnh 4.37- Khun dng khung fairness

Khun dng khung fairness khc vi khun dng khung s liu v khung iu khin.Cc khung fairness khng gi ti cc nt ch nh. Chng c gi ti trm gn nht ca trm pht hoc truyn qung b trn ton b mng vng dt. V vy a ch ch khng cha bt k thng tin hu ch no v c b qua. Cc khung c rt ngn gim rung pha (jitter) ca cc khung khc v gim s tiu th rng bng tn hu dng, ng thi cc tiu ho yu cu nh khi lu tr nhiu khung. ngha cc trng trong khung: ttl- Trng 8 bit c ci t ti gi tr MAX_STATIONS bi trm gc. Mi trm k tip trong vng tc nghn ci t ttl nh hn ttl SCFF thu c ln cui. iu ny cho php trm thu tnh ton s lng bc nhy ti trm gc nh l MAX_STARTIONS-frame.ttl. Trm l gc ca khung fairness nu n t myMacAddress trong trng frame.saCompact ca khung truyn dn. baseControl- Trng 8 bit tc ng n cc phng n x l khung. saCompact- Trng 48 bit cha mt a ch MAC 48 bit ring. N quy nh trm cung cp cc gi tr cha trong cc trng fairnessHeader v fairRate. fairnessHeader- Trng iu khin 16 bit, trong ba bit u tin (ffType) ch th loi khung v 13 bit cn li l d tr. 137

fairRate- Trng 16 bit ch th tc ng y . (4) Khun dng khung ri (chy khng) Khun dng khung ri nh hnh 4.38. 1 1 6 4 4 ttl baseControl saCompact idlePayload fcs Ti trng ui u

Hnh 4.38- Khun dng khung ri Khun dng khung ri khc vi khun dng khung s liu v khung iu khin. Khung ri khng gi ti cc nt ch nh trc, nhng c gi ti trm gn nht ca trm to ra khung ny. V vy a ch ch khng cha bt k thng tin hu ch no v c b qua. Khung ri duy tr kch c nh nht v c nh gim bt rung pha ca cc khung khc v gim tiu th rng bng tn hu dng. ttl- Trng 8 bit c gi tr ban u bng 1. baseControl- Trng 8 bit v chc nng ca chng c gii thch trong cc loi khung khc. saCompact- Trng 48 bit nhn dng trm to ra khung. idlePayload- Trng 32 bit d tr cho tng lai. fcs- Trng 32 bit kim tra khung theo phng php kim tra s d chu trnh CRC.

4.6.1.7. Lp vt l RPR
(1) M hnh cc phn lp Mi lin quan gia cc phn lp vt l v MAC c th hin nh hnh 4.39.

Tuyn s liu MAC


PRS-1 hoc PRS-10 GMII XGMII XAUI GFP thch ng GRS SRS

Giao din dch v PHY

SPI-X
HDLC thch ng

Tng ng vi lp vt l ca m hnh tham kho OSI

PacketPHY MDI Mi trng

SDH PHY

Mi trng

Hnh 4.39- Cc phn lp vt l ca RPR 138

Cc thut ng vit tt trong hnh 4.39: GMII- Giao din c lp mi trng Gigabit PRS-1- Phn lp trung gian packetPHY 1 Gbit/s PRS-10- Phn lp trung gian packetPHY 10 Gigabit/s GRS- Phn lp trung gian GFP GFP- Th tc ng khung chung HDLC- iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao MDI- Giao din ph thuc mi trng PHY - Thc th lp vt l SRS- Phn lp trung gian SDH XAUI- Giao din khi cm 10 Gbit/s SPI- Giao din gi h thng. Chc nng ca phn lp GFP v HDLC thch ng trong thit b PHY l xen k hiu ri trong trng hp khng truyn khung s liu vo mi trng ti hng pht v xo s liu ri v m t khung ti pha thu. Giao din SPI ch m t khung truyn i. (2) Cc giao din lp vt l a) Cc giao din lp vt l SDH v cc PHY Cc giao din lp vt l SDH v cc PHY bao gm cc thnh phn sau y: Cc phn lp trung gian sp xp cc nguyn thu dch v logic ti giao din dch v lp vt l MAC thnh dng cc giao din in tiu chun gm c: th tc ng khung chung (GFP), phn lp p ng ng khung HDLC ng b byte hoc phn lp p ng khung LAPS. Quy nh hai phn lp trung gian l phn lp trung gian SDH (SRS) c s dng vi phn lp p ng bt k v phn lp trung gian ca GFP (GRS) ch s dng vi phn lp p ng GFP. Hai phn lp trung gian l nh nhau, ngoi tr GRS truyn ti thng tin chiu di khung ti phn lp p ng GFP nhm hn ch yu cu tnh ton cc tham s chiu di khung. Hai phn lp trung gian ny c cc giao din SPI-3 8 bit, SPI-3 12 bit, SPI-4.1 v SPI-4.2. Cc giao din l tu chn, nhng chng c s dng lm c s xc nh SRS v GRS. Cc lp p ng GFP, HDLC v LAPS c xy dng trn lp tuyn SDH v khng lin h trc tip vi mi trng SDH, bi v kh nng ghp v kt chui ca SDH cng nh hiu qu ca ng gi khung khng tn ti mi lin quan mt- mt gia tc bit ti phn lp RPR MAC v tc ca mi trng vt l. Giao din gia lp SDH v lp p ng l giao din tiu chun gia phn lp tuyn SDH v phn lp pha trn bt k. Phn lp trung gian SDH ca trm RPR pha ng hoc pha Ty u hot ng ti tc nh nhau. Phn lp trung gian SDH (SRS v GRS) C 4 cch thc hin SRS v GRS khi s dng cc giao din in do "Din n phi hp hot ng quang (OIF)" quy nh: n 622 - SPI mc 3 (SPI-3) truyn 8 bit v thu cc tuyn s liu hot ng t 155 Mbit/s Mbit/s.

