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B Y T

THC VT DC
(DNG CHO O TO DC S I HC) M S: .20.Y.11

NH XUT BN GIO DC
H NI 2007 Ch o bin son: V KHOA HC V O TO B Y T Ch bin: TS. TRNG TH P Nhng ngi bin son: T.S. TRNG TH P ThS. NGUYN TH THU HNG ThS. NGUYN TH THU NGN file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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ThS. LIU H M TRANG

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Tham gia t chc bn tho: ThS. PH VN THM TS. NGUYN MNH PHA

Bn quyn thuc B Y t (V Khoa hc v o to) 7702007/CXB/41676/GD M s: 7K722M7DAI

LI GII THIU
Thc hin mt s iu ca Lut Gio dc, B Gio dc & o to v B Y t ban hnh chng trnh khung o to DC S I HC. B Y t t chc bin son ti liu dy hc cc mn c s v chuyn mn theo chng trnh trn nhm tng bc xy dng b sch t chun chuyn mn trong cng tc o to nhn lc y t. Sch Thc vt dc c bin son da trn chng trnh gio dc ca trng i hc Y Dc Tp. H Ch Minh, trn c s chng trnh khung c ph duyt. Sch Thc vt dc c TS. Trng Th p, ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Hng, ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Ngn, ThS. Liu H M Trang bin son theo phng chm: Kin thc c bn, h thng; ni dung chnh xc, khoa hc; cp nht cc tin b khoa hc, k thut hin i v thc tin Vit Nam. Sch Thc vt dc c Hi ng chuyn mn thm nh sch v ti liu dy hc chuyn ngnh o to DC S I HC ca B Y t thm nh nm 2007. B Y t quyt nh ban hnh ti liu dy hc t chun chuyn mn ca ngnh trong giai on hin nay. Trong thi gian t 3 n 5 nm, sch phi c chnh l, b sung v cp nht. B Y t chn thnh cm n cc tc gi v Hi ng chuyn mn thm nh gip hon thnh cun sch; Cm n PGS.TSKH. Trn Cng Khnh, PGS.TS. Trn Hng c v phn bin cun sch sm hon thnh kp thi phc v cho cng tc o to nhn lc y t.

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Ln u xut bn, chng ti mong nhn c kin ng gp ca ng nghip, cc bn sinh vin v cc c gi ln xut bn sau sch c hon thin hn. V KHOA HC V O TO B Y T

LI NI U
Vi mc ch cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v hnh thi gii phu c th thc vt v c s phn loi thc vt, gip sinh vin nm vng c phng php phn loi hnh thi so snh v nhn bit cc c im c trng ca tng taxon ln trong h thng phn loi nht l bc h, chng ti bin son sch gio khoa Thc vt Dc. Sch nhm phc v cng tc ging dy cho sinh vin nm th hai ngnh Dc theo yu cu o to mn Thc vt dc thuc chng trnh gio dc ca i hc Y Dc thnh ph H Ch Minh c B Gio dc v o to, B Y t ph duyt. Ni dung sch gm hai phn: Hnh thi Gii phu thc vt v Phn loi thc vt c trnh by trong 10 chng. Ngoi ni dung, mi chng u c mc tiu hc tp v cu hi sinh vin t kim tra kin thc. Phn 1: Hnh thi Gii phu thc vt gm cc ni dung lin quan n cu trc ca t bo thc vt, cc khi nim v m, cu to v phn loi cc m thc vt lm c s cho sinh vin hc gii phu cc c quan thc vt nh r, thn, l, cng nh phc v cho cng tc kim nghim dc liu sau ny. Ngoi phn gii phu cc c quan dinh dng, sch cng cp n hnh thi ca cc c quan ny nht l cc khi nim lin quan n m t c quan dinh dng v cu trc ca c quan sinh sn ca thc vt c hoa lm nn tng cho vic hc phn phn loi thc vt. T sinh vin bit m t mt cy theo trnh t phn loi. Phn 2: Phn loi thc vt trnh by cc c im c trng bc ngnh, lp, phn lp, b, c bit bc h. Ngoi phn m t c im v cc hnh nh minh ha, chng ti cn cho bit s chi, s loi hin c Vit Nam, tn v cng dng ca mt s dc liu trong h gip sinh vin c th lin h cy thuc thc t nhn bit c im ca h v bit c v tr phn loi ca cc cy thuc ch yu. Do thi lng ging dy phn Phn loi thc vt hn hp, v th chng ti tp trung gii thiu 9 ngnh Thc vt bc cao. S phn loi ngnh Ngc lan c da theo h thng phn loi ca Armen Takhtajan (1997), do c mt s thay i so vi h thng phn loi nm 1987 nh lp Ngc lan c chia thnh 11 phn lp thay v 8 phn lp, lp Hnh c chia thnh 6 phn lp thay v 4 phn lp. Tuy c nhiu c gng trong khi bin son, nhng khng th trnh khi cc sai st, chng ti rt mong c s gp kin xy dng ca ng nghip v cc em sinh vin cun sch c hon chnh hn. CC TC GI

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PHN 1

HNH THI - GII PHU THC VT

Chng 1 T BO THC VT
MC TIU 1. Nu khi nim, hnh dng, kch thc ca t bo. 2. Trnh by cc phng php c s dng nghin cu t bo. 3. M t cu trc v chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong cu to t bo thc vt.

1. KHI NIM T BO T t bo xut pht t ting La tinh cellula c ngha l phng (bung). T ny c s dng u tin nm 1665 bi nh thc vt hc ngi Anh Robert Hooke, khi ng dng knh hin vi quang hc t to quan st mnh nt chai thy c nhiu l nh ging hnh t ong c ng gi l t bo. Thc ra R. Hooke quan st vch t bo thc vt cht. Th gii thc vt tuy rt a dng nhng chng u c cu to t t bo. T bo l n v c bn v cu trc cng nh chc nng (sinh trng, vn ng, trao i cht, cc qu trnh sinh ho, sinh sn) ca c th thc vt. Nhng thc vt c th ch c mt t bo gi l thc vt n bo. Nhng thc vt c th gm nhiu t bo tp hp li mt cch c t chc cht ch gi l thc vt a bo. 2. CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU T BO T bo c kch thc rt nh b v c cu trc phc tp nn kh nhn thy bng mt thng. V th, mun kho st cc bo quan, cc cu trc phn t v cc chc nng ca cc thnh phn ca t bo cn c phng php ph hp cho tng i tng. Khoa hc cng pht trin, cng c nhiu phng php, cng c khc nhau c s dng nghin cu t bo, gip hiu su hn cc hot ng sng. Trong gio trnh ny, chng ti ch cp n cc nguyn tc ca mt s phng php c bn. 2.1. Phng php quan st t bo Do t bo c kch thc rt nh v chit quang ca cc thnh phn trong t bo li xp x nhau

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nn nhim v ca mi phng php hin vi u phi gii quyt hai vn : Phng i cc vt th cn quan st. Tng chit quang ca cc thnh phn t bo khc nhau bng cc cng c quang hc hoc bng phng php nh hnh v nhum... 2.1.1. Knh hin vi quang hc phng i ca knh hin vi quang hc t vi chc n vi nghn ln (c 2000 ln) cho php quan st cc t bo, cc mnh ct m. nh trong knh hin vi thu c nh hp ph nh sng khc nhau ca cc cu trc khc nhau trong mu vt quan st. Vi knh hin vi quang hc, ta c th quan st t bo sng v t bo sau khi nhum. Quan st t bo sng Phi t t bo trong cc mi trng lng ging hay gn ging mi trng sng t nhin ca n, nh vy cu trc ca t bo khng b bin i. i vi t bo sng, phn bit c cc chi tit cu to hin vi c th s dng knh hin vi nn en, knh hin vi i pha, knh hin vi hunh quang... quan st. C th nhum t bo sng tng chit quang ca cc thnh phn khc nhau trong t bo. Cc phm nhum sng thng dng l: trung tnh, lam cresyl (nng 1/5000 hoc 1/10000) nhum khng bo; xanh Janus, tm metyl nhum ty th; rodamin nhum lc lp; tm thc dc nhum nhn Quan st t bo c nh hnh v nhum nh hnh l lm cho t bo cht mt cch t ngt cho hnh dng, cu to t bo khng thay i. Tuy nhin, cc phng php nh hnh cng gy nn t nhiu bin i nh: mt s vt th trong t bo b co li hoc phng ln, bo tng b ng, m b cng nh hnh, ngi ta thng dng cc yu t vt l nh sc nng hay ng lnh hoc ho hc nh: cn tuyt i, formol, cc mui kim loi nng, acid acetic, acid cromic, acid osmic V khng c cht nh hnh no l hon ho nn thng ngi ta trn nhiu cht nh hnh khc nhau c mt cht nh hnh ph hp vi yu cu kho cu. i vi cc ming m, c th quan st t bo, sau khi nh hnh phi ct ming m thnh nhng mnh rt mng vi micromet, sau nhum bng cc cht mu thch hp. V cu to ho hc ca cc b phn trong t bo khc nhau nn mi b phn bt mt loi mu khc nhau hay theo m nht khc nhau, nh vy t bo sau nhum c th phn bit d dng hn. 2.1.2. Knh hin vi hunh quang Knh hin vi hunh quang gip chng ta tm thy mt s cht ho hc trong t bo sng cha b tn thng. Ngun sng ca knh hin vi hunh quang l n thy ngn, to ra mt chm nhiu tia xanh v tia cc tm. Cc gng lc nh sng v gng tn sc c bit s phn chiu ln bn quan st pht ra nhng tia sng hunh quang c bc sng di hn. Cc vt th c kh nng hunh quang bt u pht sng mt cch r rng v mi cht c mt bc x hunh quang c trng. V d lc lp c bc x hunh quang ti. 2.1.3. Knh hin vi in t Knh hin vi in t gip ta thy c hnh nh cc mu vt trn mn nh hunh quang hoc chp hnh nh ca chng trn bn phim. Trong knh hin vi in t, ngi ta dng cc chm tia sng in t c bc sng ngn nn phng i ca mu vt tng 50 100 ln ln hn knh hin vi quang hc, c file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Hnh nh thu c trong knh hin vi in t ph thuc ch yu vo khuch i v s hp thu cc in t do t trng v dy khc nhau ca cc cu trc. 2.2. Tch v nui t bo Cc phng php tch v nui t bo trong nhng mi trng nhn to c th gip cho ta nghin cu hnh thi, s chuyn ng, s phn chia v cc c tnh khc nhau ca t bo sng. Phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong nui cy to nhng ging mi thun chng hay lai to cho mt ging mi c nng sut cao hn, tt hn. 2.3. Phng php nghin cu cc thnh phn ca t bo (fractionnement) Cc thnh tu khoa hc cung cp cc phng php tch ring cc bo quan v i phn t sinh hc phn tch thnh phn sinh hc v tm hiu vai tr ca chng trong t bo. 2.3.1. Phng php siu ly tm (Ultracentrifugation) Phng php siu ly tm cho php tch ring tng loi bo quan v i phn t ca t bo tm hiu v cu trc v chc nng m khng lm bin i hnh th cng nh chc nng sinh l. Trc tin phi nghin t bo v ra thnh dch ng nht sao cho cc cu trc nh cng t b ph v cng tt (thc hin 0oC). Sau cho vo mi trng mt dung dch c tnh cht l cht m khng lm thay i pH, gi hn hp ny 0oC ngn cn cc men hot ng v em ly tm vi tc ln dn. Cc thnh phn c t trng ln s nm di, cc thnh phn c t trng nh s nm trn. Sau mi giai on ly tm, thu ly cc thnh phn lng y ng nghim nghin cu, phn cn trn li em ly tm tip vi lc ly tm ln hn (Hnh 1.1).

Hnh 1.1. S siu ly tm phn tch cc thnh phn ca t bo

2.3.2. Phng php sc k (chromatography) Sc k l phng php vt l dng tch ring cc thnh phn ra khi mt hn hp bng cch

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phn b chng ra 2 pha: mt pha c b mt rng gi l pha c nh v pha kia l mt cht lng hoc kh gi l pha di ng s di chuyn i qua pha c nh. C nhiu phng php sc k: sc k trn giy, sc k trn bn mng, sc k trn ct, sc k lng cao p cn gi l sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography High Pressure Liquid Chromatography). 2.3.3. Phng php in di To mt in trng i vi mt dung dch cha phn t protein, n s di chuyn vi tc theo in tch, kch thc v hnh dng phn t . 2.3.4. nh du phn t bng n v phng x v khng th y l 2 phng php gip pht hin cc cht c hiu trong mt hn hp vi nhy cao, trong nhng iu kin ti u c th pht hin t hn 1.000 phn t trong mu. Cht ng v phng x thng dng l P32, S35, C14, H3, Ca45 v I131. Cc nguyn t phng x c a vo cc hp cht thch hp ri a cc hp cht vo t bo. Nh S35, C14 a vo acid amin theo di s tng hp protein, H3 c a vo thymidin hoc uracil theo di s tng hp ADN v ARN. Cht ng v phng x em tim vo c th sng, hay cho vo mi trng nui cy t bo, cht ny s xm nhp vo t bo v nm v tr thch hp theo s chuyn ho ca n. Sau ly m hoc t bo ra, nh hnh, ct mnh, t ln phin knh v c th nhum. Bc tiu bn bng nh tng nh trong mt thi gian, cht phng x trong t bo s pht ra cc in t, cc in t ny s tc ng ln bc bromid ca phim nh. Sau em ra nh i vi phim nh thng. Khi quan st di knh hin vi s nhn thy c hnh tiu bn nhum v nh ca b phn t bo c cht phng x, l ch nhng vt en tp trung trn nh tng nh. Phn ng c hiu khng nguyn khng th cng c dng pht hin cc cht c hiu trong t bo. Cc k thut hin i nh to khng th n dng hay k thut di truyn cng c s dng nghin cu t bo. 3. HNH DNG V KCH THC T BO Hnh dng v kch thc ca t bo thc vt thay i ty thuc vo v tr v nhim v ca n trong m ca c th. 3.1. Kch thc Kch thc ca t bo thc vt thng nh, bin thin t 10100 mm; t bo m phn sinh thc vt bc cao c kch thc trung bnh l 1030 mm. Tuy nhin, mt s t bo c kch thc rt ln, nh si gai di ti 20 cm. 3.2. Hnh dng Nhng t bo thc vt trng thnh khc vi t bo ng vt ch hnh dng ca n hu nh khng thay i do vch t bo thc vt cng rn. Hnh dng ca t bo thc vt rt khc nhau, ty thuc tng loi v tng m thc vt m c th c dng hnh cu, hnh hp di, hnh thoi, hnh sao, hnh khi nhiu mt... 4. CU TO CA T BO THC VT Hu ht t bo thc vt (tr tinh trng v t bo ni nh) c vch t nhiu rn chc v n hi bao file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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quanh mng sinh cht. Mng sinh cht l mng bao cht nguyn sinh, nm st vch t bo thc vt trng thi trng nc. Cht nguyn sinh gm cht t bo bao quanh nhn v cc bo quan nh lp th, ty th, b my Golgi, ribosome, peroxisome, li ni sinh cht. Ngoi ra, trong cht nguyn sinh cn c nhng cht khng c tnh cht sng nh khng bo, cc tinh th mui, cc git du, ht tinh bt... (Hnh 1.2 v Bng 1.1).

Hnh 1.2. Cu trc ca t bo thc vt (hnh v da trn quan st knh hin vi in t) Bng 1.1. Cc thnh phn ca mt t bo thc vt I. Vch t bo A. Vch s cp (khong cellulose): dy khong 13 mm. B. Vch th cp (khong cellulose + lignin): dy 4 mm hoc hn. C. Phin gia (hu nh ch c pectin). D. Cu sinh cht: ng knh 30100 nm. E. L n v l vin. II. Th nguyn sinh (Protoplast: gm ni dung ca t bo tr vch): ng knh 10100 mm. A. Cht t bo (cht t bo + nhn = cht nguyn sinh). 1. Mng sinh cht: dy 0,01 mm. 2. H thng mng ni cht. a. Mng li ni cht. b. B my Golgi (bao gm cc dictyosome). c. Mng nhn. d. Mng khng bo. e. Vi th. 3. B xng t bo. a. Vi ng. b. Vi si.

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c. Cc vt liu protein khc. 4. Ribosome. 5. Ty th. 6. Lp th. a. Tin lp. b. V sc lp; bt lp; m lp; du lp. c. Lc lp. d. Sc lp. 7. Dch cht t bo (cht dch cha cc thnh phn va nu trn). B. Nhn: ng knh 515 mm hoc hn. C. Khng bo. D. Cc cht hu sinh. 1. Tinh th (nh calci oxalat). 2. Tanin. 3. Cht bo v du. 4. Tinh bt. 5. Protein. E. Roi v lng: dy 0,2 mm, di 2150 mm.

4.1. Vch t bo Vch t bo thc vt l lp v cng bao hon ton mng sinh cht ca t bo, ngn cch cc t bo vi nhau hoc ngn cch t bo vi mi trng ngoi. Vch ny to cho t bo thc vt mt hnh dng nht nh v tnh vng chc. C th coi vch nh b xng ca t bo thc vt, c bit t bo c vch th cp. Ngoi ra, vch t bo cn l ranh gii ngoi cng bo v t bo chng chu vi cc tc ng bn ngoi. 4.1.1. Cu to Mi t bo u c vch ring. Vch t bo khng c tnh cht ca mng bn thm. Trn vch t bo c nhiu l (ng knh khong 3,55,2 nm) nc, khng kh v cc cht ha tan trong nc c th qua li d dng t t bo ny sang t bo khc. Chiu dy ca vch t bo thay i ty tui v loi t bo. Nhng t bo non thng c vch mng hn t bo pht trin hon thin, nhng mt s t bo vch khng dy thm nhiu sau khi t bo ngng pht trin. Vch t bo c cu trc phc tp gm c phin gia, vch s cp v vch th cp (Hnh 1.3) vi cc thnh phn ho hc khc nhau (Hnh 1.4).

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Hnh 1.4. Cc thnh phn cu trc ca vch t bo thc vt

Khi phn bo, phin gia c hnh thnh chia t bo m thnh hai t bo con. y l phin chung gn hai t bo lin k vi nhau. Thnh phn c bn ca phin gia l cht pectin v c th c kt hp vi calcium. Nu phin gia b phn hy th cc t bo s tch ri nhau ra. Trong qu trnh tng trng ca t bo t trng thi phi sinh n trng thnh, s phn hy ca phin gia thng xy ra gc to nn khong gian bo (o). Sau khi hnh thnh phin gia, cht t bo ca mi t bo con s to vch s cp (primary wall) cho n. Vch ny dy khong 13 mm cu to gm 925% cellulose, 25 50% hemicellulose, 1035% pectin (Hnh 1.4) v khong 15% protein m chng gi vai tr quan trng trong tng trng ca t bo (protein gi l extensins) v trong s nhn bit cc phn t t bn ngoi (protein gi l lectins). Nhng thay i v chiu dy v cc cht ho hc xy ra vch s cp l c th thun nghch. Vch s cp c cc lp si cellulose xp song song vi nhau, lp ny vi lp khc cho nhau mt gc 60o90o. S dy ln ny khng ng u, thng li nhiu ch dy, mng khc nhau. Cc vng mng gi l l s cp, ni c nhiu cu sinh cht ni cht t bo gia cc t bo k cn (Hnh 1.5). Cc t bo m mm ca thc vt ch c vch s cp v phin gia. Sau khi ngng tng trng, ty theo s phn ho, cc t bo c th hnh thnh vch th cp (secondary wall). Vch th cp thng dy hn vch s cp, c th dy 4 mm hoc hn. Vch th cp cng do cht t bo to ra nn n nm gia vch s cp v mng sinh cht (Hnh 1.5). Thng m g, vch th cp gm khong 4145% cellulose, 30% hemicellulose v mt s trng hp c 2228% mc t (lignin) nn vch cng hn. S ng dy ca mc t trc tin l phin gia, sau vch s cp v cui cng l vch th cp. Khi cu to ca vch th cp thc hin xong, t bo cht i li mt ng cng di duy tr cng c hc v vn chuyn cc cht lng trong thn cy. Vch th cp ca cc qun bo v si thng c phn thnh 3 lp. Trn vch th cp cng c cc l ni vch s cp khng b ph bi cc lp th cp trao i cc cht gia cc t bo cnh nhau. Nu vch t bo rt dy, cc l s bin thnh cc ng nh trao i (Hnh 1.5). Xuyn qua cc l v ng trao i l cu sinh cht ni lin cht t bo ca cc t bo cnh nhau. Nh s trao i ca cc t bo cnh nhau d dng, to nn s thng nht v chc nng gia cc t bo ca cng mt m.

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Hnh 1.5. S cu trc vch t bo thc vt

cc t bo c vch th cp, c 2 loi l c nhn bit l l n v l vin (Hnh 1.6). L vin thng c cu trc phc tp v c th thay i v cu trc nhiu hn l n, thng gp chng cc thnh phn mch, qun bo v nhng si khc nhau, nhng cng c th thy mt s si v cc t bo m cng ngoi g. L vin c th sp xp trong cc vch mch ca cy ht kn theo kiu hnh thang, i, so le v l ry.

Hnh 1.6. Cu trc ca l n (A) v l vin (B)

4.1.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca vch t bo Thnh phn ho hc tham gia cu trc ca vch t bo l phc hp polysaccharid di dng cc si di ch yu l cellulose, hemicellulose v pectin. Cc si cellulose c gn vi nhau nh cht nn ca cc carbohydrat khc. Cellulose: Cellulose to mt khung cng xung quanh t bo. Cht cellulose l mt polysaccharid do ni 1,4bglucosid, cng thc (C6H10O5)n ging nh tinh bt nhng tr s n ln hn vo khong 3.000 ti 30.000 v s lng cc gc ng glucose khng phi nh nhau trong cc cy khc nhau. V vy m tnh cht cellulose cc loi thng khc nhau. Cc phn t cellulose di khng phn nhnh kt hp thnh cc si nh nht gi l micelle. C phn t cellulose v micelle u l nhng cu trc dng si. Cc micelle to ra mt b hnh tr di gi l vi si cha khong 2.000 phn t cellulose trong mt mt phng ct ngang. Cc vi si cellulose tp hp thnh si to. Cc si to sp xp thnh lp trong cu trc ca vch t bo thc vt (Hnh 1.7). Cellulose c tnh bn vng c hc cao, chu c nhit cao, ti 200oC m khng b phn hy. Vi si cellulose c tng hp trn mt ngoi ca mng sinh cht. Enzym trng hp l cellulosesynthase, di chuyn trong mt phng ca mng sinh cht khi cellulose c hnh

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thnh theo hng xc nh bi b xng vi ng. Hemicellulose: l mt nhm khng ng nht ca polysaccharid hnh thnh dng nhnh, c th ha tan c phn no. Hemicellulose chim u th nhiu vch s cp l xyloglucan. Mt s hemicellulose khc c vch s cp l arabinoxylan, glucomannan v galactomannan. bn c hc ca vch t bo ph thuc vo s dnh cho ca vi si bi chui hemicellulose.

Hnh 1.7. Gii thch cu trc vch t bo thc vt 1: Hai gc glucose lin kt 1,4b glucosid, 2: Cu to ca micelle. Cc gc glucose to ra cc khong 3 chiu u n, 3: Si to bao gm mt s vi si ca cellulose. Vi si gm nhiu chui cellulose song song to thnh si nh nht gi l micelle, 4: Mt phn ca vch th cp ba lp, cc si to bao gm mt s vi si ca cellulose.

Pectin: l mt polysacchrid phc tp, trong c ni 1,4aacid galacturonic. Cc hp cht pectin l cc cht keo v nh hnh, mm do v c tnh a nc cao. c tnh a nc gip duy tr trng thi ngm nc cao cc vch cn non. Pectin tham gia cu trc ca phin gia v kt hp vi cellulose cc lp vch khc nht l vch s cp. Cc cht pectin c mi quan h gn gi vi hemicellulose, nhng c tnh ha tan khc nhau. Chng tn ti ba dng protopectin, pectin v acid pectic v thuc cc polyuronic, ngha l cc cht trng hp c thnh phn ch yu l acid uronic. Khi tinh khit, pectin kt hp vi nc v hnh thnh gel trong s hin din ca ion Ca2+ v borat. V th pectin c s dng trong nhiu quy trnh thc phm. Khng ging cellulose, pectin v hemicellulose c tng hp trong b my Golgi v vn chuyn ti b mt t bo tham gia cu trc vch t bo. Hn 15% ca vch t bo c cu to bi extensin, mt glycoprotein c cha nhiu hydroxyprolin v serin. S lng carbohydrat khong 65% ca extensin theo khi lng. Ngoi cht trn, vch t bo c th thay i tnh cht vt l v thnh phn ho hc p ng vi nhng chc nng chuyn bit. S bin i ny lm tng cng rn, do dai v bn vng ca vch t bo.

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4.1.3. S bin i ca vch t bo thc vt 4.1.3.1. S ho nhy i khi mt trong vch t bo cn ph thm lp cht nhy. Khi ht nc cht nhy ny phng ln v tr nn nht, gp ht , ht ca cy Tri n. Cc cht pectin ca phin gia c kh nng ht rt nhiu nc. S bin i ny a n s tch cc t bo vi nhau mt phn hay hon ton nh s thnh lp cc o ca m mm hoc cc khuyt. i khi c s tng tit cht pectin, cc cht ny ho nhy v ng li trong cc khong gian bo, l s to cht nhy. Nu s tng tit cc cht pectin nhiu hn na v sau c s tiu hy ca mt s t bo, ta c s to gm. Gia gm v cht nhy khng c s phn bit r rng v mt ho hc. y l nhng cht phc tp trng n trong nc v ty trng hp c th tan hon ton hay mt phn trong nc (chng b kt ta bi cn mnh). 4.1.3.2. S ho khong Vch t bo c th tm thm nhng cht v c nh: SiO2, CaCO3. S bin i ny thc hin biu b ca cc b phn. V d: thn cy Mc tc, l La b tm SiO2; CaCO3 tch t di dng bo thch gp h B (Cucurbitaceae), h Vi voi (Boraginaceae). 4.1.3.3. S ho bn L s tm cht bn (suberin) vo vch t bo. Suberin l mt cht giu acid bo v hon ton khng thm nc v kh, nc khng qua c vch nn t bo cht nhng vch vn tn ti to mt m che ch gi l bn (sube). Suberin ng trn vch t bo thnh nhng lp k tip to vch th cp. Knh in t cho thy s tm bn trn vch t bo khc hn s tm g v sau khi s tng trng chm dt, suberin ch ph ln vch s cp ch khng khm vo ngha l n khng ng bn trong mt ct vch hnh thnh. Trong lc suberin ph ln vch s cp, cc si lin bo vn cn hot ng, v sau chng b bt li bi nhng cht l khng phi l suberin. t bo ni b, suberin ch to mt khung khng hon ton i vng quanh vch bn ca t bo gi l khung Caspary. 4.1.3.4. S ho cutin Vch ngoi ca nhng t bo biu b ph thm mt lp che ch gi l tng cutin (bn cht lipid). Lp cutin khng thm nc v kh, n b gin on l kh. Tnh n hi ca cutin km cellulose cho nn tng cutin d bong ra khi vch cellulose. Cy kh hu kh v nng c lp cutin dy gim bt s thot hi nc. Cht cutin nhum xanh vng bi phm lc iod. N khng tan trong nc, trong thuc th Schweitzer. 4.1.3.5. S ho sp Mt ngoi vch t bo biu b, ngoi lp cutin c th ph thm mt lp sp. V d: qu B, thn cy Ma, l Bp ci. 4.1.3.6. S ho g L s tm cht g (lignin) vo vch ca mch g, ca t bo nng nh: si, m cng, hay m mm lc gi. G l nhng cht rt giu carbon nhng ngho oxy hn cellulose. G cng, gin, t thm nc, km n hi hn cellulose, cho nn d b gy khi un cong. G c to cht t bo, s khm

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vo sn cellulose ca vch s cp v th cp. S tm g mun v ch thc hin khi t bo ht tng trng. G tm hon ton khong gia cc vi si ca vch s cp v th cp, c th xm nhp lun ra ngoi phin gia, khi t bo khng cn thay i hnh dng c. Trong trng hp cc mch ngn cn non, cha ht tng trng s tm g ch thc hin t t, bn phn. G nhum xanh bi xanh iod. Mun tch g v cellulose ring, phi dng acid m c hay cht kim. Acid v c m c lm tan cellulose li g, cht kim hay phenol lm tan g li cellulose. 4.2. Cht t bo Cht t bo l phn bao quanh nhn v cc bo quan. Knh hin vi in t cho thy cht t bo c gii hn vi vch bi mng sinh cht, bn trong phn ho thnh h thng ni mng gm mng li ni cht, mng nhn, mng khng bo, mng ca cc bo quan. 4.2.1. Mng sinh cht Tt c cc loi t bo u c bao bc bi mng sinh cht (plasma membrane). Mng ny kim sot dng cht ra v vo t bo. Trong t bo, ngoi mng sinh cht cn c cc mng ca cc bo quan, chng c cu trc c bn tng t nhau gm lipid, protein v mt lng nh carbohydrat (Hnh 1.8).

Hnh 1.8. S h thng mng trong t bo

Hnh 1.9. Cu trc ca mng sinh cht (di knh hin vi in t)

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T l tng i ca lipid v protein, cng nh thnh phn ca chng thay i t mng ny n mng khc. Lipid cu trc mng ch yu l phospholipid, chng xp thnh lp kp vi u a nc quay ra pha b mt trong v b mt ngoi t bo tip xc vi nc, u k nc quay vo nhau, trn mng i lipid c cc phn t protein chim khong 50% khi lng mng. Trn mng cn c mt lng nh carbohydrat di dng cc chui polysaccharid gn vi lipid hoc protein nm mt ngoi ca mng sinh cht (Hnh 1.9). 4.2.2. Dch cht t bo Dch cht t bo cn gi l th trong sut (cytosol) l phn cht t bo khng k cc bo quan, n l mt khi cht qunh, nht, c tnh n hi, trong sut, khng mu, trng ging nh lng trng trng. Dch cht t bo khng tan trong nc, khi gp nhit 5060oC chng mt kh nng sng. Dch cht t bo c cu trc h keo, trong cc i phn t t hp li di dng nhng ht nh gi l mixen. Cc mixen ny c in tch cng du nn y nhau to ra chuyn ng Brown, l mt chuyn ng hn lon. Dch cht t bo chim gn mt na khi lng ca t bo, thnh phn ho hc gm nc (khong 85% trng lng ti), protein (gm cc protein cu to b xng t bo v cc enzym), lipid v glucid, ngoi ra cn c ribosome, cc loi ARN, acid amin, nucleosid, nucleotid v cc ion. Dch cht t bo l ni thc hin cc phn ng trao i cht, tng hp cc i phn t sinh hc, iu ha cc cht ca t bo, ni d tr cc cht nh glucid, lipid, protid. S bin i trng thi vt l ca th trong sut c th nh hng n hot ng ca t bo. 4.2.3. Mng li ni cht Trong dch cht t bo, di knh hin vi in t cho thy mt h thng ng v ti rt nh, cha mt cht t chit quang hn dch cht t bo, l li ni cht. Li ni cht l mt h thng gm cc ti dt v ng rt nh, phn nhnh v thng vi nhau t mng nhn v cc bo quan n mng sinh cht thng vi khong gian bo. Mng ca li ni cht l mt mng n c cu to ging mng sinh cht. Li ni cht c chia thnh hai loi: mng li nhm v mng li trn lin kt qua li vi nhau (Hnh 1.10). Hin nay, cho thy t dng ny c th chuyn i thnh dng khc trong vi pht.

Hnh 1.10. Cu to ca mng li ni cht

Li ni cht nhm (li ni cht c ht): Trn b mt ca mng tip xc vi cht t bo bm y cc ht ribosome. Li ni cht nhm cng c phn khng ht gi l on chuyn tip. Chc nng ca li ny l tng hp cc protein c bao trong ti (Hnh 1.11), chng s tham gia cu trc ca mt s bo quan trong cht t bo hoc c tit ra khi t bo.

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Hnh 1.11. S s tng hp protein c bao trong ti bi li ni cht nhm

Li ni cht trn: Khng c ht ribosome bm vo, n thng thng vi li c ht, gm mt h thng ng chia nhnh vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau. Li ni cht trn khng thng vi khong quanh nhn nhng lin kt mt thit vi b my Golgi. Chc nng ca li trn l vn chuyn hoc tit lipid hay ng. S vn chuyn gia cc t bo c thc hin thng qua cu sinh cht. Mng ca li ni cht trn tng hp phn ln cc lipid, ch yu l phospholipid v sterol, gp phn quan trng vo s hnh thnh ca tt c cc mng bn trong t bo. 4.2.4. B my Golgi Di knh hin vi in t cho thy cu trc gm nhiu ti dt nh, hnh da, gii hn bi mt mng xp nh chng da v nhiu ti cu nh (ng knh khong 50 nm) c mng bao nm ri rc xung quanh. thc vt, mt chng da thng gm t 46 ti dt nh c ng knh gn 1mm c gi l dictyosome hay th Golgi v mt ti nhiu dictyosome trong mt t bo c gi l b my Golgi. Dictyosome l mt cu trc c cc: cc ti khp kn vi mng sinh cht c gi l mt trans v cc ti khp kn vi trung tm ca t bo gi l mt cis. Nhiu kt qu nghin cu cho thy cc ti dt mt cis ca dictyosome c hnh thnh bi li ni cht t on chuyn tip khng ht, to thnh ti cu ri nhp li thnh ti dt. Cn cc ti dt mt trans pha lm th to nn cc ti cu Golgi cha cht tit. Pha li l pha hnh thnh mi, pha lm l pha ph trch tit (Hnh 1.12). Th Golgi rt di do hu ht cc t bo tit. Cc ti dt ca b my Golgi lm nhim v bin i, chn lc v gi cc i phn t sinh hc m sau c tit ra ngoi hay c vn chuyn n cc bo quan khc. B my Golgi tham gia vo s hnh thnh mng sinh cht bng cch ha nhp cc ti khi cc ti ny mang cht tit a ra khi mng. Mt chc nng khc ca b my Golgi l tng hp polysaccharid phc tp (hemicellulose v pectin) v mt protein vch l extensin a ti v tr ca s hnh thnh vch t bo ang phn chia v tng trng. Nh cc ti tit ca b my Golgi thc hin s polymer cho mng sinh cht, ni cc ti ha ln vi mng sinh cht v lm trng ni dung ca n thnh vng vch t bo.

4.2.5. Ribosome Ribosome c kch thc khong 150 , gm mt tiu n v ln v mt tiu n v nh, c dng hnh cu, chng c tng hp t hch nhn v xuyn qua l nhn ra cht t bo. hai tiu n v ny c th tn ti t do hoc kt hp vi nhau nh hnh s 8 tr thnh mt n v chc nng hoc kt hp thnh dng chui nh (510 ribosome) gi l polyribosome khi tng hp protein (Hnh 1.13). Mt s ribosome t do trong cht t bo, mt s khc gn cht vi li ni cht v mng ngoi ca nhn (Hnh 1.10). Cc n v ca ribosome tch i ra sau nhng t tng hp protein trn c th sng. Thnh phn ho hc chnh ca ribosome gm nc 50%, ribonucleoprotein 50%, trong rARN file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Ribosome l ni din ra qu trnh gii m to protein. Ribosome t do trong cht t bo sn xut ra protein ha tan, ribosome trn li ni cht sn xut ra protein ng gi. Ribosome ty th v lc lp c kch thc nh hn, chng tng hp mt s protein cho hai bo quan ny; cn cc protein khc c tng hp ribosome ca cht t bo v c chuyn vo trong hai bo quan ny.

Hnh 1.13. Cu to ca ribosome

4.2.6. Ty th Ty th c trong tt c cc t bo Eukaryot, vi khun khng c bo quan ny. Hnh dng ty th thay i: hnh cu, hnh que hoc hnh si, ng knh 0,51 mm, chiu di 14 mm. Mi t bo c hng trm n hng ngn ty th nm ri rc trong cht t bo hoc c th tp trung ni chuyn ho cao cn nhiu nng lng. Di knh hin vi in t cho thy ty th c hai mng: mng ngoi v mng trong, mi lp dy khong dy 6070 ; gia hai mng l mt khong sng dy 6080 ; bn trong ty th l cht nn (matrix) (Hnh 1.14). Mng ngoi nhn, c cha nhiu protein vn chuyn, to cc knh quan trng xuyn qua lp lipid kp nn mng ngoi cho nhiu cht thm qua k c cc phn t protein nh hn hay bng 10.000 dalton. Cc cht ny i vo khong gia hai mng nhng hu ht khng qua c mng trong v mng trong c tnh chn lc cao hn. Mng trong to nhiu np nhn gi l mo (crista), n su vo khoang ca ty th. Cc mo thng xp song song vi nhau v vung gc vi mng ngoi, chng c hnh dng khc nhau ty tng loi t bo. Cc mo lm tng tng din tch mng trong rt nhiu. Trn b mt ca cc mo v mng trong bm y cc th hnh chy gi l oxysome. Cc oxysome c cha men, n l n v chuyn ch hydrogen ti oxygen to nc trong s h hp. Mng trong ca ty th c khong 75% protein vi ba chc nng: Thc hin cc phn ng oxy ho trong chui h hp. Mt phc hp enzym ATP synthetase to ra ATP trong matrix. Cc protein vn chuyn c bit iu ha s i qua ca cc cht ra ngoi hoc vo cht nn.

Hnh 1.14. Cu to ca ty th

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Khong gia hai mng cha nhiu enzym s dng ATP do cht nn cung cp phospho ho cc nucleotid khc. Cht nn cha ADN hnh vng, ribosome v hng trm loi men gm cc men dng oxy ho pyruvat v acid bo, cc men ca chu trnh Krebs, cc men ti bn ADN, tng hp ARN, tng hp protein. Ty th l trung tm h hp v l kho cha nng lng cho t bo, 90% ATP ca t bo c tng hp ty th. Ty th cn l ni tng hp mt s cht nh: enzym, acid bo, protein v l ni tch t mt s cht nh cht c, thuc, cht mu. 4.2.7. Lp th Lp th l h thng cc lp, ch c t bo thc vt. Chng c vai tr quan trng i vi cc qu trnh dinh dng ca t bo. Bn loi lp th c th gp thc vt bc cao: Tin lp: lp n gin nht v t phn ho, gp ch yu thc vt bc cao. N c dng hnh cu, khong 1 mm ng knh, c bao bi mng i, bn trong l stroma. Trong stroma c s hin din ca phin v ti vi hnh dng thay i v vi ti lipid hnh cu, dng nhn, ribosome. Tin lp ch gp trong nhng t bo cha phn ho nh hp t, t bo m phn sinh. S lng ca tin lp trong mt t bo thay i, ngn thn l 720, ngn r l 40. Lc lp mu xanh lc, pht trin cc b phn trn mt t ca thc vt bc cao v rong. Sc lp mu khc mu xanh lc, cha sc t carotenoid, c sc ca hoa v qu. V sc lp khng c mu. Trong v sc lp c bt lp to tinh bt, gp ch yu trong cc b phn di t ca thc vt bc cao hoc c th c m lp hay du lp. Cc lp th c hnh thnh t tin lp, c s bin i gia cc lp th vi nhau ph thuc vo trng thi sinh l ca t bo v iu kin nh sng. V d khi lc lp thoi ho, dip lc t mt dn nhng ch cho cc sc t caroten mu cam. Cc t bo m phn sinh cha tin lp, tin lp khng c dip lc t v khng y cc enzym cn thit thc hin quang hp. Di nh sng, tin lp s pht trin thnh lc lp: cc enzym c hnh thnh bn trong tin lp hoc c a vo t cht t bo, cc sc t hp thu nh sng s c to ra v cc mng pht trin nhanh chng lm gia tng phin thylakoid v chng grana. Khi ht ny mm, lc lp pht trin ch khi thn non c phi by vi nh sng. Nu ht ny mm trong ti, tin lp phn ho thnh bch lp. Bch lp cha tin sc t mu vng xanh, l tin dip lc t. Sau vi pht a ra nh sng, tin lp tri qua qu trnh phn ho, bin i th tin phin thnh thylakoids v phin stroma v tin dip lc t thnh dip lc t. S duy tr cu trc ca lc lp ph thuc vo s hin din ca nh sng, bi v lc lp trng thnh c th bin i ngc thnh bch lp khi trong ti (Hnh 1.15).

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Hnh 1.15. S bin i ca cc lp th

4.2.7.1. Lc lp (Chloroplasts) Lc lp hay dip lp l nhng lp th mu xanh lc, cha cc sc t cn thit cho s quang hp. Lc lp ch c nhng c quan ngoi nh sng ca thc vt. Hnh dng ca lc lp rt bin thin. thc vt bc cao, lc lp l nhng ht hnh cu, hnh a, hnh bu dc, hnh thu knh, hnh thoi, ng knh 410 mm. S lng lc lp trong mt t bo thay i theo tng loi, tui cy, m, iu kin mi trng v kch thc ca t bo. cc loi To, lc lp trong mi t bo c th rt t (12) chng c hnh dng phc tp v c gi l th sc (chromatophore), c hnh si xon c To loa (Spirogyra), hnh sao To sao (Zygnema), hnh mng li To t (Oedogonium). Lc lp c bao bi mt mng i ging nh ty th, gia hai mng l mt khong gia hp. Mng ngoi cho cc cht thm qua d dng. Mng trong rt t thm, khng xp li thnh mo v khng cha chui in t nh mng trong ca ty th nhng trong cha nhiu protein vn chuyn c bit. Mng trong bao mt vng khng xanh lc gi l cht nn hay stroma (Hnh 1.16). Stroma cha cc enzym, cc ribosome, ARN v ADN hnh vng, ngoi ra cn c cc ht tinh bt, cc git lipid do lc lp tng hp nn v tch t li, cc vitamin D, E, K, cc mui K+, Na+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Si2+ Lc lp c mt h thng mng th ba tch bit gi l thylakoid l mt tp hp cc ti hnh da. Cc thylakoid c xu hng xp chng ln nhau hnh thnh mt granum. Cc khoang ca cc thylakoid ni thng vi nhau (Hnh 1.16). Mng thylakoid khng cho cc ion thm qua. Trn mng thylakoid c dip lc t nn ta thy cc ht grana c mu lc, ngoi ra cn cc sc t khc nh carotenoid (caroten, xanthophyll) v phycobilin (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin v allophycocyanin) gip cho s chuyn ch in t trong quang hp v cc enzym to ra ATP trong quang hp.

Hnh 1.16. Cu to ca lc lp A: Hnh chp di hnh hin vi in t, B: S cu trc lc lp

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Lc lp c th b s chuyn ng vng ca cht t bo li cun, song trong nhiu trng hp chng c mt s c ng ring. Khi nh sng m m th lc lp ri rc khp t bo thu ht lng nh sng nhiu nht, khi nh sng mnh qu th chng c ng v dn dn xp thnh hng song song vi nh sng. S c ng y l s thch ng thu nh sng yu v trnh nh sng mnh. Lc lp l ni thu nhn nng lng mt tri tng hp nn cht hu c t CO2 v H2O, nh cc thc vt c i sng t dng. 4.2.7.2. Sc lp (Chromoplast) Sc lp cha cc sc t khc hn dip lc t to mu sc cho hoa, qu, c, l. Mu cam ca c c rt l do s hin din ca caroten, l rng v ma thu c mu vng l do dip hong t (xanthophyll), lycopen xut hin trong cc lc lp gi v dn dn thay th lc lp nn lm cho qu C chua t xanh tr nn , capsanthin c trong qu t chn. Sc lp c hnh dng khc nhau: hnh cu, hnh ng, hnh phin, hay hnh khi. Sc lp c vai tr quyn r su b thc hin s th phn, s pht tn ca qu v ht. 4.2.7.3. V sc lp (Leucoplast) l nhng lp th khng mu, khng c ribosome v phin thylakoid. Chng thng c hnh cu, hnh bu dc, hnh thoi, hnh que l nhng th nh thng tp trung quanh nhn hoc ri rc trong cht t bo. Ta c th quan st v sc lp biu b l L bn, cy Thi li ta, l Khoai lang. V sc lp to v tch t tinh bt c gi l bt lp v thng c trong nhng b phn di t ca thc vt nh r, r c, thn r. Bt lp c hnh dng v kch thc rt thay i. Hnh dng ph thuc vo s lng v th tch ca ht tinh bt tch t. Bt lp cng c bao bi hai lp mng, khng c phin thylakoid v tch cha tinh bt trong cht nn di dng nhng ht to. V sc lp tch t protein d tr c gi l m lp gp mt s loi. * Ht tinh bt Mi loi cy c mt dng ht tinh bt ring, c sc cho loi cy . Kch thc ca cc ht tinh bt cng khng thay i trong cng mt loi cy, do c th da vo hnh dng v kch thc ht tinh bt phn bit hay kim nghim cc bt dc liu c cha tinh bt. Di knh hin vi quang hc, mi ht tinh bt cho thy mt im rn bao quanh bi nhng vng ng tm sng v ti xen k do cht bt to ra (vng ngm nc mu sm, vng khan nc mu nht). im rn thng trn nhng cng c th di vi nhng rng nt nh tinh bt u. Rn c th trung tm hoc mt cc ca ht tinh bt. Bt lp c th cha mt ht tinh bt gi l bt lp ht n, nu cho ra nhiu ht tinh bt nh dnh vo nhau gi l ht bt kp, trong ht kp c th thy 2, 3, 5 rn (Hnh 1.17). Tinh bt l nhng polysaccarid c cng thc tng qut (C6H10O5)n, khi phn ng vi iod cho mu tm en.

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Hnh 1.17. Ht tinh bt

4.2.8. Glyoxysome Glyoxysome l nhng bo quan rt nh khong 1 mm ng knh, hin din trong ht c d tr du, c bao bi mt mng, cha cc enzym gip bin i acid bo d tr thnh ng m sau c chuyn i khp ni ca cy non cung cp nng lng cho s tng trng. 4.3. Khng bo Khng bo l mt hay nhng ti c hnh dng v kch thc bin thin nm trong cht t bo. Khng bo c bao quanh bi mt mng gi l mng khng bo (tonoplast), bn trong cha y mt cht lng gm nc v cc cht tan gi l dch khng bo hay dch t bo. S tch t cht tan to p sut thm thu gip s hp thu nc bi khng bo lm cho t bo tng rng. Khng bo giu enzym thy gii: protease, ribonuclease v glycosidase m khi c gii phng vo trong cht t bo, tham gia vo s suy thoi ca t bo trong qu trnh lo ho. Khng bo d thy bng knh hin vi quang hc khi n c nhum t nhin bi cc sc t ca cy (v d anthocyan ca vi loi cnh hoa). Khi khng bo khng mu, ta c th nhum chng bng nhng mu nhum sng nh trung tnh hay lam cresyl rt long. Thnh phn ho hc ca dch t bo Thnh phn ho hc ca dch t bo phc tp v thay i ty loi cy, gm nc, cc ion v c, acid hu c, ng, acid amin, enzym v cc sn phm bin dng th cp bao gm cc sc t. Chnh thnh phn ny ng gp cho ngnh Dc nhng cht c tc dng tr bnh quan trng. Nc: Chim t l kh ln, c th ti 9095%. Nhng ht chn, nc ch c 5%. Cht d tr Glucid: Gm cc cht nh: monosaccharid (glucose, fructose), disaccharid (saccharose) v ch yu l tinh bt. Ngoi ra cn c inulin l mt ng phn ca tinh bt, cng thc tng qut l (C6H10O5)n inulin ha tan hon ton trong nc v l cht d tr chnh ca cc cy h Cc (c Thc dc). Khi ngm trong cn cao , inulin kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th hnh cu c th nhn thy di knh hin vi. Lipid: him gp v lipid khng tan trong nc tr phospholipid v sterid. Protid: lun lun c trong dch t bo di dng protein hay acid amin hoc dng d tr nh ht alron. Cht cn b: c th gp cc mui ca acid v c nh: Calci sulfat (CaSO4) dng tan hay kt tinh.

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Calci carbonat (CaCO3) kt tinh thnh tinh th x x trng nh qu mt gi l bo thch (nang thch) c treo vo vch ca t bo cha n bi mt cung bng cellulose c ph SiO2. Thng gp bo thch l a, h r (Acanthaceae), h Gai (Urticaceae). Calci oxalat thng gp di hai dng: CaC2O4.3H2O kt tinh thnh hnh khi chp y vung, hay lng tr hoc hnh cu gai thng gp cy lp Ngc lan; CaC2O4.H2O kt tinh thnh hnh kim di, thng gp cy lp Hnh. Calci oxalat c th to thnh nhng ht nh gi l ct oxalat (nh Thunbergia, Datura). Hnh dng v kch thc ca cc tinh th ny thng c dng phn bit cc loi dc liu v cy thuc. Sc t: Nhiu khng bo cha sc t anthocyan v flavon gp cnh hoa, l v v qu. Cc mu sc ca anthocyan thay i ty theo pH ca dch t bo: mu khi pH acid, xanh khi pH kim, tm khi pH trung tnh. Mu vng thng l mu ca sc t thuc nhm flavon. Acid hu c: S oxy ho khng hon ton ca cc cht ng trong h hp to ra acid hu c nh acid citric (qu Chanh), acid malic (qu To ty), acid tartric (qu Nho), acid oxalic (cy Chua me t). Cc cht do bin dng: Dch t bo ca cy mi mc c nhiu asparagin, leucin do s thy gii ca cc ht alron. Alkaloid: Nicotin (cy Thuc l), strychnin (ht M tin), morphin (nha Thuc phin), quinin (v cy Canh-ki-na), cafein (ht C ph), atropin (cy C c dc), cocain (l cy Coca), ephedrin (cy Ma hong) c dng lm thuc. Glucozid: Saponin (qu B kt), thevetin (ht Thng thin), neriolin (l cy Trc o)... Tanin: Trong l Tr, bp i, Sim... Ngoi ra, trong dch t bo cn c kch thch t thc vt (phytohormon) l nhng cht c tc dng iu khin qu trnh sinh trng, ra hoa v kt qu ca cy, nhiu loi vitamin khc nhau nh: vitamin B1 cm go, vitamin A C rt, vitamin C Chanh, vitamin E v u... S bin chuyn ca khng bo c quan thc vt C quan dinh dng: Trong cc t bo non hoc cc m phn sinh, khng bo t v nh, i khi l nhng tin khng bo rt nh do li ni sinh cht to nn. Lc t bo ln ln, cc tin khng bo ht thm nc to ra v nhp li vi nhau thnh mt khng bo ln chim 8090% hoc hn th tch ca t bo trng thnh. Khng bo ln y cht t bo ra vch thnh mt lp mng bao quanh khng bo. Trong ht: Trong ht s bin chuyn ca khng bo a n s hnh thnh ht alron, cht d tr protid. Khi ht ln, bt u gi, t bo c mt khng bo to cha nhiu protid dn dn b ra thnh mt s khng bo nh m th tch ngy cng gim i v b mt nc. Khi khng bo kh hon ton to ra mt th cng hnh trn hay bu dc gi l ht alron. Kch thc, hnh dng v cu to ca ht alron khc nhau cc nhm thc vt cho nn c th dng cc c im phn loi cy. Cu to ca ht alron: Ht alron y nh ht Thu du gm cc phn: mt mng mng protein khng nh hnh bao bn ngoi, bn trong l mt cht nn mu ng c c bn cht protid, khng nh hnh, trng trong nc, trong c mt khi kt tinh gi l tinh th v mt khi trn gi l cu th. tinh th l nhng th hnh a gic do protein to thnh, trng trong nc nhng khng tan trong nc. Cu th cu to t mui calci v magi ca acid inosin phosphoric. vi loi nh h Hoa tn, ht alron c tinh th calci oxalat (khng phi cc ht alron u cha ton b cc vt th ny). file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Vai tr sinh l ca khng bo Ngoi chc nng l ni tch tr cht d tr hoc cht cn b, khng bo cn tham gia vo qu trnh trao i nc nh p sut thm thu. Thnh phn v nng ca cc cht ha tan trong dch khng bo quyt nh p sut thm thu ca t bo thc vt. p sut thm thu c biu hin trong s trng nc (khi t t bo trong dung dch nhc trng) v s co nguyn sinh (khi t t bo trong dung dch u trng). Nc c dch t bo hp thu to nn trng thi trng nc cho t bo gip t bo, m, c quan gi hnh th ca chng; khi mt nc, l ho, cy r i. p sut thm thu ca cy lun lun cao hn mi trng m n sng nn t bo lun lun trng. Cn lu rng cc cht ha tan trong dch t bo to p sut thm thu (P) p ln cht t bo v mng t bo ra to sc cng (T) chng li cc phn bn trong t bo. Do vy, sc ht nc ca t bo (S) c tnh bng cng thc: S = P T. Nu P = T th S = 0, khi t bo trng thi hon ton trng nc; nu T = 0 th S = P, khi t bo trng thi co nguyn sinh v sc ht nc ti a. 4.4. Cc th khng a nc Ngoi khng bo, cht t bo cn cha nhng cht khng a nc nh nhng ht du m, tinh du, resin, nha m. Ht du m (lipid): Thng gp trong cc t bo di dng ht nh, chit quang, khi dnh vo giy cho ra mt m trong m khng bay mt, nhum bi phm Soudan III, khng tan trong nc, ru, tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ete, benzen... Ht m c trong ht hoc t bo gi. Tinh du: Thng c mi thm, d bay hi, tan trong ru. Tinh du c th cu to bi nhiu loi cht hu c phc tp khc nhau, thng l nhng hn hp cht terpen. C th gp tinh du trong nhng b phn khc nhau ca cy nh t bo biu b tit ca cnh hoa (hoa Hng, hoa Bi), t bo tit trong m mm ca thn (thn Lt, Long no), ti tit trong l hay qu (Cam, Chanh, Qut) hoc lng tit (Bc h, Hng nhu). Nha (resin): L hn hp nhng cht khng ng nht, nhng cht ny hnh thnh bi s oxy ho v trng hp ho ca mt s du. Di tc dng ca nhit , nha chy mm nhng khng thnh dng lng v khng bc hi, nhit cao, nha chy cho ngn la c nhiu khi en, nha khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong eter, cloroform, benzen. Nha c to trong t bo cht di dng nhng git nh v c th li hoc thi ra trong nhng ti hoc ng (Thng, Sau sau). Nha m: c to cht t bo ri a vo khng bo. Thnh phn ho hc gm nc (50 80%), mui khong, acid hu c, glucid, alkaloid, tanin, sc t, tinh bt. B my cha nha m gi l ng nha m. 5. NHN Do nh thc vt hc Brown tm ra u tin nm 1831 cy h Lan. 5.1. S lng, hnh dng, kch thc, v tr Thng thng mi t bo c mt nhn, t bo mch ry l nhng t bo trc c nhn nhng nhn b mt i trong lc phn ho. i khi t bo c nhiu nhn nh nhiu nm bc cao c nhng si nm cu to bi nhng t bo c hai nhn v nhiu nm bc thp, ta thy si nm chia thnh nhng on a hch. Hnh dng nhn thay i ty loi t bo, thng c hnh cu nhng c th ko di ra trong cc t bo hp v di hoc dt li thnh hnh a cc t bo gi m t bo cht ch cn l mt lp mng dnh st

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Kch thc ca nhn ty thuc tng loi sinh vt, tng loi t bo, trung bnh t 530 mm. Nhn rt nh nm mc v rong (khong 1 mm) v rt ln mt s cy h Tu (khong 500 mm). Th tch ca nhn v th tch cht t bo c t l nht nh. T l nhncht t bo = Vnhn/Vcht t bo (V: th tch) thng khng i v c trng cho mt loi t bo, mt t chc. t bo sinh m, t l ny cao (0,5) ri gim dn khi t bo ln ln v t mc nht nh khi t bo trng thnh. V tr nhn khng c nh, t bo non, cht t bo m c, nhn gia t bo; t bo phn ho, khoang t bo b chim bi nhng khng bo to nn nhn v cht t bo b dn ra pha ba. C khi nhn b li cun bi chuyn ng vng ca cht t bo hay nhn c th chuyn n ch m hot ng ca t bo ang din ra mnh nht. V tr ca nhn c th cng nh hng n tnh phn cc ca t bo. 5.2. Cu to v nhim v ca cc thnh phn ca nhn Quan st t bo giai on ngh di knh hin vi quang hc, ta thy nhn c bao quanh bi mt mng mng gi l mng nhn, bn trong c mt hay nhiu ht trn, chit quang, a mu acid gi l hch nhn. Vi knh hin vi tng phn pha, ta thy c cht nhim sc trong nhn l mt cht a mu base v mt cht khng nhum mu l dch nhn. Mng nhn: Nhn c ngn bit vi cht t bo bi mng nhn. Mng nhn khng lin tc m c nhng l; ng knh, s lng v v tr cc l trn mng nhn thay i ty loi t bo. Mng nhn bin mt khi nhn phn ct. Quan st bng knh hin vi in t cho thy mng nhn cu to bi hai lp mng, khong cch gia hai mng khng u, rng khong 200400 . Mng ngoi ca nhn ni vi li ni cht, trn c cc ht ribosome. Khong trng gia hai lp mng nhn ni lin vi cc ti ca li ni cht. Cu to ca lp ngoi mng nhn v cc lp mng ca li ni cht c nhng im ging nhau, v vy mng ngoi ca nhn v khong gia hai mng c coi nh l mt phn bit ho ca li ni cht. Di knh hin vi in t cho thy lp trong ca mng trong nhn m mu c gi l l si. L si c mt hu ht cc t bo Eukaryot, gi hnh dng mng nhn. k u ca phn bo, a s cc protein ca l si c phng thch khi mng nhn v phn tn trong cht t bo, v th mng nhn b ph hy khi phn bo. k cui cc protein tp hp li v mng nhn c ti lp. Nhng trao i cht c thc hin thng xuyn gia nhn v cht t bo. Mng nhn cho qua nhiu cht nh nc, ng, nhng cht ng phn, acid amin, tin acid nucleic v c protein c phn t lng nh hn 500. Hch nhn: Trong nhn c 1, 2 hay nhiu hch nhn hnh cu hay hnh bu dc, a mu acid, chit quang. Hch nhn khng c mng bao bc. Hch nhn ch c nhn thy trong cc nhn ca t bo khng ang phn chia. Kch thc ca hch nhn thay i ty theo loi t bo v ty theo giai on hot ng ca t bo. Khi t bo ngh th hch nhn thu nh, khi tng hp nhiu protein th hch nhn ln ln, c th ti 25% th tch nhn. Hch nhn l ni xy ra qu trnh tng hp phn ln cc ARN ribosome (rARN) v hnh thnh cc tiu n v ca ribosome ri sau c a vo cht t bo. Hai tiu n v kt hp vi nhau cht t bo hnh thnh ribosome hot ng. Dch nhn: Dch nhn l mt khi trong sut bao quanh si ADN ca cht nhim sc, knh hin vi in t cho thy trong dch nhn c nhng ht ribonucleoprotein c ng knh khong 150 , 3 loi ARN (tARN, mARN, rARN) v mt s enzym. Cht nhim sc: Cht nhim sc l nhng cht a mu base, n thng dng mng li hay ht rt nh. Khi t bo bc vo giai on phn chia nhn, cht nhim sc s hnh thnh th nhim sc. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Th nhim sc: Th nhim sc l nhng cu trc hnh si dng ch V, U, J, I hay dng ht, thy c di knh hin vi quang hc khi t bo ang phn chia nhn, bt mu cc phm nhum kim (hematoxylin, fuchsin, orcein). Ngi ta thng nghin cu th nhim sc k gia v k sau ca qu trnh phn bo v lc th nhim sc co ngn nhiu, c hnh dng n nh, d thy th nhim sc c hnh si di hay ngn ty theo co ngn v xon vn ca n. Trn mi th nhim sc c mt phn tht li (tht s cp), khng bt mu gi l phn tm. Bn ngoi phn tm c mt phn hnh lng mng gi l tm ng, l ni dnh vo si t ca thoi phn bo lc phn chia t bo. Phn tm chia th nhim sc ra lm 2 nhnh. Phn tm c th nhng v tr khc nhau trn th nhim sc: tm nh, tm gn nh hoc tm gia. Ngoi tht s cp, trn th nhim sc c nhng tht th cp chia th nhim sc thnh nhng on rt ngn gi l v tinh (satellite) c th hnh cu hoc di, c th c 2 v tinh ni tip nhau (Hnh 1.18). k gia, th nhim sc c dng kp gm 2 nhim t lm cho th nhim sc kp ny c hnh ch X hay ch Y ngc. Khi chia v hai cc lc phn bo nguyn nhim th phn tm tch ra lm hai v th nhim sc tr li dng n, hnh si. Kch thc nhim sc th khc nhau ty loi, sinh vt v ty th nhim sc, thng thng di 0,250 mm, ng knh 0,22 mm. Trong mi t bo ca c th, cc th nhim sc ging nhau tng i mt, hai th nhim sc ging nhau gi l hai th nhim sc ng dng. Nh vy, cc th nhim sc c chia lm hai b ging nhau gi l 2n hay lng bi (n l s th nhim sc trong mt b). B th nhim sc lng bi ca mt s loi nh sau: Da leo: 14, Hnh ta: 16, Bp: 20, Thuc l: 48, Ci bp: 18, Da: 32, Nho: 22, u phng: 40

Hnh 1.18. Cu trc ca th nhim sc di knh hin vi quang hc 1: Phn tm, 2: Si nhim sc, 3: Tht th cp, 4: Cht nn, 5: Ht nhim sc, 6: V tinh.

Cc nghin cu cho thy s 2n th nhim sc trong c th thc vt c th thay i ty v tr ca cc t bo chuyn ho. V d trong cc t bo a tng ca m dinh dng trng thnh c th gp s th nhim sc 4n, 6n, 8n l do hin tng ni nguyn phn, ngha l th nhim sc t nhn i mt hay nhiu ln nhng khng c s phn ly. Song cc t bo ny t khi phn ct, cn cc t bo phi phn ct thng vn gi s th nhim sc c sc ca t bo. Nhn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong i sng ca t bo, m nhim 2 nhim v sinh l: Cha thng tin di truyn S phn chia u n ca th nhim sc v cc t bo con m bo s chia u thng tin di truyn cho th h sau. Hammerling lm th nghim trn To d (Acetabularia) l mt loi to n bo. To trng thnh gm mt chn di 2,4 cm, bm trn i th nh r gi, tn cng chn l mt nn c ng knh khong 1 cm. C 2 dng: A. mediterranae c nn nguyn v A. crenulata c nn x. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Khi cn th dinh dng, to ch c mt nhn to duy nht nm cui chn trong mt r gi. Khi to trng thnh, t kch thc ti a th nhn duy nht phn thnh nhiu nhn nh vo trong cc ca nn (: nn c nhng tia ta ra t trung tm, mi tia l mt nhnh bn, thng thng vi chn to thnh 1, mang gc hai sc th ca nhn to mt vng trn v mt vng di). Nu loi b nhn (ct b r gi), phn khng nhn vn cn tip tc sng 45 thng, c kh nng quang hp v pht trin mt mc no , nhng nu ct b nn th n khng c kh nng ti sinh ra mt nn khc. Tri li, nu ghp vo to nhn ca mt to khc, th n li c th ti sinh ra nn ca nhn c ghp. Kt qu ny chng t nhn iu khin cc c tnh ca mt sinh vt. Trong cc vn dinh dng v to th Trong t bo lng ht ca r cy, nhn t u ngn ca lng ht, ni m s hp thu ln nht. Nhn c tc dng trong s to thnh mng t bo. Nhn ko n ch mng t bo ang dy ln; nu mng b rch mt ch no , nhn s ko n tham gia vo vic lm vt thng thnh so. Nu ly ni dung ca mt to ng, em phn tn vo trong nc, ch nhng m cht nguyn sinh no c nhn mi ti sinh c mng cn cc phn khc s tan ra v cht. Commandon v De Fonbrune (1939) dng my vi thao tc ly nhn ra khi con amib, phn cn li sng vi hm ri cht. Nhn cn c tc dng i vi s sinh trng v s phn chia ca cc lp th, nht l cc lc lp. Nhn c vai tr rt ln trong s iu ha cc sn phm quang hp, trong vic to thnh tinh bt. Tm li, i sng cht t bo khng c nhn khng th ko di c, ngc li nhn khng c t bo cht cng khng th tn ti c. T bo l mt h thng thng nht, trong mi thnh phn, nhn v cht t bo l hon ton cn thit. 6. B XNG CA T BO Tt c cc t bo Eukaryot, c ng vt v thc vt, cha mt li protein si ba chiu ni vi nhau bn trong t bo (xuyn qua cht t bo) c gi l b xng t bo. B xng ny c vai tr trong vic xc nh s t chc ca cht t bo v hnh dng t bo, trong s phn chia, s tng trng v s phn ho ca t bo, trong s di chuyn ca cc bo quan trong cht t bo v c bn thn t bo. B xng t bo thc vt gm c vi si (microfilaments) v vi ng (microtubules). Ngoi ra cn c cc protein ph ni 2 loi si vi nhau hoc ni chng vi mng sinh cht. 6.1. Vi si (si actin) 6.1.1. Cu to Vi si l nhng si cng, c ng knh khong 7 nm, gm c cc phn t actin, l mt protein hnh cu c trng lng phn t l 41.800. Mi vi si gm mt chui xon kp (hai chui actin an vi nhau theo kiu xon) ca cc phn t actin (Hnh 1.19A). Vi si c nhiu trong t bo. 6.1.2. Chc nng Vi si c th gip t bo thay i hnh dng v di chuyn bng cch thm vo cc tiu n v actin mt u trong khi u kia th bt i. Cc phn t actin c trng hp nhanh chng thnh si trong t bo khi cn thit nh men actin polymerase. Khi khng cn thit na, si actin li nhanh chng gii th. S hot ng ca actin nh vy c vai tr trong s vn ng ca nhiu t bo. Kh nng ca mt si ny file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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vn ng tng i so vi si kia l c s ca s vn chuyn ca dng cht t bo v s tng trng ca ng phn. Vi si kim sot hng ca dng chy cht t bo, l dng lin tc ca cc phn cht t bo v bo quan xung quanh chu vi ca t bo. Cc vi si kt hp thnh nhng b v c sp xp song song vi hng ca dng cht t bo. S sinh ra lc ko cn thit cho s di chuyn c th do s kt hp ca cc vi si protein actin vi protein myosin, khi myosin bin hnh c th lm cc si trt tng i vi nhau. Vi si cng tham gia vo s tng trng ca ng phn. Khi ny mm, ht phn hnh thnh mt ng tng trng xung vi nhy ca hoa a giao t c ca ht phn n non cu. S tng trng ca ng dn phn ch xy ra nh ngn ca ng. Mt li ca vi si xut hin hng dn cc ti cha ng cc tin cht vch xuyn qua cht t bo ti v tr ca s hnh thnh vch mi nh ngn ng phn. S ha ln cc ti ny vi mng sinh cht, a cc tin cht vch hnh thnh vch t bo. 6.2. Vi ng 6.2.1. Cu to Vi ng l nhng ng rng, di vi chc nm, ng knh khong 25 nm c to nn t nhng protein hnh cu gi l tubulin. Tiu n v ca vi ng bao gm hai chui polypeptid ging nhau a tubulin v btubulin cun xon c xp chng ln nhau to nn vch ca vi ng. Trn tit din ca mi vi ng hon chnh c 13 tiu n v hnh cu, chu vi ca ng gm 13 si nguyn bao quanh mt ng rng. Mi si nguyn l mt chui cc tiu n v hnh cu tubulin (Hnh 1.19B).

Hnh 1.19. Cu trc ca vi si (A) v vi ng (B) 1: Phn t a,b tubulin, 2: Vi ng

Ty theo iu kin sinh l t bo, tubulin c th trng hp (polymer) thnh vi ng hay b tan r thnh cc tiu n v nh men tubulin polymerase xc tc. Mc d s gn gia cc tiu n v trong s trng hp khng dnh cht nhau nhng n tr thnh mt cu trc bn vng. Tc ca s kt hp v khng kt hp ca cc cu trc ny chu nh hng bi nng tng i ca cc tiu n v t do v kt hp. Cc yu t khc nh nng calcium ca cht t bo cng nh hng ti s kt hp v tnh n nh ca cc thnh phn ca b xng t bo (nng calcium cao kch thch s khng kt hp ca vi ng). 6.2.2. Nhim v

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Cc vi ng to nn thoi phn bo trong nhn t bo gip cho th nhim sc di chuyn v hai cc ca t bo. Vi ng l cu trc khng bn, d cm ng vi thuc chng phn bo nh colchicin, colcemid, vinblastin, vineristin (thuc tr ung th). Cc phn t thuc khi vo t bo lin kt cht ch vi phn t lng phn tubulin v ngn cn s trng hp ca cc phn t tubulin vi nhau, v vy khng hnh thnh c cc vi ng ca thoi phn bo, cc t bo khng phn chia c. Cc vi ng xc nh hng v v tr ca vch t bo mi gia cc t bo con v s ng dy ca cellulose vch t bo ang tng trng. Chc nng ca vi ng trong nguyn phn (mitosis) v s phn chia t bo (cytokinesis) Trc tin cho s nguyn phn xy ra, cc vi ng trong cht t bo kh s trng hp, b ph v thnh cc tiu n v thnh phn ca chng; sau cc tiu n v ti trng hp k u sm hnh thnh cc vi ng c trng ca thoi phn bo. cui mi thoi, mt vng cc thoi cha ng mt trung tm cu to vi ng. Vi vi ng gn cht vi th nhim sc vng gn thoi ca chng. Vng gn thoi c nh v trong vng trung tm ca th nhim sc. Phn bo l qu trnh phn t bo m thnh hai t bo con. Phn bo thng bt u tr hn nguyn phn. Tin cht ca vch mi hnh thnh gia cc t bo con c gi l phin gia (middle lamella) v n giu pectin. S hnh thnh phin gia t bo thc vt bc cao gm 2 giai on: Giai on u, ti Golgi v ti mng ni cht kt t trong vng gia ca thoi. Qu trnh ny to cc ht vch, cng vi mt phc hp ca vi ng v mng ni cht m n c hnh thnh trong giai on anaphase (k sau) mun v telophase (k cui) sm t cc tiu n v ca thoi b phn r. giai on hai, mng ca cc ti ha ln vi nhau v vi mng sinh cht bn tr thnh mng sinh cht mi tch ri ca t bo con. Ni dung ca cc ti v cc ti cha dch l nhng tin cht m t phin gia mi v vch s cp c kt hp bn ngoi t bo. cui nguyn phn, cc ht vch bin mt, t bo vo gian k v cc vi si ti xut hin trong cht t bo cnh mng sinh cht, ni chng gi nhim v t dy vi si cellulose trong qu trnh tng trng vch t bo. Cc vi ng gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh thit lp mt phng phn chia ca t bo. Sau s ph v cc vi ng trong t bo, nhng trc s hnh thnh thoi phn bo v nguyn phn bt u, mt dy 20 100 vi ng c hnh thnh trong cht t bo. Dy ny c gi l bng tin prophase, n xut hin nh mt ci ai hp trong vng ni mt phng t bo s c to thnh sau nguyn phn hon ton. Mc d bng tin prophase khng cn hin din khi mt phng t bo hnh thnh, nhng mt phng t bo gn vi vch t bo m v tr b chim trc y bi bng tin prophase. 7. LNG V ROI Mt s t bo thc vt (t bo gii tnh ca thc vt bc thp v ht trn) c mt hay nhiu si ging lng nh ra t b mt ca chng. Nu c mt hay vi si di gi l roi hay tin mao (flagellum). Nu cc si nhiu v ngn c gi l lng hay tim mao (cilium). Chng c ng knh khong 0,2 mm nhng chiu di thay i t 2150 mm, cu to c bn ging nhau gm c li hoc si trc, hnh ng c l mt b cc vi ng xp song song dc theo trc ca lng, gm 9 cp vi ng xp vng trn ngoi, 2 vi ng n gia kiu cu trc 9+2. Chiu di vi ng ko di theo chiu di lng. Tt c vi ng nm trong nn cht t bo v c mng sinh cht bao quanh. gc ca mi lng v roi c th gc nm trong file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Hnh 1.20. Cu trc lng v roi t bo Eukaryot

cht t bo. Th gc c hnh tr ngn, c cu to ging nh trung t tc c 9 b ba vi ng xp thnh vng trn ngoi v khng c cc vi ng gia. Mi i vi ng ca si trc ni lin vi th gc nhng hai vi ng gia ca si trc th kt thc trc khi n th gc (Hnh 1.20).

C lng v roi thng c chc nng vn ng cho t bo hoc vn chuyn cc cht lng qua mng t bo. Cc cu trc ny c c sinh vt n bo v a bo, tinh trng cng c roi di chuyn. S un cong ca lng hay roi l nh cc mu protein gn cc cp vi ng vi nhau c gi l dynein arm. Bng cch s dng nng lng, cc dynein arm ny tm ly v li ko mt cp vi ng k bn, c mi ln tm v li ko s lm cho vi ng un cong tc l lm cho lng, roi di chuyn (Hnh 1.21).

Hnh 1.21. C ch un cong ca vi ng lng v roi

8. S PHN BO T bo tng trng n mt giai on nht nh th c kh nng phn chia, gi l s phn bo. Qu trnh phn bo rt phc tp, c th xp thnh 3 kiu: phn bo khng t hay trc phn (amitosis), phn bo nguyn nhim (mitosis) v phn bo gim nhim (meiosis). Phn bo nguyn nhim v gim nhim l 2 hnh thc ph bin; kiu trc phn t gp hn. Phn bo nguyn nhim cn cho s tng trng v pht trin ca c th. Phn bo gim nhim lin quan ti qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh ca cy. 8.1. Phn bo khng t Trong qu trnh phn bo khng hnh thnh thoi phn bo. Nhn t ko di ra, phn gia tht li v t ra thnh 2 nhn mi. Sau cht t bo s phn chia lm hai vi cch tng t, nhng cng c th cht t bo khng phn chia, kt qu to ra t bo c nhiu nhn gi l cng bo. Kiu ny him gp thc vt. 8.2. Phn bo nguyn nhim y l kiu phn bo ph bin nht, gp cc t bo dinh dng nh t bo vng m phn sinh. Phn bo nguyn nhim gm c s phn chia nhn v phn chia cht t bo (Hnh 1.22).

