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CHNG 1
M U
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
1.1 Dn nhp
Ngy nay x hi ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu v thc phm ca con ngi ngy cng
cao. Nhng thc phm chc nng c gi tr dinh dng cao cng c nhiu ngi ch
n v tri Gc l mt trong nhng loi thc phm chc nng . Tht vy, trong tri Gc
m c bit l du Gc cha nhiu cht c hm lng dinh dng cao v c kh nng phng
chng bnh tt. Du Gc c cha nhiu caroten, tin vitamin A rt cn thit cho kh nng
nhn tt ca mt, kch thch tnh min dch v tng sc khng cho c th, c tc dng
chng oxy ho. Lycopen l cht chng oxy ho hng u c kh nng bo v c th chng
li cc bnh thoi ho, suy gim min dch v c cc chng bnh ung th (Tangboditham
(1998), c trch dn bi Phm Hu Yn Phng (2004)). Vitamin E mang cc c im
chng oxy ha, ngn chn tc ng c hi ca cc gc t do, l vitamin chng lo ho
(Cossut v cng s, 2001). Hai acid bo khng bo ho linoleic v -linolenic l nhng axit
bo thit yu. Chng tham gia vo thnh phn mng t bo v dy lin kt gia cc t bo
no, l tin thn ca omega 3 (3) v omega 6 (6) (Cossut v cng s, 2001).
Tuy nhin vic sn xut v tiu th du Gc Vit Nam v cc nc trn th gii cn
cha ph bin. Chnh v l do trn nn chng ti thc hin ti Kho st cc yu t nh
hng ln hiu sut trch ly du Gc gp phn nghin cu vic trch ly du Gc t hiu
qu hn v nng cao gi tr ca tri Gc Vit Nam.
1.2 Mc ch ca ti
Xc nh nhng thng s ti u nht cho qu trnh trch ly (loi dung mi, nhit , thi
gian trch ly)
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
CHNG 2
TNG QUAN
TI LIU
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
2.1 Tng qut v tri Gc
2.1.1 c im nng hc
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
2.1.3 Thnh phn ho hc ca tri Gc
Thnh phn
Nc
Gi tr (%)
77
Protein
2,1
Lipide
7,9
Glucide
10,5
1,8
Mui khong
0,7
- Caroten
0,046
Lycopen
0,038
(Ngun www.gactuoikieuphuong.com)
2.1.4 Gi tr ca tri Gc trong i sng
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ngoi vic s dng trong m thc, Gc cn c s dng trong y hc. Cc hng dc
phm ca M gi tri Gc l Fruit from Heaven (loi qu n t thin ng). Thc t,
nghin cu ti M cho thy cc hp cht ca Beta caroten, Lycopen, Alphatocopherol
trong du Gc c tc dng lm v hiu ho 75% cc cht gy ung th ni chung, nht l ung
th v ph n.
Du Gc dng b sung vitamin A cho tr con chm ln, kh mt, qung g, km
n, mt mi, hoc dung bi vt thng, vt bng. Ht gc cha mn nht, trng ht, quai b,
sng v, tc tia sa (www.dantri.com.vn)
R Gc cha t thp, sng ph chn vi liu dung 4g/ngy.Gc dy Gc phi hp vi
mt vi v thuc em sc ung hoc dng ngoi ngm ru xoa bp cng cha phong thp,
sng chn.
2.2 Tng qut v Du Gc
2.2.1 Thnh phn ho hc
2.2.1.1
Thnh phn ch yu
R1COOH
+
R2COOH
CH2OCOR1
CHOCOR2
CH2 OH
R3COOH
CH2OCOR3
Glycerol
Axt bo
Triglyceride
3H2O
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Di tc dng ca cc enzyme thu phn, khi c nc v nhit , triglyceride s b
phn ct mi lin kt este v b thu phn to thnh acid bo t do, do vy acid bo t do
bao gi cng c trong cc loi du thc vt.
Tn ti khong 20 axt bo trong t nhin, chng khc nhau bi s lng ca cc ni
i.
Bng 2.2 Mt vi acd bo quan trng ca du Gc
2.2.1.2
S th t
1
2
3
Axt bo
Palmitic
Stearic
Olic
Linolic
Linolnic
Arachidonic
K hiu
16 : 0
18 : 0
18 : 1(n-9)
18 : 2
(n-6; n-9)
18 : 3
(n-3; n-6; n-9)
20 : 4
(n-6; n-9; n-12; n-15)
Cc thnh phn ph
a) Acid bo t do
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
c) Cc phospholipide
Hm lng phospholipide trong du Gc dao ng t 0,25 3%.
Cu to ca phospholipide:
10
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Vitamin E t nhin c ngun gc thc vt hay ng vt. Du thc vt c cha nhiu
tocophrol v tocotrinol hn. Trong du thc vt, cc dng vitamin thgn gp nht l tocophetrol v - tocophrol (Cuvelier v cng s, 2003)
Vitamin E thuc h tocophrol, h ny gm 4 dng: - tocophrol, cn gi l
vitamin E, - tocophrol, - tocophrol hay - tocophrol.
Ngoi ra, nhng cht ny c s tng ng v cu trc vi phn t thuc h
tocotrinol: - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol hay - tocotrinol (Pennock v
cng s (1964), trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).
Cu trc ha hc ca cc tocophrol bao gm mt vng chromanol mono-, di- hay trimethyl, c ni vi mt chui 16 cacbon bo ha cnh bn (chui phytyl) (Fernoholx
(1938) c trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).
Cc tocophrol khc nhau bi s lng v s sp xp cc nhm metyl xung quanh
vng benzene ca nhn chromanol (Hnh 2.6)
Cu trc ho hc ca cc tocotrinol cng bao gm mt vng chromanol mono , di
hay tri methyl vi chui cacbon cnh bn, nhng cu trc ny cha 3 nhm ni i 3 v
tr 3, 7 v 11 (Hnh 2.7).
f) Cc cht mu t nhin
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
11
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Du m ni chung v du Gc ni ring c mu sc l do s tn ti mt s cht c
tnh tan trong du (y c gi l cht khng x phng ho).
Carotenoid
Carotenoid l nhng sc t t nhin, c mt rng ri trong t nhin v l ngun gc
ca cc mu chi sang (vng, cam v ) ca nhiu tri cy n c (cam, du) ca cc
loi rau (c rt, c chua, gc) ca cc loi nm, ca hoa, to, vi khun, chng cng c mt
trong cc sn phm ng vt.