139

- SPI mc 3 (SPI-3) truyn 32 bit v thu tuyn s liu hot ng t 155 Mbit/s n 2,5 Gbit/s. - SPI mc 4 giai on 1 (SPI-4.1) hot ng t 200 Mbit/s n 10 Gbit/s. - SPI mc 4 giai on 2 (SPI.4.2) hot ng ti 622 Mbit/s n 10 Gbit/s. SRS v GRS i vi mt trong cc giao din l hon ton ging nhau v in, tr GRS mang thng tin chiu di khung. Phn lp p ng SDH - Phn lp p ng GFP sp xp khung - Phn lp p ng ng khung HDLC ng b byte - Phn lp p ng ng khung LAPS b) Cc giao din lp vt l Packet PHY Phn lp trung gian packetPHY Hai phn lp trung gian c quy nh cung cp cc giao din cho PacketPHY. Th nht l phn lp trung gian PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s (PRS-1).Th hai l phn lp trung gian PacketPHY10 Gbit/s (PRS-10) cung cp giao din tiu chun khi s dng PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s. - Phn lp trung gian PRS-1 Phn lp trung gian PRS-1 sp xp cc nguyn thu dch v lp vt l MAC thnh dng giao din c lp mi trng gigabit (GMII). GMII l giao din tu chn, nhng n c s dng lm c s m t PRS-1. - Phn lp trung gian PRS-10 Phn lp trung gian PRS-10 sp xp cc nguyn thu lp dch v MAC thnh dng giao din c lp mi trng 10 Gbit (XGMII). Phn lp XGMII m rng c s dng cung cp giao din khi cm 10 Gbit (XAUI). XGMII v XAUI l cc giao din tu chn. XGMII c s dng lm c s cho vic m t PRS-10. PacketPHY - PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s bao gm phn lp m ho vt l (PCS), phn lp tip xc mi trng vt l (PMA) v phn lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). Cc danh mc ngoi l sau y p dng i vi PCS, PMA v PMD: Khng cung cp cc trm lp Kch c khung nh nht l 16 byte Kch c khung ln nht bng 9216 byte Khng s dng m phn t ng nn PRS-1 hot ng hon ton song cng, mt chc nng iu khin lung v my pht khng to ra li t xa, nu c th my thu b qua. - PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s bao gm phn lp m ho vt l (PCS), phn lp tip xc mi trng vt l (PMA) v phn lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). PacketPHY c th tu chn, bao gm mt phn lp giao din WAN (WIS), giao din khi cm 10 Gbit/s (XAUI) v phn lp XGMII m rng . Cc danh mc ngoi l sau y p dng cho cc phn lp giao din ny: 140

Kch c khung nh nht l 16 byte Kch c khung ln nht l 9216 byte iu khin lung mt chc nng, khng to ra iu kin li t xa.

4.6.2.Khung SRP v cc giao din lp vt l 4.6.2.1. Tng quan v SRP


Chuyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) l cng ngh truyn dn c pht trin nh cc h thng Cisco a vo s dng giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) lp 2 mi, c gi l giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP). SRP c kh nng pht trin mng vng gi IP quang. Hnh 4.40 l cu trc ca mng vng kp truyn gi trn si quang c kh nng ti s dng khng gian. 1,5 Gbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s S0 S1 S2 S3
1 Gbit/s

S4

S5

S liu mng vng 1

iu khin mng vng 0

Mng vng 1 Mng vng 0

S liu mng vng 0

iu khin mng vng 1

Hnh 4.40- Cu trc mng vng kp truyn gi trn si quang c kh nng ti s dng khng gian SRP c IETF xut. SRP thc cht l giao thc MAC lp 2 dnh cho LAN, MAN v WAN. Cc giao din chuyn ti gi linh hot c s dng kt ni giao din khch hng MAC vi thit b SDH hoc vi cc h thng DWDM hoc cc si d tr, bi v SRP cung cp giao din SDH tiu chun. Cc mng vng DPT si quang kp c hng truyn ngc nhau. C si bn trong v si bn ngoi u c s dng truyn cc gi s liu v cc gi iu khin. C mt vi loi gi iu khin, th d nh gi pht hin topo, gi chuyn mch bo v v gi iu khin s dng rng bng tn. Cc gi iu khin ca mng vng ny c truyn trn mng vng kia. SRP s dng c ch tc b ch. Trong SRP, cc gi s liu ch c truyn gia ngun v ch, to ra kh nng trao i lu lng ng thi trn cc phn khc ca mng vng. V vy c gi l kh nng ti s dng khng gian nhm s dng c hiu qu rng bng tn. Trm S3 trao i s liu 1,5 Gbit/s vi trm S4. Ti thi im , cc trm S2 v S5 c th trao i s liu vi nhau ln ti 1 Gbit/s. Mt khc, cc trm S0 v S1 c th s dng ht 2,5 Gbit/s trn phn bn tri ca mng vng. Nh vy s lng tng ca s liu c trao i trong mng vng ny l 5 Gbit/s.

4.6.2.2. Khung SRP s dng ng gi IP

141

Cc gi s liu IP trong SRP bao gm a ch MAC ngun v ch dnh cho vic tm kim a ch, trng kiu giao thc biu th giao thc truyn ti v dy kim tra khung (FCS) pht hin li. a ch MAC c 48 bit . Vic tnh ton FCS c tin hnh trn ton b gi, tr 16 bit u ca SRP. Khun dng khung ng gi IP c th hin ti hnh 4.41. Bng 4.6 l cc gi tr ca trng kiu giao thc. Bng 4.6- Cc gi tr c kh nng ca trng kiu giao thc Trng Kiu giao thc S bit 16 Gi tr 0 2007 0 0800 0 0806 S dng iu khin SRP Ipv4 ARP

0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng (TTL) R MOD PRI P a ch MAC ch

a ch MAC ngun MTU

Kiu giao thc

Ti trng

FCS Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 55 9216 byte Hnh 4.41- Khun dng gi s liu SRP ng gi IP u khung bao gm cc trng thi gian sng (TTL), nhn dng mng vng (R), kiu (MOD), th t u tin (PRI) v kim tra tng l (P) c cc chc nng c lit k trong bng 4.7.

142

Bng 4.7- Cc trng u ca SRP Trng TTL R PRI MOD S bit 8 1 3 3 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 P 1 0 1 Gi tr S dng m bc nhy Mng vng bn ngoi Mng vng bn trong Th t u tin D tr D tr D tr T bo ATM Thng bo iu khin gi ti HOST Thng bo iu khin gi ti b m ca HOST Thng bo s dng S liu gi Kim tra tng l u MAC

4.6.2.3. Khung SRP s dng ng gi cc t bo ATM


Trong bng 4.9 c mt kiu mang tn t bo ATM. Kiu ny i din cho chc nng truyn ti cc t bo ATM qua mng vng truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT). iu ny cho php kt hp cc b nh tuyn IP v chuyn mch ATM trong cng mt mng vng. Khun dng gi s liu ATM c trnh by ti hnh 4.42.
0 1 2 3

0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng (TTL) VCI R MOD PRI PTI P VPI/VCI HEC

MTU

Ti trng (48 byte)

Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 55 9216 byte Hnh 4.42- Khun dng gi s liu SRP ng gi cc t bo ATM Gi s liu ATM khng bao gm trng FCS. Vic tch hp s liu c tin hnh ti lp p ng ATM (AAL).-

4.6.2.4. Lp vt l SRP
(1) ng khung 143

Mc d SRP l giao thc lp MAC c lp mi trng vt l, nhng vic thc hin trc ht phi da vo lp vt l SDH. Vic thc hin ny s dng m t c nh nhau v c ch n octet nh trong truyn gi trn SDH (POS). Dy nh phn "01111110" c thm vo ti u v cui ca mi gi SRP ch th cc bin gii gi. C ch n byte s dng dy nh phn "01111101" nh l mt k hiu thot. iu ny nhm m bo cc byte s liu ging c hoc k hiu thot s khng dn ti lm mt ng b khung. (2) Khun dng giao din v tc truyn Lung s liu c sp xp vo AUG ca cc khung SDH kt chui. Cc giao din truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) c th c s dng kt ni cc ADM SDH, cc si d tr v cc u cui DWDM, v vy chng to ra rt nhiu thun li cho nh thit k mng. DPT nh r cc giao din ca STM-4c, STM-16c. p ng mt phm vi y cc yu cu ca mng quang tng lai trong vng trc chnh, cc giao din STM-64c cng s c s dng.

