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Tnh cht quang ca h keo

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V tr hin ti: Trang ch Ni dung Tnh cht quang ca h keo

Tnh cht quang ca h keo


Module bi: Ths. Tn N Lin Hng. Ngi dng nh gi (?): (0 ratings) Tng quan: Nghin cu v cc tnh cht quang hc ca cc h keo v cc h vi d th l mt trong s nhng nhim v quan trng ca ha hc cht keo. Tnh cht quang hc ca h dung dch keo, c quyt nh bi tnh cht ca cc ht keo. Qua nghin cu tnh cht quang hc ca h c th xc nh c kch thc, hnh dng, cu to ca cc ht m ta khng th nhn thy c di knh hin vi thng. Vic quan st h keo di knh siu vi gip l gii nh tnh cc qu trnh nh khuch tn, chuyn ng Brown, sa lng, keo t... Tnh cht quang hc ca cc h keo cn c ng dng thc t rt ln trong vt l thin vn, kh tng v hng khng. Khi chiu tia sng ln h dung dch keo, lun quan st c s truyn tia sng, s khc x v s phn x tia sng nh cc dung dch thc, ngoi ra cn c hai hin tng c trng c gy ra bi cc ht ca pha phn tn (c kch thc ln hn kch thc phn t), l s phn tn nh sng v s hp th nh sng. Trong phm vi gio trnh ny chng ta ch lu n cc hin tng do ht keo gy ra, b qua cc hiu ng quang hc do mi trng phn tn gy ra v a cc qui lut vo vic gii quyt cc vn thc t ca ho keo.
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S phn tn nh sng
Faraday (1857) v Tyndahl (1869) lu n hin tng to thnh gii nh sng hnh nn m c khi chiu qua dung dch keo mt chm tia sng mnh. Hnh nn m c gi l hnh nn Tyndahl v hin tng gi l hin tng apalusen. Hin tng ny c gii thch bng s phn tn nh sng. Tia sng, trn ng i ca n, gp nhng ht ca pha phn tn, khi ty thuc vo h thc gia di sng ca tia sng v kch thc ca ht m hin tng s xy ra khc nhau. Nu kch thc ca ht ln hn di sng th nh sng s phn x trn b mt ht vi nhng gc xc nh; hin tng ny c quan st trong cc h phn tn th nh huyn ph hoc trong khng kh khi c nhng ht bi ln. Nu cc ht c kch thc b hn di sng (a < ) th xy ra s nhiu x. S nhiu x nh sng bi cc ht khng dn in l c trng nht cho cc h keo. Do s nhiu x, tia sng phn tn c c im l ta ra mi hng, khc vi tia sng phn x ch ta ra theo mt hng xc nh m thi. Cng nh sng phn tn theo cc hng khc nhau l khc nhau. Nu ht rt b (a << ), th cng nh sng phn tn theo hng 0o v 180o l mnh nht. Nu ht ln hn (nhng a vn nh hn ) th cng nh sng phn tn theo hng tia ti (180o) l mnh nht. Tia sng, phn tn do kt qu ca s nhiu x thng b phn cc. i vi ht rt b (a<< ), tia sng phn tn theo gc 0o, 180o hon ton khng phn cc, theo gc 90o th phn cc hon ton. 1 of 6 11/11/2011 00:18

Tnh cht quang ca h keo

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i vi ht tng i ln hn (a xp x , vn nh hn ), tia sng phn tn theo gc gn 90o b phn cc nhiu nht.