Hnh 1.22. Phn bo nguyn nhim t bo m phn sinh r Hnh ta (Allium ascalonicum)

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S phn chia nhn l mt qu trnh lin tc v phc tp, tin vic m t ngi ta phn thnh 4 giai on: k u, k gia, k sau, k cui. K u: Nhn phng to, th nhim sc xut hin. Vo gia k u, quan st c th nhim sc kp gm hai cromatid dnh nhau phn tm gi l cp cromatid ch em. Hch nhn bin mt. Cui k u, mng nhn bin mt, thoi phn bo c thnh lp t cc vi ng ca cht t bo gm vi ng cc, vi ng tm ng v vi ng. Ngoi ba loi trn cn c cc vi ng t do nm ri rc trong thoi phn bo. K gia: Th nhim sc co ngn ti a, c hnh dng nht nh; chng tp trung trn mt phng xch o ca thoi phn bo. K sau: Hai tm ng t ngt tch i lm hai cromatid tch ri nhau. Mi cromatid b ko v mt cc t bo vi tc khong 1 mm/1 pht. Cc vi ng tm ng b rt ngn dn, trong khi cc vi ng cc c ko di thm lm cho hai cc ca thoi phn bo cng b y xa hn. Cc vi ng tm ng tip tc b rt ngn v bin mt khi cromatid v n cc t bo. K cui: Khi cc th nhim sc con v hai cc ca t bo, chng tp hp li v tho xon to thnh mng nhim sc. Mng nhn ti lp nh cc mnh bm theo th nhim sc v nh li ni sinh cht rp li. Hch nhn ti hin t min t chc hch nhn mt s th nhim sc. Nh vy hai nhn con c hnh thnh trong t bo m, mi nhn ny vn gi nguyn s th nhim sc 2n ca t bo m. 8.2.2. S phn cht t bo Sau khi nhn phn chia lm hai, cht t bo cng c chia lm hai bi vch ngn hnh thnh hai t bo con. t bo thc vt vch ny c hnh thnh t s tp trung cc vi ng ti vng xch o v nhiu ti nh. Cc ti ny do b my Golgi to nn, bn trong cha cc cht polysaccarid tin thn ca vch t bo thc vt. Cc cht tin thn ny c tit ra to thnh pectin, cellulose v cc thnh phn khc ca vch t bo. Thi gian phn bo nguyn nhim khc nhau ty tng loi m, trng thi sinh l ca t bo v iu kin ngoi cnh, trung bnh ko di t 1 n 2 gi. lu ca cc k cng khc nhau, k u v k cui thng di hn k gia v k sau. 8.3. Phn bo gim nhim Phn bo gim nhim cn gi l s gim phn. y l hnh thc phn bo xy ra cc t bo sinh dc thnh lp giao t c v ci, s lng th nhim sc lng bi 2n s gim xung n bi n. Nh hin tng ny m giao t c v ci ch c n th nhim sc nn sau khi th tinh s to mt trng hay hp t lng bi c 2n th nhim sc, duy tr c ni ging. Qu trnh phn bo gim nhim gm hai ln phn chia lin tip (hnh 1.23). 8.3.1. Ln phn chia th nht Ln phn chia th nht c s gim s lng th nhim sc t 2n (t bo lng tng) sang n th nhim sc (t bo n tng). V th qu trnh ny cn gi l phn chia d hnh, gm 4 giai on: K u I: L thi k di nht v phc tp, gm nhiu giai on: Giai on si mnh (leptotene): Nhn ph to ra, cht nhim sc tr thnh nhng si rt mn v cn rt di. l nhng th nhim sc mi bt u qun xon.

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Giai on tip hp (Zygotene): Cc th nhim sc kp tng ng tin li gn nhau, tip hp tng ng (bt cp) vi nhau mt cch chnh xc. S tip hp bt u t mt u mt ca cc cromatid ri lan dc theo chiu di th nhim sc n tn u mt kia. Giai on co ngn (Pachytene): Cc cp th nhim sc kp tng ng tip tc xon to thnh nhng si to v m, thy r di knh hin vi quang hc. Trong giai on ny c s bt cho ca cc cromatid khng phi ch em ti mt hay nhiu im dn ti s trao i vi nhau nhiu on ca chng. Giai on tch i (Diplotene): Cc th nhim sc kp tng ng bt u tch ra, khng tip hp na nhng vn cn dnh nhau mt t ti nhng im trao i cho. Giai on xuyn ng (Diakinesis): Cc th nhim sc kp tip tc xon nn to, m v ngn hn, thy r tng cp th nhim sc kp tng ng di knh hin vi quang hc. Vo cui k, mng nhn v hch nhn bin mt, thoi phn bo hnh thnh. K gia I: Cc cp th nhim sc kp tng ng tp trung trn mt phng xch o ca thoi phn bo nh s tng tc gia cc vi ng cc vi cc vi ng tm ng. K sau I: Mi th nhim sc kp b ko v mt cc t bo. K cui I: Cc th nhim sc kp tp trung mi cc t bo (n kp) v gi nguyn hnh dng ch khng tan thnh mng cht nhim sc, mng nhn ti lp, phn chia cht t bo. Hai t bo con c hnh thnh, mi t bo con c n th nhim sc kp.

K u I

K gia I

K sau I

K cui I

K gia II

K sau II

K cui II

Hnh 1.23. Phn bo gim nhim to ht phn H (Allium odorum)

8.3.2. Ln phn chia th hai Ln phn chia ny din bin tng t phn bo nguyn nhim, gm 4 giai on: K u II: Gn nh khng c v trong mi t bo con ca ln phn chia th nht c n th nhim sc kp. Thoi phn bo hnh thnh. K gia II: Cc th nhim sc kp tp trung trn mt phng xch o ca thoi phn bo. K sau II: Ht tm ng tch i, cc cromatid ca mi th nhim sc kp tch ra v b ko v mi cc ca t bo. K cui II: Cc th nhim sc ti mi cc ca t bo tr li dng cht nhim sc. Mng nhn v hch nhn xut hin. Cht t bo phn chia hnh thnh cc t bo con c s lng th nhim sc l n. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Nh vy, t mt t bo ban u (2n), sau hai ln phn chia ca phn bo gim nhim to c bn t bo, mi t bo ch c n th nhim sc.

CU HI T LNG GI 1. Trnh by cc phng php c dng nghin cu t bo. 2. Trnh by thnh phn cu to ca vch t bo thc vt v nhng bin i ho hc trn vch. 3. M t thnh phn v cu trc ca mng sinh cht, li ni sinh cht, ribosome, ty th, lp th, b xng t bo. 4. Trnh by cc thnh phn ca dch t bo. 5. Trnh by cc hnh thc phn chia ca t bo.

Chng 2 M THC VT
MC TIU 1. Nu c nh ngha, cu to, phn loi v chc nng ca 6 loi m thc vt. 2. V ng hnh cu to ca cc loi m c thc vt.

M l mt nhm t bo phn ho ging nhau v cu trc cng m nhim mt chc nng trong c th thc vt. Vi loi m phc tp (g, libe) c cu to bi nhng t bo khng thun nht, trong trng hp ny t m i khi c thay th bng t vng. C nhiu cch phn loi m, nhng thng ngi ta da vo chc nng sinh l sp xp cc m thc vt c mch thnh 6 loi: 1. M phn sinh. 2. M mm. 3. M che ch. 4. M nng . 5. M dn. 6. M tit.

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M phn sinh cu to bi nhng t bo non trng thi phi sinh cha phn ho, vch mng bng cellulose, xp kht nhau, sinh sn rt mnh to ra cc m khc. Nh c m phn sinh m s sinh trng ca thc vt c tin hnh trong sut i. 1.2. Phn loi Da theo ngun gc, ngi ta phn bit 2 loi m phn sinh: s cp v th cp. 1.2.1. M phn sinh s cp M phn sinh s cp c u ngn r v u ngn thn. l m phn sinh ngn, cu to bi nhng t bo nh gn nh l ng knh, c mt nhn to trung tm, khng bo nh v s lng t, t l nhn bo cht rt cao, chng phn chia rt nhanh theo nhng quy lut nht nh to ra mt khi t bo. Cc t bo ny s tng trng v phn ho thnh cc th m khc ca r hoc ca thn cy. M phn sinh ngn c nhim v lm cho r v thn cy mc di ra (Hnh 2.1). Thuc v m phn sinh s cp cn c m phn sinh lng gp cc cy h La. M phn sinh ny nm gn gc ca cc lng v nm gia cc vng m phn ho. Nh m phn sinh ny m cy c kh nng tng trng thm di ca cc lng, nn khi cy b bp vn c th tip tc mc ng ln. 1.2.2. M phn sinh th cp M phn sinh th cp m nhim s tng trng chiu ngang ca r v thn cy, m ny ch c ngnh Ht trn (Pinophyta) v lp Ngc lan (Magnoliopsida) ca ngnh Ngc lan. M phn sinh th cp cu to bi mt lp t bo non gi l tng pht sinh, chng phn chia theo hng tip tuyn ln lt mt ngoi ri mt trong to ra nhng dy t bo xuyn tm, dn dn phn ho thnh hai th m khc nhau; hng t bo non nht ca mi dy lun lun cnh tng pht sinh. C 2 loi m phn sinh th cp: tng pht sinh bnlc b v tng tng. Tng pht sinh bn lc b (tng b sinh, tng sinh bn hay tng sinh v): Tng pht sinh ny nm trong vng v cp 1 ca r v thn, v tr khng c nh. Khi hot ng, tng b sinh cho ra lp bn mt ngoi c nhim v che ch cho r, thn cy gi v lc b (v lc) mt trong l m mm cp 2. Tng tng (tng sinh g hay tng sinh tr): Tng tng lun nm gia libe 1 v g 1 ( trong libe, ngoi g). Khi hot ng cho ra libe 2 mt ngoi v g 2 mt trong (Hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1. Cu to m phn sinh ngn thn (A) v s cch phn chia ca t bo m phn sinh th cp (B). TT: tng tng

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M mm cn gi l nhu m hay m dinh dng, cu to bi nhng t bo sng cha phn ho nhiu, vch mng bng cellulose hoc i khi tm cht g (t bo ty ca cc thn g), song cht nguyn sinh lun vn cn trong cc t bo y. M mm c chc nng ng ho, cha cht d tr hoc lin kt cc th m khc vi nhau. Hnh dng t bo m mm thay i: hnh trn, hnh a gic, hnh tr, hnh sao... chng c th xp kht nhau to m mm c hoc cc gc t bo bong ra h nhng khong gian bo r rt to m mm o hoc cch sp xp h nhng khong trng to to m mm khuyt (Hnh 2.2). 2.2. Phn loi Theo v tr c quan: m mm v v m mm ty. Theo nhim v trong c quan: m mm ng ho, m mm d tr. 2.2.1. M mm v M mm v gm m mm ca v s cp v m mm ca v th cp. T bo m mm ca v s cp c th sp xp t nhiu st vi nhau nhng thng cha nhng khong gian bo nh hoc ln. M mm v l m sng, thn cy m ny c cha cc ht lc lp, v th chng c th tham gia vo chc nng quang hp, c bit l cc chi c mu lc hoc nhng cnh bin thnh l. M mm v c chc nng d tr nc, cc cht dinh dng, d tr kh nhng cy sng trong nc; c th tham gia vo vic gi gn, bo v cho cc m khc trong cy. M mm v th cp l phn ngoi ca libe th cp, thng khng pht trin nhiu. Trong m mm v s cp v th cp nhiu cy c cc t bo cha cc tinh th calci oxalat, tanin v nhng cht khc ca qu trnh trao i cht. 2.2.2. M mm ty Ty l phn gia ca cc c quan, cu to bi nhng t bo thng di theo trc ca c quan. V kch thc, t bo ca ty nhiu khi rt khc bit vi cc phn khc v ngay trong phn ty cc t bo cng rt khc nhau v kch thc. V d: vng quanh ty l vng tip xc vi trc gia th lun lun cu to t nhng t bo nh hn v thng c vch dy hn nhng t bo phn gia. Hnh dng cc t bo ca m mm ty c th khc nhau: hnh trn hoc hnh nhiu gc ko di theo hng ny hoc hng khc. Vch ca nhng t bo ty trng thi trng thnh thng l ho g, khi cc l thng trn vch c nhn thy r rt hn cc vch bng cellulose. Trong t bo m mm ty thng c cha cht tanin, cc cht d tr. 2.2.3. M mm ng ho Cu to bi nhng t bo cha nhiu lc lp lm nhim v quang hp. M mm ny t ngay di biu b ca l v thn cy non. Trong l cy lp Ngc lan, m mm ng ho c hai dng: M mm hnh giu: Cu to bi nhng t bo hp v di, xp kht nhau, vung gc vi lp biu b, xem ging nh cc hng ro. Do khi nhn t ngoi mt l vo, m ny c hnh nhng vng trn nh xp cnh nhau. V th, khi quan st nhng bt l, m giu t khi hin ra di dng nhng hnh ch nht

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di t cnh nhau, m di dng nhng vng trn xp kht nhau. M mm xp: Cn gi l m mm khuyt, cu to bi nhng t bo c hnh dng v kch thc khng u, xp h nhng khong gian bo to cha y kh gi l khuyt (Hnh 2.2).

Hnh 2.2. Cc loi m mm 1: M mm c, 2: M mm o, 3: M mm khuyt, 4: M mm hnh giu

2.2.4. M mm d tr thc vt, m d tr thng c trong qu, ht, c, phn ty ca cc c quan nh: thn, r, i khi trong phn v ca nhng c quan trn mt t. Trong t bo ca m d tr cha rt nhiu cht d tr nh saccharose trong thn cy Ma; tinh bt trong c khoai, ht go, ht u; lipid v ht alron trong ht Thu du. i khi cht d tr l hemicellulose ng mt trong vch t bo lm cho vch dy ln v cng, gp ht M tin, ht C ph. Nc c gi li trong nhng khng bo ln bi cht nhy, cc t bo cha nhiu nc ny to thnh mt m nc gp cc cy mng nc nh Thuc bng, L hi. Khng kh ng trong nhng khuyt ln, to thnh mt m kh, thng gp nhng cy sng nc nh Sen, Sng. 3. M CHE CH 3.1. nh ngha M che ch cn gi l m b, c nhim v bo v cc m bn trong ca cy chng tc hi ca mi trng ngoi nh s xm nhp ca cc ging k sinh, s bc hi nc qu mnh, s thay i nhit t ngt... v thc hin trao i cht vi mi trng ngoi m n tip xc. Do vy m che ch phi mt ngoi cc c quan ca cy, cc t bo ca chng xp kht nhau v vch bin i thnh mt cht khng thm nc v kh. 3.2. Phn loi Cc loi m che ch: biu b; tng tm suberin, suberoid v chp r; bn, th b; v ht. 3.2.1. Biu b 3.2.1.1. T bo biu b Biu b cu to bi mt lp t bo sng ph bn ngoi l v thn non. Biu b c th tn ti sut i sng ca c quan (hoc c th thc vt) hay c m th cp thay th. T bo biu b thng c hnh dng khc nhau cc c quan khc nhau, ph thuc phn ln vo chiu pht trin ca c quan v b mt ca c quan . Trn vi phu ct ngang, t bo biu b c hnh file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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ch nht. Khi bc biu b quan st hoc soi bt thc vt trn knh hin vi, ta thy t bo biu b xp kht nhau, gia chng thng khng c cc khong gian bo v c hnh dng thay i ty loi cy: hnh ch nht (Hnh ta), hnh a gic (l cy Da M), hnh ngon ngoo (l cy Dng x)... Vch t bo biu b thng rt dy v khng u v cc pha, vch pha ngoi thng dy hn, vch bn v vch trong ca t bo biu b vn mng bng cellulose, i khi n hi dy ln dng m dy. Trn vch ngoi, t bo biu b thng c mt lp cutin khng thm nc v kh, cutin do t bo cht to ra, chng thm qua vch cellulose ra ngoi nhiu hay t ty theo iu kin kh hu. Lp cutin ny khng lin tc m b gin on nhng l kh (kh khng). Cng mt loi cy, nu sng kh hu kh th c lp cutin dy, nu sng kh hu m t th lp cutin mng. Lp cutin c khi to thnh u li trc mi t bo hoc to thnh nhng ng vn c sc cho mt s cy. y l cc c im c vn dng trong nghin cu bt dc liu. cc cy h La, vch ngoi t bo biu b c th ph thm cht silic lm cho mt ngoi cc cy s thy nham nhm. cy Ma, qu b, biu b ph thm mt lp sp trng ging nh phn trng. T bo biu b thng khng c lc lp, ngoi tr mt s Dng x, nhiu cy nc hay mc ch rm nh Lan, t bo biu b c lc lp. Trong t bo biu b c th cha lp khng mu, cc sc lp (caroten), tinh th calci oxalat, nang thch (tinh th calci carbonat), tinh bt. Trong khng bo thng cha nhng flavon (mu vng), anthocyan (mu lam, tm hoc ) lm cho t bo biu b c mu sc. Mt s t bo biu b c th ko di ra to thnh lng che ch hoc lng tit. 3.2.1.2. H b vi loi l nh l a (Ficus), l Trc o (Nerium) hoc thn, bn di biu b c mt hoc nhiu lp t bo phn bit vi cc m c bn (m mm) bn trong v mt hnh thi cng nh chc nng sinh l l h b. Trong vi trng hp, h b c hnh thnh t nguyn b bng cch phn chia theo mt phng song song vi b mt ca biu b. i khi h b c vch ho m cng nhiu hay t (l Thng). Ngi ta cho l h b c vai tr che ch hay d tr nc. 3.2.1.3. L kh L kh (kh khng) l nhng l thng trn biu b trao i kh v hi nc vi mi trng ngoi. Nhn t trn xung, l kh cu to bi 2 t bo hnh ht u gi l t bo l kh, hng mt khuyt vo nhau h mt khe nh gi l khe l kh (vi khu). T bo l kh c cha lc lp. vi phu ct ngang, bn di khe l kh l mt khong trng gi l phng di l kh; trn vch ngoi, c khi trn vch trong ca t bo l kh hnh thnh nhng mu g chn li vo khe l kh (Hnh 2.3). rng ca mt khe l kh khong 1/1000 mm2. Cu to ca t bo l kh v s thay i hnh dng ca n gy nn s ng m ca khe l kh gip iu ha s trao i kh gia cy v mi trng xung quanh. L kh c th nm cng mt mc hoc hi nh ln hoc thp hn so vi t bo biu b. gim bt s thot hi nc, l kh c th t di mt huyt nh gi l ging (cy kh hu kh) hoc tp trung trong mt huyt to ph y lng gi l phng n l kh (l Trc o).

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Hnh 2.3. Biu b v l kh 1: Nhn t trn xung, 2: Ct ngang

L kh c to t nhng t bo biu b rt non. Nu t bo ny phn chia lm hai, sau 2 t bo con xa nhau v phn ho, l kh to ra ch c 2 t bo l kh thi. Nu cch phn chia phc tp hn to ra mt nhm t bo con, trong 1 t bo s phn ct thnh 2 t bo l kh, cc t bo cn li l t bo ph cn gi l t bo bn, chng s khc hn t bo biu b xung quanh. S lng v v tr ca cc t bo bn cng l nhng c im c s dng kim nghim dc liu. Da theo cch sp xp ca cc t bo bn, ngi ta phn bit 5 kiu l kh: Kiu hn bo (kiu h Hong lin): Bao quanh l kh c nhiu t bo khng u v khng khc t bo biu b (khng phn ho t bo bn). Kiu d bo (kiu h Ci): Bao quanh l kh c 3 t bo bn, trong 1 t bo nh hn 2 t bo kia. Kiu song bo (kiu h C ph): 2 t bo bn nm song song vi khe l kh. Kiu trc bo (kiu h Cm chng): 2 t bo bn bao quanh l kh c vch chung thng gc vi khe l kh. Kiu vng bo: Cc t bo bn xp ni tip nhau thnh mt vng ai lin tc, bao quanh l kh (l Lt) (Hnh 2.4).

Hnh 2.4. Cc kiu l kh 1: Kiu hn bo, 2: Kiu song bo, 3: Kiu trc bo, 4: Kiu d bo, 5: Kiu vng bo

L kh thng c biu b cc c quan trn mt t (tr mt s cnh hoa ca mt s loi), nhng thng tp trung ch yu l. Trung bnh c khong 300 l kh / 1 mm2 mt l. Trn l, s phn b l kh nh sau: L mc ng, l kh c c trn 2 mt l. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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L nm ngang, l kh c nhiu mt di. L ni trn mt nc, l kh c mt trn. L chm di nc, khng c l kh. 3.2.1.4. L nc Ngoi cc l kh, mt s cy cn c nhng l cy tit nc ra ngoi di th lng, l nhng l nc (thy khng), c l Tr, cy h Cc, h Hoa tn. Khe l nc lun m; di khe l nc c mt khi t bo hp thnh m nc, nhn vi nhnh ca mch xon, nhng mch ny dn nc n m nc ri n s qua l nc thot ra ngoi di dng nhng git nc nh. 3.2.1.5. Lng che ch Mt s t bo biu b c th mc di ra to lng che ch hoc lng tit (xem phn m tit). Lng che ch c chc nng tng cng nhim v bo v hoc gim bt s thot hi nc. T bo ca lng c th vn cn sng hoc cht v cha y khng kh lm cho lp lng c mu trng. Thng th lng c vch ngn cch ring vi t bo biu b, nhng cng c nhng lng hon ton l do t bo biu b pht trin di ra v khng ngn cch vi t bo biu b bi mt vch ngn no c. Hnh dng, kch thc, s phn b ca lng trn b mt cc c quan l tnh cht ring ca cc nhm cy khc nhau nn cc c im ny c dng nhn nh loi cy. Mt s dng lng che ch thng gp: Lng n bo: thng, cong, c th phn nhnh. Lng a bo: cu to bi nhiu t bo xp thnh mt dy, c th phn nhnh. Lng dng hnh thoi: cu to bi 1 t bo hnh thoi nm ngang, song song vi b mt biu b, nh trn mt chn ngn gia. Lng ta trn: cu to bi mt chn ngn v mt u a bo. Nu cc t bo ca u ta ra trn mt mt phng ta c lng hnh khin, nu ta ra khp mi pha trong khng gian ta c lng hnh sao. Lng nga: cu to bi mt t bo cha acid formic, u ngn lng c silic nn gin, d gy khi chm vo da ngi hay ng vt cho cht nga t lng chy vo trong vt thng (Hnh 2.5). Lng c th bin i thnh gai nh cy Hoa hng, khi nhng t bo ca lng ho g v lm cho lng tr nn rt cng.

Hnh 2.5. Cc dng lng che ch 1: a bo mt dy, 2: a bo phn nhnh, 3: n bo, 4 v 5: n bo hnh thoi

3.2.2. M che ch r

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r khng c biu b. T bo nguyn thy to biu b thn ch to chp r trong trng hp r. Chp r che ch u ngn r. Trn chp r mt on l vng lng ht cu to bi nhng t bo sng ko di thnh lng ht, sau khi lp lng ht ny rng i th r c che ch bi mt tng ho bn (tng tm suberin). lp Hnh, tng suberoid c vai tr bo v nh tng ho bn lp Ngc lan, cu to gm nhiu lp t bo khng xp thnh dy xuyn tm v thuc cu to s cp, c vch tm cht bn (suberin). 3.2.3. Bn v l v Bn l m che ch th cp, bao bc cc phn gi ca cy, n c to ra t s hot ng ca tng pht sinh bn lc b (ch c Ht trn v lp Ngc lan). Bn cu to gm nhiu lp t bo cht c vch tm cht bn khng thm nc v kh, cc t bo ny xp thnh dy xuyn tm, khng c cc khong gian bo. S t bo ca lp bn c hnh thnh trong mt nm, thuc mt dy xuyn tm thay i t 2 n 20 ty theo loi. Khi c quan thc vt hnh thnh bn th s trao i kh vi mi trng bn ngoi c thc hin qua nhng l h gi l l v (b khng), c khi rt nhiu. l nhng nt lm m sn si, c dng chm hoc ng nt ngn, ln, d phn bit c bng mt thng. L v thng c hnh thnh t nhng t bo di l kh phn chia, mt dip lc v trn li, tr nn xp. Nhng t bo ny gi l t bo b sung, chng chim y khoang di l kh, x rch biu b v c phn phnh ra ngoi. y l nhng t bo cht c vch mng khng ho bn, sp xp lng lo cha nhng khong gian bo. Cc t bo b sung mt ngoi, ni tip xc vi kh quyn, cht i v bong ra v c thay th bi nhng t bo mi do tng pht sinh bn lc b sinh ra (Hnh 2.6). Hnh dng v mu sc ca cc l v c th gp phn vo vic kim nghim cc v cy thuc.

Hnh 2.6. L v

3.2.4. Th b Th b (v cht) l lp m phc tp cu to bi lp bn v cc m pha ngoi lp bn cht i. Th b c th rp dn ln ri bong ra (thn cy i) hoc vn c th cn dnh vo cy nhng nt n thnh nhng m c sc, c trng cho tng loi cy. 3.2.5. M che ch ht Hnh thnh t s bin chuyn ca v non. Khi non c hai v non th ch c v ngoi bin chuyn thnh v ht, cn v trong dn dn tiu i mt phn hay hon ton. Bn tnh v ht lin quan n bn tnh ca qu: nhng ht c phng thch ra ngoi khi qu chn i hi mt s che ch nhiu hn ht ca nhng qu khng m. Nhim v c bn v ht l che ch, nh kh nng ny mm ca ht c gi trong thi gian ngn hay di ty thuc vo loi cy. 4. M NNG

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M nng cn gi l m c gii cu to bi nhng t bo c vch dy v cng, lm nhim v nng , ngha l lm cho cy cng rn. Trong thn cy trn, chng c xp thnh vng gn pha ngoi; trong thn cy vung, cc m nng c t bn gc. Trong r, cc m nng tp trung vo pha trung tm ca c quan, nh vy, r c th chu c tc dng ca trng lc t trn xung. 4.2. Phn loi Ty theo bn cht ca vch, ngi ta phn bit 2 loi m nng : m dy (giao m, hu m) v m cng (cng m). 4.2.1. M dy L m nng nhng b phn cn non, cn tng trng, do cc t bo m dy l nhng t bo sng c vch bng cellulose v pectin. Trong vi phu dc, ta thy cc t bo m dy di dng t bo di c u vung hay nhn xp kht nhau. Trong vi phu ngang ta c th phn bit: M dy gc: Vch t bo ch dy ln gc t bo. M dy trn: Vch t bo dy ln u n tt c cc vch. M dy phin: Vch t bo ch dy ln theo hng tip tuyn. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn phn bit m dy xp (m dy ng) (Hnh 2.7). M dy thng tp trung nhng ch li ca thn cy, cung l, gn l v ngay di biu b ca cc c quan non ca cy vn cn kh nng mc di c. Cy lp Hnh thng khng c m dy.

Hnh 2.7. Cc loi m dy 1 v 2: M dy gc, 3: M dy phin, 4: M dy trn

4.2.2. M cng M cng cu to bi nhng t bo cht c vch dy ho g t nhiu, trn vch c nhng ng nh xuyn qua trao i cht khi t bo cn sng. M cng thng nm su trong cc c quan khng cn kh nng mc di na. Ty hnh dng ca t bo m cng, ngi ta phn bit 3 loi: 4.2.2.1. T bo m cng T bo m cng (t bo cng m) l nhng t bo gn nh ng knh, vch dy ho g v c ng trao i. Hnh dng bin thin, thng hnh khi nhiu mt; ct ngang c tit din trn, a gic, bu dc.

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Vch t bo c th dy, mng khng u nhau, v d: t bo ni b ca r cy lp Hnh tm cht bn thnh hnh mng nga. Trn vch dy, c th thy r nhng vn tng trng ng tm. T bo m cng gp trong vng v ca c quan dinh dng, tht ca mt s qu (i, L), v ca cc ht; chng c th ng ring l hoc t thnh tng m hay thnh vng gi l vng ai m cng. 4.2.2.2. Th cng Th cng (cng th, tinh cng bo) l nhng t bo m cng ring l, tng i ln v phn nhnh, thng gp trong l Tr, cung l Sng. 4.2.2.3. Si m cng L nhng t bo cht, vi phu dc c dng hnh thoi, di hay ngn, c vch dy ho g t nhiu v khoang gia rt hp, trn vch c ng trao i nh; vi phu ngang c hnh dng thay i: trn, bu dc, a gic. Ty theo v tr ca si trong c quan ta phn bit: Si v tht: Nm trong phn v ca cy (t ni b tr ra). Si tr b: Do s bin i ca cc t bo tr b. Si libe: trong libe, i khi si libe xp xen k vi m mm libe v mch ry to libe kt tng nh h Bng (Malvaceae). Si g: trong phn g ca cy. Vch ca si lun lun rt dy v tm cht g, nhng cng c nhng si c vch bng cellulose, v d: Lanh, Gai (Hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.8. Cc loi m cng 1: T bo m cng, 2: Th cng cung l Sen (a) v l Tr (b), 3: Si m cng ct ngang (a) v dc (b).

5. M DN 5.1. nh ngha M dn cu to bi nhng t bo di, xp ni tip vi nhau thnh tng dy dc song song vi trc ca c quan, c nhim v dn nha. Trong c th thc vt bc cao c hai dng nha vn chuyn ngc chiu nhau: Nha nguyn: Gm nc v cc mui v c ha tan trong nc do r ht t t ln, c vn chuyn trong cc yu t g t r ln l. Nha luyn: L dung dch cc cht hu c do l quang hp, c vn chuyn trong cc yu t libe t l n cc c quan ca cy nui cy. G v libe to b my dn ca thc vt. M dn tht khng c To v Nm. Cu to ca m dn file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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phc tp dn t Quyt n Ht trn v Ht kn (thc vt c mch: Quyt, Ht trn, Ht kn). 5.2. Phn loi Ty theo chc nng dn nha, ngi ta phn bit 2 loi m dn: g v libe. 5.2.1. G G (xylem) l mt m phc tp gm hai thnh phn: Nhng yu t dn nha nguyn gm qun bo cn gi l mch ngn v mch g cn gi l mch thng. Nhng yu t khng dn nha gm m mm g v si g. Trc tin, ta phn bit trong g: G s cp: Hnh thnh t s hot ng ca sinh m s cp ngn thn, chp r. G th cp: Hnh thnh t s hot ng ca tng tng, gp Ht trn v hu ht lp Ngc lan. 5.2.1.1. Cc yu t dn nha nguyn Cu to bi nhng t bo cht, di, xp ni tip nhau thnh nhng dy song song vi trc c quan, to thnh nhng ng dn i t u ny n u kia ca cy. Nu cc t bo vn cn cc vch ngang, ta gi l mch ngn hay qun bo. Nu cc vch ngang bin mt, to thnh nhng ng thng sut, ta gi l mch thng hoc mch g. ng knh ca mch ngn nh hn mch thng. a) Mch ngn Mch ngn (qun bo) l nhng t bo hnh thoi, cht, hai u nhn, xp ni tip nhau thnh h thng dn truyn. Nha nguyn chuyn t mch ngn ny sang mch ngn khc qua cc vch ngang khng ho g. Cc vch bn th ho g mt trong, nhng khng u khp mt vch, c nhng ch vch vn mng bng cellulose xen ln vi nhng ch dy ho g. Qua nhng ch mng, nha nguyn c th thm t mch ngn ny sang mch ngn khc hoc sang m mm g. Ty theo nhng ch dy ho g , ngi ta phn bit cc loi mch ngn sau y: Mch vng, mch xon: Nhng ch dy ho g thnh hnh vng trn ri nhau hay hnh xon c. Cng c khi, cc on xon xen ln vi cc on vng to thnh mch vng xon. Ba loi mch ny c trong cc b phn non ca cy cn kh nng mc di, chng to thnh phn g gi l tin mc (g 1). Mch ngn hnh thang: c sc cho Dng x, l nhng t bo rt di, tit din a gic, hai u mch c vch ngang vt xo. Mi mt ca mch ngn, c nhng ch (trn cnh dc ca mch) dy ho g ta nh hai ct thang ni vi nhng ch dy ngang song song, tt c trng nh mt ci thang; khe gia cc ch dy ngang vch vn mng bng cellulose. Mch ngn c chm ng tin: Hu mc ca cy Ht trn c cu to bi loi mch ny. l nhng t bo c tit din vung, u mch vt xo. Vch dc dy v b ho g; trn cc vch dc ny c nhng chm hnh ng tin xp thnh dy dc, l ni thm ca nha nguyn. Mi chm hnh ng tin cu to bi mt bn mng bng cellulose, cht g dy ln hai bn bn mng v b trc ra ngay ch chm ng tin thnh hnh ch Y p ngc. trung tm bn mng c mt khoanh nh hnh trn ho g gi l torus, c tc dng nh mt li g. Khi p sut 2 qun bo k cn bng nhau, s trao i c th xy ra qua phn thm ca vch bng cellulose. Khi p sut mt qun bo ln hn, li g s b y sang pha bn kia, bt cht l u hnh ch Y v ngn chn s trao i (Hnh 2.9). Chiu di ca cc mch ngn c chm hnh ng tin khong 12 mm, mch ngn ny va c nhim v dn nha, va file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Mch thng (mch g) cu to bi nhng t bo cht, di (c th ti 35 m dy leo), khng cn vch ngn ngang, to thnh nhng ng thng sut, xp ni tip nhau thnh dy dc trong cy. Vch dc ca mch c nhiu ch dy ln v tm cht g, gii hn nhng vng cn cellulose. Ty theo nhng ch dy ho g, ngi ta phn bit: Mch vch: Nhng ch dy ho g nm ngang, lm cho mch c nhng vch k ngang. Mch mng: Ch dy ho g hnh mng li, trong cc mt li vch vn mng bng cellulose. Mch chm: Vch ho g gn nh hon ton, ch h nhng chm nh bng cellulose (Hnh 2.9). Cc mch g ny c trong cc c quan trng thnh, khng mc di c na, to thnh phn g gi l hu mc. y l nhng kiu mch tin ho nht.

Hnh 2.9. Cc loi mch g 1: Mch vng, 2: Mch vng xon, 3 v 4: Mch xon, 5: Mch vch, 6 v 7: Mch mng, 8: Mch im, 9: Mch hnh thang, 10: Mch chm hnh ng tin ct ngang (A) v ct dc (B)

S tin ho t mch ngn n mch thng c thc hin trn vch ngang hoc vch dc, c th tm tt nh sau: Trn vch ngang Thng l ry: Vch ngang vt xo vn cn hin din nhng trn c nhiu l thng trn, thng gp mt s cy Ht trn nh Dy gm, Ma hong. Thng l hnh thang: Cc im hon ton thng ca vch ngn vt xo dnh vo nhau thnh nhng khe di ngang, xp song song, gii hn bi nhng ch dy ln kiu hnh bc thang. Thng l n: Cc vch ngn ngang thu hp, ht vt xo, tr thnh ngang v b chim bi mt l thng to bao quanh bi mt g trn b tm cht g, y l kiu tin ho nht, ph bin nht cy Ht

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Cc chm hnh ng tin bin chuyn l h ko di, nhiu l gn nhau dnh vo nhau lm cho vch dc ca mch thnh nhng vch. Nhng vng cn cellulose b tch ra bi nhng dy bng song song tm mc t, nu nhng dy bng ny ni nhng dy song song tm mc t k cn th mch c dng mng. Cui cng nu cc chm c phn b khng th t trn vch dc th mch c dng chm. Khi cc mch g gi, chng khng cn lm nhim v dn nha na v b lp bi cc th bt (th nt) sinh bi m mm mc li ra qua cc l ca vch mch g. Cc mch b bt ny to thnh lp g rng hay li, ch lm nhim v nng hay d tr. Phn g non cn ang lm nhim v dn nha to thnh g dc. 5.2.1.2. Cc yu t khng dn nha nguyn a) Si g Ni chung si l nhng t bo di, u nhn, vch dy ho g t nhiu, li mt khoang gia hp, c nhim v nng . Ngi ta phn bit nhng loi si g sau: Si mch: L nhng t bo thng thng di, hnh thoi, u hi t, vch dy, khoang gia hp (tit din hnh a gic hoc hnh ch nht), trn vch c nhng chm ng tin ging nh mch ca Ht trn. Chng va c nhim v nng va c nhim v dn nha. Si mch l thnh phn cu to ch yu ca hu ht g 2 ng mc ca Quyt, Ht trn v vi cy lp Ngc lan rt s khai. Si mch hin din t hn g 2 d mc. Si g: Khi nim ny trong gii phu thc vt ch gii hn cc si g tht, c chc nng nng . Gp cc cy lp Ngc lan. Si c vch ngn ngang: c hnh thnh khi t bo cn non, cht nguyn sinh cn hot ng, vch mng, gp nhng cy thn c. b) M mm g Cu to bi nhng t bo sng lm nhim v d tr, c to ra t tng tng, vch c th ho g hoc vn cn cellulose. Nh s hin din ca m mm g m nha luyn vo c trong g. C 2 loi m mm g: M mm dc: y l m mm g tht, c th l phn m cui cng m tng tng to ra trc khi sang giai on ngh, khi m mm g bn ngoi vng g 2 c to ra mi nm (gp cy lp Ngc lan s khai). M mm g dc c th km theo cc mch (parenchyme paratracheal), i khi to thnh mt bao quanh mch (parenchyme vasicentrique) hoc l ri rc gia cc mch ngn v si mch (parenchyme diffus). M mm g ngang: Cn gi l tia g, l mt phn ca tia rut. Tia g c th rng hay hp, cu to bi mt hay nhiu dy t bo. T bo ca tia g thng l t bo sng, vch t bo tm cht g hoc khng. Tia g gip cho nc t g n tng tng v libe gip nha luyn t libe n m mm g. Thng Ht kn, cc m g sau mt thi gian hot ng b lp bi nhng th bt sinh bi cc t bo m mm k cn, nht l m mm g ngang mc li qua cc l ca vch mch g. 5.2.2. Libe Libe (phloem) c nhim v dn nha luyn, cu to bi nhng t bo sng c vch bng cellulose, file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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gm cc thnh phn: mch ry, t bo km, m mm libe, tia libe v si libe. Ging nh g, libe cng c phn bit: libe cp 1 (libe s cp) c to do m phn sinh s cp v libe cp 2 (libe th cp) hnh thnh t s hot ng ca tng tng. 5.2.2.1. Yu t dn nha luyn: mch ry Cu to bi nhng t bo sng, di, xp ni tip nhau thnh dy dc. Ngay trong giai on phn ho, t bo mch ry c mt lp nguyn sinh cht bao quanh mt khng bo to. Trong nguyn sinh cht c ty th, lp th v nhng th c bit gi l th nhy. Nhn lc u th hin r, sau bin mt trong qu trnh chuyn ho ca t bo. Th nhy (cht c ngun gc protid) c th hnh trn, hnh sut ch hoc hnh xon bn vo nhau. V sau, trong qu trnh phn ho ca mch ry, cc th nhy mt hnh dng r rt, c khi dnh vi nhau v cui cng phn tn trong dch t bo khi khng cn lp mng mng trong ca cht t bo. Mch ry c vch dc bng cellulose v cc vch ngang c nhiu l thng nh ging nh mt ci ry, nha luyn c vn chuyn qua cc l thng ny (Hnh 2.10). S lu thng ny khng lin tc m b gin on vo nhng ma thu, ma ng, lc cc l ry b bt bng calose. i khi th bt khng tn ti (Nho) v qua ma xun th mch ry hot ng li bnh thng. nhiu trng hp khc, th bt tn ti v sang ma xun c nhng mch mi c to trong libe 2 hoc c th pht sinh t cc t bo km. Chiu di mch ry vo khong 0,30,4 mm cy B; 0,6 mm cy Nho. cc cy Ht trn v Dng x, yu t dn trong libe l t bo ry. l nhng t bo c u nhn tip xc vi nhau khng to thnh nhng dy thng di nh kiu cc mch ry, c cc vng ry t chuyn ho v phn b trn nhiu ch khc nhau ca vch dc khng theo th t no c. 5.2.2.2. Cc yu t khng dn nha luyn a) T bo km L nhng t bo sng, c vch mng, bn cnh cc mch ry. V ngun gc, chng c to t t bo nguyn thy ca mch ry. T bo nguyn thy ca mch ry phn vch dc to hai t bo c kch thc khng u nhau. T bo ln s phn ho thnh mch ry; t bo nh s phn chia vi ln theo hng ngang to thnh nhng t bo km. T bo km c mt ct hnh tam gic v mi t bo nguyn thy c th to nhiu t bo km. T bo km c th di bng hay ngn hn t bo mch ry cnh n, c nguyn sinh cht m c, 1 nhn, nhiu khng bo, vch t bo khng c l ry v trong t bo cht khng c tinh bt. T bo km c kh nng hnh thnh cc men gip mch ry thc hin cc phn ng sinh ho trong mch, ngn cn cht t bo ca mch ry ng li, bo m vic vn chuyn cc sn phm tng hp. T bo km dng in hnh ch gp thc vt Ht kn, khng c Ht trn, nhng cy khng hoa c mch v nhng cy g ca lp Ngc lan nguyn thy.

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Hnh 2.10. Mch ry ngang (1) v dc (2)

Ht trn, tng ng vi t bo km l nhng t bo sinh albumin. y l nhng t bo sng, cha rt nhiu protid thng vi mch ry qua nhng im. Sau mt thi gian hot ng, t bo tiu dn v ni xut hin mt khuyt. b) M mm libe L nhng t bo sng, vch bng cellulose, khng c l ry, cha nhiu tinh bt, c vai tr d tr. c) Tia libe Tia libe l phn ngoi ca tia rut, ni tip tia g, xuyn qua libe 2, c nhim v d tr. Tia libe v tia g hp thnh tia rut (tia ty); tia rut gip cho vic trao i gia trung tm ca r hoc thn vi phn v. d) Si libe Ch c libe 2 v ch gp cy lp Ngc lan hoc Ht trn. i khi si libe xp thnh tng xen k vi m mm libe v mch ry to thnh libe 2 kt tng ( h Bng). Cng nh si g, si libe l nhng t bo di hnh thoi c vch dy ho g hoc khng, c khoang hp v c nhim v nng . Cc thnh phn ca libe v g thng t hp thnh m gi l b dn. Ty theo v tr ca libe v g, ngi ta phn bit 4 loi b (Hnh 2.11): B chng: Libe xp chng ln g; libe ngoi, g trong. cc cy lp Hnh, gia libe v g khng c tng pht sinh nn b libe g khng pht trin c na, l b dn kn. Cc cy lp Ngc lan c tng tng gia libe v g to libe 2 v g 2 nn libe 1 cch xa vi g 1, l b dn h. B chng kp: G tip xc vi libe 2 mt: mt ngoi v mt trong. B ng tm: Libe bao quanh g hoc g kp libe trong. B g hnh ch V l dng trung gian gia b chng v b ng tm. B xuyn tm: Trong r, libe xp xen k vi g theo hng xuyn tm.

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Hnh 2.11. Cc kiu b dn 1: B chng, 2: B chng kp, 3: B ng tm, 4: B g hnh ch V, 5: B xuyn tm

6. M TIT 6.1. nh ngha Cu to bi nhng t bo sng, c vch bng cellulose v tit ra nhng cht c xem nh l cht b ca cy nh tinh du, nha m, gm, tanin Thng nhng cht ny khng thi ra ngoi m ng li trong cy. 6.2. Phn loi 6.2.1. T bo tit T bo tit c th l t bo ring l trong m mm hay l biu b ca c quan dinh dng. Biu b tit: C nhng biu b tit ra tinh du hoc resin, v d cnh hoa hng T bo biu b tit thng khc t bo biu b quanh n, kch thc c th nh hn t bo biu b thng, vch ngoi c th khng c cutin hoc t bo biu b tit c th nh ln mt cht thnh nh mt gai tht nh. T bo tit: l nhng t bo ring l, nm ri rc trong m mm v, libe, g, ty v ng nhng cht do chnh t bo tit ra (tinh du, myrosin, tanin, cht nhy). Hnh dng v kch thc t bo tit khng khc t bo m mm xung quanh, i khi chng c th ln hn mt cht. Vch cellulose ca chng mng v thng vch trong c ph bi mt lp mng cht bn ngn cc t bo ln cn vi cht tit. Dng x c, trong nhng khuyt ca m mm r c nhng b phn gi l lng tit cha tinh du bn trong. 6.2.2. Lng tit Lng tit do nhng t bo biu b mc di ra. Mi lng tit gm c 1 chn v 1 u, c th n hoc a bo. h Hoa mi, lng tit cu to bi 48 t bo xp trn cng mt mt phng; lng tit h Cc cu to bi hai dy t bo chng ln nhau. Tinh du tit ra ng di lp cutin (Hnh 2.12). 6.2.3. Ti tit v ng tit l nhng l hng hnh cu (ti) hoc hnh tr (ng), c bao bc bi cc t bo tit v cha nhng cht do t bo tit ra. Trn vi phu ngang, khng phn bit c ti v ng tit v tit din nh nhau. ng knh ca ti v ng tit bao gi cng ln hn t bo xung quanh. Trn vi phu dc ng tit cho thy 2 dy t bo vin 2 vch bn ca ng. ng tit thng c bao bc bi nhng lp m dy hay m cng. C 3 kiu ti tit v ng tit: 6.2.3.1. Kiu ly bo Pht sinh t 1 t bo m mm, phn chia lm 4 nh 2 ln phn ct vung gc. 4 t bo ny tch ri v li gia chng mt o nh, o ln dn thnh ti. Ti ln dn nh nhng t bo b phn chia theo vch xuyn tm nhiu ln. Nh vy, khong gian bo gia bin thnh ti trn gii hn bi mt vng t bo ba tit tinh du; kiu ny gp h Sim (Myrtaceae). 6.2.3.2. Kiu tiu ly bo file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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c hnh thnh u tin theo kiu ly bo, nhng cc t bo ba thay v ch phn ct xuyn tm, n cng phn ct theo ng tip tuyn. Nh vy, b ca o to thnh nhiu lp t bo ng tm. Vch t bo trong cng b tiu hy lm cho khong gian bo ng cht tit b rch tua ta. Kiu ti tit ny gp h Cam (Rutaceae) (Hnh 2.12). 6.2.3.3. Kiu tiu bo c hnh thnh do s tiu hy mt nhm t bo bi cht gm hay cht nhy to mt khong trng, gia ng cht tit.

Hnh 2.12. Cc kiu lng tit v ti tit 1, 2 v 3: Lng tit, 4: Ti tit kiu ly bo, 5: Ti tit kiu tiu ly bo

6.2.4. ng nha m Cn gi l nh qun, l nhng t bo hay ng tit c bit. Cht tit ra l nha m, thng c mu trng c hoc mu ng, c tch ly trong khng bo ca t bo tit ra n. C 3 loi ng nha m: ng nha m c t: T bo tit nh dch c th ring l hoc xp thnh dy gi l ng nha m c t. Cc vch ngang ca chng c th cn nguyn, c l hoc mt hn (gp mt vi cy h phin, h Khoai lang). ng nha m hnh mng: C cng ngun gc vi loi trn, nhng y cc t bo phn nhnh v tip giao vi nhau to thnh hnh mng (gp phn ln h phin). ng nha m tht: L ng nha m khng c t, gp mt s cy h Trc o, Thu du, Thin l. L nhng ng di v hn nh, phn nhnh, khng c vch ngn ngang v khng tip giao vi nhau. Ct ngang ng nha m tht c tit din trn, c vch dy bng cellulose, chit quang. T bo cht ca chng cha nhiu nhn, cc nhn ny phn ct nhng ngn cc nhnh ang tng trng nhng khng bao gi to vch ngn. Nh dch ca chng cha cht cao su (Hnh 2.13).

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Hnh 2.13. Cc kiu ng nha m 1 v 2: ng nha m c t, 3: ng nha m hnh mng, 4: ng nha m tht

6.2.5. Tuyn mt Thng c hoa v trn cc c quan dinh dng ca cy nh thn, l, l km v cung hoa. Tuyn tit c to ngay trn hoa v c gi l a mt. Mt tit ra c mu trng hi vng khng c mi. Tuyn mt cu to bi mt nhm t bo nh, vch mng, nhn to, khong gian bo nh, c mt tn cng y tuyn ging nh l nc. M ny thng ph mt lp biu b c l kh. Mt tit ra ngoi qua l kh. Nu khng c l kh, mt tit ra ngoi qua lp cutin mng. M thc vt cu to thnh cc c quan dinh dng v sinh sn ca thc vt.

CU HI T LNG GI 1. Nu nh ngha v chc nng ca 6 loi m thc vt bc cao. 2. Nu cu to ca lng che ch v lng tit. 3. Phn bit cc kiu l kh. 4. Nu nhng im khc bit gia m dy v m cng. 5. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. M che ch gm cc loi: A. Biu b, tng tm suberin, suberoid, bn, th b, v ht. B. Biu b, tng tm suberin, suberoid, chp r, bn, v ht. C. Biu b, tng tm suberin, suberoid, chp r, bn, th b, v ht. D. Biu b, tng tm suberin, chp r, bn, th b, v ht. 6. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Libe bao quanh g hoc g kp libe trong l kiu b mch: A. B xuyn tm. B. B chng. C. B g hnh ch V kp libe gia. D. B ng tm. 7. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. ng nha m hnh mng l: A. Nhng t bo tit nha m ring l hay xp thnh dy, cc vch ngn ngang ca chng c th cn nguyn, c l hoc mt hn. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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B. Nhng ng di v hn nh, phn nhnh, khng c vch ngn ngang v khng tip giao vi nhau. C. Nhng t bo tit nha m, phn nhnh v tip giao vi nhau. D. Nhng t bo hay ng tit c bit; cht tit ra l nha m, thng l nh dch mu trng c hay mu ng, c tch ly trong khng bo ca t bo tit ra n.

Chng 3 C QUAN DINH DNG CA THC VT BC CAO

A. R CY

MC TIU 1. Trnh by c hnh thi hc ca r cy v cch mc r con. 2. Nu c nh ngha cc loi r cy. 3. Trnh by c c im gii phu s cp v th cp ca r cy lp Ngc lan. 4. Trnh by c c im gii phu ca r cy lp Hnh. 5. Trnh by c cu to bt thng ca r (r c).

R l c quan dinh dng ca cy, thng mc di t theo hng t trn xung, gi cht cy xung t, ng thi c nhim v hp thu nc v cc mui v c ha tan nui cy. Mt s r cn tch ly cht dinh dng. R khng bao gi mang l, khng c lc lp tr r kh sinh ca h Lan. 1. HNH THI 1.1. Cc phn ca r Khi quan st mt ht ny mm, v d ht u, ta thy mt b phn hnh tr, mu trng, mc ra t r mm, hng xung t, l r chnh. R cn non c 5 vng: Chp r: Ging nh mt bao trng p ln ngn r, c nhim v che ch u ngn r. N do nhiu lp t bo, lp ngoi rng i t t, trong lc nhiu lp mi c to ra pha bn trong. Chp r c th khng c cc r c ph bi mt lp si nm, r mt ca nhng cy k sinh.

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Vng tng trng: Trn chp r c vng di khong vi mm v lng, l vng tng trng, gip r mc di ra. Vng ny do cc t bo m phn sinh ngn pha u ngn r to ra. Vng lng ht: Trn vng tng trng l vng lng ht, mang nhiu lng nh, mn hp thu nc v mui khong cho cy. Cc lng ny bt u mc t pha di, cng ln trn cng mc di, ri s rng i, trong khi pha di li c nhng lng ht mi bt u mc. V vy chiu di ca vng lng ht khng thay i i vi mi loi. Vng ho bn: Trn vng lng ht l vng ho bn (vng phn nhnh), l mt vng trng, khng lng. Do lng ht rng i nn tng t bo pha di cc lng ht l ra v vch b tm cht bn ( l tng tm cht bn r cy lp Ngc lan hay tng suberoid r cy lp Hnh) c nhim v che ch. lp Ngc lan v ngnh Thng, trong vng ho bn c cc r con mc ra v cng mang cc b phn nh r ci. Cc r con xp thnh hng dc trn r ci. S lng hng r con l mt con s khng i mi loi cy v c trng cho loi. Cc r con bc nht li c th mc ra cc r con bc 2, nhng r con bc 2 li mc ra nhng r con bc 3... Tt c hp thnh h thng r. C r: L on ni lin r vi thn, ti vng ny h thng dn ca r s chuyn tip sang cu to h mch dn ca thn. 1.2. Cc loi r R tr: R ci pht trin mnh hn r con nn mc su xung di t, c trng cho r cy Ht trn v lp Ngc lan. R chm: R ci b hoi i sm, cc r con to gn bng nhau, mc tua ta ra thnh b gc thn, c trng cho r cy lp Hnh. R bt nh: Mc trn thn hay l. Cc r c th mc trn thn v tr mt hoc nch l hoc dc theo thn, v tr khng nht nh nn gi l r bt nh. R bt nh thng gp nhng cy h La v nhiu cy lp Hnh. C khi r ph xut pht t gc thn to dn ra lm thnh nhng ct chng thn khi phn gc ca cy b tiu hy. cc cy a, r ph ny sinh t nhng nhnh trn cao, lc u nh, nhng khi ng t r y ph to ra thnh ct nng cnh. R c: R c th tr thnh nhng b phn tch tr dng liu nh tinh bt hoc inulin, khi r phng to ln to thnh r c. V d: c C rt, c Nhn sm, c Bnh vi... R mt: Cn gi l r k sinh, gp cc loi cy k sinh; r chui vo v cc cy ch ht dng liu. R mt khng c chp r. R kh sinh: Mc trong khng kh nn c th c dip lc v c chc nng ng ho. Mt s r kh sinh c chc nng gip cy bm vo gin. V d: r Lan. 2. CU TO GII PHU 2.1. Cu to cp 1 2.1.1. R s cp ca cy lp Ngc lan v Ht trn Ct ngang mt r non lp Ngc lan qua vng lng ht, cho thy cu to ca r c i xng qua trc, gm hai vng: vng v v trung tr (Hnh 3.1 A). 2.1.1.1. Vng v file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Dy, chim khong 2/3 so vi trung tr. Tng lng ht: Tng ng vi lp biu b ca thn cy, cu to bi mt lp t bo sng c vch mng bng cellulose, mc di ra thnh nhng lng ht c nhim v ht nc v mui khong. T bo lng ht c khng bo to v nhn ngn lng. Tng tm cht bn: Cn gi l tng tm suberin hay ngoi b, ngay di tng lng ht, n s l ra khi t bo lng ht rng i. S tm cht bn thc hin t t ngay bn di ca tng lng ht v lm cho cc lng ht cht v rng i. Mt s t bo ca tng ho bn c vch vn cn cellulose, nh nhng v tr r c th h hp, trao i c. M mm v: Cu to bi nhng t bo c vch mng bng cellulose, thng chia thnh 2 vng: M mm v ngoi cu to bi nhng t bo hnh trn hoc a gic, sp xp ln xn v m mm v trong cu to bi nhng t bo hnh ch nht sp xp thnh dy xuyn tm v vng ng tm, h nhng o nh gc t bo. Trong m mm v thng c cht d tr v c th c t bo tit, ng tit hay ti tit. Ni b: L mt lp t bo trong cng ca vng v; cu to bi nhng t bo sng, xp kht nhau, mt ngoi v mt trong ca t bo ni b c vch bng cellulose, trn cc mt bn c mt bng suberin i vng quanh t bo gi l ai Caspary (khung Caspary) v hai bng suberin ca hai t bo k cn ni st vo nhau (Hnh 3.1 B). Chc nng ca ni b l lm gim bt s xm nhp ca nc vo trung tr. Ni b pht trin mnh r, cn thn th yu hn hoc gn nh khng pht trin. V cp 1 ca r cy Ht trn v lp Ngc lan ch tn ti trong mt thi gian, khi c cu to cp 2 th s b ph v cng vi s ph v lp t bo ni b. 2.1.1.2. Trung tr R cy c hoa ch c mt trung tr (cu to n tr). Trung tr mng hn v v c cc thnh phn sau: Tr b: L lp t bo ngoi cng nht ca trung tr, c th gm 1 hoc nhiu lp t bo, thng th xp xen k t bo ni b. Vch t bo tr b c th cn cellulose hoc ho m cng thnh si tr b. Trn vng ho bn, cc r con mc ra t tr b. Cc b libe g: Cc b g 1 v b libe 1 xp xen k nhau trn mt vng. B g 1 c mt ct tam gic, nh quay ra ngoi. Cc mch u tin c to st tr b l nhng mch c ng knh nh, sau i ln vo pha bn trong l nhng mch c ng knh ln. S phn ho nh vy gi l g phn ho hng tm. Trong cc b g ca r non thng khng c m mm g v si g. B libe 1 c mt ct hnh bu dc, st tr b; cu to bi mch ry, t bo km, m mm libe, libe cng phn ho hng tm. S lng b libe g thay i ty loi, thng nh hn hay bng 8 b. Tia rut: cn gi l tia ty, l phn m mm gia libe v g, i t ty ra n tr b. Ty: l phn m mm gia ca trung tr. N c th thu hp khi cc b g xp st vo nhau gia r thnh mt khi hnh sao.

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Hnh 3.1. Cu to cp 1 r cy lp Ngc lan (A) v ni b ai Caspary (B) 1: Ni b ct ngang, 2: T bo ni b tch ri

2.1.2. Cu to r cy lp Hnh Cu to ging r cy lp Ngc lan nhng nt ln, nhng c cc im khc bit nh sau: Cu to cp 1 tn ti tr mt vi ngoi l nh bn Monstera, libe 2 v g 2 Dracoena. R lp Hnh thuc loi r lng v cc t bo ca chp rng ton b khng li du vt. Tng ngoi cng ca tng pht sinh v to ra lng ht. R kh sinh ca vi loi Lan ph sinh c tng lng ht chu s bin i c bit thnh nhiu lp t bo cht c vch tm suberin, trn vch c nhng vn hnh xon hay mng. Lp t bo va m t gi l mc, n c kh nng ht nc ma v hi nc trong khng kh, do n m nhim chc nng ca lng ht (Hnh 3.2 C). Tng ho bn gm nhiu lp t bo tm suberin gi l suberoid (gi sube), chng khng xp thnh dy xuyn tm v thuc cu to cp 1. T bo ni b c cht g dy ln vch bn v vch trong to thnh ni b hnh ch U (hay hnh mng nga). Mt vi t bo ni b khng c s bin i ny v n cho nc v cc cht ha tan xm nhp vo trung tr (Hnh 3.2 B). Tr b thng thiu, nn b mch tip xc vi ni b. Trung tr thng pht trin hn r cy lp Ngc lan, s lng b mch cao hn (thng nhiu hn 10 b). Hu mc: Cu to bi nhng mch to quanh ty, khng lin quan n tin mc. Ty thng thu hp v s pht trin ca mch hu mc, phn m mm ty cn li thng b ho m cng (Hnh 3.2 A).

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Hnh 3.2. R cy Smilax medica (lp Hnh) (A), ni b hnh mng nga (B) v mc r Lan (C)

2.2. Cu to cp 2 cy lp Ngc lan, r pht trin chiu ngang nh hot ng ca hai tng pht sinh: tng pht sinh bnlc b v tng tng. 2.2.1. Tng pht sinh bnlc b Tng pht sinh ny c v tr khng c nh, trong v cp 1 t tr b n tng lng ht, cu to bi 1 lp t bo. Khi hot ng tng b sinh to ra bn mt ngoi c nhim v che ch v lc b bn trong l m mm cp 2 c nhim v d tr. Cc t bo ca bn v lc b xp thnh dy xuyn tm. Sau khi c thnh lp, lp bn khng thm nc v kh lm cho tt c cc m cp 1 pha ngoi lp bn cht i to thnh v cht (th b). 2.2.2. Tng tng C v tr c nh, trong libe 1 v ngoi g 1, to thnh mt vng trn khc khuu, un ln lc mi thnh lp. Khi hot ng, tng tng sinh libe 2 ngoi, g 2 trong. Cc yu t ca libe v g cp 2 u xp thnh dy xuyn tm. Libe 2 sinh ra dn libe 1 ra ngoi, chng b bp i v vt tch cn li rt kh nhn. Libe 2 gm mch ry, t bo km, m mm libe v i khi si libe. Cc b g 1 cn li pha trong g 2 c th gip ta phn bit r cy cp 2 vi thn cy cp 2, nhng thng g 1 rt kh phn bit khi g 2 chim tm. G 2 gm cc mch g, m mm g c khi c si g. i xuyn qua cc vng libe g cp 2 c tia ty cp 2, cu to bi nhng dy t bo xuyn tm, thng c vch mng bng cellulose, m nhim s trao i cht v kh gia m mm rut v cc m bn ngoi. Tia ty c th hp, cu to

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bi 1 hoc 2 dy t bo, trong trng hp ny g 2 v libe 2 to thnh nhng vng trn gn nh lin tc gi l hu th lin tc (Hnh 3.3). Ngc li, nu tia ty rt rng, ct vng libe g cp 2 thnh nhiu b ta gi l hu th gin on. nhng cy sng nhiu nm, mi nm c mt h thng dn truyn mi c thnh lp, tng tng khi s hot ng ma xun v ngng hot ng ma ng. Mch ma xun to v c vch mng hn mch ca ma thu. Do , ranh gii g nm trc v nm sau kh r, nh c th tnh tui ca r. Ht trn, g 2 c cu to ch yu bi mch ngn c chm hnh ng tin, cc mch ny c th km theo si mch, i khi m mm g. Khng thy xut hin nhng th bt trong mch. 2.3. Cu to bt thng 2.3.1. R kh sinh Phn ngoi r kh sinh c th c lc lp, do r c nhim v quang hp. R ca cc loi Lan ph sinh c mc.

Hnh 3.3. S (A) v chi tit (B) cu to r Long mng (Macaranga triloba)

2.3.2. R mc trong nc Thng thng khng c lng ht, m mm ca chng c nhiu khuyt to, m nng gn nh khng c hoc c rt t v s b g cng rt t. 2.3.3. R c file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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S phng ln ca r thnh c thng gp trong nhng cy tch tr dng liu trong m cho nm sau (c C rt, c Ci ng). R c c dng hnh thp, mt y quay v pha thn v khng c chi bt nh. C c hnh thnh do s ph i ca mt vng no trong r. V d: c C rt l do s ph i ca libe 2; c Ci trng l do s ph i ca g 2. c M, tng tng hot ng to ra g 2 gm ton m mm cha y dng liu, ci gi l ch bn trong c M l mch g. i khi s thnh lp c khng phi do s pht trin thi qu ca m bnh thng m do s xut hin ca m cp 3. V d c Ci ng, c Dn, tng tng bnh thng gia libe 1 v g 1 hot ng sinh ra libe 2, g 2 lin tc; sau , n ngng hot ng. Trong lc , tr b phn ho thnh nhiu lp t bo, mt tng tng ph xut hin trong vng tr b ny hot ng to ra nhng b libe v g khng lin tc; sau bn ngoi ca chng, mt tng tng ph th hai xut hin, cng trong vng tr b, hot ng to libe v g khng lin tc v c nh th n tng tng ph th 3, 4... Nh vy, r cng ngy cng phng to nh s thnh lp nhng vng ng tm libe, g. S hnh thnh c theo kiu ny gp mt s cy ca h Rau mui, Bng phn, Rau dn, Khoai lang. c i hong (Rheum officinale), c c thnh lp do s xut hin nhng lp cu to bt thng trong vng quanh ty, c nhng tng tng ph hnh vng trn nh sinh ra libe mt trong v g mt ngoi; s hin din ca nhng tia ty ta ra to thnh nhng hnh sao c sc. 2.3.4. Libe trong g i khi ngay trong m mm g c nhng cm libe pht sinh t s phn ho c bit ca mt vi t bo m mm. Libe trong g tng t libe quanh ty gp thn ca vi h thc vt. Libe trong g ch c cc h c libe quanh ty nhng khng phi c tt c cc loi ca h. V d h C, libe trong g c r cy Atropa belladona. 2.4. Cu to u ngn r Nu ct dc qua u ngn r ri quan st di knh hin vi, ta thy u ngn r c cu to bi nhng t bo nh xp st vo nhau v sinh sn rt nhanh: l vng sinh m. Trong m sinh m c nhng t bo nguyn thy (t bo khi sinh) v n sinh ra tt c cc t bo khc ca r.

Hnh 3.4. M phn sinh ngn r 1: R cp hnh (lp Ngc lan), 2: R lng (lp Hnh)

Ht kn, cc t bo nguyn thy xp thnh ba tng: s phn ct cc t bo ca mi tng s to ra

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cc vng ca r. Tng trn cng to ra trung tr, tng gia to phn v ca r, tng di cng to chp r. Chp r ch ph vng t bo rt non cn trng thi phi sinh. Trn mt cht chp r c to bi tng lng ht. Trn vng lng ht l tng ho bn c nhim v che ch cho cc m bn trong. Nh vy cc t bo ca chp r t t bong ra v rng i. lp Ngc lan (tr h Sen sng), chp r khng rng ht, tng trong cng ca chp r vn dnh vo v v mc di ra thnh cc lng ht. y l nhng loi cy c r cp hnh (climacorhize). lp Hnh v h Sen sng, cc t bo ca chp rng hon ton. Tng ngoi cng nht ca v s mc di ra thnh cc lng ht. y l nhng loi cy c r lng (liorhize) (Hnh 3.4). Ht trn c hai tng t bo nguyn thy, tng trn to ra trung tr, tng di to ra v v chp. Ht trn l nhng cy c r cp hnh v tng lng ht c to ra t lp t bo trong cng ca chp. nhng cy thuc ngnh Quyt, nh sinh trng ch c mt t bo nguyn thy hnh khi 4 mt, nh quay ln trn v phn chia theo 4 mt to thnh cc m ca r v chp r. 3. S TNG TRNG CHIU DI CA R CCH MC R CON 3.1. S tng trng chiu di R tng trng l do: S to lin tc nhng t bo mi vng sinh m. S tng trng chiu di ca cc t bo ny sau khi ra khi vng sinh m. Nu trn mt r ang tng trng ta ghi nhng vch cch nhau u n, ta thy nhng vng tng trng ca r nm gn chp. 3.2. Cch mc r con R con pht sinh t mt cm t bo sinh r, l nhng t bo ca tr b cn gi tnh phi sinh. S phn ct ca nhng t bo sinh r s to ra ba tng t bo xp chng ln nhau. Tng trong cng to ra cc t bo nguyn thy ca trung tr, tng gia to t bo nguyn thy ca v, tng ngoi cng to ra chp. Trong khi pht trin, r con y mt s t bo ni b ra ngoi thnh mt ti tiu ho p ln trn ngn r con. Ti tiu ho c nhim v tiu ho cc t bo vng v ca r ci trc ngn ca r con r con mc ra ngoi. Ra n ngoi, ti tiu ho s rng, chp r s lm nhim v bo v u ngn r v lng ht bt u xut hin pha trn chp r con (Hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3.5. S pht trin ca r con

V tr xut hin ca r con c quan h vi s lng b g trong r m. Khi s b g r m 3, r

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con mc trc mt b g. Khi s b g r m = 2, r con pht sinh hai bn b g. 4. SINH L R Chc nng chnh ca r cy l hp th nc v mui v c cho cy nh cc lng ht. Ngoi ra, r cn lm nhim v gi cht cy xung t v i khi cn lm nhim v d tr (r c) hay quang hp (r Lan). R khng hp thu cc thc n bi ton b h r, m ch hp thu bi cc lng ht. Mi mm2 r c ti 400 lng ht, do din tch hp thu ca r c tng ln t 512 ln. 4.1. S hp thu nc Cy cha t 6597% nc cho nn cn hp thu rt nhiu nc. Sc ht ca cc lng ht ph thuc vo quy lut:

Nh vy, sc ht s rt mnh khi mng t bo cha b cng nhiu hoc dch t bo rt m c. Tri li, sc ht s yu i khi dch t bo long hoc khi t bo ht nhiu nc ri, lm cho mng t bo cng ra. Khi nc vo lng ht, nng ca dch t bo lng ht s gim i, sc cng T ca mng t bo s tng ln, do nc s b ht sang t bo pha trong c dch t bo c hn v c sc cng yu hn. C nh th, nc s b ht vo ti cc mch g ca r. a nc ln cao, cn phi c thm sc y ca r v sc kt hp. Mun vy, p sut thm thu ca l non phi cao mi ht nc ln, thnh mch phi cng v chu c sc bm ca ct nc, ct nc phi khng c bt. i vi nhng cy sng trong mi trng nc, ch cn sc y ca r c th a nc ln cao, cn cy sng trong mi trng kh phi kt hp sc y ca r v sc kt hp. 4.2. S hp thu cc mui v c 4.2.1. S hp thu cc mui ha tan Cc mui v c ha tan trong nc s b phn ly thnh ion v xm nhp vo r di dng ion. Cc ion c ch cho cy s c hp thu nh NH4+, NO3. 4.2.2. S hp thu cc mui khng tan i vi mt s mui khng tan, r cy s tit ra mt s acid bin cc mui ny thnh cc mui tan c. V d i vi CaCO3, khi h hp r thi ra kh carbon dioxyd CO2 s ha tan trong nc thnh acid carbonic H2CO3 c tc dng bin calci carbonat CaCO3 thnh calci hydro carbonat Ca(HCO3)2 ha tan v r c th hp thu c. CaCO3 + H2CO 3 = Ca (HCO3)2 4.2.3. S hp thu nit file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Cc cy xanh hp thu nit ch yu di dng mui nitrat. V vy, trong thin nhin c mt qu trnh phc tp bin i nit hu c thnh nitrat. 5. CNG DNG CA R I VI NGNH DC Nhiu r v r c c dng lm thuc nh Nhn sm, Hoi sn, H th , H th trng. V vy, ta cn nm vng hnh thi cng nh cu to gii phu ca r trnh nhm ln trong cng tc thu mua, lm tt cng tc kim nghim nhng dc liu c ngun gc l r.

B. THN CY
MC TIU 1. Trnh by c cc phn ca thn cy. 2. Nu c nh ngha cc loi thn cy. 3. Trnh by c c im gii phu ca thn cy lp Ngc lan. 4. Trnh by c c im gii phu ca thn cy lp Hnh. 5. Trnh by c cu to bt thng v cu to u ngn thn cy.

Thn l mt trc ni tip r, thng mc trn khng; mang l, hoa, qu v dn nha i khp cy. 1. HNH THI 1.1. Cc phn ca thn 1.1.1. Thn chnh Thn chnh l mt trc thng ng, kch thc ca thn rt bin thin, c th phn nhnh hay khng, tn cng bng mt chi ngn v ni tip r bng mt vng gi l c r. Nhnh pht sinh t nhng chi bn mc nch l. Ty theo t l tng i ca thn v cnh, ngi ta phn bit cc loi thn cy sau y: Thn c (thn tho): L cy c thn mm, khng c cu to cp 2 lin tc. Thn c c th sng mt nm, hai nm hoc nhiu nm. C mt nm: Bt u v kt thc i sng ca n trong mt ma dinh dng. C hai nm: L nhng cy m nm u ch pht trin thn (c khi rt ngn) v l, cn thn mang hoa v qu s xut hin nm th hai v sau cy cht i. C nhiu nm (c a nin): L c c thn ngm di t, sng nhiu nm, cn phn trn mt t th hng nm s cht i. Cc thn trn mt t c hnh thnh hng nm t cc chi ngm di t. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Thn g: Cy g to: L nhng thn cao trn 25 m, ng knh to, c cu to cp 2 rt pht trin, thng sng rt lu. Cy g va (cy g nh): Cao 1525 m. Cy g nh: Cao di 15 m, c th gp: cy nh cao t 14 m (cy Bp), cy bi l nhng cy thn g nhiu nm, chiu cao khng qu 7 m, phn nhnh ngay t gc (cy Sim, cy Mua); cy bi leo l cy bi nhng phi da vo nhng cy khc m leo ln (cy Bng giy); cy bi nh (cy nh thp) l cy c phn di ho g v sng dai, nhng chp nhnh khng ho g, s b cht i vo cui thi k dinh dng nh cy Yn bch (Eupatorium odoratum). Mt s dng thn thng gp: Thn ct: Thn hnh tr, thng, khng phn nhnh, mang mt b l ngn. V d cy Cau, cy Da. Thn r: Thn rng lng, c mt. V d cy La, cy Tre. Thn g hay thn c c th l dy b nh Rau mung, thn qun nh Bm bm, thn leo nh vi cun nh Nho hay thn trn nh Bng giy. Thn di t gi l thn a sinh. Thn cy thng c tit din trn, nhng cng c thn tit din tam gic (h Ci), vung (h Hoa mi), hnh 5 gc (h Bu b), dt (thn cy Qunh). Ngoi mt thn c th c nhng kha dc (h Hoa tn) hoc c cnh. Thn thng c nhng cng c nhng thn rng (La). Nhng cy thch ng kh hu kh i khi c thn mp vi l thu hp thnh gai (Xng rng). C nhng cy khng thn c l nh thnh hnh hoa th st mt t (cy M ), tht ra v cc lng qu ngn nn xem ging nh cy khng thn; tuy nhin, nu nhn k ta thy tt c cc l khng nh cng mt mc. 1.1.2. Chi ngn: u ngn thn cy, cu to bi cc l non p ln trn nh sinh trng ca cy. mt s cy, chi ngn c bo v bi l km rng sm (cy a bp ). 1.1.3. Mu: l ch l nh vo thn. 1.1.4. Lng: l khong cch gia hai mu k tip nhau. Cc lng ngn c th tip tc mc di n khi t di c nh ty theo tng loi v mi trng. Nh vy vng sinh trng ca cy khng nhng t trong chi ngn m cn ko di xung mt s lng pha di, l s sinh trng lng. 1.1.5. Chi bn: Cu to ging chi ngn nhng mc nch l, khi pht trin cho cnh hoc hoa. 1.1.6. Cnh: Pht sinh t chi bn v cng c cc b phn nh thn chnh, ch khc l nh hn v mc m xin ch khng mc thng ng (Hnh 3.6). Gc gia cnh v thn khc nhau tng loi cy, lm cho mi cy c mt dng ring: Gc c th rt nh v cnh gn nh mc ng nh cy Trc bch dip. Gc c th vung v cnh nm ngang nh cy Bng. Gc c th l mt gc t v cc cnh s r xung nh cy Liu.