4.6.3.Cc giao thc trong RPR 4.6.3.1.Giao thc ti s dng khng gian SRP
(1) Pht hin topo Khun dng ca gi pht hin topo c th hin ti hnh 4.43.
0 1 2 3

0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng (TTL) R MOD PRI P a ch MAC ch

a ch MAC ngun
Phin bn .K.= 0 Kiu iu khin = 1 iu khin thi gian sng (TTL)

Kiu giao thc = 02700 iu khin tng kim tra Chiu di topo

MTU
a ch MAC thng nht ton cu ca b khi u (48 bit)

Kiu MAC

B MAC

a ch MAC (48 bit)


Cc rng buc MAC khc FCS

Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 9216 byte Hnh 4.43- Khun dng gi pht hin topo SRP 144

Mi nt c nhim v pht hin topo nh gi cc gi pht hin topo vo mt hoc c hai mng vng. Cc gi c gi t im ti im v mi nt b sung thm thng tin bt buc MAC, bao gm a ch MAC, nhn dng mng vng, cc trng thi u vng v nng cp trng chiu di topo. Mi nt nng cp s topo ca tt c cc trm v trng thi u vng sau khi nhn c hai gi topo nh nhau c cng ngun gc. iu c ngha l c hai gi pht hin u truyn vng quanh ton b mng vng v c cc nt trong mng vng x l. C th thy rng, s topo bt u t a ch MAC ca b khi u, tip theo l mt s b MAC. Mi b bao gm trng kiu MAC v trng a ch MAC. Trng kiu MAC c s dng ch th ID mng vng v cc trng thi u vng (bit 0 d tr; bit th nht bng 0- mng vng bn ngoi, bng 1- mng vng bn trong; bit th hai bng 0- khng u vng, bng 1- u vng; bit th ba n bit th by - d tr). (2) X l gi Hnh 4.44 m t logic MAC. Cc gi n c tip nhn v chuyn ti lp cao hn x l hoc truyn ti lp 2 m khng cn hot ng ca lp 3. Logic MAC bao gm b m pht, b m thu v b m chuyn tip. Logic MAC p ng lch trnh truyn dn v vic thc hin thut ton fairness SRP (SRPfa). Khi thu mt gi, a ch ch c kim tra ln u. Nu ph hp vi a ch nt th gi c x l ti lp 3 nh t n vo hng i thu u tin thp hoc cao ph hp vi cc trng PRI ca cc gi. Bn trong SRP, lu lng n hng c ch lc b, v vy gi c ly t mng vng nh ch v khng a vo b m pht. Lp 3 - X l gi s liu v iu khin

HI LO B m thu gi .K Si quang thu Logic MAC B m thu B m trung gian


Tm a ch

HI LO

B m pht Si quang pht

HI LO SRP-fa: thut ton fairness SRP Hnh 4.44- X l gi SRP

SRP-fa

Nu a ch ch ca gi thu c khng ph hp th trng TTL s gim. Nu trng TTL bng zero th gi b loi. Mt khc, gi c a vo b m pht tip tc lu thng. Vic c a gi vo hng i u tin thp hay cao ca b m pht hay khng l do kim tra trng FRI v ngng ca b m SRP quyt nh. Tt c cc gi iu khin n u c nt ca mng vng x l v c lc b khi mng vng v cc gi iu khin thng c truyn t im ti im. Mi gi iu khin c 145

phn tch xc nh kiu ca n khi s dng trng kiu. Quy nh c hai kiu thng bo iu khin. Th nht, cc gi iu khin m ti ch l cc gi iu khin rt quan trng v chng c s dng cho chuyn mch bo v v c a vo b m thu ring. Th hai, cc gi iu khin gi ti trm ch c a vo b m thu dnh cho cc gi s liu. Ti pha pht, cc gi n t lp 3 c a vo hng i pht u tin thp hoc cao nu ph hp vi a ch PRI ca cc gi. B lp chng trnh do SRP-fa iu khin v sau chn mt gi t u ra b m pht u tin thp/cao hoc t hng i pht u tin thp/cao gi i tip. (3) a hng SRP kt hp lp 2 v 3 v l l do ti sao cn cung cp a hng. a ch MAC c 3 byte u tin dnh cho a ch MAC ca SRP. Bit c ngha thp nht ca cc byte quan trng nht c gi l bit a hng c ci t bng 1 v ch th gi a hng. SRP cung cp a hng cho giao thc lp 3 bt k, nhng trng tm l IP a hng. Xem IP nh l giao thc lp 3. Ba byte cui cng ca a ch MAC SRP c s dng sp xp trc tip ID nhm a hng 23 bit ca a ch a hng IP vo a ch a hng SRP. Hnh 4.45 minh ho a ch a hng IP 224.2.175.237 c ghp vo a ch MAC a hng SRP nh th no.
0 01005E 0 1 2 Bit a hng 3

0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng (TTL) R MOD PRI P 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

a ch MAC ngun
a ch a hng IP 224.2.175.237 a ch a hng SRP- 001:00:5E:02: AF:ED

Hnh 4.45- a ch a hng IP sp xp a ch a hng SRP Nt mng vng khi ngun mt gi a hng l p ng cho trnh t sp xp m t trn y. Mi nt thu gi a hng, thm tra n c phi l mt phn ca nhm a hng hay khng. Nu c, mt bn sao ca gi c a vo b m thu. Nu khng phi, gi c a vo b m pht v tip tc truyn vng quanh mng vng v TTL b gim. Gi a hng b loi b khi mng vng nh nt ngun hoc nt khc, v TTL ht hiu lc. (4)u tin gi Thng qua u tin gi, SRP c th h tr cho ng dng thi gian thc (video v voice trn IP), ng dng nhim v quan trng v iu khin lu lng c bit. Nt ngun ca mt gi sp xp cc gi tr u tin IP vo u tin SRP MAC. C hai c ch u tin u s dng trng 3 bit

146

biu th mt trong 8 mc u tin. Sau , vic sp xp c tin hnh bi sao chp ba kiu bit dch v ca u IP vo trng PRI 3 bit ca u SRP MAC.