Hnh 1: Biu biu din c im s phn tn v phn cc nh sng i vi ht hnh cu. (Phn gch cho l phn nh sng b phn cc, phn khng gch cho bn trong l phn nh sng phn tn khng b phn cc. Mi tn ch hng tia sng i ti ht) 2

n 2 n 2 2 2 Ipt = 24. 3 . n 1 +2n . V 4. .Io (5.1) 12 22

Trong n1 , n2 : chit sut ca tng v ca mi trng phn tn : nng ht V : th tch mi ht : bc sng cu nh sng ti Io : cng nh sng ti Phng trnh Rayleigh nghim ng i vi nhng ht c kch thc nh hn bc sng nh sng 10 ln, tc l nh hn 40- 50 m i vi nh sng trng. i vi nhng ht ln hn kch thc ny, nhng vn nh hn bc sng (), th Ipt t l nghch vi c lu tha nh hn 4. Khi cc ht c kch thc ln hn th ch s lu tha bng khng v hin tng phn tn nh sng chuyn thnh phn x nh sng, khng ph thuc vo bc sng na. T phng trnh Rayleigh, ta c th rt ra nhng kt lun sau: a. Khi cc ht c kch thc nht nh, cng tia sng phn tn t l thun vi nng dung dch keo. Nhng nu nng rt ln th nh sng s b phn tn nhiu ln (phn tn th cp) v phng trnh Rayleigh cn c hiu chnh. b. Cng tia sng phn tn t l thun vi bnh phng th tch ht. Trong vng Rayleigh, khi vn gi nng khi lng khng i, nu phn tn dung dch keo (D) cng cao th cng nh sng phn tn (Ipt )cng yu (D ln do kch thc ht nh s dn n gim Ipt ).

I 'pt = k(x.).( V ) .Io Khi nng khi lng khng i, cn th tch ht sau khi chia nh gim i x ln so vi trc, x
V d: i vi mt h phn tn, phng trnh Rayleigh c vit n gin l: Ipt = k..V2.Io
2

th nng ht s tng ln x ln, nn cng nh sng phn tn qua h mi l I pt : (5.2)

(5.3)

I 'pt =

Ipt k..V 2 .Io = x x

(1)

Suy ra, cng nh sng phn tn gim i x ln. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi kt qu thc nghim cho thy:

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Tnh cht quang ca h keo

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phn tn (D) ca dung dch keo cng cao th cng nh sng phn tn cng yu. Trong cc dung dch thc (dung dch phn t), s phn tn nh sng rt yu v cc phn t c th tch rt nh. c. Nu chit sut ca pha phn tn v mi trng chnh lch nhau nhiu th cng nh sng phn tn s ln. V d ta thng thy cc huyn ph rt c so vi nh tng v so vi cc dung dch keo. Trong cc sol kim loi, nh sng phn tn mnh hn trong dung dch cao phn t, v t khi ca kim loi ln hn nhiu so vi ca mi trng vy chit sut cng ln hn nhiu so vi chit sut ca mi trng, cn dung dch cao phn t chnh lch ny nh hn. d. Cng tia phn tn t l nghch vi bc sng ca nh sng ti, nn trong nh sng trng nhng tia c bc sng ngn (quang ph xanh n tm) s phn tn mnh nht. Nu cho mt chm nh sng trng i qua h keo c cha ht khng dn in, nhn ngang ta s thy h mu xanh v nhn thng h c mu . L do l khi nh sng trng i qua h, nhng sng ngn (xanh) b phn tn hu ht, ch cn li nhng sng di () l xuyn thu qua h. V d: mu xanh ca bu tri ban ngy l kt qu ca s phn tn nh sng ca nhng git cht lng v cng nh v s thng ging nng ca kh quyn. Da vo hin tng trn ta c th gii thch mu nc bin, mu bu tri xanh lc tra v mu hng, mu lc bnh minh, hong hn. S ph thuc ca cng nh sng phn tn i vi bc sng ca nh sng tic s dng rt nhiu trong thc t. Mu c chn lm tn hiu v n c pht hin rt d dng ngay c trong my m nhng khong cch xa v khng b phn tn nh sng ( ln), cn mu xanh thng c dng ngy trang ( nh). i vi cc ht keo dn in ngoi hin tng phn tn nh sng trn b mt ht tun theo phng trnh Rayleigh, m hiu ng ny thng b, cn c hin tng hp th nh sng. Do c hai hiu ng ny chng ln nhau, i vi h cha cc ht dn in vic p dng phng trnh trn khng cn nghim ng.