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Hnh 3.6. Cc phn ca thn cy

vi loi cy, cnh bin i thnh l gi l cnh hnh l hay dip chi (Thin mn ng, Mng ty); cnh hnh l khc l tht ch n khng mang chi nch. Cnh c th bin i thnh gai (Bi, B kt), gai do cnh bin i khc vi gai tht trong cch cu to; gai tht l nhng lng b ho m cng v do biu b nh ln to thnh. Cnh c th bin i thnh tua cun (Lc tin, Nho). 1.2. Cch phn nhnh ca thn cy Thn chnh c th phn nhnh cho ra thn cp 2, cp 3... l nhng cnh. Cnh lun lun mc nch l pht sinh t chi bn, do cch sp xp l trn thn quyt nh cch phn nhnh ca thn. Thng nch ca mt l c nhiu chi, mt chi gia v nhng chi bn. Thng ch c chi gia pht trin, chi bn ch pht trin khi chi gia b h hoc b ly i. Trong cc chi, c nhng chi pht trin thnh cnh mang l, c nhng chi pht trin thnh hoa hoc cnh mang hoa. thc vt c hoa, thn cy thng phn nhnh theo hai kiu: kiu chm v kiu xim. Nhng cch phn nhnh kiu r i tht ra l kiu xim hai ng. 1.2.1. Kiu chm Thn chnh tng trng v hn t u ngn (trc n). Trong lc thn chnh tng trng, cc chi bn xut hin tun t t di ln trn, do cc cnh di l nhng cnh gi v di nht, kt qu cy c dng hnh thp. Nu chi ngn b h, chi bn k cn cho mt nhnh mc thng ln tip tc trc chnh, nh dng ca cy vn gi nguyn. i khi chi ngn ngng pht trin, nhiu chi bn cho cng mt lc nhng nhnh mc ngang to cho cy mt dng c bit. 1.2.2. Kiu xim Thn cy c to bi mt lot chi k tip theo cch pht trin sau y: chi 1: Thn cy tn cng bng mt chi ngn v mang mt l bn, nch l ny c mt chi 2. Khi chi 1 b try (khng pht trin) hoc cho mt cm hoa hoc mt hoa, th chi bn nch l s pht trin v to ra chi 2 ht chi 1 sang mt bn. Chi 2 sau mt thi gian pht trin, chi ngn ca chi 2 li b try, chi bn nch l gn ngn nht s pht trin to ra chi 3 v c nh th thn tng trng. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Trc chnh ca thn tuy rt n gin nhng c to bi nhng on khc nhau nn gi l cng tr, tht ra y l kiu xim mt ng hnh inh c ng thng ln. Khi cy c l mc i th 2 chi hai bn gn ngn nht s cng pht trin v kiu phn nhnh ny gi l xim hai ng (phn nhnh r i). 1.3. Cc th thn cy Ty theo ni sng m ngi ta phn bit 2 loi thn cy: 1.3.1. Thn kh sinh: Gm thn g, thn c, thn ct, r, b, leo, bi... m chng ta m t trn. 1.3.2. Thn a sinh: L thn mc di t, nhng khng nhm ln vi r c v thn mang nhng l bin i thnh vy kh hoc mng nc. C ba loi thn a sinh (Hnh 3.7). 1.3.2.1. Thn r: L nhng thn di, sng nhiu nm, mc nm ngang di t ging nh r nhng khc r v mang nhng l bin i thnh vy kh. Thn r c mang chi (chi ngn v chi nch) v c nhng r ph. Trong thn r thng c nhiu cht d tr nh tinh bt. mt trn ca thn r c nhng so, l v tr ca nhng thn kh sinh k tip. Thn r thng cu to bi mt trc duy nht v mi nm t thn r mc ln mt hoc i khi nhiu cnh kh sinh. Nu cnh kh sinh do s pht trin ca chi ngn th s tng trng ca thn r s c thc hin nh chi bn mc nch l hnh vy, kiu tng trng nh vy gi l trc hp. Nu thn r tng trng bng mt chi tn cng ca trc chnh, cn cc cnh kh sinh do s pht trin ca chi nch, loi thn r ny c kiu tng trng trc n. Nhiu thn r c dng lm thuc nh Gng, Ring, Ngh... 1.3.2.2. Thn hnh: Thn ng thng rt ngn, mt di mang r, xung quanh mang nhng l bin i thnh vy mng nc cha nhiu cht d tr. C 3 loi thn hnh: Thn hnh o: Cc l mng nc bn ngoi bao bc hon ton cc vy bn trong, cc vy ngoi cng cht, kh, to thnh nh mt o che ch hon ton cc l bn trong (Hnh, Ti). Thn hnh vy: Cc l mng nc p ln nhau nh nhng vin ngi trn mi nh (Lys). Thn hnh c: Phn thn ph to v cha cht d tr, ch c mt s t vy mng kh, c nhim v che ch (La dn). 1.3.2.3. Thn c: L nhng thn phng to thnh c v cha nhiu cht d tr (c Khoai ty), c Su ho l thn c nhng khng mc di t. Trn mt thn c c chi, khi pht trin cho ra cy mi.

Hnh 3.7. Cc loi thn a sinh 1: Thn hnh c, 2: Thn hnh vy, 3: Thn hnh o, 4: Thn r, 5: Thn c

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2.1.1. Thn cy lp Ngc lan: Ct ngang thn non ca cy Lp Ngc lan (lp 2 l mm) ta thy cu to thn gm 3 phn: 2.1.1.1. Biu b: Cu to bi mt lp t bo sng, khng c lc lp v tinh bt, vch ngoi biu b ho cutin dy hay mng ty loi cy. Trn biu b c th c l kh, lng tit, lng che ch hoc lng nga. Thn chm di nc, biu b khng c cutin v l kh. 2.1.1.2. V cp 1: V thc s ch gm m mm v, gii hn bn ngoi l biu b, bn trong l ni b. M mm v thn mng hn r, cu to bi nhng t bo sng, vch mng bng cellulose, sp xp khng th t, nhng lp m mm v ngoi c lc lp lm cho thn cy c mu xanh. mt s cy, di lp biu b c thm lp m dy lm nhim v nng . Lp m dy ny thng tp trung nhng ch li ca thn cy, c kha dc nh cc cy h Hoa tn hoc gc nhng thn vung nh cc cy thuc h Hoa mi. Trong m mm v c th c m cng, nhng t bo cha calci oxalat, t bo tit, ng tit, nhng vt l l yu t dn nha. Lp t bo trong cng ca m mm v l ni b, l mt lp t bo sng cha nhiu ht tinh bt. Ni b khung Caspary thn thng khng r nh r. 2.1.1.3. Trung tr: Cy hai l mm ch c mt trung tr gm cc phn sau: Tr b: L lp t bo ngoi cng ca trung tr gm 1 hay nhiu lp t bo, xp xen k ni b. Vch t bo tr b c th cn cellulose hoc ho m cng, s ho m cng c th khng hon ton, khi ta thy nhng cm t bo si tr b hoc t bo m cng p trn libe; khi s ho m cng hon ton th tr b l mt vng m cng. B dn: Nm pha di tr b, b libe hnh bu dc chng ln b g (b dn kiu chng) v sp xp trn mt vng, tr h Cy tiu (Piperaceae) c 2 vng b libe g. G phn ho ly tm ngha l cc mch g nh xut hin trc tin trong, cc mch non (to hn) ngoi, gia libe v g c tng tng. thn Mp c b dn kiu chng kp ngha l bn trong g cn c thm libe gi l libe quanh ty. S lng cc b libe g thay i ty loi cy v trong mt loi ty theo v tr trn thn. Khong cch gia cc b libe g c nhng di m mm gi l tia rut (tia ty). Pha trong cc b libe g l mt khi m mm gi l ty, ty c th pht trin nhiu hay t v i khi ho m cng vi loi cy c rut rng v ty b tiu hy. Trong ty c th gp yu t tit. 2.1.2. Thn cy lp Hnh Thn cy lp Hnh cng gm c 3 phn: biu b, v v mt trung tr nhng c nhng im khc bit so vi thn lp Ngc lan nh sau: Thng kh phn bit v v trung tr. S lng b libe g rt nhiu, sp xp t 2 vng tr ln hoc khng theo th t. S lng cc mch g trong mt b libe g thng t, i khi ch gm 1 hay 2 mch rt to, cng c khi cc mch g xp thnh hnh ch V, kp libe gia. V khng c tng sinh g gia libe v g nn cc b dn ca cy lp Hnh c gi l b mch kn. Thn cy lp Hnh khng c cu to cp 2, tr vi ngoi l nh cy Ngc gi (Yucca), H thit (Aloe), Huyt gic (Dracoena), Huyt d (Cordilyne) (Hnh 3.8 B). Ty thng b tiu hy. Ngoi ra, thn cy lp Hnh khng c m dy, vai tr nng c m nhn bi vng m cng

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di biu b hoc trong trung tr v xung quanh cc b libe g. i khi trong v c thm vt l l nhng b libe g t trung tr i qua v trc khi r sang l. V d cu to ca vi thn cy lp Hnh: 2.1.2.1. Thn Mng ty (Asparagus officinalis) Thn phn thnh 3 vng: biu b, v mng chim khong 1/3, trung tr to chim khong 2/3. Biu b c l kh, c lp cutin dy. V: M mm v cu to bi vi lp t bo c vch bng cellulose, cc lp ngoi cng c lc lp. Khng thy ni b. Trung tr: Cu to bi m mm, gm nhng t bo c kch thc nh, ho m cng bn ngoi, cng vo trong cc t bo ny cng to v vch tm cht g mng i. Trn nn m mm ny c nhiu b libe g xp khng th t, cng vo trong kch thc cc b dn cng ln dn. B g hnh ch V kp libe gia (Hnh 3.8 A).

Hnh 3.8. Cu to vi hc thn cy Mng ty (Asparagus officinalis) (A) v mt phn ct ngang thn cy Huyt d (Dracoena) (B)

2.1.2.2. Thn cy h Da v thn cy Ng Ranh gii gia m mm v v trung tr khng phn bit c, ch c th xem m mm v l nhng lp t bo ngoi ca cc b libe g ngoi nht. Di vng ny c rt nhiu b dn xp khng th t trong mt m mm c bn. S lng b libe g rt ln l do s hin din ca vt l. 2.1.2.3. Thn cy La Thn ny c mt, rng lng (thn r). Cu trc ca thn cng khng r ranh gii gia m mm v v trung tr. M mm v c xem nh l nhng lp t bo u tin di biu b. Mt s t bo ny c cha lc lp, mt s khc ho m cng. C 2 vng b libe g: cc b vng ngoi c nh nm ngay di vng m cng v nh hn cc b vng trong. gia l mt khuyt to v ty b hy. Quan st cc b mch lp Hnh, v d nh Da, cho thy i khi cc b mch ging lp Ngc file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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lan nhng phn ln trng hp, g c dng ch V kp libe gia hoc g bao hon ton hoc gn nh hon ton libe (b mch ng tm) v thng c s hin din ca mt bao m cng quanh b mch, ngn cn s pht trin ca cc m th cp. 2.1.3. Thn cy Dng x Thn r ca cc cy Dng x c cu to a tr rt c sc. Ngoi cng ca thn r l biu b, bn trong l m mm. Trong m mm c nhiu trung tr; mi tr c cu to gm: ni b, tr b, b dn vi libe bao quanh g. G cu to ch yu bi mch ngn hnh thang. 2.2. Cu to cp 2 Cu to cp 2 c thn cy lp Ngc lan, Ht trn v Quyt thn g thi thng c. Cu to cp 2 khng c Quyt hin i ngoi tr vi loi (Isoetes, Brotrychium) v lp Hnh tr vi ngoi l. Cu to cp 2 do hot ng ca 2 tng pht sinh th cp: tng tng v tng pht sinh bnlc b, gip cy tng trng chiu ngang. Tng tng lun lun xut hin trc tng b sinh. vi loi cy, khng c tng b sinh m ch c tng tng v hot ng ca tng tng t nn s tng trng chiu dy ca trung tr khng nh hng n v cp 1. 2.2.1. Thn cy lp Ngc lan 2.2.1.1. Tng pht sinh bn lc b C v tr khng c nh trong v cp 1, t biu b n tr b; khi hot ng cho bn pha ngoi v lc b pha trong. Bn l m che ch cp 2, cu to bi nhng t bo cht, vch ngm cht bn khng thm nc v kh; do s trao i kh t mi trng ngoi vo trong thn c thc hin nh l v. Lc b l m mm cp 2, cu to bi nhng t bo sng, vch bng cellulose, xp thnh dy xuyn tm. Trong cc t bo ny, khi thn cy cha gi qu, vn cn c cc lc lp do mi c tn l lc b. Sau khi bn c thnh lp, tt c cc m pha ngoi bn cng vi bn to thnh v cht hay th b. 2.2.1.2. Tng tng Tng tng c v tr c nh, nm pha trong libe 1 v pha ngoi g 1. Trong thn, tng tng to thnh 1 vng lin tc ni cc b libe g vi nhau. Khi hot ng, tng tng to libe 2 ngoi v g 2 trong. Cc t bo ny xp thnh dy xuyn tm u. Ta c th da vo c im ny phn bit m cp 2 vi m cp 1 cu to bi cc t bo khng u, xp ln xn. Libe 2 dn libe 1 ra ngoi, v cc t bo ny mm nn b bp li. Libe 2 cu to gm mch ry, m mm libe, t bo km, tia libe, i khi c thm si libe tng cng nhim v nng (Hnh 3.9). i khi si libe xp xen k vi mch ry v m mm libe to thnh libe kt tng c sc b Bng (Malvales).

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Hnh 3.9. S (A) v chi tit (B) cu to vi hc thn cy Long mng (Macaranga triloba)

G 2 gm mch g dn nha nguyn, m mm g cng c vch dy ho g nhng khoang t bo hp hn, tia g, i khi c thm si g tng cng nhim v nng . Ging nh r, libe 2 v g 2 thn c th lin tc (hu th lin tc) hoc gin on (hu th gin on). Khi hot ng ca tng tng to ra libe 2 v g 2 gip vng thn th h thng dn truyn s lin tc, khi cc tia ty cp 2 c th rt hp, ch cu to bi 1 hay 2 di t bo c vch mng v ko di theo hng xuyn tm; cn khi hot ng ca tng tng khong gian b ch to ra m mm th h thng dn truyn s gin on (gp dy leo, thn c), khi cc tia ty rt rng v ct vng libe g cp 2 thnh nhiu b libe g cp 2. Mi nm, tng tng sinh ra mt lp libe 2 v mt lp g 2. V mm cho nn cc lp libe c hng nm b lp libe mi dn ra ngoi nn bp i v trng ging nh nhng t giy ca mt quyn sch. Cc lp g to thnh hng nm rt d phn bit vi nhau v cc cy sng nhiu nm, hot ng ca tng tng gim vo ma thu, ngng vo ma ng v hot ng tr li vo ma xun, nn cc mch ma xun hay ma ma to hn cc mch ma thu hay ma kh. Nh c th m cc lp g hng nm tnh tui ca cy. Theo quan nim thng thng ca nhn dn, mt thn cy gi gm 2 phn: Phn bc ra c pha ngoi, quen gi l v gm (t ngoi vo trong): lp v cht, lp bn cp 2, tng pht sinh bn lc b, lc b (m mm v cp 2), m mm v cp 1, libe cp 1, libe cp 2, tng tng. Trn y l cu to cc v cy thng dng lm thuc nh: v Qu, v Canhkina... Phn cn li trong gi l g, thng c chia thnh 2 vng: Lp g ngoi gi l g dc, cu to bi cc mch g dn nha nguyn, m mm g v i khi c file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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thm si g nng . Phn ny l phn g sng v mm c cc tia ty rng hay hp i xuyn qua. Lp g trong gi l g rng hay li, l phn g cht, mch g b bt bi th bt nn khng dn nha. G rng c th mc lm cho thn cy rng gia nhng cy vn sng. Trong cng l m mm ty cp 1 vi vt tch ca cc b g 1 rt kh pht hin nhng thn cy gi qu. 2.2.2. Sinh trng th cp cy lp Hnh Hu ht cc cy lp Hnh u khng c s sinh trng th cp do hot ng ca tng tng, nhng c vi cy ca lp Hnh c thn to, s tng b dy ny xy ra theo 3 cch: Cau bng (Roystonia elata), thn gia tng v cc t bo m mm ph to ra. nhiu cy h Da, thn lc non nh, sau mi to (v ng knh khng tng na). l v cc b mch ca l dn vo thn v s gia tng cc b mch ny lm cho thn to ra. Sinh trng th cp Aloe, Yucca, Dracoena l nh tng pht sinh xut hin trong m mm, pha ngoi cc b dn. Tng pht sinh ny khng phi l tng tng v n khng cho libe hay g m cho m mm, m mm ny thng b tm cht g. Trong m mm ny phn ho thnh cc b libe g th cp, cc b dn th cp thng c sp xp thnh dy xuyn tm, cn cc b s cp khng xp theo th t no c. mt vi cy h Ci, h Hnh, trong cc b mch ca b l v trc pht hoa cho thy gia libe v g c vi lp t bo xp thnh dy xuyn tm, chng t chng c ngun gc t tng pht sinh. y l nhng cu to cp 2 n s. 2.3. Cu to bt thng 2.3.1. Libe quanh ty Quanh ty c th gp libe, gi l libe quanh ty. N ging nh libe 1, ngha l t bo sp xp khng th t. Libe quanh ty c th lin tc thnh mt vng quanh ty hay thnh tng cm nh pha trong g 1. Gia g 1 v libe quanh ty lun c vi lp t bo m mm ty. Libe quanh ty gp h Thu du, Sim, Trc o, Khoai lang, C, Bu b... 2.3.2. Libe trong g Trong phn g, i khi c th gp nhng cm nh libe. Libe ny xut pht t s hot ng khng bnh thng ca tng tng. i khi libe trong g pht sinh t s phn ho ca mt vi t bo m mm cn cellulose (h r) (Hnh 3.10 A).

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Hnh 3.10. S hnh thnh libe trong g (A) v hot ng khng bnh thng ca tng tng Bignonia (B)

2.3.3. Hot ng khng bnh thng ca tng tng Hot ng khng bnh thng ca tng tng to thnh cu trc c bit. Bignonia (dy leo): mt vi ch tng tng khng hot ng mt trong nhng li hot ng mt ngoi, do phn g khng u, c nhng gc lm b chim bi libe (Hnh 3.10 B). 2.3.4. Cu to cp 3 L s hnh thnh bt thng ca cc b libe g trong vng v cp 1 (m mm v, tr b) hoc trong g cp 2. nhiu cy trong h Rau mui (Chenopodiaceae), h Rau dn (Amaranthaceae), tng tng bnh thng sm ngng hot ng, tng tng ph u tin xut hin gia lp tr b to ra cc b libe g ring bit ngoi vng libe g bnh thng (thn c Ci ng). Trong lc tng tng ph hot ng th 2 lp tr b hai bn tng tng ny cng pht trin, lp tr b trong to ra m mm ngn cch cc b libe g bnh thng vi cc b mch cp 3, lp tr b bn ngoi pht trin v trong li xut hin tng tng ph s 2. Tng tng ph s 2 s hot ng khi tng tng ph s 1 ngng hot ng v c nh th tip tc xut hin tng tng ph 3, 4... to ra nhng vng b libe g k tip. Rheum, tng tng ph c hnh vng trn nh c thnh lp quanh ty, khi hot ng to libe mt trong v g mt ngoi, v cc tia ty rng nn b libe g cp 3 ny c hnh sao. 2.3.5. Thn r c im cu to ca thn r l s ho m mm mnh cc m thch nghi vi chc nng d tr. M d tr c th l c phn v v ty, nhng thng gp nht l ty. M dn v m nng pht trin yu. Cc lp m mm v ngoi cng ho m cng hoc bn. 2.3.6. Thn mc trong nc im ni bt trong cu to ca thn cy sng trong nc l v c cu to bi m mm xp, gm nhng dy t bo chng cht nh mng li, h nhng khong trng cha y kh gi l khuyt. Mt khc, trung tr thng km pht trin v s mch g t. Thn chm trong nc biu b khng c l kh. 2.4. Cu to u ngn thn Ct dc qua u ngn thn, quan st trn knh hin vi. C nhiu thuyt v cu to ngn thn.

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2.4.1. Theo quan nim c: u ngn thn cu to bi 3 tng t bo khi sinh: Tng trn cng l tng sinh b, ngn vch theo mt bn sinh ra biu b. Tng gia l tng sinh v, ngn vch theo mt bn sinh ra v. Tng di cng l tng sinh tr, sinh ra trung tr, mt s t bo s ko di ra bin i thnh cc mch hoc cc si. 2.4.2. Theo thuyt oth: Da trn c s nghin cu chi ngn ca thc vt ht kn cho rng trong nh ngn c 2 loi m phn sinh l: M phn sinh o: Gm 1 hay mt s t bo bao xung quanh, phn chia theo cc vch thng gc vi b mt sinh ra v. M phn sinh th: L khi t bo gia, phn chia theo cc mt phng khc nhau sinh ra ty. 2.4.3. Thuyt c nhiu ngi chp nhn: Theo Plantefol (1947) v Buvat (1952), cu to ca u ngn thn nh sau: nh, ngay gia trc ca thn, c mt nhm do nhiu tng t bo khng hot ng lc cy sinh trng hay cn trong thi k dinh dng: l m phn sinh ch (mristme d'attente) hay m phn sinh sinh dc s cho ra b phn sinh dc (hoa hoc cm hoa). Quanh m phn sinh ny c mt m phn sinh hnh vng gi l vng phn sinh (anneau initial) gm c t bo ngoi cng (hay tunica) v t bo trong (hay corpus), m phn sinh ny hot ng c lc nht cho ra l v h thng dn truyn ca thn. Pha trong vng phn sinh v di m phn sinh ch (vng sau ca corpus) c m phn sinh ty (mristme mdullaire) m s hot ng ca n cho ra m mm ty (Hnh 3.11).

Hnh 3.11. Cu to u ngn thn theo Plantefol v Buvat

2.5. S chuyn tip t cu to ca r sang cu to ca thn Cu to ca r khc cu to ca thn. C mt s thuyt i lp nhau v s chuyn bin t cu to ca r sang cu to ca thn khi r ni vo thn c r. Thuyt ni chp: Theo thuyt ny, h thng dn truyn ca r v ca thn ring bit v khc nhau; file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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vng c r, hai h thng y ni chp nh ghp vo nhau thnh tng nhm 3 b mch mt. V d: 1 b g ca r i vi 2 b libe g ca thn. Thuyt qun hay xoay: Theo thuyt ny, n vng c r, b g hng tm ca r ch lm hai: mi nhnh nh vy b vn 180o v g tr nn ly tm. Cn b libe, chng c th t r sang thn m khng ch ra nh cy Hoa phn, hay ch hai nh cy B. Thuyt tin ho ca dn truyn: Theo nhiu nh khoa hc v c quan hc hin i th s khc nhau gia cu to ca r v ca thn l do hai mc tin ho khc nhau. n v cu to ca cy l 1 b quy t, gm c 1 b g xen vi 2 phn na b libe. B quy t c nht gp r c g v libe hng tm. Song theo thi gian, g tin ho thnh g tip tuyn v sau cng l g ly tm. Chnh trong 1 b quy t, phn di ta c g hng tm, phn trn c g tip tuyn v trn cng l g ly tm (Hnh 3.12). S tin ho y nhanh chm ty loi v ty b quy t. cc b quy t sinh sau ca thn, tc tin ho c th nhanh v cc giai on u c th rt ngn hay bin mt, do ta ch gp giai on g chng cht v ly tm m thi. Vy ta c mt s tin ho cng ngy cng nhanh khi i xa r: s tin ho ca r c mt gia tc ly cn. Nu gia tc ny nh, ta c giai on trung gian r rt (c g tip tuyn) gn ni l mm; nu gia tc ny ln, trc di l mm ta gp cu to chng cht. D sao, khng bao gi giai on xen k hay tip tuyn xut hin trn thn

Hnh 3.12. S chuyn tip t cu to r sang cu to thn theo thuyt tin ho dn truyn

3. S TNG TRNG CHIU DI CA THN NGUN GC CA L 3.1. S tng trng chiu di ca thn Cng nh r, thn tng trng chiu di nh 2 giai on ni tip: Giai on u l s tng s t bo vng sinh m ngn, giai on sau l s tng chiu di ca cc t bo ny di tc dng ca auxin. Thn tng trng chiu di ch yu vng lng, rt yu mt. i khi s tng trng lng yu nn cy tr nn khng thn v l tp trung gc thnh hnh hoa th. vi loi cy dng khng thn ny bn nhng cc loi cy c hai nm, dng khng thn ch c nm th nht, sang nm th hai n mc ln mt trc mang hoa hoc mt thn kh sinh mang l. S tng tng chiu di ca thn khng nh nhau cc loi cy v s ko di ca cc lng trong cng mt cy cng khng ging nhau. 3.2. Ngun gc ca l L xut pht t thn: b mch ca l tip tc b mch ca thn c gi l vt l, phn b mch i t trung tr n gc l. Ty loi cy, l c th mn ca thn 1, 2, 3 b mch hoc nhiu hn. Nhiu b mch c th hp li thnh mt b duy nht trc khi vo l. Li i ca vt l thay i ty loi cy: Vt l c th i ngang hoc hi ngang thng t trung tr n l. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Vt l c th n l sau khi i qua mt hoc nhiu lng. Trong trng hp sau ny b mch ca l c th gp trong m mm v hoc trong trung tr ca thn. V d: Trong thn cy h Hoa mi xen k 4 b mch ca thn cn 4 b mch nh hn l vt l. h Cy tiu (Piperaceae), vng b mch ngoi l ca thn cn vng b mch trong l ca l. 4. SINH L CA THN Chc nng chnh ca thn cy l dn nha, sau l mang cnh, l, hoa, qu. Nha nguyn l dung dch nc v mui v c ha tan do r ht ln, c a ti l qua cc mch g ca thn ri bin thnh nha luyn nh s quang hp ca l. Nha luyn c cc mch libe ca thn vn chuyn n tt c cc b phn ca cy nui dng chng. 5. CNG DNG CA THN I VI NGNH DC Mt s thn v thn r c dng lm thuc nh: v Qu, v Canhkina, thn r Tranh, thn r Gng, Ring, Ngh... Mt s thn leo hay thn hnh cng c dng trong ngnh Dc nh: dy K ninh v rt ng, dy Cu ng, thn hnh Ti, cy Bch hp...

C. L CY
MC TIU 1. M t c cc phn ca l v hnh dng l. 2. Nu c cc kiu l v h gn l. 3. Trnh by c cc cch sp xp ca l trn cnh v cc kiu tin khai l. 4. Trnh by c cu to gii phu ca l cy lp Ngc lan, lp Hnh v Ht trn.

L l c quan dinh dng ca cy, c cu to i xng qua mt phng, m nhim nhng chc nng dinh dng nh quang hp, h hp v thot hi nc. 1. HNH THI 1.1. Cc phn ca l Mt l y gm c 3 phn: phin l, cung l v b l. 1.1.1. Phin l L phn lm nhim v quang hp ca l. Hnh dng phin l thay i, thng l phin mng v rng, gm c hai mt: mt trn l mt bng, mt di l mt lng. Trn phin l c gn l: gn chnh i

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t y l v cc gn ph i t gn chnh. L thng c mu xanh lc v c nhiu lc lp, nhng i khi khng c dip lc hoc mu ca dip lc b che khut bi sc t khc nh anthocyan l L bn. Phin l c th thiu hoc rt gim: phin l c th bin thnh vi cun. Trong trng hp thiu phin l, cung l rng ra thnh hnh phin gi l cung hnh l hay dip th (cy Keo bng vng). Phin l c th men dn xung cung l lm cho ranh gii gia phin v cung khng r. 1.1.2. Cung l Cung l c hnh tr, mt trn thng hay khuyt thnh hnh lng mng. Khi l c cc phn th cung l phn gia b l v phin l; khi l khng c b l th cung l s gn trc tip vo thn; khi l khng c cung v b l th phin l thng hi m ly thn. Cung l c th c cnh hai bn (cung l Bi). 1.1.3. B l L phn rng bn di cung l, m ly thn cy t nhiu, thng gp b l h La, h Hoa tn, h Cau, h Ry... L cy Chui v cy Ti ty c cc b l m vo nhau lm thnh mt tr ng trng nh mt thn, l thn gi. Ngoi ba phn chnh k trn, l cn c nhng b phn ph nhng cng rt quan trng trong vic nh tn cy nh: L km (l b): L hai phin nh mc y cung l ni gn vo thn. L km c th tn ti hoc rng sm, c th ri hay dnh nhau hoc dnh vo cung l (l cy h Hoa hng). L km c th rt pht trin hoc thu hp thnh gai. S hin din ca l km l c tnh quan trng dng trong vic nhn nh loi. Li nh (mp l): Ni phin l ni vi b l c mt mng mng nh gi l li nh (h Gng, h La); i khi li nh nh mt ln lng. B cha (ochrea): h Rau rm, pha trn ch cung l nh vo thn c mng mng m thn gi l b cha (Hnh 3.13).

Hnh 3.13. Cc phn ca l

1.2. Cc th gn l

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L mt gn: Phin l rt thu hp, ch cn mt gn duy nht, nh l cy Ht trn (l Thng). Gn l song song: Nhiu gn song song chy di theo phin l, kiu ny c trng cho l cy lp Hnh. Gn l hnh lng chim: C mt gn chnh v t gn ny xut pht nhiu gn th cp ging nh lng chim (l Mt, l V sa). Gn l hnh chn vt: Nhiu gn chnh i t y phin l v xe ra ging nh bn chn vt (l u ). Gn l hnh lng: Cung l nh vo gia phin l v t ch nh cc gn ta ra khp mi pha (l Sen). Gn hnh cung: Cc gn gp nhau y v u phin l (l Trm). 1.3. Cc kiu l L c hai kiu: l n v l kp. 1.3.1. L n Cung l khng phn nhnh v ch mang mt phin duy nht. Da theo hnh dng ca ton b phin l ngi ta phn bit (Hnh 3.14): L hnh trn: Chiu di v chiu rng bng nhau. L hnh bu dc: Chiu di vt chiu rng 1,5 n 2 ln, phn rng nht gia l. L hnh trng: Phn rng ca phin v pha cung l. L hnh trng ngc: Phn rng ca phin v pha ngn l. L hnh mi mc: L nhn, phn rng nht gia phin l. L hnh di: Phin hp v di. L hnh kim: V d l Thng. L hnh ng (rng): V d l Hnh ta. L hnh mi tn: L nhn, pha di c 2 phn ph mc v pha cung l, to thnh mt gc nhn vi cung l. V d l Rau mc. L hnh thn: V d l Rau m. L hnh tim: V d l cy Dp c. L hnh qu trm: V d l Si. L hnh tam gic: V d l cy Thm lm gai.

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Hnh 3.14. Hnh dng l, ngn l v gc l

L hnh gm: V d l cy La dn. L hnh qut: V d: L cy Li. L hnh kch: L nhn, hai bn phin l c 2 phn ph mc m ngang qua. Mt s cy c l a dng, ngha l c nhiu dng khc nhau trn cng mt cy. Da vo hnh dng ca mp phin l, ngi ta phn bit: L nguyn: Mp l khng b kha. L kha rng: Mp l ct thnh nhng rng nhn. V d l To. L kha trn: Rng trn, cn k rng l mt gc nhn. V d l Rau m. L un ln: Rng trn nhng k rng cng trn. L thy: Vt kha khng su ti 1/4 phin l. C 2 loi l thy: l thy hnh lng chim nh l Trng nguyn v l thy hnh chn vt nh l Sau sau, l cy Bng. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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L ch: Vt kha vo ti 1/4 phin l. C 2 loi: l ch hnh lng chim v l ch hnh chn vt. L x: Vt kha vo st tn gn l. C 2 loi: l x hnh lng chim v l x hnh chn vt. Da vo hnh dng ca ngn l, ngi ta phn bit (Hnh 3.14): L nhn L nhn hot L t L trn L ct L lm nhn L c gai nhn to L c gai nhn nhl c mi nhn L c mi nhn di. Da vo hnh dng ca gc l, ngi ta phn bit (Hnh 3.14): L c gc trn: Gc phin l thnh mt ng cong u n. L c gc nhn: Gc c 2 ng thng lm thnh mt gc nhn. L c gc hnh tim: Gc c hc lm nhn rng, hai phn hai bn c hnh trn. L c gc hnh mi tn: Hai phn di ca phin ko di ra, nhn, hng v pha di thnh mt gc nhn vi cung. L c gc hnh kch: Hai phn di ca phin ngn v nhn, hng ra hai bn v thng gc vi cung. 1.3.2. L kp Cung l phn nhnh, mi nhnh mang mt phin gi l l cht (l ph). C 2 loi l kp (Hnh 3.15): 1.3.2.1. L kp hnh lng chim: Gm cc kiu sau y: L kp hnh lng chim chn: Cung chung khng tn cng bng mt l cht. L kp hnh lng chim l: Cung chung tn cng bng mt l cht. L kp hnh lng chim 1 ln: Cung chung mang hai hng l cht. L kp hnh lng chim 2 ln: Cung chung mang hai hng cung ph v cung ph mang hai hng l cht. 1.3.2.2. L kp hnh chn vt: u ngn cung l phn thnh nhiu nhnh xe ra nh chn vt, mi nhnh mang mt l cht (l cy Cao su).

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Hnh 3.15. Cc kiu l kp 1: Kp hnh lng chim, 2: Kp hnh chn vt

1.4. Cc l bin i Hnh dng v cu to ca l c th bin i thch nghi vi mi trng, nhng kiu bin i c th gp nh: Vy: C th mng v dai lm nhim v bo v hoc dy ln v mng nc lm nhim v d tr (thn hnh ca cy Hnh, Ti, Kiu...), vy chi non c nhim v bo v chi. Gai: C tc dng gim bt din tch thot hi nc thch nghi vi kh hu kh v bo v cy chng s ph hoi ca ng vt. Tuy nhin, gai c th c ngun gc khc nh: do cnh bin i (gai B kt), do lng biu b dnh vo nhau (gai Hoa hng). Tua cun: L c th bin i thnh tua cun. Tuy nhin c nhng tua cun c ngun gc t thn nh cy Nho hay t cnh nh h Bu b. L bc: L l mang hoa nch. Hnh dng l bc thay i ty loi cy: gc l bc c th nc, mng nc v n c nh Artichaut hoc gim thnh nhng vy nh, mng, khng mu cc cm hoa ca h Cc. Trong bng mo, cm hoa c bao bc bi mt l bc to, c mu gi l mo. L cy n tht: Hnh dng ca l bin i thch nghi vi tc dng bt mi. V d l cy Np m c hnh bnh to cha dch tiu ho tiu ho cn trng ri vo, cy Bo t (c T g) mt l c nhiu lng tit cht dnh gi su b li. Tuyn mt ca l: ng c th ng li trn l nhng v tr gi l tuyn mt. V d cy Thu du, hai bn cung l c nhng tuyn mt. L chm di nc: Thng phin l c hnh di hp, cutin mng, khng c l kh, m mm c khuyt to, g thng t. L cy kh hu kh: Cu to ca l bin i gim bt s thot hi nc, v d: lp cutin dy, l kh nm su trong ging hoc nhng huyt c lng, c m cha nc trong l. 1.5. Cch sp xp l trn cnh v tin khai l 1.5.1. Cch sp xp l trn cnh (dip t) C 3 cch mc ca l trn cy: Mc cch: Mi mu c mt l. Ta c th ch cch mc ca l trn cnh mt cch chnh xc nh cng thc l; l mt phn s: t s ch s vng m ta phi i vng quanh thn cy hay cnh cy gp 1 l trn cng mt hng dc vi l u tin m ta bt u xut pht, mu s ch s lng l m ta gp trong khi i nh vy. Ta thng gp cc cng thc xp l sau y:

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180o.

1/2: L xp thnh 2 hng hai bn thn (h La) gi l l song nh, gc gia 2 l ni tip nhau l 1/3: L xp thnh 3 hng r rt (h Ci) gi l l tam nh, gc gia 2 l ni tip nhau l 120o.

2/5: Cng thc ny kh ph bin, c trng cho cc cy c l xp thnh nm im. Khi i 2 vng quanh cnh cy ta gp 5 l khng trn cng mt ng thng dc, gc gia 2 l ni tip l 144o. L mc i: Mi mu c 2 l. L mc i cho ch thp khi 2 l mu trn t trong mt mt phng thng gc vi 2 l mu di. L mc vng: Mi mu c t 3 l tr ln. 1.5.2. Tin khai l L cch sp xp ca l trong chi. Ta c cc kiu tin khai l sau y (Hnh 3.16): Tin khai phng: L non vn phng trong chi. L gp: C 3 kiu Tin khai xp dc: L non gp i theo chiu dc ca gn gia. Tin khai xp ngang: L non gp ngang, thng gc vi gn gia. Tin khai nhn: L non xp dc nhiu ln ging nh cy qut (l Da, l Cau).

Hnh 3.16. Cc kiu tin khai l 1: Phng, 2: Xp dc, 3: Xp ngang, 4: Nhn, 5: Qun trong, 6: Qun ngoi, 7: Hnh ci, 8: ui mo, 9: Van, 10: Lp, 11: Ci, 12: Na ci

L cun: Tin khai qun trong: Khi 2 mp l cun v pha trn ca l. Tin khai qun ngoi: Khi 2 mp cun v pha mt di ca l. Tin khai ui mo: L non qun thnh hnh cn d t ngn l (l Dng x). Tin khai hnh ci: L non cun thnh hnh ci. L ph: Tin khai ci: L gp i theo chiu dc, l ngoi p ln l trong (l La dn). Tin khai na ci: Mi l gp i theo chiu dc v ch p ln mt na l khc cng gp i theo file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Tin khai van: Mp cc l khng ph ln nhau. Tin khai lp: Mp cc l p ln nhau ta nh cc vin ngi p ln mi nh. 2. CU TO GII PHU im ni bt trong cu to ca l l c i xng qua mt mt phng. lp Ngc lan, i khi gp cu to cp 2 cung l v y gn chnh nhng lun lun rt t pht trin; do gn nh khng c g 2 v libe 2, tr trng hp ngoi l. 2.1. L cy lp Ngc lan 2.1.1. Cu to cung l D cho cung l c tit din trn cng khng th nhm ln cung vi thn c v cung l c i xng qua mt mt phng. Cu to gm (Hnh 3.17):

Hnh 3.17. Cu to cung l

Biu b: Ni tip biu b ca thn, cu to bi mt lp t bo sng, i khi c lng che ch hoc lng tit. M dy: Thng nm di cc ch li ca biu b. M mm v: Gm nhiu lp t bo c dip lc. Trong m mm v c th c khuyt, ng tit, t bo m cng... H thng dn: Cng v phin l, cu to b dn cng gim i. B dn c th xp theo mt vng cung hay mt vng trn nhng lun lun c i xng vi mt mt phng, b to pha di, b nh trn. Khi b dn to thnh mt vng lin tc, cu to tng t thn gm: ni b, tr b, libe, g v ty. Khi b dn chia thnh tng b ri s c mt hay nhiu b pha di vi libe di v mt hay nhiu b trn vi libe mt trn. Khi b dn to thnh hnh vng cung hng v mt di th libe pha ngoi, g pha trong; ni b v tr b ch c mt lng ca b dn; m mm gia g v biu b trn tng ng vi ty v m mm v, ranh gii ca chng khng phn bit c; trong vng ny c th gp nhng cm m cng. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Trong cung l, tng tng thng khng hot ng hoc hot ng rt t, do libe 2 v g 2 rt t pht trin. 2.1.2. Cu to phin l c im ca cy lp Ngc lan l c gn l quy t (khng song song), do vi phu ngang ca l cho thy mt gn gia to thng li hn pha di v phn phin l chnh thc hai bn (Hnh 3.18C v hnh 3.18 D). 2.1.2.1. Cu to ca gn gia Gn gia c khi li ln c hai mt, c khi ch li mt di, cn mt trn phng hoc lm (Hnh 3.18 C). T gn gia s phn ra gn cp hai, cp ba... Cc b dn t cung ni di ra phin. Cu to gn gia lc u ging cung, nhng n n gin dn khi i v cht l. Cu to gn gia: Ngoi cng l biu b trn v biu b di. Di biu b thng c m dy lm nhim v nng . Cc b libe g c th xp thnh hnh vng cung hoc vng trn, libe ngoi, g trong. Xung quanh b libe g i khi c lp ni b, tr b tng i r hoc c nhng cm m cng. cht l, g ch cn l vi mch vng hoc xon c bao bi m t bo m mm tng ng vi tr b. 2.1.2.2. Cu to ca phin l chnh thc Biu b: Gm c biu b trn v biu b di, cu to bi 1 lp t bo sng (cu to c m t phn m che ch). Biu b ca l thng hay c lng che ch hoc lng tit v c bit l c nhiu l kh. S phn b ca l kh trn cc loi l nh sau: L nm ngang: L kh ch c mt di hoc c nhiu mt di. L mc ng (nhn nh sng u 2 mt): S lng l kh 2 mt nh nhau. L ni trn mt nc: L kh c mt trn. L chm di nc khng c l kh. S lng l kh trn l thay i, thng trung bnh 400 l kh/mm2. L kh c th t y mt ging hoc tp trung trong phng n l kh gim bt s thot hi nc (Hnh 3.18 B). S lng v v tr t bo bao quanh t bo l kh quan trng v i khi c dng trong vic nhn nh loi. Tht l: L lp m mm gia hai lp biu b, c cha lc lp lm nhim v ng ho. vi loi cy, ngay di lp biu b trn c mt hay vi lp t bo khng c lc lp gi l h b, l mt m va cha nc va c nhim v gip cc t bo cha lc lp pha di trnh nh nng qu gt. Tht l mng cc loi cy sng trong nc v rt dy cc loi cy mng nc. Trong tht l, cc gn ph thng b ct xo v c th gp nhng b phn tit: ti tit, t bo tit... i khi gp th cng (l Tr). Trong tht l c th gp hai loi m mm (Hnh 3.18 A): M mm dip lc hnh giu (m mm giu): Cu to bi nhng t bo di, xp kht nhau, thng gc vi lp biu b ging nh nhng cc hng ro. M mm ny cha rt nhiu lc lp, ty loi cy m m mm giu c th gm mt hay nhiu lp t bo. M mm khuyt: Cu to bi nhng t bo trn hoc hnh dng khng u, xp h nhng khong trng cha kh gi l khuyt. M mm ny t lc lp hn m mm giu. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Hnh 3.18. Cc dng cu to tht l (A) (1: D th bt i xng, 2: ng th, 3: D th i xng), phng n l kh (B), cc dng cu to gn l lp Ngc lan (C) v cu to vi hc l mi (Cassia grandis) (D)

Ty theo cch sp xp ca hai loi m mm trn, ta phn bit hai kiu cu to: Cu to ng th: Gia hai lp biu b ch c mt loi m mm, thng l m mm khuyt. Cch cu to ny gp cc loi l nhn nh sng ng u hai mt hay nhng l cy mng nc nh cy Thuc bng. Cu to d th: Gia hai lp biu b c hai loi m mm. Nu di biu b trn l m mm giu, trn biu b di l m mm khuyt, ta gi l cu to d th bt i xng. Kiu cu to ny gp l nm ngang (nhn nh sng mt trn nhiu hn mt di). Nu mt trn v mt di l cu to bi m file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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mm hnh giu, gia hai m mm ny l m mm khuyt, ta c cu to d th i xng. 2.1.3. Cu to ca b l Cng ging nh cu to ca phin l, gm c biu b c hai mt, gia l m mm dip lc c cc b libe g xp theo hnh vng cung. 2.2. Cu to l cy lp Hnh Thng l khng cung, tr vi ngoi l. L cy lp Hnh c nhng c im sau (Hnh 3.19): Rt nhiu b libe g xp u thnh mt hng trong phin l, tng ng vi cc gn l song song, gn gia thng vn to hn cc gn ph. S lng mch g trong mi b thng gim nhng kch thc mch kh rng. Hai lp biu b u c l kh. Tht l thng cu to bi mt loi m mm ng ho, khng phn ho thnh hai th m khc nhau (cc t bo ny c th c mng xp np nh l Tre). Khng c m dy nn m cng thng pht trin rt nhiu to thnh nhng ct nng , ni lin b libe g vi biu b hoc to thnh mt bao xung quanh mi b mch. h La, h Ci, l c th cun li gim bt s thot hi nc nh biu b trn c nhng t bo to, gi l t bo bt: khi cc t bo ny trng th l tri ra, khi cc t bo ny teo th l cun li.

Hnh 3.19. Cu to l cy Trinh n hong cung (Crinum latifolium) (A) v l cy Li cp sc (Sansevieria thyrsiflora) (B)

2.3. Cu to l cy Ht trn L cy Ht trn c th hnh vy (l Trc bch dip) hay hnh kim (l Thng), khng cung, khng l km v thng ch c mt gn. Cu to ca l thng thng theo kiu loi cy kh hu kh: cutin dy, l kh nm su trong ging gim bt s thot hi nc. L Thng hai l c mt ct hnh bn nguyt gm mt mt phng v mt mt li, l Thng ba l th mt ct gm hai mt phng cho gc nhau v mt mt li. Cu to l Thng nh sau (Hnh 3.20):

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Biu b c vch dy ho g, lp cutin dy, l kh nm su trong ging. Di biu b l hai hoc ba lp t bo h b c vch dy ho g. Di h b l m mm dip lc ng ho c mng xp np. Trong m mm ny c ng tit nha m, mi ng tit c bao bi mt vng m cng. Ni b r. gia c 2 b libe g (i khi c 1 b), phn ln c cu to cp 2. G 2 c cu to bi nhng mch ngn c chm hnh ng tin. G 1 l nhng mch vng, mch xon. Gia ni b v cc b mch l m truyn gm hai loi t bo: nhng t bo sng c vch khng ho g v nhng t bo cht, c vch ho g v c chm hnh ng tin. C th gp t si m cng gia m truyn v libe.

Hnh 3.20. Cu to mt phn l cy Ht trn

3. CNG DNG CA L I VI NGNH DC Rt nhiu l cy c dng lm thuc: l Khi cha au d dy, l C c dc cha bnh hen suyn, l M cha kit l... V vy, chng ta cn nm vng phn hnh thi ca l c th nh r cc l dng lm thuc khi cn nguyn vn v phn gii phu ca l c th kim nghim cc l vn hoc tn thnh bt. CU HI T LNG GI 1. M t hnh thi ca thn, l, r. 2. M t cu to cp 1 v cp 2 ca thn, r cy lp Ngc lan. 3. So snh cu to ca thn v r cy lp Hnh vi lp Ngc lan. 4. M t cu to ca thn r Gng. 5. Gii thch cu to bt thng ca c i hong. 6. Nu nhng im khc bit gia l cy lp Ngc lan v l cy lp Hnh.

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7. M t cc cch sp xp ca l trn cnh v cc kiu tin khai l. 8. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. L kp hnh lng chim 2 ln chn l: A. Cung l phn nhnh, mi nhnh mang mt l cht. B. Cung chung mang hai hng cung ph, cung ph mang hai hng l cht. C. Cung chung mang hai hng cung ph, cung ph mang hai hng l cht v khng tn cng bng mt l cht. D. Cung chung mang hai hng l cht v khng tn cng bng mt l cht. 9. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Sinh trng th cp Cau bng (Roystonia elata) l do: A. S gia tng s lng cc b mch. B. Cc t bo m mm ph to ra. C. S xut hin cc tng tng thng d. D. S ph i ca libe 2.

Chng 4 S SINH SN V C QUAN SINH SN CA THC VT BC CAO

S SINH SN CA THC VT

MC TIU 1. M t c 3 cch sinh sn thc vt. 2. M t c 4 kiu sinh sn hu tnh. 3. M t c 3 kiu chu trnh sng ca thc vt. Thc vt khi tng trng n mt mc no s bt u sinh sn. C 3 cch sinh sn: Sinh sn sinh dng. Sinh sn v tnh.

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Sinh sn hu tnh. 1. SINH SN SINH DNG C th m phn thnh tng khc, mi khc v sau cho ra mt c th c lp. Ngi ta phn bit hai kiu sinh sn sinh dng: t nhin v nhn to. 1.1. Sinh sn sinh dng t nhin Trong thin nhin, thc vt c th sinh sn sinh dng bng nhng b phn sau: Thn r: Mc b di t v pht ra nhng nhnh nh ln khi mt t. Cc nhnh ny li bn r thnh cy mi (C tranh). Thn hnh: k cc vy mng nc ca thn hnh m cho ra nhng chi pht trin thnh hnh con (c Ti). Thn c, r c: Trn c c nhng chi c th pht trin thnh cy mi (Khoai ty). Thn b: Thn mc b trn mt t, mi mu bn r mc thnh cy mi (Rau m). Chi ph: L cy Trng sinh khi ri xung t c th cho ra cy mi t cc ch lm ca mp l. 1.2. Sinh sn sinh dng nhn to Ngi ta c th da vo kh nng ti sinh ca thc vt to ra nhng cy mi t nhng b phn ct ri ca cy m. Gim cnh: Ct mt b phn dinh dng ca cy m thng l cnh, nhng cng c th l l hoc l r ri cm xung t. Chit cnh: Lm cho cnh m r ph bng cch un cong cnh xung t hoc b t xung quanh. Sau ct ri cnh khi cy m. Ghp: Ly mt cnh hay mt chi (mt) tip vo mt cy khc lm sao cho cc m tng ng ph hp nhau. 2. SINH SN V TNH Sinh sn v tnh ca thc vt thc hin nh nhng t bo c bit gi l bo t, c to thnh trong ti bo t (bo t nang). Bo t c th bt ng hoc di ng nh roi. 3. SINH SN HU TNH L s kt hp ca hai t bo n bi khc phi c v ci gi l giao t thnh t bo lng bi gi l hp t hay trng, c kh nng pht trin thnh mt c th mi. 3.1. Cc li sinh sn hu tnh Ngi ta phn bit 4 li sinh sn hu tnh: ng giao (ng giao phi): Hai giao t c v ci u di ng v ging nhau hon ton v hnh dng, kch thc. Li ny ph bin thc vt bc thp, nht l To.

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D giao (d giao phi): Giao t c v ci u di ng nhng khc nhau v hnh dng v kch thc. Giao t c nh hn, di ng nhanh hn, giao t ci ln hn, t di ng hn. Non giao (non phi): Giao t c nh v di ng c gi l tinh trng, giao t ci ln hn v bt ng gi l non cu nm trong c quan ci gi l non c. S phi hp ca hai giao t thc hin ngay trong non c nn gi l non phi. a s thc vt bc cao sinh sn theo li ny. Giao t phi: Gp vi loi thc vt bc thp nh Nm: hai giao t c v ci khng c phng thch ra khi ti giao t. S kt hp xy ra gia hai ti giao t, ty theo hai ti giao t ging hay khc nhau m ta c s ng hay d giao t phi. 3.2. S xen k th h nhiu cy, chu trnh sinh sng gm hai loi hnh thi khc nhau v xen k vi nhau. Chu trnh lng tnh sinh: Chu trnh ch c mt sinh vt lng bi (2n). Sinh vt s to giao t sau khi c s gim nhim. S phi hp gia hai giao t c v ci cho ra hp t 2n. Hp t pht trin cho ra sinh vt mi lng bi. Chu trnh n tnh sinh: Chu trnh ny cng ch c mt sinh vt n bi chim u th. Giai on lng bi thu hp hp t v s gim nhim xy ra lin sau khi th tinh. Sinh vt n bi c to ra s sinh sng mt thi gian ri to giao t. Chu trnh n lng tnh sinh: Gm mt thi k n bi, mt thi k lng bi, mi thi k c mt sinh vt. Khi u chu trnh t hp t 2n pht trin thnh mt sinh vt 2n. Trn sinh vt 2n c nhng t bo chu s gim nhim to ra bo t n bi (n). Cc bo t n bi ny khng phi l giao t, chng pht trin to ra mt sinh vt n bi, v sau sinh vt n bi s to giao t. S phi hp ca hai giao t c v ci to thnh hp t 2n kt thc chu trnh. Thc vt to ra bo t c gi l bo t thc vt (bo t th). Thc vt to ra giao t l giao t thc vt (giao t th). thc vt bc cao: Chu trnh pht trin theo n lng tnh sinh nhng giao t thc vt c xu hng gim. Ru: Giao t thc vt chim u th cn bo t thc vt sng nh trn giao t thc vt. Quyt: Bo t thc vt chim u th v giao t thc vt gim. Thc vt c hoa: Giao t thc vt thu hp v sng nh trn bo t thc vt.

C QUAN SINH SN
y chng ta ch cp n cc c quan sinh sn ca nhm thc vt ng nht, l cc cy Ht kn. Nhng cy ny c 3 loi c quan sinh sn hu tnh: hoa, qu v ht.

A. HOA
MC TIU

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1. Nu c nh ngha v v hnh cc kiu sp xp ca hoa trn cnh. 2. Trnh by v v c cc kiu tin khai hoa. 3. M t c cc phn ca hoa. 4. Nu c nh ngha v v hnh cc kiu nh non. 5. M t c cu to ca non v cch thnh lp ti phi. 6. M t c cch vit hoa thc v v hoa . 7. M t c s th tinh v s to phi m khng c s th tinh.

1. NH NGHA Hoa l c quan sinh sn hu tnh ca cc cy Ht kn (l nhng cy m ht ng trong qu), cu to bi nhng l bin i c bit lm nhim v sinh sn. 2. HOA T Hoa t l cch sp xp ca hoa trn cnh. C hai kiu nh sau: Hoa ring l (hoa n c): Hoa mc ring l trn mt cung khng phn nhnh, ngn cnh hay nch mt l gi l l bc. Cm hoa: Nhiu hoa tp trung li trn mt cnh phn nhnh to thnh nhng cm hoa n, kp hay hn hp. 2.1. Cm hoa n Trc cm hoa khng phn nhnh, trn mang cc hoa. Ty theo s pht trin ca trc chnh ca cm hoa m ngi ta chia lm hai kiu: cm hoa n khng hn v cm hoa n c hn. 2.1.1. Cm hoa n khng hn u cnh mang hoa khng kt thc bi mt hoa, nn s pht trin ca cnh khng b hn ch. Ta c cc kiu sau y (Hnh 4.1): Chm: Hoa c cung mc nch mt l bc. Hoa gi gc, hoa non ngn. Dng chung ca cm hoa c hnh thp. Bng (gi): C cu to gn nh chm, ch khc l hoa khng c cung, hoa gi gc, hoa non ngn, mi hoa mc nch mt l bc. Nhiu gi c cu to c bit nh: Bng cht (gi hoa): Hoa c kch thc nh, xp thnh hai hng. V d: h La, h Ci. ui sc: l nhng bng mang hon ton hoa n phi v mc thng xung. C cm hoa c hnh dng ui con sc. V d: cy Tai tng ui chn. Bng mo: L nhng bng c trc cm hoa nc v c bao bc bi nhng l bc to gi l mo. V d: Ry.

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Bung: L nhng bng mo phn nhnh. V d: bung cau.

Hnh 4.1. Cc kiu cm hoa n khng hn 1: Chm, 2: Bng, 3: Ng, 4: Tn, 5: u

Ng (tn phng): Cc cung hoa gc cm hoa mc di ln a cc hoa ln cng mt mt phng.


Tn: Cc cung hoa t u ngn cnh mc ta ra nh cc gng ca mt cy d; cc l bc t hp gc tn thnh tng bao l bc (bao chung). Trong tn, cc hoa pha ngoi n trc cc hoa pha trong. u: u ngn cnh mang hoa ph ln thnh nh mt ci mm mang nhiu hoa khng cung mc kht nhau, mi hoa mc nch mt l bc mng gi l vy. Trn mt u: hoa gi ba, hoa non gia. Xung quanh u cc l bc hp thnh tng bao l bc (bao chung), c nhim v bo v cho cc hoa khi cn trng thi n. 2.1.2. Cm hoa n c hn u ngn cnh mang hoa kt thc bi mt hoa nn trc chnh khng th mc di c na nhng vn c th m nhnh pha di. Kiu phn nhnh hp trc cho cc loi cm hoa n c hn cn gi l xim. Ty theo cch m nhnh bn di trc chnh, ngi ta phn bit (Hnh 4.2): Xim mt ng: Cnh mang hoa ch mc thm mt nhnh pha di ca hoa trn cng. C 2 loi: Xim mt ng hnh inh c: S phn nhnh lun lun i hng: khi th bn phi, khi th bn tri, mi ln i hng th nng ln mt nc. Xim mt ng hnh b cp: S phn nhnh lun lun xy ra v mt bn, lm cho cm hoa cong nh ui con b cp. Xim hai ng: Cnh mang hoa kt thc bi mt hoa v mang hai nhnh hai bn. Hai nhnh ny, mi nhnh li kt thc bi mt hoa v li mang hai nhnh hai bn na, c th tip tc. i khi hai nhnh hai bn khng phn nhnh v xim thu hp cn ba hoa. i khi hoa gia b try v xim cn hai hoa.

Hnh 4.2. Cc kiu cm hoa c hn 1: Xim 2 ng, 2: Xim 1 ng hnh inh c, 3: Xim hnh b cp

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Xim nhiu ng: l mt cm hoa c hn nhng s cc chi bn hnh thnh mi cp nhiu hn hai. Hoa cp 1 n trc hoa cp 2, hoa cp 2 n trc hoa cp 3...
Xim co: Cc nhnh ca xim rt ngn lm cho cc hoa mc st vo nhau, ging nh cng mt ch mc ta ra.

2.2. Cm hoa kp Cc nhnh ca trc chnh ca cm hoa ng l kt thc bi mt hoa li mang mt cm hoa cng kiu: Chm kp: Chm mang chm. Tn kp: Mi nhnh ca tn mang mt tn con. Cc l bc tp trung gc tn con thnh tiu bao l bc (bao nh), cc l bc gc tn kp l tng bao l bc (bao chung). 2.3. Cm hoa phc Cc nhnh ca cm hoa ng l kt thc bi mt hoa li mang mt cm hoa khc vi loi cm hoa nh:
Chm xim: Trn mt chm, v tr cc hoa c thay bng cc xim. Chm tn: Trn mt chm, v tr cc hoa c thay bng cc tn. Ng u: Trn mt ng, v tr cc hoa c thay bng cc u.

3. CU TO TNG QUT Mt hoa y khi n mang trn phn ph ca cung hoa gi l hoa, 4 vng sau y: i hoa, trng hoa, b nh, b nhy. Phn khng sinh sn ca hoa gi l bao hoa, gm c: i hoa: Cu to bi nhng b phn mu xanh lc gi l l i.
Trng hoa: Cu to bi nhng b phn c mu sc s gi l cnh hoa. Khi khng phn bit c i v cnh hoa, ta gi chung l phin hoa.

B phn sinh sn ca hoa gm c: B nh: Gm ton th cc b phn sinh sn c ca hoa.


B nhy: Gm ton th cc b phn sinh sn ci ca hoa.

Cc b phn ca hoa c th sp xp trn hoa theo mt ng xon c, l nhng hoa kiu xon gp nhng thc vt c (hoa Sen). Cc b phn ca bao hoa c th xp thnh vng cn cc b phn sinh sn xp xon c: l hoa kiu vng xon. Cc b phn ca hoa c th xp thnh nhng vng trn ng tm: l nhng hoa kiu vng. Trong trng hp ny, cc b phn ca hai vng ni tip nhau bao gi cng xp xen k nhau. Ngoi ra, s lng cc b phn ca mi vng thng l mt s c nh: 3 cy lp Hnh (mt l mm): hoa mu 3; 4, 5, 6 cy lp Ngc lan (hai l mm): hoa mu 4, 5, 6. Nu cc b phn ca mi vng c hnh dng v kch thc ging nhau c gi l hoa u. Hoa u c hn mt mt phng i xng. Nu cc b phn ca mi vng c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau hoc c mt vi b phn ca bao hoa, b nh hoc b nhy b try gi l hoa khng u (hoa lng trc). Hoa khng u ch cn mt mt phng i xng hoc khng cn mt phng i xng. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Khi trn hoa c b phn sinh sn c v ci, ta gi l hoa lng tnh. Nu ch c mt b phn hoc c hoc ci, ta gi l hoa n tnh. Hoa c v hoa ci cng mt cy gi l hoa n tnh cng gc. Nu hoa c v hoa ci trn hai cy ring bit, ta gi l hoa n tnh khc gc. Cy c gi l tp tnh khi mang c hoa lng tnh v n tnh. 4. TIN KHAI HOA Tin khai hoa l cch sp xp cc b phn ca bao hoa trc khi hoa n. Trn mt hoa, cch sp xp ca i hoa v trng hoa c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau. Ngi ta phn bit cc kiu tin khai sau y (Hnh 4.3):
Tin khai xon c: Cc b phn ca bao hoa nhiu, cha phn ho thnh i v trng v nh theo mt ng xon c, gp cc cy thuc ngnh Ngc lan nguyn thy. Trong mt s trng hp, mp ca mi b phn c th gp vo pha trong hay gp ra ngoi nhng vn khng ph ln nhau.

Tin khai van (lin mnh): Cc b phn ca bao hoa t cnh nhau m khng ph ln nhau. Tin khai hoa vn: Khi mi b phn ca bao hoa tun t va chng va b chng, chiu vn c th cng chiu hoc ngc chiu kim ng h. Tin khai lp: Trn mt vng c 5 b phn, mt b phn ngoi cng, mt b phn khc trong cng, 3 b phn cn li th mt bn p ln mp b phn bn cnh cn bn kia li b mp ca b phn bn cnh p ln. Tin khai hoa nm im (ng im, lun xen): Hai b phn hon ton ngoi, hai b phn khc hon ton trong, cn b phn th nm th na ngoi na trong. Tin khai hoa c (bm): Cnh c to nht pha sau, ph ln hai cnh bn, hai cnh ny li ph ln hai cnh trc (cnh tha). Hai cnh trc c th dnh nhau thnh hnh lng mng hay hnh ln. y l trng hp gp h ph u (Faboideae). Tin khai hoa tha (ln): Cnh hoa tng ng vi cnh c nm pha trong, b hai cnh bn ph ln. Hai cnh ny li b 2 cnh trc ph ln. Kiu ny c sc cho cc cy h ph Vang (Caesalpinioideae).

Hnh 4.3. Cc kiu tin khai hoa 1: Xon c, 2: Van, 3: Vn, 4: Lp, 5: Nm im, 6: Tha, 7: C

5. CC PHN CA HOA

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Cung hoa l nhnh mang hoa. Cung hoa c th di, ngn khc nhau hay c khi khng c. Trng hp ny gi l hoa khng cung. Cung hoa thng mc nch mt l bin i gi l l bc (l hoa). L bc c th thiu hoc rt pht trin v c mu hoc gim thnh nh vy nh, mng khi cc hoa xp kht vo nhau hoc nc, mng nc c th n c. Trn cung hoa c th c thm mt hay hai l bc con (tin dip), thng c kch thc gim. cy lp Hnh ch c mt l bc con i din vi l bc. cy lp Ngc lan, thng c hai l bc con hai bn cung hoa. 5.2. hoa u cung hoa thng ph ra thnh hoa mang cc b phn ca hoa, hoa thng ngn v li, t khi mc di ln gia cc vng b phn ca hoa. Mt s kiu hoa mc di ln c th gp nh: hoa mc di ln gia b nh v b nhy gi l hoa c cung nhy (th i), l mt trc mang b nhy. hoa mc di gia bao hoa v b nh, ta c cung nh nhy (hng th i), l mt trc mang b nh v b nhy. hoa mc di gia i hoa v trng hoa nng cc b phn bn trong cao ln, trc ny gi l cung trng hoa (anthophore). C 3 kiu hoa thng gp: hoa li (Thalamus). hoa c mang a mt. a mt c th cu to bi nhng tuyn mt ri hoc hnh khoen hay hnh a tht s, nm bn trong hay bn ngoi vng nh. hoa lm hnh chn: Chn c cu to bi s dnh lin vi nhau ca cc l i, cnh hoa v nh ngay t y. Khi , bao hoa v b nh nh quanh ming chn, cn cc l non th nh y chn. 5.3. Bao hoa C nhim v bo v cc c quan sinh sn bn trong. Bao hoa gm c 2 phn: i hoa v trng hoa. Hoa khng c bao hoa gi l hoa trn. Nu bao hoa ch c mt vng b phn th vng lun l l i, d cc b phn c mu sc s. Hoa gi l hoa v cnh. 5.3.1. i hoa Cu to bi nhng b phn mu xanh lc gi l l i. L i cng c nhim v ng ho nhng chc nng chnh vn l bo v. L i c th c mu sc sc s nh cnh gi l i dng cnh (i hnh cnh hoa). Cc l i ca mt hoa c th ri gi l i phn, dnh nhau gi l i hp. Cc l i c th ging nhau: i u hoc khc nhau: i khng u. i c th rng sm trc khi hoa tn hoc i cn li sau khi hoa tn: l i tn ti. Nu i tn ti v ph to theo qu gi l i ng trng. L i c th rt pht trin hoc thu hp thnh nhng rng nh hay lng hoc ch cn l mt g. mt vi h, pha ngoi i hoa i khi c thm vng i ph (i con). i ph c th c sinh bi cc l km ca l i (Rosaceae) hoc bi cc l bc con xp kht vo nhau (Malvaceae).

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S lng l i thng l 3 cy lp Hnh, 4 hay 5 cy lp Ngc lan. 5.3.2. Trng hoa Cu to bi nhng phin nm pha trong i hoa v thng c mu sc s gi l cnh hoa. Hnh dng cnh hoa bin thin hn l i. Mi cnh hoa gm mt phin rng trn v mt mng (cn) hp bn di. Cnh hoa c th nguyn hoc c rng ca hoc c thy. Ni gip gia phin v mng i khi c nhng ph b. Cnh hoa c th mang nhng tuyn mt hoc i khi c cnh hoa bin thnh tuyn mt. C khi cnh hoa bin i thnh hnh dng c bit gi l cnh mi. i khi hoa c thm trng ph. Cc cnh hoa c th ri nhau (cnh ri hay trng phn) hoc dnh nhau (cnh dnh hay trng hp), ging nhau v hnh dng v kch thc (trng u) hay khc nhau (trng khng u). Cnh hoa c th dnh vi nh hoc dnh vi i. S lng cnh hoa thng l 3 cy lp Hnh, 45 lp Ngc lan, nhng cng c khi nhiu hn (hoa Sen). i khi hoa c nhiu cnh do s trng trt v chn lc nhn to. Ngi ta phn bit cc kiu trng sau (Hnh 4.4):

Hnh 4.4. Cc kiu trng hoa 1: Hnh inh, 2: Hnh h, 3: Hnh chung, 4: Hnh bnh xe, 5: Hnh li nh, 6: Hnh phu, 7: Hnh mi 2/3, 8: Hnh bm

5.3.2.1. Hoa cnh ri, trng u Kiu trng hoa hng: 5 cnh hoa, mng ngn hoc khng c, phin rng v xe ra (hoa Hng). Kiu trng hoa cm chng: Mng di v vung gc vi phin (hoa Cm chng). Kiu trng hnh ch thp: Cc cnh hoa xp thng gc vi nhau thnh hnh ch thp (hoa Ci). 5.3.2.2. Hoa cnh ri trng khng u Kiu trng hoa Lan: 1 trong 3 cnh hoa bin i thnh cnh mi, c hnh dng c bit v quay ra pha trc. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Kiu trng hnh bm: C 5 cnh hoa: cnh hoa sau to to thnh c ph ln 2 cnh bn, 2 cnh bn gi l cnh v 2 cnh ny ph ln 2 cnh trc, 2 cnh trc t st nhau, i khi hi dnh nhau to thnh ln. 5.3.2.3. Hoa cnh dnh, trng u Phn cnh dnh lin nhau pha di gi l ng, phn ri nhau pha trn gi l phin. Ch ng ni vi phin gi l hng. Kiu trng hnh bnh xe: ng ngn, mang nhng rng to ta ra ging nh nhng cnh ca ngi sao (hoa t). Trng hnh h: ng phnh ln gc, tht li nh. Trng hnh chung: ng phnh ln thnh hnh ci chung. Trng hnh phu: Gc hnh ng, nhng loe rng dn thnh hnh phu. Trng hnh inh: ng di v hp thng gc vi phin. Trng hnh ng: ng hnh tr, tn cng bi nhng rng ca cn. 5.3.2.4. Hoa cnh dnh, trng khng u Trng hnh mi: Ming ng chia thnh 2 mi. Trng hnh mt n: Trng chia thnh 2 mi, mi di ging nh mt n. Trng hnh li nh: ng ngn, phin b ht lch mt bn thnh hnh li nh. 5.4. B nh Gm cc b phn sinh sn c ca hoa gi l nh (Hnh 4.5). 5.4.1. Cc phn ca nh Mi nh c mt cung hp bn di gi l ch nh v mt phn phng trn gi l bao phn. Bao phn chia lm hai bung phn (hai ), ni vi nhau bi chung i. Trong mi bung phn c hai ti phn cha cc ht phn. 5.4.1.1. Ch nh Thng trn nhng c th dp hoc i khi c hnh lng mng. Thng ch nh mang mt bao phn, nhng cng c khi n phn nhnh v mi nhnh mang mt bao phn (Thu du). i khi ch nh rt ngn, gn nh khng c v khi ta ni nh khng c ch nh. C khi ch nh rt di, a bao phn vt khi cnh hoa (hoa Ru mo). Ch nh gn vo bao phn c th y bao phn gi l bao phn nh y (cn nh) hoc gn vo mt im mt lng ca bao phn gi l bao phn nh gia, lm cho bao phn d lc l (hoa La) hoc nh ngn bao phn: bao phn nh ngn. 5.4.1.2. Chung i L phn nm gia hai bung phn. Trng hp bao phn nh y, chung i l phn ko di ca file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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ch nh trong bao phn. Trng hp bao phn nh gia v nh ngn, chung i thu hp im nh nhng c th pht trin theo chiu ngang ging nh mt n cn. Chung i c th ko di thnh mi, phin hay sng. 5.4.1.3. Bao phn Bao phn gm c hai (hai bung) hai bn chung i hoc bao phn ch c mt nh h Bng (Malvaceae). Khi cn non mi phn c hai ti phn cha ht phn, nhng khi chn hai ti phn hp li lm mt. Hnh dng bao phn thay i: c th thun di, hnh trn, hnh thn...

Hnh 4.5. Nh v bao phn 1: Cc phn ca nh, 2: Bao phn ct ngang (a: Chung i, b: Ti phn), 3: Bao phn nh y, 4: Bao phn nh gia, 5: Bao phn nt van, 6: Bao phn nt l, 7: Ch nh dng phin, 8: Ch nh ch hai, 9: Chung i dng n cn

Cu to ca bao phn Khi ct ngang bao phn, ta thy ngoi cng l biu b c lp cutin kh dy. Di biu b l tng c gii, cu to bi nhng t bo c vch dy ho g hnh ch U, cn mt ngoi vn bng cellulose. Khi hoa n, nh s phi ra ngoi khng kh, mt ngoi ca tng c gii s co nhiu hn mt trong v t bo b kh i v bao phn s b nt ra. Trong na l nhiu lp t bo c bit cha dng liu v thoi ho rt sm thnh cht nhy nui cc ht phn ang thnh lp: l tng nui dng. Trong cng l nhm t bo m cho ra ht phn. Trong chung i c 1 b libe g nm trong mt khi m mm. Cch nt ca bao phn Khi chn, bao phn nt ra phng thch cc ht phn ra ngoi. C ba kiu nt: Nt dc: Nu hai ti phn ca mi bung phn hp li thnh mt ti duy nht th ch c mt ng nt nm trong khe gia hai ti phn. Nu cc ti phn vn gi nguyn v tr, mi ti phn s m ra mt ng nt v bao phn s c bn ng nt. Nu ng nt quay vo pha trong hoa, ta gi bao phn hng trong (hng ni), nu ng nt quay ra pha ngoi hoa, ta gi bao phn hng ngoi (hng ngoi). Nt l: Bao phn m bng l nh. Nt van: K nt hnh bn nguyt. Gii hn bi mt ci van, khi chn m v pha trn, ta gi l bao phn nt van, v d h Long no (Lauraceae).

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Ht phn (tiu bo t) Ht phn c sinh ra t nhng t bo m, ht phn nm trong cc phn. T bo m ht phn phn chia hai ln lin tip hnh thnh mt b bn, gm 4 bo t nh, n bi, l ht phn. Hnh dng, kch thc v mu sc ht phn thay i ty loi cy. Ht phn c th hnh cu, hnh bu dc, hnh khi bn mt... c th ri hoc dnh thnh t t hoc phn khi...; kch thc ht phn t 8200 mm. Ht phn thng c mu vng, trng, xm, xanh, da cam hoc mu tm...; mu ny ph thuc vo bn cht cu to ca mng ht phn. V mt cu to, ht phn c hai lp mng (Hnh 4.6):

Hnh 4.6. Ht phn 1: Cu to, 2: Ht phn c gai, 3: Phn khi

Mng ngoi dy, cu to ch yu bi cht sporopolenin rt bn vng, khng tan trong acid v kim, chu c p lc v nhit cao nn c th tn ti trng thi ho thch. Trn b mt ca mng ny c nhng l gi l ming (ca), l nhng ch ng phn chui ra khi ht phn ny mm v i khi c mang gai hoc chm tr hnh mng. Mng trong bng cellulose v pectin, dy ln ch ny mm. Ht phn lc u ch c mt nhn, nhn ny sm phn thnh hai nhn, ngn cch bi mt mng mng albuminoide. Mt nhn dinh dng to v mt nhn nh hn nm st vch ht phn gi l nhn sinh sn. Trong lc ht phn ln dn ln, nhn sinh sn ri khi vch ca ht phn vo trong t bo cht ca nhn dinh dng, sau nhn sinh sn phn ct to ra hai giao t c. S phn chia ny c th sm hay mun ty theo loi cy, n c th xy ra trc khi ht phn ri khi bao phn hoc ch xy ra trong ng dn phn. Do , mt vi loi cy, ht phn c ba nhn (mt nhn dinh dng v hai nhn sinh sn). 5.4.1.4. Nh lp Khi bao phn b try hoc khng to c ht phn, ta c nh lp. Nh lp c th vn gi nguyn hnh dng v tr nn bt th hoc c th thu hp ch cn ch nh hoc bin i thnh mt phin dng cnh hoa hoc bin thnh mt tuyn mt. Khi tt c nh ca mt hoa b lp ta c hoa n tnh v try. 5.4.2. Cch nh ca nh v cc kiu b nh Thng thng, nh nh trn hoa nhng c th nh trn ng trng hay ng i theo hai kiu sau: Li nh xon c: Ch gp nhng h s khai. Khi s lng nh nhiu, nh xon c trn hoa li. l b nh a nh. Li nh vng (nh theo lun sinh) file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Mt vng nh: Gi l b nh mt vng (b nh ng nh): cc nh thng nh xen k vi cnh hoa, s lng nh bng s lng cc b phn ca vng bn ngoi, nht l l i. Hai vng nh: S lng nh trong mi vng bng s lng cnh hoa: 3 cy lp Hnh, 45 cy lp Ngc lan. Nu cc nh ca vng ngoi nh xen k cnh hoa, ta c b nh hai vng (b nh lng nh). Nu cc nh ca vng ngoi t trc cnh hoa ta c b nh o lng nh. Hn hai vng nh hay s lng nh ca mi vng tng ln gp bi ta c b nh nhiu vng (b nh a nh). 5.4.3. S dnh lin ca cc nh Cc nh ca mt hoa c th ri nhau hoc dnh nhau. Dnh nhau ch nh: Cc nh c th dnh lin nhau ch nh thnh mt b: b nh mt b (b nh n th) hay hai b: b nh hai b (b nh lng th) hoc nhiu b: b nh nhiu b (b nh a th). Dnh nhau bao phn: Nh c th dnh lin nhau bao phn ta c b nh t (h Cc). 5.4.4. Quan h ca nh vi cc vng khc ca hoa Tnh cht xp xen k ca cc vng: Cc vng nh xp xen k vi cc vng ca bao hoa. V d: hoa c b nh lng nh, vng nh ngoi xp xen k cnh hoa cn vng nh trong xp trc mt cnh hoa. hoa v cnh, nh xp trc l i. Nh dnh lin vi cc b phn khc ca hoa: B nh c th dnh lin vi bao hoa thnh mt ci chn (hoa Du ty), gia chn c phn li hnh nn mang cc l non. Phn ln hoa hp cnh, nh nh trn ng trng. B nh c th dnh lin vi b nhy. h Lan, hoa c 1 nh duy nht, c ch nh dnh lin vi vi nhy to thnh mt trc mp gia hoa gi l trc hp nhy (tr nh nhy). nh ca trc l bao phn v u nhy. 5.4.5. Kch thc ca cc nh Cc nh ca mt hoa c th di bng nhau (nh u) hoc di ngn khc nhau (nh khng u). Nu c 4 nh: 2 di, 2 ngn, ta gi b nh hai tri (b nh hai di); nu c 6 nh: 4 di, 2 ngn, ta gi b nh bn tri (b nh bn di). Nh c th di mc th ra ngoi hoa hoc ngn tht vo trong trng. 5.5. B nhy B nhy l b phn sinh sn ci ca hoa cu to bi nhng l bin i gi l l non (tm b) mang non. 5.5.1. Cu to tng qut B nhy gm ba phn: phn phnh pha di gi l bu, ng cc non, trn bu l mt phn hp gi l vi nhy, trn cng l u nhy.