Thut ng carotenoid bao gm hai phc hp gn tng t nhau: mt mt l cc
carotin, hydrocacbon khng bo ha v mt khc l nhng ng phn b oxy ha ca hp
cht ny hay cn gi l cc xanthophil. Hn 600 carotenoid c c lp t nhng sn
phm t nhin (Faure v cng s, 1999).
Trn phng din ha hc, l cc chui vi u mi chui c nhn dng vng
mang nhiu nhm chc khc nhau (ru, axit ); nhng cht thng thng nht l
caroten v lycopen nhng cc cht khc cng c s dng nh cht mu thc phm: caroten, - caroten, bixin, norbin, capstin, - apo 8 carotenan, ester ethylic ca axit
apo 8 carotenoid. Chng l nhng hp cht ha tan trong du m, mu sc thay i t vng
n .
12
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
- caroten tn ti di dng bt tinh th, khng ha tan trong nc v trong ru, t
Tnh cht vt l
13
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ch s khc x D = 1.474 1.748, ch s khc x cng ln, mc khng no cng
ln.
c) nht:
Du Gc c tnh nht, nhit cng cao tnh nht cng gim.
d) Tnh tan:
Tnh cht ha hc
a)
14
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Giai on 1:
CH2OCOR1
CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2
H2 O
CHOCOR2
CH2OCOR3
Triglyceride
+ R1COOH
CH2OCOR3
Diglyceride
Giai on 2:
CH2OH
CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2
H2 O
CHOCOR2
CH2OCOR3
Diglyceride
+ R3COOH
CH2OH
Monoglyceride
Giai on 3:
CH2OH
CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2
H2 O
CHOH
CH2OH
Monoglyceride
+ R2COOH
CH2OH
Glycerin
b)
Phn ng x phng ho
CH2OH
+
3H2O
CH2OCOR
RCOOH
+ 3RCOOH
CH2OH
+
NaOH
CHOH
3NaOH
CH2OCOR
RCOONa
H2 O
CH2OH
CHOH
+ 3RCOONa
CH2OH
15
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
c)
Khi tip xc vi oxi khng kh, glyxerit, acid bo c th tc dng vi oxi ch yu theo
mch cacbon. Kt qu ca qu trnh oxi ho ny lm xut hin nhng cht mi c tnh cht
mi. Cc sn phm thng l peroxyt, cetoacid
Nu qu trnh oxi ha khng su, s thay i ch yu l tnh cht cm quan nh mi,
v ca du m. Nhng thay i ny gi l s i hng ca du m, thng xy ra khi bo
cc iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh oxi ho.
Trong mt s trng hp khc, qu trnh xi ha su th trong du m xut hin
nhng tnh cht ho, l mi. T du oxi ho mnh c th nhn c cc vt liu qu. Sn
phm ca oxi ha du c th chia lm 3 nhm:
Trong cc iu kin thch hp (p sut cao, nhit cao v Niken xc tc) cc acid
bo khng bo ha s thc hin phn ng cng vi H 2 (Hydrogen) chuyn ni i thnh
ni n v chuyn ng phn t dng Cis sang Trans.
2.2.3 Gi tr ca du Gc
Ngi Vit Nam s dng mn qu ny lm thuc b cho ph n mang thai, cho con
b, phng nga v trnh thiu vitamin A, bnh kh mt, bnh qung g tr em. Bn
cnh , du Gc cn lm lnh nhanh chng cc vt thng, vt bng v l lot (V nh
Trc (1986) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)).
Bi Minh c v cng s (2004); Ng Th Thu (2004); Nguyn Cng Sut (2002)
ch ra rng du gc gp phn lm tng kh nng min dch, chng li s lo ha ca t
bo v chng li qu trnh oxy ha. Hn na, nhng tc gi ny cng ch ra vai tr loi b
cc tc ng c hi ca mi trng nh cc cht c ha hc, tia phng x.
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
16
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Nguyn Cng Sut (2003) cho rng thnh phn - carotene, lycopen v vitamin E
trong du Gc c tc ng trung ha 75% cc cht gy ung th, c bit i vi bnh ung
th v.
2.2.4 Phng php khai thc du Gc
Theo Tt Li (1991), hin nay c 3 phng php khai thc du Gc, tuy theo quy
m cng nghip v iu kin sn xut m la chn phng php thch hp, nhng trc khi
khai thc mng ca Gc phi c sy 60 700C v c nghin thnh bt.
2.2.4.1
Trong trng hp chng ta mun s dng du Gc trong gia nh hay trong mt thi
gian ngn, chng ta c th s dng m heo hay du u phng trch ly. u tin cc cht
ny phi un nng nhit 60 700C, tip theo bt Gc c a vo. Nh vo cng on
ny, cc lipit cha trong bt Gc ha tan trong m hay du u phng ri chng c tch ra
loi b b. Du ny c gi trong mt l kn trnh nh sng.
Nhc im: a thm c thnh phn Cholesterol vo trong du Gc (trong m heo
2.2.4.2
sc khe.
u im: phng php ny c hiu sut trch ly cao hn, t gy nh hng n cc
17
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
2.3 Tng qut v cng ngh trch ly cht bo
18
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
2.3.3 Cc yu t nh hng ln qu trnh trch ly
2.3.3.1
Nguyn liu
a) Mc ph v ca m:
Mc c hc hay l hc ca cc m nh hng ngc li trn nng sut trch ly.
y l mt nhn t c bn y nhanh v lm trit tin trnh trch ly bi dung mi. Vi cu
trc t bo hon ton b ph v, cc phn t c th tip xc hon ton vi dung mi (Kitrigin,
1976)
i vi kch c v dng cc phn t nguyn liu, tht r rng rng c mt mi li
nhn i khi thc hin cng vic trn cc phn t mn: qu trnh thm thu s nhanh hn.
Ngoi ra, vi kch c v hnh dng thch hp, qu trnh chuyn ng ca cc phn t trong
my trch ly s d dng hn. Du vy, nh ca cc phn t cng phi c gii hn: mt
kch c nh qu mc s lm gim kh nng thm ca lp vt liu rn vo dung mi, do lm
tt cc ng mao dn, cn tr tin trnh trch ly mt vi v tr, ni m dung mi khng th
thm qua.
Theo Kitrigin (1976), kch c ca cc phn t thch hp cho trch ly du t 0,5mm
n 9 mm.
b) m ca cc phn t:
m cao s lm chm qu trnh khuych tn v gy ra s dnh bt gia cc phn t.