S hp th nh sng
Vi h m pha phn tn l cc ht dn in (v d sol kim loi) qui lut quang hc xy ra kh phc tp. Vi loi ht dn in , in trng ca sng nh sng lm pht sinh ra dng in cm ng cc ht, v vy mt phn in nng bin thnh nhit nng, c ngha l xy ra s hp th nh sng. Trong trng hp ny nhng sng in t ngn t 100 n 1000 m b hp th hu ht. Do ta hiu v sao nh sng khng xuyn qua c cc kim loi. S hp th nh sng n sc ca cc h keo tng t nh trong trng hp ca h phn t, n tun theo qui lut Beer - Lambert :

Il = Io .e K.C. (5.4)

Trong : Il: cng tia l Io: cng tia ti K: h s hp th mol C: nng mol cht tan l: chiu dy lp dung dch m nh sng i qua nh lut Beer - Lambert cho thy: nu chiu dy lp dung dch tng theo cp s cng th cng tia l gim theo cp s nhn; lng nh sng c hp th mi im trong h l bng nhau. Cng tia l ph thuc vo chiu dy ca lp dung dch v nng cht tan. Nu chiu dy lp dung dch tng theo cp s cng th cng tia l gim theo cp s nhn. Cng c th ni rng cc lp bng nhau trong h u hp th mt lng nh sng bng nhau (nu tng tng h c th tch ra thnh nhiu lp nh bng nhau). Phng trnh (5.4) cn c dng di dng:

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Tnh cht quang ca h keo

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E = ln Io = K.C.(5.5)
I
l

E: c gi l hp th hay mt quang ca dung dch Biu thc D = I : gi l truyn sut tng i ( trong sut tng i) o Mt khc, nu vit biu thc ca nh lut Beer - Lambert di dng:
Io Il Io Il

th A c gi l hp th tng i ca dung dch. Phng trnh Beer- Lambert c dng cho dung dch ng th nhng cng thch hp cho c dung dch keo khi b dy dung dch keo khng qu ln v nng khng qu cao. H s hp th mol K l mt i lng khng i c trng cho mi cht. Nu cho C = 1, v l = 1 th K = ln I . Khi K l = 0, Il = Io , cng tia l bng tia ti, dung dch khng hp th nh sng. H s hp th mol ph thuc vo bn cht ca h v bc sng nh sng nhng khng ph thuc vo nng h. Do trong h keo ng thi c s hp th v s phn tn nh sng nn h s K cng ng thi cng bao gm hai hin tng . K = K1 + K2 (5.7) Trong : K1 l h s hp th thun ty K2 l h s hp th gi (do hin tng phn tn nh sng). Bng thc nghim ngi ta chng minh c rng K1 ph thuc bc sng nh sng ti, K2 ph thuc bc sng v phn tn ca h keo. Vy h s K v do mt quang E cng ph thuc vo c hai yu t trn. Phng trnh (5.4) c nhiu ng dng thc t nh: xc nh mt quang suy ra nng h keo v h s hp thu K.
Io

= 1 e K.C.l = A (5.6)

Dng c quang hc dng nghin cu h keo


Knh siu vi Tuy ln hn phn t nhiu nhng ht keo vn khng th nhn thy c bng knh hin vi quang hc thng. Ht keo lm phn tn nh sng v tr thnh ngun sng th cp. Nh th, v nguyn tc c th m c cc im sng, tc l cc ht keo, mt cch trc tip. Do m c s ht trong mt th tch h xc nh, ta c th suy ra nng v kch thc ht. Knh siu vi l dng c thc hin mc ch trn. V mt cu to, knh siu vi khc knh hin vi thng cc chi tit : - H keo nghin cu c t trong cc c nn en ( hp thu phn nh sng khng b cc ht keo phn tn). Cc ny c mt ca s n nh sng chiu ngang t ngun sng S ti. - Ngun sng S c thu knh L tp trung chiu ngang vo h keo. Nh th ch nhng tia sng do ht keo phn tn l c chiu ln mt m thi.