4.6.3.2. Chuyn mch bo v thng minh


(1) Tng quan Cc mng vng chuyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) s dng chuyn mch bo v thng minh (IPS) cung cp kh nng t phc hi hiu qu cao, cho php mng vng t ng phc hi khi hng tuyn hoc nt nh u vng lu lng sang si thay th (chuyn mch bo v). IPS cung cp chc nng tng t nh APS ca mng vng SDH nhng c mt s m rng quan trng. IPS nhn bit topo c lp. IPS cung cp mng vng c nhiu hn 16 nt. Hn na, v chuyn ti gi linh hot ghp thng k cc gi d liu trn mng vng nn cc nh lu lng c th iu khin ti 100% ca rng bng tn kh dng. Trong SDH, cc ngun bo v l c nh, v vy ch c 50% rng bng tn kh dng c th c s dng cho lu lng hot ng. IPS gim st li v cht lng d dng hn. IPS s dng u vng mng vng trnh cc nt hoc cc tuyn b hng thng sut ti lp th 3. Phn cp s kin mng vng bo v c s dng ngn nga s phn chia mng vng thnh cc mng vng con ring bit trong trng hp c nhiu s c. (2) Cc thng bo IPS Cc mng vng SDH s dng cc byte mo u K1 v K2 thc hin bo hiu bo v. Nhng IPS li s dng cc gi iu khin IPS cho bo hiu chuyn mch bo v. Khun dng gi iu khin IPS c m t ti hnh 4.46.
0 1 2 3

0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng (TTL) R MOD PRI P a ch MAC ch

a ch MAC ngun MTU


Phin bn .K.= 0 Kiu iu khin = 2 iu khin thi gian sng (TTL)

Kiu giao thc = 02700 iu khin tng kim tra a ch MAC b khi ngun

Octet IPS
pFCS

Octet d tr

FCS

Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 9216 byte Hnh 4.46- Khun dng gi iu khin IPS

147

Octet IPS ca thng bo IPS bao gm thng tin v kiu yu cu IPS, trng thi u vng v ch th tuyn. Bng 4.8 lit k chi tit cc gi tr c kh nng ca octet IPS, trong ch lit k cc gi tr c kh nng, khng a ra cc gi tr d tr. ch r ni dung thng bo IPS, trch dn mt th d: (Request Type, Source Address, Wrap status, Path Indicator). Bng 4.8- Cch s dng cc bit ca octet IPS Trng Kiu yu cu IPS Th t bit 0 3 Gi tr 1101 1011 1000 0110 0101 0000 Ch th tuyn M trng thi 4 57 0 1 010 000 S dng Chuyn mch cng bc (FS) Mt tn hiu (SF) Suy gim tn hiu (SD) Chuyn mch nhn cng (MS) i phc hi (WTR) Khng c yu cu (I) Tuyn ngn (S) Tuyn di (L) Hon thnh chuyn mch bo v, u vng lu lng (W) Ri (I)

Cc gi tr c kh nng dnh cho kiu yu cu, ch th tuyn v m trng thi c lit k trong bng 4.9. a ch ngun c th t "Srs" thay th a ch MAC ca thng bo IPS bt ngun t nt v "Self" thay th cho a ch MAC ring ca nt. ng khung SDH c kh nng thng bo cc s kin mng, th d t si quang hoc suy gim tn hiu nh s dng cc byte mo u. (bng 4.9). Bng 4.9- Cc s kin mng c kh nng ca SDH Tn Mt khung (LOF) Mt tn hiu (LOS) Tn hiu ch th cnh bo (AIS) T s li bit (BER) M t c pht hin qua gim st byte A1 v A2 Trong trng hp dy cc bit 0 ko di trong 100 s Thng bo mt lung xung ti cc nt nh ci t cc bit 6 n 8 ca K2 c gi tr u bng "1" m cc vi phm tng chn khi s dng byte B2

(3) C cu iu khin trng thi thng bo IPS Hnh 4.47 l biu chuyn dch trng thi ca c cu trng thi IPS. Cc thng bo IPS biu th trng thi hin ti ca mng vng c truyn im ti im trn c mng vng bn trong v mng vng bn ngoi. C cu trng thi iu khin thng bo IPS c s dng x l thng bo v iu khin trng thi cc nt. Nt c th c cc trng thi sau y: - Trng thi ri: nt hot ng bnh thng v gi cc thng bo tuyn ngn IPS {Idle, Seft, I, S}.

148

- Trng thi thng sut: nt hot ng bnh thng, lu lng u vng v cc thng bo tuyn di IPS {Req, Src, W, L} v pha trc. - Trng thi u vng: cung cp chuyn mch bo v bng cch u vng lu lng ti si quang thay th v gi i thng bo tuyn ngn IPS {Req, Self, W, S}. Khi hot ng bnh thng, cc nt trng thi ri v truyn u n thng bo tuyn ngn IPS {Req, Self, W,S} ch th trng thi ri. Trong trng hp c yu cu ni b, nt chuyn sang trng thi u vng. Mc d ang gi i thng bo tuyn ngn {Req, Self, W, S}, nhng nt ti pha khc ca chng b hng cng c gi l "nt kt ni" v buc phi i vo trng thi u vng. Nt i vo trng thi u vng v yu cu ni b c thng bo ti cc nt khc v u vng mng thng qua vic gi i thng bo tuyn di {Idle, Self, W,L}. Cc nt trong mng vng tip nhn thng bo di ny mt cch t ng s chuyn sang trng thi chuyn tip v gi cho nt tip theo thng bo tuyn di thu c. Tx {Idle, Src, I, S} Ri Rx {Idle, Src, I, S} Yu cu FS, SF, SD, MS ti ch

Xo yu cu ti ch hoc Rx {Idle, Src, I, S} Rx {Idle, Src, I, L} Tx {Req, Src, W, S} i vi yu cu ni b hoc Tx {Idle, Self, W, S} u vng Chuyn tip i vi yu cu kt ni v Tx {Req, Src, W, S} Chuyn {Req, Src, W, L} Yu cu FS, SF, SD, MS ti ch > Yu cu hot ng hoc Rx {Req, Src, W, S} Chuyn {Req, Src, W, L}> Yu cu hot ng Hnh 4.47- M hnh c cu trng thi iu khin thng bo IPS

4.7. S0 SNH, NH GI HIU SUT S DNG BNG THNG V CC CH TIU KHC CA CC PHNG THC
4.7.1. Hiu sut s dng bng thng
Phng thc chuyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) truyn s liu gia ngun v ch, to kh nng ti s dng khng gian nn s dng bng thng ng truyn c hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin v mt s ch tiu khc th cha hn DPT chim u th.

4.7.2. Cc ch tiu khc


Sau y so snh v tc gi, thng lng, tc truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng ca cc phng thc POS, DPT v Ethernet. Tc gi l s gi s liu truyn trong mt giy (P/s), thng lng l s byte s liu truyn trong mt giy (Byte/s), tc truyn (Mbit/s), hiu sut (%) biu th s byte s liu truyn 149

i chim bao nhiu phn trm so vi tng s byte ti trng ca khung STM-1 truyn i trong mt giy v hiu sut tng (%) biu th s byte s liu truyn i chim bao nhiu phn trm so vi tng s byte ca khung STM-1 truyn i trong mt giy. Giao din SDH 155,52 Mbit/s c kh nng chuyn ti lung s liu IP theo phng thc POS, DPT v Ethernet. Trong cc trng hp ny, gi tr cc i ca tc gi, thng lng, tc bit truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng u ph thuc vo kch c gi IP. Cn c vo hnh 4.6, kch c gi POS c xc nh theo biu thc (4.1): POS_ PSIZE = IPSIZE + POS_OH = IPSIZE + 9 Hnh 4.41 cho php xc nh c kch c gi SRP theo biu thc (4.2): SRP_PSIZE = IPSIZE + 20 Kch c gi Ethernet c xc nh theo hnh 4.26 v biu thc (4.3): E_PSIZE = IPSIZE + 26
PLD / s 2340 8000 = PSIZE PSIZE