Nc cn li trong nguyn liu s lin kt protin v cc cht ho nc khc, iu ny ngn
chn s thm ca dung mi, lm chm qu trnh khuych tn phn t v i lu.
Cc loi ht khc nhau c m thch hp ring trong trch ly bng dung mi. Theo
Kitrigin (1976), m thch hp ca ht hng dng t 8% n 10% trong xng, trong khi
m ca u nnh l 14% trong tanol (L Bch Tuyt v cng s, 1996)
19
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
2.3.3.2
Vi khi lng nguyn liu ban u c nh, khi lng dung mi gia tng, qu trnh
trch ly din ra nhanh chng v lng du cn li trong b s gim.
Bermardini (1997) ch ra rng lng dung mi c tm quan trng trn hm lng
dch trch ly n t l dung mi: ht du ( th tch: khi lng ) 18 : 1, i vi ht hng
dng, u phng, s gia tng trn t l ny lm hiu sut trch ly tng chm v nu t l trn
88 : 1 nng sut trch ly l mt hng s.
2.3.3.3
Nhit trch ly
Nhit tc ng phc tp, nhit gia tng lm tng hiu sut trch ly.
Nhng nhit qu cao s c tc ng ngc li bi vic lm bin tnh cc sn phm
cn trch ly.
2.3.3.4
S ko di ca thi gian ko theo s gia tng nng sut trch ly, nhng khng nn ko
di v iu ny s khng lm gia tng hiu sut ln bao nhiu, bi v du cn li trong b
ngy cng gim.
Theo Bernardini (1997), mt lng ln du c trch ly trong 4 gi trch ly u tin.
y l thi im kt thc qu trnh trch ly thch hp lng du ly ra tng i nhiu
nht m khng tiu hao nhiu nng lng v dung mi.
2.3.3.5
Loi dung mi
Nhiu dung mi nh benzen, etanol, propan, butan, freon, axetone, n Hexan, ether
du ha ... c s dng trch ly du Gc. Th nhng dung mi c s dng thng
thng nht l n Hexan.
Vic la chn dung mi da trn cc vn sau: hng s in mi, l mt du hiu
tt cho phn cc, im si, hay cc ch s khc nh kh nng trn ln vi cc dung mi
khc hay tnh d dng lm sch n (West, 1984 c trch dn bi Richard v Multon,
1992).
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
20
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Trong thc t khng tn ti dung mi l tng, nhng chn la dung mi s dng
phi da vo cc yu cu sau y :
Gi thnh khng t: chi ph v s mt mt c gii hn.
Trch ly c chn lc v d dng.
Tr vi my mc v t h hng, hm lng bn thp.
Khng c kh nng chy n, t c
Dung mi
N Hexan
im si (OC)
69
Acetone
58,08
56,2
Diethyl ether
76,15
60
Cn
46,07
78,5
Cloroform
119,38
61,7
Tc chy ca dung mi
2.3.3.6
Nguyn liu v dung mi c cho vo ngm mt thi gian nht nh chit mixen ra,
cho dung mi mi vo ngm chit v c th cho n khi nng mixen t n gi tr cn
bng.
Nhc im: thi gian di v nng mixen thp.
u im: nguyn liu tip xc trc tip vi dung mi nn d dng cho vic kho st
21
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
y c xem l phng php ph bin hn do c hiu sut cao v thi gian ngn, n
c thc hin bng cch ngm nguyn liu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng ngc chiu
hoc di ti lin tc, nhiu t dung mi hoc mixen long ln lp nguyn liu chuyn
ng.
Nhc im: H s s dung thit b thp (45%), c th d chy n hn khi dung mi
tip xc vi khng kh trong thit b, h thng tun hon dung mi phc tp, phi
dng bm nhiu.
u im: nng mixen cao, t l s dng dung mi v nguyn liu gim, ng thi
22
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
CHNG 3
VT LIU V
PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
23
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
a im: Ti c s th nghim Trng Cao ng Cng Nghip Thc Phm Thnh Ph
H Ch Minh.
3.2 Vt liu nghin cu
24
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
3.2.2 Ha cht, dng c, thit b
Ha cht
3.2.2.1
tinh
Ngun
n Hexan
Diethyl ether
Acetone
si (0C)
69
60
58,08
khit (%)
99,5
99,5
99,5
gc
TQ
TQ
TQ
Cn
78,5
98
VN
STT
Tn dung mi
1
2
3
4
3.2.2.2
Ni bn
Nm SX
ng T
2003
2003
2008
Hin Thnh,
qun 10,
2009
TP.HCM
Dng c, Thit b
25
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
3.3 Phng php nghin cu
3.3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh trch ly du Gc c kho st trong ti
X l
Phi, sy
To = 60 70oC
Thi gian = 7 8 gi
m ca bt = 8 10%
Nghin nh
Ry
Dung
mi
Trch ly
Dung mi
= 0.5 1mm
m ca bt = 8 10 %
T l nguyn liu:dung mi = 1:14
Thu hi dung mi
Du th
Hnh 3.2 S cng ngh trch ly du Gc bng dung mi
26
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
3.3.1.2
a) Nguyn liu
Qu Gc dng trong th nghim thuc loi Gc Np, ln, chn, khng v, khng b h
hng, lun ng nht v kch thc v chn.
Qu Gc mua ti ch u mi nng sn Hc Mn.
b) X l
Qu Gc c ch bin thu ly mng Gc, bng cch: qu Gc c ch i, tch
mng , b ht.
c) Phi, sy
Sau khi tch ly mng, ta em mng Gc i phi lm gim m v rt ngn thi
gian trong qu trnh sy. Sau , mng Gc c em sy 60 700C trong vng 7 8 gi
n khi m t 8 10 %
d) Nghin nh v ry
Mng Gc sau khi sy t c m 8 10 %, c em i nghin nh ri ry
( kch thc l ry 0.5 1 mm ). Phn khng lt ry ta em nghin li v tip tc ry n khi
khng cn Gc trn ry t kch thc cn thit.
e) Trch ly
Bc 1: em cn 5g bt Gc c nghin nh gi vo giy lc (3gi x 5g) v cho
vo bnh cu.
Bc 2: ong dung mi v cho vo bnh cu (vi t l nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 :
14), sau gn ng sinh hn ln.
Bc 3: tin hnh trch ly bng phng php ngm chit.
