S GIO DC V O TO NG THP

HI NG B MN TON
GV: L MINH HNG
*****===*****
CHUYN :
CC PHNG PHP GII
PHNG TRNH - BT PHNG TRNH
M V LOGARIT
NM HC: 2009-2010
PHNG TRNH-BT
PHNG TRNH M
V LOGARIT
PHN 1: PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH M
V LOGARIT
A. MC TIU :
Gii c phng trnh m v logarit dng c bn nht, tng ng vi mc
thi THPT
Khng u t nhiu thi gian vo chuyn ny v hc sinh cn chun b cho
cc b mn khc
T bi tp c bn nng ln cc bt mc cao hn
B. KIN THC C BN:
Ly tha:
n n n
n
n
n
n m n m
n m
n
m
n m n m
xy y x
y
x
y
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
) ( .
) (
) (
.
.

+
Logarit:
0 1 log
1 log
log
1
log
log log
log log log
) ( log log log

+
a
a
a
a
a a
a a
a a a
a
x x
x x
y
x
y x
xy y x

C. NI DUNG CHNH:
PHNG TRNH M & LOGARIT
Dng n tp trong chng trnh bi dng sc sinh yu , n thi tt nghip THPT
I)Phng trnh m

Dng c bn

a
x f
x g x f
Log x f a
x g x f a a


) (
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (

Tp trung vo bn dng thng gp sau y:
1)Tch qui v cng c s
Khi gii ta da theo dng c bn ly nghim
TD Gii cc phng trnh sau y
a) 2
x+1
.4
x-1
.
x
x
16
8
1
1

2
4 4 6
2 2
4 3 3 2 2 1



+ + +
x
x x
x x x x
3
2
9
4
2
1
9
4
9 4 2
2 4 2
4 2 2
4 3
4 3 . 3 . 3
27
4
9 . 3 )
3
3 3 3
3
3
2 2
3 2 2
1
Log Log x
Log Log Log x
Log x
Log x
b
x
x x x
x
x x



+

2) Tng qui v cng c s
Thng thng ta a v c s nguyn dng b nht v thu gn thnh phng trnh
bc hai
TD Gii cc phng trnh sau y ;

+
>
+
3
2
0 6 :
) 0 ( 2
6 4 2 )
2
t
t
t t ptr
t t t
a
x
x x

Do t > 0 nn ta ch nhn nghim t = 2
Suy ra 2
x
= 2 . KQ x = 1

x x x
b 8 . 2 12 27 ) +
Chia hai v cho 8
x
ta c phng trnh

2
2
3
2
3
2
8
12
8
27
3

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

+
,
_

x x
x x
t
x
t
,
_

2
3
( t > 0 )
Ptr : t
3
+ t - 2 = 0
Ta c nghim duy nht t = 1 1
2
3

,
_

x

KQ x = 0
3) Tch cha c s khc nhau
Dng phng php logarit ha ( Ly log hai v theo c s thch hp )
TD Gii cc phng trnh
a) 1 2 . 3
2

x x

Ly log hai v ca phng trnh theo c s 2
Ta c phng trnh 0 2 3
2
2 2
+
x x
Log Log

0 3
2
2
+ x xLog
t t = a
x
( t > 0 )
Suy ra a
nx
= t
n

Nu a.b = 1
t t = a
x
th b
x
= 1
/ t
11

+
3
0
0 ) 3 (
2
2
Log x
x
x Log x

+
+ +
+ +

5
5 1
1
0 5 log 1 ) 5 (log
5 log 1 5 log
5 2 5 2
) 5 . 2 ( ) 5 . 2 (
10 5 . 2 )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
Log
Log
x
x
x x
x x
Log Log Log Log
Log Log
b
x x
x x
x x

4) Tng khng a v c cng c s
Tnh nhm tm nghim x
0
ca phng trnh
Chng t nghim l duy nht
TD Gii cc phng trnh:
a) 2
x
+ 3
x
= 5
Phng trnh nhn nghim x = 1
2
x
+ 3
x
= 5

2
x
+ 3
x
- 5 = 0
Xt hm s f(x) = 2
x
+ 3
x
5 ( xc nh vi mi x )
Ta c f
/
(x) = 2
x
ln2 + 3
x
ln3 > 0
) ( x
Suy ra th hm s f(x) ct trc honh ti duy nht mt im
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1
b) 2
x
+ 3
x
= 5


x

Phng trnh nhn nghim x = 1
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho 3
x
x x
x x
x g x f
ptr

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

+
,
_

3
5
) ( & 1
3
2
) (
3
5
1
3
2
:

C hai hm s u c tp xc nh l R
0
3
5
ln
3
5
) ( & 0
3
2
ln
3
2
) (
/ /
>
,
_

<
,
_

x x
x g x f
Suy ra hm s f(x) nghch bin v hm s g(x) ng bin
Do th ca hai hm s ct nhau ti mt im duy nht
KL phng trnh c duy nht mt nghim x = 1

II) PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
DNG C BN :

a x f x f L o g
x g x f
x g
x f
x g L o g x f L o g
a a C h o
a
a a

'

>
>

>
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0 ) (
0 ) (
) ( ) (
1 & 0

Ta tp trung vo ba dng sau y :
1) Tng qui v cng c s
Thu gn v dng c bn
TD Gii cc phng trnh
a)
6
11
8 4 2
+ + x Log x Log x Log
K x > 0. a v c s 2 , ta c phng trnh

2
1
6
11
6
11
6
11
)
3
1
2
1
1 (
6
11
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2 2



+ +
+ +
x
x Log
x Log
x Log
x Log x Log x Log

+
+
+
>
+ +
) ( 9
3
0 27 6
27 ) 6 (
3 ) 6 ( log :
0 :
3 ) 6 ( log 2 log )
2
3
9 3
loai x
x
x x
x x
x x ptr
x k
x b
x
2) t n ph : Khi trong ptr cha nhiu logarit cng mt c s trong biu thc cha
tch hoc thng
TD: gii ptr:
1
log 5
1
log 1
2
)

+
+ x x
a
k:

'

>
1
5
10
10
0
x
x
x
t t = logx
Ptr :
1
5
1
1
2

+
+ t t
Thu gn: 0 6 5
2
+ t t

1000 10 3 log
100 10 2 log
3
2
3
2
x x
x x
t
t

3 ) log 2 )( log 1 ( )
4 2
+ x x b
k: 0 > x
t
x t
2
log
Ptr :
3 )
2
1
2 )( 1 ( + t t
Thu gn: 0 2 3
2
+ t t

4
2
2 log
1 log
2
1
2
2
x
x
x
x
t
t
3) Tng c s khc nhau :
Tm nghim x
0
Chng t ptr c mt nghim duy nht x
0
TD: gii ptr:

3 ) 1 ( log log
3 2
+ x x
K : 1 > x
Ptr c nghim x = 4
Ptr :
0 3 ) 1 ( log log
3 2
+ x x
Xt hs
3 ) 1 ( log log ) (
3 2
+ x x x f
TX:
) ; 1 ( D

0 3 ln
1
1
2 ln
1
) (
/
>

+
x x
x f
Suy ra hs f(x) ng bin
Do ptr c duy nht mt nghim x = 4
Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1: gii cc ptr m:
a.
4
2
5 25 . 5
+

x
x x
b.
27 9 . 3
2

x x
c.
3 1
128 . 25 , 0 32
+

x x
d. 26 5 5
3 1
+
x x
e.
x x x
9 6 . 2 4 . 3
f. 14 8 4 2 + +
x x x
g. 0 27 3 . 4 3
5 8 2
+
+ + x x
h. 6 ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( + +
x x
i.
x x x
5 4 3 +
j.
25 4 3 +
x x
k. 0 7 . 36 5 . 35 7 5
2 2
+
x x x x
l.
x x x x
) 5 , 0 ( 24 125 2 . 3 ) 5 , 0 ( 8 8
3 3 1
+ +
+ +
Bi 2: gii cc ptr logarit:
a.
2
5
log log log
4
3
8 2
+ + x x x
b.
[ ] 1 ) 1 ( log
3
x x
c.
1 ) 1 ( log log
5 5
+ x x
d. log( ) 3 log( ) 7 6
2
+ x x x
e.
1 5 log ). 5 ( log
2 2
5

x
x
f.
3 64 log 16 log
2
2
+
x
x
g.
0 7 log 7 log
9 1 4
+
+ x x
h.
2 ) 65 2 ( log
2
5

x x
x
i.
) 1 2 log( ) 20 21 log( 1 ) 10 log( 5 log + + x x x
j.
4 log log 3 log
2 2
x x x
k.
0
6
7
log 2 log
4
+ x
x
e.
x
x
x
x
8 log
4 log
2 log
log
16
8
4
2

III) BT PHNG TRNH M

Khi gii ch yu xt theo tnh n iu ca hm s m
Cc dng cng tng t nh phng trnh m
TD1 Gii cc bt phng trnh sau y (Dng b a
x f
>
) (
)

>
<

>
> +
>
>
+
+
2
0
0 2
2 2 2
3 3
9 3 )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
x
x
x x
x x
a
x x
x x