(4.1) (4.2) (4.3)

Biu thc chung xc nh tc gi, thng lng, tc bit v hiu sut tng cc i: Tc gi Pr (P/s) = (4.4) (4.5) (4.6) (4.7) (4.8)

Thng lng Th (MB/s) = Pr IPSIZE Tc truyn dn Tr (Mbit/s) = Th 8 Hiu sut Ef (%) =


Th Pr PSIZE = PLD / s 2340 8000 2340 Pr IPSIZE 2340 Pr IPSIZE = = 2340 8000 2430 8000 2430 2430

Hiu sut tng Et (%) = Ef

trong : PLD- ti trng ; PSIZE- kch c gi POS, DPT hoc Ethernet. Ti trng PLD bng tng s byte trong khung STM-1 tr i tng s byte OH (gm SOH+VC-4 POH): PLD = (9 270) - 9 (9+1) = 2340 byte i lng 8000 trong cc biu thc trn y l s khung STM-1 trong 1 giy v ch s 8 trong biu thc (4.3) l 8 bit/byte. tin hnh so snh, ly th d IPSIZE = 4470 byte. T tnh c: POS_SIZE= 4479 byte, DPT_SIZE= 4490 byte v E_SIZE = 4496. S dng cc biu thc (4.4) (4.8) tnh c: - Truyn ti IP trn SDH (POS): Pr =
2340 8000 / s = 4179 p / s 4479

Th = 4179 4470 = 18.680 MB/s Tr = 18.680 8 = 149.440 Mbit/s Ef =


4179 4470 = 99,76% 2340 8000 4179 4470 = 96,09% 8000 2430

Et = 89,71 %

- Truyn ti gi trn Ethernet: Pr = 4163 P/s 150

Th = 18.608 MB/s Tr = 148.864 Mbit/s Ef = 99,40 % Et = 95,72 % - Truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT): Pr = 4169 P/s Th = 18.635 MB/s Tr = 149,08 Mbit/s Ef = 99,54 % Et = 95,86 % T kt qu tnh ton cho bit phng thc truyn ti gi trn SDH m i din l kiu ng khung HDLC c tc gi, thng lng, tc truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng u cao hn cc thng s tng ng ca Ethernet v DPT.

TM TT
C mt s cng ngh ng gi c s dng truyn ti lu lng IP trn mng quang SDH: gi trn SDH, gi tt l POS; truyn ti gi linh hot, gi tt l DPT v Ethernet. POS bao gm kiu ng gi HDLC, LAPS v GFP. POS s dng cho cc tuyn im ni im v cng c thc hin l giao thc im - im (PPP). Truyn ti gi IP trn SDH c thc hin bng cch ng khung cc gi IP theo cc kiu PPP, HDLC, LAPS, GFP v sau sp xp vo khung n hoc khung kt chui SDH. C th kt chui cc STM-1 hoc cao nht l cc STM-64. Phng thc truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) s dng giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) lp 2 mi hay cn gi l giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP) hnh thnh mng vng gi truyn IP hoc ATM trn SDH. y l loi mng vng dt kp c th cung cp s nt trong mi mng vng ln hn 16, cc i l 255 nt. DPT s dng chuyn mch bo v thng minh (IPS) da vo cc gi iu khin IPS ch khng s dng chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) nh mng vng SDH. Cc chun Ethernet c s dng hnh thnh mng truyn ti cc gi IP hoc ATM trn cp ng xon i hoc cp si quang. Mng vng Ethernet quang l FDDI c tc truyn 100 Mbit/s. Ngoi cc phng thc truyn ti s liu IP trn y cn c mt s phng thc khc nh IP trc tip trn quang, IP trn ATM trn quang v ATM trc tip trn quang. Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo cc khung ca SDH l phng thc truyn ti s liu ATM.

BI TP
1) Xy dng c tnh tc truyn s liu cc i qua giao din STM-1 l hm ca kch c cc gi IP trong phm vi kch c gi IP t 46 n 4470 byte i vi cc phng thc POS, DPT v Ethernet.

151

2) Xy dng c tnh hiu sut tng cc i khi truyn s liu qua giao din STM-1 l hm ca kch c cc gi IP trong phm vi kch c gi IP t 46 n 4470 i vi cc phng thc POS, DPT v Ethernet. 3) Da vo cc c tnh xy dng, nhn xt v so snh: - Tc truyn v hiu sut tng c quan h th no vi kch c gi IP? - So snh hiu sut tng ca POS, SRP v Ethernet.

CU HI
(Tr li chn mt trong 3 phng n) 1) Ti sao khi sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-n-Xc li phi n X-1 ct ? a- V s lng cc t bo ATM khng sp xp. b- V trong khung VC-4-Xc ch cn s dng ct VC-4 POH ca khung VC-4 th nht ng vai tr VC-4-Xc POH, cc ct VC-4 POH ca cc khung VC-4 khc c thay th bi cc byte n. c- V c hai l do trn. 2) Kiu ng khung HDLC, LAPS, GFP nhm mc ch g? a- Truyn ti s liu IP trn SDH. b- Truyn ti s liu ATM trn SDH. c- Truyn ti s liu IP trn SDH v Ethernet trn SDH. 3) Kt chui lin k v kt chui o X khung VC-4 khc nhau nh th no? a- Khng c g khc nhau: c trong VC-4-Xc v VC-4-Xv u to thnh khung VC-4-X ln gp X ln khung VC-4. b- Cc khung VC-4 trong VC-4-Xc truyn cng trn mt tuyn, cc khung VC-4 trong VC-4-Xv truyn trn cc tuyn khc nhau. c- Trong VC-4-Xc cc khung VC-4 vn tn ti c lp. 4) Trong mng vng FDDI, tn hiu truyn trn si quang l m g? a- 4B/5B NRZI. b- NRZI 4 bit c- NRZ 5 bit 5) Mng Ethernet quang truyn tc bit cao nht l bao nhiu? a- 100 Mbit/s. b- 1 Gbit/s. c- 10 Gbit/s. 6) Trong mng vng gi ti s dng khng gian, s liu truyn nh th no? a- Ch trn mng vng 1. b- Trn mt trong hai mng vng. c- Trn c mng vng 1 v 0. (Xem p s v tr li ti phn ph lc).