(Cu to ca h thng trch ly ph lc 26, trang73)
f) Thu hi dung mi
Sau khi trch ly xong ta thu c mt hn hp gm du v dung mi (Mixen). Tin
hnh thu hi dung mi bng b chng ct Soxhlet bng cch gia nhit 80 0C, dung mi c
nhit si thp hn nhit si ca du s bay hi qua h thng ng sinh hn. Sau dung
mi s c ngng t trong ng chit, ta ly c dung mi thu hi. Kt thc qu trnh thu
hi, ta thu c du th.
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
27
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
3.3.2 Phng php b tr th nghim
3.3.2.1
trch ly
Du Gc tan tt trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc. Do vy, chng ti kho st 4
loi dung mi l : n Hexan, Dietyl ether, Acetone, Cn. (Bng 3.1, trang 25)
a) Mc ch
Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi khc nhau ln hiu sut trch ly tm ra
loi dung mi cho hiu sut trch ly cao nht, nhng t nh hng n cht lng ca du
gc.
b) Phng php b tr th nghim
Th nghim 1 c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th
nghim hon ton ngu nhin. th nghim ny, kho st nh hng ca dung mi ln hiu
sut trch ly bn mc nhit c nh khc nhau tm ra loi dung mi trch ly thch hp
nht. V cc dung mi c em kho st c nhit si chch lch khc nhau (t 50 0C n
800C) nn da trn c s , th nghim 1 c chia thnh 4 th nghim nh, c b tr nh
sau:
Th nghim 1.1: Kho st nh hng ca 4 loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch
ly nhit c nh l 50OC
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
28
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
1
2
3
n Hexan
Yu t c nh
Nhit : 50OC
ly nhit c nh l 60OC
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
1
2
3
n Hexan
Yu t c nh
Nhit : 60OC
ly nhit c nh l 70OC
th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit
70OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n
sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
(Loi dung mi)
Yu t c nh
29
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
1
2
Cn
Acetone
Nhit : 70OC
n Hexan
ly nhit c nh l 80OC
th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit
80OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n
sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Nghim thc
Yu t thay i
Yu t c nh
1
2
Nhit : 80OC
n Hexan
30
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
3.3.2.2
Mc ch
Nghim thc
1
2
3
4
5
Yu t thay i
(Nhit )
50OC
55OC
60OC
65OC
70OC
Yu t c nh
31
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
75OC
80OC
85OC
6
7
8
a) Mc ch
Tm ra mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du trong nguyn liu vi
loi dung mi ti u nht (va kho st th nghim 1) v nhit ti u nht (va kho st
th nghim 2), t tm ra thi im thch hp dng qu trnh trch ly sao cho hiu
sut trch ly l cao nht v lng dung mi hao ht thch hp.
b) Phng php b tr th nghim
th nghim ny, kho st mi quan h gia hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu
vi thi gian trch ly cc mc thi gian khc nhau l : 60 pht; 90 pht; 120 pht; 150
32
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
pht; 180 pht; 210 pht; 240 pht; 270 pht; 300 pht tm ra thi im thch hp nht
dng qu trnh trch ly. Da trn c s th nghim 3 c b tr nh sau:
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Nghim thc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Yu t thay i
(Thi gian: pht)
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Yu t c nh
33
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
CHNG 4
34
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
KT QU
V THO LUN
a (cm)
15,15 2,45
b (cm)
13,03 1,45
c (cm)
12,57 1,63
0,90 0,07
Vi
a
: Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm)
35
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
c
: cao ca qu Gc
T l (%)
100
Tht qu
485,4 201,4
47,49 7,52
Mng ht
252,4 126,6
24,46 6,11
Ht
98,12 31,8
10,21 2,65
184,88 91,3
18,83 7,46
36
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
4.1.2 Cc thnh phn ha hc chnh ca nguyn liu
Mng ti
Hm lng Hm lng
Hm lng
Mng kh
Hm lng
ng
nc
nc
du
8%
78,41%
9,33%
38.01%
Gi tr
Hm lng
Caroten
15,89 mg/100g
bt Gc
Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly ca bn loi dung mi
cc mc nhit khc nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P<0,05) (Ph lc
10 v 11, trang 59)
cc mc nhit khc nhau, cn c kh nng trch ly thp nht, trong khi n
Hexan l dung mi trch ly c nhiu du nht. iu c m t c th th (Hnh
4.1). C th c th hin trong Ph lc 5, trang 57 v bng 4.4
37
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Bng 4.4 Bng so snh hiu sut trch ly ca Cn v n Hexan cc nhit
khc nhau
Nhit
500C
600C
700C
800C
Cn
26,9529 %
35,8293 %
43,0542 %
52,3769 %
n Hexan
65,2071 %
68,7751 %
71,0507 %
80,6186 %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cn
Axetone
Di ethyl ether
n-Hexan
50
60
70
80
Nhi t (oC)
Hnh 4.1 S thay i hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi theo nhng nhit
khc nhau
4.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
38
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly cc mc nhit khc
nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P<0,05). (Ph lc 12, trang 59)
Khi nhit cng tng th hiu sut trch ly cng tng:
T 50OC 80OC: hiu sut trch ly tng nhanh
T 80OC 85OC: hiu sut trch ly tng chm
Bi v, nhit cng cao th du cng linh ng nn du v dung mi d ha tan vo
nhau, lng du s trch ly ra nhiu hn. Mt khc, nhit gip cho qu trnh trch ly d dng
bng cch ph hy mng t bo bi vic lm bin tnh mng t bo v bi cc bt kh to
thnh, n lm tng kh nng ho tan ca bt Gc cn trch ly; Nhit cao lm gim nht
ca du nn vic chuyn du t t bo vo dung mi s d dng hn.
iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.2)
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
50
55
60
65
70
Nhit (oC)
75
80
85
4.2 S
thaykho
i hiu
sut dung
trch mi
ly hao
cc ht:
mc nhit khc nhau
Ngoi Hnh
ra, chng
ti cn
st lng
T 50OC 65OC: lng dung mi hao ht t
39
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
T 65OC 85OC: lng dung mi hao ht nhiu
iu c m t c th th (Ph lc 8, trang 58 v Hnh 4.3)
14
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
50
55
60
65
70
Nhit (oC)
75
80
85
T 80OC 85OC: hiu sut trch ly tng chm, nhng lng dung mi hao ht qu
nhiu. iu ny nh hng n tnh kinh t.
T 55OC 80OC: lng dung mi hao ht khng nhiu, nhng hiu sut trch ly li
khng cao.