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Tnh cht quang ca h keo

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Thc t ta khng quan st trc tip c kch thc v hnh dng ht keo (v ch thy c im sng m khng thy c ht), nhng cc thng s c th xc nh mt cch gin tip v xc nh c s lng trung bnh cc ht keo trong mt th tch no .

mhat = 4 ..r 3 . V d: Mt h keo c nng khi lng l C (g/cm3), trong th tch V ca h ta m c n 3


ht; nh vy 1 ht chim th tch l V/n (cm 3), khi lng 1 ht s l: mhat - Nu ht hnh cu c bn knh r v c t trng l th:
C.V n

= 4 ..r 3 . Vy: 3

C.V . (5.8) n

Do bn knh ht keo s l: (5.9)

l=3

(5.10)

n. - Tng t nu ht c hnh lp phng th chiu di cnh l ca n c th tnh c bng :


C.V

r=

3.C.V 4...n

(2)

Hnh 2

Knh hin vi in t
Trong 30 nm gn y knh hin vi in t c s dng rng ri c phng i hn 105 ln. Dng chm electron c di sng 0,02 - 0,05 Ao, ngi ta c th quan st hay chp c cc ht keo, t xc nh c kch thc ht. Kh nng phn chit ca knh hin vi in t c th ln ti 5-10Ao. Tuy nhin ng dng ca knh hin vi in t phn no cng hn ch v trong ng knh phi gi chn khng tht cao, cc mu phi lm tht mng, cho nn tnh cht ca h keo cn nghin cu s thay i nhiu. Knh hin vi in t khc vi knh siu vi, n cho php nhn trc tip hnh dng v kch thc ht, nhng khng cho kh nng nghin cu trng thi ng hc ca h keo kh, keo lng (sol) v qu trnh bin i ca s phn tn.

m l: (h l hng s Planck)

h Nh bit, bc sng ca dng electron t l nghch vi tc chuyn ng u v khi lng ca ht u.m

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Tnh cht quang ca h keo

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in trng mnh s lm tng tc electron ln cho n khi t gi tr (khong 10-9- 10-8cm). Vi gi tr ca bc sng c th quan st c phn t. Hai phng php b sung cho nhau m ra kh nng to ln nghin cu cc h keo bng thc nghim. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng cc phng php o c, phng php Roentgen ... nghin cu cc h phn tn.

Phng php o c
Phng php o c( phn tn nh sng) ca h keo, cho php xc nh nng v kch thc ca cht phn tn. C s ca phng php l so snh c ca h nghin cu vi mt h bit nng . Khi phn tn nh sng ca 2 h dung dch bng nhau, ta c: C1 .h1

trong : C1 , C2 l nng th tch ca cht phn tn. Khi C 1 = C2 = C, ta c mi quan h sau: 1 . v1 = 2 . v2 = C

= C2 .h2 (5.11)

v2 =

vi: 1 , 2 l nng ht, v1 , v2 l th tch ca mt ht.

1 .v (5.12) 2 1

Tnh cht quang hc ca h keo vi cc ht khng hnh cu


Dung dch keo vi cc ht khng hnh cu (nh hnh que, hnh phin, hnh si) c th gy ra s bt ng hng v quang hc, trong khi cc iu kin thng (khng c tc dng ca lc no khc) cc h keo lng, kh lun ng hng quang hc. S phn tn nh sng ln nht s xut hin khi vc t in trng hng vi hng trc ca ht hnh que hay hng phng ca ht hnh phin, do khi quan st s thy c hin tng lp lnh trong h. o hng vc t in ca sng nh sng tng ng vi hng dng chy, c th phn bit c cc ht hnh que, hnh phin hay hnh cu khi cho dung dch keo chy.

Cc thng tin khc v module ny: Metadata | Cc phin bnVersion History Cch ti s dng v ng gp cho ni dung ny Cch tham kho v ng gp ni dung ny Ni dung ny c cp bn quyn bi Ths. Tn N Lin Hng tun theo Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 3.0), v l mt Ti nguyn Gio dc M. Chnh sa ln cui bi Ths. Tn N Lin Hng ngy Mar 24, 2010 12:25 am GMT+7.

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