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Ty theo v tr ca bu so vi cc phn khc ca hoa, ta c cc kiu bu sau: Bu trn (bu thng): Cc b phn bn ngoi ca hoa (bao hoa v nh) nh di bu. Bu di (bu h): Cc b phn bn ngoi ca hoa (bao hoa v nh) nh trn bu. Trong trng hp bu di, hoa to thnh nh chn v bu dnh vo chn. Bu gia (bu trung): Bu ch dnh vi cc b phn ngoi ca hoa na di thi. B nhy c th cu to bi mt hay nhiu l non ri hay dnh lin nhau thnh bu mt hay nhiu . Cc l non c th ch dnh lin nhau bu nhng ri nhau vi v u nhy hoc dnh lin nhau bu v vi nhng ri u nhy hoc dnh lin nhau bu, vi v u nhy. t khi cc l non dnh nhau u nhy m vi v bu ri. S lng l non thng l 3 cy lp Hnh, 4 5 lp Ngc lan, nhng cng c khi nhiu hn hoc ch c 1 l non cc cy h u hoc 2 l non cy h Ci. L non l mt l c bit mang non (tiu non). Ni mang non gi l gi non (thai ta). V mt cu to, l non cng ging nh l, l mt phin dp c i xng hai bn, c m mm ng ho nm gia hai lp biu b trong v ngoi. Trong m mm c mt b libe g tng ng vi b gn gia, hai mp l non c hai b libe g nh hn gi l b mp. Hai mp l non thng dy ln mt trong thnh gi non mang non. mp l non c mt m dn c bit cu to bi nhng t bo c mng b ho nhy, nh m ny ng dn phn mi vo c khoang bu v n non. 5.5.1.2. Vi nhy Bn ngoi vi c bao bc bi mt lp t bo biu b ni lin vi biu b ngoi ca l non. Vi c th c hay bng, nhng lun lun c mt m dn c bit bn trong a ng dn phn vo n m dn ca bu. Khi bu cu to bi nhiu l non dnh lin nhau, cc vi nhy dnh nhau th m dn nm gia to thnh ng vi. Vi nhy c th ngn hoc di. V tr ca vi thng ni lin trc ca bu nhng i khi c th mc lch sang mt bn hoc vi nh y bu. 5.5.1.3. u nhy Hnh dng bin thin, c th nh hoc ph to thnh hnh a, mm, phu, phin dng cnh hoa. u nhy thng c ph bi nhng gai tht tit ra cht dnh gi ht phn v to iu kin thun li cho s ny mm ca ht phn v s pht trin ca ng dn phn. 5.5.2. Cch sp xp ca l non Cc l non c th sp xp trn hoa theo li xon c hoc theo vng. Li nh xon c: Nhiu l non ri, nh xon c trn hoa li (hoa Ngc lan, hoa Sen). Li nh vng (lun sinh): Thng thng l mt vng. Trng hp nhiu vng rt him (V d nh hoa Lu). Nu s lng l non bng s lng cc b phn khc ca hoa, cc l non s xp xen k vi cc nh ca vng cui cng. Thng s pht trin ca bu c xu hng gim s lng l non, v d: S lng l non ch cn 1 h ph u, 2 h Ci. 5.5.3. Cc li nh non

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L cch sp xp cc tiu non trong bu (Hnh 4.7). C 2 kiu nh non: 5.5.3.1. nh non thn Non xut hin trn hoa hoc trn on ni di ca hoa. nh non gc: Mt non duy nht nh trn mt on ni di ca trc hoa. nh non trung tm: Bu mt , nhiu non nh trn mt ct trung tm ni di trc hoa. 5.5.3.2. nh non l Non nh trn l non. C 3 kiu ty theo vng ca l non mang non. nh non mp: Non nh mp ca l non. C hai kiu: nh non bn (trc m): Bu mt , do mt hay nhiu l non dnh vi nhau mp cc l non to thnh. Non nh mp ca l non trn thnh bu. nh non trung tr: Bu nhiu , do nhiu l non to thnh, cc gi non ca mi hp thnh mt ct gia bu. nh non vch: Cc non ph mt trong ca l non. nh non gia: Bu mt , do nhiu l non hp thnh, cc non nh trn nhng phin mng xut pht t gn gia ca mi l non mc vo trong khoang ca bu (Thuc phin).

Hnh 4.7. Cc kiu nh non 1: nh non y (nc), 2: nh non bn, 3: nh non vch, 4: nh non trung tm (ct ngang), 5: nh non trung tm (ct dc), 6: nh non trung tr, 7: nh non bn, 8: nh non gia

5.5.4. Cu to ca non Non dnh vo l non ch gi l gi non (thai ta). Non c mang bi mt cung gi l cung non (cn phi). Ch non nh vo cung non gi l rn (t). Thng thng cung non ngn v mnh, ngoi tr cc loi non o. i khi cung non phn nhnh v mang nhiu non (cy Xng rng). Thn non mang mt khi t bo gi l phi tm, c bao bc bn ngoi bi 2 lp v: v ngoi v v trong ( lp Hnh v phn ln hoa cnh ri tr h Hoa tn) hoc 1 lp v ( h Hoa tn v cc hoa cnh dnh tr b Trn chu, b Th). i khi trong cng mt h hoc cng mt chi, c th gp c hai loi trn. Mt s cy k sinh khng c v non. V non khng bao trn thn non m h mt l nh

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Non c 1 b mch i t cung non vo n y phi tm th chia thnh 2 nhnh i vo v non ngoi, ni chia nhnh gi l hp im. Trong phi tm, pha bn di l non c mt ti phi. Ti phi l khi t bo cch bit vi phi tm bi mt mng r v cc t bo ca ti phi l t bo n tng, trong lc cc t bo ca phi tm lng tng. Phn ln ti phi c 8 nhn: gia l 2 nhn ph, cc pha l non c 1 non cu v 2 tr bo, cc trong c 3 t bo i cc (Hnh 4.8). Ty theo v tr ca cung non v thn non, ngi ta phn bit 3 kiu non: Non thng: Trc ca thn non v cung non trn cng mt ng thng. Non cong: Trc ca thn non v cung non to thnh mt gc lm cho l non gn t v hp im. Non o: Trc ca thn non song song vi cung non. non o, t gn l non nhng xa hp im v cung non dnh vo v non trn mt on di gi l sng non. 5.5.5. S thnh lp ti phi Mi non ch c mt ti phi. Phi tm lc u l mt khi t bo lng tng. Mt trong cc t bo ny l t bo c bo t s to thnh ti phi. Thng thng ch c mt t bo c bo t nm ngay trn trc ca phi tm di l non. Ln phn ct th nht ca t bo c bo t to ra 2 t bo: t bo nm trn l t bo ngoi thng hoi i sm v 1 t bo nm di l t bo sinh bo t. T bo sinh bo t chu 2 ln phn ct ca s gim phn to ra 4 i bo t, 3 trong 4 i bo t b hoi i, i bo t cn li cho ra 8 t bo ca ti phi: 2 tr bo, 1 non cu, 2 nhn ph, 3 t bo i cc. T bo ngoi thng thng hoi i sm v i khi khng c thnh lp. Trong trng hp ny t bo c bo t l t bo sinh bo t. C th tm tt s thnh lp ca ti phi nh sau:

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Hnh 4.8. Cu to non v cc kiu non 1: Non thng, 2: Ti phi, 3: Non o, 4: Non cong

Cc loi ti phi Ti phi n bo t: Ti phi theo kiu va t trn c to t 1 i bo t nn gi l ti phi n bo t. Ti phi song bo t: Khi s phn ct ca t bo sinh bo t ch to ra 2 t bo, 1 trong 2 t bo ny sinh ra ti phi c gi l ti phi song bo t. Thng n cng cha 8 nhn nh ti phi n bo t. Ti phi t bo t: i khi t bo sinh bo t to lin ti phi, kiu ti phi ny gi l ti phi t bo t. Cu to ti phi t bo t rt bin thin, c th c t 4 8 hay 16 nhn xp thnh 1, 2 hoc 4 cc v mt s nhn ny c th hp li vi nhau sau (V d cy Cng cua: ti phi c 4 cc khng u). 6. HOA THC V HOA 6.1. Hoa thc L cng thc tm tt cu to ca hoa, trong cc ch vit tt ch tn ca mi vng: K: i hoa (Kalyx hay Calyx), k: i ph (Calyculus) C: Trng hoa (Corolla) P: Bao hoa, khi l i v cnh hoa ging nhau (Perigonium) A: B nh (Androeceum) G: B nhy (Gynoeceum) Cc con s ch s lng ca mi vng c vit sau mi ch. Nu cc b phn ca hoa dnh lin nhau th vit s trong du ngoc n hay trong vng trn. Nu phn no trong hoa gm nhiu vng, th s b phn trong mi vng c ghi bng mt con s ring, vit theo th t: vng ngoi trc, vng trong sau. Gia cc con s ny c ni lin nhau bi du cng (+). Nu bu trn th gch ngang di

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ch G (nhy), nu bu di th gch trn ch G (nhy). Trc hoa thc cn c cc k hiu ch mt s c im khc ca hoa nh: : hoa khng u * : hoa u : hoa lng tnh : hoa c : hoa ci hay n: ch s lng nhiu.

6.2. Hoa L s tm tt cu to ca hoa, trong cc b phn ca hoa c chiu trn cng mt mt phng thng gc vi trc ca hoa (Hnh 4.9). Cc quy c v hoa Trc hoa pha sau c biu din bng vng trn nh trn cng hoa . L bc pha trc, c biu din bng hnh tam gic dp, nh quay xung pha di v nm di hoa . L bc con v ging nh l bc, cc b phn ca hoa c v gia trc hoa v l bc. Nu hoa thuc kiu xon c s v theo ng xon c. Nu hoa thuc kiu vng s v nhng vng ng tm trn nu hoa u v hnh bu dc nu hoa khng u. L i v cnh hoa c biu din bng nhng hnh tam gic, sp xp theo ng tin khai ca n; l i c mu xanh trng, cnh hoa c mu th t en. hoa ca cy lp Ngc lan: l i gia l l i sau, cnh hoa gia l cnh hoa trc tr h ph u v h ph Vang. hoa ca cy lp Hnh: l i gia l l i trc, cnh hoa gia l cnh hoa sau, tr h Lan v hoa b vn 180o. Nh biu din bng ch B nu bao phn hai , ch D nu bao phn mt ; bng ch B hay ch D quay vo trong nu bao phn hng trong, quay ra ngoi nu bao phn hng ngoi. B nhy v ging nh dng ct ngang ca bu, cho thy s l non, s v cch nh non. Non biu din l vng trn nh. Ch : Cc b phn dnh nhau d trong mt vng hay hai vng khc nhau s c ni vi nhau bng mt gch ni nh (). Cc phn b try hoc bin mt c biu din bng ch X, hay bng mt chm to. Khi thiu hn mt vng th biu din vng bng mt vng chm.

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Hnh 4.9. Hoa 1: Hoa Gng, 2: Hoa Bp

7. S TH TINH L s phi hp ca giao t c v giao t ci (non cu) to thnh hp t khi im ca cy mi. Mun vy, c quan pht sinh giao t c l ht phn phi c tip xc vi u nhy. Hin tng ny gi l s th phn (Hnh 4.10). 7.1. S th phn Khi bao phn m, ht phn pht tn v ri trn u nhy th gi l s th phn. Thng s th phn xy ra sau khi hoa n. Ngi ta phn bit 2 kiu th phn: s t th phn v s th phn cho. 7.1.1. S t th phn (th phn trc tip): Ht phn ca mt hoa ri ngay trn u nhy ca chnh hoa gi l t th phn. S t th phn ch thc hin trong trng hp hoa lng tnh v bt buc hoa ngm (hoa kn) tc hoa khng m m vn to qu. 7.1.2. S th phn cho (th phn gin tip, giao phn): Ht phn ca hoa ny sang th tinh nhy hoa khc cng loi. Kiu ny c th thc hin c tt c cc loi hoa nhng bt buc nhng trng hp sau: Hoa n tnh. Hoa lng tnh c nh v nhy khng chn cng mt lc. Nu nh chn trc nhy ta c hoa tin hng (b nh chn trc), nu nhy chn trc nh, ta c hoa tin th (b nhy chn trc). Khi phn c b ngn cch vi phn ci nh hoa Lan hoc trong trng hp d b nhy: khi vi nhy ca hoa di hn nh. mt s hoa lng tnh, u nhy c gai mm nh trong khi ht phn to nn khng th gi ht phn c. Trong trng hp ny mun c s th tinh phi nh ht phn nh hn ca nhng hoa khc cng loi. S th phn cho l hin tng ph bin thc vt c hoa, n mang tnh u vit hn v mt di truyn, to cho th h sau sc sng mnh hn, c kh nng thch nghi cao hn trong cc iu kin sng khc nhau. Kiu th phn ny c th thc hin c nh gi, nc, ng vt hay con ngi.

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Hnh 4.10. Qu trnh th phn v th tinh thc vt Ht kn

7.2. S ny mm ca ht phn Ht phn ri trn u nhy s c gi li nh nhng gai nt v cht dnh do u nhy tit ra. Ht phn c th ny mm sau vi pht vi gi vi ngy hoc lu hn. Thot u, ht phn ht cht nc u nhy, ny mm cho mt ng dn phn chui qua mt trong cc ming trn v ht phn ra ngoi. ng ny i qua m dn dt ca vi. Nhn ca t bo dinh dng tn cng u ng, cn nhn ca t bo sinh sn phn chia nguyn nhim thnh hai giao t c c n nhim sc th. nhiu cy, s hnh thnh hai giao t c xy ra trong bao phn. Do , cc cy ny, khi th phn th ht phn c ba t bo: mt t bo dinh dng v hai tinh trng. Tinh trng ca thc vt c hoa khng c roi, ch c mt nhn to v mt lp mng t bo cht bao quanh. Khi vo n bu, ng dn phn theo m dn dt ca gi non. Khi vo n non, ng dn phn qua l non vo trong ti phi gia hai tr bo. mt s cy nh cy Phi lao, ng dn phn vo non qua ng hp im. Khi ng dn phn vo n ti phi, nhn dinh dng ca ht phn bin mt ch cn hai giao t c, chng thot khi ng dn phn ra ngoi thc hin th tinh. 7.3. S th tinh kp Do Nawaschine tm ra nm 1898. Mt trong hai giao t c s phi hp vi non cu thnh hp t lng bi (2n nhim sc th) khi im ca cy mm. Giao t c th hai n phi hp vi nhn th

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lng tng ca ti phi to ra t bo khi u ca ni nh. l s th tinh kp, ch c Ht kn. Sau s th tinh kp, cc tr bo v t bo i cc c th b bin i theo cc cch sau: S tin ho ca cc tr bo sau th tinh Cc tr bo c th bin mt. Mt tr bo c th th tinh cng lc vi non cu cho phi thng d tp (Hnh). Mt tr bo c th phi hp vi mt nhn khc ca ti phi nht l nhn ph. Cc tr bo c th pht trin thnh vi ht gip s nui dng cy mm. S tin ho ca cc t bo i cc Cc t bo ny bin mt (thng nht). C th c hoc khng c th tinh, cc t bo i cc c th to thnh phi thng d. Cc t bo i cc c th pht trin thnh vi ht. 8. S PHT TRIN CA MM M KHNG CN TH TINH 8.1. Hin tng n tnh sinh i khi mt s cy c s to phi (cy mm) m khng cn s th tinh. S v giao t sinh (apomixie): L s to phi m khng c s th tinh. Phi c to t s phn ct ca t bo n tng ca ti phi: t bo ny c th l non cu hay tr bo hoc t bo i cc. V bo t sinh (aposporie): Phi pht trin t mt t bo lng tng v khng c s th tinh. C ba kiu: Phi c th c hnh thnh t non cu hoc tr bo hoc t bo i cc m khng qua gim nhim. Ti phi c th c hnh thnh t mt t bo ca phi tm nhng khng phi l t bo c bo t hoc t vng hp im. Ti phi c th c to t t bo dinh dng ca phi tm hoc t v non. 8.2. Hin tng a phi sinh (polyembryonie) Trong ht chn c th c nhiu phi m n c ngun gc khc km vi phi bnh thng hoc tt c cc phi u c ngun gc bt thng, pht sinh t s v giao t sinh hoc v bo t sinh. S a phi sinh cn c th do: S kt hp ca nhiu non. S hin din ca nhiu ti phi. Phi bnh thng t chia thnh nhiu phi nh. V d: ht Cam, cnh phi chnh thc c thm ti 20 phi na do cc t bo ca phi tm sinh ra, nhng v sau cng ch c mi mt phi pht trin thi.

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9. CNG DNG CA HOA I VI NGNH DC Nhiu hoa c dng lm thuc nh: hoa He, hoa Kim ngn, hoa i... nhng tm quan trng ln nht ca hoa l i vi phn phn loi thc vt, ch yu da vo cu to ca hoa. Nu ta khng nm vng cc phn ca hoa th khng th no hiu c phn phn loi.

B. QU
MC TIU 1. Trnh by c cc phn ca qu. 2. nh ngha c cc loi qu tht v qu kh khng m. 3. Nu (hoc v hnh) c cch nt ca cc loi qu kh t m. 4. nh ngha c qu n, qu t v qu kp. 5. Trnh by c s hnh thnh mt s qu khng phi t vch bu non.

Qu (tri) l c quan sinh sn ca cy Ht kn. Sau khi th tinh, tiu non pht trin thnh ht, vch bu pht trin thnh qu che ch cho ht. i khi hoa khng th tinh nhng bu vn pht trin thnh qu, l qu n tnh sinh. 1. CC PHN CA QU 1.1. S bin i ca bu thnh qu Sau khi th tinh, vch ca bu s bin thnh v qu, non pht trin thnh ht, cn cc phn khc ca b nhy (vi nhy, num) thng ho v rng. i khi vi nhy v u nhy tn ti v bin thnh ph b gip cho s pht tn ca qu (Hnh 4.11).

Hnh 4.11. S bin i ca bu thnh qu qu u

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V qu gm 3 phn: V qu ngoi: Sinh bi biu b ngoi ca l non, c th mang cnh, mc, gai... gip cho s pht tn ca qu. V qu gia: Sinh bi m mm ca l non, n c th kh ho khi qu chn (qu kh) hoc dy ln v mng nc (qu tht). V qu trong: Sinh bi biu b trong ca l non, c th mng nh v qu ngoi hoc dy v cng to thnh mt ci hch (gi l qu hch hay qu nhn cng) hoc c th mang lng kh hay mng nc (tp Cam, Bi). Khi bu cu to bi nhiu l non ri, mi l non s to thnh mt qu ring bit v ton b qu sinh t mt hoa gi l qu t (qu ri). Khi bu cu to bi nhiu l non dnh lin, sau th tinh s cho mt qu duy nht. Thng s ca qu bng s ca bu nhng c th tng ln do s hnh thnh vch gi hoc gim bt do mt s b try. 1.2. S bin i cc phn khc ca hoa thnh qu Sau khi th tinh cc phn khc ca hoa c th ho v rng hoc n tn ti v ng trng. C th gp cc trng hp sau: 1.2.1. Cung hoa v cung cm hoa Cung hoa c th pht trin nhiu v mng nc. V d o ln ht: cung hoa mng nc to thnh phn ta gi l qu, trong lc qu tht l phn ta gi l ht. qu Thm: phn ta gi l qu gm ton b cm hoa mng ln v cha y nc ngt; cc l bc, trc cm hoa v cc qu mng dnh vo nhau to thnh qu Thm. 1.2.2. hoa hoa c th to thnh mt qu gi nh Du ty: phn trung tm ca hoa li ln mang nhng l non ri, khi chn nhng phn ny mng nc m ta gi l qu Du ty, qu tht l nhng b qu mu en nh trn phn mng nc. hoa Hng: hoa lm v to thnh chn, v sau cc vch chn ny tr nn nc to thnh qu gi v c mu khi qu chn, qu tht l nhng b qu bn trong. qu L v To: phn n c cu to mt phn bi hoa, mt phn bi thnh ca bu. 1.2.3. L bc Cc l bc c th dnh lin vi nhau thnh mt ci u (cy Si, cy D). 1.2.4. i hoa i hoa c th rng sm hoc tn ti gc qu (Du ty) hoc mng nc v bao quanh qu tht (Du tm) hoc bin thnh mo lng cc cy h Cc. 2. CC LOI QU

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Qu sinh bi mt hoa c mt l non hoc nhiu l non dnh lin nhau. Ty theo s pht trin ca v qu khi qu chn m ngi ta phn bit 2 loi: qu tht v qu kh. 2.1.1. Qu tht V qu dy, khi chn bin thnh mt khi nc mng nc. C 2 loi: qu hch v qu mng. 2.1.1.1. Qu hch (qu nhn cng) V qu trong cng v b tm cht g, to thnh mt nhn cng ng ht bn trong; phn v qu cn li bn ngoi c th nc hoc x. C 2 loi: Qu hch 1 ht: Sinh bi bu 1 , ng 1 hay nhiu non nhng ch 1 non pht trin thnh ht. V d: Mn Lt (Prunus), o... khi bu cn non cha 2 non nhng lun lun c 1 non b try. i khi qu hch 1 ht sinh bi bu 2 nhng 1 b try (qu liu, qu To ta...). Qu hch nhiu ht: Sinh bi bu nhiu , mi cho 1 nhn cng ng 1 hay nhiu ht. V d qu C ph c 2 nhn cng, mi nhn cng cha 1 ht (2 l non to bu 2 , mi 1 non). Qu o ty (chi Pirus h Hng) l qu hch c nhiu ht. Bu cu to bi 5 l non to bu di 5 , mi c 2 non. Khi qu trng thnh cc l non dnh vo nhau v dnh vo hoa hnh chn, ton b to thnh qu. V qu gia nc c to thnh mt phn bi hoa, mt phn bi cc l non, ranh gii gia m ca hoa v m ca l non i khi c th nhn thy c d dng. V qu trong gin nh sn, to thnh vch ca 5 ca bu (Hnh 4.12). 2.1.1.2. Qu mng (qu mp) V qu ngoi thng mng v mm, v qu gia v trong nc, t nhiu mng nc. Gm 4 loi: Qu mng 1 ht: Sinh bi bu 1 ng 1 non (qu B, qu Tiu). i khi qu c 1 ht v cc ht khc b lp. V d: Qu Ch l sinh bi bu 3 , mi cha 1 non nhng ch c 1 non th. Qu mng nhiu ht nh Nho, C chua, u . Qu Chui l mt qu mp c v qu ngoi dai. Qu loi cam: L qu mng nhiu ht c bit, sinh bi bu nhiu ( 5 ), mi ng nhiu non, nh non trung tr. V qu ngoi c nhiu ti tit tinh du, v qu gia trng xp. V qu trong mng v dai to thnh mng bao bc cc mi; mi mi tng ng vi 1 l non. T v qu trong pht sinh nhng lng mng nc thng c gi l tp (Hnh 4.12). Qu loi b: L nhng qu mng rt to c nhiu ht. V qu ngoi dai, tt c cc phn trong: v qu gia, vch ca bu, gi non bin thnh mt cm qu ngt trong c cc ht.

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Hnh 4.12. Mt s dng qu tht 1: Qu Du ty, 2: Qu o ln ht, 3: Qu To ty, 4: Qu Cam,5: Qu Thm, 6: Qu hch 1 ht

2.1.2. Qu kh Khi chn v qu kh li, khng c nc. C 2 loi: 2.1.2.1. Qu kh khng m: Cc qu ny thng ch ng 1 ht (Hnh 4.13). Qu b (qu ng, aknes): Qu kh khng khai ng 1 ht. V qu mng t nhiu ho g v khng dnh vi v ht. Qu b c th mang mo lng sinh bi i hoa. Qu b c th sinh bi: Bu nhiu nhng ch c 1 pht trin ng 1 ht. Bu nhiu l non nhng ch c 1 ng 1 non (qu ca cy h Cc). Bu c nhiu l non ri, mi l non to 1 b qu, ton b gi l a b qu. Qu c cnh (samares): L 1 qu b c v qu ko di thnh cnh mng cn gi l dc qu (cy Sao en). Qu hch con (nucule): L qu b c v qu cng rn. Qu thc, qu dnh (caryopses): c sc cho cy h La. L qu b m v ht b tiu ho mt nn v qu dnh lin vo tng protid ca ni nh. Qu phn, lit qu (schizocarpes): Bu cu to bi nhiu l non dnh lin to thnh bu nhiu , mi bin thnh mt b qu. Khi chn cc b qu s tch ri nhau ra, mi b qu c gi l mt phn qu. V d: qu b i ca h Hoa tn, qu b t ca h Hoa mi.

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Hnh 4.13. Mt s dng qu kh khng m 1: Qu b, 2: Lit qu, 3: Qu c cnh

2.1.2.2. Qu kh t m Thng thng l nhng qu cha nhiu ht. Qu c th m ra theo ng hn ca mp l non hoc theo ng gn gia ca l non hoc ng nt t hai bn ng hn ca l non. Ta s phn bit nhng loi qu pht sinh t bu cu to bi 1 l non hoc nhiu l non ri v bu cu to bi nhiu l non dnh lin (Hnh 4.14). Bu cu to bi 1 hoc nhiu l non ri: Qu i (manh nang): Bu cu to bi 1 l non. Khi chn qu s m bng 1 ng nt theo ng hn ca mp l non. Nu bu cu to bi nhiu l non ri, mi l non cho mt qu i ring bit v ton b hoa cho ra 1 qu t (qu Hi). Qu loi u: c sc cho cy h u. Bu cu to bi 1 l non, khi chn m bng 2 ng nt: mt theo ng hn ca mp l non, mt theo ng sng lng ca l non thnh 2 mnh v bt t trn xung mang cc ht trn gi non. Bu cu to bi nhiu l non dnh lin thnh bu 1 hay bu nhiu . y l nhm qu loi nang, c phn bit ty theo cch m ca chng: Nang nt theo ng hn mp l non: Cch nt s khc nhau ty theo bu 1 hay nhiu . Bu nhiu nh non trung tr: u tin vch dnh gia cc l non tch ra to tng mt. Sau mi s m nh 1 qu i tc theo ng hn ca mp l non. Kiu ny gi l nang ct vch (capsule septicide). Bu 1 nh non bn: Qu m theo ng hn ca mp l non. S mnh v bng s l non, mi mnh mang 2 hng ht mp l non. Nang nt lng: ng nt i dc theo gn gia l non.

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Hnh 4.14. Cch nt ca mt s qu 1: Qu i, 2: Qu loi u, 3: Nang ch , 4: Nang ct vch, 5: Qu h Thu du, 6: Qu Datura, 7: Qu h Lan, 8: Qu h Ci, 9: Nang nt ngang, 10: Nang nt l, 11: Nang nt rng

Bu nhiu , nh non trung tr: Mi nt theo ng sng lng. S mnh v bng s l non, mi mnh cu to bi phn na ca l non bn tri v phn na ca l non bn phi dnh vo nhau, kiu ny gi l nang ch (capsule locucide). Bu 1 , nh non bn: ng nt dc theo gn gia ca l non, s mnh v bng s l non. Nang nt bn gi non: ng nt hai bn ng hn ca mp l non. Bu nhiu , nh non trung tr: Cc vch b ph hy nn gi l nang hy vch (capsule septifrage). V d: Qu cy h Thu du: Bu cu to bi 3 l non to thnh bu 3 , mi 1 non, nh non trung tr. Khi chn qu nt theo cc ng nh sau: song song theo thai ta tch mt ct gia mang 3 ht; theo ng hn l non tch 3 l non ra; theo gn gia ca mi l non. Qu C c dc (Datura): Bu cu to bi 2 l non to thnh bu 2 nhng c vch gi ngn thnh bu 4 , mi ng nhiu non, nh non trung tr. Khi chn, qu nt theo cc ng nt sau: 4 file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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ng nt song song thai ta (hy vch) tch 1 ct gia mang ht; 2 ng nt theo ng hn l non; 2 ng nt lng. Bu 1 , nh non bn: Qu m bng 2 ng nt hai bn gi non thnh mt s mnh v gp i s l non. V d qu cy h Lan (Orchidaceae): bu cu to bi 3 l non to thnh bu 1 , mang nhiu non, nh non bn. Khi qu chn nt thnh 3 mnh bt th, l phn gia ca mi l non v 3 mnh hu th l cc gi non mang non. qu loi ci: bu cn non cu to bi 2 l non dnh lin thnh bu 1 , mang nhiu non, nh non bn.V sau vch gi xut hin ngn bu thnh 2 . Khi chn qu m bng 4 ng nt hai bn gi non thnh 2 mnh v bt th bt t di ln trn, li mt khung gia do vch gi to nn, mang cc ht. Nang nt rng: Khi cc ng nt ng l i t trn xung ti di ca qu nang, n ch nt pha trn lm cho cc mnh ging nh rng. Nang nt bng l: Qu Thuc phin l nang nt bng l phn trn ca qu. Nang nt ngang: Phn trn ca nang tch ra nh mt np hp. 2.2. Qu t (qu ri) L qu c hnh thnh t mt hoa c nhiu l non ri nhau; mi l non s to thnh mt qu ring. Loi qu ny ta c th gp nhiu h thc vt c tin ho thp nh h Mng cu, h Hong lin, h Sen. qu Sen, mi ht sen l mt qu b t trong hoa hnh nn ngc. 2.3. Qu phc (qu kp) L nhng qu sinh bi c mt hoa t tc l nhiu hoa. V d: qu Thm, qu Sung... Qu Thm: Hoa t ca thm l mt gi mang nhiu hoa kht nhau. Mi hoa mc nch mt l bc v nh theo ng xon c. Mi hoa cho mt qu mp. Trc pht hoa, cc l bc v cc qu mp dnh vo nhau to ci gi l qu thm. Qu Sung: Hoa ca sung hp thnh mt hoa t phc tp hnh qu l. Hoa ci v hoa c ph vch trong ca hnh qu l . Khi chn, vch ca hoa t nc to thnh qu gi gi l qu Sung. Qu tht l nhng b qu xem ging nh ht bn trong. 3. QU N TNH SINH L nhng qu sinh bi s pht trin ca bu m non khng c th tinh, cn gi l qu trinh sn. C 2 trng hp: 3.1. Qu n tnh sinh c ht Tuy khng c th tinh, nhng phi vn pht trin bnh thng bng cch n tnh sinh. Nh vy loi qu ny vn c ht. 3.2. Qu n tnh sinh khng c ht Qu khng ht v khng c th tinh nh Chui, Thm... l nhng qu c hnh thnh mt cch t nhin khng cn c s th phn hoc mt loi kch thch no khc. Nguyn nhn c th do u nhy b h hoc ht phn khng tt hoc do b phn c v ci khng tng ng. mt s qu nh C chua, bu pht trin nh nhng kch thch t do ng dn phn mang ti. Do , ngi ta dng nhng kch thch t nh auxin to ra qu khng ht.

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4. CNG DNG CA QU I VI NGNH DC Nhiu qu c dng lm thuc nh: Ht Sen, Long nhn (o ht), qu Thuc phin, v qu Qut... Trong phn loi thc vt, ngi ta cng da nhiu vo cc c im ca qu nh qu loi u c sc cho h u, qu loi ci c sc cho h Ci, qu dnh c sc cho h La.

C. HT
MC TIU 1. Trnh by c s bin i ca non thnh cc phn ca ht sau s th tinh. 2. Nu c cc phn ph c trn ht. 3. Trnh by c cc loi ni nh c th gp ht. 4. M t cc kiu ny mm ca ht.

Ht (ht) l c quan sinh sn ca cy ht kn, sinh bi s pht trin ca non sau khi th tinh. Sau khi thnh lp xong, ht s trng thi sng chm mt thi gian ch iu kin thun li cho s ny mm. 1. S PHT TRIN CA NON THNH HT Sau khi th tinh, non s pht trin thnh ht vi cc bin i nh sau (Hnh 4.15): Hp t pht trin thnh phi (cy mm) gm: r mm, thn mm, chi mm v 1 hoc 2 l mm.

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Hnh 4.15. Qu trnh hnh thnh ht t non th tinh

T bo khi u ca ni nh phn chia v pht trin thnh ni nh (phi nh). Phi tm bin mt hoc sinh ra ngoi nh. V non s pht trin thnh v ht. c bit qu dnh (ht ca cy h La) v non s tiu bin i, do ni nh s gn lin vo v qu. 2. CC PHN CA HT Phn chnh ca ht l phi. Ngoi phi, ht c th c ni nh hoc ngoi nh. 2.1. Phi (cy mm) 2.1.1. Phi ca cy lp Ngc lan (Song t dip): Gm r mm, thn mm, chi mm v hai l mm (Hnh 4.16 A). R mm: Lun lun pha l non v s t m ra khi ht ny mm. Thn mm: Ni di pha trn r mm l thn mm. R mm v thn mm to thnh trc di l mm (trc h dip). Chi mm: L mt chi ngn phn ho t nhiu, ni y c cc pht th ca l u tin. L mm (t dip): Hai l mm t p mt vo nhau, chng l hai phin mng ht c ni nh, cn ht khng c ni nh th l mm dy v mp v n cha cht d tr. Hai l mm c th nguyn, i khi xp np hoc c thy. Phi c th thng (Hnh 4.17 A) gp phn ln non thng v non o hoc cong gp non cong v mt s non thng v non o. Phi cong c th nm gia ni nh hoc bao quanh bn ngoi ni nh. cc cy h Ci, v tr ca r mm v l mm thay i nn c dng nhn nh chi, loi (Hnh

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cc cy k sinh, phi th s khng phn ho thnh r mm, thn mm v chi mm. V d nh Lan, phi l mt khi t bo ng nht, ch ny mm khi cng sinh vi nm Rhizoctonia.

Hnh 4.16. Ht u (A) v cc kiu sp xp ca l mm v r mm ht h Ci (B) 1: Nhn nghing, 2: B dc, 3: R mm p mt lng l mm, 4: R mm p ngoi l mm, 5: R mm nm rnh do l mm gp np

2.1.2. Phi cy lp Hnh (n t dip): Gm r mm, thn mm, chi mm v mt l mm. cy h La, chi mm c bao bc bi bao chi mm (dip tiu), r mm c bao bc bi bao r mm (cn tiu), i din vi l mm c mt vy nh gi l biu phi. i khi biu phi c coi nh mt vt tch ca l mm th hai (Hnh 4.17 B). phn ln cc cy lp Hnh khc, khng c bao chi mm v bao r mm.

Hnh 4.17. Phi v l mm ht Thu du (A), phi ca h La (B)

2.2. Ni nh (phi nh) Trong s th tinh kp, giao t c th hai pht sinh t nhn sinh sn ca ht phn, phi hp vi nhn th lng bi ca ti phi to ra nhn u tin ca ni nh tam bi. V sau, thng thng nhn tam bi tr li lng bi. Ty theo cch thnh lp ta phn bit 2 loi ni nh: Ni nh cng bo: Nhn ca ni nh phn ct mnh nhng t bo khng ngn vch nn to mt khi cng bo cha nhiu nhn phn phi ba hoc khp cng ca ti phi (v d h La, h Bu b, h Xoi).

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Ni nh t bo: Mi ln phn ct nhn l c s ngn vch t bo do ni nh do t bo lm ra (v d: i, u). Ni nh kiu trung gian: Gia 2 kiu trn c th gp nhiu kiu trung gian: Da, ci da l phn ni nh ngn vch, l ni nh t bo, nc da l ni nh cng bo, cha nhiu nhn v nhiu khng bo to. Ni nh ca ht trng thnh l mt khi m mm ng nht. Lp t bo ngoi cng ca ni nh thng c mu sm v cha nhiu protid gi l tng cha protid (lp cha alron) gp phn quan trng lc ht ny mm v cha nhiu phn ho t. B mt ni nh thng trn, u, nhng cng c khi nhn nhu gi l ni nh nhn (ht Mng cu, Cau). Thng thng ni nh mm v vch t bo mng bng cellulose nhng cng c trng hp ni nh cng gi l ni nh sng v vch t bo dy ln bi hemicellulose (ht C ph, ht M tin). Cht d tr trong ni nh c th l tinh bt (ht La, Bp), cht du m (ht Thu du), cc ht alron (ht cy h Hoa tn, h Thu du). 2.3. Ngoi nh Trong lc ni nh pht trin, n tiu ho phi tm, do trong hu ht cc ht, phi tm bin mt. mt s h: Gng, Tiu, Sen, Sng, Rau mui, Cm chng... s tiu ho ny khng hon ton v mt phn ca phi tm to thnh ngoi nh (ngoi phi nh). Cng nh ni nh, ngoi nh l m d tr ca ht. 2.4. V ht Khi non bin i thnh ht, th v non s pht trin thnh v ht. Trng hp non c 2 lp v, c th lp v trong b tiu gim v bin mt, ch cn lp v ngoi lm chc nng bo v nh ht u; cng c th c 2 lp v u bin i thnh v ht, nh vy ht s c 2 lp v, v d ht Thu du, ht Cam. c bit h La (nh ht Bp, ht La) c 2 lp v non u b tiu bin i, nn di v qu l ni nh m lp ngoi cng l lp alron. 3. HNH DNG CA HT TRNG THNH 3.1. Hnh dng bn ngoi Hnh dng ca ht thay i: trn, dp, hnh thn, hnh a din... Mt ngoi v ht c th lng hoc x x, i khi c vn. Trn v ht, ta thy c mt vt so gi l rn (t), l ni m ht dnh vo cn phi. T c th rt to nh ht Su ring. L non cng cn li vt tch trn v ht di dng mt l nh (mt l b bt kn), song hi kh nhn ra. Nu ta ngm ht trong nc mt thi gian v sau em ra bp nh, nc s thot ra ni l non. Nu ta b ht ra th l non c nhn d dng v l ni r mm ra ngoi. V tr tng i ca t v l non trn ht gip ta suy ra cc kiu ca non hnh thnh ht: Nu t v l non i din th ta c non thng. Nu t v l non gn nhau ta c non cong hoc non o. Trn ht sinh ra t non o c mt ng li ngoi mt ht (ht Thu du) gi l sng ht, l ch cung non dnh vo thn non.

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Ngoi ra, ht cn c th mang nhng phn ph nh: Lng: ngoi mt v ht (ht Bng vi). T y (o ht): c hnh thnh do s pht trin ca cung non, c th bao trn hoc khng trn ht, c th dnh vi ht hoc khng dnh vi ht (ht Nhn, Chm chm). Mng: Ming ca l non c th ph ra nhng khng to to thnh mng (ht Thu du). o ht gi: Cng ngun gc vi mng nhng pht trin nhiu hn (ht Nhc u khu). Mo: l mt ch li ca sng non trng nh cnh. Cnh: C ht Thng, Canh-ki-na. cc ht ny, v ht c mt phn pht trin rng ra v mng, vi hnh dng khc nhau gi l cnh.

Hnh 4.18. Mt s dng ht 1: Ht u, 2: Ht c t to, 3: Ht c mng, 4: Ht Bng, 5: Ht Nerium v Strophantus, 6: o ht gi v ni nh nhn

3.2. Hnh dng bn trong Ngi ta chia lm 4 loi: 3.2.1. Ht khng ni nh: Ht ch gm c cy mm, khng c ni nh v ni nh v phi tm b cy mm tiu ho hon ton, trc khi ht chn. Cht cn thit cho ht ny mm c tch ly trong l mm (v d: ht u, ht B, ht Ci). 3.2.2. Ht c ni nh: Ni nh vn tn ti khi ht chn. Bn trong ht ny gm c cy mm v ni nh (khng c ngoi nh) nh ht Thu du, ht La, ht Cau. V v tr tng i gia ni nh v cy mm, ngi ta phn bit cc trng hp sau: Cy mm nm gia ni nh, gi l cy mm ni phi (ht Thu du). Cy mm nm bn cnh ni nh, gi l cy mm ngoi phi (ht Bp, ht La). Cy mm c th un cong v bao bc ngoi ni nh. V d: ht ca cc cy trong h Cm chng nh ht cy Hoa phn. 3.2.3. Ht ch c ngoi nh: Trong trng hp ny, ni nh b phi tiu th ht khi phi pht trin file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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v phn ho. M d tr ht ny l ngoi nh. Ngoi nh nm gia ht, cn phi th nm xung quanh, v d nh ht cy h Chui, h Gng, h Dong. 3.2.4. Ht c ni nh v ngoi nh: Bn trong ht gm c cy mm, ni nh v ngoi nh. Trong trng hp ny ngoi nh thng nm xung quanh ht, tip n l ni nh, cn phi (cy mm) nm gia lp ni nh. V d: ht ca cc cy trong h H tiu, h Cm chng. 4. S PHT TN V NY MM CA HT Sau khi c thnh lp, ht tri qua mt thi gian sng chm i khi rt di cho n khi gp iu kin thun li cho s ny mm. 4.1. S pht tn ca ht 4.1.1. S pht tn trc tip bng cy Ht nng, rng xung gc cy v ny mm ti ch hoc qu nt mnh v tung ht i xa, v d: qu cy Tri n ca h r. 4.1.2. S pht tn nh gi Qu v ht c pht tn nh gi cn c cc iu kin sau: Ht rt nh nn c gi a i xa (V d: ht ca cc cy h Lan). Ht c lng: Ht Bng c lng khp ngoi mt ht, gip ht d bay theo gi. Ht c cnh: Ht Canh-ki-na hoc qu c cnh, gip ht d bay theo gi. 4.1.3. S pht tn nh nc Nc chy trn mt t c th li cun cc ht i rt xa. C loi ht c bng kh nn ni trn mt nc v d tri theo dng nc. Nu ht lu trong nc, kh nng ny mm ca ht ch gi c khi ht khng b thm nc. 4.1.4. S pht tn nh ng vt y l cch pht tn qu v ht ph bin hn c. Ht hoc qu b mc vo lng ng vt nn c mang i xa. Ht vi qu c thi ra cng vi phn ng vt. Cy nh kin truyn ging: Kin rt thch nhng ht m phn ph c nhiu du, nh li ht i rt xa. 4.1.5. S pht tn nh con ngi Do v tnh hay c thc, con ngi gp phn tch cc vo vic pht tn qu v ht, c nh hng n s phn b ca cy c. 4.2. S ny mm ca ht

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iu kin bn trong: Mun ny mm c, ht cn mt s iu kin sau y: Ht phi chn, ngha l phi hay ni nh pht trin hon ton; cc cht d tr c tch ly y . Ht phi c tri qua mt thi gian sng chm, thi gian ny lu hay mau ty loi cy. Ht cn gi c kh nng ny mm. iu kin ngoi cnh: Mun cho ht ny mm, phi c mt s yu t sau: C nc y : Nc lm cho v ht mm ra, ht phng ln v lm nt v, lm cho ht chuyn sang trng thi hot ng. C O2: V khi ny mm, ht h hp mnh. Nhit : Nhit kch thch s ny mm ca ht. Do , ngi ta c th dng nc nng x l ht trc khi gieo. 4.2.2. Hin tng hnh thi ca s ny mm Trc khi ht ny mm cho ra mt cy con sng t dng th phi sng d dng nh cc cht d tr ca ht. Cc hin tng hnh thi trong khi ht ny mm c th khc nhau ty loi ht. 4.2.2.1. S ny mm ca cy lp Ngc lan S ny mm trn t (ny mm thng a) Ht vo ni m t s ht nc, ph ln v nt v ra. R mm chui ra qua l non v lin sau m thng xung t. Ta ni r c tnh hng t thun. Sau lng ht mc ra, phn trn ca vng lng ht l c r, ngn r phn ho to cc chp r. Sau thn mm pht trin, mc thng ng ln khi mt t, ta ni thn mm c tnh hng t nghch. Thn mm l trc ca phi (cy mm) gia r mm v l mm. S pht trin ca thn mm lm cho 2 l mm c nng ln khi mt t. V vy cho nn gi l s ny mm trn t. Phn t c r ln 2 l mm gi l trc di l mm, n c th di ti 10 cm hoc di hn. Hai l mm n ra, c mu xanh lc ri mng dn. V ht s ho v rng. L mm khng c tc dng nh c quan ng ho m ch l nhng b phn d tr hoc l nhng vi ht ly dng liu trong ni nh cho phi. Hnh dng ca l mm thng n gin hn cc l thng ca cy. Trong lc l mm m ra, chi mm bt u tng trng cho ra thn cy con. Hai l u tin n ra v lun lun mc i. Cc l u tin c hnh dng trung gian gia 2 l mm v l bnh thng ca cy. on thn gia 2 l mm v 2 l u tin c gi l trc trn l mm. Khi chi mm thnh thn cy non vi 2 l bnh thng th r mm pht trin v phn nhnh nhiu, cn l mm th ht cht d tr v ho dn. Cy non bt u sng t dng (Hnh 4.19 A).

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Hnh 4.19. S ny mm trn t (A) v di t (B)

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S ny mm di t (ny mm h a) Kiu ny mm ny thng gp nhng ht c ni nh. Trong kiu ny mm ny, r mm sau khi m ra, trc di l mm khng di ra nn l mm khng c nng ln khi mt t, chng vn di t v trong v ca ht. Ton b r mm, thn mm v chi mm s thnh mt ng thng ng tip tuyn vi ht (Hnh 4.19 B). 4.2.2.2. S ny mm ca ht cy lp Hnh V d ht cy h La: Phi gm c 1 l mm, 1 r mm c che ch bi bao r mm, chi mm c che ch bi bao chi mm. i din vi l mm c mt vy nh gi l biu phi (pht th ca l mm th hai). Lc u bao r mm nm pha l non, mc di ra ri chui qua l non xung di t. R mm chc thng bao r mm v m thng xung t, mang nhiu lng ht. R ny sm hoi i v c thay th bi nhiu r con. Cng lc bao chi mm cng chi mm bn trong s pht trin. Bao chi mm c th mc di ti vi cm trc khi b chi mm chc thng m ra ngoi nh sng. Khi chi mm ra nh sng, cc l u tin s mc ra xp thnh 2 dy v c b l ch dc. Khng bao gi l mm ra khi mt t: s ny mm bao gi cng di t. L mm ch c tc dng ht cc cht d tr ca ni nh. Khi ht cht d tr, ni nh v l mm s ho v rng (Hnh 4.20). 4.2.2.3. S ny mm ca ht c phi cha phn ho Ht ca cy Lan v nhiu cy k sinh c phi cha phn ho. Khi ht ny mm, cy mm mi ln ln v thnh lp mt thn mm, hai ngn thn mm ny s phn ho r mm v chi mm nhng khng bao gi to ra l mm. Ht ca cc cy Lan ch ny mm khi b nhim nm Rhizoctonia. S kch thch gy ra bi nm s lm cho cc m ca ht sinh sn thnh mt th c mang r gi. u trn ca c v nch l u tin s xut hin mt chi mm v sau s thnh thn mang hoa. R xut hin gc thn di dng nhng r ph. 5. CNG DNG CA HT I VI NGNH DC Mt s ht c dng lm thuc nh ht M tin cho ta cht strychnin, ht cy Sng d cho ta cht strophantin, ht Thng thin cho cht thevetin cha cc bnh v tim, ht Cau tr giun sn... Cc c im ca ht cng c s dng nhiu trong phn phn loi cc cy lp Hnh (mt l mm), cy lp Ngc lan (hai l mm), b Phi cong, ht c ni nh v khng ni nh. Vic phn loi cc cy h Ci cng da ch yu vo ht.

Hnh 4.20. S ny mm ca ht La

CU HI T LNG GI

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1. Phn bit cc kiu sinh sn hu tnh thc vt. 2. nh ngha cc kiu hoa t v tin khai hoa. 3. Phn bit cc kiu nh non. 4. Th tinh kp l g? 5. nh ngha v phn loi qu tht v qu kh. 6. M t cc phn ca ht. 7. M t cu to ca hoa. 8. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Nu hoa mc di ln gia b nh v b nhy, hoa c: A. Cung nh nhy. B. Trc hp nhy (tr nh nhy). C. Cung nhy. D. Cung trng hoa. 9. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. B nh 4 tri l: A. Hoa c 7 nh, 4 nh di, 3 nh ngn. B. Hoa c 6 nh, 4 nh di, 2 nh ngn. C. Hoa c 4 nh, 2 nh di, 2 nh ngn. D. Hoa c 4 vng nh. 10. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Phi c hnh thnh l do: A. S phn ct ca phi to thnh nhiu phi thng d. B. Phi tm khng b tiu ho ht khi ht pht trin. C. S kt hp ca giao t c th hai vi nhn th lng tng ca ti phi. D. S kt hp ca giao t c th nht vi non cu.

PHN 2

PHN LOI THC VT

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Chng 5 DANH PHP V BC PHN LOI THC VT

MC TIU 1. Nu c tn cc bc phn loi theo trnh t. 2. Trnh by c danh php trong phn loi thc vt. 3. Nu c tn cc ngnh thc vt.

1. NH NGHA PHN LOI THC VT Phn loi thc vt l mt phn ca thc vt hc, chuyn sp xp s a dng ca gii Thc vt thnh h thng, phn nh c mi quan h thn thuc gia cc nhm thc vt vi nhau v phng hng tin ho ca gii Thc vt. 2. CC LOI H THNG PHN LOI Theo lch s pht trin ca phn loi hc thc vt, ngi ta phn bit 3 loi h thng phn loi: 2.1. H thng phn loi nhn to L nhng h thng cho php tm thy tn v v tr phn loi ca mt loi hay ca mt nhm phn loi nh vi c im chn mt cch ty tin. Chng c mc ch thc dng, ngha l nhm xc nh tn cy c d dng. V d H thng gii tnh ca Linn gm 24 lp cy Ht kn (ngnh Ngc lan) c xy dng cn c vo s xem xt cc nh v quan h ca nh vi nhy m xp thnh lp nhng cy c 1 nh, lp nhng cy c 2 nh, lp nhng cy c nh dnh lin vi nhy Mt h thng nh vy khng phn nh c nhng quan h t nhin gia cc nhm phn loi khc nhau. 2.2. H thng phn loi t nhin H thng phn loi t nhin l h thng c xy dng trn c s mi quan h t nhin ca sinh vt. Vic phn loi da vo tnh cht ca thc vt, ngha l s sp xp thc vt vo cc h, chi, loi... ch da trn c s mt s c im ging nhau, khng cp n mi quan h lch s v ngun gc chung. 2.3. Phn loi h thng sinh T khi thuyt tin ho ca J. B. Lamark (1744-1829) v ca Ch. Darwin (1809-1882) c cng nhn rng ri, nhng nh phn loi cng nhn tnh bin thin ca loi v h c gng thnh lp mt th cy dng di ca gii thc vt, quan tm n khng nhng cy hin ang c, m c nhng cy tng c mt trn Tri t, nhng hin nay tuyt dit v ch cn du vt trn cc ho thch. S sp xp ca cc taxon khng nhng ch phn nh mi tng quan v ni tip gia chng m cn phn nh con ng pht trin tin ho ca gii Thc vt. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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3. CC PHNG PHP PHN LOI C nhiu phng php phn loi. Theo cng dng: Sp xp thc vt thnh cy thc phm, cy cho si, cy thuc, cy cnh... Phng php nhn to: Da trn mt s nh tnh cht la chn mt cch c on. V d h thng phn loi ca Linn da trn s lng nh ca hoa. Phng php so snh hnh thi: So snh hnh thi ca cc c quan sp xp thc vt, nht l c quan sinh sn, khng ch n iu kin sng v s thch nghi vi mi trng. Do , c nhng cy thuc v nhng h rt khc nhau nhng li c hnh dng ging nhau, do cng sng trong nhng iu kin sinh thi ging nhau. V d: dy T hng h T hng (Cuscutaceae), dy T xanh h Long no (Lauraceae). Phng php c thc vt hc: Da vo nhng thc vt ho thch, gip gii quyt mt s vn nh: quan h h hng gia cc nhm m khu trung gian hin nay khng cn na. Phng php phn b a l hc: Da trn c s nghin cu cc qun lc thc vt thy c quan h h hng gia cc loi. Phng php sinh ho hc: Da vo cc sn phm ho hc c trong tng loi cy sp xp. V d: cc cy h C (Solanaceae) thng c alkaloid, cc cy h Trc o (Apocynaceae) thng hay c glycosid tr tim... Phng php gii phu: Nhiu nhm thc vt c cu trc c trng nn c th da vo gii phu sp xp. V d: mch ngn c chm hnh ng tin l c trng cho cc cy Ht trn, libe 2 kt tng c trng cho cc cy h Bng (Malvaceae). Mt s phng php mi: Phng php min dch: Nhng cy h hng ca nhau d cm th hay khng cm th bnh ny hay bnh khc. Phng php chn on huyt thanh: Da trn phn ng ca mu nhng ng vt mu nng i vi nhng cht ngoi lai. V d mu th cho phn ng min dch i vi cht nc p ra t u en (Vicia sativa), u rng (Vicia silvatica), u vng (Vicia lutea), nhng ch cho phn ng rt nh i vi u thuc chi Phaseolus v cc loi u khc. Nh vy, da vo phn ng mu ngi ta c th xt on c quan h thn thuc gia cc cy vi nhau. Phng php t bo hc, di truyn hc: S dng hnh thi v s lng nhim sc th. Hin tng a bi th ang c s dng rng ri vo phn loi, mang li cho phn loi hc nhng phng php mi tin cy v chnh xc hn. Phng php c th pht trin: Da vo quy lut lch s pht trin c th, lp li lch s pht trin ca loi, theo di qu trnh pht trin ca cy xt on quan h ngun gc ca n. Ngoi cc phng php k trn, ngi ta cn dng cc phng php nh phng php phi sinh, phng php lai t bo, phng php sinh hc phn t... 4. C S PHN LOI THC VT Thc vt cng ging nh ng vt, c chia ra cc ngnh khc nhau cn c vo 2 c quan chnh l c quan sinh dng v c quan sinh sn. 4.1. V c quan sinh dng

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Ngi ta cn c vo 2 dng chnh l tn v chi chia thnh 2 nhm l c th thc vt c tn (thc vt bc thp) hay c th thc vt dng chi (thc vt bc cao). Loi dng tn th cn c vo hnh dng ca tn v cht mu c trong tn m chia ra thnh tng ngnh. Loi dng chi th cn c vo s phc tp ho dn ca chi m phn loi: chi c thn v l, cha c r tht hay chi c thn, l v r tht, tc bn trong c quan hnh thnh cc mch dn truyn v chnh mch dn truyn cng l mt c im phn loi ca ngnh. 4.2. V c quan sinh sn Cn c vo 2 dng chnh l bo t v ht chia thnh 2 nhm l thc vt sinh sn bng bo t hay bng ht. Bo t c 2 dng chnh l bo t v tnh v bo t hu tnh. Vic phn loi theo ht phc tp hn. Thc vt c ht c th c hoa nhng cha chnh thc, tc trn hoa cha hnh thnh nhy v ht c gi l ht trn (ngnh Thng). Ngc li, thc vt c ht c th c hoa chnh thc, tc hoa hnh thnh nhy v ht c gi l ht kn (ngnh Ngc lan). Ty theo cu trc v cch sp xp ca cc b phn hoa, ca cm hoa, ca bu, ca non, ca kiu th phn m phn bit cc cy c hoa chnh thc hay hoa cha chnh thc thnh cc h, b, lp... Trong 2 c quan trn y ca thc vt th c quan sinh sn t b mi trng chi phi hn v l c im phn loi quan trng nht ca thc vt. Ni chung, khi phn loi thc vt hay ng vt n lp, b, h v nht l n loi, phi da vo cu to chi tit ca cc b phn hay c quan ca c th, cc chi tit cu to i khi rt kh thy. V vy, khi phn loi sinh vt, bn cnh s khc nhau v cu to, cn lu n cc im khc nhau v sinh l. Ngi ta cng dng phng php phn tch sinh ho v phn tch b nhim sc th phn bit cc loi, nht l cc chng gn nhau. 5. BC PHN LOI V DANH PHP PHN LOI 5.1. Taxon v cc bc phn loi Trong phn loi hc cn phn bit khi nim v taxon v bc phn loi. Taxon l mt nhm c th, thc t c coi nh mt n v hnh thc bt k cp no ca thang chia bc. Ni cch khc, taxon l mt nhm sinh vt c tht c chp nhn lm n v phn loi bt k mc no. ch mc ca taxon, ngi ta s dng cc bc phn loi. Khc vi bc phn loi, taxon lun lun c hiu l mt i tng c th. Khc vi taxon, bc phn loi l mt tp hp cc thnh vin ca n l cc taxon mt mc nht nh trong thang chia bc . V d: Loi ni chung l mt bc ca bc phn loi, nhng mt loi c th nh La Oryza sativa L. li l mt taxon. Nh vy, bc ca bc phn loi xc nh v tr ca n trong lot bc ni tip nhau (loi, chi, h, b, lp, ngnh...), cn bc ca taxon l bc phn loi no m n l thnh vin. Cc taxon thc vt ty thuc vo khi lng ca n, c xp vo thang bc ca bc phn loi. Gii Thc vt (regnum vegetabile) c chia thnh 6 bc c bn l: ngnh (divisio), lp (classis), b (ordo), h (familia), chi (genus) v loi (species). Trong cc thang bc phn loi th bc loi c gi l bc c s (n v c s) v c nht bc ny c quan h tng ng vi cc qun chng c tht trong t nhin, cn cc bc trn n ch mang ngha xa gn trong quan h h hng ca lch s pht sinh th gii Thc vt. Trong h thng hc i khi ngi ta cn dng nhng bc trung gian nh:

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Tng (tribus) l bc gia h v chi. Nhnh (sectio) v lot (series) l nhng bc gia chi v loi. Th (varietas) v dng (forma) l nhng bc di loi. Ngoi ra cn c thm cc bc ph bng cch thm cc tip u ng super (lin) hoc sub (phn ). Nh vy, nhng bc phn loi ca gii Thc vt c th trnh by theo th t gim dn nh sau: 1. Regnum (gii). 2. Divisio (ngnh): tn gi c ui phyta (i vi h thc vt bc cao v To) hay mycota (i vi Nm). 3. Subdivisio (phn ngnh): tn gi c ui phytina (i vi h thc vt bc cao v To) hay mycotina (i vi Nm). 4. Classis (lp): tn gi c ui opsida (i vi h thc vt bc cao) hay phyceae (i vi To) hoc mycetes ( i vi Nm). 5. Subclassis (phn lp): tn gi c ui idae (i vi h thc vt bc cao) hay phycidae (i vi To) hoc mycetidae (i vi Nm). 6. Superordo (lin b): tn gi c ui anae. 7. Ordo (b): tn gi c ui ales. 8. Subordo (phn b): tn gi c ui ineae. 9. Familia (h): tn gi c ui aceae. 10. Subfamilia (phn h): tn gi c ui oideae. 11. Tribus (tng): tn gi c ui eae. 12. Subtribus (phn tng): tn gi c ui inae. 13. Genus (chi). 14. Subgenus (phn chi). 15. Sectio (t hay nhnh). 16. Subsectio (phn t hay phn nhnh). 17. Series (lot). 18. Subseries (phn lot). 19. Species (loi). 20. Subspecies (phn loi). 21. Varietas (th). 22. Subvarietas (phn th). 23. Forma (dng). 24. Subforma (phn dng).

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Th t cc bc trn y l cht ch v khng th thay i. Quan nim v loi Loi sinh hc l g? Mayr (1976) nh ngha: Loi l nhng nhm qun chng t nhin, giao phi vi nhau nhng li cch bit v sinh sn vi cc nhm khc. S tin ho ca loi theo Mayr khng phi l mt qu trnh ca nhng bin i dn dn, chm chp, m l nhng qu trnh nhy vt (do t bin, do lai xa) to hay nh. Nhng t bin khng phi lm thnh mt ng thng, m l thng tin vi cc bc cch qung nhau v chiu cao khng nh nhau. Ni mt cch khc, quan nim v loi sinh hc theo Jucovski (1971) l: Trong t nhin, loi l tp hp nhng qun chng c cch ly v mt sinh hc trong qu trnh tin ho, giao phi t do vi nhau cho th h con ci hon ton hu th, cch ly vi cc loi khc bi s kh kt hp vi nhau v mt sinh sn hu tnh. Quan nim loi sinh hc dung ha c s i lp kin ny sinh ra t mu thun gia tnh bt bin ca loi theo quan im loi duy danh v tnh d bin i ca loi theo quan im loi hnh thi. Loi sinh hc thng nht c s hin nhin ca loi a phng mt thi im nht nh v tim nng bin i khng ngng c tnh cht tin ho ca loi. Quan nim loi sinh hc cho n ngy nay vn cha c tr thnh quan nim thng tr trong sinh vt hc, nht l trong thc vt hc. C nhiu nguyn nhn nhng nhng nguyn nhn chnh c th k l: Khi nim ny rt kh p dng vo nhiu trng hp c th, chng hn i vi cc dng sinh sn v tnh (c th con sinh ra khng do s giao phi ca cc c th b m). i vi c sinh vt rt kh kim tra. Ring i vi thc vt, vic p dng quan nim loi sinh hc cn c nhng hn ch do ch kh kim tra s cch bit giao phi, nht l i vi cc loi t th phn. Mt khc, nu tha nhn quan nim loi sinh hc th ta buc phi loi tr mi khi nim v loi lai. nh ngha cc bc trn loi Vic phn chia cc bc trn loi mang tnh cht ch quan ca tng tc gi, v bc phn chia ny khng c c im ring m ch c c im ca loi. Bc phn chia trn loi bin ng nhiu. Ngy nay trong cc ti liu phn loi mi c xu hng phn chia nh cc h, cc chi. Tuy s phn chia trn loi c tnh cht ch quan, nhng c thc trong thin nhin, c ngun gc pht trin chung, c c im sinh thi nht nh. Theo Mayr (1969), chi l mt bc phn loi bao gm mt hay nhiu loi cng chung mt ngun gc, bao gi chi cng c mt ranh gii dt im vi cc chi khc. H l mt bc trong thang bc phn loi, bao gm mt hay nhiu chi c cng ngun gc, bao gi cng c mt ranh gii dt im vi h khc. i vi lp, ngnh, cc nh ngha ca Mayr cng nh trn. nh ngha cc bc di loi Phn loi (subspecies): Cc phn loi thng nht trong mt loi, chng sai khc nhau t r rt hn loi v c khu phn b ring. Th (varietas): Cc th ca mt loi no sai khc nhau t r rt hn so vi phn loi. Chng khng c khu phn b ring v c trng bng cc du hiu di truyn nht nh. Dng (forma): c trng bng cc du hiu hnh thi d thay i di nh hng ca iu kin bn ngoi. 5.2. Danh php phn loi file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Cng nh cc khoa hc khc, h thng hc thc vt c ngn ng nhn to ca mnh, nhm biu th cc khi nim v nhng i tng ca n v v mi quan h tng h ca nhng i tng . Ngn ng nhn to ca phn loi hc l danh php quc t c Latin ho. 5.2.1. Tn gi cc taxon trn bc chi Tn gi cc taxon t h tr ln ly tn chi c cng nhn (tn chi typ lm gc) v thm vo cc ui tng ng. V d h thm ui aceae. Tn gi cc taxon trn bc chi c ui nh sau: (xem mc 5.1). 5.2.2. Tn chi v cc phn hng ca n Tn chi l mt danh t s t hoc mt t c coi l danh t. Nhng tn ny c th ly t ngun bt k, thm ch cn c th cu to hon ton ty . V d: Rosa, Impatiens, Convolvulus... Tn chi khng th trng vi danh t k thut (tr khi n cng b trc ngy 01/01/1912 v ngay t u n c km theo tn loi ph hp vi phng php gi tn kp i ca Linn). Cc t nh radix, caulis, folium, spina hin nay khng c dng t tn chi mi. Tn chi khng th gm 2 t, nu nh t khng lin kt vi nhau bng du gch ni. c dng Quysqualis, Pseuduvaria ( vit lin 2 ch), trong khi Neouvaria phi c du gch ni. Tn cc phn hng ca chi l mt tp hp gm tn chi v tnh ng ca phn hng lin kt vi nhau bng thut ng ch bc (subg., sect.). Tnh ng cng c hnh thi nh tn chi hay l mt tnh t s nhiu hp vn phm vi tn chi v vit hoa. V d Costus subg. Phn chi hoc nhnh cha loi typ ca chnh chi y c tnh ng nhc li ng tn chi khng cn thay i, nhng tn gi khng c tn tc gi. V d: Phn chi ca chi Malpighia L. c cha lectotypus (typ chn lc l mu vt c chn lm typ danh php trong s nhng vt liu nguyn bn khng phi do tc gi ca taxon m l do ngi nghin cu k theo ) ca loi Malpighia glabra L. c gi l Malpighia subg. Malpighia, ch khng gi l Malpighia subg. Homoistylis Niedenzu. 5.2.3. Tn loi Theo lut danh php, tn loi l mt tn kp i, gm 2 t Latin. T th nht l tn chi, t th hai ch loi c th l tnh t hay danh t lm r ngha cho t th nht (tnh ng). Nu tnh ng gm 2 hay nhiu t th nhng t ny cn phi vit lin li hoc lin kt nhau bng du gch ni. Sau tn loi vit tn tc gi (c th vit tt) cng b tn u tin. Tnh ng loi c th ly t ngun bt k no , thm ch c th cu to hon ton ty . V d: Papaver somniferum, Piper lolot, Hibiscus rosasinensis. Tnh ng loi khng th lp li hon ton tn chi (tn lp danh) chng hn Linaria linaria v nu hnh thc n l mt tnh t khng dng lm danh t th cn ph hp vi vn phm tn chi. V d: Heleborus niger, Brassica nigra, Verbascum nigrum. H tn ngi n ng, n b v c tn t nc, tn a im khi dng lm tnh ng loi c th vit di dng danh t cch 2 (clusii, saharae) hoc di dng tnh t (clusianus, dahuricus). Ch u tin ca tn loi hay di loi vit ch thng. Tuy nhin, i vi cc tnh t bt ngun trc tip t tn ngi, tn a phng hoc nhng tn chi c c th vit ch hoa. Ch u tin ca tn chi cng nh tn taxon trn bc chi lun lun vit hoa. V d: file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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La: Oryza sativa L. T lin vng xanh: Torenia fournierii Linder ex Fourn. Tam tht: Panax pseudoginseng Wall. Cng c khi sau tn Latin, ngi ta cho 2 tn tc gi, tn th nht vit trong ngoc n l tc gi m t cy ln u tin nhng di mt tn khc, tn th hai l tn tc gi t tn hin nay ang dng cho cy. V d: Cy X sng: Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss. Ln u tin Linn gi cy ny l Selinum monnieri L., v sau Cusson t li mt tn khc Cnidium monnieri Cuss. Cy So a: Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Ln u tin Linn gi cy ny l Aeschynomene grandiflora L., v sau Persoon t li mt tn khc l Sesbania grandiflora Pers. Phi cho tn tc gi v c th 2 tc gi t 2 tn khc nhau cho cng mt cy. V d: Da cn: Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. hay Vinca rosea L. Chm t: Bignonia venusta Ker. hay Pyrostegia ignea Presl. 5.2.4. Tn gi cc taxon di bc loi Tn cc taxon di loi l mt tp hp gm tn loi hoc tn taxon di loi bc trn trc tip km theo t ch cp bc (vit tt hay khng vit tt. V d forma vit tt l f., varietas vit tt l var.) v tnh ng di loi. Tnh ng di loi cu to nh tnh ng loi v nu chng c dng tnh t khng dng lm danh t th chng hp vn phm vi tn chi. V d: Andropogon ternatus subsp. macrothirx. Tn gi taxon di loi cha typ ca loi s c tnh ng ging ht tnh ng ca loi v khng c tn tc gi. Typ ca taxon di loi cng l typ ca loi. Nu tnh ng ca loi thay i th tn ca taxon di loi c cha typ cng cn thay i theo. V d: Lobelia spicata var. originalis Mc Vaugh, mt th c cha typ ca loi Lobelia spicata Lam. cn phi i thnh Lobelia spicata Lam. var. spicata. 6. CC NGNH THC VT T lu chng ta quen vi cch phn chia thc vt thnh 2 nhm l: Thc vt bc thp (Thallophyta, Thallobionta) v Thc vt bc cao (Cormophyta, Cormobionta, Embryobionta). 6.1. Thc vt bc thp Tip nhn quan im 4 gii sinh vt, r rng ta phi thay i cch nhn nhn i vi gii Thc vt, c th l phn gii thc vt bc thp. Hai ngnh Vi khun (Bacteriophyta) v Khun lam (Cyanophyta) phi thuc gii Vi sinh vt (Mychota) v hin nay chng c cc tn tng ng l Bacteriomychota v Cyanomychota. Tng t nh vy, 2 ngnh Khun nhy (Myxophyta) v Nm (Mycophyta) thuc gii Nm (Mycetalia) v tn gi ca chng hin nay tng ng l Myxomycota v Eumycota. Nh vy, thuc thc vt bc thp, c th cha phn ho thnh thn, l v r, ngy nay ch c 9 ngnh

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Ngnh To hng (Hng to) (Rhodophyta). Ngnh To gip (Pyrrhophyta). Ngnh To vng nh (Chrysophyta). Ngnh To mt (Euglenophyta). Ngnh To lc (Chlorophyta). Ngnh To silic (Baccillariophyta). Ngnh To vng (Xanthophyta). Ngnh To nu (Phaeophyta). Ngnh To vng (Charophyta). Ngnh a y (Lichenes). 6.2. Thc vt bc cao L nhng cy m c th ca chng phn ho thnh r, thn v l. Nhiu tc gi li xem thc vt bc cao l nhng cy sinh sn bng non, nn gi chng di mt tn chung l non thc vt (Embryophyta, Embryobionta). Thc vt bc cao trc y thng thng vn c chia thnh 4 nhm l: Ru, Quyt, Ht trn v Ht kn. Cch phn chia ny c a vo hu ht cc sch gio khoa thc vt hc cc nc trn th gii. Tuy nhin, dn dn ngi ta pht hin ra s bt hp l trong cch phn chia nhn to ny, c bit trong nhm Quyt. V th, hin nay thuc phn nhm thc vt bc cao c 9 ngnh nh sau: Ngnh Dng x trn (Rhyniophyta) Ngnh Thy dng x (Zosterophyllophyta) Ngnh Ru (Bryophyta) Ngnh L thng (Psilotophyta, Tmesophyta) Ngnh Thng t (Lycopodiophyta) Ngnh C thp bt (Equysetophyta) Ngnh Dng x (Polypodiophyta) Ngnh Thng (Pinophyta) cn gi l Ngnh Ht trn (Gymnospermae) Ngnh Ngc lan (Magnoliophyta) cn gi l Ngnh Ht kn (Angiospermae).

CU HI T LNG GI 1. Nu tn 6 bc phn loi chnh theo th t t cao n thp. 2. Trnh by v tr phn loi ca mt loi cy. 3. Cho v d mt loi cy, gii thch cch t tn loi.

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4. Nu tn cc ngnh Thc vt.

Chng 6 NGNH DNG X TRN (RHYNIOPHYTA) V NGNH THY DNG X (ZOSTEROPHYLLOPHYTA)


1. NGNH DNG X TRN Gm nhng thc vt c xa n gin nht ca thc vt bc cao, xut hin kh lu trc k silua (khong 480 triu nm). Chng c th bo t hnh cy nh b, phn nhnh i, khng c l tht, i khi c cnh hnh l cu to th s, khng c r tht. H thng dn pht trin yu gm mch ngn vng hay xon, khng c cu to cp 2. Ti bo t nh (Hnh 6.1). Cho n nay, cc nh khoa hc bit nhiu i din ho thch ca ngnh ny. Lp Dng x trn (Rhyniopsida) Rhyniales: Rhyniaceae, Horneophytaceae, Hedeiaceae. Psilophytales: Psilophytaceae.

Hnh 6.1. Mt dng ca Rhyniaceae

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c im tng t nh ngnh Dng x trn, ch khc l hon ton khng c l v ti bo t bn. Lp Thy dng x (Zosterophyllopsida) B Zosterophyllales: c 2 h l Zosterophyllaceae (Hnh 6.2) v Gosslinggiaceae.

Hnh 6.2. Mt dng ca Zosterophyllaceae

Chng 7 NGNH RU (BRYOPHYTA)


MC TIU 1. M t v v c chu trnh sng ca ru. 2. Trnh by c phn loi ngnh Ru.

Ngnh Ru gm nhng thc vt bc cao rt nh, c th phn ho thnh thn v l nhng cha c r tht, cha c m dn nha v cha sinh sn bng hoa. c im ca ngnh l s u th ca giao t th (giai on n bi) so vi bo t th (giai on lng bi). Giao t th l cy trng thnh, cn bo t th ch l mt phn k sinh trn giao t th.

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1. CHU TRNH PHT TRIN CA RU S chu trnh pht trin ca ru nh sau:

1.1. Giai on n bi (th giao t) Tiu biu bi cy ru mang l, r (r gi) v c quan sinh sn. C quan sinh dng: Mi xem, cy ru ging nh nhng thc vt bc cao khc v thn ru c i xng qua trc, mang l v c r; tht ra, r ru ch l nhng lng ht n bo hay a bo. Ru cha c mch dn nha tht, khng c biu b, l kh. Tt c cc t bo ca ru u n tng (Hnh 7.1). Lp a tin hay Ru tn (Hepaticeae) ca ngnh Ru c b my dinh dng cha phn ho thnh thn v l, ch l mt tn c mt lng v bng (Hnh 7.2). C quan sinh sn: C quan c c gi l ti tinh, l mt b phn hnh chy nh tn cng nhnh (Ru) hoc trn mt tn (a tin). Mi ti tinh cha nhiu tinh trng v mi tinh trng l mt nhn di hnh xon c mang 2 roi u. C quan ci gi l ti non, l mt b phn hnh ve chai, c v tr nh ging nh ti tinh; phn di ti non l bng, ng 1 non cu; phn trn l c. Khi ti non chn, cc t bo trong ng c bin thnh cht nhy, phng ln v lm v chp c (Hnh 7.1). S th tinh: Sau khi ti tinh tan r, cc tinh trng bi li trong nc bao quanh ru vo n non cu qua li chp c. S th tinh to trng l khi im ca giai on lng bi.