Nu nhit trch ly thp qu th hiu sut trch ly khng cao, hm lng du trong
b cn nhiu.
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
40
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn 80OC l nhit trch ly ti u nht.
4.2.3 Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du
cn li trong nguyn liu
Thi gian cng di th hm lng du cn li trong b cng t. Trong 4 gi u tin,
lng du ny n t cc t bo b ph v do qu trnh nghin. Khi thi gian cng tng th
hm lng du trong v ngoi t bo s cng i n trng thi cn bng. Khi t n trng
thi cn bng th qu trnh trch ly khng xy ra, do hiu sut trch ly s gim.
T 1 gi - 4 gi: hm lng du cn li trong b gim nhanh.
T 4 gi - 5 gi: hm lng du trong b gim chm
Lng du cn li (%)
iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.4)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
Thi gian (h)
4.5
Thi gian trch ly cng tng th lng dung mi hao ht cng nhiu.
T 1 gi - 4 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng chm
T 4 gi - 5 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng nhanh
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
41
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.5)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
1
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
Thi gian (h)
4.5
Hnh 4.5 Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau
42
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Kt lun chung:
Qua tt c nhng th nghim tin hnh kho st, chng ti nhn thy rng trch ly
du Gc t hiu qu tt nht th cc thng s ti u nht l:
Loi dung mi trch ly l
: n Hexan
Nhit trch ly
: 800C
: 4 gi
43
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
4.3 Kt qu kho st tnh cht ca du Gc thu c
4.3.1 Cc ch tiu ho hc
Ch s
Gi tr
Acid
(mg KOH/1g)
1,62
Peroxide
(m.eq
peroxide/1kg)
0,36
Caroten
(mg/100g)
14,29
44
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
4.3.2.1
Ch s Acid
Ch s Peroxide
Hm lng caroten ca du Gc
45
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
CHNG 5
KT LUN
V NGH
46
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
5.1 Kt lun:
Kt qu thu c cho php chng ti kt lun rng:
Mng Gc thuc loi t du (36,6 39,9 %).
Kh nng trch ly ca cc dung mi khc nhau, n Hexan l dung mi thch hp nht
trch ly du Gc.
Nhit cng gia tng, lng du Gc c trch ly cng d dng. Tuy nhin, cn
trnh trch ly nhit qu cao s gy nh hng n cht lng du Gc v gy tht thot
dung mi nh hng n gi tr kinh t. V qua qu trnh kho st, chng ti chn nghim
thc 800C v t l dung mi : nguyn liu l 14 : 1 l thch hp nht.
Thi gian trch ly nh hng c ngha n nng sut trch ly. Nhng sau 4 gi ly
trch, vn cn gn 7% du trong b.
Sn phm du Gc l dng bn thnh phm. C cha mt hm lng caroten
(14.29mg/100g cht th), cng vi cc c tnh l ha (ch s axit: 1,62 ; ch s peroxyt
0,36) xc nhn tnh hiu qu ca phng php trch ly bng n Hexan.
5.2 ngh
47
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ngoi ra, mt s hiu bit r rng v cc loi Momordica cochinchinensis, v hm
lng Carotenoide cc chn khc nhau tht cn thit t c ngun nguyn liu tt.
Cng tht quan trng nghin cu sy chn khng gim s mt mt cc cht
chng oxy ha.
nng cao gi tr ca qu Gc, cn nghin cu v s dng du Gc lm mu
thc phm hay thc phm chc nng, nghin cu ch bin cc sn phm t tht qu v phn
tch thnh phn ca b.
48
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
PH LC
Ph lc 1
Kch c v cu ca qu Gc (Momodica Cochinchinensis)
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
49
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Thng s
1
a (cm)
14,73
b (cm)
13,61
c (cm)
12,83
0,93
17,99
14,15
13,10
0,83
16,31
15,51
16,22
0,98
12,00
11,26
10,81
0,95
15,02
13,94
12,98
0,93
14,99
15,20
13,96
0,98
14,43
13,76
14,04
0,98
18,78
13,00
12,79
0,87
16,82
13,21
12,54
0,84
10
20,29
13,56
14,08
0,77
11
12,29
12,00
11,75
0,98
12
12,57
11,17
10,56
0,91
13
13,51
11,60
10,82
0,88
14
13,81
12,85
11,95
0,93
15
Trung bnh
Sai s
13,75
15,15
2,45
10,71
13,03
1,45
10,15
12,57
1,63
0,83
0,90
0,07
50
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 2
Khi lng v thnh phn k thut ca qu Gc
Tng
Qu
Tht qu
Mng ht
Ht
cng
(g)
1169,31
(g)
623,37
(%)
53,31
(g)
285,23
(%)
24,39
(g)
125,61
(%)
10,74
(g)
135,10
(%)
11,55
1314,17
653,35
49,72
390,70
29,73
98,75
7,51
171,37
13,04
1705,38
894,78
52,47
508,75
29,83
163,72
9,60
138,13
8,10
578,69
245,50
42,42
142,41
24,61
56,21
9,71
134,57
23,25
1044,56
675,46
64,66
177,79
17,02
86,10
8,24
258,54
24,75
610,27
250,62
41,07
145,77
23,89
85,41
14,00
128,47
21,05
1342,72
522,13
38,89
392,19
29,21
157,20
11,71
271,20
20,20
1364,22
629,30
46,13
382,30
28,02
84,84
6,22
267,78
19,63
1117,13
632,04
56,58
136,27
12,20
98,43
8,81
250,38
22,41
10
1410,90
569,05
40,33
365,58
25,91
85,03
6,03
391,24
27,73
11
604,14
253,28
41,92
189,78
31,41
54,72
9,06
106,36
17,61
12
605,12
300,54
49,67
104,33
17,24
70,35