152

PH LC- HNG DN GII BI TP V TR LI


Chng I
Cu 1. 11101011 Cu 2. 01111101 Cu 3. Tng ng vi xung b nn v c bin l 37 Cu 4. VPAM = - 928; Cu 5.
Y
1 0.75 0..5 0..25 0

X
0..5 0..5 0.75 1

VPAM = 2048 0,5 = 1024 T y tm c 8 bit u ra: 11110000 Cu 6. Khi cha nn: RCH = 1 byte/khung 12 bit/byte 8.103 khung/s = 96 kbit/s Khi nn: RCH = 1byte/khung 8 bit/byte 8.103 khung/s = 64 kbit/s

Chng II Cu 1: Biu thc tnh tc bit truyn: R= S bit trong khung (hoc a khung) S khung (hoc a khung) /s Th d: Tc truyn xung ng b khung: RSF = 7bit/khung 4. 103khung/s = 28 kbit/s. Tc truyn xung ng b a khung: RSMF = 16 kbit/s Tc truyn xung gi chung (bo hiu) ca mt thu bao: RSig = 2 kbit/s Tc truyn xung cnh bo mt ng b khung: RAF = 4 kbit/s Tc truyn xung cnh bo mt ng b a khung: RAMF = 0,5 kbit/s
Cu 2: (xem hnh 2.8) Lung 1 v 3: bit I = 200 + 204 + 208 2 = 820 bit I Lung 2 v 4: bit I = 821 bit I Cu 3: (xem hnh 2.11) Lung 1: bit I = 2112 bit I; Lung 2: bit I = 2114 bit I; Lung 3 v 4: bit I = 2113 bit I Cu 4: (xem hnh 2.12) Lung 1 v 2: bit I = 2889 bit I; Lung 3 v 4: bit I = 2888 bit I Cu 5: Cu trc 10 bit GTCT AU-4: 0001000011 Cu 6: Khi khng chn: 0100111000 Khi chn dng: 1110010010 Khi chn m: 0001101101 Sau chn dng: 0100111001

(1)

153

Sau chn m: 01000110111 Cu 7:(xem hnh 2.26) Biu thc xc nh hng (H) ca J1 VC-4: S a ch nhm byte u hng (Ad1) GTCR AU-4 S a ch nhm byte cui hng (Ad2) (2) Biu thc xc nh ct (C) ca J1 VC-4: C = (GTCT AU-4 PTR - Ad1) 3 + 9 +1 Tr li: To J1 VC-4 (H = 5; C= 118) Cu 8: (xem hnh 2.27) Xc nh hng theo biu thc (2) Biu thc xc nh ct ca J1 VC-3 # n (n = 1, 2, 3): C1 = (GTCT AU-3 - Ad1) 3 + 1 i vi J1 VC-3 #1 C2 = (GTCT AU-3 - Ad1) 3 + 2 i vi J1 VC-3 #2 C3 = (GTCT AU-3 - Ad1) 3 +3 i vi J1 VC-3 #3 Tr li: To ca J1 VC=3#2 (H= 3; C2 = 89) Cu 9: (xem hnh 2.27) Biu thc tm GTCT khi bit to ca J1 VC-n: GTCT = (4) (5) (6) (3)

C + 3 Ad 1 6 n 3

(7)

Trong : n= 1 i vi J1 VC-4 v J1 VC-3#1; n=2 i vi J1 VC-3#2 v n=3 i vi J1 VC-3#3 Tr li: GTCT= 19. Cu 10: (xem hnh 2.28) Gi tr con tr TU-12 bng bao nhiu th khong cch t V5 n V2 bng by nhiu byte. V vy V5 cch V2 16 byte. Biu thc xc nh v tr V5 trong a khung TU-12 khi bit GTCT TU-12: V5 = GTCT +1 Tr li: V5 cch V2 l 16 byte v ghp vo v tr byte c s th t (16 +1) = 17 (8)

Cu 11: Cch tin hnh: Ln lt cng cc bit tng ng (t b1 n b8) ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 #1, nu tng l s chn m bit tng ng trong B1 ca khung STM-1#2 bng 1 th m mt li khi, nu bng 0 th khng c li. Tr li: C 5 li khi trong khung STM-1#1

Chng III Cu 1. (d); Cu 2. (b); Cu 3. (b); Cu 4. (c); Cu 5. (c); Cu 6. (c); Cu 7. (c); Cu 8. (a); Cu 9 (c) Chng IV Cu 1. (b); Cu 2. (c); Cu 3. (b); Cu 4. (a); Cu 5. (c); Cu 6. (c)

154

- THUT NG VIT TT AAL A/D ADM ADMo ADSL AIS AM APS ARP ATM AUI AUG AU-n B-ISDN BIP-n BW CDM CDMA CEPT CFI cHEC CMI CP CPU CRC CS CSMA/CD CTRL D/A DA DCC DFT DM DMT DMUX ATM adaptation layer Analog/Digital Add/Drop multiplexer Adaptive Delta Modulation Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Alarm Indication Signal Amplitude Modulation Automatic Protection Swiching Address Resolution Protocol Asynchronous Transfer Mode Attachment Unit Interface Administrative Unit Group Administrative Unit-n Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network Bit Interleaved Parity-n BandWith Code Division Multiplexing Code Division Multiple Access Conference Europen des administration des Post and des Tlecommunications Canonical Format Indicator core Header Error Correction Code Mark Inversion Cyclic Prefix Central Processing Unit Cyclic Redundancy Check Convergence Sublayer Lp p ng ATM Chuyn i analog /s B ghp Xen/R iu ch Delta thch ng ng dy thu bao s khng i xng Tn hiu ch th cnh bo iu ch bin Chuyn mch bo v t ng Giao thc phn gii a ch Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b Giao din khi cm Nhm khi qun l Khi qun l mc n Mng s lin kt a dch v bng rng T m kim tra chn l n bit xen bit rng bng Ghp phn chia theo m a truy nhp phn chia theo m Hi ngh qun l Bu in chu u B ch th khun dng chnh tc Sa li u chnh M o du Tin t chu trnh Khi x l trung tm Kim tra s d chu trnh Phn lp hi t

Carrier- Sence Multiple Access/Collision a truy nhp nhy cm sng mang/ pht Detection hin xung t ConTRoL Digital / Analog Destination Address Data Communication Channel Discrete Fourier Transform Delta Modulation Discrete MultiTone DeMUltipleXer iu khin Chuyn i s thnh tng t a ch ch Knh truyn s liu Bin i Fourier ri rc iu ch Delta a m ri rc B tch knh 155

DPCM DQDB DVB DXC E/O ED eHEC ESCON EOS FC FCS FDDI FDM FICON FS 4F BSHR/L 2F BSHR/L 2F USHR/L 2F USHR/P GFP GFP-F GFP-T GMII GRS GSM HDB-3 HDLC HEC HI IF IP IPS LAPS LCAS 156

Differential Pulse Code Modulation Distributed Queue Dual Bus Digital Video Broadcasting Digital cross- Connect Electrical- to- Optical End Delimiter Expansion Header Error Control Enterprise Systems CONnection End Of Selection Fiber Channel Frame Check Sequence Fiber Distributed Data Interface Frequency Division Multiplexing Fiber CONnectivity Frame Status 4- Fiber Bidirectional Self-Healing Ring /Line protection swiching 4-Fiber Bidirectional Self- Healing Ring/Line protection swiching 2-Fiber Undirectional Self-Healing Ring/Line protection swiching 2-Fiber Undirection Self-Healing Ring/Path protection swiching Generic Framing Procedure Generic Framing Procedure - Framed Gigabit Media Independent Interface GFP Recocillation Sublayer Global System for Mobile phone High Density Bipoler -3 zero High-level Data Link Control Protocol Header Error Control HIgh- priority In Frame Internet Protocol Intelligent Protection Swiching Link Access Procedure -SDH Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

iu xung m vi sai Bus kp hng i phn tn Truyn hnh s th h mi Ni cho s Chuyn i in thnh quang B gii hn cui khung Kim tra li u m rng Kt ni cc h thng doanh nghip Kt thc chn Knh si quang Dy kim tra khung Giao din s liu phn phi si quang Ghp phn chia theo tn s Kt ni si quang Trng thi khung Mng vng t phc hi 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng Mng vng t phc hi 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng Mng vng t phc hi 2 si mt hng chuyn mch bo v ng Mng vng t phc hi 2 si mt hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn Th tc ng khung chung GFP sp xp khung Giao din c lp mi trng Gbit Phn lp phc hi GFP H thng ton cu in thoi di ng M hai cc mt cao- ti a c 3 bit 0 lin tip Giao thc iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao Kim tra li u u tin cao Trong khung Giao thc Internet Chuyn mch bo v thng minh Th tc truy nhp tuyn SDH S iu chnh dung lng tuyn