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Hnh 7.1. T nang th v cy ru 13: S pht trin ca t nang th, 4: Vng i cy ru

1.2. Giai on lng bi (Th bo t) Th bo t c gi l th ti bo hay th sinh ti hoc t nang th (sporogone), y l mt trc ng c 3 phn: Phn di l mt chn nh vo ru ht cht dinh dng, phn tn cng l mt ti cha bo t gi l ti bo t (bo t nang), ni lin chn vo ti bo t l mt si mnh gi l cung (t). Lc u t nang th nm gn trong ti non v c quan ny to nh mt v ngoi bao bc n. V sau, s tng trng t ngt ca si t lm v v ngoi, li trn u ti bo t mt chp nh mt ci m p ln v di chn mt bao. a tin khng c si t. Ti bo t: y l mt b phn hnh trn, hnh xon hoc hnh chy. Trong ti bo t c mt vng sinh bo t bao quanh mt trc bt th gi l i tr. a tin khng c i tr, tr Anthocerotales c i tr khng hon ton; trong trng hp sau ny, vng sinh bo t p ln i tr nh mt ci m; bo t c hnh thnh do s phn chia gim nhim ca cc t bo m trong ti bo t, v vy chng l nhng t bo n bi. Bo t l mt t bo c 2 vch, c t bo cht v nhn, cha dip lc v nhng git du dng lm cht d tr dinh dng, c phng thch nh cc ng nt; s lng v v tr ng nt trn ti bo t thay i ty loi. Ru, mt ng nt duy nht chy vng quanh u ti bo t tch ra mt ci np; khi ti bo t chn, np bung ra li mt bnh cha bo t; ming bnh mang 1 hay 2 hng rng nhn. Ty theo kh tri m hay kh, ming bnh s khp li v hng rng cong p vo trong hoc m rng v hng rng cong ngc ra ngoi. Ti bo t ng nhiu bo t. Xen ln vi bo t, file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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nht l a tin, c nhng si co dn ng vai tr quan trng trong s pht tn bo t. S ny mm ca bo t: Bo t ri trn t m, ny mm. Ru, s ny mm to ra mt nguyn tn hnh si phn nhnh, trn c rt nhiu mm; mi mm l khi im ca mt cy ru mi, v vy cc cy pht trin rt gn nhau, lm thnh mt thm ru dy c, to nn mt mi trng nh thun li cho chng. a tin khng c nguyn tn hoc nguyn tn th s. 2. PHN LOI Ngnh Ru gm 2 lp: Lp a tin (Marchantiopsida): Th giao t l mt tn, i khi c dng nh mt thn mang l nhng lun lun c mt bng v lng. Lp Ru (Bryopsida): Th giao t l mt thn mang l v c i xng qua trc. Ti bo t c i tr.

Hnh 7.2. Marchantia polymorpha Hepaticaceae 1: Tn c, 2: Ti tinh, 3: Tinh trng, 4: Tn ci, 5: Ti non (non), 6: Ti non (trng thnh)

CU HI T LNG GI 1. Trnh by chu trnh pht trin ca ru. 2. M t cu to c quan sinh dng v c quan sinh sn ca ru. 3. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Nguyn tn ca ru c c im l: A. B phn hnh chy, nh tn cng nhnh ru hoc mt trn tn, cha rt nhiu mm, mi mm file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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B. B phn hnh phin xanh sng trn mt t, cha rt nhiu mm, mi mm l khi im ca cy ru mi. C. B phn hnh si phn nhnh, c rt nhiu mm, mi mm l khi im ca cy ru mi. D. B phn hnh c vi di t cha rt nhiu mm, mi mm l khi im ca cy ru mi.

Chng 8 NHM CC NGNH QUYT


MC TIU 1. M t v v c chu trnh sng ca quyt. 2. Trnh by c phn loi cc ngnh quyt.

Quyt thc vt biu hin s thch nghi sng trn cn hn l ru. Quyt l nhng thc vt bc cao, c th phn ho thnh r, thn, l v c mch dn nha nhng cha sinh sn bng hoa v ht. Hin nay, ngnh gm phn ln cc cy thn c khng c cu to cp 2, nhng y ch l kt qu ca mt s thoi ho v thi thng c c nhiu loi quyt thn g. 1. CHU TRNH PHT TRIN CA QUYT Khc vi ru, giai on lng bi ca quyt chim u th so vi giai on n bi. S chu trnh pht trin ca quyt nh sau:

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L mt c quan c lp, thch nghi vi i sng trong nc. Hnh th ca nguyn tn thay i ty theo loi, c th l mt phin xanh hoc si phn nhnh sng trn mt t hay l c vi di t. i khi nguyn tn thu hp ch cn l mt khi t bo nh t chc bn trong bo t. Nguyn tn khng c r, khng mang l v khng c m dn nha (Hnh 8.1). Cc ng bo t to ra nguyn tn lng tnh mang ti tinh v ti non. nhng quyt d bo t th cc tiu bo t to ra nguyn tn c, cc i bo t to ra nguyn tn ci. 1.1.2. C quan sinh sn

Hnh 8.1. Chu trnh pht trin ca Aspidium filixmas 1: L, 2: L mang ti, 3: ti, 4: Bo t nang, 5: Nguyn tn, 6 v 7: Ti tinh, 8: Tinh trng, 9, 10 v 11: Cc giai on pht trin ca ti non

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Ti tinh: C cu to gn ging nh ru nhng gin d hn. Vch gm mt lp t bo duy nht, bao quanh mt nhm t bo m ca tinh trng, ti tinh khng c cung. cc quyt c s, ti tinh mc chm trong nguyn tn. cc nhm tin b hn, ti tinh mc li trn mt nguyn tn. Tinh trng c nhiu roi, tr b Lycopodiales v Selaginellales th tinh trng c 2 roi. cc loi d bo t (Isoetes, Selaginella), nguyn tn c thu hp ch cn 1 hay 2 t bo v ch mang mt ti tinh trong c vi tinh trng. Ti non: Cu to ging nh ru nhng c xu hng n gin hn (Hnh 8.1). 1.1.3. S th tinh Cn phi c nc, tinh trng bi li trong nc vo n non cu. Ngay sau khi thnh lp, trng phn ct to phi khi im ca th bo t. Lc u phi sng nh trn cc cht d tr ca nguyn tn. Mi phi gm: Mt vi ht gn phi vo nguyn tn, mt r mm chui xung t, mt hay 2 l th s cng gi l l mm, mt thn mm. Quyt khng to ht. Phi pht trin cho lin mt cy mi. 1.2. Giai on lng bi (th bo t) Tiu biu bi cy mang l. y l mt c quan thch nghi vi i sng cn, do c r, thn, l v c m dn dn nc ly trong t. Th bo t mang bo t gip s pht tn ca loi. 1.2.1. C quan sinh dng R: R chnh b try sm v c thay th bng nhng r bt nh hoc r ph. Thn: C th l mt trc kh sinh ng hoc mt thn r mc b di t. Thn c biu b, m mm v, m nng , m dn nha (libe v g). Cu to cp 2 khng thy cc quyt hin ti. G cu to bi nhng mch ngn hnh thang. L: Bin thin. Nhm Lycopsida c nhiu l nh, c mt gn, b mch khi vo l khng lm m tr thn. Nhm Pteropsida c l to so vi thn, cc b mch khi vo l lm m tr thn, do lm cho cu to n tr tr thnh cu to a tr. Phin l nguyn hoc c thy nhng thng l 23 ln x theo kiu lng chim hay chn vt, tin khai kiu ui mo. cc Dng x ph sinh c th gp bn cnh cc l xanh c vai tr ng ho l nhng l ng vai tr r. 1.2.2. Bo t nang v bo t Nhiu bo t nang c mang trn nhng l bin i t nhiu gi l l bo t (sporophylles). L bo t c th l nhng l thng (Dng x) hoc nhng l c bit, i khi l nhng vy (Equisetum) t thnh gi tn cng thn. Cch sp xp sau ny dn n hoa ca ngnh Ngc lan.

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Hnh 8.2. Pteridophyta 1: Nguyn tn Aspidium filixmas, 2: Nguyn tn Trichomanes rigidum, 3: Nguyn tn ci Equisetum arvense, 4: Nguyn tn c E. arvense, 5: Nguyn tn c Lycopodium complanatum

Bo t nang: Thng c mt chn v mt u cha m mm sinh bo t, quanh m mm sinh bo t l dng tng; bn ngoi dng tng l mt lp t bo pht trin mt cch c sc Filicineae to thnh vng c gii. Bo t: Quyt ng bo t ch to mt loi bo t cng hnh th v th nng. Khi bo t ny mm cho ra nhng nguyn tn ging nhau mang ti tinh v ti non. Quyt d bo t mang 2 loi bo t nang thng nh trn nhng l bo t khc nhau (Hnh 8.2). Tiu bo t nang cha nhiu tiu bo t. Tiu bo t v sau to ra nguyn tn c ch mang ti tinh. i bo t nang thng ch cha 1 t bo m ca bo t. T bo ny cho ra 4 i bo t, i khi 3 i bo t thoi ho, i bo t cn li pht trin cho ra nguyn tn ci ch mang ti non. Quyt ng bo t nhng d nguyn tn: Cc bo t c cng hnh th nhng khi ny mm cho 2 loi nguyn tn khc phi, kiu ny gp Equisetum. 2. PHN LOI Nhm Quyt hin nay c phn thnh cc ngnh sau: Ngnh L thng (Psilotophyta) Ngnh Thng t (Lycopodiophyta)

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Ngnh C thp bt (Equisetophyta) Ngnh Dng x hay ngnh Rng d (Polypodiophyta) 2.1. Ngnh L thng (Psilotophyta) V tr tin ho cn rt thp. Thn phn nhnh kiu r i, l th s dng si hay vy nh xp ri rc v cha c gn l, cha c r tht. Th bo t mc trn t bn. Ngnh ch c mt lp l lp L thng (Psilotopsida) vi mt h L thng (Psilotaceae). Cy L thng: Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb.. Thng mc ph sinh trn cc hc v thn cy to ven sui hay rng m. 2.2. Ngnh Thng t (Lycopodiophyta) Th bo t c r tht. Thn pht trin mnh, phn nhnh r i, mang nhiu l nh dng vy hay hnh kim, xp xon c, c mch dn l mch ngn. L bo t hp thnh bng l bo t u cnh. Ngnh Thng t c 2 lp: Lp Thng t (Lycopodiopsida) Lp Thy ph (Isoetopsida): B Thy ph (Isoetales): D bo t. H Thy ph (Isoetaceae). Lp Thng t (Lycopodiopsida) c im Thn: ng hoc b trn mt t, khng c lng v mt, phn nhnh theo li r i. L: nhiu, nh, nguyn, mt gn. L bo t t thnh gi ngn. Bo t nang nh gc cc l bo t v ch c mt . Cy ng bo t hoc d bo t. Phn loi Lp chia thnh 2 b, mi b c 1 h. B Thng t (Lycopodiales): ng bo t. H Thng t (Lycopodiaceae) (Hnh 8.3). B Quyn b (Selaginellales): D bo t. H Quyn b (Selaginellaceae).

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Hnh 8.3. Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium clavatum 1: Cy, 2: Vy bo t nang, 3: Bo t, 4: Nguyn tn Lycopodium cernum 5: Phi

H Quyn b (Selaginellaceae) c im Thn: C, sng 1 nm hay 2 nm. Thn ng hoc nm trn mt t, phn nhnh theo li r i; tt c nhnh phn nhiu trong mt mt phng. R ph xut pht t cc nhnh trn nhng b phn c bit gi l cn thc (tc c quan c bit sinh ra r). L: nh, nhiu, c li nh, mc thnh 4 dy, 2 dy l to v 2 dy l nh. L bo t: u cc cnh c nhng l c bit mang bo t nang mt trong, cc l ny hp thnh nhng bng sinh bo t lng tnh, mang tiu bo t nang ngn v i bo t nang gc. Tiu bo t nang: ng tiu bo t. Tiu bo t ny mm ngay trong bo t nang cho ra nguyn tn c. T 2 t bo xut pht t s phn ct u tin ca tiu bo t, t bo di cho ra nguyn tn c, t bo trn cho ra ti tinh cha vi tinh trng vi 2 roi. i bo t nang: Ch cha 1 t bo m ca i bo t, t bo ny cho ra 4 i bo t nhng ch c mt pht trin. i bo t ny mm ngay trong bo t nang cho ra mt nguyn tn ci. Trn nguyn tn ci hnh thnh vi ti non nhng ch c mt th tinh. Trng ny mm v pht trin lin thnh cy mang l. Tm li, Quyn b d bo t v ni nguyn tn (Hnh 8.4). Cy trong h Quyn b: Selaginella involvens Spring.

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Hnh 8.4. Selaginella selaginoides 1: Gi bo t nang, 2: i bo t nang th, 35: Cc giai on ny mm ca tiu bo t, 6: Tinh trng

2.3. Ngnh C thp bt (Equisetophyta) Gm nhng quyt c l nh mc vng. Thn chia thnh t v lng. L bo t to thnh bng l bo t u thn. Ngnh chia thnh 3 lp: Lp L mc (Hyeniopsida) B L mc (Hyeniales). Lp L nm (Sphenophyllopsida) B L nm (Sphenophyllales). Lp C thp bt (Equisetopsida) B C thp bt (Equisetales) H C thp bt (Equisetaceae). 2.4. Ngnh Dng x (Polypodiophyta) Gm nhng quyt c l to. Mt di l mang ti bo t hp thnh ti, bao bc bi o ti. Th bo t pht trin hn th giao t. Ngnh gm cc lp sau y: Lp Dng x nc Lp Dng x phn nhnh (Cladoxylopsida): ho thch Lp Tin hp dng x (Zygoteridopsida): ho thch Lp Li rn (Ophioglossopsida) Lp Ta sen (Marattiopsida) Lp Dng x (Polypodiopsida) 2.4.1. Lp Dng x (Polypodiopsida)

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c im Thn: ng hoc thn r, khng c lng v mt, khng phn nhnh theo li r i. L: to, vt l lm m tr thn. Kiu l bin thin: n, nguyn hoc x su hoc kp hnh lng chim, i khi 23 ln kp. L bo t: L nhng l thng mang bo t nang mt di. Bo t nang: thng t thnh ti, c che ch bi mt o ti. Cc bo t nang c th c to t mt t bo biu b duy nht (Dng x ti mng) hoc t mt nhm t bo biu b (Dng x ti dy). Bo t: Phn ln Dng x ng bo t. Nguyn tn: to ln, lng tnh, c dip lc. Phn loi Lp Dng x gm 3 phn lp: Phn lp Dng x (Polypodiidae) Phn lp Rau b (Marsileidae) Phn lp Bo ong (Salviniidae) 2.4.1.1. Phn lp Dng x (Polypodiidae) Phn lp gm 4 b, ch kho st 1 b Dng x (Polypodiales). B Dng x (Polypodiales) c im Thn: Cy cn hoc ph sinh. Mt s dng x c thn cao, c th n 20 cm, nhng phn ln l nhng thn r mc b ngang di t v mang nhiu r ph. L: To, khi cn non cun li thnh hnh cn d c sc. L c th n, nguyn hoc x su hoc kp hnh lng chim, i khi 23 ln kp. L bo t: L nhng l thng mang bo t nang mt di. Mt vi dng x c l hu th, v d cy Li mo tai chut (Pyrrhosia annascens Ching). Bo t nang: hnh trn hay hnh trng, c cung hay khng cung, c vch mng cu to bi mt lp t bo. Phn ln bo t nang nh cnh 1 gn l v thng t li thnh ti trn hay c che ch bi o ti. i khi bo t nang nh ba l. Trong trng hp ny, ba l cun li m nhim vai tr o ti. Trn mt bo t nang c mt s t bo c bit xp thnh vng gi l vng c gii, c nhim v lm cho ti bo t m ra. Vng ny c th y hoc khng y , c th t nh hoc min xch o ca bo t nang hoc theo mt ng kinh tuyn, cng c khi t lch. Nh c vch dy hnh ch U cho nn vng ny s co li pha ngoi nhiu hn pha trong, lm cho vng x rch thnh ca bo t nang phng thch cc bo t ra ngoi (Hnh 8.5). Bo t ri vo t m s ny mm thnh nguyn tn. Nguyn tn: l mt phin nm trn mt t. Hnh dng thay i ty thuc vo cch mc: nu mc ring l th c hnh tim, nu nhiu nguyn tn pht trin cnh nhau th c hnh si. Nguyn tn c r gi. Cc t bo ca nguyn tn cha nhiu lc lp, do nguyn tn l mt c quan sng t dng. Trn nguyn tn xut hin nhng ti tinh v ti non. Mi ti tinh cha nhiu tinh trng, nhng mi ti non ch cha mt non cu. Trn mt nguyn tn, nhiu ti non c th th tinh cng mt lc nhng ch c mt phi pht trin.

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Hnh 8.5. Bo t nang vi vng c gii Polypodiophyta 1: Schizeaceae, 2: Gleicheniaceae, 3: Aspidium filixmas, 4: Cyatheaceae, 5: Polypodiaceae

C cu hc: Thn dng x c cu to a tr; mi tr c bao bc bi ni b, tr b v mt b g gia c bao quanh bi mt vng libe. Tin mc l nhng mch vng, mch xon; hu mc l nhng mch ngn hnh thang. Phn loi Mt vi h ca b ny nh sau: H Tc v n (Adiantaceae): Thn r b di t hay ph sinh. L c cung di, mnh, en nhnh; phin l chia thy nhiu dng. Bo t nang mp l. Vng c gii khng y i qua chn v m theo mt ng nt bn. Cy Tc v n: Adiantum illusvenesis L. H Kim mao (Dicksoniaceae): Thn r c nhiu lng. L kp hnh lng chim 23 ln. Bo t nang mp l. Vng c gii y v hi nghing. Cy Lng culi: Dicksonia barometz Link: Thn r ph bi nhng lng mi xem ging nh mt con ch hoc con culi. H rng (Cheiropleuriaceae): Thn r ngn, mc b, mang lng. C 2 loi l: l bt th n hay r i nhiu ln. L hu th khng c ti r rt. Cy rng: Platycerium coronarium Desv. Dng x ph sinh. L bt th rng m thn cy, l hu th l nhng di thng xung khp mi pha. H Gt nai, H Rau cn tri (Parkeriaceae): Vng c gii khng y , i qua chn bo t nang. Cy Rng gt nai: Ceratopteris silicosa (L.) Copel. hay C. thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Dng x nc, mc m ly v cc rung nc. Thn r ngn, mc ng. L x hnh lng chim 2 ln. 2.4.1.2. Phn lp Rau b (Marsileidae) Cy sng nc, ti bo t nm trong khoang kn (gi l qu bo t) gc cung l, qu bo t nhiu , bo t khc nhau. Ch c 1 b Rau b (Marsileales) v 1 h Rau b (Marsileaceae). H Rau b (Marsileaceae) file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Cy c, mc ni m, thn r b ngang. L c cung di, chia thnh 4 l cht xp cho nhau; t gc mi nhm l c mt chm r ph. Bo t qu nh, nh gc cung l (Hnh 8.6). Rau du bn l (Rau b nc): Marsilea quadrifolia L. 2.4.1.3. Phn lp Bo ong (Salviniidae) Cy mc ni trn mt nc, bo t qu mt , bo t khc nhau. Ch c mt b l b Bo ong (Salviniales) vi 2 h l: H Bo ong (Salviniaceae) H Bo hoa du (Azollaceae) H Bo ong (Salviniaceae) c im C sng nc, thn nm ngang, khng r. L nh thnh vng 3 l: 2 l ni mu xanh, nguyn, l th ba chm, chia thnh si, c chc nng nh lng ht v thay th r. Bo t qu nh ngay di 2 l ni thnh cm 67 ci. Mi bo t qu c 1 vi mt trc gia mang bo t nang (Hnh 8.6). Cy trong h Bo tai chut: Salvinia cucullata Roxb. Bo ong: Salvinia natans (L.) All.

Hnh 8.6. Marsileaceae v Salviniaceae 1: Ton cy Marsilea quadrifolia Salvinia cucullata 2: Ton cy, 3: Bo t qu, 4 v 5: S ny mm ca tiu bo t

H Bo hoa du (Azollaceae) c im

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H Bo hoa du khc h Bo ong mt im l bo hoa du c r tht. Azolla l nhng dng x nh, ni trn mt nc, c thn nm ngang mang nhng r ph di, khng chia nhnh. L xp thnh 2 hng so le, c 2 thy, trong c mt thy chm, mng v hu th. Cy trong h Bo du mc: Azolla caroliana Willd. Bo du: Azolla pinnata Br.

CU HI T LNG GI 1. Trnh by di dng s chu trnh sng sa quyt. 2. M t c quan sinh sn v c quan sinh dng ca quyt. 3. So snh cu to ti tinh v ti non ca ru v quyt.

Chng 9 NGNH THNG (PINOPHYTA)


MC TIU 1. M t c cu to c quan sinh dng v c quan sinh sn ca ngnh Thng. 2. V c cu to cc c quan sinh sn ca thng. 3. Phn loi c 3 lp ca ngnh Thng.

Ngnh Thng cn gi l ngnh Ht trn, gm nhng thc vt bc cao c c th phn ho thnh r, thn, l, c mch dn nha v c ht. Ht khng nhng m nhim s tn ti m lun c s pht tn ca loi. Hai im c sc quan trng ca ngnh l: Non, v sau thnh ht, lun lun nm trn trn mt l non m v l non khng xp li thnh mt khoang kn hon ton bao bc non. S th tinh hon ton thot khi mi trng nc. Ht phn ri ngay trong bung phn v t ny mm cho tinh trng c roi hoc mt ng dn phn dn giao t c n non cu. c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh, khng c thn c. Thn thng rt phn nhnh (Pinus), nhng c th gp file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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thn ct tn cng bng mt b l trng ging nh cc cy thuc h Da (Cycas). Cy ht trn sng vng n i lnh hoc vng ni, l nhng thc vt thch kh hu kh. L: thng khng rng theo ma. Kiu l bin thin: l to, kp hnh lng chim hi ging l h Da (Cycas), l xe vi gn hnh qut (Ginkgo), l hnh kim 1 gn, nh tn cng nhnh (Pinus), l hnh vy bao bc cnh (Thuya). Hoa: trn, n tnh, c th cng gc hay khc gc. Hoa c: l nhng vy mang ti phn, cc vy hp li thnh nn c, c th xem vy c tng ng vi nh (Hnh 9.1). Hoa ci: i khi l non trn, i khi l nhng vy mang non, cc vy hp li thnh nn ci. Vy ci tng ng vi l non ca ngnh Ht kn nhng khc ch khng khp li hon ton to bu bao bc non, khng c u nhy. Non thng v ch c mt lp v, c th hon ton trn hoc non nh trn nhng vy v cc vy ci s khp li che ch non sau th tinh (Hnh 9.2). S th tinh theo 2 kiu: Giao t c c lng bi li trong bung phn n ti non (lp Tu: Cycadopsida) hoc giao t c khng c lng c dn n ti non nh mt ng dn phn (lp Tng bch: Coniferopsida). Qu: khng c qu tht v qu tht do s pht trin ca bu to ra. Ht: c mt phi duy nht (ng ra l c nhiu phi nhng ch c mt phi pht trin), m d tr l tin ni nh (khc ni nh do s th tinh kp to ra), s l mm thay i nhng thng t 2 tr ln. C cu hc: Cu to cp 2 libeg nhng cha c mch thng, g 2 cu to bi mch ngn c chm hnh ng tin, cha c si g v m mm g, mch thng bt u xut hin lp Dy gm (Gnetopsida). Thng gp m tit gm (Cycadales) hay resin. Phn loi Ngnh Thng c chia lm 6 lp, trong c 2 lp l lp Dng x ht (Lyginopteridopsida) v lp tu (Bennettitopsida) gm nhng loi cy ho thch. Lp Tu (Cycadopsida): L to c cung. Khng c ng dn phn. Tinh trng c lng. Lp ny ch c mt b l b Tu (Cycadales) v mt h l h Tu (Cycadaceae). Lp Bch qu (Ginkgoopsida): Lp ny c mt b l b L qut (Ginkgoales) v mt h Bch qu (Ginkgoaceae).

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Hnh 9.1. Hoa c ca Pinophyta 1: Hoa c ca Cordaitale, 2: Nh mang nhiu bao phn, 3: Nh ca Pinus, 4: Nh ca Taxus, 5: Nh ca Cryptomeria, 6: Nh ca Cycas, 7: Chm ti phn, 811: S ny mm ca ht phn Pinus (a: Nguyn tn, b: T bo sinh dng ca ht phn, c: T bo sinh sn c, d: ng dn phn)

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Hnh 9.2. Hoa ci ca Pinophyta 1: L non ca Cycas revoluta, 2: Non ca Ginkgo biloba, 3: Non ca Taxus baccata, 4: Ti non ca Ephedra, 5: Tinh trng c lng, 6: Non ca Pinophyta, 7: S th tinh ca Cycas, 8: S th tinh ca Pinus laricio

Lp Thng (Pinopsida) hay lp Tng bch (Coniferopsida): L thng nh, c ng dn phn, tinh trng khng c lng. Lp ny ch c mt b l b Thng (Pinales) vi cc h sau: Khng c nn ci: H Thng hay h Thanh tng (Taxaceae). C nn ci: H Thng (Pinaceae), h Bch tn (Araucariaceae), h Ngc am, h Trc b dip (Cupressaceae), h Bt mc (Taxodiaceae). Lp Dy gm (Gnetopsida) hay lp Ht dy (Chlamydospermatopsida): ng trung gian gia ngnh Ht trn v ngnh Ht kn. Non thng bao bc bn ngoi bi mt s l bc xem ging nh nhy nhng cha c vi v u nhy. Lp gm cc b v h sau: file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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B Ma hong (Ephedrales) H Ma hong (Ephedraceae): L hnh vy. B Dy gm (Gnetales) H Dy gm (Gnetaceae): Dy leo, l mc i, gn hnh lng chim. B Hai l (Welwitschiales) H Hai l (Welwitschiaceae): Cy ch c 2 l rt di. 1. LP TU (CYCADOPSIDA) L to, c cung, phn ln phin l hnh lng chim trng nh l cy Dng x. Tinh trng c lng, nh c th bi li trong bung phn n ti non. Non c th tch v hnh dng ht trc khi th tinh. S to phi xy ra sau khi non ri cy m. Lp c nhiu b ho thch, hin ch cn mt b Tu (Cycadales) vi mt h Tu (Cycadaceae). H Tu (Cycadaceae) c im Thn: Kiu thn ct, i khi phn nhnh r i. Thn mang nhiu so l. Cy khc gc, ngha l nn c v nn ci mc trn nhng cy khc nhau. L: to, kp hnh lng chim, nh thnh b ngn thn. Cung l khng m thn (im ny khc vi h Da). L non cun xon c nh l Dng x, l cng v tn ti nhiu nm. Nn c: l mt trc ngn thn, mang nhiu vy (nh). Mt di mi vy c nhiu ti phn (bo t nang) t thnh chm 23 ci mt ( ti). Ti phn m bng mt ng nt dc. Nn ci: gm nhiu l non hnh vy xp kht nhau trn mt trc ngn thn. Chi Cycas khng c nn ci m l non l nhng l ring l, nh hn l thng, vi cc l cht cui cng bin thnh non mu . Non: cc chi khc hn Cycas, v d Zamia, non nh mt di ca vy ci v thng xung. Non trn, thng, ch c mt lp v. Sau th tinh, vy ci khp li che ch non (Hnh 9.3). Cy trong h Vit Nam ch c mt chi Cycas vi khong 11 loi. Vn tu: Cycas revoluta Thunb. Trng lm cnh. L c gai u l cht, mp cc l cht cun xung pha di. Thin tu: Cycas pectinata Griff.. Trng lm cnh. L hnh lng chim, ln hn l Vn tu, l cht mng, mm, cung l c 2 dy gai.

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Hnh 9.3. Cycadaceae 1: Nh ca Cycas circinalis, 2: Chm ti phn, 3: Nh ca Zamia integrifolia, 4: Tinh trng ca Cycas, 5: L non ca Cycas revoluta, 6: L non ca Cycas circinalis, 7: Hoa ci ca Zamia integrifolia, 8: Lt ct ngang hoa ci ca Zamia integrifolia

2. LP BCH QU (GINKGOOPSIDA) Hin nay trong ton lp ch c mt b Bch qu (Ginkgoales) vi mt h Bch qu (Ginkgoaceae) v mt chi Bch qu (Ginkgo) v mt loi l cy Bch qu: Ginkgo biloba L. Cy Bch qu: Ginkgo biloba L.: Cy to, thn phn thnh cnh. L c phin hnh qut c sc; nhng cnh di, phin l c 2 thy; nhng cnh ngn, phin l khng c thy, nhn nheo mp; gn l phn nhnh theo li r i. Tinh trng c roi. Ht hnh trng trng ging nh mt qu hch (Hnh 9.4). L Bch qu ti c nhiu dc tnh hay, dng tr bnh Alzheimer, nga cc xo trn mch mu no, cha hen suyn, d ng, lon nhp tim, xo trn ni nh.

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Hnh 9.4. Ginkgoaceae 1: Nhm l v cm hoa c ca Ginkgo, 2: Nh tch ri, 3: Tinh trng, 4: Nhnh mang non, 5: Ht ct dc

3. LP THNG (PINOPSIDA) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh. Sequoia gigantea Bc M cao khong 150m, vng thn 30m, c th sng 3000 nm. Tn cy thng hnh thp. Nhiu loi tng bch mang 2 loi nhnh, loi nhnh c l thu hp thnh vy, khng c dip lc v loi nhnh mang l tht. L: nh, n, nguyn, khng cung. Cch nh ca l trn cnh thay i, thng theo mt ng xon c, nhng cng c th i cho ch thp, nh theo vng hoc thnh chm 235 l tn cng nhng nhnh ngn. Dng l thng thng hnh kim (Pinus) hoc dp v di (Podocarpus) hay l hnh vy p st vo cnh (Thuya). Phn ln tng bch c l khng rng theo ma. Hoa: n tnh cng gc hay khc gc. Nn c: l mt trc c vi l bc bt th y, k n l nhng vy hu th mang ti phn mt di. Hnh dng vy c thay i ty loi v s ti phn trn mi vy cng bin thin. Nn ci: h Thng (Taxaceae) khng c nn ci, hoa ci thng nm ring l tn cng mt nhnh; mi hoa ch c mt non (Taxus) hoc nhiu non (Torreya); gc nhnh mang hoa c vi l bc bt th. cc h khc, nn ci cu to bi mt trc mang nhiu vy i p vo nhau v nh theo mt ng xon c, mi cp gm mt vy di bt th (l bc m) v mt vy trn kh th (l non) mang non mt trn (mt lng), cc non nh y vy kh th v hng v pha trc ca nn. Ty theo chi, 2 vy c th dnh vo nhau t nhiu hoc khng dnh. Sau khi th phn, cc vy khp li che ch non n khi ht chn. S non trn vy thay i ty loi, 2 Pinaceae, 810 Cupressus. S th phn nh gi. Bt u t lp ny, tinh trng khng c roi m c ng dn phn dn giao t c vo n non cu. Qu: Ty theo xem nn ci nh l mt hoa hay l mt cm hoa, qu s l qu n hay qu phc. Trong trng hp khng c nn ci m ch l mt non hon ton trn th khng c qu m ch l mt ht trn. Taxus, g quanh non pht trin thnh o ht nc, mu bao quanh ht. Juniperus, sau khi th tinh, cc vy mang non mng ln v dnh li to thnh mt qu mp gi. h Thng, nn c hnh dng thay i v khi chn ch cc vy mang non cn li v ho g. Ht: thng thng c cnh. S l mm ca phi l 2 hay ln hn 2. Trong trng hp s l mm ln hn 2 th s ny thay i khng nhng trong cng mt loi m lun c trn cng mt cy (Hnh 9.5). C cu hc: G cp 2 cu to bi cc mch ngn c chm hnh ng tin. Cy thng c ng tit du nha.

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Hnh 9.5. Pinopsida 1: Hoa c ca Juniperus communis, 2: Vy nh, 3: Nn c ca Pinus montana (ct dc), 4: Nh ca Pinus montana, 5: Nh ca Cryptomeria, 6: Nh ca Dammara loranthifolia, 7: Ht phn, 8: Hoa ci ca Taxus baccata, 9: Hoa ci ca Juniperus communis

H Thng (Taxaceae) Cy Thng : Taxus baccata L. var. wallichiana (Zucc.) Hook.. Cy g to cao n 20m, nhnh hi thng, v non hi nt dc vng vng. Hoa n tnh khc gc. Ht c t y m ly phn di. V cy c taxol tr ung th v, ung th phi. H Thng (Pinaceae) H gm nhng cy ca vng n i lnh hoc vng ni. c im Thn: Cy g c nha, tn hnh thp, chi c vy. L: thng thu hp. Cy c th mang mt loi l l l nh, c dip lc hoc 2 loi l, l hnh vy khng c dip lc v l c dip lc. Nu cy c 2 loi l th s c 2 loi nhnh: nhng nhnh di mang l hnh vy v nhng nhnh ngn tn cng bng nhng l c dip lc. S l ca mi nhnh thay i ty theo loi. Nn c: Nh l nhng vy nh xon c trn mt trc ngn, mi vy c mang 2 ti phn. Ht phn thng c ti kh. Nn ci: cu to bi nhng vy, mi vy mc k mt l bc, mang 2 non o gn gc v quay xung pha di. Qu: l mt nn ci mang nhng vy ho g. Ht c mt cnh, phi c nhiu l mm (Hnh 9.6). C cu hc: C ng tit ly bo cha resin.

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Hnh 9.6. Hoa ci ca Pinaceae 14: Pinus sylvestris (1: Nn ci, 2: S cu trc nn ci, 3: Ht, 4: Ht ct dc), 5: Abies pectinata

Cy trong h Thng 2 l: Pinus merkusiana Cool. & Gauss. hay Pinus merkusii Jungh et De Vries. Thng 3 l: Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon hay Pinus khasya Royle. Thng 5 l: Pinus dalatensis Ferr. L mc chm 5 chic mt. Cy mc ni cao 15002400 m Lt. 4. LP DY GM (GNETOPSIDA) Lp Dy gm c th coi nh ng trung gian gia ngnh Thng v ngnh Ngc lan. Mch ngn c l vch ngang thng hn thnh mt dng qu gia mch ngn ca cy ngnh Thng v mch thng ca cy ngnh Ngc lan. Pha ngoi non c nhng vy bao bc trng ging nh nhy nhng cha c vi v u nhy. Nh phn ho thnh ch nh v chung i nh nh ca cy ngnh Ngc lan. c im Thn: Cy nh mc thnh bi (Ephedra), dy leo (Gnetum) hay rt thp ging nh khng thn (Welwitschia). L: L n, c cung ngn, hnh vy khng c dip lc, mc i hay mc vng 3 ci mt (Ephedra); phin nguyn, cng, gn ging nh l cy lp Ngc lan (Gnetum). Welwitschia c 2 l to, hnh di di. Hoa: n tnh khc gc. Ephedra: Hoa c gim cn mt nh. Hoa t l gi gm 28 nh; mi nh nh nch mt l bc m, y mi nh c nhng l bc hp li to thnh mt bao hoa n s. Hoa ci tn cng nhnh, cm hoa ch c 1 hoc 2 hoa; mi hoa c bao bc bi nhiu cp l bc i cho, 2 l bc trn cng to thnh mt ci ti bao quanh non v tn cng bng mt ng ging nh vi nhy nhng khng c u nhy. Ht phn s ri ngay trn bung phn. Non thng ng (Hnh 9.7). file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Gnetum: Cm hoa c l mt trc di mang nhng l bc dnh lin nhau thnh tng tng k tip. Hoa c mc nch cc l bc, mi hoa c mt cung mang ch nh vi 2 bao phn; mi bao phn ch c mt ti phn. Hoa ci c mt non thng ng c bao bc bi nhng l bc to thnh nh mt bu nhng khng c vi v u nhy. Welwitschia: Hoa c mc nch mt l bc, mi hoa gm 6 nh, ch nh dnh lin pha di, mi nh c 3 ti phn. Gia hoa l mt non khng th. Cm hoa ci l mt trc mang nhng l bc mc i; nch ca l bc l hoa ci. Mi hoa gm mt non th c bao quanh bi mt cp l bc; cc l bc ny dnh nhau to thnh cnh. Hoa ci khng c du vt ca nh. Phn loi Lp Ht dy hin nay cn 3 h, mi h c mt chi. B Ma hong (Ephedrales) H Ma hong (Ephedraceae): L hnh vy. B Dy gm (Gnetales) H Dy gm (Gnetaceae): Dy leo, l mc i, gn l hnh lng chim. B Hai l (Welwitschiales) H Hai l (Welwitschiaceae): Cy ch c 2 l rt di.

Hnh 9.7. Ephedra vulgaris Ephedraceae 1: Cy, 2: Hoa ci, 3: Hoa ci (ct dc), 4: Hoa c

CU HI T LNG GI 1. M t c quan sinh sn ca thng. 2. Ti sao h Thng (Pinaceae), ht c mt cnh, phi c mt l mm. 3. Trnh by s th tinh thng. 4. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Hnh v ny l non ca:

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5. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Cy ht trn l nhng cy c c im: 1. Hoa trn, n tnh. 2. Ht c mt phi duy nht. S l mm thng t 2 tr ln. 3. Thng gp m tit tinh du hay resin. 4. G 2 cu to bi mch ngn hnh thang. 5. Dng l thay i, thng khng rng theo ma. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 2, 5 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 1, 3, 5 6. Hy chn phng n tr li ng. Cc c im: L xe vi gn hnh qut l ca chi no? A. Thuya B. Ginkgo C. Cycas D. Pinus

Chng 10 NGNH NGC LAN (MAGNOLIOPHYTA)


MC TIU 1. M t c c im ca cc h trong lp Ngc lan, lp Hnh. 2. V c hoa ca cc h tiu biu trong lp Ngc lan, lp Hnh. 3. Vit c t nht tn khoa hc ca 3 cy trong mi h.

Ngnh Ngc lan bao gm nhng thc vt c r, thn, l, mch dn nha v sinh sn bng hoa, qu,

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ht. Ht y khc ngnh Ht trn l c che ch bi qu khp kn. c im Ht phn: C 2 nhn: Mt nhn dinh dng to, hnh trn tng ng vi nguyn tn c. Mt nhn sinh sn nh hn, thng hnh thu knh, tng ng vi ti tinh. Nhn ny s cho 2 giao t c khng c roi. Nhy: B phn ci trong hoa gi l nhy, cu to bi nhng l bin i gi l l non (tm b). Cc l non khp li to thnh mt khoang kn gi l bu ng cc non. Trn bu c vi v u nhy tip nhn ht phn. Ht phn ri trn u nhy, ny mm cho ng dn phn a giao t c t u nhy qua vi nhy, n non gp giao t ci. S th tinh kp: Khi ng dn phn vo n ti phi, nhn dinh dng ca ht phn thoi ho, ch cn li hai giao t c do nhn sinh sn to ra. Mt trong hai giao t c n phi hp vi non cu thnh hp t lng tng, v sau pht trin thnh cy mm (phi) ca ht. Giao t c th hai phi hp vi nhn cp hai ca ti phi to ra nhn 3n, khi u ca ni nh. Sau th tinh bu bin thnh qu, non thnh ht, trong lc cc b phn khc ca hoa ho v rng i. Phn loi V phn loi ngnh Ngc lan, c nhiu h thng ca cc tc gi khc nhau. Trong gio trnh ny, chng ti theo h thng phn loi thc vt c hoa ca Armen Takhtajan 1997 v c tham kho h thng phn loi nm 1987. xy dng h thng phn loi, Takhtajan s dng cc c im hnh thi, gii phu, phn hoa, ho sinh v t bo. ng cng vch ra cc tiu chun nguyn thy v tin ho, c th tm tt nh sau:
Cc c quan Tnh cht khi sinh (xut hin Tnh cht th sinh (xut hin sau) v v b phn ban u) v nguyn thy hon thin hn Dng sng Cy g hay cy bi Cy mc ng Cy sng trn cn Cy thng xanh C nhiu nm C 1 nm Cy thn b, thn leo Cy sng di nc Cy rng l

Cy c thn n, khng phn Cy phn nhnh nhnh H thng dn B mch xp thnh vng nha G khng c mch thng B mch ri rc G c mch thng

Cc yu t mch di, hp, c Yu t mch ngn, to, c vch dy, tit vch mng, tit din a gic din trn Mt ngn (ca yu t mch) Mt ngn n hnh thang Kiu l v s L n, nguyn sp xp ca L kp l Gn hnh lng chim L mc cch Hoa v cm Hoa ring l ngn hoa Hoa lng tnh Hoa cng gc Hoa i xng ta trn L n, x l kp L n th sinh Gn hnh chn vt, gn hnh cung, gn song song L mc i, mc vng Cm hoa n cm hoa hnh u Hoa n tnh Hoa n tnh khc gc Hoa i xng hai bn

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Thnh phn hoa (l i, cnh Thnh phn ca hoa xp thnh vng hoa, nh, nhy) xp xon c S lng thnh phn ca hoa S lng, thnh phn trong tng vng t, nhiu, khng xc nh c nh Hoa c bao hoa kp Cnh ri Hoa khng cnh hoa trn Cnh dnh

Nh hnh bn rng, 3 gn, cha Nh hp, 1 gn, phn ho thnh ch nh, phn ho thnh ch nh, chung i chung i Nh ri nhau Ht phn 1 rnh Ht phn nhiu rnh Ht phn 3 rnh, 3 l B nhy: l non ri Th phn nh su b Th phn nh gi Non Non thng Non c phi tm dy Ht Ht c 2 l mm Nh dnh nhau, dnh vi bao hoa hay b nhy Ht phn 1 l Ht phn nhiu l Ht phn nhiu l B nhy: l non dnh, nh non bn nh non trung tr Th phn nh gi, chim, nc Th phn nh su b th sinh Non o non cong Non c phi tm mng Ht c 1 l mm

Ht giu ni nh vi phi rt nh Ht t ni nh vi phi to ht khng c ni nh Kiu nhn Cng mt s th nhim sc c C nhiu s th nhim sc c bn (n) bn trong phm vi n v trong phm vi n v Th nhim sc c kch thc Th nhim sc rt to hay rt nh trung bnh

Trong cc hng tin ho, chuyn ho nh trn, cn ch c 2 loi dy tin ha: loi 2 chiu v loi mt chiu. Thuc loi dy 2 chiu nh l c th tin ho t l n n l kp hay ngc li, t l kp li tr thnh l n. Nh t nhiu gim xung t, ri t t tng ln nhiu. Li th phn nh su b chuyn sang nh gi, ri t li th phn nh gi li chuyn sang th phn nh su b, hoc t cy g tin ln thn c, ri t thn c li chuyn sang cy g th sinh. Thuc loi dy tin ho mt chiu nh mt ngn ca cc yu t mch hnh thang chuyn sang mt ngn ca cc yu t mch n, nhng t mt ngn n khng bao gi c th cho ra mt ngn hnh thang c. Trong s tin ho ca ht phn, t mt rnh cho ra ht phn 3 rnh, nhiu rnh, nhiu l, mt l ch khng th tin ho ngc li. Nhng tnh cht tin ho mt chiu l cc tiu chun ng tin cy xy dng h thng sinh. Theo h thng phn loi ca Armen Takhtajan, ngnh Ngc lan c chia thnh 2 lp: Lp Ngc lan hay lp Song t dip hay lp Hai l mm (Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledones). Lp Hnh hay lp n t dip hay lp Mt l mm (Liliopsida, Monocotyledones).

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A. LP NGC LAN (MAGNOLIOPSIDA)


c im Cy mm: c 2 l mm. R: r mm cho ra r chnh ca cy. R ny pht trin mnh hn cc r ph, nn r cy lp Ngc lan thng thuc loi r tr v c cu to cp hai. Thn: thng c nhiu nhnh v c cu to cp hai. Thn cp mt ch c mt vng libeg, ngoi tr vi trng hp c bit nh h H Tiu (Piperaceae). L: Hnh dng ca phin v kiu gn l rt bin thin, nhng kiu gn song song him gp. L thng c cung. B l t pht trin tr mt vi h nh h Hoa tn (Apiaceae). Hoa: thng thng hoa mu 5 hay mu 4 vi 2 l bc con hai bn. Hoa mu 3 ch gp nhng h thc vt c nh h Na (Annonaceae). Phn loi Theo h thng ca Armen Takhtajan (1997) th thc vt c hoa c sp xp trong 589 h thuc 232 b. Lp Ngc lan c chia lm 11 phn lp: 1. Phn lp Ngc lan (Magnoliidae) 2. Phn lp Sng (Nymphaeidae) 3. Phn lp Sen (Nelumboidae) 4. Phn lp Hong lin (Ranunculidae) 5. Phn lp Cm chng (Caryophyllidae) 6. Phn lp Sau sau (Hamamelididae) 7. Phn lp S (Dilleniidae) 8. Phn lp Hoa hng (Rosidae) 9. Phn lp Th du (Cornidae) 10. Phn lp Cc (Asteridae) 11. Phn lp Hoa mi (Lamiidae) 1. PHN LP NGC LAN (MAGNOLIIDAE) L nhng thc vt ht kn nguyn thy nht. Nhng i din u tin ca phn lp ny c hoa thng ring l, hoa li; thnh phn hoa nhiu, xp xon c, l non nhiu v ri, ht phn thng c mt rnh. Qu thuc loi qu t, ht thng c nhiu ni nh v phi nh. Cy g, trong thn v l thng c t bo tit. G thng cha c mch thng. Phn lp Ngc lan gm c 18 b v 39 h. 1.1. B Ngc lan (Magnoliales) Thn g. L mc so le, n, nguyn, c l km hay khng. Trong l v thn thng c t bo tit cht thm. G khng c mch thng hay c mch thng vi mt ngn hnh thang hay n. Hoa to, mc ring l k l hay u nhnh, kiu xon, xon vng hay vng. Hoa lng tnh, thng th phn nh su b. hoa di. Bao hoa n hay t nhiu phn ho thnh i v trng. Nh nhiu, ri nhau, xp xon c, thng hnh bn, khng phn ho thnh ch nh v chung i. Ht phn mt rnh nguyn thy. B nhy c nhiu l non ri. Non o. Ht c nhiu ni nh.

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B gm c 3 h, ch cp 1 h. H Ngc lan (Magnoliaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh, ng hoc leo. L: n, mc cch, phin nguyn hay c rng ca, c hoc khng c l km. cy Ngc lan, l km to, hnh bp bao bc chi, khi rng thng li vt so quanh cnh. Hoa: hoa ring l ngn hay nch l, to, u, lng tnh. hoa li, hnh nn. Bao hoa: nhiu phin gn ging nhau xp theo mt ng xon c hoc mt s t phin phn ho thnh i v trng, xp thnh vng mu 3. B nh: nhiu nh ri xp theo mt ng xon c. Ch nh ngn v dt. Bao phn nh y, c mi hay khng. B nhy: nhiu l non ri gn theo mt ng xon c trn hoa li, mi l non ng 1 hay nhiu non. i khi hoa c cung nhy. Vi nhy hnh ch, i khi rt ngn gn nh khng c. Qu: qu i hay qu tht. C cu hc: T bo tit tinh du trong tt c cc m mm. Vit Nam c khong 10 chi: Alcimandra, Kmeria, Liriodendron, Manglietia, Magnolia, Michelia, Pachylarnax, Paramichelia, Talauma, Tsoongiodendron; gn 50 loi. Cy trong h D hp nh (cy Trng g): Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC.. Hoa v g thn dng lm thuc cha st, thp khp mn tnh; dng nu nc ung cho ph n sau khi sinh. Ngc lan trng: Michelia alba DC.. R c tc dng li kinh, v lm h nhit. Nc sc n hoa dng iu tr mu nhim c sau sy thai. R v v cha michelalbin v liriodenin dng iu tr ung th mi, hng. Ngc lan ng (S vng): Michelia champaca L.. R cha kinh nguyt khng u, hoa v qu c tc dng li tiu, gim st. 1.2. B Na (Annonales) B ch c 1 h. H Na (Annonaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh, ng hoc leo (dy Cng cha). L: n, nguyn, mc cch, khng c l km. Gn l hnh lng chim. L non thng c lng t. Hoa: ring l ngn hay nch l, kiu vng xon, u, lng tnh t khi n tnh khc gc hay tp tnh. hoa li. Bao hoa: thng gm 3 vng, mi vng c 3 b phn, vng ngoi l l i, 2 vng trong l cnh hoa. i c th ri hay dnh, thng tin khai van. Cnh hoa to, dy v mm; i khi hoa ch c 3 cnh. B nh: nhiu nh ri xp theo mt ng xon c. Ch nh rt ngn. Chung i tn cng bng mt ph b hnh phin ng hay qup xung, hnh a li hay hnh nn nhn ging nh mt u inh, rng bng hay to hn bao phn. phn hp, m bng mt ng nt dc, hng ngoi. B nhy: nhiu l non ri xp kht nhau, nhng i khi gim cn 3 hoc 1 l non, s non thay i. Vi nhy ngn. Qu: thng thng theo 2 kiu: Kiu Annona: Qu t, mi l non cho mt qu mng ring bit v tt c cc qu ny dnh vo nhau. Kiu Cananga: Mi l non cho mt qu mng c cung v mi hoa cho mt chm qu mng. Mi qu mng mang 2 hng ht. cy Gi nam (Unona cochinchinensis Lour.), mi l non cho ra mt

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chui ht tht li thnh nhiu khc, mi khc ng mt ht. Ht c v cng, lng. Ni nh to, xp np. C cu hc: T bo tit tinh du trong tt c cc m mm. Vit Nam c khong 29 chi: Alphonsea, Anaxagorea, Annona, Anomianthus, Artabotrys, Cananga (Canangium), Cyathocalyx, Cyathostemma, Dasymaschalon, Desmos (Unona), Drepananthus, Enicosanthellum, Enicosanthum, Fissistigma, Friesodielsia (Oxymitra), Goniothalamus (Becariodendron), Meiogyne, Melodorum Rauwenhoffia, Miliusa (Saccopetalum), Mitrella, Mitrephora, Orophea, Phaeanthus, Polyalthia, Popowia, Pseuduvaria, Sageraea, Uvaria (Uvariella), Xylopia; gn 179 loi. Cy trong h Mng cu xim: Annona muricata L.. L c tc dng du thn kinh, h huyt p, chn c st rt. Ht c tnh c t bo, lm co t cung. Bnh bt: Annona reticulata L.. V v ht dng iu tr tiu chy v l. Mng cu ta: Annona squamosa L. Qu cha l, i tho. L iu tr st rt cn lu ngy. R v v tr tiu chy v ty giun. Dy Cng cha (Hoa mng rng): Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari. Dy leo, cung hoa un cong li nh mng con rng, hoa rt thm, c tinh du. R cha vingzhaosu dng tr st rt. Thn c aporphin chng ung th bch huyt v rut gi. Ngc lan ty (Hong lan, Cy Cng cha, Ylang ylang): Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook. f & Thoms.. Cnh hoa mu vng lc, thm, c th ct nc hoa. Hoa dng tr bnh thng phong; tinh du c tc dng tr nhp tim nhanh, cao huyt p, bnh ng rut. 1.3. B Mu ch (Myristicales) B ch c 1 h. H Mu ch (Myristicaceae) c im Thn: g to hay va. L: n, nguyn, mc cch, khng c l km. Gn l hnh lng chim. Cm hoa: xim, chm nch l, him khi ngn. Hoa: n tnh khc gc Bao hoa: 3 l i dnh lin nhau c dng chn, khng c cnh hoa. B nh: Hoa c c 620 nh. Ch nh dnh lin nhau thnh mt ct gia, mang bao phn nh, hng ngoi. B nhy: hoa ci c 1 l non, bu trn, 1 ng 1 non. Khng c vi nhy hoc vi nhy rt ngn. Qu: qu mng nhng thng m thnh 2 mnh v (baie bivalve), ng nt theo ng hn mp l non v theo gn gia ca l non. Ht c o ht nguyn hay c ra, mu hay mu vng (Hnh 10.1). Ni nh nhn. C cu hc: T bo tit tinh du trong tt c cc m mm. C dch mu ti hay mu vng. Vit Nam c 3 chi: Horsfieldia, Knema, Myristica; khong 25 loi. Cy trong h Xng (sng) mu rch: Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.. Hoa chit cht thm. Mu ch cu: Knema globularia (Lamk.) Warb.. Ht dng file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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u khu: Myristica fragrans Houtt.. Ht v o ht gip tiu ho, tr tiu chy, l. B u khu xoa bp c tc dng cha t thp mn tnh. Dng liu cao d b ng c. 1.4. B Long no (Laurales)

Hnh 10.1. Qu cy u khu

Cy g to hay cy nh, t khi l cy thn c. L thng mc so le, i khi mc i, khng c l km. Trong m mm ca thn v l thng c t bo tit tinh du thm. mt s loi, g cha c mch thng, cc loi khc c mch thng vi bn ngn n. Hoa lng tnh, i khi n tnh. Cc b phn ca hoa xp thnh vng. Gc cc mnh bao hoa v nh thng dnh vi nhau thnh mt ng ngn. Ht phn mt rnh. L non ri hay dnh. Non o hay thng, c 2 lp v. B ny c 6 h, ch cp 1 h. H Long no (Lauraceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh, c mi thm, tr dy T xanh l mt loi bn k sinh leo qun, hnh si, mu lc sm. L: n, mc cch i khi mc i, khng c l km. Phin nguyn, dy, bng lng. Gn l hnh lng chim thng c 2 gn bn ni r. Dy T xanh c l teo thnh vy. Cm hoa: xim 2 ng t thnh chm hay thnh tn gi ngn hay nch l, him khi l gi nh Cassytha. Hoa: nh, u, lng tnh i khi tr thnh n tnh v b nh b try; khi trn cng mt cy c c hoa ci v hoa lng tnh. Bao hoa: 6 phin cng mu dng l i xp trn 2 vng. Hoa mu 2 him gp (Laurus). B nh: 4 vng, mi vng c 3 nh v thng vng trong cng mang nh lp. Laurus, mi vng c 2 nh v vng trong cng mang nh hu th. Nh hu th c bao phn gm 4 phn nh chng ln nhau hai ci mt (tng Perseineae, chi Cinnamomum, Camphora) hoc 2 phn (tng Laurineae, chi Laurus). Mi phn m bng mt np bt ln. Bao phn c th m quay vo pha trong hoc 2 vng nh ngoi bao phn m quay vo trong, vng nh th ba bao phn m quay ra ngoi. Ch nh thng mang 2 tuyn nh gc. B nhy: mt l non, bu 1 ng 1 non o nh nc thng xung. C th bu trn nh trn mt hoa li hoc phng (hoa ci ca Laurus) hoc gia v t do trong mt hoa lm (Cinnamomum, Persea) hoc di v dnh vo hoa (Cryptocarya). Ravensera, bu chia thnh nhiu bi mt s vch gi khng hon ton (Hnh 10.2). Qu: qu mng 1 ht hay qu hch, v qu mng hay dy. Ht khng ni nh. Mm thng. C cu hc: T bo tit tinh du trong tt c cc m mm vi chi c t bo tit cht nhy (Persea, Litsea). Tr b thn l vng m cng, gm t bo m cng v si. Libe 2 c si. Vit Nam c 21 chi: Actinodaphene, Alseodaphne, Beilschmiedia, Caryodaphnopsis, Cassytha, Cinnadenia, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Endiandra, Haasia (Dehaasia), Laurus, Lindera, Litsea, Machlus, Neocinnamomum, Neolitsea, Nothaphoebe, Persea, Phoebe, Potameia (Syndiclis), Sassafras; khong 245 loi.

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Hnh 10.2. Hoa (1) v nh (2) cy Qu quan (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

Cy trong h: T xanh: Cassytha filiformis L.. Dng lm thuc cha vim thn v ng tit niu, vim gan cp, chy mu cam, ho hay tiu ra mu. Long no: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. Long no c tc dng kch thch tim v trung khu h hp. R v g dng lm thuc cha cm cm, au d dy, thp khp. Qu rng (Hu phc nam): Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume.. Dng lm thuc kch thch tiu ho, b d dy. Qu quan: Cinnamomum verum Presl (C. zeylanicum Blume). Tinh du v c tc dng kch thch tiu ho, h hp v tun hon. Mng tang: Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.. L v qu c th ct tinh du thm dng trong cng nghip v y hc (cha ngoi cm, au d dy, y hi, phong thp). Bi li nht: Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Rob.. V v g cha nha dnh, l mi hc, v r dng lm thuc p tr sng v, cng c, bo v mng nhy. B: Persea americana Mill.. Tht qu cha nhiu cht dinh dng, dng bi b trong nhng trng hp: mi m dy, lm vic qu sc; iu tr trng thi thn kinh d kch thch, tha acid niu. 1.5. B Hi (Illiciales) Cy g va, cy leo. L n, mc so le, khng c l km. Yu t mch thng c mch ngn hnh thang. Hoa nch l, lng tnh (Illiciaceae) hay n tnh (Schisandraceae), kiu xon hay vng, c bao hoa i khng u. Mng ht phn 3 rnh. B nhy c l non ri. Non o, c 2 lp v, phi tm dy. Ht c ni nh du, phi rt nh. B Hi c 2 h, ch cp 1 h. H Hi (Illiciaceae) c im Thn: cy bi hay g va, c mi thm. L: n, nguyn, mc cch, khng c l km. Hoa: ring l, u, lng tnh, kiu xon vng. Bao hoa: nhiu phin xp xon c, nhng phin ngoi cng thng nh v i khi l dng l bc, nhng phin trong ln dn, nhng nhng phin trong cng li nh v i khi chuyn tip thnh nh lp. B nh: thng nhiu (450) xp xon c. B nhy: L non nhiu (5 21, thng 715), xp vng nh ngi sao. Mi l non cha mt non. Qu: t, gm nhiu qu i xp

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thnh vng trn mt chung. Ht c phi rt nh. H ch c mt chi Illicium. Vit Nam c gn 1015 loi. Cy trong h Hi ni: Illicium griffithii Hook. f. et Thoms.. Qu i 1013, c. Hi: Illicium verum Hook.f.. Qu lm gia v hay ct ly tinh du dng lm thuc tr tiu ho, cha au bng, lm long m. Tinh du Hi c trong thnh phn ca cc thuc ngm cha ho hay thuc xoa bp cha thp khp. 1.6. B H tiu (Piperales) Hoa nh, trn, lng tnh hay n tnh, hp thnh gi n. 36 nh, ht phn mt rnh. Ba l non hp thnh bu 1 , ng mt hay nhiu non thng. Ht c ni nh v ngoi nh, phi rt nh. B gm 2 h sau: H H Tiu (Piperaceae) H Gip c (Saururaceae) Theo h thng phn loi ca Takhtajan nm 1997 th chi Peperomia c tch thnh h Peperomiaceae. H H tiu (Piperaceae) c im Thn: c (Peperomia) hay dy leo thn g nh r bm (Piper). L: n, nguyn, mc cch, c hay khng c l km. Phin l hnh tim hay hnh trng. Gn l hnh chn vt hay lng chim. Cm hoa: gi khng phn nhnh mc nch l hay i din vi l v pht hoa tn cng nhnh b ht qua mt bn do s pht trin ca nhnh nch (pht trin cng tr). Trc pht hoa thng mp. Mi hoa mc nch mt l bc, xp theo ng xon c v thng thng p st vo trc. Hoa: trn, lng tnh, mu 3 vi 2 vng nh; nhng hoa c th tr thnh n tnh v try. B nh: 6 nh nh trn 2 vng (Piper amalago). Nhng s nh thng b gim do vng trong c th mt i hon ton hoc mt phn. hu ht cc Piper v Peperomia, vng ngoi li mt thm 1 nh nn hoa ch cn 2 nh. B nhy: thng thng 3 l non, nhng cng c th c 14 hay 5 l non, hp thnh bu 1 , ng 1 non thng nh y. Qu: mng, ng 1 ht. Ht c ni nh v ngoi nh (Hnh 10.3). C cu hc: Thn c t nht 2 vng b libeg. Piper, cc b libeg ca vng ngoi ni lin nhau bi mt vng m cng, b libeg vng trong l ca vt l. Peperomia c nhiu vng b libe g ca vt l xp khng th t v khng c vng m cng ngoi; cu to ny ging cu to ca cy lp Hnh. Tt c cc m mm u c t bo tit tinh du v ng cha gm. Vit Nam c 4 chi: Lepianthes, Peperomia, Piper, Zippelia; khong 50 loi. Cy trong h Rau cng cua: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. Dng lm rau n. Tru: Piper betle L.. Thn, l v qu cha nhc mi, au d dy, n khng tiu. L lt: Piper lolot C. DC.. Ton cy cha phong hn, ri lon tiu ho. Tiu di: Piper longum L.. Qu tr au bng, tiu chy. Nc sc r cha vim kh qun mn, ho, cm lnh.

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Tiu: Piper nigrum L.. Dng lm gia v, kch thch tiu ho.

Hnh 10.3. Piperaceae

1: Hoa Piper amalago, 2: Hoa Peperomia pellucida, 3: Gi hoa ca Piper nigrum, 4: Qu Piper nigrum b dc H Gip c (Saururaceae) c im Thn: c, c mi thm. L: n, nguyn, mc so le. Cm hoa: gi. cy Gip c, gi mu vng mc i din vi l, 4 l bc pha di to to thnh mt tng bao bao bn di gi. Hoa: trn, lng tnh. B nh: 36 nh. B nhy: 34 l non, bu 1 ng nhiu non thng, nh non bn. Qu: nang. Vit Nam c 4 chi: Circaeocarpus, Gymnotheca, Houttuynia, Saururus; 4 loi. Cy trong h Gip c: Houttuynia cordata Thunb.. Dng lm rau n, thuc cha to bn v mt s bnh vim: vim tai gia, mt , vim rut v ng tit niu. Hm ch: Saurupus chinensis (Lour.) Baill.. Dng cha bnh ng tit niu, dng ngoi tr vim da c m, vim v, eczema. 1.7. B Nam mc hng (Aristolochiales) C hay cy g nh mc leo, thng c t bo tit tinh du. L mc so le, khng c l km. Hoa lng tnh hoc n tnh, u hay khng u, mu 3. Bao hoa ch c mt vng, thng c mu sc s nh cnh, c th ri hay dnh. Bu di, nhiu , nh non trung tr. i khi c mt trc hp nhy do s dnh lin ca ch nh vi vi nhy. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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B ch c 1 h Nam mc hng (Aristolochiaceae). H Nam mc hng (Aristolochiaceae) c im Thn: c, sng nhiu nm, c thn r hnh tr hay hnh c hoc cy g, ng hay leo. Thn t phn nhnh. L: n, nguyn, mc so le, khng c l km. Hoa: thng mc ring l nch l, lng tnh, u hay khng u. Bao hoa: 3 l i dnh lin nhau, c mu, phnh gc. B nh: 612 nh, ch nh ri hay dnh lin vi nh vi nhy to thnh trc hp nhy. B nhy: 6 l non to thnh bu di, 6 , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr. Qu: nang, ht c ni nh. C cu hc: Thng c t bo tit tinh du trong m mm ca thn v l. Vit Nam c 3 chi: Aristolochia, Asarum, Thottea; khong 20 loi. Cy trong h Nam mc hng: Aristolochia balansae Franch.. V cy lm thuc tr l, b tiu. Khoai ca (Sn ch): Aristolochia indica L.. Thn r gip tiu ho, chng vim, cha au khp. Ht chng ung th. 2. PHN LP SNG (NYMPHAEIDAE) Phn lp c 2 lin b, 3 b v 6 h, ch cp 1 b. B Sng (Nymphaeales) C sng nc. L nguyn hay x, mc so le hay mc vng. Tr gia mang nhiu b mch kn xp ri rc. G cha c mch thng, ch c mch ngn vng hay xon. Hoa ring l, lng tnh, kiu xon vng, mu 3. Nhiu nh, ht phn mt rnh. B nhy c l non ri hay dnh. B c 3 h, ch cp 1 h. H Sng (Nymphaeaceae) c im Thn: c nc, sng nhiu nm. Thn r to, vi di bn, mang l v hoa; c ng nha m, nha m khi ra gi c li thnh si. L: to, ni trn mt nc, c cung di. Phin l hnh khin hoc hi trn vi mt khuyt hnh tim ni gn cung l. Khng c l km. Hoa: ring l, to, lng tnh, u, c cung di. hoa thng li hay rt di, tn cng bng mt mt lm mang cc l non. Bao hoa: thng gm mt s ln phin xp theo ng xon c. Cc phin bn ngoi mu xanh dng l i, cc phin trong dng cnh hoa. B nh: nhiu nh xp xon c ni tip ng xon ca trng. Ht phn mt rnh. B nhy: L non nhiu (535) dnh lin nhau thnh bu trn, bu gia hay bu di. Qu: kh, khng m. Sng, sau khi th phn, bao hoa v nh rng, hoa chm xung nc v to qu cha rt nhiu ht. Ht c o ht, ni nh v ngoi nh. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Nymphaea, Victoria; 5 loi. Cy trong h Sng (Sng lam): Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. (Nymphaea stellata Willd.). Dng cha cc trng thi kch thch tnh dc, hi chng mt ng, vim thn, vim bng quang.

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tim.

Sng trng: Nymphaea pubescens Willd.. Thn r dng cha bnh tr, l. Hoa dng lm thuc tr

Sng : Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Salisb.. Thn r cha tiu chy, y hi, tr. Nc sc ca hoa tr nhp tim nhanh. 3. PHN LP SEN (NELUMBONIDAE) Phn lp ny ch c 1 b. B Sen (Nelumbonales) B ch c 1 h Sen (Nelumbonaceae) vi 1 loi Sen (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). C sng nc, thn r rt to (ng sen). L hnh khin, cung di c gai nh. Hoa lng tnh, xp xon vng. L i 2; cnh hoa nhiu, mu trng hay hng, xp xon c, t phn bit vi l i. Nh nhiu, xp xon c. Nhiu l non ri, xp vng, vi su trong hoa hnh nn ngc (gng sen) nm vt ln trn b nh. Sen trng n v lm thuc. Nhiu b phn ca Sen c dng lm thuc nh: ht dng cha cc bnh ng rut, tm Sen cha mt ng, cao huyt p; gng Sen c tc dng cm mu trong cc trng hp bng huyt, tiu, tiu ra mu; ch nh cha bng huyt, di mng tinh; l cha vim rut, nn ra mu d dy; thn r cha st, tiu chy... 4. PHN LP HONG LIN (RANUNCULIDAE) Phn lp ny c tch ra t phn lp Ngc lan. Phn ln l cy thn c, t khi cy g, khng c t bo tit, mch dn c mch ngn thng l n, ht phn c 3nhiu rnh hoc 3nhiu l. Phn lp c 9 b, ch cp 3 b: 4.1. B Hong lin (Ranunculales) Thn c. L n hay kp, mc so le hay i, khng c l km. H thng dn nha gm ton mch thng c thng l n, mt s t c mch ngn hnh thang. Hoa lng tnh hay n tnh, u, i khi khng u, kiu xon vng vi bao hoa kp hay n. Nh nhiu. B nhy gm nhiu l non ri. Ht phn c 3 rnh hay dng bin i t 3 rnh. Non o, c 2 v. Ht c phi nh, phn ln c ni nh to. B c 1 h. H Hong lin (Ranunculaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm, hai nm hoc nhiu nm; i khi l dy leo (Dy ng lo). R c th ph ln thnh c ( u). Khng c m tit. L: mc so le, t khi mc i. B l pht trin t nhiu. Dy ng lo, cung l qun vo cc vt xung quanh ging nh tua cun. Phin l c th n, nguyn, hnh trn, hnh tim vi gn hnh chn vt hoc x su. Vi loi c l kp hnh lng chim. Cm hoa: chm, xim, tn n hay kp nch l hay ngn cnh. i khi hoa ring l ngn. Hoa: lng tnh, u hay khng u. hoa li. Cc b phn ca hoa thng xp theo kiu vng xon, i khi theo kiu vng hay kiu xon. Bao hoa: gm mt s l i dng cnh hoc bao hoa i, phn ho thnh i v cnh. cc chi c s nh Clematis, Anemone, Naravelia, hoa khng c cnh, cnh hoa xut hin do nhng bin i ca nhng nh pha ngoi cng (tng Poeonieae) hay nhng tuyn mt c hnh dng bin thin: hnh m, hnh bnh hay hnh cp c chn, hnh ng c 2 mi (tng Helleboreae, Ranunculeae). B nh: nhiu file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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nh xp theo ng xon c hoc thnh vng xen k nhau. Ch nh lun lun ri. Bao phn nt dc, hng trong hay hng ngoi. B nhy: Cu to theo 2 kiu: Nhiu l non nh xon c tip theo ng xon ca nh, mi l non cha 1 non. 15 l non nh thnh vng, mi l non cha nhiu non. Cc l non thng ri, trng hp dnh nhau rt him gp. Qu: a b qu hay qu i t. Nang hay qu mp him. Ht c ni nh; mm nh, thng. Vit Nam c 10 chi: Aconitum, Anemone, Clematis, Coptis, Delphinium, Dicocarpum, Isopyrum, Naravelia, Ranunculus, Thalictrum; gn 30 loi. Cy trong h u (C gu tu): Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. (A. fortunei Hemsl.). R c cha alcaloid rt c l aconitin, dng ngm ru lm thuc xoa bp tr au nhc. Phong qu: Anemone japonica (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc.. R phi hp vi cc v thuc khc cha bnh v tim. tiu. Dy rut g (Mc thng): Clematis chinensis Osbeck. R cha t thp vng da, ung th, lm li

Dy ng lo (Vng kim cang): Clematis smilacifolia Wall.. Qu b xp hnh sao trn mt cung chung, u qu c mang vi c lng di mu trng nh tc bc ca c gi. C tc dng lm gim au, nhc mi. Hong lin: Coptis chinensis Franch.. Thn r cha berberin, dng lm thuc tr tiu chy, kit l. Ngoi ra cn l v thuc b ng, c tc dng kin v, tr tiu ho km, vim d dy. Mao lng (Mao lng c): Ranunculus sceleratus L.. Ton cy dng ngoi tr lao hch bch huyt, thp khp, vim m da, nht, lot chn mn, rn cn. Th hong lin: Thalictrum foliolosum DC.. c dng tng t nh Hong lin. 4.2. B Tit d (Menispermales) B ch c 1 h. H Tit d (Menispermaceae) c im Thn: dy leo hay c mc ng, r c th ph ln thnh c (Bnh vi). L: n, nguyn, hnh khin hay hnh tim, mc so le, khng c l km. Gn l hnh chn vt hoc hnh lng. Cm hoa: chm, xim 2 ng nch l, t khi hoa ring l. Hoa: nh, u, n tnh khc gc, kiu vng, mu 3. Hoa thc:

Bao hoa: 6 l i xp trn 2 vng. Thng c 6 cnh hoa xp trn 2 vng, s cnh c th t hn hoc i khi nhiu hn 6. Hoa c: 6 nh xp trn 2 vng, s nh c th t hn hoc i khi nhiu hn 6, nh c th ri hay dnh nhau ch thnh mt ct. Hoa ci: thng c 3 l non ri to thnh bu trn nhng cng c khi nhiu hn 3 (40 l non) hoc i khi gim cn 1 (chi Cissampelos). Mi l non c 2 non nhng ch c 1 non pht trin, 1 hay nhiu u nhy. Qu: hch, v qu trong cng rn v thng c file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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hnh thn. Mm cong hnh mng nga. Vit Nam c 18 chi: Anamirta, Arcangelisia (Mirtana), Cebatha, Cissampelos, Cocculus, Coscinium, Cyclea, Diploclisia, Fibraurea, Limacia, Pachygone, Parabaena, Pericampylus, Pycnarrhena (Pridania), Stephania, Tiliacora, Tinomiscium, Tinospora; khong 40 loi. Cy trong h Vng ng: Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.. L nguyn liu chit xut berberin lm thuc tr tiu chy, l trc trng, vim rut vng da, st rt. Hong ng (Vng giang): Fibraurea recisa Pierre. Hoa khng cnh, c 6 l i, hoa c 36 nh. Tr kit, tiu ng. R b. Hong ng: Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.. Hoa c 3 l i, 3 cnh hoa; hoa c c 6 nh. R ct ra c mu vng sm, lm thuc cha au mt, li tiu. R b. Dy mi (Li tin): Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers. var. discolor (Blume) Forman (Stephania hernandifolia (Woll.) Walp.). Hoa c c nh dnh thnh mt ct. L c y ct ngang v mt di trng trng. Cung l gn trong phin l. Tr kit, lm thng tiu. Bnh vi: Stephania rotunda Lour.. Dy leo, c r c to, vi mt na di dt, hnh ging ci bnh vi, rut mu vng thm, c khi nng n 20 kg hay hn. Trong c c alcaloid l ditetrahydropanmetin dng lm thuc trn kinh trong cc bnh mt ng. Dy k ninh: Tinospora crispa (L.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms.. Lm thuc b, cha st rt, tr tiu ho. 4.3. B Thuc phin (Papaverales) B Thuc phin c nhiu c im rt gn vi b Hong lin v sinh ho, cu to gii phu, cu to mng ht phn 3 rnh hay nhiu rnh. Tuy nhin, h Thuc phin c nhiu c im khc vi h Ci, v th h Ci c tch ra khi b Thuc phin. B c 4 h, cp 2 h: H Thuc phin (Papaveraceae) H T ng (Fumariaceae) H phin (Papaveraceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm, cy g nh him gp. L: n, mc so le, khng c l km. Ba l hay c kha su. Cm hoa: hoa mc ring l (Papaver) hoc t thnh xim. Hoa: to, u, lng tnh. Hoa thc theo kiu:

hoa li. Bao hoa: 2 l i v tr trcsau v lun lun rng sm, t khi 3 hoc 5. Thng thng cc l i dnh vo nhau ging nh mt ci m v rng ton b khi hoa n. Cnh hoa 46, to, nh thnh 2 vng, c mu sc ti, d rng, nhu nt trc khi hoa n. B nh: nhiu nh ri. B nhy: 2 hay nhiu l non, dnh vo nhau to bu trn 1 . Trong bu c nhng vch khng hon ton, xut hin ngay trc b mch gia ca l non. Vch mang nhiu non o, nh non gia. Qu: nang, m bng l hoc m bng mnh v, mm thng (Hnh 10.4).