11,63
129,90
21,47
13
750,15
400,12
53,34
234,75
31,29
95,00
12,66
20,28
2,70
14
820,05
340,14
41,48
214,64
26,17
120,11
14,65
145,16
17,70
15
Trung bnh
Sai s
720,44
1010,48
365,76
290,54
485,35
201,53
40,33
47,49
7,52
114,76
252,35
126,55
15,93
24,46
6,11
90,35
98,12
31,81
12,54
10,21
2,65
224,79
184,88
91,27
31,20
18,83
7,46
51
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 3
Kt qu so mu xc nh hm lng Caroten o bc sng 450nm
STT
OD
Hm lng Caroten
ng nghim
1
0,949
0,885
15,60
0,840
14,60
0,766
13,60
0,721
12,60
0,657
11,60
0,598
10,60
0,532
9,60
0,483
8,60
10
0,429
7,60
11
0,368
6,60
12
0,322
5,60
13
0,250
4,60
14
0,192
3,60
15
0,146
2,60
16
0,080
1,60
17
0,034
0,66
18
0,020
0,33
19
0,012
0,16
20
0,000
0,00
52
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
18
y = 17.497x + 0.0901
16
R = 0.9996
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
OD
53
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 4
Kt qu hm lng du Gc xc nh bng phng php Soxhlet
Loi Gc
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
39.3463
34.3452
38.7141
37.4685
1.5723
38.9107
43.6899
37.0970
39.8992
1.9663
36.9379
34.3337
38.6948
36.6555
1.2668
54
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 5
Hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi cc nhit khc nhau
Loi dung mi
50
60
70
80
Nhit (0C)
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
Cn 980
Aceton
Dietyether
n_Hexan
22.4960
26.5920
31.7707
26.9529
2.6834
41.3973
32.8373
33.2533
35.8293
2.7866
43.5307
42.2453
43.3867
43.0542
0.4066
55.2640
52.5120
49.3547
52.3769
1.7072
55.2587
58.5920
60.3627
58.0711
1.4962
71.9253
63.0667
63.8080
66.2667
2.8374
65.5680
58.4640
67.5147
63.8489
2.7505
67.3120
68.6880
62.3200
66.1067
1.9346
68.2347
56.4373
53.7013
59.4578
4.4590
69.7973
69.1413
64.2987
67.7458
1.7339
72.9280
58.5920
64.1013
65.2071
4.1752
77.3920
65.1093
63.8240
68.7751
4.3244
70.9227
69.2587
72.9707
71.0507
1.0735
72.6453
84.5973
84.6133
80.6186
3.9867
55
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
50.1326
44.8431
42.9515
45.9757
2.1490
49.9174
50.9783
48.6814
49.8590
0.6637
63.4689
50.2177
50.8382
54.8416
4.3174
64.6449
55.1519
54.3662
58.0543
3.3031
65.4707
60.3613
55.3721
60.4014
2.9153
72.6518
64.8952
57.0785
64.8752
4.4956
73.9779
69.8694
71.4958
71.7810
1.1946
70.9372
73.4374
74.4583
737744
2.6750
Ph lc 7 Hiu sut trch ly bng n Hexan cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Thi gian(gi)
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
51.8692
48.8338
53.1771
51.2934
1.2864
60.3978
54.3597
54.8174
56.5250
1.9409
70.9428
64.8283
64.1362
66.6358
2.1628
65.3188
76.6322
74.5668
72.1726
3.4784
75.6567
78.3869
80.4523
78.1653
1.3888
86.9973
88.1907
78.3379
84.5086
3.1045
92.1962
91.8583
87.1172
90.3906
1.6396
92.5504
91.5422
92.9918
92.3615
0.4290
92.7411
92.4687
93.1117
92.7738
0.1863
56
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
57
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 8
Lng dung mi hao ht cc nhit khc nhau
Nhit (0C)
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
10.00
10.50
10.00
10.17
0.17
10.50
11.00
10.00
10.50
0.29
10.00
11.00
11.00
10.67
0.33
11.00
11.00
11.50
10.83
0.44
12.00
11.00
11.50
11.50
0.29
13.50
12.00
12.00
12.50
0.50
12.50
13.50
13.50
13.17
0.33
13.50
14.00
14.00
13.83
0.17
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
Ph lc 9
Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Thi gian (h)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
12.00
13.50
14.50
13.33
0.73
15.00
16.50
15.00
15.50
0.50
15.00
17.50
17.00
16.50
0.76
18.00
18.50
18.00
18.17
0.17
19.00
18.50
18.50
18.67
0.17
19.50
19.00
19.50
19.33
0.17
21.50
22.00
21.50
21.67
0.17
32.00
31.50
32.00
31.83
0.17
37.00
38.50
37.00
37.50
0.50
Lp li
1
2
3
Gi tr trung bnh
Sai s chun
58
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
59
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 10
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C
ANOVA
HS60
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
df
Square
2680.461
893.487
280.441
35.055
2960.902
11
2280.045
760.015
225.136
28.142
2505.181
11
Sig.
25.488
.000
27.006
.000
Ph lc 11
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C
ANOVA
Sum ofca nhit ln
Mean
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA
hiu sut trch ly
Squares
HS70
HS80
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
df
Square
1268.086
634.043
53.297
8.883
1321.383
1196.699
598.350
135.303
22.551
1332.003
Sig.
71.379
.000
26.534
.001
Ph lc 12
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares
HS
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
Mean
Square
df
2404.011
343.430
469.503
16
29.344
2873.513
23
F
11.704
Sig.