Generic Framing Procedure- Transparency GFP-T trong sut

LCI LCP LO LOF LOS LSB LSP MAU MAC MDI MII MFI MOD MSB MS MSOH MSP MST MTU MUX NA NDF NG-SDH NIC NMS NORM NRZI NTP O/E OFDM OIF OLTM OOF OS OSI P PCM PDH

Label Control Indicator Link Control Protocol LOw- priority Loss Of Frame Loss Of Signal Least Significant Bit Label Switched Path Media Attachment Unit Media Access Control Medium Dependent Interface Media- Independent Interface MultiFrame Indicator MODe Most Significant Bit Manual Swich Multiplex Section OverHead Multiplex Section Protection Member Status Maximum Transmission Unit MUltipleXer Not Applicable New Data Flag Next- Generation SDH Network Interface Card Network Management Systems Normal Operating Mode Non Return to Zero Network Time Protocol Optical -to- Electrical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Optical Internetworking Forum Optical Line Terminal Multiplexer Out Of Frame Operation System Open Systems Interconnection Parity Pulse Code Modulation Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy

B ch th iu khin nhn Giao thc iu khin tuyn u tin thp Mt khung Mt tn hiu Bit t c ngha nht Tuyn chuyn mch nhn Khi tip xc mi trng iu khin truy nhp mi trng Giao din ph thuc mi trng Giao din c lp mi trng B ch th a khung Kiu Bit c nhiu ngha nht Chuyn mch nhn cng Mo u on ghp Bo v on ghp Trng thi thnh vin Khi truyn dn cc i B ghp Khng p dng C s liu mi SDH th h tip theo Tm giao din mng Cc h thng qun l mng Phng thc hot ng bnh thng Khng tr v zero Giao thc thi gian mng Chuyn i quang thnh in Ghp phn chia theo tn s trc giao Din n phi hp hot ng v quang B ghp u cui quang Chch khung H thng iu hnh Kt ni cc h thng m Tnh chn l iu xung m Phn cp s cn ng b 157

PDU pFCS PFI PHY PI PLD PLI PLL PMD PO POS PPP PRI PRS PSC PTI PLI PTR RCR CLK REG RIP RPR RSOH SA SD SDXC SF SFET SI SO SRP SRS SRTS STM-N TDM tHEC TRM TS 158

Protocol Data Unit payload Frame Check Sequence Payload FCS Indicator PHYsical Layer Primary In PayLoaD Payload Length Indicator Phase - Locked Loop Physical Medium Dependent layer Primary Out Packet Over SDH Point-to-Point Protocol PRIority PacketPHY Reconcilliaton Sublayer Protection Swiching Controler Payload Type Identifier PDU Length Indicator PoinTeR ReCeiver Recovery CLoK REGenerator Routing Information Field Resilient Packet Ring Regenerator Section OverHead Source Address Starting Delimiter Synchronous Digital cross Connection Signal Failure Synchronous Frequency Encoding Technique Secondary In Secondary Out Spatial Reuse Protocol SDH Reconcillation Sublayer Synchronous Residual Time Stamp Synchronous Transmistion Module -N Time Division Multiplexing Type Header Error Correction Terminal Time Stamp

Khi s liu giao thc Dy kim tra khung ti trng B ch th dy kim tra khung ti trng Lp vt l Li vo s cp Ti trng B ch th chiu di ti trng Vng kho pha Lp ph thuc mi trng vt l u ra s cp Gi trn SDH Giao thc im - im u tin Phn lp phc hi PacketPHY B iu khin chuyn mch bo v B nhn dng kiu ti trng B ch th chiu di PDU Con tr ng h hi phc t tn hiu thu B ti sinh (Lp) Trng thng tin nh tuyn Mng vng gi t phc hi Mo u on lp a ch ngun B gii hn u khung Ni cho s ng b Mt tn hiu K thut m ho tn s ng b u vo th cp u ra th cp Giao thc ti s dng khng gian Phn lp phc hi SDH Du hiu thi gian d ng b Mun truyn dn ng b mc N Ghp phn chia theo thi gian Sa li u kiu u cui Du hiu thi gian

TTL TUG-n UDP VCO VC VCG VID VLAN VPI/VCI WDM WIS WTR XAUI XGM XGMII XGXS

Time To Live Tributery Unit group User Datagram Protocol Voltage Controlled Oscillator Virtual Container Virtual Concatenation Group VLAN IDentifier Virtual LAN Virtual Path Identifier/ Virtual Channel Identifier Wavelength Division Multiplexing WAN Interface Sublayer Waite To Restore 10 Gigabit/s Attachment Unit Interface 10 Gigabit/s Media Independent XGMII Extender Sublayer

Thi gian sng Nhm khi nhnh Giao thc gi s liu ngi s dng B to dao ng iu khin bng in p Conten o Nhm kt chui o B nhn dng VLAN Mng din cc b o B nhn dng tuyn o/B nhn dng knh o Ghp phn chia theo bc sng Phn lp giao din WAN i phc hi Giao din khi cm 10 Gbit/s c lp mi trng 10 Gbit/s Phn lp m rng XGMII