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Hnh 10.4. Papaveraceae v Fumariaceae 1: Hoa , 2: Qu (nang m bng l), 3: Hoa Fumaria officinalis

C cu hc: ng nha m c t (Chelidonium) hoc hnh mng (Papaver) trong cc m mm, nht l trong libe. Nha m c th trng c (Papaver) hay vng (Chelidonium, Argemone). Vit Nam c 3 chi: Argemone, Chelidonium, Papaver; 34 loi. Cy trong h Mi cua (Gai cua): Argemone mexicana L.. L v qu c nhiu gai, hoa mu vng. Ht nhiu, c cht du ty nhng c. Nha m ti cha ph vng da. Du c tc dng x m khng gy au bng. Hoa cha ho, gy ng. Thuc phin: Papaver somniferum L.. Nha m ly t qu cha nhiu alcaloid nh morphin, codein, paparin... Qu kh gi l anh tc xc, lm thuc du au, gy ng nh, cha au bng, y hi. Ht cha du n, dng lm bnh ko. H T ng (Fumariaceae) y l mt h nh, c tc gi coi h ny nh mt phn ca h Thuc phin. c im Thn: c. L: n, mc so le, khng c l km. Phin x su. Cm hoa: chm hay xim. Hoa: u hay khng u, lng tnh. Bao hoa: 2 l i nh, v tr trcsau v lun lun rng sm; 4 cnh hoa khng ging nhau, nh thnh 2 vng. Hypecoum, bao hoa u. B nh: thng thng nh dnh nhau phn y ch nh to thnh 2 b; mi b gm 1 nh nguyn gia v na nh hai bn. Hypecoum c 4 nh ri nh trn 2 vng, ch nh ca 2 nh v tr trcsau phn nhnh ngn, mi nhnh mang 1 phn. gc b nh thng c 12 tuyn mt. B nhy: 2 l non to thnh bu 1 , nh non bn (Hnh 10.4). Qu: loi ci, tr Fumaria l qu b v tt c non u b try, ch cn mt non pht trin. Ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 23 chi: Corydalis, Dicentra, Fumaria; 4 loi. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Cy trong h Ci cn (Ca ri Balansa): Corydalis balansae Prain Song tm leo: Dicentra scandens (D. Don) Walp. 5. PHN LP CM CHNG (CARYOPHYLLIDAE) Phn ln l cy nh, t khi l cy bi hay cy va, thng thch nghi vi iu kin sng kh hn. L nguyn. Hoa lng tnh, thng gim thnh nhng hoa nh, cnh hoa ri hay dnh hoc khng c cnh hoa, nh i din vi cnh. Phi cong bao quanh ni nh. Ht c ngoi nh. Mch dn c mch ngn thng l n. Phn lp c 4 lin b, 4 b, 24 h. 5.1. B Cm chng (Caryophyllales) Thn c, t khi l cy va, cy nh hay cy bi. L nguyn, i khi c l km. Mt ngn cc yu t dn thng l n. Hoa lng tnh, t khi n tnh, thng l hoa u, mu 5, thng khng c cnh hoa. Nh 12 vng hoc rt nhiu. B nhy c l non ri hay dnh. Bu trn, bu gia hoc bu di. Non cong, t khi l non o. Ht phn ln c phi cong, thng c ngoi nh. B c 21 h, kho st 4 h: H Hoa giy (Nyctaginaceae) H Xng rng (Cactaceae) H Rau dn (Amaranthaceae) H Rau mui (Chenopodiaceae) H Hoa phn (Nyctaginaceae) c im Thn: c hoc cy g nh, i khi c gai. L: thng mc i, t khi mc so le, khng c l km. Cm hoa: hoa mc ring l hoc t thnh xim t hoa. Hoa: lng tnh, l bc c th to thnh mt tng bao, mu xanh hay c mu sc s bao bc 13 hoa (Bng giy). Bao hoa: 45 l i c mu dng cnh, hnh ng hay hnh kn. Khng c cnh hoa. B nh: thng c 5 nh mc trc l i, s nh c th tng ln hay gim i. B nhy: 1 l non to thnh bu trn, 1 , 1 non. 1 vi nhy hnh si, u nhy nguyn hay c thy. Qu: b, c bao bc bi i cn li. Ht thng dp v bng. Mm cong hnh mng nga bao quanh ni nh bt. Vit Nam c 4 chi: Boerhavia, Bougainvillea, Mirabilis, Pisonia; 7 loi. Cy trong h Nam sm b (Sm t): Boerhavia diffusa L. (B. repens L.). R iu tr hen, au d dy, ph thng vng da c trng; bnh gan, lch. Bng giy: Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.. Cy g nh, mc leo, c gai thng. Hoa mc thnh cm 3 hoa; mi hoa mc nch mt l bc to, c mu sc s. 3 l bc hp li ging nh mt hoa to. Hoa nh, khng cnh, i hnh ng hp, c mu, 78 nh. Bu khng lng trn cung nhy ngn (Hnh 10.5). Hoa cha xch file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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bch i h, kinh nguyt khng u. Cnh l cha bnh tiu huyt. Bng phn: Mirabilis jalaba L.. C a nin c c to. Mi nhn ging nh hoa c 5 l i ri, mu xanh, 5 cnh hoa mu vng hay trng, dnh nhau thnh ng hnh kn. Tht ra, l i y l 5 l bc ca tng bao dnh nhau gc. 5 l i tht s c mu vng hoc trng ging nh cnh hoa, dnh nhau thnh ng, 5 nh, 1 l non. R tr tiu ng, tiu ra dng trp, vim nhim ng tit niu.

Hnh 10.5. Hoa v l bc ca Bougainvillea spectabilis

H Xng rng (Cactaceae) c im Thn: cy mp thch nghi vi kh hu kh; thn c dip lc, c lng hay gai. Dng cy thay i ty loi: hnh cu, hnh lng tr, hnh tr, hnh l, chia thnh khc... Thng thn t phn nhnh. Dng cy xem ging nh cc cy h Thu du (Euphorbiaceae) ca nhng vng sa mc v l b try v thay th bi nhng gai. L: Chi Perskia c l, l Opuntia rng sm nn chi ny ch c l non, cc loi khc khng c l hoc l hnh vy rng sm hoc l bin thnh gai. Hoa: thng mc ring l, to, xut hin vo ma ma. Hoa u khi mc ng, khng u khi nm nghing, lng tnh, kiu xon c. Bao hoa: nhiu phin xp theo mt ng xon c, chuyn tip dn t l i sang cnh hoa. B nh: nhiu nh xp theo mt ng xon c ni tip vi bao hoa. B nhy: 45 l non to thnh bu di, 1 , nh non bn. Vi ri. Tt c cc b phn ca hoa bn ngoi l non dnh lin nhau bao quanh bu v dnh vo bu. Cc b phn ny c th ri pha trn bu hoc vn tip tc dnh vo nhau thnh mt ng di hay ngn. Qu: mng, nhiu ht, c khi n c (qu Thanh long). Mm cong hnh xon c. C cu hc: C t bo cha cht nhy. Vit Nam c nhp mt s loi thuc cc chi Cereus, Echinocactus, Epiphyllum (Phyllocactus), Hylocereus, Nopalea, Opuntia, Pereskia, Zygocactus trng lm cnh. Cy trong h Qunh hoa: Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw.. Hoa cha vim hng, ho ra mu, lao phi, xut huyt t cung. Thanh long: Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. et Rose. Qu c tc dng gii nhit, nhun trng; hoa dng iu tr vim ph qun, lao phi. Vt gai: Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw.. R dng nh tr tr tiu nng, thn p tr mn nht, sng l, bng. Dip long nhn: Pereskia aculeata Mill. Dip long l to: Pereskia grandiflora Haw. Cha thp khp. H Rau dn (Amaranthaceae) c im Thn: c hoc cy bi. L: mu xanh hay nhum , n, mc so le hay mc i, phin nguyn, khng c l km. Cm hoa: gi, xim hoc u. Hoa: lng tnh, u, mu 4 hay 5, 2 l bc con kh cng v c mu sc s. Bao hoa: kh file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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xc, c mu, tn ti qu. Khng c cnh hoa. B nh: 1 5 nh mc trc l i, ch nh ri hoc dnh nhau y, i khi c nh lp. B nhy: 23 l non to thnh bu trn 1 , nhiu non cong nh y. 1 vi nhy, 23 u nhy (Hnh 10.6). Qu: kh, c bao bc bi i cn li, i khi qu hp hay qu mng. Ht thng dp v bng, mm cong hnh mng nga bao quanh ni nh bt. Vit Nam c 15 chi: Achyranthes, Aerva, Allmania, Alternanthera, Amaranthus, Celosia, Centrostachys, Cyathula, Deeringia, Gomphrena, Iresine, Psilotrichopsis, Psilotrichum, Trichuriella (Trichurus); khong 30 loi. Cy trong h C xc: Achyranthes aspera L.. Ton cy cha thp khp, vim thn ph thng. R lm li tiu, h huyt p. Dn gai: Amaranthus spinosus L.. C tc dng li tiu. Mo g trng: Celosia argentea L.. Ht c tn Thanh tng t cha vim kt mc, gic mc, cao huyt p; chy mu d dy, rut, t cung. Ton cy tr l, vim ng tit niu. Mo g: Celosia cristata L.. Dng cha th huyt, bng huyt, l ra mu. N ngy: Gomphrena globosa L.. Hoa dng lm thuc c tn Thin nht hng dng cha hen, vim kh qun, ho g, lao phi. H Rau mui (Chenopodiaceae) c im Thn: c mp, thch sng t mn, mc ven bin, trn rung mui, cy chu hn tt. L: n, dy, nh, ph y lng. Lng cu to gm cung, tn cng l mt t bo to hnh cu cha y nc; khi s nc ny ht, lp lng ho to thnh mt lp ph mu trng nh bt, c sc cho h. Cm hoa: xim co thnh chm trn nch l, hp thnh cm hoa phc tp hn ngn cnh. Hoa: rt nh, lng tnh, u. Bao hoa: 5 l i mu xanh, khng c cnh hoa. B nh: 5 nh mc trc l i, ch nh cong vo gia khi hoa cn l n v mc ng khi hoa n. S nh c th gim cn 4, 3, 2 i khi ch cn 1 nh. Nh cng c th gim hon ton dn n hoa n tnh. B nhy: 23 l non to thnh bu trn 1 , 1 non cong nh y. 1 vi nhy ngn, tn cng bng 23 u nhy hnh si. a mt bao quanh y bu non. Qu: b, thng c bao bc bi i cn li; Beta vulgaris c qu hp. Mm cong hnh mng nga hay hnh xon c (Hnh 10.7). C cu hc: Cc loi sng mt nm c cu to r v thn bnh thng. cc loi 2 nm hoc nhiu nm, r hoc thn c th c cu to cp 3 do nhng b libeg to thnh nhiu vng ng tm t hot ng ca tng tng thng d vng tr b. L c 2 loi lng: lng hnh nn v nhng lng hnh bng cha nc nh m t trn. Vit Nam c 7 chi: Arthrocnemum (Salicornia), Atripex, Beta, Chenopodium, Kochia, Spinacia, Suaeda; trn 10 loi.

Hnh 10.6. Hoa Gomphrena globosa

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Hnh 10.7. Beta vulgaris 1: Hoa , 2: Phi

5.2. B Rau rm (Polygonales) B ch c 1 h Rau rm (Polygonaceae). H Rau rm (Polygonaceae) c im Thn: Phn ln l c sng nhiu nm nh c, i khi l dy leo (H th , Tign), c vi trng hp l cy g. Cnh c th bin i thnh l (dip chi) trong khi l thu hp thnh vy v rng sm (Trc tit). R c th phng ln thnh c (H th , i hong). L: n, mc so le. Phin nguyn, hnh mi tn hoc c thy hnh chn vt; cung l rng y, c b cha. Cm hoa: xim 2 ng hoc 1 ng, thu hp thnh u hay thnh vng gi nch l hoc thnh chm, gi ngn cnh. Hoa: lng tnh, u, khng c cnh hoa. Bao hoa: l nhng phin cng mu dng l i hay cnh hoa xp 2 vng, mi vng c 3 phin (i hong, Cht cht) hoc 5 phin xp xon, tin khai nm im (Tign, Ngh). B nh: 2 kiu. a) Kiu vng: 6 nh xp trn 2 vng, xen k vi cc phin ca bao hoa. i khi c vi thay i: Rheum, vng ngoi c 6 nh, vng trong c 3 nh; Rumex, hoa ch c 6 nh ca vng ngoi, vng trong b try. b) Kiu xon c: 58 nh. B nhy: 3 hay 2 l non to thnh bu trn, c 3 cnh hay hnh thu knh, 1 , 1 non thng nh y. Vi nhy ri (Hnh 10.8). Qu: b, c 3 cnh hay hnh thu knh, c bao bc bi cc l i cn li. i khi l i c th mng ln v qu tr thnh mt qu mng gi. Ht c ni nh bt, mm thng hay cong vi xu hng nm bn ngoi ni nh. C cu hc: C cu to bt thng libeg thng d mt s loi. V d c i hong, c nhng cu to bt thng hnh sao quanh ty, c nhng tng tng ph hnh vng trn nh, sinh libe mt trong v g mt ngoi; g b ct bi cc tia ty loe rng, to thnh cc hnh sao c sc. Vit Nam c khong 11 chi: Aconogonum, Antenoron, Antigonum, Cephalophilon, Chylocalyx, Coccoloba, Fagopyrum, Fallopia, Homalocladium (Muehlenbeckia), Persicaria, Polygonum, Reynoutria, Rheum, Rumex, Truellum; khong 45 loi.

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Hnh 10.8. Hoa ca Polygonaceae 1: Rheum, 2: Rumex, 3: Polygonum hydropiper

Cy trong h H th : Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson hay Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.. C dng lm thuc b, cha thn suy, gan yu, thn kinh suy nhc, lm en tc. Rm nc (Ngh rm): Polygonum hydropiper L.. Lm thuc cha vim v xut huyt d dy, rut; kit l, phong thp, xut huyt t cung, phnh gin tnh mch. Rau rm: Polygonum odoratum Lour.. Dng lm rau n, c tc dng kch thch tiu ho, tr lnh d dy, au bng, nn. Cn c tc dng li tiu v h st. i hong: Rheum officinale Baill. Trng lm thuc nhun trng, ty x. Cht cht: Rumex wallichii Meisn.. R c mu nu en dng lm thuc nhun trng, cha l nga, mn nht. 5.3. B ui cng (Plumbaginales) B ch c 1 h ui cng (Plumbaginaceae). H ui cng (Plumbaginaceae) c im Thn: c, i khi l cy bi. L: n, nguyn, mc so le hoc t thnh hnh hoa th, khng c l km. Cm hoa: gi, u hay chm, hoa mc v mt pha ca trc hoa. Hoa: lng tnh, mu 5, u, him khi hoa khng u do cnh hoa. Bao hoa: L i dnh nhau, thng tn ti. Cnh hoa dnh nhau bn di thnh mt ng di hay ngn, i khi cnh hoa ch dnh nhau mt t y. B nh: 5 nh nh trn ng trng i din vi cnh hoa. B nhy: 5 l non dnh lin to thnh bu trn, 1 , 1 non thng nh y. 5 vi nhy ri hoc 1 vi nhy vi 5 u nhy. Qu: kh khng m hay qu hp, ht c ni nh bt. Vit Nam c 3 chi: Armeria (Statice), Limonium, Plumbago; 45 loi. Cy trong h ui cng hoa (Xch hoa x): Plumbago indica L. in Stickm. (P. rosea L.). Hoa mu , mt ngoi l i c nhiu lng dnh. C tc dng tr nm, chng bu v ung th bch huyt ui cng hoa trng (Bch hoa x): Plumbago zeylanica L.. Hoa mu trng, mt ngoi l i cng c nhiu lng dnh. Dng lm thuc cha bnh ngoi da.

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6. PHN LP SAU SAU (HAMAMELIDIDAE) C hoa chuyn ho theo hng th phn nh gi. Hoa tr nn n gin, nh, khng hp dn, phn ln l hoa n tnh xp thnh cm hoa phc tp c dng ui sc. Bao hoa n hay mt hn (hoa trn). Nh v nhy c s lng t, l non lun lun dnh. Phn ln l cy g, yu t dn c mt ngn thng l n. Phn lp Sau sau c 17 b vi 23 h, phn ln l cc b nh ch c mt h. Vit Nam c i din ca cc b: B Sau sau (Hamamelidales) B Phi lao (Casuarinales) B D (Fagales) B Du ru (Myricales) B H o (Juglandales) 6.1. B Sau sau (Hamamelidales) Cy to hay cy va. L nguyn hay x thy, gn hnh lng chim hay hnh chn vt, mc so le, t khi mc i, phn ln c l km. Cc yu t mch phn ln c mt ngn hnh thang. Hoa n tnh hay lng tnh hp thnh cm hoa hnh ui sc hay hnh u. C hay khng c bao hoa. Hoa t lng tnh, th phn nh su b tin ti hoa n tnh, khng cnh, th phn nh gi. B nhy c 2, 3, 4 l non dnh. Ht phn t 3 rnh tin ti c nhiu l. Non o, i khi thng, c 2 v. Ht c phi to, ni nh t. B c 3 h, y ch xt 1 h. H Sau sau (Altingiaceae) c im Thn: g to, c khi cao ti 60 m, thn thng ng. L: n, mc so le hay mc i. Phin nguyn, gn hnh lng chim hay c thy kiu chn vt vi gn hnh chn vt. L km rng sm. Cm hoa: chm, gi, i khi thu gn thnh u. Hoa: u hay khng u, n tnh hoc tp tnh, mu 5 hay mu 4. Bao hoa: L i ri, tn ti. Cnh hoa ri, rng sm, i khi khng c cnh hoa nh Liquydambar. B nh: hoa c c 1 hay nhiu nh. Bao phn mang 4 hoc 2 ti phn, nt dc hay m bng van. Ht phn c 3 rnh hay hn. B nhy: hoa ci c 2 l non to thnh bu 2 , trn, gia hay di. Mi l non cha 1 hay nhiu non, vi v u nhy thng to. Qu: nang; ht i khi c cnh, c ni nh, mm thng. C cu hc: Rt c trng bi ng tit du nha thm trong ty ca thn v l. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Altingia v Liquidambar; 89 loi. Cy trong h T hp cao (An tin cao): Altingia excelsa Noronha. Nha dng lm hng liu, tr ho cn, hen suyn, kinh gin, si m. Sau sau (Sau trng, Cy c ym): Liquidambar formosana Hance. Nha thm c tnh cht st khun v lm vt thng mau lnh. 6.2. B Phi lao (Casuarinales) B ch c 1 h Casuarinaceae vi 1 chi Casuarina. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Thn: cy to, nhnh c t xem ging nh l. L: bin i thnh vy hp, di, mc vng, lin nhau y thnh mt ng, ri ngn. Cm hoa: hoa n tnh. Hoa c xp thnh vng chng ln nhau v t thnh hnh ui sc ngn; mi vng c khong 6 hoa. Hoa ci t thnh u hnh cu hay hnh trng. Hoa: n tnh. Hoa c: thu hp ch cn 1 hoc 2 nh c bao bc bi bao hoa gi l 4 vy nh (gm 2 l bc v 2 l bc con). Hoa ci: 2 l non hp thnh bu 2 , nhng ch c 1 th, 1 non. 2 vi nhy di. Mi hoa ci c bao bi 2 l bc, v sau chng rn li v bao bc qu. Qu: c cnh. Ht khng ni nh. Cy trong h Phi lao (Dng): Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.. Thn, v cht dng tr tiu chy, kit. Ngoi ra, cn c tc dng chng oxy ho v khng khun S. aureus. 6.3. B D (Fagales) B c 5 h, ch cp 1 h. H D (Fagaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh. L: n, mc so le, c kha rng hay c thy. L km rng sm. Cm hoa: thng l ui sc nhng c th gp hoa ring l (hoa ci ca Quercus). Hoa: n tnh cng gc. Hoa c: gm c i v mt s nh thay i. Hoa ci: gm c i n s dnh vo bu. 3 hay 6 l non hp thnh bu di 3 hay 6 , 2 non trong mt , nhng ch c 1 th v cng ch c 1 non pht trin. Hoa ci c mt b phn gi l u (cupule) dy (mt nhm hoa ci mc nch ca mt l bc m, mang bi ui sc, c bao quanh bi mt chn nh gi l u). Mi u c th cha 1 hoa (Quercus), 2 hoa (Fagus) hay 3 hoa (Castanea). u tn ti qu. Qu: Mi hoa cho mt qu b. Castanea, sau th tinh, u pht trin, mang y gai di bao bc cc qu, khi qu chn, u m thnh 4 mnh. Ht khng ni nh. Vit Nam c 5 chi: Castanea, Castanopsis, Fagus, Lithocarpus (Pasania), Quercus; khong 210 loi. Cy trong h D Cao Bng (D Trng Khnh): Castanea mollissima Blume. Cm hoa tr tiu chy, ht tr thn h, au lng. Si nhn: Quercus acutissima Carruth.. Nhn qu v v thn lm thuc cha l, tr ra mu. D bn: Quercus variabilis Blume. V qu tr ho, thy t, chc u. 6.4. B H o (Juglandales) B ch c 1 h. H H o (Juglandaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh. L: kp hnh lng chim, mc so le, khng c l km. Cm hoa: ui sc di

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mang hoa c, ui sc ngn hn mang hoa ci. i khi ui sc mang hoa ci di, hoa c trn. Hoa: n tnh cng gc, hoa c l bc v 2 l bc con. Hoa v cnh hoc bao hoa n s. Hoa c: Bao hoa gim, thng c 4 vy dng l i. 1040 nh, ch nh ngn v ri. i khi hoa c c du vt ca b nhy. Hoa ci: c 4 l i. 2 l non hp thnh bu di 1 , 1 non thng nh t y, 2 u nhy. Qu: hch, ht khng ni nh. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Annamocarya, Carya, Engelhardtia, Juglans, Platycarya, Pterocarya; trn 10 loi. Cy trong h H o (c ch): Juglans regia L.. Cy cha betulin v juglon km hm s tng hp ADN ca t bo ung th nn c tc dng tr ung th v. Ht b, tr t thp. 7. PHN LP S (DILLENIIDAE) y l phn lp ln nn cc c im rt a dng. Cy to, cy va, cy bi, cy thn c, dy leo. L nguyn hoc chia thy khc nhau. Yu t mch c thng l n hoc hnh thang. Hoa lng tnh u, t khi khng u. Tin ho theo hng th phn nh su b. Cc i din c tin ho thp th cc l non cn ri nhau. Ht c phi thng. Phn lp gm 10 lin b, 40 b v 109 h. Ch cp cc b v h c nhiu i din nc ta. 7.1. B S (Dilleniales) Ch c 1 h S (Dilleniaceae). H S (Dilleniaceae) c im Thn: g to hay dy leo, t khi l c (Acrotrema). L: n, mc so le, nguyn hay c kha rng. Khng c l km hoc l km d rng. Gn l hnh lng chim ni r, gn bn song song, ko di ra tn nh rng mp, c khi ko di thnh gai nhn. Cm hoa: hoa ring l hay t thnh tn 3 hoa nch l hay ngn. Hoa: to, lng tnh i khi hoa n tnh (Actimidia). Bao hoa: cc phin xp xon c, 5 l i tn ti v ng trng, 5 cnh hoa rng sm. B nh: nhiu nh nh trn nhiu vng, bao phn m bng l nh hay m dc. B nhy: nhiu l non ri hay dnh nhau mt phn, Tetracera sarmentosa c 1 l non. Mi l non cha nhiu non, t khi 12. Vi nhy ri hay dnh nhau y. Qu: mi l non cho ra mt qu i c bao trong i ng trng ph mp ra ging nh qu. Ht c ni nh, thng c o ht. Mm nh. C cu hc: Khng c ng tit, vi loi c t bo tit du nha. Thn, l c nhiu tinh th calci oxalat. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Dillenia, Tetracera; khong 15 loi. Cy trong h S b: Dillenia indica L.. L tr ho, st, y bng. S bng v (Lng ta): Dillenia turbinata Finet & Gagnep.. L tr ho, thy thng. Dy chiu (T gic leo): Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr.. L rt nhm, dng nh giy nhm. Cn dng tr kit, li tiu, ph thng, lc mu. 7.2. B Ch (Theales) file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Cy g v cy bi, t khi dy leo thn g. L thng mc so le; phn ln n, nguyn, gn hnh lng chim, c l km hay khng. Hoa lng tnh, u, t khi khng u. Bao hoa xon vng hoc vng, phn ln mu 5. i v trng hoa thng ri. Nh nhiu, ri hoc ch nh dnh li vi nhau, mng ht phn c 3 rnhl. Nhy gm nhiu l non ri hoc 2 n nhiu l non dnh vi nhau to thnh bu trn, t khi l bu di hay gia. Nhiu i din cha c tuyn mt. Non o, hng xung t, phn ln c 2 lp v. Ht c ni nh hay khng. B c 9 h, ch cp 1 h. H Ch (Theaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh. L: n, mc so le, khng c l km. Phin l dy, cng, ba l c rng ca nh v u. Cm hoa: hoa ring l nch l hay t thnh chm 23 hoa. Hoa: u, lng tnh. Mi hoa c 24 l bc ging nh l i. Bao hoa: i, nh theo ng xon c. 5, i khi 67 l i ri, khng u, tn ti. Thng thng c 5, nhng c th 49 hoc nhiu hn cnh hoa. Cc cnh hoa c th ri hay dnh nhau t nhiu y. B nh: hhiu nh ri hay dnh thnh nhiu b hay ch dnh nhau y, ch nh di, bao phn nh gc hay lc l. B nhy: 35 l non hp thnh bu trn, 35 , nhiu non, nh non trung tr. S vi nhy bng s trong bu v thng ri nhau. Qu: nang ch , ht khng c ni nh. C cu hc: Trong l c cng th. Vit Nam c 11 chi: Adinandra, Anneslea, Camellia (Thea v Dankia), Eurya, Gordonia, Hartia, Pyrenaria, Schima, Stuartia, Ternstroemia, Tristylium; trn 100 loi. Cy trong h Cy Ch (Tr): Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze hay Thea sinensis L.. Tc dng kch thch thn kinh trung ng, li tiu, gii c, li sa, gip tiu ho. S (Tr mai): Camellia sasanqua (Thunb.). Du ht dng trong thc phm hay dng tr bnh ngoi da, lm x bng tr gh. L cha eugenol lm thuc p cha gy xng. Chn tr nhn: Eurya acuminata DC.. L tr tiu chy, kit, ri lon d dy. 7.3. B Ban (Hypericales) B c 3 h, ch cp 1 h. H Ba (Clusiaceae) c im Thn: g to hay va, cnh thng mc ngang. L: mc i, n, khng c l km. Phin l thng lng, dy, nguyn, gn ph song song kht nhau. Cm hoa: Hoa ring l hay t thnh chm. Hoa: u, n tnh khc gc hay cng gc hoc lng tnh hay tp tnh (hoa c v hoa lng tnh cng gc). Bao hoa: i, mu 4 hay 5, cc phin ri nhau; l i tn ti. B nh: Nhiu nh ri hay dnh thnh nhiu b hay thnh u trn. B nhy: 1 l non (M u) hoc nhiu l non, nh non trung tr. Mt vi nhy di (M u) hoc rt ngn gn nh khng c (Mng ct). S u nhy bng s trong bu. Qu: mng (Garcinia) hay qu nhn cng (Calophyllum) hay nang ct vch (Mesua). Ht c o ht do cung non hay l non to thnh, khng c ni nh (Hnh 10.9). C cu hc: B my sinh dng cha ng tit resine, ti tit kiu ly bo c trong l.

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Vit Nam c 5 chi: Calophyllum, Garcinia, Kayea, Mesua, Ochrocarpus; khong 45 loi. Cy trong h M u: Calophyllum inophyllum L.. Nha cy v du ly t ht c tc dng chng vim. Mng ct: Garcinia mangostana L.. V qu tr tiu chy, kit. Vp: Mesua ferrea L.. G rt cng, v ng b, hoa tr ho, ht tr ung nht.

Hnh 10.9. Clusiaceae 1: Nh dnh thnh u trn Garcinia hanburyi, 2: Nh ri Calophyllum inophyllum, 3 v 4: Nh dnh thnh nhiu b Garcinia delpyana, 5: Qu Garcinia mangostana

7.4. B Np m (Nepenthales) B ch c 1 h. H Np m (Nepenthaceae) c im Thn: cy bi, mc ng, nm hay leo. L: n, khng c l km. L gm c 3 phn k t cung nh sau: mt bn mng ging phin l m nhim s ng ho carbon; mt phn gia thu hp cn nh mt si cong, c th ng vai tr vi cun mc cy vo nhng cy khc v mt phn ngn hnh bnh di c np y. Phn y bnh c nhng tuyn tit ra mt dung dch ngt c kh nng tiu ho cn trng. Cm hoa: chm c hay chm xim. Hoa: n tnh khc gc, mu xanh lc hay mu ta, nhiu khi c mi hi. Bao hoa: 4 l i, t khi l 3; khng c cnh hoa. B nh: 424 nh, ch ch dnh nhau thnh mt ct, bao phn n dc, ht phn c 3 thy. B nhy: 4 l non, t khi 3, bu 34 , nhiu non trong mt , nh non trung tr. Vi nhy ngn hoc khng c, u nhy c thy. Qu: nang. Ht hnh si, c ni nh. Vit Nam ch c 1 chi Nepenthes vi 5 loi. Cy trong h Bnh nc Trung b: Nepenthes annamensis Macfarl. Li tiu, cha ph thng. Bnh nc k quan (Tr lung): Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce. Cha tiu chy. 7.5. B Quyn (Ericales) Cy g, cy bi hoc c sng nhiu nm. L n, mc so le, khng l km. Hoa lng tnh, thng u, mu 5 hay 4. Cnh hoa i khi cn ri nhau. 2 vng nh, nh khng nh trn trng, bao phn c 2 sng, m bng l. 45 l non hp thnh bu trn hay di, 45 , mi ng nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy. Non ch c 1 lp v. B c 5 h, ch cp 1 h. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Thn: cy g to hay nh hoc dy leo. L: n, mc so le hay i khi ging nh mc vng, khng c l km. Phin l nguyn hay c rng ca. Cm hoa: t khi hoa ring l, thng t thnh chm, tn, ng ngn cnh. Hoa: u, i khi khng u, lng tnh, mu 5 hay 4. Bao hoa: 45 l i c th dnh hoc ri, i khi dng cnh hoa, thng tn ti. 45 cnh hoa thng dnh nhau (Lebum c cnh hoa ri). B nh: 810 nh, b nh o lng nh, nhng c th vng nh trc cnh hoa b try. Ch nh khng nh trn trng. Bao phn c 2 sng (tr Rhododendron), thng m bng l. Ht phn dnh thnh t t. B nhy: S l non bng s cnh hoa, dnh nhau thnh bu trn, nhiu , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy; a mt di bu. Qu: nang hay qu mng, ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 11 chi: Agapetes, Craibiodendron (Nuihonia), Diplicosia, Enkianthus, Gaultheria, Leucothoe, Lyonia, Monotropastrum, Pieris, Rhododendron, Vaccinium; khong 75 loi. Cy trong h Chu th (Chu thy): Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.. Hoa rt thm v ton cy c mi metyl salicylat. L cha phong thp, kin v, st trng. quyn: Rhododendron simsii Planch.. L c tc dng chng vim. Sn trm l hoa: Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.. Tr ung th. 7.6. B B (Styracales) B gm 4 h, cp 3 h: H B (Styracaceae) H Th (Ebenaceae) H Dung (Symplocaceae). H B (Styracaceae) c im Thn: cy g to hay cy bi. L: n, nguyn hay c kha rng, mc so le, khng c l km. Cm hoa: Chm n hay kp nch l hay ngn. Hoa: u, lng tnh, thng mu 5; l bc v l bc con nh, rng sm. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau, 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau. B nh: 10 nh bng nhau hay 5 nh ln v 5 nh nh, nh trn 1 vng v nh trn ng trng. B nhy: Bu trn hoc t nhiu di, chia thnh 45 khng hon ton pha trn, mi ng 1 hay nhiu non; 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy. Qu: hch, mang i cn li; ht c ni nh. C cu hc: Khng c b my tit, nha c tit ra khi c vt thng. L thng c lng che ch hnh sao hoc nhng vy. Vit Nam c 5 chi: Alniphyllum, Bruinsmia, Huodendron, Rehderodendron, Styrax (Anthostyrax); trn 15 loi. Cy trong h B nha (An tc): Styrax benzoin Dryand.. V thn cho nha thm dng lm hng liu hay lm thuc tr vim hng mn. B (An tc bc): Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hardw.. Dng lm thuc tr hen, au

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Thn: Cy g to hay nh. L: n, nguyn, mc so le, khng c l km. Phin l dy, cng. Cm hoa: hoa c mc thnh xim nch l. Hoa ci thng mc ring l hoc t thnh xim t hoa. Hoa: thng n tnh cng gc hay khc gc. Bao hoa: i hp; trng hp, trn chia thnh 37 thy. B nh: Hoa c c nh nh trn trng hoa thnh 2 vng, i khi gim cn 1 vng hoc nh tng ln rt nhiu. Hoa c cn du vt ca b nhy l mt u nh gia. B nhy: Bu trn nhiu , c th c vch gi (Hng), mi ng 1 hay 2 non, nh non trung tr; 1 vi nhy hay nhiu vi dnh nhau y. Hoa ci thng ln hn hoa c v c th mang nh lp. Qu: mp hay qu hch mang i cn li v thng ng trng, ht c ni nh sng. C cu hc: Khng c ng nha m. Vit Nam c 12 chi: Diospyros, Maba; trn 60 loi. Cy trong h Th: Diospyros decandra Lour.. Tc dng trn an, cha giun sn. Cung hoa v l i cha ho, kh th; v qu tr zona. Hng: Diospyros kaki L. f.. Qu b, cha suy nhc. Nc p qu (Th tt) cha cao huyt p, cht ng trong qu (Th sng) cha ho, au hng. Mc na: Diospyros mollis Griff.. Qu cha sn x mt. Sng en: Diospyros venosa Wall. ex DC.. V v tri dng duc c. H Dung (Symplocaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh. L: n, nguyn, mc so le, khng c l km. Cm hoa: chm, gi, t khi hoa ring l. Hoa: u, lng tnh, thng thm v c mu trng. L bc v 2 l bc con to thnh mt tng bao. Bao hoa: i hp, c 25 rng; 45 cnh hoa dnh nhau, d rng. B nh: nhiu nh khng bng nhau, nh trn ng trng, i khi nh hp li thnh b. B nhy: bu di, chia thnh 15 , mi ng 24 non; 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy. Qu: hch hay qu mng mang i cn li, ht c phi nh. H ch c 1 chi Symplocos, khong 35 loi. Cy trong h Dung t (Dung chm): Symplocos racemosa Roxb.. L lm tr ung gip tiu ho, cha au d dy do tha acid; tr vim cung phi, ri lon ng tit niu, tiu ra dng trp. Dung l tr: Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore subsp. laurina (Retz.) Noot. hay Myrtus laurina Retz.. V cm mu, cha thiu mt, lu, au mt. t p tr bng. 7.7. B Hng xim (Sapotales) B ch c 1 h. H Hng xim (Sapotaceae) c im file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Thn: g, c nha m. L: n, nguyn, mc so le, c hay khng c l km, gn l hnh lng chim. Cm hoa: Hoa ring l hay t thnh chm nch l. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 4, 5, 6 hay 8. Bao hoa: 48 l i xp thnh 1 hay 2 vng. Cnh hoa dnh, s lng c th bng hay hn s l i; cnh hoa c th c ph b mt ngoi hay mt trong. B nh: Nh nh trn trng hoa thnh 2 vng, nhng vng ngoi c khi b try hoc thoi ho ch cn li nh lp. Ngc li, vng nh trong c th t nhn i. Bao phn hng ngoi. B nhy: S l non bng s l i, dnh lin thnh bu trn, nhiu , mi ng 1 non; 1 vi nhy,1 u nhy. Qu: mp, v ht mu nu en. Ht c ni nh nhiu hoc rt t gn nh khng c, rn ht pht trin. C cu hc: ng nha m c t, lng che ch n bo hnh thoi kh c sc. Vit Nam c khong 16 chi: Aesandra, Bumelia, Chrysophyllum, Donella, Eberhardtia, Lucuma (Pouteria), Madhuca, Manilkana (Achras, Nispero, Sapota), Mastichodendron, Mimusops, Palaquyum, Payena, Planchonella, Sarcosperma, Sinosideroxylon, Xantolis; trn 40 loi. Cy trong h V sa: Chrysophyllum cainito L. Xa-b-ch (Hng xim): Manilkara zapota (L.) Royen hay Achras sapota L. hoc Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosb.. Ht lm gim st, li tiu. L-ki-ma: Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) Moore & Stearn hay Lucuma mammosa (L.) Gaertn. 7.8. B Trn chu (Primulales) B c 1 h Trn chu (Primulaceae): Cy c, sng mt nm hay sng dai; l khng c chm trong m. Qu nang, i khi qu hp. 7.9. B Hoa tm (Violales) B c 9 h, ch cp 2 h. H Hoa tm (Violaceae) H Mng qun (Flacourtiaceae) H Hoa tm (Violaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm nh thn r. L: n, mc so le, c l km. Cm hoa: chm hay xim. Hoa: lng tnh, thng khng u, hay c 2 l bc con. Hoa n tnh cng gc hay khc gc him gp. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 5 l i, 5 cnh hoa vi cnh di c ca. B nh: 5 nh, ch nh ngn hay khng c; 2 nh pha trc ca hoa khng u c mang ph b. B nhy: 3 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 1 , nh non bn; 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy. Qu: nang hay qu mng, ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 4 chi: Hybanthus (Ionidium), Rinorea (Alsodeia), Scyphellandra, Viola; khong 35 loi. Cy trong h

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Hoa tm thm: Viola odorata L.. Dng lm thuc cha ho, vim hng, vim ph qun, vim lot ng tiu ho, tit niu. Png-x: Viola tricolor L.. Cha bnh ngoi da, vim tnh mch tr. Thn r cha ho, li m, thp khp. H Mng qun (Flacourtiaceae) c im H Mng qun rt gn vi h iu nhum nhng khc cc im chnh sau: Bao phn nt dc, khng c ng tit, ht cha rt nhiu du v ht a-l-rn. Vit Nam c 11 chi: Bennettiodendron, Casearia, Flacourtia, Hemiscolopia, Homalium, Hydnocarpus, Itoa, Osmelia, Ryparosa, Scolopia, Xylosma; gn 50 loi. Cy trong h Chm bao ln (L ni): Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre ex Laness.. Ht p ly du dng cha bnh ngoi da, bnh hi v bnh giun. Mng qun (B qun): Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. hay F. cataphracta Roxb. ex Willd.. Qu cha gan yu, t tit mt. V dng lc mu cho ph n trc v sau khi sinh. 7.10. B Lc tin (Passiflorales) B c 4 h, ch cp 1 h. H Lc tin (Passifloraceae) c im Thn: dy leo nh tua cun nch l do cnh bin i. L: n, mc so le, c l km. Phin l c kha rng hay thy hnh chn vt, cung l thng c tuyn. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l nch l hay t thnh cm hoa t hoa. Hoa: lng tnh, u, mu 5. L bc hnh l hay hnh si c th to thnh mt tng bao (Nhn lng). hoa ko di thnh cung nh nhy. Bao hoa: 5 l i v 5 cnh hoa nh ming mt hoa hnh chn nh, cnh hoa mang gc nhng ph b hnh bn hp to thnh 1 hay nhiu vng. B nh: 5 nh. B nhy: 35 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 1 , nhiu non, nh non bn; 35 vi nhy. Qu: nang hay qu mng, ht c ni nh v o ht. Qu Nhn lng c tng bao l bc bao xung quanh. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Adenia, Passiflora; trn 20 loi. Cy trong h Chm bao (Nhn lng, Lc tin): Passiflora foetida L.. Lm thuc an thn. Mc mt: Passiflora incarnata L.. Cha suy nhc thn kinh, mt ng, ng kinh. Da gang ty: Passiflora quadrangularis L.. Ht tr sn. 7.11. B u (Caricales) B ch c 1 h. H u (Caricaceae)

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Cy to khng phn nhnh; hoa n tnh, nh non bn. ng nha m c t. H ch c cy u (Carica papaya L.) vi c im: Thn: hnh tr, khng phn nhnh, mang mt chm l ngn. L: to, mc so le, n; cung l di v rng. Phin l c thy su, gn l hnh chn vt. Cm hoa: chmxim nch l. Hoa: u, mu 5, thng n tnh khc gc nhng cng c th gp cy tp tnh mang va hoa c, hoa ci v hoa lng tnh. Hoa c: 5 l i dnh nhau bn di thnh mt ng, trn chia 5 thy. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau trn mt on di thnh hnh phu. 10 nh xp thnh 2 vng nh trn ng trng, gia hoa c du vt ca b nhy. Hoa ci: 5 l i, 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau t nhiu. 5 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 1 , nhiu non, nh non bn; vi nhy ngn, 5 u nhy khng phn nhnh. Qu: mng nhiu ht, rng gia. C cu hc: ng nha m c t, nha m cha papain; c t bo cha myrosin. V thn u dng cha vng da, chng ng mu. Enzym papainase c tc dng lm tan protein, gip tiu ho. 7.12. B Liu (Salicales) Ch c 1 h. H Liu (Salicaceae) H ch c 2 chi l Salix v Populus. c im Thn: cy g to, nhnh c t xem ging nh l. L: n, nguyn, mc so le, c l km. Cm hoa: ui sc. Hoa: mc nch l bc, n tnh khc gc, khng c bao hoa. Hoa c: 1 hoc nhiu nh. Hoa ci: 2 l non hp thnh bu trn, 1 , nh non bn; 2 u nhy. Qu: nang. Ht rt nh, khng ni nh nhng c mt ln lng. Cy trong h Liu: Salix babylonica L.. Cnh, r tr au nhc, tiu but. 7.13. B Bu b (Cucurbitales) B ch c 1 h. H Bu b (Cucurbitaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm; dy leo bng tua cun hay mc b trn mt t. Thn c cnh, lng hay c lng cng. L: mc so le, n, c cung di, khng c l km. Phin thng c lng nhm v c thy kiu chn vt, gn l hnh chn vt. nch l c mt h thng phc tp, trong trng hp phc tp nht nh Cucumis, h thng ny gm 4 c quan khc nhau: 1 hoa ring l, c hay ci, 1 cm hoa mang nhiu hoa (thng l hoa c), 1 cnh mang l v 1 hay 2 vi cun chia nhnh hai bn. Theo Eichler gii thch: L mang nch mt xim 2 ng thu hp ch cn 1 hoa, c hay ci, vi 2 l bc con bin thnh 1 hay 2 vi cun. Cc l bc con ny ng l mang hoa nch nh nhng xim 2 ng bnh thng th mt ci mang cnh c l, ci kia mang mt pht hoa vi nhiu hoa. Hoa: n tnh cng gc hay khc gc, u, mu 5. i khi hoa tr nn khng u do nhng bin i xy ra trong b nh. Bao hoa: hoa c v hoa ci, 2 vng bao hoa dnh vo nhau v dnh vo bu ging nh nh trn ming bu. L i nh, hnh tam gic, cnh hoa to. Sau khi i tch khi trng, cc cnh hoa c th ri hoc dnh lin nhau trn mt on di hay ngn ty loi. B nh: 5 nh ri, khng nh trn trng m nh file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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ni tip gip gia i v trng. Bao phn thng; mi bao phn c 2 , m bng mt ng nt dc. Mng ht phn c nhiu rnh l, nhiu l (3 rnh l hoc 3 n nhiu l). B nh c th bin i nh sau: Hoa c c 5 nh ri. Bao phn cong queo, 1 v m bng mt ng nt cong queo. Di nh c a mt c 5 thy (Mp hng). Hoa c c 4 nh dnh thnh 2 cp ch nh v bao phn, nh th nm ri. Bao phn cong queo c 1 v m bng mt ng nt cong queo. i khi ch nh vn nh trn nhng cc bao phn dnh vo nhau thnh mt ct duy nht (Cucurbita, Cucumis, Citrullus). Hoa c c 5 nh dnh vo nhau bi ch thnh mt ct, tn cng l 5 phn ri hay dnh nhau (Sechium). Ch nh dnh nhau v cc bao phn cng dnh nhau thnh mt ct duy nht, m bng mt ng nt chy vng (Cyclanthera). Hoa c thng mang du vt ca b phn ci. B nhy: Hoa ci c 3 l non dnh nhau thnh bu di c 3 , cc gi non trung tr ca bu tin ra pha thnh bu ri phn thnh 2 nhnh mc cong vo trong v mang nhiu non; do li nh non trung tr tr thnh trc m c bit. 1 vi nhy, 3 u nhy (Hnh 10.10). Him khi s l non l 4 hay 5. Hoa ci thng mang du vt ca b nh lp. a mt bao quanh gc vi. Qu: mng, to. V ngoi cng, i khi ho g, v gia dy v nc, c th c x (x mp). Phn rut ca qu b chim bi mt th cm qu c nhiu nc, l qu loi b. i khi gp qu kh m bng l hay np. Ht gn nh khng c ni nh, l mm dy v cha nhiu du. C cu hc: nhng cnh li ca thn c nhng cm m dy di biu b. Si tr b to thnh mt vng lin tc. Thng c 2 vng b libeg kiu chng kp, cc b vng trong l vt l, mch ry c kch thc to ln. Vit Nam c khong 23 chi: Actinostemma, Benincasa, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Diplocyclos (Bryonopsis), Gomphogyne, Gymnopetalum, Gynostemma, Hemsleya, Hodgsonia, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Mukia, Neoalsomitra (Alsomitra), Sechium, Solena, Thladiantha, Trichosanthes, Zanonia, Zehneria; gn 53 loi.

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Hnh 10.10. Cucurbitaceae Cm hoa Cucumis (1), Cucurbita (2). B nh Actinostemma (3), Bryonia dioica (4), Cucurbita pepo (5), Cyclanthera (6), Sicyos (7), Lagenaria (8), Lt ct ngang bu non Cucurbita pepo (9)

Cy trong h Da hu: Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai hay C. vulgaris Schrad.. Tht qu cha cao huyt p, vim thn ph thng, tiu but. Ht cha au lng, giun sn. Da chut: Cucumis sativus L.. R, l tr sng, au. Qu cha si, trc khun Coli v dng trong m phm. Da gang: Cucumis melo L. var. conomon (Thunb.) Makino. Qu lm li tiu, gii nhit. Chi Cucurbita: Vit Nam c 3 loi, tn Vit Nam kh phn bit: B r (B , B r): C. maxima Duch. ex Lam.. Qu rt to c th nng n 50 kg, hnh cu, dp 2 bn, lm gia; ht di 2029 mm. B r (B ng, B thm): C. moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poir.. Qu to, hnh tr hay hnh chy; v qu mu lc en vng hay ; cung qu phnh rng ch nh, ht di 1012 mm. B ng (B sp, B ): C. pepo L.. Qu trn bt hay trn di, c lng nh gai, cung ch hi phnh ch nh; ht di 715 mm. Cng dng: t v qu dng lm rau, ht tr giun sn, nhun trng, li tiu. Ngoi ra cn dng cha vim ng tit niu, rut, mt ng, suy nhc thn kinh. Mp hng: Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.. Qu kch thch tit sa, ht cha ho nhiu m, r tr vim mi. Kh qua: Momordica charantia L.. Cht ng l glycosid momordicin c tc dng tr m. Qu tr tiu ng. Gc: Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.. Du Gc cha bnh kh mt, lm lnh vt thng, bng; tht qu dng nu xi. Su su: Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. 7.14. B Mn mn (Capparales) Cy g, cy bi v cy tho. L phn ln mc so le, n hoc kp hnh chn vt, thng khng c l km. Cc yu t mch c thng l n. Mt s i din c trng bi nhng t bo cha myrosin. Hoa thng lng tnh, u hoc hi khng u. Bao hoa mu 4, t khi mu 5. Nh nhiu hay t, thng ri. Mng ht phn c 3 rnh l hoc nhiu l. Bu trn, cha nhiu non hoc 1 non. Ht c phi cong nhiu hay t hoc xp np, ni nh t hoc khng c. B c 6 h, cp 2 h: H Mn mn (Capparaceae). H Ci (Brassicaceae). H Mn mn (Capparaceae) c im H Mn mn khc h Ci 2 im chnh: hoa thng c cung nhy hay cung nh nhy, nh thng di bng nhau. Thn: c hay cy g nh. L: mc so le, n hay kp hnh chn vt c 37 l file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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cht. L km hnh si, hnh gai nh hoc khng c l km. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hay t thnh chm, ng hay tn. Hoa: thng u, lng tnh, c l bc. hoa mc di ln thnh cung nhy hay cung nh nhy. Bao hoa: 4 l i xp thnh 2 vng, 2 l i ca vng ngoi v tr trcsau. 4 cnh hoa xp trn mt vng theo ng cho ch thp. Mi cnh hoa c mt phin rng trn thng gc vi mt phn hp di gi l mng. B nh: 46 nh hay nhiu nh. B nhy: 2 l non v tr hai bn, dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 1 , nhiu non, nh non bn hoc nhiu l non, bu nhiu do s pht trin ca vch gi (Hnh 10.11A). Qu: Qu loi ci hay qu mng; ht hnh thn, khng c ni nh, mm cong. C cu hc: C t bo cha myrosin. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Capparis, Cleoma (Gynandropsis, Polanisia), Crateva (Crataeva), Niebuhria, Stixis, Tirania; gn 55 loi. Cy trong h Cp hng ro: Capparis sepiara L.. Cha st, bnh da. Mn mn hoa trng: Cleome gynandra L.. Tr t thp, au gn. Mn mn hoa vng: Cleome viscosa L.. L cha au tai; r chng bnh hoi huyt, chy mu chn rng; qu non kch thch tiu ho. H Ci (Brassicaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm hay hai nm, thn v r c th ph ln thnh c (Ci c, Su ho). L: n, mc so le, khng c l km. Ba l nguyn, i khi x hay c kha su; gn l hnh lng chim. Cm hoa: Chm di ngn, i khi co thnh ng. Hoa: u, lng tnh, khng c l bc v l bc con. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 4 l i xp thnh 2 vng, 2 l i ca vng ngoi v tr trcsau. 4 cnh hoa xp trn mt vng theo ng cho ch thp, mi cnh hoa c mt phin rng trn thng gc vi mt phn hp di gi l mng. B nh: B nh bn di gm 6 nh: 2 nh ngn hai bn thuc vng ngoi, 4 nh di nh thnh hai cp v tr trcsau thuc vng trong. Bao phn nt dc, hng trong. Gc ch nh c 46 tuyn mt. Mng ht phn c 3 (hoc 2, 4) n nhiu rnh l. B nhy: 2 l non v tr hai bn, dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 1 , nh non bn. Vch gi xut hin sau theo hng trcsau ngn bu thnh 2 , nhiu non nh xen k dc trn thai ta hai bn vch gi (Hnh 10.11B). Mt vi nhy, u nhy c 2 thy. Qu: loi ci, nhiu ht mang bi vch gi. Qu c th tht li tng qung nh chui trng ht (Ci c), ht khng c ni nh. V tr tng i gia 2 l mm v r mm c dng phn loi cc cy trong h ny. C cu hc: L kh c 3 t bo km v lun lun c mt ci nh. C cc t bo cha myrosin nm ring bit, ri rc trong m mm; cc t bo ny khng cha tinh bt, du, dip lc, chng c nhum thm bi thuc th Millon. Myrosin l mt men c th thy phn cc glucosid nh sinigrin, sinanbin thnh glucose v tinh du c lu hunh. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Brassica, Capsella, Cardamine, Nasturtium, Raphanus, Rorippa; khong 20 loi.

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Hnh 10.11. Hoa Capparaceae (A) v Brassicaceae (B)

Cy trong h Ci tha (Ci b trng): Brassica chinensis L.. Thanh nhit, chng hoi huyt. Ci b xanh: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.. Ht lm an thn, tr ho, vim kh qun. Bng ci: Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Ci bp: Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.. Tc dng chng vim lot d dy, t trng. Lm du au trong bnh thp khp, chng hoi huyt. Su ho: Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa Pasq. Ci tho: Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. Ci c (Ci trng): Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus Bail.. Cha bnh hoi huyt, ci xng, thiu khong, au gan, si mt. S lch son: Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum (L.) Hayek & Mansf.. Kch thch tiu ho, cha bnh scorbut, thiu mu. 7.15. B Cistales B c 3 h, ch cp 1 h. H iu nhum (Bixaceae) c im Thn: g to hay cy bi. L: n, mc so le, c l km. Cm hoa: ng. Hoa: lng tnh, u. Bao hoa: 5 l i, 5 cnh hoa. B nh: nhiu nh, bao phn m bng l nh. B nhy: 2 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 1 , nh non bn. Qu: nang; ht c ni nh bt, t du v ht a-l-rn; mm thng. C cu hc: C ng tit gm trong vng v ca ty v thn. Vit Nam ch c 1 loi iu nhum: Bixa orellana L.. Ht cha tiu chy, chng sng. R v ht tr vng da, tiu t. Ngoi ra, cn dng ch bt c ri v ly cht nhum mu. 7.16. B Bng (Malvales) Thn: c hay cy g. L: n, mc so le, c l km; phin nguyn hay c kha rng, c thy hoc l kp hnh chn vt; gn l hnh lng chim hay chn vt. Hoa: thng mc ring l nch l, u, lng

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tnh, kiu vng, mu 5. Bao hoa phn ho r rng thnh i v trng, i tin khai van, trng tin khai vn; hoa thng c thm i ph. 10 nh nh trn 2 vng nhng c xu hng bin thnh b nh a nh hoc b nh a th hay n th. Mng ht phn c 3 n nhiu rnh l (3 l hoc nhiu l). Nhiu l non dnh lin thnh bu nhiu , nh non trung tr hoc nhiu l non ri. Qu: nang hay qu tht. Ht c lng hay khng. C cu hc: Lng che ch a bo phn nhnh, b my tit cht nhy (t bo tit, ti tit, ng tit), libe 2 kt tng, yu t mch thng thng l n. B c 12 h, ch cp 5 h: H ay (Tiliaceae). H Du (Dipterocarpaceae). H Trm (Sterculiaceae) H Gn (Bombacaceae) H Bng (Malvaceae). H ay (Tiliaceae) c im Thn: g to, cy bi hay c. L: n, mc so le. Phin nguyn hay c kha rng hoc thy hnh chn vt. L km tn ti hay rng sm. Cm hoa: t khi hoa mc ring l, thng l ng, xim ngn hay nch l. Hoa: u, lng tnh, kiu vng, mu 5. Hoa c th n tnh v try. hoa i khi ko di ln thnh cung nh nhy. Bao hoa: 5 l i ri hay dnh nhau y, tin khai van. 5 cnh hoa ri, tin khai vn. B nh: Nhiu nh ri hay dnh nhau y thnh nhiu b, bao phn 2 , ht phn lng. B nhy: Bu trn, 2 hoc nhiu ; mi 2 hay nhiu non, nh non trung tr. Qu: nang, qu mp hay qu hch c 1 hay nhiu nhn trn hay hnh bu dc, c kha hoc c cnh. C cu hc: C t bo v ti cha cht nhy trong m mm v, ty ca thn, cung l v phin l. Vit Nam c khong 1214 chi: Berrya, Brownlowia, ?Burretiodendron, Colona, Corchorus, Excentrodendron (Parapentace), Grewia, Hainania, ?Leptonychia, Microcos, Muntingia, Paragrewia, Pentace, Schoutenia, Tilia, Triumfetta; khong 55 loi. Cy trong h Trai tch: Berrya mollis Wall.. G qu, dng trong xy dng. B (ay, ay qu trn): Corchorus capsularis L.. R cha si bng quang. Ht tr lao. ay qu di (rau ay): Corchorus olitorius L.. L non dng lm rau n, li sa. Ton cy tr si thn cp tnh, to bn, tiu but. C ke (Bung lai): Grewia paniculata Roxb. ex DC.. Cha giun, p tr gh, l. H Du (Dipterocarpaceae) c im Thn: g to, thng ng, c cnh tp trung ngn. L: mc so le, n, nguyn. Gn l hnh lng chim ni r, gn ph gn nh song song. L km to, hnh bp, rng sm. Cm hoa: chm hay gi ngn cnh hay nch l. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i ri hay dnh nhau thnh hnh chn, 5 cnh hoa. B nh: nhiu nh (thng l 15 nh), t khi 5 nh. Ch nh ri hay dnh nhau y, bng nhau hay khng bng nhau. Chung i v bao phn thng ko di thnh mi. B nhy: 3 l non file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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hp thnh bu trn, 3 , mi c 2 non. Anisoptera, Vatica c bu di. Qu: b, trong i ng trng thnh 25 cnh to c sc ca h. Ht khng c ni nh hoc ni nh rt t. C cu hc: B my dinh dng cha ng tit du nha. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea (Pentacme), Vatica (Perissandra); trn 45 loi. Cy trong h Du con ri: Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don. Dng cha vim cung phi, vim niu o; bnh lu. Du trai: Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer. Sao en: Hopea odorata Roxb.. V cha vim li, su rng. C chc: Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Bl. H Bng (Malvaceae) c im Thn: c, cy g nh hay to. L: n, mc so le. Phin nguyn hay c thy kiu chn vt, gn l thng hnh chn vt. L km rng sm. Cm hoa: mc ring l hay xp thnh chm, xim nch l. Hoa: thng to, u, lng tnh, kiu vng, mu 5. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau y, tin khai van. Hoa thng c thm i ph c to thnh do s hp nht ca nhng l bc con ch khng phi bi cc l km ca l i nh h Hoa hng nn s l i ph thay i ty theo chi. i khi i ph pht trin hn l i chnh; vi trng hp hoa khng c i ph (chi Abutilon, Sida). 5 cnh hoa, tin khai vn, ri hay hi dnh nhau y v dnh vo ng nh nn rng cng mt lc vi b nh. B nh: nhiu nh dnh nhau bi ch thnh mt ng bao quanh bu v vi nhy. Bao phn 1 , ht phn c gai. B nhy: 2 kiu a) 35 l non to thnh bu 35 , mi cha 2 hng non, nh non trung tr; b) Nhiu l non ri, nh thnh vng quanh hoa; mi l non cha 1 non, ton b xem ging nh mt bu nhiu , nh non trung tr. Vi nhy c th ri hoc dnh nhau v tn cng bng mt s u nhy bng s trong bu. Qu: nang trong trng hp b nhy kiu th nht, nhiu b qu hay qu i khi b nhy theo kiu th hai (Hnh 10.12). C cu hc: Cnh non v phin l thng c lng che ch a bo phn nhnh, b my tit cht nhy (t bo tit, ti tit) trong cc m, libe 2 kt tng. Yu t mch thng l n. Vit Nam c khong 17 chi: Abelmoschus, Abutilon, Althea, Cenocentrum, Decaschistia, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Kydia, Lavatera, Malachra, Malva, Malvastrum, Malvaviscus, Pavonia, Sida, Thespesia, Urena, Wissadula; khong 65 loi.

Hnh 10.12. Hoa Malvaceae

Cy trong h u bp: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Thuc cha ho, vim hng, li tiu, nhun trng, bo v mng nhy. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Sm b chnh: Abelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medik. subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss.. R c lm thuc b, thng tiu, h st; cha ho, bnh phi. Ci xay: Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. Dng lm thuc li tiu, thanh nhit, gii c. Bng vi: Gossypium barbadense L.. L nguyn liu trong cng nghip dt. Nc sc r lm co mch mu v t cung, nc sc l lm li sa v tr tim p nhanh. Ph dung: Hibiscus mutabilis L.. L cha ho v au mt . Dng ngoi cha mn nht v mt s bnh vim nh: vim tai gia cp, tuyn mang tai, mi. Bp: Hibiscus rosasinensis L.. R cha vim tuyn mang tai, kt mc, kh qun, ng tit niu, c t cung. L cha vim nim mc d dy, rut; kit l, p cha gh v mn nht. Bp gim: Hibiscus sabdarifa L.. Gip tiu ho v tr cc bnh v mt, bnh tim, thn kinh, cao huyt p v x cng ng mch. Chi c: Sida acuta Burm. f.. L dng lm thuc nhun trng, thng tiu. R cha hen, kh th, au u. H Trm (Sterculiaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh, t khi l c (cy Ng phng). L: n, mc so le. Phin nguyn hay c kha rng hoc thy hnh chn vt, i khi l kp kiu chn vt (Trm), gn l hnh lng chim hay chn vt. L km rng sm. Cm hoa: thng l chm, xim. i khi gp hoa nh trn thn cy. Hoa: u, lng tnh, kiu vng, mu 5; hoa c th n tnh v try. hoa i khi ko di ln thnh cung nh nhy. Bao hoa: 5 l i hi dnh nhau y, tin khai van. 5 cnh hoa hoc khng c, i khi cnh hoa c dng c sc (Ca cao). B nh: Thng ch nh dnh nhau bn di thnh 5 b hay thnh mt ng v xp trn 2 vng: vng ngoi khng c hoc gim thnh nh lp trc l i; vng trong gm 10 nh nh thnh 5 cp trc 5 cnh hoa. B nhy: 5 l non, i khi 3, c th ri nhau, nhng thng dnh nhau thnh bu nhiu , nh non trung tr (Hnh 10.13). Qu: nang hay qu i. Qu ca cy Ca cao gi l cabosse. y l mt loi qu c v dy, cng, khng m; cc vch ngn bn trong bin thnh cm qu cha khong 2030 ht. C cu hc: C t bo cha cht nhy v ng tit gm, libe 2 kt tng, cnh v l c lng hnh sao. Vit Nam c khong 20 chi: Abroma, Byttneria (Buettneria), Cola, Commersonia, Craigia, Eriolaena, Firmiana, Guazuma, Helicteres, Heritiera, Kleinhovia, Melochiana, Pentapetes, Pterocymbium, Pterospermum, Reevesia, Scaphium, Sterculia, Tarrietia, Theobroma, Waltheria; trn 80 loi. Cy trong h Ng phng (T ng): Pentapetes phoenicea L.. L lm nhun trng, bo v mng nhy. Li i: Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beume ex Heyne. Ht ung mt, thng tiu, tng nhu ng rut, chng vim. Trm hi: Sterculia foetida L.. V thn tr hen, du ht x nh. Ca cao: Theobroma cacao L.. Nhn ht cha ph thng v c trng.

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Hnh 10.13. Sterculiaceae 1: Cnh hoa tch ri, 2: B nh m, 3: Hoa

H Go (Bombacaceae) H Go rt gn vi h Bng nhng khc 2 im: nh dnh nhau thnh nhiu b, ht phn lng. c im Thn: g. L: thng kp hnh chn vt, mc so le, c l km. Cung l di. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hay t thnh xim nch l. Hoa: to, u, lng tnh, kiu vng, mu 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau y, trn chia thnh 5 thy rch khng u khi hoa n. 5 cnh hoa, tin khai vn; y cnh hoa dnh vi phn y ca b nh. Hoa c i ph tn ti hay rng sm. B nh: B nh nhiu b, bao phn 1 , ht phn lng. B nhy: 5 l non dnh lin thnh bu 5 , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy, u nhy c 5 thy. Qu: nang, ht khng c lng. C cu hc: C t bo v ti cha cht nhy. Vit Nam c 56 chi: Adansonia, Bombax (Gossampinus, salmalia), Ceiba (Eriodendron), Durio, Ochroma, Pachira; khong 10 loi. Cy trong h Gn (Gn ta): Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bombax pentadra L.). Biu b trong ca l non ph y lng, cc lng ny mc xen vo gia cc ht. V lm li tiu v cha cc bnh v thn. Su ring: Durio zibethinus Murr.. Tht qu b, kch thch sinh dc. V qu cha kh tiu, y bng. L v r cha st v vim gan vng da. 7.17. B Gai (Urticales) C hay cy g. L mc so le hay mc i, c l km. Cm hoa l xim hay ring l. Hoa n tnh, i khi lng tnh. Bao hoa ch c mt vng, gm 45 l i. 45 nh mc i din vi cc l i. L non 2, bu trn 1 , 1 non. Qu b, hch, i khi hp thnh qu phc. Ht phn c 2nhiu l. Th phn nh gi, i khi nh su b nh Ficus. Trong thn, l c th cng. Cy thng c ng tit m trng nh sa. Yu t mch c mt ngn thng l n. B gm 5 h, ch cp 4 h: H Du (Ulmaceae) H Du tm (Moraceae)

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H Gai (Urticaceae) H Gai mo (Cannabaceae) H Du (Ulmaceae) c im Thn: g to hay nh. L: n, mc so le, thng xp thnh hai hng. Phin thng bt i xng y; gn hnh lng chim, i khi c 3 gn chnh y. Cm hoa: ring l hay t thnh xim. Hoa: lng tnh (Ulmus) hoc n tnh khc gc (Gironniera) hay tp tnh (Celtis, Holoptelea). Bao hoa: 45 l i ri hay dnh nhau y, khng c cnh hoa. B nh: S nh bng s l i v mc i din vi cc phin ny, ch nh thng hoc cong trong n hoa. B nhy: 2 l non to thnh bu trn, 1 v c 1 l non b try, 1 non thng nh nc, 2 u nhy (Hnh 10.14B). Qu: hch hay qu c cnh, ht khng c ni nh hoc ni nh nh. Vit Nam c 56 chi: Aphananthe, Celtis, Gironniera, Holoptelea, Trema, Ulmus; khong 15 loi.

Hnh 10.14. Hoa Urtica dioiva -Urticaceae (A) (1: Hoa c, 2: Hoa ci) v hoa Ulmus campestris - Ulmaceae (B)

Cy trong h Su: Celtis orientalis Thunb.. Qu thanh nhit, cha l; v r cha au lng. Ngt (Ngt vng): Gironniera subequalis Pl. Hi: Holoptelea integrifolia Pl.. V thn, l tr zona v cc bnh da. Du (Du l thon): Ulmus lanceaefolia Roxb. ex Wall. H Du tm (Moraceae) c im Thn: g, cy to hay nh vi loi c thn c (Dorstenia), thng c nha m trng. L: n, mc so le hay mc i, thng a dng. L km tn ti, i khi rng sm. Cm hoa: xim, ui sc hoc u. Artocarpus: pht hoa hnh chy mang hoa c hay hoa ci nm su trong cm hoa. Morus: pht hoa l nhng ui sc hnh trn mang hoa n tnh cng gc. Ficus: hoa t hnh bnh, mang vch trong cc hoa c v ci. Hoa: thng nh, lun lun n tnh cng gc hay khc gc. Bao hoa: 45 l i ri hay dnh nhau y, khng c cnh hoa. B nh: hoa c, s nh bng s l i v mc i din vi cc l i hoc s nh t hn. Ch nh thng (Artocarpeae) hoc cong trong n hoa (Moreae). B nhy: hoa ci, 2 l non to thnh bu trn, 1 v c mt l non b try, 1 non thng nh nc. Bu i khi dnh vi i. Qu: b, hp thnh qu phc. Qu ca Morus gm nhiu qu hch gi, sinh

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bi cc b phn ca bao hoa mng nc. Qu ca Ficus l mt qu gi, thng gi l tri sung, sinh bi cm hoa nc; cc qu tht l nhng qu b xem ging nh ht bn trong. Qu ca Artocarpus l mt qu phc. Ht mt v bao mng quanh n l mt qu b (vi nhy tn ti hng). Sau th phn, i pht trin thnh mi mt. Cc x l nhng i ng trng nh ca nhng l non khng pht trin. Tt c cc mi v x dnh li u to thnh qu mt (Hnh 10.15). C cu hc: Khng c lng lm nga, phin l c bo thch trong t bo biu b hay h b, si libe t tm cht g; c ng nha m tht gn nh trong tt c cc m nhng nhiu trong libe. Vit Nam c 11 chi: Antiaris, Artocarpus, Brosimum, Broussonetia, Dorstenia, Fatoua, Ficus, Maclura (Cudrania), Morus, Streblus (taxotrophis, Pseudotreblus, Teonongia v Dimerocarpus, Trophis (Malaisia); vi gn 120 loi. Cy trong h Mt: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.. L lm li sa, tr cao huyt p. Mt t n: Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.. Tc dng tng t nh trn. Si: Ficus benjamina L.. Nha cy v r ph cha mu do chn thng, ho, ct cn hen. a bp : Ficus elastica Roxb. & Hornem.. R lm li tiu, nha m tr mn nht.

Hnh 10.15. Moraceae Morus nigra 1: Hoa ci, 2: Hoa c, 3: Qu phc Ficus carica 4: Hoa ci, 5: Sung b dc Artocarpus integrifolia 6: Hoa c, 7: Hoa ci, 8: Qu b, 9: Ht

Sung thn ln (Tru c): Ficus pumila L.. Qu tr l, tc sa, tiu ra dng trp. Sung: Ficus racemosa L.. R tr kit, qu cha ho ra mu. B : Ficus religiosa L.. Qu tr suyn, gii nhit. Du tm: Morus alba L.. V r tr hen, lm li tiu. Cnh cha t thp. Qu cha vim gan, thiu mu, suy nhc thn kinh.

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Thn: c, i khi cy nh. L: c l km, mc so le hay mc i; trn cng mt cy c th gp c hai cch nh ny. Phin nguyn hay c thy, gn l hnh chn vt hoc i khi hnh lng chim. Cm hoa: thng thng l xim nhng cng c th l chm hay gi. Hoa: n tnh cng gc hay khc gc, khng c cnh hoa. Bao hoa: Hoa c c 45 l i mu xanh. hoa ci, cc phin ny c th ri hay hi dnh nhau y. B nh: Hoa c c 45 nh v mc i din vi cc l i. Ch nh cong trong n hoa. Khi hoa n, ch nh bung ra rt mnh tung ht phn trong gi. Hoa ci c du vt ca nh l nhng vy nh nm i din vi l i. B nhy: Hoa ci c 1 l non to thnh bu trn, 1 , 1 non thng nh y; 1 chm u nhy (Hnh 10.14A). Qu: b, thng c bao bc bi l i cn li v t nhiu ng trng. Ht c ni nh du, mm thng. C cu hc: Nhiu cy c lng lm nga. Phin l thng cha bo thch. Si libe rt di, t tm cht g, c th dng trong k ngh dt. Khng c ng nha m nhng c t bo v ti cha gm. Vit Nam c trn 20 chi: Archiboehmeria, Boehmeria, Chamabainia, Debregeasia, Dendrocnide, Elatostema, Girardinia, Laportea (Fleurya), Lecanthus, Maoutia, ?Memorialis, Meniscogyne, Nanocnide, Neodistemon (Distemon), Oreocnide, Parietaria, Pellionia, Petelotiella, Pilea, Pouzolzia, Procris, Urtica, Villebrunea ; gn 100 loi. Cy trong h Gai: Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.. Cy trng ly si v ly l lm bnh gai. Ngoi ra cn l nguyn liu ch vitamin C, cha ho, tiu ra mu. B mm rng: Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr.. Li tiu, cha ho. Thuc vi (B mm, Thuc di): Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.. Dng lm thuc tr di b, cha bnh ho, nhim trng tit niu, lm li tiu. H Gai mo (Cannabaceae) c im Thn: c mc ng (Cannabis) hoc leo (Humulus), khng c nha m. L: mc so le hay mc i, c l km. Phin c thy kiu chn vt; ba c rng ca; gn l hnh chn vt. Cm hoa: xim nch l hay ngn. Hoa: n tnh khc gc. Hoa c: 5 l i ri, khng c cnh hoa, 5 nh mc trc l i. Ch nh ngn, thng trong n hoa. Hoa ci: 5 l i dnh nhau thnh nh mt mo x bn v bao bc bu; 2 l non nhng mt b try, bu trn, 1 , 1 non cong thng xung; 2 vi nhy. Qu: b. C cu hc: C tuyn cha nha thm trn cm hoa (Humulus) hay trn l v cm hoa (Cannabis), bo thch t bo biu b v lng, si libe t hoc khng tm cht g. Vit Nam c 23 chi: Cannabis, ?Humulopsis, Humulus; 3 loi. Cy trong h Cn xa (Gai mo, Gai du): Cannabis sativa L.. Ton cy c th lm cho ngi ta say v gy m do cht nha tit ra t cy. Hp lng (Ht b, Houblon): Humulus lupulus L. Hoa dng ch to men bia. Sn st (Ht b leo): Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr.. Dng cha l, vim mng phi, lao phi, ung th. 7.18. B Thu du (Euphorbiales) file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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B c 6 h, cp 1 h. H Thu du (Euphorbiaceae) c im Thn: Loi thn rt bin thin; c th l c, i khi rt nh (C sa l nh), g nh (Phyllanthus, Sauropus), g ln (Hevea, Croton) hay dy leo (Cenesmon). Mt s cy mng nc (Euphorbia quantiquorum, E. meloformis) xem ging nh cy thuc h Xng rng (Cactaceae) nhng khc ch c nha m. Vi loi Phyllanthus sng ni nh bo. L: thng hay c l km. L c th mc so le, mc i hay mc vng. L c th n, nguyn hoc c kha rng hay c thy hnh chn vt; c loi mang l kp hnh chn vt (Cao su); c loi mang l ging nh kp hnh lng chim (Ch , B ngt). Cy c th khng c l nhng c gai (Xng rng ng) hoc l tht rt nh v rng sm, khng c gai (Xng kh). Gn l hnh lng chim hay chn vt, cung l i khi c tuyn. Cm hoa: chm, gi, xim. c bit chi Euphorbia v Poinsettia c mt kiu cm hoa c sc gi l cyathium (chn). Mi nhn cyathium ging nh mt hoa lng tnh vi hoa lm hnh chn, nhng tht ra y l mt pht hoa gm 1 bao hnh lc lc, bn trong cha 1 hoa ci trn gia, cu to bi bu nh trn mt cng di v nhiu hoa c xung quanh; mi hoa c thu hp ch cn 1 nh. Cc cyathium t thnh nhng cm hoa phc tp. Hoa: u, n tnh cng gc hay khc gc, thng hay c mt a mt trong vng nh (nu l hoa c) hoc quanh y bu (nu l hoa ci). Bao hoa: C th l 5 l i thng dnh v 5 cnh hoa ri (Jatropha); hay hoa v cnh (Manihot) vi 5 l i nhng i khi ch cn 4, 3 hoc 2 l i; hay hoa trn (Euphorbia, Poinsettia). B nh: thay i: 1 nh (Euphorbia, Poinsettia); 5 nh nh trn mt vng (Phyllanthus); 10 nh nh trn hai vng (Manihot, Jatropha); rt nhiu nh ri (Mallotus); b nh ging nh mt cy c nhiu nhnh, mi nhnh tn cng bng 1 phn (Ricinus); b nh n th (Hura). Mng ht phn c nhiu kiu: 3 rnh, c rnh l, nhiu l, khng c kha rnh. B nhy: 3 l non dnh lin thnh bu trn, 3 , mi ng 1 hay 2 non. Vi nhy ri hay dnh nhau, mt hay hai ln ch i. L non lun lun c nt bt y li, nt ny do m dn dt ca gi non mc nh ra to thnh m nhim v l gip ng dn phn vo n l non. Nt bt khc mng v s bin mt khi ht chn. mt vi trng hp, s l non t hn 3 (2 Mercurialis) hoc nhiu hn 3 (1520 Hura). Qu: nang t m thnh 3 mnh v. Khi chn qu m nh sau: u tin l hy vch (septifrage) tch ra mt ct gia, sau l ct vch thnh 3 phn l 3 l non ca bu, cui cng qu s nt theo ng sng lng thnh 6 mnh v. C th gp qu mng (Du) hay qu nhn cng (Chm rut). Ht hay c mng to bi s pht trin ca b quanh l non, mm thng, ni nh du (Hnh 10.16). C cu hc: Yu t mch hu ht c mt ngn n nhng ln ln vi mt ngn n c khi c mch ngn hnh thang. Thng c b my tit (ng nha m tht hoc c t) v libe trong. Nha m cha nhiu tinh bt hay cao su. Tng Phyllantheae (Phyllanthus, Bridelia, Xylophylla) khng c ng nha m v libe trong. Tng Euphorbieae (Euphorbia, Anthostema) c ng nha m tht nhng khng c libe trong. Tng Crotoneae (Hura, Hevea, Manihot, Jatropha, Ricinus) c ng nha m v thng c libe trong. Vit Nam c trn 75 chi: Acalypha, Actephila, Agrostistachys, Alchornea, Aleurites, ?Aldrachne (Thelypetalum), Antidesma, Aporosa, Ashtonia, Baccaurea (Gatnaia), Baliospermum, Bischofia, Blachia, Breynia, Breyniopsis, Bridelia, Chaetocarpus, Cladogynos, Claoxylon, Cleidion, Cleidiocarpon, Cleistanthus (Paracleisthus), Cnesmosa, Codiaeum, croton, Dalechampia, Deutzianthus, Dimorphocalyx, Drypetes, Endospermum, Epiprinus, Erismanthus, Euphorbia, Excoecaria, Flueggea, Galearia, Gelonium, Glochidion (Agyneja), Hevea, Hippomane, Homonoia, Hura, Hymenocardia, Jatropha, Koilodepas, Leptopus, Macaranga, Mallotus (Coccoceras), Manihot, Melanolepsis, Mercurialis, Microdesmis, Nephrostylus, Oligoceras, Ostodes, Pachystylidium, Pantadenia, Phyllanthus, Pedilanthus, Poilaniella, Poinsettia, Prosartema, Ptychopyxis, Ricinodendron, Ricinus, Sapium, Sauropus, Sebastiania, Securinega, strophioblachia, Sumbaviopsis, Suregada, Symphyllia, Synostemon, Thyrsanthera, Tragia, Trewia, Trigonostemon, Tritaxis, Vernicia; khong 425 loi.