.000
60
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph luc 13
Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C
Multiple Comparisons
LSD
Dependent
Variable
HS50
HS60
(I) DUNGMOI
CON
(J) DUNGMOI
ACETON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
ACETON
CON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
DIETYETHER CON
ACETON
HEXAN
HEXAN
CON
ACETON
DIETYETHER
CON
ACETON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
ACETON
CON
DIETYETHER
HEXAN
DIETYETHER CON
ACETON
HEXAN
HEXAN
CON
ACETON
DIETYETHER
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
-31.1167*
4.834
-32.5033*
4.834
-38.2533*
4.834
31.1167*
4.834
-1.3867
4.834
-7.1367
4.834
32.5033*
4.834
1.3867
4.834
-5.7500
4.834
38.2533*
4.834
7.1367
4.834
5.7500
4.834
-30.4374*
4.331
-31.9165*
4.331
-32.9458*
4.331
30.4374*
4.331
-1.4791
4.331
-2.5084
4.331
31.9165*
4.331
1.4791
4.331
-1.0293
4.331
32.9458*
4.331
2.5084
4.331
1.0293
4.331
Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.782
.178
.000
.782
.268
.000
.178
.268
.000
.000
.000
.000
.742
.578
.000
.742
.818
.000
.578
.818
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
-42.2645
-19.9688
-43.6512
-21.3555
-49.4012
-27.1055
19.9688
42.2645
-12.5345
9.7612
-18.2845
4.0112
21.3555
43.6512
-9.7612
12.5345
-16.8978
5.3978
27.1055
49.4012
-4.0112
18.2845
-5.3978
16.8978
-40.4257
-20.4490
-41.9048
-21.9281
-42.9341
-22.9575
20.4490
40.4257
-11.4674
8.5092
-12.4968
7.4799
21.9281
41.9048
-8.5092
11.4674
-11.0177
8.9590
22.9575
42.9341
-7.4799
12.4968
-8.9590
11.0177
61
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 14
Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C
Multiple Comparisons
LSD
Dependent
Variable
HS70
(I)
DUNGMOI
CON
ACETON
HEXAN
HS80
CON
ACETON
HEXAN
Mean
(J)
Difference
DUNGMOI
(I-J)
Std. Error
ACETON
-20.7947*
2.433
HEXAN
-27.9965*
2.433
CON
20.7947*
2.433
HEXAN
-7.2018*
2.433
CON
27.9965*
2.433
ACETON
7.2018*
2.433
ACETON
-13.7298*
3.877
HEXAN
-28.2417*
3.877
CON
13.7298*
3.877
HEXAN
-14.5120*
3.877
CON
28.2417*
3.877
ACETON
14.5120*
3.877
Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.025
.000
.025
.012
.000
.012
.010
.000
.010
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
-26.7492
-14.8402
-33.9510
-22.0420
14.8402
26.7492
-13.1563
-1.2473
22.0420
33.9510
1.2473
13.1563
-23.2173
-4.2423
-37.7292
-18.7542
4.2423
23.2173
-23.9995
-5.0245
18.7542
37.7292
5.0245
23.9995
62
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 15 Kt qu so snh LSD ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
MultipleCom
parisons
Dependent Variable: HS
LSD
(I)
NHIETDO
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
(J)
NHIETDO
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
80.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
85.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
-3.8833
-8.8659
-12.0786
-14.4256
-18.8994
-25.8053
-31.6352
3.8833
-4.9826
-8.1953
-10.5423
-15.0161
-21.9220
-27.7519
8.8659
4.9826
-3.2127
-5.5598
-10.0336
-16.9394
-22.7694
12.0786
8.1953
3.2127
-2.3470
-6.8208
-13.7267
-19.5566
14.4256
10.5423
5.5598
2.3470
-4.4738
-11.3797
-17.2096
18.8994
15.0161
10.0336
6.8208
4.4738
-6.9059
-12.7358
25.8053
21.9220
16.9394
13.7267
11.3797
6.9059
-5.8299
31.6352
27.7519
22.7694
19.5566
17.2096
12.7358
5.8299
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Std. Error
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
4.423
Sig.
.393
.062
.015
.005
.001
.000
.000
.393
.277
.082
.030
.004
.000
.000
.062
.277
.478
.227
.037
.001
.000
.015
.082
.478
.603
.143
.007
.000
.005
.030
.227
.603
.327
.020
.001
.001
.004
.037
.143
.327
.138
.011
.000
.000
.001
.007
.020
.138
.206
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.011
.206
95%Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
-13.2596
5.4930
-18.2421
.5104
-21.4549
-2.7023
-23.8019
-5.0494
-28.2757
-9.5232
-35.1816
-16.4290
-41.0115
-22.2590
-5.4930
13.2596
-14.3588
4.3937
-17.5716
1.1810
-19.9186
-1.1661
-24.3924
-5.6399
-31.2983
-12.5457
-37.1282
-18.3757
-.5104
18.2421
-4.3937
14.3588
-12.5890
6.1635
-14.9360
3.8165
-19.4098
-.6573
-26.3157
-7.5632
-32.1456
-13.3931
2.7023
21.4549
-1.1810
17.5716
-6.1635
12.5890
-11.7233
7.0292
-16.1971
2.5554
-23.1030
-4.3504
-28.9329
-10.1804
5.0494
23.8019
1.1661
19.9186
-3.8165
14.9360
-7.0292
11.7233
-13.8501
4.9025
-20.7559
-2.0034
-26.5859
-7.8333
9.5232
28.2757
5.6399
24.3924
.6573
19.4098
-2.5554
16.1971
-4.9025
13.8501
-16.2821
2.4704
-22.1121
-3.3595
16.4290
35.1816
12.5457
31.2983
7.5632
26.3157
4.3504
23.1030
2.0034
20.7559
-2.4704
16.2821
-15.2062
3.5463
22.2590
41.0115
18.3757
37.1282
13.3931
32.1456
10.1804
28.9329
7.8333
26.5859
3.3595
22.1121
-3.5463
15.2062
*. Themeandifferenceissignificant at the.05level.
63
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 16
Phng php xc nh kch thc ca qu Gc
Chng ti chn ngu nhin 15 qu trong 3 ln mua kho st kch thc ca qu
gc. Dng thc kp, chng ti o chiu di (a), chiu rng (b), v chiu cao (c) ca qu.
cu c tnh theo cng thc :
Vi :
: cu ca qu Gc
: Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm)
Ph lc 17
Xc nh hm lng du trong bt Gc bng phng php Soxhlet
a.
Nguyn l
Xc nh hm lng du Gc bng cch trch ly trong b Soxhlet, vi dung mi l n
Hexan.
b.Phng php thc hin
Ly mu
Cn (chnh xc n 0,0001 g) khong 5g bt gc gi vo giy lc v cho vo trong
ng trch ly.
Trch ly
u tin, sy cc bnh cu Soxhlet nhit khong 1050C v ngui ti thiu 30
pht trong bnh ht m. Sau em cn bnh ( chnh xc cn 0,0001g) xc nh khi
lng ban u ca bnh.
Lp t h thng trch ly, cho vo mi bnh cu khong 200 ml dung mi, iu chnh
nhit .
Gio vin hng dn:
Mc Xun Ha
64
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Thc hin qu trnh trch ly n khi bt Gc kit du. Dng a thu tinh v giy lc
th xem du cn trong b hay khng. Nu kit du, khng c vt loang trn giy lc,
nu c vt loang, tip tc trch ly.
Sau khi trch ly ht du, ta ly cc gi bt Gc ra v tip tc thu hi dung hi. Thu hi
dung mi trong cng b Soxhlet n khi cn kit dung mi.
Sau em sy 900C trong 1 gi. ngui bnh trong bnh ht m trong 30 pht,
cn bnh c cha du thu c.
