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S phn tn nh sng
Faraday (1857) v Tyndahl (1869) lu n hin tng to thnh gii nh sng hnh nn m c khi chiu qua dung dch keo mt chm tia sng mnh. Hnh nn m c gi l hnh nn Tyndahl v hin tng gi l hin tng apalusen. Hin tng ny c gii thch bng s phn tn nh sng. Tia sng, trn ng i ca n, gp nhng ht ca pha phn tn, khi ty thuc vo h thc gia di sng ca tia sng v kch thc ca ht m hin tng s xy ra khc nhau. Nu kch thc ca ht ln hn di sng th nh sng s phn x trn b mt ht vi nhng gc xc nh; hin tng ny c quan st trong cc h phn tn th nh huyn ph hoc trong khng kh khi c nhng ht bi ln. Nu cc ht c kch thc b hn di sng (a < ) th xy ra s nhiu x. S nhiu x nh sng bi cc ht khng dn in l c trng nht cho cc h keo. Do s nhiu x, tia sng phn tn c c im l ta ra mi hng, khc vi tia sng phn x ch ta ra theo mt hng xc nh m thi. Cng nh sng phn tn theo cc hng khc nhau l khc nhau. Nu ht rt b (a << ), th cng nh sng phn tn theo hng 0o v 180o l mnh nht. Nu ht ln hn (nhng a vn nh hn ) th cng nh sng phn tn theo hng tia ti (180o) l mnh nht. Tia sng, phn tn do kt qu ca s nhiu x thng b phn cc. i vi ht rt b (a<< ), tia sng phn tn theo gc 0o, 180o hon ton khng phn cc, theo gc 90o th phn cc hon ton. 1 of 6 11/11/2011 00:18
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Hnh 1: Biu biu din c im s phn tn v phn cc nh sng i vi ht hnh cu. (Phn gch cho l phn nh sng b phn cc, phn khng gch cho bn trong l phn nh sng phn tn khng b phn cc. Mi tn ch hng tia sng i ti ht) 2
Trong n1 , n2 : chit sut ca tng v ca mi trng phn tn : nng ht V : th tch mi ht : bc sng cu nh sng ti Io : cng nh sng ti Phng trnh Rayleigh nghim ng i vi nhng ht c kch thc nh hn bc sng nh sng 10 ln, tc l nh hn 40- 50 m i vi nh sng trng. i vi nhng ht ln hn kch thc ny, nhng vn nh hn bc sng (), th Ipt t l nghch vi c lu tha nh hn 4. Khi cc ht c kch thc ln hn th ch s lu tha bng khng v hin tng phn tn nh sng chuyn thnh phn x nh sng, khng ph thuc vo bc sng na. T phng trnh Rayleigh, ta c th rt ra nhng kt lun sau: a. Khi cc ht c kch thc nht nh, cng tia sng phn tn t l thun vi nng dung dch keo. Nhng nu nng rt ln th nh sng s b phn tn nhiu ln (phn tn th cp) v phng trnh Rayleigh cn c hiu chnh. b. Cng tia sng phn tn t l thun vi bnh phng th tch ht. Trong vng Rayleigh, khi vn gi nng khi lng khng i, nu phn tn dung dch keo (D) cng cao th cng nh sng phn tn (Ipt )cng yu (D ln do kch thc ht nh s dn n gim Ipt ).
I 'pt = k(x.).( V ) .Io Khi nng khi lng khng i, cn th tch ht sau khi chia nh gim i x ln so vi trc, x
V d: i vi mt h phn tn, phng trnh Rayleigh c vit n gin l: Ipt = k..V2.Io
2
(5.3)
I 'pt =
(1)
Suy ra, cng nh sng phn tn gim i x ln. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi kt qu thc nghim cho thy:
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phn tn (D) ca dung dch keo cng cao th cng nh sng phn tn cng yu. Trong cc dung dch thc (dung dch phn t), s phn tn nh sng rt yu v cc phn t c th tch rt nh. c. Nu chit sut ca pha phn tn v mi trng chnh lch nhau nhiu th cng nh sng phn tn s ln. V d ta thng thy cc huyn ph rt c so vi nh tng v so vi cc dung dch keo. Trong cc sol kim loi, nh sng phn tn mnh hn trong dung dch cao phn t, v t khi ca kim loi ln hn nhiu so vi ca mi trng vy chit sut cng ln hn nhiu so vi chit sut ca mi trng, cn dung dch cao phn t chnh lch ny nh hn. d. Cng tia phn tn t l nghch vi bc sng ca nh sng ti, nn trong nh sng trng nhng tia c bc sng ngn (quang ph xanh n tm) s phn tn mnh nht. Nu cho mt chm nh sng trng i qua h keo c cha ht khng dn in, nhn ngang ta s thy h mu xanh v nhn thng h c mu . L do l khi nh sng trng i qua h, nhng sng ngn (xanh) b phn tn hu ht, ch cn li nhng sng di () l xuyn thu qua h. V d: mu xanh ca bu tri ban ngy l kt qu ca s phn tn nh sng ca nhng git cht lng v cng nh v s thng ging nng ca kh quyn. Da vo hin tng trn ta c th gii thch mu nc bin, mu bu tri xanh lc tra v mu hng, mu lc bnh minh, hong hn. S ph thuc ca cng nh sng phn tn i vi bc sng ca nh sng tic s dng rt nhiu trong thc t. Mu c chn lm tn hiu v n c pht hin rt d dng ngay c trong my m nhng khong cch xa v khng b phn tn nh sng ( ln), cn mu xanh thng c dng ngy trang ( nh). i vi cc ht keo dn in ngoi hin tng phn tn nh sng trn b mt ht tun theo phng trnh Rayleigh, m hiu ng ny thng b, cn c hin tng hp th nh sng. Do c hai hiu ng ny chng ln nhau, i vi h cha cc ht dn in vic p dng phng trnh trn khng cn nghim ng.