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Hnh 10.16. Euphorbiaceae 1: Cyathium b dc, 2: S cu to cyathium, 3: B nh Hura, 4: B nh Ricinus, 56: Nt bt ht v non.

Cy trong h Tai tng n: Acalypha indica L. Tr hng ro: Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage. Giu: Baccaurea sapida MuellArg. (B. ramiflora Lour.) C sa l nh: Euphorbia thymifolia Burm.. V thuc cha l. Cao su: Hevea brasiliensis (A. Juss.) Muell.Arg. Du lai c c: Jatropha podagrica Hook. Ch : Phyllanthus urinaria L. Thu du: Ricinus communis L. B ngt: Sauraupus androgynus Merr. 8. PHN LP HOA HNG (ROSIDAE) Cy g, cy thn c hay dy leo. Mch dn c mt ngn n. Nhiu dng l khc nhau. Hoa u tin ti khng u, mu 5, cnh hoa ri, nhiu nh, nh non trung tr. Hoa tin ho theo hng thch nghi vi th phn nh su b. Phn lp Hoa hng c 13 lin b, 45 b v 130 h. 8.1. B C tai h (Saxifragales) Cy thn c nhiu nm hoc mt nm, rt t khi l cy na bi nh. L n, nguyn hay chia thy, mc cch hay mc i, thng khng c l km. Yu t mch c mt ngn n. Hoa thng lng tnh, u, c 2 vng bao hoa. Cnh hoa ri hay dnh li mt t. Nh bng hay gp i s l i, ri. Mng ht phn phn ln c 3 rnh l. L non ri hay lin, bu trn, bu gia hay i khi l bu di. Non o, c 2 hay 1 lp v. Ht c ni nh, phi nh v thng. B c 9 h, ch cp 2 h sau: H Thuc bng (Crassulaceae)

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H C tai h (Saxifragaceae) H Thuc bng (Crassulaceae) c im Thn: c mp, sng dai. L: n, mc cch hay mc i, phin nguyn hay c kha rng hoc x su, khng c l km. Phin l dy, i khi c hnh tr. Cm hoa: chm, gi, xim 2 ng ngn chuyn sang dng xim 1 ng hnh b cp, c khi t thnh tn, ng. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5 hay mu 4. Hoa thc theo kiu:

n thay i t 330. S ny thay i khng nhng t chi ny n chi khc, t loi ny n loi khc m i khi ngay trn mt loi cy. Thng thng n = 4 hay 5. Bao hoa: L i ri hay dnh mt t y. Cnh hoa ri hoc dnh thnh ng. B nh: Nh c s lng gp i hay bng s cnh hoa, ri hoc dnh vo trng. B nhy: L non ri hoc dnh nhau mt t y, thng mi l non c nhiu non, y mi l non c 1 tuyn mt (Hnh 10.17A). Qu: Nhiu qu i. Ht khng c ni nh, mm thng. Vit Nam c 4 chi: Echeveria (Cotyledon), Kalanchoe (Bryophyllum), Rhodiola, Sedum; trn 10 loi. Cy trong h Thuc bng (Sng i): Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Oken (Bryophyllum pinnatum Lamk.). C tnh khng khun chng vim, thng dng p ln vt bng, vt thng, nc vt tr au tai, tr vi khun rut, au thn. Trng sinh rch (Sng hu): Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC.. Cy trng lm cnh, cng c dng p ni dp, tr t thp v cm mu. Trng sinh mung (Trng sinh l to): Kalanchoe spathulata (Poir.) DC.. Dn gian dng l gi p vt thng v cha mn nht, nc ct nh vo tai tr vim tai gia.

Hnh 10.17. Hoa Sedum acre- Crassulaceae (A), Saxifraga granulata- Saxifragaceae (B)

H C tai h (Saxifragaceae) c im Thn: c hay cy g nh. L: n, mc cch hay mc i, phin nguyn hay c kha rng, gn l hnh lng chim hay hnh chn vt, khng c l km. Cm hoa: chm, chmxim hoc xim c dng ng. Hoa: u, t khi hoa khng u, lng tnh hoc tp tnh, mu 5 hay mu 4. hoa phng hoc lm hnh chn. Bao hoa: L i ri t khi dnh y, i khi c mu; thng c 5 cnh hoa. B nh: 10 nh,

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b nh o lng nh nhng vng nh trc cnh hoa thng b try hon ton hoc mang nh lp. Bao phn nt dc, hng trong. B nhy: L non c s lng thay i t 25, t y ca hoa lm hnh chn, ri hoc dnh nhau bu, ri vi; mi l non cha nhiu non, nh non trung tr hay trc m. Bu c th trn, gia hay di (Hnh 10.17B). Hoa hay c nhng ph b cha mt nh a mt trn bu, nh lp mang tuyn mt v tr bao phn (Parnassia). Qu: nang hay qu mp. Ht nhiu, c ni nh, i khi c cnh. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Astilbe, Saxifraga; 2 loi. Cy trong h Thng sn: Dichroa febrifuga Lour.. Lm thuc cha st rt. C tai h (H nh, Sch trn): Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. (S. sarmentosa L. f.). Ton cy dng lm thuc tr vt thng chy mu, vim tai gia, vim mi, vim hng, mn nht, p xe, l nga ngoi da. 8.2. B Hoa hng (Rosales) Cy g, cy bi hay c. L n hay kp, mc cch hay i, c l km. Yu t dn c mt ngn hnh thang hay n. Hoa lng tnh hay n tnh, kiu vng, i v trng phn ho r. S lng nh l 5, 10 hoc nhiu hn v khng nht nh. L non c th ri hoc dnh. B c 2 h, ch cp 1 h. H Hoa hng (Rosaceae) c im Thn: c, sng hng nm hay sng dai, nhiu khi b (Du ty) hoc thn g, cy to hay cy bi, i khi ph sinh (Pirus granulosa). Cy thng c gai do cnh bin i (Prunus) hoc do biu b nh ra to thnh (Rosa). L: n, mc cch, phin l nguyn hay x hoc kp lng chim hay kp chn vt. L km rng sm hay dnh vo cung l (Rosa). Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hoc t thnh chm, xim, ng, gi c... Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5. hoa hnh mm hay hnh chn. Trong trng hp hoa hnh mm th i, trng v nh nh ba mm, l non gn gia; phn gia ca mm c th li ln mang l non. Trong trng hp hoa hnh chn, l non gn y chn hoc ph ton b mt trong ca chn; i, trng v nh nh ming chn. Bao hoa: phn ho r rng: 5 l i ri gn ming chn, i khi c thm i ph cu to bi cc l km ca l i (Du ty). Cnh hoa ri, mng ngn, phin xe ra. B nh: thng nhiu nh ri xp thnh nhiu vng xen k nhau. V d, 20 nh ri xp thnh 3 vng i t ngoi vo trong l 10+5+5 hoc 25 nh xp thnh 3 vng 10+10+5. S nh c th ln n 4050 hoc hn (Hoa hng, Mm xi). i khi s nh gim cn 5 hoc t hn 5 (tng Sanguisorbeae). Ch nh thng cong vo gia hoa, bao phn 2 , nt dc. Mng ht phn c 3 rnh l hoc 3 l hoc nhiu rnh l. B nhy: Nhiu l non ri hoc 25 l non dnh lin (To ty), bu trn hay di. Qu: b, i, hch. Thng l i hay tn ti y hoc trn nh ca qu. hoa c th phng ln v mng nc (Du ty) hoc dnh lin vo l non to thnh phn nc ca qu (tng Pyreae). Ht khng c ni nh (Hnh 10.18). Vit Nam, h Hoa hng c khong 20 chi: Agrimonia, Cotoneaster, Docynia, Duchesnea, Eriobotrya, Fragaria, Geum, Malus, Neillia, Photinia, Potentilla, Prunus (Pygeum), Pyracantha, Pyrus, Rhaphiolepsis, Rosa, Rubus, ?Sanguisorbus, Sorbus, Spiraea, Stranvaesia; khong 130 loi. Phn loi H c chia thnh 4 phn h:

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Hnh 10.18. Rosaceae 1: L kp ca Rosa canina, 2: Hoa vi hoa li ca Fragaria vesca, 3: Hoa vi hoa lm ca Prunus cerasus, 4: Qu phc ca Fragaria vesca, 5: Qu b dc ca Rosa canina, 6: Qu b dc ca Malus

Phn h Hoa hng (Rosoideae): L kp 35 l cht, 10nhiu nh ri, l non nhiu v ri. Phn h Thy bia (Spiraeoideae): Cy bi, l n, mc cch, 5 l non ri, qu i hay nang. Phn h To ty (Maloideae): L n, nguyn, 25 l non trong hoa lm, bu di, qu hch. Phn h Mn (Prunoideae): L n, 1 l non, t khi 25, bu trn, qu hch. Cy trong h Du ty: Fragaria vesca L.. Qu dng lm thuc tr si, t thp, thng phong. Sn tra: Malus doumeri (Bois) Chev.. Qu tr n ung khng tiu, bng y trng, au bng, tiu chy, l, au bng do huyt sau khi sinh, huyt p cao. Pom (To ty): Malus pumila Mill. M: Prunus armeniaca L.. Qu gii nhit, chng vim, cha ho, kh th, vim hng, khn ting, l, tiu chy. Du ht dng lm thuc b, thuc nhun trng. o: Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Ht tr kinh nguyt b tc, bng di y, vp ng huyt; dng chn cha ho, i tiu kh. L nu nc tm cha gh, chc l, nga. Hoa li tiu. L: Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai. Cy trng ly qu n. Qu cn dng lm thuc tr ho, au hng, ming kh, kinh cung, i dt, phin kht. Hoa hng: Rosa sp. 8.3. B c (Rhizophorales)

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B ch c 1 h. H c (Rhizophoraceae) c im Thn: g, cy nh hay to, sng trong rng st, ca sng, trn bn trong nc l. R: H thng r chn nm (r c kheo) t lng chng thn cy mc xung chng chu. Ngoi ra cn c nhng r h hp t r b ngp trong bn, mc m thng ra ngoi khng kh cung cp oxy cho r. L: n, nguyn, mc i. L km rng sm, dnh nhau thnh mt ng v bao ly chi non. Hoa: nch l, u, lng tnh. Bao hoa: 48 l i tn ti, tin khai van; 45 cnh hoa rt d rng, tin khai van. B nh: S nh gp i hay gp bn ln s cnh hoa, d rng, bao phn nt dc. B nhy: 24 l non dnh nhau thnh bu gia hay di c 24 , mi 2 non. a mt hnh khoen hay c thy. Qu: rt thay i, mang i tn ti. Ht ny mm trc khi qu ri khi cy m ngoi tr chi Carallia. C cu hc: T bo cha tanin thng gp trong tt c cc m, khng c libe quanh ty v b my tit tinh du. Vit Nam c 5 chi: Bruguiera, Carallia, Ceriops, Kandelia, Rhizophora; khong 15 loi. Cy trong h Vt r li: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.. V cy cha nhiu tanin. Xng m ch (Trc tit): Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.. V tr gh, lot. c i: Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Cy trng ly g. V cy cha nhiu tanin. c xanh (c nhn): Rhizophora mucronata Poir. in Lamk.. Cy trng ly g. V cy cha nhiu tanin dng nhum li v thuc da, cng dng lm thuc cm mu v tr tiu chy. 8.4. B Sim (Myrtales) Cy g, c hay cy bi, sng cn hay nc. L n, mc cch hay mc i; phin nguyn hay c kha rng, khng c l km; gn l hnh lng chim, i khi c gn hnh cung. Cm hoa chm, chmxim hoc xim c dng ng. Hoa u, lng tnh, mu 5 hay mu 4. Thng c bao hoa , i khi khng c cnh hoa. Nh xp trn 2 hay nhiu vng, t khi l 1 vng. Bao phn n dc hay m bng l. Mng ht phn c 3 rnh l. L non dnh nhau thnh bu di, bu trn hay bu gia. Mi l non cha nhiu non, nh non trung tr hay trc m. Qu mng hay qu nang, i khi qu hch. Trong thn v l thng c libe quanh ty v ti tit. B gm 17 h, cp n 6 h sau: H Sim (Myrtaceae) H Lu (Punicaceae) H Bng (Combretaceae) H Mua (Melastomaceae) H Rau da nc (Oenotheraceae hay Onagraceae) H C u (Trapaceae). H Sim (Myrtaceae)

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c im Thn: g, cy nh, va hay to v c khi rt cao nh Bch n (100150 m). L: n, mc i, khng c l km. Phin nguyn, dy, cng, c th c nhiu chm trong m do ti tit to ra. Hnh dng v v tr ca l c th thay i ty theo cnh non hay gi (Eucalyptus globulus). Cm hoa: Hoa c th mc ring l hay t thnh chm, chmxim, xim nch l hay ngn cnh. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5 hay mu 4, kiu vng, hoa hnh ng hay hnh chn. Bao hoa: L i v cnh hoa c th ri hay dnh nhau thnh mt chp, b ht tung ra ngoi khi hoa n ch cn li mt so trn, chp ny c sc ca h. mt vi chi, chp ch do trng hoa to thnh v i rt nh (Eucalyptus). B nh: Nh xp trn 2 vng, nhng kiu ny ch cn gp vi chi (Verticordia), thng thng nh phn nhnh v hp li thnh 2 kiu khc nhau: Nhiu nh ri xp khng th t quanh ming ca hoa (Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Rhodamnia, Rhodomyrtus) hoc nh hp thnh nhiu b (Melaleuca). B nhy: S l non bng s cnh hoa hoc t hn, dnh nhau thnh bu di, nhiu , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr, 1 vi nhy v 1 u nhy. Qu: mng, phn nc do hoa to ra (Mn, i) hay qu nang (Bch n), thng qu ch c t ht. Ht khng ni nh, mm thng hay cong. C cu hc: Ti tit tinh du kiu ly bo di biu b ca l, trong m mm v ca thn. Libe 2 kt tng, libe quanh ty. Yu t mch c mt ngn thng l n. Vit Nam c khong 15 chi: Acmena, Baeckea, Callistemon, Caryophyllus, Cleistocalyx, Decaspermum, Eucalyptus, ?Eugenia, Melaleuca, Osbornia, Psidium, Rhodamnia, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium, (Eugenia), Tristaniopsis; gn 100 loi. Cy trong h Bch n xanh (Khuynh dip cu): Eucalyptus globulus Labill. L v tinh du c dng trong cc bnh ng h hp v ng tit niu, thp khp, k sinh trng ng rut, au na u. Bch n chanh (Khuynh dip s): Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.f.. R v cnh l dng ct tinh du. Tinh du bch n ni chung c dng lm thuc st khun ti ch, c bit trong iu tr cc bnh nhim khun ng h hp trn v trong mt s bnh ngoi da. inh hng: Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry hay Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.. N hoa dng lm gia v, lm thuc cha au bng, kch thch tiu ho, dng ngoi xoa bp v nn b gy xng. Mn (Roi): Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & Perry hay Eugenia javanica Lam.. Cy trng ly qu n ti. Nhiu b phn khc nh v, r v l c dng lm thuc xem nh c tc dng khng sinh. Trm (Trm gi): Melaleuca cajuputi Powell. L ct tinh du thm dng lm thuc cha cm cm, ho, long m, gip tiu ho, au nhc, t thp, st trng. H Lu (Punicaceae) H Lu khc h Sim bi 2 im chnh: Khng c b my tit tinh du nhng c libe trong v thng c nhng cu to bt thng trong bu non. H ch c 1 chi vi 1 loi Punica granatum L. c im Thn: cy g nh, thn xm c v mng v c mang nhng nhnh nh gai. Nhnh non vung, trng hay . L: n, nguyn, mc i, khng c l km. Cung l . Cm hoa: Hoa c th mc ring l hay t thnh chm, chmxim, xim nch l hay ngn cnh. Hoa: to, mu , mc nch l. hoa hnh chung, mu , mang cc phin ca bao hoa tn cng. Bao hoa: 48 l i mu , dy cng, file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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cn li trn qu; 48 cnh hoa mng, mu , nhu nt trong n. B nh: Nhiu nh ri gn mt trong ca hoa, ch nh lc u cong vo trong nhng sau dng ng ln; bao phn 2 , nt dc, hng trong. B nhy: 89 l non dnh lin vi hoa v xp thnh 2 tng: tng trn 67 , tng di 3 ; mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr tng di chuyn thnh trc m tng trn. 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy. Qu: mng, c v cng mang i cn li, nhiu ht, v ngoi ca ht mng nc v n c. H Bng (Combretaceae) c im Thn: cy g nh hay to hoc dy trn (Quisqualis). L: n, nguyn, mc i hay gn nh mc i, khng c l km. Cm hoa: gi, u trn hay gi dng ng nch l hoc ngn cnh. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5 hay mu 4. Bao hoa: i c th to thnh ng di (Quisqualis), tn ti hay khng, i khi ng trng; 45 cnh hoa hoc khng c cnh hoa. B nh: 810 nh xp trn 2 vng. Lumnitzera, hoa ch cn 1 vng nh ngoi. Phn ln c a mt bn trong vng nh. B nhy: Bu di, 1 , 25 non o treo t nc do nhng cn phi di, 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy. Qu: nang hay qu hch c cnh hoc c cnh li, mt ht, khng c ni nh. C cu hc: Lng tit v lng che ch hnh dng thay i. Libe quanh ty, i khi c libe trong g. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Anogeissus (Finetia), Calycopteris, Combretum, Lumnitzera, Quisqualis, Terminalia; khong 30 loi. Cy trong h Trm bu (Chn bu): Combretum quadrangulare Kurz. Ht tr giun. L cm tiu chy, tr au c. S qun t (Dy giun): Quisqualis indica L.. Ht dng lm thuc ty giun. Bng bin: Terminalia catappa L.. L nhum hay lm thuc cha t thp. Chiu liu ngh: Terminalia triptera Stapf. V tr tiu chy, kit l. H Mua (Melastomaceae) c im Thn: c hay cy g, cy nh hay to vi loi l dy leo hoc ph sinh. L: n, mc i cho ch thp, khng c l km. Phin l nguyn hay c kha rng, nhn hay c lng, hai bn gn gia c nhng gn ph cong gn nh song song vi ba l. Cm hoa: chm, xim ngn hoc chm xim. Hoa: to, c mu sc ti, u, lng tnh, mu 5 hay mu 4. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau thnh hnh chn, bn trn chia thnh 45 thy, chn c mang nhiu lng hay vy c sc; 45 cnh hoa d rng, ri, c mu p, tin khai vn. B nh: S nh thng gp i s cnh hoa v xp trn 2 vng, cc nh c th di bng nhau hay 5 nh di v 5 nh ngn. Ch nh di, c t; bao phn m bng l. B nhy: Bu di hay gia, nhiu hay 1 , nhiu non, nh non trung tr hay trc m, i khi nh nc hay nh y. Qu: nang hay qu mng trong hoa, ht nh, khng c ni nh. C cu hc: Khng c ti tit nhng c libe quanh ty. Vit Nam c gn 30 chi: Allomorphia, Anerincleistus, Aschistanthera, Barthea, Blastus, Diplectria (Aplectrum), Dissotis, Fordiophyton, Marumia, Medinilla, Melastoma, Memecylon, Ochthocharis, Osbeckia, Otanthera, Oxyspora, Pachycentria, Phyllagathis, Plagiopetalum, Poilannammia, Pseudodissochaeta, Pternandra, Sarcopyramis, Sonerila, Sporoxeia, Stapfiophyton (Gymnagathis), Stussenia, Vietsenia; khong 115 loi. Cy trong h file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Mua nhiu hoa: Melastoma affine D. Don. Dn gian dng cnh, l lm thuc thng tiu, tiu thng, sng l lch, tiu chy. Mua lng (Mua Si gn): Melastoma saigonense (Kuntze) Merr. hay M. villosum Lodd. non Vahl. Ton cy thng dng tr bnh bch i v tiu chy mn tnh. Mua, Mua trng: Melastoma candium D. Don hay M. septemnervium (Lour.) Merr.. R v l lm thuc tr kh tiu, vim rut, l trc trng, vim gan, nn ra mu, tiu ra phn en, n ng tn thng. L h nhit, h huyt p, cn dng p ln vt bng hoc vt thng chy mu. H Rau da (Onagraceae) c im Thn: c mc ni m hay cn, t khi l cy g nh mc leo. L: n, mc cch hay mc i, khng c l km. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hay t thnh chm, gi. Hoa: u, lng tnh, thng mu 4. Bu di, 4 hay 1 ; trn bu c a mt. hoa thng to thnh mt ng trn bu, ming ng l nhng phin ca bao hoa v b nh. Qu: nang, qu mp hay qu b, ht khng c ni nh. C cu hc: Khng c ti tit nhng c libe quanh ty. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Circaea, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Godetia, Ludwigia (Jussiaea), Oenothera (Onagra); trn 10 loi. Cy trong h Rau da nc: Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara hay Jussiaea repens L.. Cy c tc dng li tiu, dng lm thuc tr tiu ra mu, tiu c; ngoi ra cn dng tr cm st, ho, bnh si; dng ngoi tr inh nht, vim m da, p xe v, eczema, zona, vim da, bng, rn c cn. H C u (Trapaceae) H ch c mt chi Trapa. Cy C u: Trapa bicornis Osb. var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Glck ex Steenis. C hng nm, sng nc, c 2 loi l: l ni c phao cung, l chm ch cn cc ng gn. Hoa c c nch l, gm 4 l i, 4 cnh hoa mu trng, 4 nh v 2 l non. Bu gia, 2 , mi 1 non. Qu b c 2 sng do cc l i pht trin to thnh, thng c gi l c u. Mt ht. Cy trng ly qu n. V qu dng cha lot d dy v lot c t cung; ton cy dng cha tr em si u, gii c ru v lm sng mt. 8.5. B u (Fabales) Cy g, cy bi hoc cy thn c. L phn ln mc cch, kp hnh lng chim hay hnh chn vt, c l km. Cm hoa l gi, chm hay u. Hoa lng tnh, u hay khng u, mu 5. Cnh hoa ri hoc dnh nhau mt phn. Nh 10 hoc nhiu. Bu trn, cu to bi 1 l non. Qu loi u. R thng hay c nt r sinh bi vi khun cng sinh c kh nng c nh nit trong khng kh. Yu t mch c mt ngn n. B ny ch c mt h u (Fabaceae) vi 3 phn h l: Phn h Trinh n (Mimosoideae). Phn h Vang (Caesalpinioideae). Phn h u (Faboideae)

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Thn: Cy g to, cy bi, dy leo, sng nc hay cn, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm, nhiu loi c gai. L: mc cch, kp hnh lng chim, i khi 23 ln kp. L cht c th c ph, nh chng c ng c v r xung khi b chm n (Trinh n). Cung l c th bin thnh cung hnh l (dip th) v lm nhim v thay cho l, l km mng hoc bin thnh gai. Cm hoa: gi hay u trn. Hoa: nh, u, lng tnh, mu 5 t khi mu 4 (Mimosa sp., Calliandra hematocephala Hassk.). Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: L i thng dnh thnh ng, t khi ri (Mimosa). Cnh hoa thng dnh, mt s trng hp ri (Adenanthera, Leucaena...), tin khai van; i khi hoa v cnh. B nh: S nh bng hay gp i s l i hoc rt nhiu, ch nh ri hoc dnh nhau, ht phn ri hay kp. B nhy: 1 l non to thnh bu trn, 1 , ng nhiu non o. Qu: loi u; thng, cong, xon c hoc t thnh tng khc. Ht thng c ni nh, mm thng. Vit Nam c 1415 chi: Acacia (Delaportea), Adenanthera, Albizzia, Archidendron (Paralbizzia), Calliandra, Cathormion, Entada, Enterolobium, Leucaena, Mimosa, Neptunia (Desmanthus), Parkia, Pithecelobium, Samanea, Xylia); khong 65 loi. Cy trong h Keo bng vng (Keo l trm): Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.. Cy trng ly g hay ly bng mt; cng dng lm thuc, chng vi siu khun, l h hot thn kinh. Keo giu (B cht): Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Cy trng lm hng ro. Ht ti dng lm thuc tr giun. t n tr au bng do kinh nguyt. Trinh n (Mc c): Mimosa pudica L.. Lm thuc tr suy nhc thn kinh, kh ng, thp khp, nhc xng. L v r tr lu. R tr tiu chy, sn thn. Rau ngc (Rau rt): Neptunia oleracea Lour. Lm thuc cha st, b tiu tin. Me keo (Me nc): Pithecelobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.. L dng tr bnh i ng. R tr st rt. Cng (Me ty): Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.. Cy trng cho bng mt. Phn h Vang (Caesalpinioideae) c im Thn: Cy g to, cy bi, i khi l dy leo thn g nh mc hay vi cun, c khi l c sng mt nm hay nhiu nm (Senna obtusifolia). L: mc cch, kp hnh lng chim 12 ln. cy Mng b, l kp ch cn 1 i l cht dnh lin nhau xem ging nh mt l n c 2 thy. L km thng rng sm. Cm hoa: chm, ng ngn cnh hay nch l. Hoa: khng u, lng tnh, i khi n tnh v try, mu 5 t khi mu 4 (Saraca dives). Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 5 l i ri hay dnh nhau; 5 cnh hoa khng u, tin khai tha (ln): cnh sau nh (i khi ln hn cc cnh khc), b 2 cnh bn ph ln, 2 cnh bn b 2 cnh trc p ln. C khi 2 cnh trc mt i v trng ch cn 3 cnh (Me), i khi hoa v cnh (Xy vng anh). B nh: Thay i nhiu;

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thng 10 nh ri xp trn 2 vng, nhng s ny hay b gim, v d: Me ch c 3 nh th, Senna alata c 67 nh, Cassia pumila c 5 nh. B nhy: 1 l non to thnh bu trn 1 , ng nhiu non o. Qu: loi u, dp hay hnh tr. Qu c th chia thnh tng , mi cha 1 ht ( mi). i khi mt lp v qu bin thnh cm qu (Me). Ht thng c ni nh, mm thng (Hnh 10.19).

Hnh 10.19. Caesalpinioideae 1: Nm cnh hoa tch ri ca Caesalpinia pulcherrima, 2: Hoa ca Caesalpinia pulcherrima, 3: L kp ca Bauhinia variegata.

Vit Nam c trn 20 chi: Afzelia (Pahudia), Bauhinia, Brownea, Caesalpinia (Mezoneuron), Cassia, Crudia, Cynometra, Delonix (Poinciana), Dialium, Erythrophoeum, Gledits(ch)ia, Gymnocladus, Hymenaea, Intsia, Lysidice, Parkinsonia, Pelthophorum, Pterolobium, Saraca, Sindora, tamarindus, Zenia); gn 120 loi. Mt s loi ca chi Cassia c chuyn i vo chi Chamaecrista v chi Senna. Cy trong h Mng b sc (cy Ban): Bauhinia variegata L.. V cy dng lm thuc tr cc vt thng, kit; r tr bu; hoa tr tiu chy, giun. ip cng: Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.. Cy c xem l b, kch thch iu kinh. R c th tr tiu chy. L gy sy thai, nc hm dng tr st rt nng v cng gy x. Hoa lm tr tr suyn, vim cung phi, h nhit. Vang (Vang nhum, T mc): Caesalpinia sappan L.. G lm thuc tr tiu chy, l, chn thng huyt, b kinh; cng l loi thuc cm mu thch hp cho ph n sau khi sinh; dng ngoi nu nc ra vt thng. mi: Cassia grandis L.f.. Cm qu dng lm thuc b cha au lng nhc mi, kch thch tiu ho, nhun trng, kit l, tiu chy. L dng cha mt s bnh ngoi da. Xy: Dialinum cochinchinense Pierre. Qu n ti hay ngm ru ung lm thuc b. B kt: Gleditsia australis Hemsl. ex Forbes & Hemsl.. Qu dng gi u, lm sch gu v dit k sinh trng; cng dng lm thuc tiu m, gy nn, thng tiu tin v st trng. Gai b kt dng cha mn nht c, sng v v lm xung sa. Mung tru: Senna alata (L.) Roxb. hay Cassia alata L.. L dng tr vim da thn kinh, hc lo, eczema, l nga, mn nht. Ht dng lm thuc nhun trng (liu 45g) hay dng x (liu 587g). Mung l t: Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irw.&Barn. (Cassia obtusifolia L.). Ht dng tr vim kt mc cp, lot gic mc, qung g, tng nhn p, huyt p cao, vim gan, x gan c trng, to bn thng xuyn; dng ngoi tr mn nht, hc lo.

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Vng anh: Saraca dives Pierre. V cy dng tr phong thp, n ng v kinh nguyt qu nhiu. Me: Tamarindus indica L.. Qu dng chng bnh hoi huyt, au gan vng da v chng nn e. V thn lm thuc cm mu, tr tiu chy, l; nu nc ngm hay sc ming cha vim li rng. L dng tr bnh ngoi da. Phn h u (Faboideae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh, dy leo nh thn qun hay vi cun hoc l c sng mt nm hay nhiu nm; a s thn non u c lng. R: C nt r cha vi khun cng sinh, c kh nng c nh nit trong khng kh; c khi bin thnh c (c u, Sn dy). L: mc cch, kp hnh lng chim 12 ln, chn hay l. L kp i khi gim cn 3 l cht hoc thu hp thnh vi cun. i khi cy khng c l v chc v ng ho carbon do l km m nhim hoc do cnh dng l hay thn c cnh m nhim. L v l cht thng c c ng thc ng, ban ngy xe ra, ban m xp li. L km c th bin thnh gai hoc i khi pht trin mnh hn cc l cht. Cm hoa: thng l chm ngn cnh hay nch l. Hoa: khng u, lng tnh, mu 5. Hoa thc:

Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau thnh mt ng, ming c 5 rng hay 2 mi. 5 cnh hoa khng u, tin khai bm (c): cnh c pha sau thng to nht nhng i khi nh hn cc cnh khc, xe rng v ph ln 2 cnh bn; 2 cnh bn ph ln 2 cnh trc v 2 cnh ny dnh nhau t nhiu thnh ln. B nh: 10 nh theo 3 kiu: 10 nh ri, 10 nh dnh nhau ch thnh mt ng x pha sau hoc dnh nhau thnh 2 b kiu 5 + 5 hoc 9 nh pha trc dnh thnh mt ng x pha sau, nh th mi ri hoc 10 nh xp trn 2 vng; ht phn ri. B nhy: 1 l non to thnh bu trn, 1 , ng nhiu non o. Vi nhy c th thng, cong hay cun li. Qu: loi u, m hoc khng m, c th tht li gia cc ht thnh tng khc; i khi qu chn di t (u phng). Ht khng c ni nh, mm cong, l mm dy (Hnh 10.20). Vit Nam c khong 90 chi: Abrus, Aeschynomene, Alysicarpus, Amphicarpaea, Antheroporum, ? Aphyllodium, Apios, Arachis, Astragalis, Atylosia, Bowringia, Butea, Cajanus, Calopogonium, Campylotropis, Canavalia, Centrosema, Christia (Lourea), Clianthus, Clitoria, Crotalaria, Cruddasia, Cyamopsis, Cyclocarpa, Dalbergia, Derris, Desmodium (Meibomia), Diphyllarium, Dolichos, Droogmansia, Dumasia, Dunbaria, Dysolobium, ?Endomallus, Eriosema, Erythrina, Euchresta, Flemingia, Galactia, Geissaspis, Gliricidia, Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, ?Grona, ?Hedysarum, Indigofera, Kummerowia, Lablab, Lathyrus, Lens, Lespedeza, Lonchocarpus, Macroptilum, Mecopus, Medicago, Melilotus, Millettia, Mucuna, ?Murtonia, Ophrestia, Oramocarpum, Ormosia (Placolobium), Pachyrhizus, Parochetus, Phaseolus, Phylacium, Pisum, Pongamia, Psophocarpus, Psoralea, Pterocarpus, Pueraria, Pycnospora, Rhynchosia, Rothia, Sesbania, Shuteria, Smithia, Sophora, Spatholobus, Stylosanthes, Tephrosia, Teramnus, Trifidacanthus, Trifolium, Trigonella, Uraria (Urariopsis), Vicia, Vigna, Zornia; trn 450 loi. Cy trong h u phng: Arachis hypogaea L.. Ht dng trong cc bnh suy nhc v lao lc, lm du cc cn au bng. Thn v l dng cha bnh trng kh rut kt. Ch ht u phng b mc do Aspergillus flavus, c th cha aflatoxin c v gy ung th. Kim tin tho: Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr.. Thuc cha si bng quang, si ti mt. Vng nem: Erythrina variegata L. hay Erythrina indica Lam.. L dng lm thuc cha tim hay hi hp, t ng hoc mt ng, h huyt p. V gy t cho t thp, kinh phong, au gn.

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Cam tho bc: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.. Thn r lm thuc cha cm ho, mt ting, vim hng, mn nht, au d dy, tiu chy, ng c, lot d dy. So a: Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.. Nha v cy dng lm thuc se di dng bt hay nc sc. V cy lm thuc b ng. He: Sophora japonica L. f.. Lm nguyn liu chit rutin. N hoa cha cao huyt p, phng nga t mch mu no, au mt, xut huyt, chy mu cam, ho ra mu, tr chy mu. u xanh: Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek hay Phaseolus aureus Roxb.. Ht tr xo trn thn kinh, t thp, tr; dng ngoi tr sng do ung th, bnh gii leo v nga ngy kh chu. V ht sc ung cha bnh n nhit, st cao, hn m, co git. R lm ng.

Hnh 10.20. Faboideae L km ca Lablab purpureus subsp. bengalensis (Jacq.) Verdc. (1), Vicia sativa (2) v Lathyrus aphaca (3). Cnh hoa (4) v b nh tch ri (5) ca Pisum sativum. 6: Hoa ca Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.

8.6. B B hn (Sapindales) Cy g, rt t khi l cy thn c. L thng kp hnh lng chim v khng c l km. Yu t mch phn ln thng l hnh thang. a mt to nm bn ngoi b nh. Hoa c xu hng khng u v thng hay c phng i xng xo, lng tnh, mu 5. B nh theo kiu o lng nh nhng vi nh c th b try. B nhy c 23 l non dnh thnh bu nhiu , mi cha 1 hay 2 non. B gm 8 h, cp 3 h sau: H Thch (Aceraceae) H Kn (Hippocastanaceae) H B hn (Sapindaceae). H Thch (Aceraceae)

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c im Thn: Cy thn g. L: n, mc i, khng c l km, phin l c thy hnh chn vt. Hoa: u, n tnh khc gc hoc tp tnh, mu 4 hay mu 5. Bao hoa: Cc phin ca bao hoa c th thay i trn cng mt cy, i khi hoa v cnh. B nh: 410 nh ri, nhng thng c 8 nh. a mt hnh khoen, nguyn hay c thy, bn ngoi vng nh. B nhy: 2 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn, dp, c 2 , mi 2 non; 2 vi nhy ri hoc dnh nhau y. Qu: c cnh di (c sc ca h), gm 2 phn qu xp i din nhau hai bn trn mt cung chung; mi phn qu c 1 ht. C cu hc: Trong libe ca l v thn c nhng t bo di cha mt loi nha m hoc mt dch rt chit quang. Vit Nam ch c chi Acer vi trn 15 loi. Cy trong h Thch tro (Tch th tro): Acer negundo L.. Cy trng lm cnh, c th ly g. Thch nm thy: Acer oliverianum Pax. G tng i tt dng trong xy dng. Hoa l ngun mt nui ong. Cy c dng p, l chuyn thnh mu trc khi rng to cnh quan p. H Kn (Hippocastanaceae) c im Thn: Cy g to. L: kp hnh chn vt, mc i, khng c l km. Hoa: khng u, phng i xng xo, lng tnh hoc n tnh v tru, a mt rt pht trin. Bao hoa: l i dnh nhau thnh mt ng hnh chung c 5 thy; cnh hoa dnh nhau, hng ngn, gn nh khng u. B nh: 2 vng nh vi mt vi nh b lp, bao phn 2 . B nhy: 3 l non dnh nhau thnh bu 3 , mi c 2 non; 1 vi nhy. Qu: nang, ht khng c ni nh. Vit Nam ch c chi Aesculus vi 12 loi. H nh, rt t loi, ch c ri rc Cao Bng v Lng Sn. Cy trong h Kn: Aesculus assamica Griff.. G thng c dng lm nguyn liu giy v cc dng thng thng hay duc c; cng dng lm thuc tr bnh l, au u v kch thch tiu ho. Du ht dng lm x phng cng, cng dng lm thuc ngc bng oi bc kh chu, bng d au n. H B hn (Sapindaceae) c im Thn: Cy g hay c, c khi l dy leo bng tua cun (dy Tm phng). L: mc cch; thng kp hnh lng chim mt ln, t khi n; khng c l km. Cm hoa: xim, chm hay chmxim ngn cnh. Hoa: nh, u hay khng u vi phng i xng xo, lng tnh hay n tnh v try hoc tp tnh, mu 4 hay mu 5. a mt r bn ngoi vng nh. Bao hoa: 45 l i, 45 cnh hoa, c khi khng c cnh hoa. Mt trong ca cc cnh hoa thng c nhng vy hoc chm lng dnh vi a mt. B nh: 510 nh, b nh lng nh nm pha trong a mt, nhng c th mt i 24 nh. B nhy: 3 l non dnh nhau thnh bu 13 , mi c 1 non. Thng ch c 1 pht trin cn 2 kia lp li vt so gc qu (Nhn), i khi 3 pht trin y mang 3 ht. Qu: nang lng hay c gai mm hoc l qu mng hay qu hch. Ht c o ht mng nc (Nhn, Vi), khng c ni nh. C cu hc: i khi c t bo tit trong l, v cp 1 v libe 2 ca thn. Vit Nam c 25 chi: Allophylus, Amesiodendron, Arytera, Blighia, Cardiospermum, Delavaya, file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Dimocarpus (Euphoria), Dodonaea, Glenniea (Cnemidiscus & Crossonephelis), Guioa, Harpullia, Koelreuteria,, Lepisanthes (Aphania, Erioglossum & Otophora), Litchi, Mischocarpus, Nephelium, Paranephelium, Pavieasia, Pometia, Sapindus, Schleichera, Sinoradlkofera (Boniodendron), Sisyrolepsis, Xerospermum, Zollingeria; gn 70 loi. Cy trong h Tam phng (Tm phng): Cardiospermum halicacabum L.. Ton cy dng lm thuc cha cm lnh v cm st, vim thn ph thng, vim ng tit niu, i tho ng, ho g, t thp; dng ngoi tr n ng tn thng, vim m da, eczema, gh nga. Nhn: Dimocarpus longan Lour. hay Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud.. o ht sy kh gi l long nhn, dng lm thuc cha tr nh suy gim hay qun, thn kinh suy nhc, tm thn mt mi hi hp, hong ht, gan t hot ng km, huyt h. Vi: Litchi chinensis Radlk.. o ht dng cha kht nc, nc ct, au d dy. Ht dng cha au d dy, au rut non, au tinh hon. R dng tr y bng, di tinh, au hng. L dng tr lot trong tai. V qu dng tr l, bng huyt v mn nga. Chm chm: Nephelium lappaceum L.. Qu xanh v v qu dng tr tiu chy, kit l, st rt. R dng lm thuc h st. B hn: Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.. R v qu dng tr cm cm, st, vim ph qun cp, ho, bch hu, au hng, tiu ho km; cn dng cha hi ming, trnh su rng, nga l v bnh nm. Ht dng git, gi rt tt. 8.7. B Dy kh (Connarales) B ch c 1 h. H Dy kh (Connaraceae) c im Thn: g, ng hoc leo, t khi cy to. L: kp, mc cch, khng c l km. L cht thng cng, nguyn. Cm hoa: chm hoc xim nch l hay ngn. Hoa: u, lng tnh, t khi n tnh. Bao hoa: L i i khi tn ti; 5 cnh hoa ri, i khi dnh nhau. B nh: kiu lng nh, nh trc cnh hoa thng ngn hn v bt th, ch nh c th ri hoc dnh nhau y. B nhy: Bu trn, cu to bi 5 l non ri, t khi l 4 hay 1 l non; mi l non cha 2 non thng. a mt khng c hay to thnh mt khoen quanh nh. Qu: nang, ng 1 ht; ht c th c o ht. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Agelaea, Cnestis, Connarus, Ellipanthus, Rourea, Roureopsis; gn 20 loi. Cy trong h Lp bp nam: Connarus cochinchinensis (Baill.) Pierre. Thn v r c tc dng b mu, kch thch tiu ho. Dng theo kinh nghim dn gian lm thuc b gip n ngon ng yn. Kh rng (Cm xi): Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenh. subsp. microphylla (H. et A.) J. E. Vidal hay Rourea microphylla Planch.. Nc sc thn thng dng cho ph n sau khi sinh mau li sc; cng dng cha i tiu vng, tiu dt, mn nht. L dng v ung iu kinh. Kh rng l trinh n (Dy la l trinh n): Rourea mimosoides (Vahl) Planch. hay Connarus mimosoides Vahl. Thn dng lm dy buc rt bn v chc; ngm ru dng lm thuc kch thch v trng dng.

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Cy g hay cy bi, rt t khi l c. L kp hnh lng chim. a mt di bu, gia b nh v b nhy. Trong c quan dinh dng thng c ti tit tinh du thm, gm hoc nha. Yu t mch thng l n, i khi hnh thang. Hoa lng tnh, 2 vng nh, mi vng 5 nh. B gm 10 h, cp n 3 h sau: H Cam (Rutaceae) H Thanh tht (Simaroubaceae) H Xoan (Meliaceae). H Cam (Rutaceae) c im Thn: thng l cy g, to hay nh, nhiu loi c gai; t khi l c sng dai (Cu l hng). L: mc cch, i khi mc i, khng c l km, thng kp hnh lng chim. L Bi c th coi nh mt l kp lng chim m 2 l cht di dnh vo cung to thnh cnh. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hoc t thnh xim, chm, ng, tn. Hoa: thng u, lng tnh, mu 5, t khi n tnh (Zanthoxylum). a mt to nm gia b nh v bu. Bao hoa: 5 l i ri hay dnh, 5 cnh hoa ri, t khi l 4. B nh: 2 kiu: a) Kiu o lng nh gp Ruta. Kiu ny hay b thu hp v vng ngoi b try, i khi cn li nh lp; vng trong c th mt i 12 nh. S thu hp ti a dn n hoa n tnh ca Zanthoxylum; b) Kiu nhiu nh ca Citrus: Bt ngun t kiu o lng nh nhng s nh y tng ln rt nhiu, cc nh c th ri hay dnh thnh nhiu b hoc dnh thnh ng. Mng ht phn c 36 rnh l. B nhy: 2 kiu: a) Kiu Rutoideae: 45 l non ri bu, dnh nhau y v vi nhy, mi l non cha 2 hay nhiu non. Qu l s kt hp ca nhiu qu i; b) Kiu Aurantioideae: S l non nhiu hn s l i v dnh lin nhau to thnh bu trn, nhiu , mi c 2 hay nhiu non, nh non trung tr (Hnh 10.21). Qu loi cam, y l mt qu mng c bit: v qu ngoi c nhiu ti tit tinh du, v qu gia trng v xp, v qu trong mng v dai; t v qu trong mc ra nhiu lng cha y nc ngt. Ht i khi c ni nh, ht a phi Citrus (cc phi thng d c to thnh t cc t bo ca phi tm, khng c s th tinh). C cu hc: Ti tit tinh du kiu tiu ly bo trong tt c cc m, nht l phin l, vch bu, v qu. Phn loi H c 2 phn h: Phn h Rutoideae: L non ri nhau t nhiu, b nh theo kiu o lng nh y hoc gim, qu i. Phn h Aurantioideae: L non dnh, b nh a th, qu loi cam. Vit Nam c gn 30 chi: Acronychia, Aegle, Atalantia, Boenninghausenia, Citrus, Clausena, Euodia, Feroniella, Fortunella (Citrofortunella), Glycosmis (Hesperethusa), Limnocitrus, Limonia, Luvunga (Lavanga), Maclurodendron, Micromelum, Murraya, Naringi, Paramignya, Phellodendron, Pleiospermium, Ruta, Severinia, Skimmia, Tetradium, Thoreldora, Toddalia, Triphasia, Zanthoxylum); khong 110 loi. Cy trong h Chanh (Chanh ta): Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. et Panz.) Swingle. Qu dng lm thuc gii nhit, gip n ngon ming, li tiu ho, chng bnh scorbut; cn dng lm thuc long m, tr ho. L dng lm gia v v cng dng lm thuc tr st rt dai dng, cm cm, hen ph qun, ho g v tr cc bnh ngoi da. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Bi: Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. Qu n mt, gip tiu ho, lm long m v chng ho. V qu dng tr m kt ng c hng v cung phi; cn dng tr au d dy, n ung khng tiu, ho nhiu. L dng cha st, ho, nhc u, km n, vim amygdal. Qut: Citrus reticulata Blanco. V qu chn (Trn b) dng cha ho, tc ngc, c nhiu m, trng thc, au bng, hi, nn ma, tiu chy. V qu xanh (Thanh b) dng cha au gan, tc ngc, st rt. Ht cha sa rut, vim tuyn v, tc tia sa. L cha tc ngc, ho, au bng. Cam: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Qu dng lm thuc gii nhit tr st, tr chng xut tit v gip n ngon ming. L dng cha tai chy nc vng hay mu m. Nguyt qui: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Cy c trng lm cnh v lm hng ro. R lm gim au. L tr tiu chy, kit; c tc dng chng ung th tt. Hoa ct cho tinh du thm. Cu l hng (Vn hng): Ruta chalepensis L.. Ton cy dng lm thuc tr v kinh hay kinh nguyt khng y , co git; c tc dng chng th tinh v lm lc thai; dng ngoi tr vim lot li rng, chy rn.

Hnh 10.21. Hoa Rutaceae 1: Ruta graveolens, 2: Citrus vulgaris

H Thanh tht (Simaroubaceae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh. L: mc cch, n hay kp hnh lng chim mt ln, khng c l km. Phin l khng c chm trong m, khi rng c mu ; cung chung i khi c cnh. Cm hoa: tn, xim, chm nch l hay ngn. Hoa: nh, u, thng n tnh, mu 3 hay mu 5. Bao hoa: L i tn ti di qu. B nh: S nh bng hay gp i s cnh hoa, lun lun ri, nh di a mt. B nhy: 25 l non ri hay dnh nhau thnh bu trn; mi l non c 1 non. Qu: hch, c cnh, i khi qu mp. C cu hc: C ng tit quanh ty, i khi c t bo tit. B my dinh dng c v ng. Vit Nam c 810 chi: Ailanthus, Brucea, Eurycoma, Harrisonia, ?Hebonga, Picrasma (Triscaphis), Quassia, Samadera (Samadura); trn 10 loi. Cy trong h Thanh tht (Bt): Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston hay A. malabarica DC. V cy dng tr l, bch i; cn c tc dng b v h nhit. Qu dng lm thuc cha ho v iu kinh. Kh sm nam (Su u rng, Su u ct chut): Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.. Cc b phn ca cy u c cht ng. Ht dng lm thuc tr bnh kit l rt cng hiu nht l l amib; cn dng tr st file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Thn ln: Quassia amara L.. G v r c v ng, c dng lm thuc b ng, gip tiu ho v chng st. H Xoan (Meliaceae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh, phn non ca thn thng c lng hnh sao. L: mc cch, thng kp hnh lng chim 1 hay 2 ln t khi l n; phin l cht nguyn hay c kha rng, khng c l km. Cm hoa: tn, chmxim, chm nch l t khi ngn. Hoa: u, lng tnh, i khi n tnh, mu 4 hay mu 5. Bao hoa: 45 l i dnh nhau, 45 cnh hoa ri i khi dnh nhau v dnh vo y ca ng nh. B nh: S nh thay i t 510 nh, nhng thng s nh gp i s cnh hoa. Ch nh dnh lin nhau thnh mt ng nh trn hoa, ng c th i t hoa n ngay di bao phn hoc ch nh dnh nhau khong chng phn na pha di nhng ri phn trn. u ng ch nh thng hay c nhng ph b hnh rng hay nhng thy nh dng cnh hoa xen k vi bao phn. Toona (Cedrela) c nh ri. a mt r gia b nh v b nhy, Aglaia khng c a mt. B nhy: 35 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 3 5 , mi c 1 hay nhiu non. Mt vi nhy, u nhy nguyn hay c thy. Qu: nang, mng hay qu hch. Ht c cnh hay khng, thng c o ht, c hay khng c ni nh, mm thng. C cu hc: Khng c ti tit tiu ly bo nhng c t bo tit. Vit Nam c chng 20 chi: Aglaia (Amoora), Aphanamixis, Azadirachta, Carapa, Chisocheton, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, Khaya, Lansium, Melia, Munronia, ?Reinwardtiodendron, Sandoricum, Swietenia, Toona (Cedrela), Trichilia (Heynea & picroderma), Turraea, Walsura, Xylocarpus; khong 65 loi. Cy trong h Ngu: Aglaia duperreana Pierre. Hoa dng p tr; cng c dng lm thuc cha st vng da, hen suyn. Ht tr suyn. L dng ngoi nu nc tm gh. Ngu tu: Aglaia odorata Lour.. Hoa dng p tr; cng dng lm thuc tr ho. Bn bon: Lansium domesticum Corra. Qu n c. Nha cy dng lm thuc cha tiu chy v au tht rut. Xoan: Melia azedarach L.. V v v r thng dng lm thuc tr giun; dng ngoi tr bnh nm, hc lo, gh, eczema, vim da, my ay, vim m o do Trichomonas. L dng ngoi tr chc l, nhim trng herpes mng trn, mn nht, vim da. 8.9. B Trm (Burserales) B c 3 h, ch cp 1 h. H o ln ht (Anacardiaceae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh, ng hoc leo, cha mt cht nha thm. L: mc cch, n hay kp hnh lng chim mt ln l, l cht nguyn hay c kha rng, khng c l km. Cm hoa: gi, xim, chm nch l hay ngn cnh. Hoa: nh, u, lng tnh hoc tp tnh hay n tnh khc gc, mu 3 hay 5. Bao hoa: L i ri hay dnh nhau, tn ti hoc ng trng; cnh hoa ri, i khi hoa v cnh (Pistacia). B nh: 2 vng nh kiu o lng nh (Anacardium) hay 1 vng nh (Gluta, vi Mangifera, Swintonia). Mt s nh c th khng th hoc b try, c khi hoa ch cn 12 nh th (Mangifera), t khi file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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gp nhiu nh (Melanorrhoea). Nh nh di a mt; bao phn 2 , nt dc, hng trong. B nhy: 1 hay nhiu l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn, 1 hay nhiu , mi c 1 non, nh non trung tr; thng c 3 l non nhng ch c 1 th cha 1 non. Qu: hch, ht khng c ni nh. C cu hc: C ng tit cha resin trong libe 1 v libe 2, i khi trong ty. Vit Nam c khong 25 chi: Allospondias (Tetramyxis), Anacardium, Bouea (Matpania), Buchanamia, Bursera, Canarium, Choerospondias, Dacryodes, Dracontomelon (Dracontomelum), Drimycarpus, Garuga, Gluta, Holigarna, Lannea, Mangifera (Phanrangia), Melanorrhoea, Pegia, Pentaspadon (Microstemon), Pistacia, Pleiogynium, Protium, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Swintonia, Toxicodendron; trn 70 loi. Cy trong h o ln ht (iu ln ht): Anacardium occidentale L.. Phn gi l qu sinh bi s pht trin ca cung hoa. Qu tht l phn gi l ht. L dng nh tr tr kh tiu, au d dy, lm gim ng trong mu, gii c cho gan. V cy tr tiu chy cp tnh. R lm thuc x. Thanh tr: Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Adelb.. Qu chn n c. L cha bng. Xoi: Mangifera indica L.. Qu v nhn qu dng tr ho, tiu ho khng bnh thng. L dng tr cc bnh phn trn ng h hp vng da, c tc dng li tiu; dng ngoi tr vim da, nga. V thn thng dng tr ho, au sng hng, au rng, dch t, t thp. Cc: Spondias cytherea Sonn. hay Spondias dulcis Soland.. Qu dng n ti. C th dng qu, l, v cy... lm thuc iu tr cc vt thng, cc vt bng v lm thuc gim au. 8.10. B Lanh (Linales) B c 6 h, ch cp 2 h: H Lanh (Linaceae) H C ca (Erythroxylaceae) H Lanh (Linaceae) c im Thn: c, cy g nh hay to. L: n, nguyn, mc cch, thng c l km. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau y, 5 cnh hoa ri. B nh: 1020 nh hoc 5 nh th v 5 nh lp; ch nh khng bng nhau, dnh nhau t nhiu y; bao phn n dc, hng trong. B nhy: 35 l non to thnh bu trn, 35 , mi 2 non, nh non trung tr, nhng c th c vch gi chia bu thnh 10 , mi 1 non. Vi nhy ri (Hnh 10.22B). Qu: nang, ht c ni nh.

Hnh 10.22. Hoa Erythroxylum coca- Erythroxylaceae (A) v Linum usitatissimum- Linaceae (B)

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Vit Nam c 3 chi: Linum, Reinwardtia, Tirpitzia; 3 loi. Cy trong h Lanh: Linum usitatissimum L.. Cy ca vng n i, cho si dt. Ht p ly du dng trong k ngh. H C ca (Erythroxylaceae) H nh, rt gn vi h Lanh nhng ch khc ch: 10 nh th, 3 l non to thnh bu trn, 3 , nhng ch c 1 th ng 1 non; khng c vch gi. H gn nh thu hp chi Erythroxylum vi 45 loi Vit Nam. c im Thn: Cy g nh hoc bi. L: n, mc cch, khng c l km. Cm hoa: Xim nch l. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau y, 5 cnh hoa ri; mt trong cnh hoa c li nh rt pht trin. B nh: 10 nh xp thnh 2 vng theo kiu o lng nh, dnh nhau y. B nhy: 3 l non to thnh bu trn, 3 nhng ch c 1 pht trin; 3 vi nhy ri (Hnh 10.22A). Qu: hch, 13 ht. Cy trong h: C ca: Erythroxylum coca Lamk. C ca cnh: Erythroxylum novagranatense (Morris) Hieron. hay Erythroxylum coca var. novagranatense Morris. 8.11. B Chua me t (Oxalidales) B c 2 h, ch cp 1 h H Chua me t (Oxalidaceae) c im Thn: c hay cy g, cha nhiu acid oxalic. L: mc cch, kp hnh lng chim hay chn vt, khng c l km, c th c c ng thc ng. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i ri, 5 cnh hoa ri hay hi dnh y. B nh: 10 nh xp thnh 2 vng theo kiu o lng nh hoc 5 nh hu i din l i, 5 nh lp i din cnh hoa; ch nh dnh nhau y. B nhy: 5 l non dnh nhau to thnh bu trn, 5 , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr; 5 vi nhy ri. Qu: nang (Oxalis) hay qu mng (Averrhoa), ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 3 chi: Averrhoa, Biophytum, Oxalis; 89 loi. Cy trong h Kh: Averrhoa carambola L.. Qu tr ho, au hng. R tr au khp, au u mn tnh. Thn v l tr s mi, vim d dy rut, gim niu, chn thng bm gip, mn nht, vim m da. Chua me t: Oxalis corniculata L.. Ton cy dng lm thuc cha cm st, ho, vim hng, vim rut, l, suy nhc thn kinh v huyt p cao; dng ngoi tr cc bnh ngoi da, nm n chn, nht c sng ty. 8.12. B M hc (Geraniales)

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Cy c, t khi cy g. Hoa mu 5, u, t khi khng u, khng c a mt nhng c tuyn mt. Thng thng 10 nh kiu o lng nh. S l non bng s cnh hoa v dnh nhau thnh bu nhiu , nh non trung tr. B c 5 h, ch cp 1 h. H M hc (Geraniaceae) c im Thn: thng l c, i khi cy g nh. L: mc cch hay mc i, c l km; phin l thng x su kiu chn vt, gn l hnh chn vt. Cm hoa: xim 2 ng, thng thu hp cn 2 hoa. Hoa: u hay hi khng u, lng tnh, mu 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i u, 5 cnh hoa u hoc hi khng u. B nh: 10 nh, b nh o lng nh; nhng c th gp 7 nh Pelargonium hay 5 nh th Erodium. Ch nh thng dnh nhau y v c mang nhng tuyn mt gc ( 5 nh vng trong trc l i). B nhy: 5 l non to thnh bu trn, 5 , mi 1 hay 2 non, nh non trung tr; 1 vi nhy, 5 u nhy. Qu: khi chn nt thnh 5 phn qu, mt vi trng hp qu l nang nt lng hoc a b qu. C cu hc: Lng tit u n bo. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Geranium, Pelargonium; 2 loi. Cy trong h M hc: Geranium nepalense Sweet hay G. homeanum Turcz.. Dng lm thuc cng gn ct, tr phong thp, tr tiu chy v mt s bnh v thn. Phong l: Pelargonium zonale LHrit. ex Soland. 8.13. B Bng nc (Balsaminales) B ch c 1 h. H Bng nc (Balsaminaceae) c im Thn: c mp, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm. L: mc cch hay mc i, khng c l km; thng c tuyn trn cung l. Hoa: mc nch l, khng u, lng tnh, mu 5, thng b vn 180o. Bao hoa: 5 l i dng cnh, khng u, c th c 2 l i b try, l i sau c ca; do hoa vn 180o nn l i sau pha trc. 5 cnh hoa khng u, cnh trc to b xoay ra pha sau. Cc cnh hoa c th ri (Hydrocera) hoc dnh thnh 2 cp (Impatiens). B nh: 5 nh dnh nhau bao phn bao quanh vi, ch nh thng hoc cong, bao phn m nh. B nhy: 5 l non to thnh bu trn, 5 , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr; 1 vi nhy, 5 u nhy. Qu: nang, n mnh cho ra 5 mnh (Impatiens) hay qu hch (Hydrocera). Ht to, khng ni nh. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Hydrocera, Impatiens; khong 35 loi. Cy trong h C thy trang: Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wright & Arn. Bng nc (Mc tai, Bng mng tay): Impatiens balsamina L.. Ht cha kinh nguyt b tc, kh, nc nghn, hc xng. Hoa cha v kinh, ng gip, phong thp tng khp; dng ngoi p tr inh nht, rn cn, nm tc. L dng tr ung th, bnh nm, gii n, mt sng, ph chn; dng gi u cho tc mc tt. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Thn: Cy g nh hay dy leo thn g. L: n, nguyn, mc i; y phin thng c 2 tuyn. L km nh hoc khng c l km. Cm hoa: chm nch l hay ngn cnh. Hoa: u hay khng u, lng tnh, mu 5; cung hoa c t v c 2 l bc con. Bao hoa: 5 l i, gc c tuyn mt; 5 cnh hoa c mng hay khng. B nh: 10 nh bng hay khng bng nhau; ch nh dnh nhau t nhiu y. B nhy: 3 l non to thnh bu trn, 3 , mi 1 non, nh non trung tr, 13 vi nhy. Qu: Thng l qu c cnh, i khi l qu hch. Ht khng c ni nh. C cu hc: Lng che ch n bo hnh thoi hoc hnh sao. Vit Nam c 5 chi: Aspidopteris, Hiptage, Malpighia, Thryallis (Galphimia), Tristellateia; khong 30 loi. Cy trong h Cy Kim ng: Galphimia gracilis Bartl.. Cy trng lm cnh. L v hoa c dng cha huyt p thp. X ri vung: Malpighia glabra L.. Cy trng lm hng ro v ly qu n. Dy kim ng: Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich.. Cy trng lm cnh. 8.15. B Dy gi (Celastrales) Thng c s hin din ca a mt nm bn ngoi hay bn trong b nh. Hoa u, mu 4 hay mu 5, 4 vng v mt vng nh b try, bu c xu hng di v s l non c xu hng gim cn 2. B c 4 h, ch cp 1 h. H Dy gi (Celastraceae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh, i khi leo; thn c th c gai. L: n, mc cch hay mc i; phin nguyn hay c kha rng; l km rng sm. Cm hoa: xim nch l. Hoa: nh, u, lng tnh hay n tnh v try, mu 5 t khi mu 4. a mt r v dy nm gia b nh v b nhy. Bao hoa: L i tn ti, cnh hoa ri hoc dnh nhau. B nh: 5 nh xp xen k cnh hoa. B nhy: 45 l non, dnh nhau thnh bu 45 , mi cha 1 non hoc 2 non (Hnh 10.23). Qu: thay i, thng l nang. Ht khng c o ht. Vit Nam c 1415 chi: Anulodiscus, Arnicratea, Bhesa (Kurrima), Cassine (Elaeodendron), Celastrus, Euonymus (Quadripterygium), Glyptopetalum, Gymnosporia, Loeseneriella (Hippocratea p.p.), Lophopetalum (Solenospermum), ?Maytenus, file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm

Hnh 10.23. Hoa Euonymus europaeus

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Microtropis, Pleurostylia, Reissantia (Pristimera, Hippocratea p.p.), Salacia); khong 75 loi. Cy trong h Dy gi trn (Gi trn): Celastrus orbiculatusi Thunb.. Tr t thp, ung th. Cm hoa tr say thuc phin, kit l; cng c tc dng li kinh, b. Chn danh Trung Quc ( trng ta): Euonymus chinensis Lindl.. Cy cho g. V cy thng c dng thay v trng dy v trng. Chn danh nam: Euonymus cochinchinensis Pierre. Cy cho g. V cy dng trong phm vi dn gian lm thuc kin v, gip tiu ho. 8.16. B To ta (Rhamnales) Cy g, cy bi thng ng, c khi l dy leo bng tua cun. L n hay kp hnh chn vt, mc cch, thng c l km. Yu t mch c mt ngn n. Hoa nh, lng tnh, u, mu 4 hay 5, bao hoa 2 vng, 45 nh i din cnh hoa, 2 l non dnh nhau. a mt pht trin nm gia nh v nhy. Non c 2 lp v. B ch c 1 h. H To ta (Rhamnaceae) c im Thn: Cy g, ng hoc leo. Thn c th c hay khng c gai. L: n, mc cch, phin nguyn hay c kha rng, gn l hnh lng chim thng hay c 35 gn gc ni r. L km nh, bin thnh gai. Cm hoa: Xim nch l. Hoa: nh, u, lng tnh hay tp tnh, mu 4 hay mu 5, 4 vng; hoa lm hnh chn. Bao hoa: 45 l i, 45 cnh hoa nh hn l i. B nh: 45 nh mc trc cnh hoa; a mt dy, pha trong vng nh v dnh vo mt trong ca hoa. B nhy: 25 l non dnh nhau thnh bu 25 , mi c 1 non. Bu c th ri trong hoa lm (Rhamnus) hoc ln su vo a mt to thnh bu gia (Zizyphus) hoc hon ton di (Gouania). Vi nhy c th ri hay dnh nhau (Hnh 10.24A). Qu: Thng l qu hch, i khi l nang hay qu c cnh. C cu hc: C t bo cha cht nhy trong l v thn, i khi c ti cha cht nhy v t bo cha tanin. Vit Nam c 13 chi: Alphytonia, Berchemia, Chaydaia, Colubrina, Gouania, Hovenia, Paliurus, Rhamnella, Rhamnus, Sageretia, Scutia, Ventilago, Zizyphus; gn 45 loi. Cy trong h Dy g an hp (Dy n k cp, Dy gn): Gouania leptostachya DC.. Dng xoa bp ni sng au. To Campuchia: Zizyphus cambodiana Pierre. Campuchia, dng tr bnh nm v bnh v bung trng. To tu: Zizyphus jujuba Miller To ta: Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.. Chng vim, an thn, h huyt p, tiu m, gip ho, lc mu. Nhn ht tr hi hp, kh ng, hay qun, chn tay nhc mi. L tr ho, suyn; dng ngoi tr l lot v st pht ban. Qu chn tr l v cao huyt p.

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To rng: Zizyphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.. Nhn ht lm thuc du ho, lm d ng, tr tiu chy, l. 8.17. B Nho (Vitales) B c 2 h, ch cp 1 h. H Nho (Vitaceae) c im Thn: Cy bi leo hay dy leo thn g bng vi cun mc i din vi l. L: n, mc cch, c kha rng hoc c thy hnh chn vt hoc l kp hnh chn vt vi 35 l cht. L km nh, d rng. Cm hoa: xim, tn, ng, chm, i khi chm kp nch l hay i din vi l (do s pht trin cng tr ca thn). Hoa: nh, u, lng tnh hay n tnh v try, mu 4 hay 5, 4 vng. Bao hoa: 45 l i, 45 cnh hoa, tin khai van; cnh hoa c th ri hay dnh nhau chp nh mt ci nn (Nho). B nh: S nh bng s cnh hoa, ri v mc trc cnh hoa. a mt dy nm pha trong vng nh. B nhy: 2 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn 2 , mi 2 non (Hnh 10.24B). Qu: mng, cha 24 ht, ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 7 chi: Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Cayratia, Cissus, Parthenocissus, Tetrastigma, Vitis; khong 85 loi.

Hnh 10.24. Hoa Zizyphus mauritianaRhamnaceae (A) v Vitis viniferaVitaceae (B)

Cy trong h Vc (Dy st): Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domino. R dng tr nht phi v inh nht. Cha vi: Cissus modeccoides Planch.. C dng cha au nhc xng, nhc u, t thp, gn xng co qup, sng ty, mn nht; cng dng lm thuc x v nhun trng. Nho: Vitis vinifera L.. Cy trng ly qu. Hoa, qu chng nhiu siu khun. 9. PHN LP TH DU (CORNIDAE) Phn lp c 3 lin b, 17 b v 42 h. 9.1. B Th du (Cornales) B c 6 h, ch cp 1 h.

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Thng l cy g va hoc to. L mc i, n, khng c l km. Hoa u, lng tnh hoc n tnh, 4 vng. B nhy gm 2 l non to thnh bu di, 2 , mi 1 non. Qu mng hay qu hch, ht c ni nh, mm nh. Vit Nam c 1 chi Cornus (Dendrobenthamia), 67 loi. 9.2. B Ng gia b (Araliales) Cy g, cy bi hay cy thn c. L mc cch hay mc i, n, nguyn kha thy hoc i khi c kha rng, khng c l km. Cm hoa l tn n hay kp. Hoa u, lng tnh, mu 4 hay 5, 4 vng, bu di. 5 l i rt nh. 5 cnh hoa ri, tin khai van. 5 nh mc xen k vi cnh hoa. 25 l non, nm su trong hoa, dnh nhau thnh bu di 25 , mi ng 1 non, nh non trung tr. Non thng ch c 1 lp v. B c 3 h, cp 2 h. H Hoa tn (Apiacaee) H Ng gia b (Araliaceae) H Hoa tn (Apiaceae) c im Thn: c ng, sng mt nm, hai nm hay nhiu nm, i khi l c b (Rau m). Thn thng rng, mt ngoi c kha dc. R: c th ph ln thnh c (C rt). L: mc cch, khng c l km; phin l thng x theo hnh lng chim 23 ln ging nh kp, gn l thng hnh lng chim; t khi phin c kha cn vi gn hnh chn vt; l kp hnh lng chim him gp; b l rt pht trin. Cm hoa: tn nch l hay ngn cnh, tn c th n hay kp. Trong trng hp tn n, cc l bc ca hoa tp trung gc tn to thnh tng bao l bc, i khi c gai (Eryngium), tng bao l bc ny c th thiu. Trong trng hp tn kp, mi tn con c th c che ch bi mt tiu bao l bc. Tn c th t thnh chm, xim hoc tn. i khi cc cung hoa rt ngn lm cho tn ging nh mt hoa u. Tn c th c nhiu hoa hay thu hp ch cn 3 hoa, tn c th tn cng bng mt hoa gia v khi hoa ny khc vi cc hoa ba. C rt, hoa gia ca tn c mu sm v bt th. Tn i khi tp tnh, cc hoa gia l hoa lng tnh hoc hoa ci, cc hoa ba l hoa c. Cc hoa ba thng c trng to v bt i xng do s pht trin ca cc cnh hoa bn ngoi. Hoa: thng u, lng tnh, mu 5, 4 vng. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: L i thng thu hp, ch cn 5 rng, ch c mt vi trng hp hoa c i pht trin. 5 cnh hoa ri; cc hoa ba ca tn, cnh hoa ngoi pht trin nhiu lm cho hoa tr nn khng u. B nh: 5 nh nh xen k vi cnh hoa, ch nh cong vo gia khi hoa cn l n, bao phn nt dc, hng trong. B nhy: 2 l non dnh nhau thnh bu di 2 dnh vo hoa. Vi ri, choi ra; gc mi vi c mt a mt hnh vng cung gi l chn vi (stylopode). Mi ca bu c 2 non nhng ch c 1 non pht trin, non ch c 1 lp v. Qu: b i, cu to bi 2 phn qu, khi chn tch ri khi qu tr. Mi phn qu c mt mt bng phng v mt mt lng li. mt lng c 5 sng dc gi l cnh li cp 1, gm 1 sng lng, 2 sng bn v 2 sng ba. Mi cnh c 1 b libeg, g bn trong, libe bn ngoi. Gia 2 cnh cp 1 l rnh, trong mi rnh c 1 hay nhiu ti tit gi l di nh. Qu nh va m t c th c mt vi thay i nh: mi rnh c th xut hin mt cnh li cp 2, c khi pht trin hn cnh cp 1, c th mang lng hay mc gip cho s pht tn ca qu (C rt) hoc qu thng thng trn nhng c th dp li song song vi mt phng ca

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2 phn qu lm cho vch rng ra (Angelica) hoc dp thng gc vi vch lm cho vch tr nn hp (Hydrocotyle). Ht c ni nh tht hay sng, mm nh (Hnh 10.25). C cu hc Thn: Khng c cu to cp 2 bnlc b, biu b lun lun tn ti. Cc b libeg khng bng nhau, b nh l vt l, c ni vi nhau bi mt khoen m cng. Ty thng b tiu hy sm nn thn rng, i khi ty cn tn ti t nhiu v c cha nhng b libeg ph tri. M dy di nhng ch li ca thn cy. R: R s cp ch c 2 b g gip nhau gia; trong tr b, i din vi b g c 1 ng tit, do r cp 2 pht sinh hai bn b g nn c 4 hng r th cp. B my tit: C ng tit du nha trong libe, tr b, m mm v v m mm ty (khi cn ty). V qu c mt loi ti tit gi l di nh. Vit Nam c hn 20 chi: Anethum, Angelica, Apium, Bupleurum, Centella, Cnidium, Coriandrum, Cryptotaenia, Daucus, Eryngium, Foeniculum, Glehnia, Heracleum, Hydrocotyle, Ligusticum, Oenanthe, Petroselinum, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Pternopetalum, Sanicula, Torilis, Trachyspermum; trn 30 loi.