Thc hin th nghim vi 3 ln lp li.
c.Kt qu
Hm lng du, %, ca bt Gc bng:
(m1 m2)
m0
x 100
Vi:
m0
m1
m2
Ph lc 18
Xc nh hm lng ng trong nguyn liu
a)
Chun b mu
Cn v cho vo ci s 5 10g nguyn liu (mng gc ti). Nghin cn thn trong ci
s. Sau chuyn ton b hn hp vo cc thy tinh dung tch 250ml, trng cc cn, ci
chy 2 ln, mi ln khong 10ml thu hi ton b mu. Thm nc ct vo cc sao cho th
tch trong cc khong 60 70ml. un cch thy 70 80 0C trong 30 45 pht hoc khuy
bng my khuy t (tc 600v/pht, gia nhit 800C trong thi gian 10 20 pht). Lm
ngui cc ri chuyn sang bnh nh mc 100ml hoc 200ml, trng cc 2 ln, mi ln
khong 10ml nc ct ri thm nc ct cho ti vch mc. Lc mu qua giy lc vo cc
hay bnh kh, sch. Dung dch lc dng lm dung dch th nghim.
b)
Lm mu trng
65
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Cho 10ml Feling A, 10ml Feling B, 20ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic, un si dung
dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht, cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic,
ng thi un si. Chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh
1% cho n khi mt mu xanh th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
Lm mu chnh
c)
Dng pipet cho dung dch mu vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm 10ml Feling A, 10ml
Feling B, 10ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic. un si dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht,
cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un si. Tip tc
chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi
mt mu xanh th dng li. Thm vi git xanh metyl, nu mu dung dch trong bnh tam
gic khng i l phn ng kt thc. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
d)
Kt qu
D=
10.(V V1)Vdm
m . Vdd
Vi:
D
: Hm lng ng kh ca mu (%)
V1
Vdm
Vdd
66
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 19
Xc nh hm lng caroten
a.
Nguyn l:
Loi cc sc t khc ca mu th bng cch hp th bi oxyt nhm (Al2O3). Mu sc
b.
:0,72g
Nc ct va
:1000ml
c.
d.
67
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Bng Xy dng thang mu cho phng php xc nh hm lng Caroten
Cho vo 20 ng nghim cc dung dch nh sau:
Hm lng caroten (mg/100g cht
STT
DD Kali Bicromat
Nc ct
ng nghim
0,072 % (ml)
(ml)
10,0
0,0
9,4
0,6
15,60
8,8
1,2
14,60
8,2
1,8
13,60
7,6
2,4
13,60
7,0
3,0
11,60
6,4
3,6
10,60
5,8
4,2
9,60
5,2
4,8
8,60
10
4,6
5,4
7,60
11
4,0
6,0
6,60
12
3,4
6,6
5,60
13
2,8
7,2
4,60
14
2,2
7,8
3,60
15
1,6
8,4
2,60
16
1,0
9,0
1,60
17
0,4
9,6
0,66
18
0,2
9,8
0,33
19
0,1
9,9
0,16
20
0,0
10,0
0,00
68
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 20
Phng php xc nh ch s Acid
-Cn 2 3g du th + 5ml etanol + 2 git PP 1%
-Tin hnh chun bng dung dch KOH 0.1N n khi dung dch chuyn sang mu
hng nht.
Kt qu:
5.6 x V
P
V : l th tch KOH 0.1N dng chun (ml)
AV =
Trong :
-Thm 5ml KI bo ha
- yn khong 5 pht
- Sau em i chun bng Na2S2O3 0.002N cho n khi mt mu xanh.
Kt qu:
(V1 V2) x 0.0002538
x 100
m
Trong : V1: th tch Na2S2O3 0.002N dng chun bnh s 1 (ml)
X=
69
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 22
Phng php xc nh hiu sut trch ly
Sau khi loi b dung mi, du c sy kh 80OC cn trc tip trong bnh cu. Hiu
sut trch ly (%) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
H=
M1
M2
x 100%
Trong :
H : hiu sut trch ly (%)
M1 : khi lng du th (g)
M2 : khi lng du trong nghuyn liu ban u (g)
Ph lc 23
Phng php xc nh lng dung mi hao ht
Sau khi ngng t ta thu hi c dung mi v dng ng ong ong li th tch
dung mi thu hi c. Lng dung mi hao ht c tnh theo cng thc sau:
V=
V1 V2
V
x 100%
Trong :
V : Phn trm dung mi hao ht (%)
V1 : Th tch dung mi lc u (ml)
V2 : Th tiach1 dung mi sau khi thu hi (ml)
70
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 24
Bng nh mc kinh t k thut cho 1 n v sn phm du Gc thu c (1 lt)
STT
1
2
3
4
5
Tn chi ph
n v
Gc ti
kg
Dung mi( n-Hexan)
ml
in
kw
Nc
m3
Chi ph khc
Tng cng :
S lng
70,13
8.1
45
2
n gi
Thnh tin
(VN)
7.000
190.000
2.500
2.500
(VN)
490.910
1.539.000
112.500
5.000
50.000
2.197.410
Cch tnh:
Khi lng Gc ti cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc:
Ta c:
Vy trch ly 1 lt du Gc s cn:
1 x 100
38,01
= 2,63 kg bt Gc
= 70,13 kg Gc
1,5
ti
71
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Lng dung mi cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc
Ta c:
= 8,1 lt
72
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 25 S trch ly du Gc bn thnh phm
Gc ti
Du Gc
X l
Trch ly
Sy kh
Xay nhuyn
Gi vo
giy lc
Ry
73
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
Ph lc 26 Cc thit b chnh c s dng trong ti
B trch ly Soxhlet
My xay
74
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
T sy
My so mu AQUALYTIC
75
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
My iu nhit
76
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
2009.
2. Sch :Th nghim phn tch Thc Phm - Mc Xun Ho, V i Long, Hunh
Qu s 19/2004, 21.
6. Nguyn Cng Sut, 2002. Du Gc - Thc phm an ton Thn dc tr nhiu bnh
77
Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
12. Nguyn Thin Lun v cng s, 1999. Thc phm thuc v thc phm chc nng.
bng dung mi siu trng thi CO2. Trong : Tp ch KHKT Nng Lm nghip, s 2/2004.
i hc Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 73-78.
Cc trang web tham kho:
1.
www.gactuoikieuphuong.com
2.
www.laodong.com.vn
3.
www.vnmedia.vn
4.
www.dantri.com.vn
5.
http://www.facmv.ulg.ac.be/amv/articles/2003_147_5_02.pdf
6.
http://spip.cm.refer.org/pba1/article35.html
7.
http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/bio_rech/abc/edocs/00/00/C6/B3/re
sume.
8.
md?type=text.html
9.
www.asa-europe.org/pdf/bakery_f.pdf
78