10 Gigabit/s Media Independent Interface Giao din c lp mi trng 10 Gbit/s

159

- TI LIU THAM KHO-

[1] TS. Cao Phn v ThS. Cao Hng Sn, "Ghp knh PDH v SDH". Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, H Ni 1-2000. [2] ThS. Cao Hng Sn, "Cng ngh IP trn WDM" Tp 1 v Tp 2. Nh xut bn Bu in, H Ni 8-2005. [3] Robert J. Hoss, " Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook". Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, 1990. [4] Tsong - Ho Wu, "Fiber Network Sevice Survivability", Artech House, Boston- London, 1992. [5] Neill Wilkinson, " Next Generation Network Service", John Wiley & Sons, LTD. England 2002. [6] Jean - Pierre Laude, "DWDM Fundamentals, Component, and Applications", Artech House, Boston- London 2002. [7] ITU-T Telecommunication standardization sector of ITU G.707/Y. 1332. "Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)", 12/2003. [8] ITU-T Recommendation G.7041/Y.1303, Generic Framing Procedure, Jan. 2002. [9] ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y1322, Network Node Interface for SDH, Oct. 2000. [10] ITU-T Recommendation G.7042/Y.1305, Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) for Virtual Concatenated Signals, Nov. 2001. [11] ITU-T Recommendation X.85/Y1321, IP over SDH using LAPS, Mar. 2000. [12] www.acterna.com, Next Genration SONET/SDH Technologies and Applications, Oct. 2003. [13] RFC 2615, PPP over SONET/SDH, Jun.1999. [14 ] Part 17: IEEE Standards 802.17, "Resillient Packet Ring (RPR) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications", 2004. [15 ] Corrigent Systems, IEEE 802.17- "Resillient Packet Ring", 2005. [16 ] Stejano Bregni, "Synchronization of Digital Telecommunicatins Network", John Wiley & Sons, 2002. [17 ] Siemens, " Optical Network": SURPASS hit 70 series OAM, Advanced topic, 2004. [18] Max Ming - Kang Liu, "Principles and Applications of Optical Communications", IRWIN, 1996. [19] John Gowar, "Optical Communication Systems", Prentice Hall (UK), 1984. [20] Peter Tomsu and Christian Schmutzer, "Next Generation Optical Networks", Prentice Hall PTR, 2002. [21] Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, "Fiber Optic Communications Technology", Prentice Hall, 2001.

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[22] Kiyoshi Nosu, "Optical FDM Network Technologies", Artech House, Inc., Boston, London, 1997. [23] Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan, "Optical Networks, A practical Perspective", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco New York, 2002. [24] ATM Forum Specification, af-lance-0021.000,"LAN Emulation over ATM", Version 1.0, January 1995. [25] Cisco Systems Inc. Whitepaper, "Cisco's Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) Technology Support", February, 1998. [26] Cisco Systems Inc. Whitepaper, "Dinamic Packet Transport Technology and Applications Overview", January, 1999. [27] OIF Contribubution, "A proposal to Use POS as Physical Layer up to OC-192c", 2000. [28] RFC 1662, "PPP in HDLC- like framing", July 2000.

161

- MC LCLi ni u CHNG I- MT S KHI NIM C BN TRONG TRUYN DN TN HIU 1.1. Gii thiu chung 1.2. Nhp mn ghp knh s
1.2.1. Tn hiu v cc tham s 1.2.2. ng truyn v rng bng tn truyn dn 1.2.3. Truyn dn n knh v a knh 1.2.4. H thng truyn dn s v cc tham s

1 3 3 3
3 4 5 5

1.3. S ho tn hiu analog


1.3.1. iu xung m PCM 1.3.2. iu xung m vi sai DPCM 1.3.3. iu ch Delta DM

7
7 12 13

1.4. Cc phng php ghp knh


1.4.1. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s 1.4.2. Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM 1.4.3. Ghp knh phn chia theo m

14
14 17 21

1.5. Khung v a khung tn hiu


1.5.1. Khi nim v khung v a khung 1.5.2. Cu trc c bn ca mt khung tn hiu

22
22 22

1.6. ng b trong vin thng


1.6.1. M u 1.6.2. ng b sng mang 1.6.3. ng b k hiu 1.6.4. ng b khung 1.6.5. ng b bit 1.6.6. ng b gi 1.6.7. ng b mng 1.6.8. ng b a phng tin 1.6.9. ng b ng h thi gian thc

22
22 24 25 26 30 30 32 32 33

1.7. Ngu nhin ho tn hiu


1.7.1. Khi nim 1.7.2. Cu to v hot ng ca b trn v b gii trn

34
34 34

Tm tt Bi tp
162

35 35

CHNG II- GHP KNH PCM, PDH v SDH 2.1. Gii thiu chung 2.2. Ghp knh PCM
2.2.1. S khi b ghp PCM-N 2.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.2.3. Cu trc khung v a khung PCM-N

36 36 36
36 36 37

2.3. Ghp knh PDH


2.3.1. Cc tiu chun tc bit PDH 2.3.2. K thut ghp knh PDH 2.3.3. Cu trc khung PDH in hnh ()

39
39 40 43

2.4. Ghp kng SDH


2.4.1. Cc tiu chun ghp knh SDH 2.4.2. S khi ghp cc lung PDH vo khung STM-N 2.4.3. Qu trnh ghp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung STM-1 2.4.4. Vai tr v hot ng ca con tr trong SDH () 2.4.5. Mo u on SOH v mo u tuyn POH

48
48 50 51 60 69

Tm tt Bi tp CHNG III- CC GII PHP DUY TR MNG 3.1. Gii thiu chung 3.2. Cc cu hnh thit b
3.2.1. Gii thiu 3.2.2. Cc loi cu hnh thit b

77 78 80 80 80
80 81

3.3. Cc cu hnh mng 3.3.1. Cu hnh im ni im


3.3.2. Cu hnh a im 3.3.3. Cu hnh r nhnh 3.3.4. Cu hnh vng 3.3.5. Cu hnh a vng

85 85
85 86 86 86

3.4. Cc khi nim v duy tr mng


3.4.1. Khi nim 3.4.2. Cc bin php

87
87 87

3.5. Cc c ch bo v
3.5.1. Bo v 1+1 3.5.2. Bo v 1:1 3.5.3. Bo v 1:N

88
88 88 88 163

3.5.4. Cc c im ca chuyn mch bo v

90

3.6. Bo v trong mng vng


3.6.1. u im ca vic s dng mng vng t phc hi 3.6.2. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn 3.6.3. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng 3.6.4. Mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng 3.6.5. Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng 3.6.6. So snh cc mng vng bo v

91
91 93 96 96 97 99

Tm tt Cu hi CHNG IV- CC PHNG THC TRUYN TI S LIU 4.1. Gii thiu chung 4.2. Truyn ti s liu qua SDH
4.2.1. Truyn ti ATM qua SDH 4.2.2. Cc phng thc ng khung s liu 4.2.3. Cc c ch kt chui cc conten o 4.2.4. C ch iu chnh dung lng tuyn LCAS

100 101 103 103 103


103 105 111 116

4.3. IP/ATM trc tip trn quang


4.3.1. Hn ch cc lp trung gian trn mng ng trc 4.3.2. IP/ATM trc tip trn quang

120
120 121

4.4. Cng ngh Token ring v FDDI


4.4.1. Gii thiu 4.4.2. Cu trc khung

121
121 123

4.5. Cng ngh Ethernet 4.5.1. Cc chun Ethernet


4.5.2. Cu trc khung Ethernet 4.5.3. Lp vt l Ethernet

123 123
124 126

4.6. Cng ngh mng vng gi t phc hi RPR


4.6.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh RPR 4.6.2. Khung SRP v giao din lp vt l 4.6.3. Cc giao thc trong RPR

131
131 142 144

4.7. So snh, nh gi hiu sut s dng bng thng v cc ch tiu khc ca cc phng thc () 149
4.7.1. Hiu sut s dng bng thng 4.7.2. Cc ch tiu khc 149 149

Tm tt Bi tp
164

151 151

Cu hi Ph lc Bng thut ng vit tt Ti lu tham kho Mc lc

152 153 155 160 162

165

GHP KNH TN HIU S


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