S hp th nh sng
Vi h m pha phn tn l cc ht dn in (v d sol kim loi) qui lut quang hc xy ra kh phc tp. Vi loi ht dn in , in trng ca sng nh sng lm pht sinh ra dng in cm ng cc ht, v vy mt phn in nng bin thnh nhit nng, c ngha l xy ra s hp th nh sng. Trong trng hp ny nhng sng in t ngn t 100 n 1000 m b hp th hu ht. Do ta hiu v sao nh sng khng xuyn qua c cc kim loi. S hp th nh sng n sc ca cc h keo tng t nh trong trng hp ca h phn t, n tun theo qui lut Beer - Lambert :
Il = Io .e K.C. (5.4)
Trong : Il: cng tia l Io: cng tia ti K: h s hp th mol C: nng mol cht tan l: chiu dy lp dung dch m nh sng i qua nh lut Beer - Lambert cho thy: nu chiu dy lp dung dch tng theo cp s cng th cng tia l gim theo cp s nhn; lng nh sng c hp th mi im trong h l bng nhau. Cng tia l ph thuc vo chiu dy ca lp dung dch v nng cht tan. Nu chiu dy lp dung dch tng theo cp s cng th cng tia l gim theo cp s nhn. Cng c th ni rng cc lp bng nhau trong h u hp th mt lng nh sng bng nhau (nu tng tng h c th tch ra thnh nhiu lp nh bng nhau). Phng trnh (5.4) cn c dng di dng:
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E = ln Io = K.C.(5.5)
I
l
E: c gi l hp th hay mt quang ca dung dch Biu thc D = I : gi l truyn sut tng i ( trong sut tng i) o Mt khc, nu vit biu thc ca nh lut Beer - Lambert di dng:
Io Il Io Il
th A c gi l hp th tng i ca dung dch. Phng trnh Beer- Lambert c dng cho dung dch ng th nhng cng thch hp cho c dung dch keo khi b dy dung dch keo khng qu ln v nng khng qu cao. H s hp th mol K l mt i lng khng i c trng cho mi cht. Nu cho C = 1, v l = 1 th K = ln I . Khi K l = 0, Il = Io , cng tia l bng tia ti, dung dch khng hp th nh sng. H s hp th mol ph thuc vo bn cht ca h v bc sng nh sng nhng khng ph thuc vo nng h. Do trong h keo ng thi c s hp th v s phn tn nh sng nn h s K cng ng thi cng bao gm hai hin tng . K = K1 + K2 (5.7) Trong : K1 l h s hp th thun ty K2 l h s hp th gi (do hin tng phn tn nh sng). Bng thc nghim ngi ta chng minh c rng K1 ph thuc bc sng nh sng ti, K2 ph thuc bc sng v phn tn ca h keo. Vy h s K v do mt quang E cng ph thuc vo c hai yu t trn. Phng trnh (5.4) c nhiu ng dng thc t nh: xc nh mt quang suy ra nng h keo v h s hp thu K.
Io
= 1 e K.C.l = A (5.6)
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Thc t ta khng quan st trc tip c kch thc v hnh dng ht keo (v ch thy c im sng m khng thy c ht), nhng cc thng s c th xc nh mt cch gin tip v xc nh c s lng trung bnh cc ht keo trong mt th tch no .
= 4 ..r 3 . Vy: 3
C.V . (5.8) n
l=3
(5.10)
r=
3.C.V 4...n
(2)
Hnh 2
Knh hin vi in t
Trong 30 nm gn y knh hin vi in t c s dng rng ri c phng i hn 105 ln. Dng chm electron c di sng 0,02 - 0,05 Ao, ngi ta c th quan st hay chp c cc ht keo, t xc nh c kch thc ht. Kh nng phn chit ca knh hin vi in t c th ln ti 5-10Ao. Tuy nhin ng dng ca knh hin vi in t phn no cng hn ch v trong ng knh phi gi chn khng tht cao, cc mu phi lm tht mng, cho nn tnh cht ca h keo cn nghin cu s thay i nhiu. Knh hin vi in t khc vi knh siu vi, n cho php nhn trc tip hnh dng v kch thc ht, nhng khng cho kh nng nghin cu trng thi ng hc ca h keo kh, keo lng (sol) v qu trnh bin i ca s phn tn.
m l: (h l hng s Planck)
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in trng mnh s lm tng tc electron ln cho n khi t gi tr (khong 10-9- 10-8cm). Vi gi tr ca bc sng c th quan st c phn t. Hai phng php b sung cho nhau m ra kh nng to ln nghin cu cc h keo bng thc nghim. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng cc phng php o c, phng php Roentgen ... nghin cu cc h phn tn.
Phng php o c
Phng php o c( phn tn nh sng) ca h keo, cho php xc nh nng v kch thc ca cht phn tn. C s ca phng php l so snh c ca h nghin cu vi mt h bit nng . Khi phn tn nh sng ca 2 h dung dch bng nhau, ta c: C1 .h1
= C2 .h2 (5.11)
v2 =
1 .v (5.12) 2 1
Cc thng tin khc v module ny: Metadata | Cc phin bnVersion History Cch ti s dng v ng gp cho ni dung ny Cch tham kho v ng gp ni dung ny Ni dung ny c cp bn quyn bi Ths. Tn N Lin Hng tun theo Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 3.0), v l mt Ti nguyn Gio dc M. Chnh sa ln cui bi Ths. Tn N Lin Hng ngy Mar 24, 2010 12:25 am GMT+7.
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