9
50
log
9
50
2
50 2 . 9
25 2 . 4
2
2
25 2 2 )
2
2 1



+
+
+
x
b
x
x
x
x
x x

3 log
3
3
2
3 . 3 2
3 2 )
3
2
1
<
>
,
_

>
>
+
x
c
x
x x
x x

TD2 Gii cc bt phng trnh (Dng t n ph )

a) 4
x
3.2
x
+ 2 > 0
t t = 2
x
( t > 0)
Phng trnh: t
2
3t + 2 > 0

>
<

>
<

>
<

1
0
2 2
1 2
2
1
x
x
t
t
x
x

b) 2
x+1
+ 2
-x
3 < 0
0 3 2 2 . 2 < +
x x
t t = 2
x
( t > 0 )
Bt phng trnh :
0 3
1
2 < +
t
t

0 1
1 2
2
1
1
2
1
0 1 3 2
2
< <
< <
< <
< +
x
t
t t
x

IV) BT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
Khi gii ta cng da theo tnh cht n iu ca hm s Logarit1
Ch cc dng thng gp sau y

< < < <

> > >
>

< < <

> >
>
) 1 0 ( ) ( ) ( 0
) 1 ( 0 ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( *
) 1 0 ( ) (
) 1 ( ) (
) ( *
a khi x g x f
a khi x g x f
x g Log x f Log
a khi a x f
a khi a x f
x f Log
a a
a

TD Gii cc phng trnh :

[ ]
3
4 1
0 4 5
2 ) 2 ( ) 3 (
1 ) 2 ( ) 3 (
3
2
3
0 2
0 3
:
1 ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )
2
2
2 2
>

+


>

'

>
>

'

>
>
+
x K D o
x
x x
x x
x x L o g B p t r
x
x
x
x
x
K
x L o g x L o g a
Nn bt phng trnh c nghim :
4 3 <x

) 8 6 ( ) 11 4 ( )
2
2
1
2
1
+ + < + x x Log x Log b
Do c s a < 1 .Nn bt phng tng ng vi

'

< +
> + +
> +

'

+ + > +
> + +
> +
) 3 , 1 ( 0 3 2
) 2 , 4 ( 0 8 6
)
4
1 1
( 0 1 1 4
8 6 1 1 4
0 8 6
0 1 1 4
2
2
2
2
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
-4 -3
4
11

-2 1

11 4 + x - - - 0 + + +
8 6
2
+ + x x + 0 - - - 0 + +
3 2
2
+ x x + + 0 - - - 0 +
Chn nghim thuc min mang du

,
_

+
+
Kt qu: nghim ca ptr: l
) 1 ; 2 ( S
BI TP TNG T:
Bi 1: Gii cc bt ptr m:
a. 28 3 3
1 2
+
+ x x
b. 4 3 . 2
1 2
>
+ x x
c. 448 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 1 2
+ +
x x x
d. 0 4 3 9
1
> +
+ x x
e. 0 5 2 5 2
1 1 2 1
> + +
+ + + x x x x
f. 4 5 5
1 2
+ >
+ x x
g. 0 3 2 2
1
< +
x x
h. 1 ) 1 (
2
2
>
x x
x
Bi 2: Gii cc bt ptr logarit :
a)
) 1 ( log ) 5 3 ( log
3 3
+ > x x
b)
3 log ) 2 ( log log
2 , 0 5 2 , 0
< x x
c)
0 6 log 5 log
3
2
3
+ x x
d)
[ ] 1 1 ( log log
2
2 , 0 2
< x
e)
0 ) 2 ( log 2 ) 5 6 ( log
3
2
3
1
+ + x x x
f)
2
1
log 1
log 1
2
4

x
x
g)
2 ) 36 6 ( log
1
5
1

+ x x
h) ) 2 log( ) 2 log(
2 2
> + x x x
V) Mt s pt & bptr m, log trong thi TNPTv H

1) Tt nghip ph thng
Gii cc phng trnh sau y :
a) 2
x+2
9.2
x
+ 2 = 0 (2006)
b)
) 2007 ( 5 ) 4 (
2 4
+ x Log x Log

c) 3
2x+1
- 9.3
x
+ 6 = 0 (2008)
d) 25
x
- 6.5
x
+ 5 = 0 (2009)
2) i hc
e) Gii phng trnh
) 2006 ( 0 4 2 2 . 4 2
2
2 2
D
x x x x x
+
+
f) Gii bt phng trnh
) 2006 ( ) 1 2 ( 1 2 4 ) 144 4 (
2
5 5 5
B Log Log Log
x x
+ + < +

g) Gii bt phng trnh

) 2007 ( 2 ) 3 2 ( ) 3 4 ( 2
3
1 3
A x Log x Log + +
h) Gii phng trnh
) 2007 ( 0
3 2 . 4
1
2 ) 27 2 . 15 4 (
2 2
D Log Log
x
x x

+ + +
i) Gii bt phng trnh

) 2008 ( 0
4
2
6 7 , 0
B
x
x x
Log Log <

,
_

+
+
j) Gii bt phng trnh

) 2008 ( 0
2 3
log
2
2
1
D
x
x x

+
HT