Hnh 10.25. Qu b i ca Apiaceae 1: Foeniculum dulce, 2: Daucus carota, 3: Angelica sylvestris, 4: Hydrocotyle vulgaris

Cy trong h Bch ch: Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. f.. R c dng lm thuc cha cm st, s mi, nhc u, phong thp, nhc xng; cn dng lm thuc cm mu trong cc chng i tin ra mu, chy mu cam, mn nht, mng m. ng quy: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Dng cha thiu mu, c th gy yu, mt mi, au u, au ngc bng, tay chn au nhc, vim khp, kinh nguyt khng u, b kinh. Cn ty (Cn tu): Apium graveolens L.. Lm thuc cha suy nhc c th, tiu ho km; thp khp, si niu o, si thn, bnh phi, au gan vng da; cng c tc dng li tiu, h huyt p Rau m (l ln, cung l 1015 cm, hoa ): Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.. Lm thuc cha st, vim hng, ho, vim ng tit niu, tiu gt; cn dng lm thuc tr th huyt, chy mu cam; dng ngoi tr rn cn, mn nht, l nga v vt thng chy mu. Ng (Mi): Coriandrum sativum L.. Dng lm gia v gip tiu ha; cn dng lm thuc tn nhit, h st. L loi thuc ch yu tr u si. C rt: Daucus carota L.. R c dng lm thuc tr suy nhc, thiu mu, tiu chy, lot d dy t trng, xut huyt d dy v rut, bnh phi, thp khp vng da, x va ng mch, suy gan mt, dng

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phng s lo ho v cc vt nhn. Ht tr giun. Ng ty (Mi tu): Eryngium foetidum L.. Lm thuc tr cm, st, cm, tiu ng, ri lon tiu ho, vim rut tiu chy. Rau m m (Rau m chut) (l nh, cung l 14 cm, hoa trng): Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk. hay H. rotundifolia Roxb.. L dng tr bnh gan vng da, cm ho, bnh ng tit niu. H Ng gia b (Araliaceae) c im Thn: c (Panax) hay cy g nh mc ng hay cy g to t phn nhnh, i khi leo. L: thng mc cch gc thn, mc i ngn, i khi mc vng. L c th n hay kp hnh lng chim hoc kp hnh chn vt. Phin l nguyn, c kha rng hoc c thy. L km rng sm hay dnh vo cung l. B l pht trin. Cm hoa: tn n hay kp, t thnh chm, u, gi nch l hay ngn cnh. Hoa: nh, u, lng tnh, mu 5, 4 vng. Bao hoa: L i thu hp ch cn 5 rng, 5 cnh hoa ri v rng sm. B nh: 5 nh xen k cnh hoa. B nhy: 5 l non dnh nhau thnh bu di c 5 , mi 1 non; i khi c 10 l non, t khi gim cn 3 hay 1 l non; vi ri. Qu: mng hay qu hch. Ht c ni nh. C cu hc: ging h Hoa tn, m nng ch yu l m dy; cch phn b b my tit tng t. Vit Nam c trn 20 chi: Acanthopanax, Aralia, Aralidium, Arthrophyllum, Brassaiopsis, Dendropanax (Gilibertia), Dizygotheca, Evodiopanax, Grushvitzkia, Hedera, Heteropanax, Macropanax, Panax, Pentapanax, Plerandropsis, Polyscias (Nothopanax), Pseudopanax, Schefflera, Scheffleropsis, Tetrapanax, Trevesia, Tupidanthus; gn 120 loi. Cy trong h Ng gia b: Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Sm.. V thn v v r dng lm thuc b, mnh gn xng, lm tng tr nh; cha phong thp au nhc khp, n ng tn thng, thn h. n chu chu (inh lng gai): Aralia armata (Wall.) Seem. Sm Triu tin (Nhn sm): Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. C lm thuc b. Sm Vit Nam (Sm Ngc Linh): Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.. C lm thuc b tng lc, kch thch ni tit sinh dc, gii c v bo v gan, iu ha thn kinh trung ng, chng x va ng mch, gim ng huyt. Tam tht: Panax pseudoginseng Wall.. C c dng cha nhiu bnh, c hiu qu tng nhanh qu trnh phc hi sc khe cho bnh nhn suy nhc. inh lng: Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms. R dng lm thuc b, tr suy nhc c th, tiu ho km. Thn, cnh dng cha phong thp, au lng. L tr st, tr ho, li tiu, cha mn nht. Ng gia b chn chim: Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms.. Dng lm thuc b, thuc cha cm st, hng sng au, thp khp, au nhc xng khp, vt thng sng au. 10. PHN LP CC (ASTERIDAE) Phn lp gm cc i din tin ho theo hng th phn nh cn trng, cnh hoa lun lun dnh nhau, l non dnh. Phn lp c 2 lin b, 6 b v 14 h. 10.1. B Hoa chung (Campanulales)

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Hoa cnh dnh, 4 vng, bu di. S nh bng s cnh hoa, nh khng nh trn trng, bao phn xp kht nhau v i khi dnh lin nhau thnh mt ng. B gm 7 h, ch cp 1 h. H Hoa chung (Campanulaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm, hai nm hay sng dai; vi loi l dy leo hay thn g. L: mc i hay mc cch, n, nguyn, khng c l km. Cm hoa: i khi l hoa ring l mc nch l, nhng thng hoa t thnh gi, chm, ng, u hoc thnh mt cm hoa phc tp. Mi hoa mc nch mt l bc v c 2 l bc con. Hoa: lng tnh, u (tng Campanuleae) hoc khng u (tng Lobelieae). Bao hoa: L i ri nhau. Campanuleae, i v trng u, cu to bi mt s phin khng nht nh (4, 5, i khi nhiu hn); trng c th hnh chung, hnh bnh xe... Lobelieae, hoa b vn 180o; trng to thnh 2 mi 3/2, mi di c th c ca. B nh: 5 nh xen k cnh hoa nhng khng nh trn ng trng. Bao phn xp kht nhau v c th dnh nhau (Lobelieae) to thnh mt ng bao quanh vi nhy. B nhy: 5 l non i khi gim cn 3 hoc 2; bu di hay bu gia; nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy, nm trong ng cu to bi cc bao phn khi hoa cn l n. Khi bao phn chn, vi nhy mc di ra, vt khi ng bao phn v u nhy n xe thnh nhng thy hu th. a mt trn bu. Qu: nang mang i cn li. Ht c ni nh. Mm thng. C cu hc: ng nha m hnh mng. Libe quanh ty; mt ngoi ca libe ny c th c mt tng tng thng d, khi hot ng cho ra nhng mch v si g; do c th c nhng b mch libeg trong ty c libe trong v cc b ny c th to thnh mt vng lin tc. Phn loi H c chia thnh 2 tng: Tng Campanuleae: Hoa khng u. Trng thng hnh chung. Bao phn ri nhau. Tng Lobelieae: Hoa khng u, b vn. Bao phn dnh nhau thnh ng bao quanh vi nhy. Theo h thng phn loi ca Takhtajan 1997 th tng Lobelieae c tch thnh h Lobeliaceae (H B thuc, h Sn cnh thi, h L bnh, h L bin). Vit Nam c 6 chi: Adenophora, Campanula, Codonopsis (Campanumoea), Pentaphragma, Platycodon, Wahlenbergia; trn 10 loi. Cy trong h Nam sa sm: Adenophora verticillata (Pall.) Fisch. hay A. tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch.. R dng lm thuc tr vim ph qun, ho ra mu, ho khan, st cao, au bng, nm da. ng sm (Ngn ng): Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook. f.. C dng lm thuc cha c th suy nhc, mt mi, n khng ngon, cha ho vng da do thiu mu, vim thng thn. Bn bin lin (L bnh Trung Quc): Lobelia chinensis Lour.. Ton cy cha x gan c trng, vim rut tiu chy, suyn; dng ngoi gi p mn nht, sng m nhim c, rn c cn. R dng lm thuc lc mu, li tiu, tr thp khp. Sm rung (Hoa lin): Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC. hay Campanula marginata Thunb.. Tr bnh ngoi da, ho, st. 10.2. B Cc (Asterales)

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B ch c 1 h. H Cc (Asteraceae) c im Thn: c, sng 1 nm hay nhiu nm. Thn g, cy bi hay dy leo him gp. R: c th ph ln thnh c, nhng cht d tr y khng phi l tinh bt m l inulin (Thc dc). L: Hnh dng bin thin, khng c l km, thng mc i hoc t thnh hnh hoa gc, c nhng loi l c gai. Thng thng phin l nguyn, x su; l kp hnh lng chim hay hnh chn vt him gp. Cm hoa: u, c th mang rt nhiu hoa hay t hoa. u c th ng ring l hay t thnh chm, gi, xim, nhng thng thng nht l t thnh ng. C th xem hoa t u nh mt gi thu ngn, trong cc hoa nh theo mt ng xon c lin tc, hoa gi ba, hoa non gia. Dng thng thng ca hoa t u l hnh nn, nhng cng c th phng hoc c khi lm hnh chn. u mang 2 loi l bc: L bc ngoi bt th, to thnh mt tng bao. Cc l bc ny c th nh trn mt hng (Senecio, Tagetes) hoc nh trn nhiu hng kt lp. Hnh dng v kch thc ca l bc ngoi rt bin thin. Actis, cc l bc ngoi nc v phn ny n c. L bc ngoi c th nguyn hay c rng, c gai; c nhng loi c mu nh cnh. L bc tht c mang hoa nch. Chng l nhng phin mng hp, i khi c lng. L bc tht c th phng hay cong xung quanh hoa; chng c th khng c. Hoa: lng tnh, mu 5, bu di, khng c l bc con. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Cc hoa trn mt u c th ging nhau, c cng cch cu to, cng chc nng. Kiu u ny gi l ng giao vi ton nhng hoa hnh ng hoc ton hoa hnh li nh c 5 rng hoc i khi ton hoa hnh mi. Hoa t u c th gm 2 loi hoa: Hoa u hnh ng gia c nhim v sinh sn v hoa khng u hnh li nh c 3 rng ba, ng vai tr ca trng thu ht cn trng. Kiu u ny gi l d giao. Bao hoa: L i thng gim v nhim v bo v c m nhim bi cc l bc ca tng bao. i c th bin mt, i khi ch cn mt g nh, nguyn hay c thy; g c th mang nhng vy hoc mt vng lng t. Sau khi th tinh, i c th pht trin thnh mt mo lng, c th lng hay c gai, c nhim v trong s pht tn ca qu. Trng do cnh hoa dnh, c th u hnh ng (trng hp hoa gia ca cc u d giao) hoc khng u c dng li nh c 3 rng hay 5 rng hoc hnh mi 2/3 hoc hnh ng di hi cong (Hnh 10.26). B nh: 5 nh bng nhau, nh trn ng trng v xen k vi cnh hoa. Ch nh ri nhau tr tng Cynareae. Bao phn m dc, hng trong, dnh nhau thnh mt ng bao quanh vi. Chung i thng ko di trn bao phn thnh ph b. Ngoi ra bao phn cn mang gc nhng ph b choi ra to thnh nhng tai nh, che ch cho mt hoa gc vi khi b nc ma. B nhy: 2 l non v tr trcsau, to thnh bu di 1 , ng 1 non, nh y. a mt trn bu. hoa lng tnh v hoa ci, vi xuyn qua a mt v chia thnh 2 nhnh u nhy (vi khng chia nhnh hoa bt th). Cc nhnh u nhy mang mt di nhng lng qut ht phn khi vi mc xuyn qua ng cu to bi cc bao phn. S th phn nh cn trng. Qu: b, thng mang mt mo lng do i bin i, c khi mo lng c mang bi mt cung di hay ngn. i khi qu trn hoc c mc hay c gai (Hnh 10.27). Ht khng c ni nh; l mm to, nhiu khi cha y du (ht Hng dng). C cu hc: Lng che ch kiu bin thin. Lng tit c chn ngn, u a bo, t trong ch lm ca biu b. Phn h hoa hnh ng v hoa ta trn c ng tit rt nh. Phn h hoa hnh ng cn c t bo tit tinh du ring l. Phn h hoa hnh li nh c ng nha m c t v hnh mng. Phn loi H c th chia thnh 2 phn h: Phn h hoa hnh ng (Asterroideae): Trn cm hoa ch c hoa hnh ng hoc hoa hnh ng gia,

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hoa hnh li nh xung quanh u. Cy khng c nha m. Phn h hoa hnh li nh (Liguliflorae hay Cichorioideae): u gm ton hoa hnh li nh. Cy c nha m. Vit Nam, h Cc c khong 125 chi: Achillea, Adenostemma, Aetheocephalus, Ageratum, Ainsliaea, Anaphalis, Anisopappus, Arctium, Artemisia, Aster, Asteromoea, Athroisma, Atractylodes, Aukclandia, Bidens, Blainvillea, Blumea, Blumeopsis, Boltonia, Cacalia, Calendula, Callistephus, Calotis, Camchaya (Iodocephali, Thorelia, Thoreliella), Carpesium, Carthamus, Centaurea, Centipeda, Centratherum, Cephalanoplos, Chrysanthemum, Cichorium, Cirsium (Cnicus), Colobogyne, Conyza, Coreopsis, Cosmos, Cotula, Crassocephalum, Crepis, Crossostephium, Cyathocline, Cynara, Dahlia, Dichrocephala, Doellingeria, Doronicum, Dubyaea, Eclipta, Elephantopus, Emilia, Enydra (Enhydra), ?Epeltes, Erechtites, Erigeron, Ethulia, Eupatorium, Gaillardia, Galinsoga, Gerbera, Glossogyne, Gnaphalium, Gochnatia (Leucomeris), Grangea, Gynura, Helianthus, Helichrysum (Heliopsis), Hemistepta, Heteropappus, Hypochaeris, Inula, Ixeris, Kalimeris, Lactuca, Lagenophora, Laggera, Launaea, Leontopodium, Ligularia, (Marticaria), Melampodium, Microglossa, Mikania, Montanoa, Myriactis, Nannoglottis, Parthenium, Pentanema, Pertya, Petasites, Picris, Piloselloides, Pluchea, Poilania, Prenanthes, Pseudoelephantopus (Pseudelephantopus), Pterocaulon, Pulicaria, Rhynchospermum, Rudbeckia, Saussurea, Senecio, Serratula, Sigesbeckia, Silybum, Solidago, Soliva, Sonchus, Sphaeranthus, Sphaeromorphaea, Spilanthes, Struchium, Synedrella, Tagetes, Tanacetum (Pyrethrum), Taraxacum, Thespis, Tithonia, Tricholepis, Tridax, Vernonia, Vicoa, Wedelia, Xanthium, Youngia, Zinnia; trn 350 loi.

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Hnh 10.26. Cm hoa (13) v trng hoa (410) ca Asteraceae 1: Xanthium, 2: Matricaria, 3: Lactuca, 4: Leucanthemum vulgare, 5: Lappa major, 6 v 7: Centaurea cyanus, 8: Nassauvisa spicata, 9: Calendula arvensis, 10: Lactuca virosa

Cy trong h Ngi cu (Thuc cu): Artemisia vulgaris L.. Cha bng huyt, au bng kinh, kinh nguyt khng u. Thanh hao hoa vng: Artemisia annua L.. Cha st rt. Actis: Cynara scolymus L.. Lm thuc li mt, cha thiu nng gan, gii c gan, tr vng da, lm h lipid trong mu, cha tiu ng, x mch mu, t thp. Thc dc: Dahlia pinnata Cav.. R dng lm thuc tiu vim, chng au. C mc: Eclipta prostrata L. hay E. alba (L.) Hassk.. Lm thuc cm mu, lm lnh vt thng, lm tng tit mt; tr bnh gan, vim rut, l, nm da, eczema. Yn bch (C lo): Eupatorium odoratum L. hay Chromolaena odorata (L.) King et H. Rob. L phn khch, tr thn kinh. Vn th: Tagetes erecta L.. R lm thuc x, li tiu. L hoa tr au bng kinh, lc mu, tr ung nht.

Hnh 10.27. B nh (14), vi v u nhy (510) v qu (1116) ca Asteraceae 1: Inula helenium, 2: Tagetes erecta, 3: Carduus crispus, 4: Achillea millefolium, 5: Anthemis nobilis, 6: Helianthus tuberosus, 7: Ambrosia maritima, 8: Echinops spherocephalus, 9: Aster amellus, 10: Calendula arvensis,11: Tanacetum vulgare, 12: Calendula arvensis, 13: Bidens cernua, 14: Senecio vulgaris, 15: Senecio jacobaea, 16: Hypochaeris radicata

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11. PHN LP HOA MI (LAMIIDAE) y l mt phn lp mi c tch ra t phn lp Cc theo h thng Takhtajan 1980. Hoa cnh dnh, 4 vng, ch c 1 vng nh xp xen k vi cnh hoa v nh trn ng trng. Phn ln l hoa mu 5. B nhy thu hp cn 2 l non. Non ch c 1 lp v. Phn lp c 5 lin b, 15 b v 53 h. 11.1. B Long m (Gentianales) Cy g, cy bi, cy thn c. L thng mc i, khng c l km. Hoa u, lng tnh, mu 5 hay 4. Cnh hoa tin khai vn, i khi tin khai van. Nh 5, nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa. B nhy gm 2 l non, mi l non c 2 non. Thng c libe quanh ty. B gm 8 h, cp 2 h: H M tin (Loganiaceae) H Long m (Gentianaceae) H M tin (Loganiaceae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh hoc dy leo bng vi cun hay thn qun, vi loi thn c, c th c gai. L: n, mc i, c l km. Phin l nguyn, t khi c rng hay c thy. Cm hoa: thng hoa t thnh xim nch l hay ngn, t khi l hoa mc ring l. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5 t khi mu 4. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau pha di v tn ti. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh ng di, bn trn xe thnh 5 thy. B nh: 4 5 nh nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa. Ch nh ngn. Bao phn n dc, hng trong. B nhy: 2 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn 2 , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr; phng i xng ca bu i khi xo. 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy (Hnh 10.28). Qu: nang, qu mng c v cng hay qu hch. Ht c ni nh sng, i khi c cnh. C cu hc: C libe quanh ty v libe trong g. Vit Nam c 4 chi: Gelsemium, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Strychnos; khong 25 loi. Theo h thng phn loi ca Takhtajan 1997 th chi Gelsemium c tch thnh h Gelsemiaceae.

Hnh 10.28. Strychnos nux-vomica 1 v 2: Hoa, 3 v 4: Bu non dc v ngang, 5: Hoa

Cy trong h

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L ngn: Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. et Champ.) Benth.. Ton cy u c c, thng dng tr cc bnh ngoi da. M tin: Strychnos nuxvomica L.. Ht rt c (strychnin v brucin), dng lm thuc b, phn khi, kch dc; r h nhit, tr kinh phong, au bao t. H Long m (Gentianaceae) c im Thn: c, sng cn, i khi nc, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm. Cy c v ng, khng c nha m. L: mc i cho ch thp hay mc cch, khng c l km. Phin l nguyn nhng Menyanthes trifolia c l kp do 3 l cht to thnh. Cm hoa: thng l xim 2 ng, i khi xim thu gn ging nh u trn hay vng gi. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 4 hay 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau pha di thnh ng di hay ngn. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh ng di, bn trn xe thnh 5 tai, tin khai vn hay van. B nh: 5 nh nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa, c th th ra hay khng th ra ngoi ng trng. B nhy: 2 l non dnh nhau thnh bu trn 1 , nhiu non, nh non bn hay nh non vch. 1 vi nhy. i khi c tuyn mt gc bu. Qu: nang. Ht nh, c ni nh. C cu hc: Cy khng c ng nha m, libe quanh ty ch c phn h Gentianoideae. Phn loi H c chia thnh 2 phn h: Phn h Gentianoideae: L n, mc i; trng tin khai vn. Cy c libe quanh ty. Phn h Menyanthoideae: L mc cch, n hay kp vi 3 l cht; trng tin khai van. Cy khng c libe quanh ty nhng c th cng trong cc m. Theo h thng phn loi Takhtajan 1997 th 2 phn h ny c tch thnh 2 h ring bit: Gentiaceae v Menyanthaceae. H Menyanthaceae xp trong b Menyanthales, phn lp Cc (Asteridae). Vit Nam c 78 chi: Canscora, Centaurium (Erythraea), Crawfurdia, Enicostema, Exacum, Gentiana, Swertia, Tripterygium; khong 25 loi. Cy trong h Long m: Gentiana loureirii (D. Don) Griseb.. Ton cy dng tr au c hng, vim gan, vim rut tha, tiu ra mu, vim m da, nht c. 11.2. B C ph (Rubiales) B gm 4 h, ch cp 1 h. H C ph (Rubiaceae) c im Thn: c ng hay b (Hedyotis), g va (Coffea), g to (Cinchona) hoc dy leo (Uncaria, Rubia, Ba kch), c nhng loi ph sinh (Hydnophytum, Myrmecodia). L: n, lun lun mc i, nguyn, c l km. L km thng gia 2 cung l mc i, nhng i khi cng c th mc nch l. i khi l km c dng l thng v pht trin cng nh l thng nn xem tng nh cy c l mc vng. i khi 2 l km k cnh dnh vo nhau ging nh 4 l mc vng (Galium, Asperula); c th phn bit l km vi l tht ch l tht c mang cnh hay pht hoa nch. Gn l hnh lng chim; gc ca gn

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chnh nhiu khi c nhng h nh mt trn (C ph) hay mt di (Canh-qui-na), trong c cc loi rp cy sng k sinh. Cm hoa: Hoa c th mc ring l (Dnh dnh), nhng thng hoa t thnh xim, chm. C khi cc hoa xp kht nhau thnh u, trong cc hoa c th dnh nhau bi bu di (Nhu). Hoa: lng tnh, him khi n tnh khc gc (Morindopsis capillaris: Song nho), u, thng mu 5, nhng c th mu 4 hay 68 (C ph) hoc 10 (Dnh dnh). Bao hoa: L i gim, i khi ch cn vi rng hoc mt g nh. i khi l i pht trin to, khng u v c mu (Mussaenda). Cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh hnh inh, hnh phu. B nh: S nh bng s cnh hoa, nh trn ng trng, xen k cnh hoa. Nh c th n trong ng trng hay mc th ra ngoi. B nhy: 2 l non hp thnh bu di, 2 , mi ng 1 hay nhiu non, nh non trung tr; 1 vi nhy; y vi hay c a mt. Qu: hch (Coffea), mng (Rubia) hay qu nang (Cinchona). Tt c qu sinh bi mt cm hoa c th dnh lin vi nhau thnh mt qu kp (Nhu). Ht c th c rnh (Coffea) hoc c cnh (Cinchona), ni nh tht hoc sng. C cu hc: Libe thng c si. Si tr b to thnh vng lin tc hay thnh tng cm. Calci oxalat hnh kim hoc hnh khi, hnh cu gai hoc t bo cha ct calci oxalat. L kh vi 2 t bo bn song song vi t bo l kh (kiu song bo). G ca cy Ipeca cu to bi mch ngn c chm hnh ng tin. Vit Nam c trn 90 chi: Adina, Aidia, Alleizettella, Anotis, Anthocephalus, Aphaenandra, Argostemma, Borreria, Brachytome, Caelospermum, Canthium, Carlemannia, Cephaelis, Cephalanthus, Chassalia, Cinchona, Coffea, Coptosapeila, Damnacanthus, Dentella, Diodia, Dioecrescis, Diplospora, Duperrea, Emmenopterys, Fagerlindia, Galium, Gaertnera, Gardenia, Geophila, Greenea, Guettarda, Gynochthodes, Haldina, Hedyotis, Hydnophytum, Hymendocarpum, Hymenodictyon, Hymenopogon, Hypobathrum, Hyptianthera, Ixora, Kailarsenia, Keenania, Knoxia, Lasianthus, Leptodermis, Leptomischus, Luculia, Metadina, Meyna, Mitragyna, Morinda, Morindopsis, Mouretia, Mussaenda, Mycetia, Myrioneuron, Myrmecodia, Neanotis, Neolamarckia, Neonauclea, Notodontia, ?Oldenlandia, Ophiorrhiza, Oxyceros, Paederia, Paedicalyx, Paracoffea, Paradina, Pavetta, Pentas, Petunga, Prismatomeris, Psychotria, Randia, Rothmannia, Rubia, Saprosma, Sarcocephalus, Scyphiphora, Serissa, Spermacoce, Spiradiclis, Tarenna, Timonius, Uncaria, Urophyllum, Vangueria, Wendlandia, Xantonneopsis, Xanthophytum, Xantonnea, Xantonneopsis; khong 430 loi. Cy trong h Canh-qui-na (K ninh ): Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch hay Cinchona pubescens Vahl. V cy tr st rt v lm thuc b ng. C ph Arabica: Coffea arabica L.. Ht phn khch, li tiu, tng tit d dy. Dnh dnh: Gardenia angusta (L.) Merr. hay Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Qu c tc dng li tiu, li mt, cha vim gan vng da, vim kt mc, cm st, lot ming, au rng. V cy b, dng cha st rt, l. R tr ung th. Trang son (Mu n): Ixora coccinea L.. V r tr kit, ung nht. Nhu: Morinda citrifolia L.. R cha cao huyt p. L cha tiu chy, cm st, lm lnh vt thng. Qu gip tiu ho, tr bng huyt, phong thp, cm, hen, huyt p cao. Ba kch thin (Nhu thuc, Rut g): Morinda officinalis How.. Tr phong thp, h huyt p. Bm hng: Mussaenda erythrophylla Schum. & Thonn. Thin tho: Rubia cordifolia L.. Cha nhiu ung th, cm mu, b. Cu ng bc: Uncaria homomalla Miq. hay Uncaria tonkinensis Havil.. Mi mu ca thn c 2 mc, dng lm thuc trn kinh, h huyt p. 11.3. B Trc o (Apocynales)

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B ch c 1 h. H Trc o (Apocynaceae) c im Thn: c, sng dai, dy leo, cy g to hoc nh, cy bi ng hoc leo. Cy c m trng, thng c. L: n, nguyn, mc i hay mc vng, khng c l km. Nhiu loi thch ng vi i sng vng kh nh thn mp, khng l nhng c gai ging nh cc loi Xng rng. Cm hoa: Xim nch l hay ngn, c th t thnh chm hay tn. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau pha di thnh ng. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau pha di thnh ng bn trn xe thnh 5 tai, tin khai vn. Hng trng mang nhng phn ph ging nh lng hay vy hoc to thnh trng ph. B nh: 5 nh nh trn ng trng. Chung i c th ko di thnh mi nhn, i khi c mang lng di hoc p ln mt trn ca u nhy. Ch nh ri hay dnh lin thnh mt ng bao quanh bu. Bao phn thng chm vo nhau to nh mt ci mi che trn u nhy v c th dnh vo u nhy (phn h Echitoideae) hoc dnh vo 5 mt ca u nhy hnh 5 gc. Pha ngoi b nh c th mang nhng ph b to thnh mt trng ph th nh do nh sinh ra. Ht phn ri hay dnh thnh t t hoc phn khi. B nhy: 2 l non ri bu, dnh vi, u nhy hnh tr ngn hoc hnh mm 5 gc; mi l non c nhiu non, nh non mp. vi loi trong h, 2 l non dnh lun vng bu non to thnh bu 2 , nh non trung tr hay bu 1 , nh non bn (Hnh 10.29). y bu thng c a mt. Qu: qu i, qu hch hay qu mng. Ht c cnh hay c chm lng v ni nh. C cu hc: ng nha m tht, libe quanh ty. Phn loi H c chia thnh 5 phn h: Plumerioideae, Apocynoideae, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae v Asclepiadoideae. Vit Nam c khong 100 chi: Adenium, Aganonerion, Aganosma, Allamanda, Alstonia, Alyxia, Amalocalyx, Anadendron, ?Argyronerium, Asclepias, Atherandra, Atherolepis, Beaumontia, Blaberopus, Bousigonia, ?Brachystelma, Calotropis, Campestigma, Carissa, Catharanthus (Vinca), Cerbera, Ceropegia, Chilocarpus, Chonemorpha, ?Cleghornia, Cosmostigma, Costantina (Pilostigma), Cryptolepis, Cryptostegia, Cynanchum, Dischidia, Dregea, Ecdysanthera, Ervatamia (Tabernaemontana), Finlaysonia, Genianthus, Giadotrum, Gomphocarpus, Gongronema, Gymnanthera, Gymnema, Gymnemopsis, Harmandiella, Hemidesmus, Heterostemma, Holarrhena, Hoya, Hunteria, Ichnocarpus, Ixodonerium, Kixia (Kibatalia, Paravallaris), Kopsia, Landolphia, Leptadenia, Marsdenia, Melodinus, Micrechites, Myriopteron, Nerium, Nouettea, Ochrosia, Odontadenia, Oxystelma, Parabarium, Parameria, Parsonsia, Pentatropsis, Periploca, ?Pseudopentatropis, Pseudosarcolobus, Plumeria, Pottsia, Raphistemma, Rauvolfia (Rauwolfia), Rhynchodia, Sarcolobus, Sarcostemma, Secamone, Spirella, Spirolobium, Stapelia, Streptocaulon, Strophantus, Telectadium, Telosma (Pergularia), Thevetia, Toxacarpus, Trachelospermum, Vallaris, Vincetoxicopsis, Willughbeia, Winchia, Wrightia, Xylinabaria, Xylinabariopsis), Zygostelma; khong 280 loi; trong c nhiu cy quan trng cha alkaloid hay glucosid dng lm thuc cha bnh tim, bnh huyt p cao. Cy trong h Sa (M cua): Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.. Nhiu alkaloid cha st rt, tiu chy. Hoa n v m, thm hc. Da cn (Bng da): Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. hay Vinca rosea L.. Tr ung th mu, huyt p cao. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Mp st (Mt st): Cerbera manghas L. ex Gaertn.. Cnh, l v qu u c c, ht rt c, 1/3 qu git ngi. Ht v cy dng duc c. Ht c glucosid tr tim. Trc o: Nerium oleander L. hay N. indicum Mill.. L rt c, dng cha bnh tim. Thng thin: Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.. Ht c glucosid c, tr bnh tim. Bng tai (Ng thi): Asclepias curassavica L.. Tr ung th, tr li, tr kit. Bng bng ta: Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. ex Ait.. L cha hen, chng ung th. H th trng: Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr.. R lm thuc b v cha cm st. Thin l: Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr.. Cy trng lm cnh. C th dng hoa xo hay nu canh n b mt, gip ng ngon. Hoa v l cn dng tr vim kt mc, vim gic mc. L p tr mn nht, vt lot, tr, li dom.

Hnh 10.29. Apocynaceae 1: Nh ca Nerium oleander, 2: Hoa N. oleander, 3: Phn khi Asclepias cornuti, 2: Nh tch ri A. cornuti, 3: Hoa A. cornuti

11.4. B C (Solanales) B gm 4 h, ch cp 1 h. H C (Solanaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm, hai nm hay nhiu nm hoc cy bi; i khi l cy g nh, t khi cy g to. L: mc cch, khng c l km. Phin l thng c thy hnh lng chim, i khi c thy hnh chn vt (C c dc) hoc l kp hnh lng chim vi cc l cht khng bng nhau (Khoai ty); gn l hnh lng chim. i khi c hin tng li cun l xy ra cc on mang hoa lm cho mu mang hoa c 2 l to nh khng bng nhau, mc thnh mt gc 90o; l nh ng v tr ca n, l to thuc mu di nhng b li cun ln mu trn. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hay t thnh xim. Hoa v cm hoa thng dnh lin vi cnh sinh ra chng v b li cun cch xa ch nh tht s. Tht s, cm hoa thng l xim 2 ng, b try dn n xim 1 ng hnh inh c v hin tng li cun cc l dc theo trc cng tr. V d, mu 1 c hoa 1 tn cng ca trc. Hoa 1 mang 2 l bc con 1a v 1b. Ch c 1b th v mang mt nhnh hoa nch. Nhnh ny s b li cun theo s tng trng ca trc lm thnh s phn nhnh th hai. Hoa: u, mt s t khng u (Schizanthus), lng tnh, mu 5. Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau, tin khai thay i, thng tn ti. i khi i pht trin cng vi qu to thnh mt ci bao xung quanh qu tht. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh trng hnh bnh xe, hnh phu hay hnh chung, tin khai thay i. B nh: 5 nh nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa. Nh sau c khuynh hng b try, rt r cc hoa c file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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trng khng u. Nicotiana, nh ny ch ngn hn cc nh khc. Schizanthus, nh ny mt hn v trong 4 nh cn li thng c 2 nh bt th. Bao phn m dc hay m bng l nh (Solanum). Trong trng hp trng hnh bnh xe, cc bao phn xp cnh nhau thnh mt ng bao quanh vi (C). B nhy: 2 l non t xo so vi mt phng trcsau ca hoa, dnh nhau thnh bu trn 2 , mi ng nhiu non, thai ta rt li. 1 vi nhy, 1 u nhy. Vch gi ch xut hin cy C c dc (chia bu thnh 4 ). i khi s l non nhiu hn 2 (C chua c th ti 10 l non). a mt hnh khoen hay c thy y bu. Qu: mng mang i cn li hoc qu nang (C c dc, Thuc l). Ht nhiu, c ni nh, mm cong hay thng. C cu hc: Lun lun c libe quanh ty, c th gp libe trong g thnr v r ca mt vi loi. T bo cha calci oxalat dng ct trong tt c cc m mm. Mt s cy c ng tit cht nhy. Trong thn v qu c cha alkaloid (solanin, nicotin, atropin, hyoscyamin, scopolamin), do h ny c nhiu cy c v mt s cy c dng lm thuc. Vit Nam c 16 chi: Atrichodendron, Browallia, Brugmasia, Brunfelsia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Cyphomandra, Datura, Lycianthes, Lycium, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Petunia, Physalis, Solanum, Tubocapsicum; gn 50 loi. Cy trong h C c dc: Datura metel L.. Cc b phn u c, nht l ht. Hoa dng tr ho, suyn, phong thp. L tr suyn, bnh Parkinson, thp khp, b thn, chng co bp trong lot d dy rut, chng say tu xe. D l hng (D hng): Cestrum nocturnum L.. L c, lm thuc tr bnh kinh phong. t: Capsicum frutescens L.. Qu dng lm gia v, lm thuc tr tiu chy, st rt. L tr st, trng phong bt tnh, ph thng. trng. Thuc l: Nicotiana tabacum L.. L dng lm thuc ht, lm thuc tr giun a, dit k sinh

C chua: Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill.. Qu l rau n, cn dng tr suy nhc, n khng ngon, nhim c mn tnh, x cng ng mch, bnh v mch mu, thp khp, to bn, vim rut; dng ngoi cha bnh trng c. C tm (C di d): Solanum melongena L.. Cha thiu mu, to bn, tiu t, tim d kch thch, xut huyt, sng ty; cn lm gim cholesterol trong mu. Lu lu c (C en): Solanum nigrum L.. Lm thuc tr cm st, vim hng, vim ph qun, bnh ng tit niu; dng ngoi cha mn nht, vim m da, chc l, eczema. Khoai ty: Solanum tuberosum L.. C dng lm thc phm, cn c tc dng tng co bp nhu ng rut v cha mt s bnh nh tng acid d dy, vim d dy t trng, bng, eczema. 11.5. B Khoai lang (Convolvulales) Thng l cy thn c, t khi l cy g nh hay to. L n, mc cch, khng c l km. Hoa lng tnh, i khi n tnh, mu 5. Trng gn nh lun lun u, dnh nhau. Nh nh trn ng trng, s nh bng s cnh hoa. L non thng l 2, dnh nhau. Non thng ch c 1 lp v bc. Yu t mch c mt ngn thng l n. B c 2 h, ch cp 1 h. H Khoai lang (Convolvulaceae)

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c im Thn: dy leo bng thn qun, i khi cy bi c gai, thng c m trng. R: c khi ph ln thnh c (Khoai lang). L: mc cch, khng c l km. Phin l nguyn, hnh u tn, hnh tim hoc c kha, i khi x hnh lng chim (dy Tc tin) hoc c thy hnh chn vt. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hay t thnh xim ngn nch l. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5, c 2 l bc con rt r. hoa phng. a mt r, nm trong vng nh. Bao hoa: 5 l i ri hay dnh nhau, thng khng bng nhau, tin khai lp hoc ng im, tn ti hay ng trng. 5 cnh hoa xp np trong n, dnh nhau thnh hnh kn, tin khai vn. B nh: 5 nh c khi khng bng nhau, nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa. Nh khng th ra ngoi hoa. Bao phn 2 , m dc, hng trong. B nhy: 2 l non v tr trcsau dnh nhau thnh bu trn 2 , mi nhiu non. i khi c vch gi chia bu thnh 4 (Hnh 10.30). 1 vi nhy nh nh bu. u nhy c 2 thy. Hnh 10.30. Hoa Ipomaea batatas Dichondra c 2 l non ri v 2 vi nhy nh y bu. Qu: nang, t khi l qu b. Ht c ni nh. Mm cong, l mm rng v xp np. C cu hc: Libe quanh ty. C c cu to cp 3. T bo cha nh dch ring r hay xp thnh dy; nh dch c tnh x. Vit Nam c 20 chi: Aniseia, Argyreia, Bonamia, Cordisepalum (Cardiochlamys), Dichondra, Erycibe, Evolvulus, Hewittia, Ipomoea, Jacquemontia, Lepistemon, Merremia, Mina (Quamoclis), Neuropeltis, Operculina, Pharbitis, Porana, Stictocardia, Tridynamia, Xenostegia; khong 100 loi. Cy trong h Rau mung: Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.. Ton cy dng lm thuc thanh nhit, gii c, li tiu, cm mu. Khoai lang: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.. C v l dng lm thuc tr l, to bn, tiu c, kinh nguyt khng u, st. Rau mung bin: Ipomoea pescaprae (L.) Sweet. hay I. biloba Forssk.. Ton cy dng lm thuc cha cm st, st rt, t thp, ph thng, thng tiu; dng ngoi p ln vt lot, mn nht, bng, rn cn. Tc tin: Ipomoea quamoclit L.. L tr tr, sng di da. Ht c tnh x, tr au d dy. Bm Hy Lp: Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sw.. C c tnh x, l tr bnh u voi. 11.6. B Vi voi (Boraginales) B c 5 h, ch cp 1 h. H Vi voi (Boraginaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm nh thn r (Symphytum). nhng vng nhit i c nhng loi cy g nh hay cy g to (Cordia). L: mc cch, khng c l km. Phin nguyn, t khi c kha rng hay c thy hnh chn vt. Thn v l c nhiu lng nhm (tm calci carbonat). Cm hoa: xim file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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hnh b cp c sc cho h. Hoa: u, lng tnh, mu 5. Him khi hoa khng u do cnh hoa. Bao hoa: L i dnh nhau bn di, trn chia 5 thy, thng tn ti. Cnh hoa dnh nhau bn di, trn chia 5 thy. Hnh dng trng bin thin, c th hnh bnh xe, hnh ng, hnh chn hay hnh chung, i khi gp trng khng u. Ming ng trng hay c nhng lng, vy hoc nhng ph b hnh li ging nh mt trng ph. B nh: 5 nh nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa. B nhy: 2 l non dnh lin thnh bu trn, 2 , mi ng 2 non. 1 vi nhy nh bu, i khi vi chia thnh 2 thy ngn. tng Borageae c vch gi ngn bu thnh 4 , mi 1 non v vi nhy nh y bu (Hnh 10.31). a mt hnh khoen y bu. Qu: hch hay qu b t. C cu hc: Lng che ch n bo, chn lng v cc t bo biu b bao quanh hay cha calci carbonat (bo thch); mng lng dy, c mt v c tm silic. Thn khng c libe trong. Vit Nam c khong 15 chi: Argusia (Messerschmidia), Bothriospermum, Carmona, Coldenia, Cordia, Cynoglossum, Ehretia, Heliotropium, Myosotis, Rotula (Rhabdia), Symphytum, Thyrocarpus, Tournefortia, Trichodesma, Trigonotis; khong 35 loi. Cy trong h Hnh 11.31. Hoa Heliotropium indicum Cm rm: Carmona microphylla (Lam.) G. Don.. L dng lm tr; r li tiu, tr bnh lu. L trng: Cordia latifolia Roxb.. Cy trng lm king. Vi voi: Heliotropium indicum L.. Tr ung th, chng vim, cha bong gn, t huyt. 11.7. B Nhi (Oleales) Ch c mt h Nhi (Oleaceae). H Nhi (Oleaceae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh hoc dy leo. L: n, nguyn, mc i, khng c l km, t khi l kp hnh lng chim. Cm hoa: chm hay xim nch l, t khi hoa ring l. Hoa: u, lng tnh hay n tnh. i khi hoa mu 5 hay 6 (Nhi). Bao hoa: i dnh, gm 4 phin nh theo hnh ch thp, 2 phin v tr trcsau, 2 phin v tr hai bn, tin khai van. 4 cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh ng hnh phu hay hnh inh; tin khai vn, van hay lp. Mt vi loi trong chi Fraxinus khng c bao hoa hoc c cnh hoa ri. B nh: 2 nh nh trn ng trng v tr hai bn (phn h Oleoideae) hoc trcsau (phn h Jasminoideae). B nhy: 2 l non nh xen k vi nh, hp thnh bu trn, 2 , mi ng 2 non. 1 vi nhy. Qu: nang, mng hay qu c cnh hoc qu hp. Ht c hay khng c ni nh. C cu hc: L c lng che ch hnh khin, i khi c nhim v tit. Tinh th calci oxalat hnh kim hay hnh khi. Vit Nam c 9 chi: Fraxinus, Jasminum, Ligustrum, Linociera, Myxopyrum, Nyctanthes, Olea, Osmanthus, Schrebera; khong 70 loi. Cy trong h Nhi: Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.. Hoa dng p tr, gim tit sa; cha tiu chy. Nhi nhiu hoa: Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr. hay J. pubescens Willd.. Hoa lm tng file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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N trinh (Rm): Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merr. hay L. nepalense Wall.. L tr bnh v bng quang. 11.8. B Hoa mm ch (Scrophulariales) Cy thn c, t khi l cy bi hoc cy g. L mc cch hay mc i, khng c l km. Hoa lng tnh, i khi n tnh, thng mu 5, khng u. Nh sau thng b try. 2 l non hp thnh bu 1 hay 2 , nhiu non. Non c 1 v bc. Khng c libe quanh ty ngoi tr mt s loi trong h Acanthaceae. B c 15 h, cp 5 h: H Hoa mm ch (Scrophulariaceae) H M (Plantaginaceae) H Chm t (Bignoniaceae) H Vng (Pedaliaceae) H r (Acanthaceae) H Hoa mm ch (Scrophulariaceae) c im Thn: thng l c ng, b hoc leo, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm; nhiu loi bn k sinh cn dip lc. Chi Paulownia c thn g. L: mc cch hay mc i, khng c l km. Trn cng mt cy, cch mc ca l c th thay i t gc n ngn. Cm hoa: Chm, gi hay xim nch l hay ngn cnh. Hoa: khng u, lng tnh, mu 5. Khi mt hoa tn cng nhnh n hay tr thnh u. Hoa thc thng thng theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 5 l i dnh nhau, thng tn ti v ng trng. i khi c 1 l i b try. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh trng khng u, hnh dng bin thin: trng hnh ng di, ming ng xo t hay nhiu vi 2 mi khng r rng (Digitalis); trng hnh mi 2/3, mi trn do 2 cnh hoa sau to nn, mi di do 3 cnh hoa di hp li; trng hnh mt n (Antirrhinum), hng trng khp kn li do s phnh ca mi di lm cho hoa ging nh mt mt n; trng c ca mi di (Linaria) hoc c 1 cnh hoa b try v trng c hnh bnh xe. B nh: Thng thng hoa ch cn 4 nh, 2 nh di v 2 nh ngn (b nh hai di). Nh sau b try khng li du vt hoc ch l 1 nh lp. mt vi chi nh Veronica, 2 nh trc b try nn hoa ch cn 2 nh. Chi Verbascum cn 5 nh. Nh nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa. B nhy: 2 l non v tr trcsau, dnh lin thnh bu trn, 2 , mi ng nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy nh bu. Qu: nang, i khi m bng l. Ht c ni nh, mm thng. Vit Nam c khong 40 chi: Adenosma, Alectra (Melasma), Angelonia, Antirrhinum, Artanema (Ourisianthus), Bacopa (Herpestis), Brandisia, Buchnera, Centranthera, Digitalis, Dolichostemon, Dopatrium, Glossostigma, Legazpia, Limnophila, Lindenbergia, Lindernia (Bonnaya, Ilysanthes), Mazus, Microcarpaea, Mimulus, Paulownia, Pedicularis, Picria (Curanga), Pierranthus (Delpya), Rhemannia, Russelia, Schizotorenia, Scolophyllum, Scoparia, Scrophularia, Siphonostegia, Sopubia, Stemodia, Striga, Torenia, Verbascum, Veronica, Wightia; trn 120 loi. Cy trong h Nhn trn: Adenosma caerulea R. Br.. B mu, cha vim gan vng da, lm tit mt.

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Ngc hn (Hng d tho, Lu ly): Angelonia goyazensis Benth. hay A. salicariaefolia Humb. & Bonpl.. Lm thuc xng tr cm st, ho. Mm ch (Hoa mm si): Antirrhinum majus L.. Dng a hong: Digitalis purpurea L.. L lm thuc tr bnh tim. Om (Rau om): Limnophila chinensis (Osb.) Merr. subsp. aromatica (Lam.) Yam. hay L. aromatica (Lam.) Merr.. Dng lm rau v thuc cha cm, si thn. Xc pho (Liu tng hoa ): Russelia equysetiformis Schlecht. et Cham.. Tr ho, cm. Cam tho nam (Cam tho t): Scoparia dulcis L.. Cha st, gii c c th. T lin vng xanh (Hm ch): Torenia fournierii Lindl. H M (Plantaginaceae) c im Thn: c sng mt nm hay nhiu nm, c thn (Plantago arenaria) hay khng c thn (Plantago major). L: Cy khng thn c l rng, mm, nh thnh hnh hoa th gc. Cy c thn mang l mc i. L n, nguyn hay c thy hoc c rng. Cm hoa: gi, ng trn mt trc di hay ngn. Hoa: nh, kh xc, mu 5, khng u nhng xem ging nh hoa mu 4 v u, lng tnh hoc n tnh cng gc. Bao hoa: 4 l i (c th xem nh l i sau b try), hi dnh nhau y v tn ti. Cnh hoa nh, kh xc, dnh nhau thnh ng ngn, pha trn xe thnh 4 thy v 2 cnh sau dnh thnh mt. B nh: 4 nh bng nhau, mc th ra ngoi hoa, nh th nm b try. B nhy: 2 l non dnh lin thnh bu trn 2 , mi ng nhiu non. Chi Littorella c 1 l non b try, l non cn li cha 1 non. Qu: b (Littorella), qu hp (Plantago). Ht c ni nh. Vit Nam ch c 1 chi Plantago, 23 loi. Cy trong h M : Plantago major L.. Dng lm thuc thng tiu, cha cao huyt p, ho lu ngy. H Chm t (Bignoniaceae) c im Thn: thng l cy g to, mt s loi l cy g nh, c khi dy trn hay leo bng tua cun. L: mc i t khi mc cch, khng c l km. L kp hnh lng chim, i khi 23 ln kp, t khi gp l n; l cht nguyn hay c rng ca. Cm hoa: chm hay xim, t khi hoa mc ring l. Hoa: to, thng cong, khng u, lng tnh, mu 5, c mu sc s. Bao hoa: 5 l i ri hay dnh nhau y. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh mt ng, pha trn xe thnh 5 thy hay 2 mi gn bng nhau. B nh: 4 nh, 2 nh di v 2 nh ngn (b nh hai di) hoc gim cn 2 nh. Nh sau gn nh lun lun lp. Chi Oroxylum cn 5 nh. B nhy: 2 l non v tr trcsau, dnh lin thnh bu trn, 2 , mi ng nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy. u nhy chia thnh 2 thy. a mt to bao quanh y bu. Qu: nang, i khi qu tht. Ht dp, thng c cnh, khng c ni nh. Vit Nam c khong 1718 chi: Campsis, Crescentia, Dolichandrone (Dolichandra), Fernandoa (Haplophragma, Hexaneurocarpon, Spathodeopsis), Jacaranda, Kigelia, Markhamia, Millingtonia, Oroxylum, Pachyptera (Bignonia), Pauldopia, Pyrostegia, Radermachera (Mayodendron), Spathodea, Stereospermum, Tabebuia, Tecoma (Stenolobium); khong 40 loi.

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Cy trong h o tin: Crescentia cujete L.. Nc qu tr ho, st, lm li tiu. Quao: Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) K. Schum. Nc nc: Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz.. Ht tr vim hng, ph qun. V tr vim gan vng da, vim bng quang. nh hng: Pachyptera hymenaea (DC.) A. Gentry. Rng ng (Chm t): Pyrostegia venusta (KerGawl.) Miers. H Vng (Pedaliaceae) H Vng khc h Chm t ch yu bi cc im sau: cy c, l n, bu thng ngn thnh 4 bi vch gi. c im Thn: c. L: mc i nhng mc cch ngn, khng c l km. L n, nguyn c rng ca hay c kha. Cm hoa: Thng hoa mc ring l nch l gn ngn. Hoa: khng u, lng tnh, mu 5. Bao hoa: 45 l i. Cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh mt ng, pha trn xe thnh 5 thy to 2 mi khng r. B nh: 4 nh, 2 nh di v 2 nh ngn (b nh hai di). B nhy: 2 l non v tr trcsau, dnh lin thnh bu trn, 2 , c vch gi ngn bu thnh 4 , mi ng nhiu non, nh non trung tr. Qu: nang. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Pedalium, Sesamum; 2 loi. Cy trong h Vng (M): Sesamum orientale L. hay S. indicum DC.. Ht v du ht dng lm thc phm, hoa ngm vi nc p ln mt lm du au. Ht, hoa v l cha can thn khng n nh. H r (Acanthaceae) c im Thn: Cy g nh, cy bi, c ng hay dy leo (Thunbergia), t khi l cy g to. L: n, mc i, khng l km. Phin l nguyn hay c rng ca hoc c thy. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hoc th thnh chm, gi hay xim nch l hay ngn cnh. Nhiu loi trong h c cm hoa c nhiu l bc v l bc con xp kt lp, c lng hay c gai. Hoa: khng u, lng tnh, mu 5. Mi hoa mc nch mt l bc v c 2 l bc con. cy Cc ng, 2 l bc con to lm thnh mt bao ging nh i. Bao hoa: 5 l i ri hay dnh nhau y. 5 cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh mt ng hnh kn gn nh u (Tri n) hoc pha trn xe thnh 2 mi khng u, mi trn do 2 cnh hoa sau to nn, mi di do 3 cnh hoa di hp li. B nh: 4 nh, 2 nh di v 2 nh ngn (b nh hai di) hoc gim cn 2 nh. Nh nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa. Bao phn thng c mt ra lng nh bn chi trn lng. B nhy: 2 l non v tr trcsau, dnh lin thnh bu trn 2 , mi cha 2 hay nhiu non, nh non trung tr. a mt to bao quanh y bu non. Qu: nang nt mnh. Ht khng c ni nh, c tung i xa nh cn phi to v cng c th bt ln nh mt ci l xo khi qu nt ra. Tng Thunbergieae v Nelsonieae ht khng c cn phi cng. C cu hc: Thn v l ca nhiu chi c bo thch, mt s chi c libe quanh ty hoc libe trong g. Vit Nam c khong 57 chi: Acanthus, Andrographis, Asystasia, Asystasiella, Baphicacanthus, Barleria, Blepharis, Calliaspidia, Calophanoides, Cardanthera, Chroesthes, Clinacanthus, Codonacanthus, Crossandra, Cryptophragmium, Cyclacanthus, Dianthera, Dicliptera, Dipteracanthus, file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Dyschoriste, Elytraria, Eranthemum, Gendarussa, Graptophyllum, Gymnostachyum, Hemigraphis, Hygrophila, Hypoestes, Isoglossa, Justicia (Adhatoda), Lepidagathis, Leptostachya, Nelsonia, Neuracanthus, Nomaphila, Ophiorhiziphyllon, Parajusticia, Pararuellia, Perilepta, Peristrope, Phaulopsis, Phlogacanthus, Polytrema, Pseuderanthemum, Psiloesthes, Pteroptychia, Ptyssiglottis, Rhinacanthus, Rostellularia, Ruellia, Rungia, Sanchezia, Sericocalyx, Staurogyne, Strobilanthes, Tarphochlamys, Thunbergia; khong 195 loi. Cy trong h c : Acanthus integrifolius T. Anders.. L cha nhc mi, t thp. Hoa chong: Barleria cristata L. Thuc cha cm v s mi tr em. Kim vng: Barleria lupulina Lindl. Thuc cha rn cn, ct cn suyn. Kin c: Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz.. Cnh, l v r dng tr ho, vim ph qun, cao huyt p; dng ngoi cha bnh hc lo, eczema, chc l. Tri n: Ruellia tuberosa L.. Thuc tr cm nng hay cm lnh, si bng quang. Cc ng hoa to (dy Bng xanh, Bng bo): Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb.. Thn dng lm thuc cha rn cn, l tr au d dy. 11.9. B Hoa mi (Lamiales) C sng mt nm, nhiu nm hoc cy na bi, t khi l cy bi hay cy g. L n, thng mc i hoc mc vng, khng c l km. Hoa khng u, lng tnh, trng chia 2 mi. 4 nh, i khi gim cn 2 nh. 2 l non hp thnh bu 2 nhng hay c vch gi ngn bu thnh 4 , mi ng 1 non. Non ch c 1 lp v. B c 7 h, ch cp 2 h: H C roi nga (Verbenaceae) H Bc h (Lamiaceae) H C roi nga (Verbenaceae) c im Thn: Cy g to hay nh, cy bi c khi dy trn hay c; cnh non thng c tit din vung. L: mc i, t khi mc vng, khng c l km. L n, nguyn hay c thy hoc l kp hnh chn vt (Vitex), gn l hnh lng chim. Cm hoa: Hoa mc ring l hay t thnh chm, gi, xim, i khi c dng ng ngn cnh hay nch l. Hoa: thng khng u, lng tnh. Bao hoa: i dnh nhau y, trn chia thnh 45 thy. Cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh hnh ng hay hnh chung, pha trn xe thnh 45 thy nhng thng thnh 2 mi; ng trng thng hay cong. B nh: 4 nh, 2 nh di v 2 nh ngn (b nh hai di) hoc i khi gim cn 2 nh (Stachytarpheta) hoc hoa cn 5 nh (Tectona). Nh nh trn ng trng xen k vi cnh hoa v c th mc th ra ngoi hoa. Bao phn m dc hay m bng l nh. B nhy: 2 l non dnh lin thnh bu trn, 2 nhng thng b vch gi ngn thnh 4 , mi ng 1 non, nh non trung tr. i khi s trong bu tng ln 8 (Duranta). Vi nhy nh bu. Qu: nang hay qu hch. Ht thng khng c ni nh. C cu hc: Thng hay c lng tit tinh du. Vit Nam c khong 27 chi: Aloysia, Avicennia, Callicarpa, Caryopteris, Citharexylum (Hadongia), Clerodendrum (Clerodendron), Congea, Duranta, Garrettia, Glossocarya, Gmelina, Hymenopyramis, Karomia, Lantana, Petrea, Phryma, Phyla, Premna, Pygmaeopremna, Sphenodesma, file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Stachytarpheta, Surfacea, Tectona, Tejismanniodendron, Tsoongia, Verbena, Vitex (Tripinna, Tripinnaria); trn 130 loi. Cy trong h Thanh quan (Chui ngc): Duranta repens L. hay D. erecta L.. Qu tr st rt, au ngc. Thm i (Ng sc): Lantana camara L.. R cha st. Hoa tr ho ra mu, cao huyt p. Bng xanh: Petrea volubilis Jacq.. L lm ra m hi. ui chut (Hi tin): Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Cha nhim trng ng tit niu, vim kt mc cp. Dng ngoi tr mn nht, bm do chn thng . Gi t (Tch): Tectona grandis L.. G cha vim da; ung tr kh tiu v tr giun. Ng tro: Vitex negundo L.. Tr nhc mi, t thp. C roi nga (M tin thuc): Verbena officinalis L.. Thuc tr l ming, au mt, vim cung phi, ho; lm h nhit, li tiu. H Bc h (Lamiaceae) c im Thn: Hu ht l c sng mt nm hay nhiu nm, i khi l cy g (Hyptis). Thn v cnh c tit din vung, cy c mi rt thm do lng tit tinh du thn v l. L: n, mc i cho ch thp, t khi mc vng, khng c l km. Phin l nguyn hay c rng ca hoc c kha su. Cm hoa: t khi hoa mc ring l nch l, thng l xim a dng: xim 2 ng rt phn nhnh v kt thc thnh xim 1 ng hnh b cp; xim co thnh chm nch l, xp thnh vng gi mi mu, cc vng gi c th xp kht vo nhau to thnh gi gi hay u ngn; i khi xim thu hp cn 3 hoa. Hoa: khng u, lng tnh. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: i dnh nhau y thnh ng, pha trn chia thnh 5 thy hay 2 mi (3/2 hoc 1/4). Hnh dng ca ng i rt bin thin, c th u, thng hay cong hoc mang nhiu np xp hay gn li, hnh chung, hnh ng, hnh phu hay hnh nn. i thng tn ti v to xung quanh qu mt b phn bo v v ng thi c nhim v trong s pht tn. Cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh ng di hay ngn, thng hay cong, thng c lng. Ming trng thng chia thnh 2 mi, 2/3 hoc 4/1; i khi ch cn 1 mi v mi trn khng r (0/3) hoc v 2 rng ca mi trn xung mi di (0/5); c khi ming trng chia 5 rng gn bng nhau (Hnh 10.32). B nh: 4 nh, 2 nh di v 2 nh ngn (b nh hai di) hoc i khi gim cn 2 nh. Nh sau b try khng li du vt. Nh nh trn ng trng xen k vi cnh hoa v c th mc th ra ngoi hoa (Ru mo). Bao phn thng nh ngn, cc bao phn song song vi nhau hoc tch ra t nhiu. chi Salvia chung i ko di thnh hnh n cn, mang 1 phn th u ny v 1 phn bt th u kia. B nhy: 2 l non dnh lin thnh bu trn 2 nhng c vch gi ngn thnh 4 , mi ng 1 non. Vi nhy y hay gn nh bu (Ajuga), khng c vi nhy gn nh bu. a mt bao quanh y bu non. Qu: b t trong i cn li. Ht thng khng c ni nh. C cu hc: 4 b m dy 4 gc thn. Thn v l thm v c lng tit tinh du hnh dng c sc: chn gm 1 hay 2 t bo, u c 48 t bo xp trn mt mt phng; tinh du tit ra ng di lp cutin. Vit Nam c khong 40 chi: Acrocephalus, Agastache, Ajuga, Anisochilus, Basilicum, Ceratanthus, Clinopodium (Calamintha), Colebrookea, Coleus, Colquhounia, Elsholtzia, Eusteralis (Dysophylla), Glecoma (Calaminthe), Gomphostemma, Hyptis, Leonotis, Leonurus, Leucas, Leucosceptrum, Melissa, Mentha, Mesona, Microtoena, Anisomeles, Craniotome, Kinostemon, Moschosma,

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Mosla, Nosema, Ocimum, ?Origanum, Orthosiphon, Paraphlomis, Perilla, Plectranthus, Pogostemon, Prunella, Rhabdosia, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Satureja, Scutellaria, Stachys, Teuricum; khong 145 loi. Cy trong h Kinh gii: Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland. hay E. cristata Willd.. Lm rau n v lm thuc cha cm cm. Tinh du chng vi khun, nm. ch mu: Leonurus japonicus Houtt.. Lm thuc iu kinh. Hng li: Mentha aquatica L.. Dng lm rau v thuc li tiu ho, st trng. Bc h nam: Mentha arvensis L.. Dng cha cm st, kh tiu. Hng nhu trng: Ocimum gratissimum L.. Ly tinh du ch eugenol dng trong nha khoa; cn dng lm thuc gii cm, ra m hi. Hng nhu ta: Ocimum tenuiflorum L. hay O. sanctum L.. Dng ch eugenol v lm thuc cha cm nng. Ru mo: Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merr.. Lm li tiu, thuc cha vim thn, bng quang; si ng tit niu. Tn dy l (Hng chanh): Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. hay C. amboinicus Lour.. Lm rau n v lm thuc cha ho.

Hnh 11.32. Mt s dng ca i hoa (16) v trng hoa (712) ca Lamiaceae 1: Lavandula, 2: Thymus, 3: Mentha, 4: Teucrium, 5: Lamium, 6: Ocimum, 7: Thymus, 8: Salvia, 9: Ocimum, 10: Ajuga, 11: Teucrium, 12: Mentha

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B. LP HNH (LILIOPSIDA)
c im Cy mm: Ch c mt l mm. R chnh: b try sm v c thay th bi nhiu r ph mc t gc thn (kiu r chm), r nh, t phn nhnh, thuc loi r lng v gi mi cu to cp 1. Thn: thng l thn c, khng phn nhnh tr ni cm hoa; t khi gp thn g phn nhnh nhiu nh Bambusa. Cy c th ng, leo b, leo qun, leo nh vi cun hay ph sinh. Phn ln cy sng dai nh thn r (cn hnh), hnh hay c. Cu to ca thn c nhng im c sc sau: Ranh gii gia m mm v v trung tr rt kh thy; khng c hoc rt him c m dy; vai tr nng c m nhim bi nhng vng m cng di biu b, trong tr b v quanh cc b libeg; khng c cu to cp 2 tr vi trng hp ngoi l nh cy Ngc gi, cy L hi, cy Huyt d; thng c rt nhiu b dn xp khng th t hoc xp thnh nhiu vng ng tm trong mt m mm c bn khng phn ho thnh v v trung tr. Cu to ca b dn theo kiu b mch kn hoc cc mch g to thnh hnh ch V kp libe gia, i khi kiu b ng tm v g bao bc hn libe; ty thng hay b tiu hy. L: thng n, khng cung, khng l km, b l m thn t nhiu, phin l hnh di bng vi gn l song song. Tuy nhin mt vi h nh Araceae, Musaceae, Palmaceae c gn l hnh lng chim; i khi gn l hnh mng. Hoa: mu 3, hoa thc ph bin nht nh sau:

Tuy nhin, s phin ca hoa c th t hn hoc nhiu hn v nh thnh hnh xon c. Phn loi Lp Hnh c chia thnh 6 phn lp: 1. Phn lp Hnh (Liliidae) 2. Phn lp Thi li (Commelinidae) 3. Phn lp Cau (Arecidae) 4. Phn lp Trch t (Alismatidae) 5. Phn lp Ho rp (Triurididae) 6. Phn lp Ry (Aridae) 1. PHN LP HNH (LILIIDAE) Cy thn c, nhiu i din c thn hnh. Hoa thch nghi vi li th phn nh su b. Hoa mu 3, bao hoa kh pht trin, i v trng thng khng khc bit nhau, dng cnh hoa, mng ht phn thng c 2 rnh. Ni nh thng nc. Phn lp c 2 lin b, 18 b v 74 h. 1.1. B Hnh (Liliales) B c 2 h, ch cp 1 h Liliaceae theo ngha rng.

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Thn: c, sng nhiu nm nh thn r, hnh, c. Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi cy thn g nh L hi, Ngc gi, Huyt d do s pht trin ca cc lp cp 2 c bit. Smilax c thn qun v leo. L: n, mc cch, t khi mc i hay mc vng. Aloe v Yucca c l mp, dy, mt ct tam gic, xp thnh b ngn thn. L thng thng khng cung, phin hnh di; gn l song song hay hnh cung, nhng c vi trng hp ngoi l nh: Allium: c l hnh ng, Asparagus: c cnh bin i thnh l gi l cnh dng l, Smilax: l c cung, 37 gn mc t y l. Cm hoa: Hoa i khi ring l v nh ngn nhng thng hoa t thnh chm, xim ngn thn. Tn gi ca cc cy Hnh, Ti tht ra ch l nhng xim mt ng thu gn v bao bc bi mt mo. Hoa: u, lng tnh. Hoa n tnh v try him gp. Thng thng hoa mu 3, him gp mu 2 hay mu 4. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 6 phin dng cnh hoa xp trn 2 vng. Cc phin ca bao hoa c th ri hay dnh lin nhau y thnh mt ng, bn trn chia thnh 6 thy. B nh: 6 nh nh trn 2 vng. Nh nh trn hoa (trng hp cc phin ca bao hoa ri) hoc nh trn ng bao hoa (trng hp cc phin ca bao hoa dnh lin). Bao phn nh gc hay nh lng, m dc, hng trong hay hng ngoi. Mng ht phn c mt rnh. B nhy: 3 l non dnh lin thnh bu trn c 3 , t khi bu gia hay di, mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr. Non o, t khi thng. Vi nhy c th ri hay dnh lin nhau (Hnh 10.33A). Qu: nang ct vch hay nang nt lng, t khi qu mng. Ht c ni nh protein hay du, khng c ni nh bt. Mm thng, ni phi. Theo ngha hp, h Liliaceae ch c chi Lilium. Theo h thng Takhtajan 1997, th h ny tng ng vi 23 h sau: Alliaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anthericaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Asteliaceae, Blandfordiaceae, Calochortaceae, Colchicaceae, Convallariaceae, Dianellaceae, Eriospermaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Herreriaceae, Hesperocallidaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Melanthiaceae, Medeolaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Uvulariaceae. Cy trong h Kiu: Allium bakeri Regel. H Hnh (Alliaceae). Tr tiu dt, l, nhc u, au d dy. Hnh ty: Allium cepa L.. H Hnh (Alliaceae). Tr suy nhc c th v thn kinh. H: Allium odorum L.. H Hnh (Alliaceae). Tr hen suyn nng, l ra mu, ra m hi trm. R ty giun kim. Ti ta: Allium sativum L.. H Hnh (Alliaceae). Tr cm mo, l amp, l trc khun, mn nht, tiu ng, x cng ng mch, au mng c, huyt p cao, nga ung th. Da M: Agave americana L. var. marginata Trel.. H Tha (Agavaceae). L sc ung cha st, li tiu; r gip tiu ho, cha thp khp. Mng ty: Asparagus officinalis L.. H Thin mn (Asparagaceae). Tr thng phong, t thp, tiu ng; chng ung th bch huyt, ung th v, ung th t cung. Lys (Bch hu): Lilium longiflorum Thunb.. H Loa kn trng (Liliaceae). Tr ho, ph thng, chng bu. Ngt ngoo: Gloriosa superba L.. H Ti c (Melanthiaceae). Tr thng phong, rn cn. L hi (Nha am): Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg.. H L hi (Asphodelaceae). Gip tiu ha; tr to bn, lot d dy, tiu ng; chng rng tc; chng bu. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Hnh 10.33. Hoa Liliaceae (A), v Iridaceae (B)

1.2. B La dn (Iridales) B c 3 h, ch cp 1 h. H La dn (Iridaceae) c im Thn: c, sng nhiu nm nh thn r, hnh hay c. L: khng cung, mc t gc, mc cch v xp thnh 3 dy. Phin l di v hp nh gm. L gp i theo chiu dc, l pha ngoi p ln l pha trong (tin khai ci). Cm hoa: gi hay chm trn ngn ca trc pht hoa. Hoa: u hay khng u, lng tnh, mu 3. gc ca mi hoa c 1 l bc v 1 l bc con da trc. Bao hoa: 6 phin cng mu dng cnh hoa xp trn 2 vng, dnh nhau y thnh ng ngn. B nh: 3 nh. Ch nh nh trn bao hoa. 3 nh ny thuc vng ngoi, vng trong b try. Bao phn hng ngoi. B nhy: 3 l non to thnh bu di, 3 , mi cha nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 3 u nhy pht trin thnh hnh phin, i khi to v c mu nh cnh hoa (Hnh 10.33B). Qu: nang, nt lng. Ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 78 chi: Belamcanda, Crocosmia, Eleutherine, Freesia, Gladiolus, Iris, Trimezia, Tritonia; 78 loi. Cy trong h R qut (X can): Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.. Trng lm cnh v lm thuc cha vim hng. Sm i hnh: Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.. Thn hnh dng lm thuc cm mu, st khun v lm thuc b. Dng ngoi cha trc u, t a, vy nn. La dn: Gladiolus hybridus Hort. Ngh hng: Tritonia crocosmaeflora (Lem.) Nich. 1.3. B Lan (Orchidales) B ch c 1 h Lan. H Lan (Orchidaceae) Da vo cch sinh sng ngi ta phn bit 4 loi Lan: Lan a sinh: mc di t. C sng nhiu nm nh thn r ph thnh c. C khi c r ph cng bin thnh c, cho nn c ging nh phn nhnh (Sm cun chiu). Mi c hng nm sinh ra mt thn kh sinh v n nm sau c thay th bi mt c mi mc k cc vy ca c c. Chi Orchis c 2 c song song tn ti. Lan ph sinh: mc bm trn cc cy to. Thn c th mc di v hn v mang nhng r kh sinh thng xung. Ngoi mt r c mt lp

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mc (voile), l lp m xp dy dng d tr nc, lc ma nc thm vo lp m ny. Lan hoi sinh: c t hoc khng c dip lc, mc trn t mn trong rng. R t v ngn. Lan leo: leo bng thn qun v cng c r ph sinh. c im Thn: c, sng nhiu nm nh hnh hay thn r c th ph thnh c. Thn ngn hoc di v hn nh, i khi phn nhnh. Thng thn c mang l nhng i khi thn khng c l. C nhng loi thn qun. R: R kh sinh c mc (Lan ph sinh, Lan leo). Mc c nhim v hp thu nc ca khng kh, tch tr nc ma v to xung quanh r mt lp nc che ch. u cc r kh sinh c th thng n mn v hot ng nh mt b phn hp thu, trong lc cc nhnh khc bin thnh mc bm. L: hnh dng bin thin. Cc loi lan a sinh c l mc cch, c cung hay khng c cung, phin rng, gn song song. Lan ph sinh c l mp mang bi nhng thn m lng c th ph thnh hnh gi. i khi l thu hp thnh vy. C nhng loi c l xp thnh 2 dy. C trng hp phn di l hoc lng thn phnh ln cha cht d tr v cht dinh dng. Cm hoa: gi, chm ng hay thng, n hay chia nhnh, mc ngn thn (Lan a sinh) hay nch l (Lan ph sinh). t khi l hoa c c nch l; khng bao gi l hoa c c ngn thn. Hoa: Mi hoa mc nch mt l bc, khng c l bc con. Cung hoa ngn. Hoa thng lng tnh, khng u, b vn 180o nn nh hng cc phn ca hoa ngc vi hoa lp Hnh. Bao hoa: 3 l i, ri, u, dng cnh hoa v thng nh hn cnh hoa. 3 cnh hoa khng ging nhau, 2 cnh bn thng ging l i, cnh hoa sau bin i thnh cnh mi, dng lm ch u cho su b; hnh dng v mu sc ca cnh mi lm cho hoa lan c mt v c bit. Cnh mi thng c 3 thy; thy gia ln hn 2 thy bn v i khi c ca cha mt. B nh: C nhng loi lan c 5, 4 hoc 3 nh. S gim t t a n ch hoa cn 2 (Lan hi thn v n) hay 1 nh. Trong a s trng hp hoa ch cn 1 nh i din vi cnh mi. Nh ny c ch ch dnh vo vi nhy to thnh trc hp nhy (tr nh nhy). Bnh thng bao phn c 2 nhng c th tr thnh 1 (do s dnh lin to ra). Ht phn t khi ri nhau (Lan hi thn v n) m dnh nhau thnh t t hoc thng hn, tt c ht phn ca 1 phn dnh nhau thnh mt khi phn. Mi khi phn c mang bi u v phn dnh vo mt gt nhy (retinacle) c thnh lp trong mt tuyn ca m (rostellum) gi l ti con (bursicule). Nh vy, mt khi phn y gm khi ht phn dnh vo nhau, v phn v gt nhy nm trong ti con. Trn 2 khi phn ca bao phn c np y. Khi ht phn chn, np trc v khi phn c phi by. vi loi Lan, mt ngoi khi phn c bao bc bi mt lp sp. B nhy: 3 l non to thnh bu di 1 , nh non bn. Vi nhy dnh vi ch nh to thnh trc hp nhy. Trn trc hp nhy l bao phn. Tn cng trc hp nhy l 3 u nhy, nhng ch c 2 u nhy hai bn l hu th, thng xp ng thng hoc t mt di mt ci m cong v pha trc. u nhy th ba bin i thnh mt ci m, ngn cch bao phn vi cc u nhy hu th. gc m l 2 ti con ng gt ca cc phn khi (Hnh 10.34). S th phn phi do cn trng. Qu: nang, m bng 6 ng nt dc hai bn ng hn ca mp l non thnh 6 mnh. Ht nh, nhiu, khng c ni nh. Mm cha phn ho. Ht ny mm nh s cng sinh vi nm Rhizoctonia.

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Hnh 10.34. Orchis Orchidaceae 1: Hoa , 2: Khi phn, 3: Trc hp nhy, 4: V tr ca khi phn

Vit Nam c trn 130 chi: Acampe, Acanthephippium, Acriopsis, Adenoncos, Aerides, Agrostophyllum, Amitostigma, Anoectochilus, Anthogonium, Aphyllorchis, Apostasia, Appendicula, Arachnis, Arundina, Ascocentrum, Biermannia, Bletilla, Brachycorythis, Bromheadia, Bulbophyllum (Cirrhopetalum), Calanthe, Callostylis, Ceratostylis, Cheirostylis, Chiloschista, Chrysoglossum, Cleisocentron, Cleisomeria, Cleisostoma, Cleisostomopsis, Coelogyne, Collabium, Corymborkis, Cryptochilus, Cryptopylos, Cryptostylis, Cymbidium, Deceptor, Dendrobium, Didymoplexis, Diglyphosa, Diplomeris, Dipodium, Doritis, Eparmatostigma, Epigeneium, Epipactis, Epipogium, Eria, Eriodes, Erythrodes, Erythrorchis (Cyrtosia), Eulophia, Evrardianthe, Flickingeria (Desmotrichum), Galeola, Gastrochilus, Gastrodia, Gastrorchis, Geodorum, Goodyera, Grammatophyllum, Grosourdya, Habenaria, Hancockia, Herminium, Herpysma, Hetaeria, Holcoglossum, Hygrochilus, Kingidium, Lecanorchis, Liparis, Listera, Ludisia, Malaxis, Malleola, Micropera, Microsaccus, ?Mischobulbum, Monameria, Nephelaphyllum, Nervilia, Neuwiedia, Oberonia, Ornithochilus, Otochilus, Pachystoma, Panisea, Paphiopedilum, Papilionanthe, Parapteroceras, Pecteilis, Pelatantheria, Pennilabium, Peristylus, Phaius, Phalaenopsis, Pholidota, Phreatia, Platanthera, Pleione, Podochilus, Polystachya, Pomatocalpa, Porpax, Pteroceras, Renanthera, Rhynchostylis, Robiquetia, Sarcoglyphis, Schoenorchis, Smitinandia, Spathoglottis, Spiranthes, Staurochilus, Stereochilus, Sunipia, Taeniophyllum, Tainia, Thecopus, Thecostele, Thelasis, Thrixspermum, Thunia, Trias, Trichoglottis, Trichotosia, Tropidia, Uncifera, Vanda, Vandopsis, Vanilla, Vrydagzynea, Zeuxine; 800 loi. Cy trong h

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Lan gt tin: Paphiopedilum delanatii Guill. Lan li b (Ngc im): Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl. Sm cun chiu (Lan cun chiu): Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. hay S. australis (R. Br.) Lindl.. Dng lm thuc b, tr suy nhc thn kinh, vim hng. Lan t (a lan, Cau dip tm): Spathoglottis plicata Blume 1.4. B Thy tin (Amaryllidales) B c 7 h, ch cp 1 h. H Thy tin (Amaryllidaceae) c im Thn: c, sng nhiu nm nh hnh hay thn r. L: mc t gc, mng hay mng nc, gn l song song. Crinum, cc b l hp thnh mt thn gi cao 1015 cm. Cm hoa: chm, tn, t hay nhiu hoa v c mt mo bao li. Trc cm hoa di mc t mt t. Hoa: u, lng tnh, 5 vng, mu 3. Bao hoa: 6 phin cng mu dng cnh hoa, dnh thnh ng di, t khi ri. Vi loi c trng ph. Theo Eichler, trng ph ny do cc li nh ca cnh hoa dnh lin nhau to thnh. Cn theo Baillon, n tng ng vi a mt ca hoa. B nh: 6 nh nh trn 2 vng. Ch nh ri hay dnh nhau. Bao phn thng hay lc l. B nhy: 3 l non to thnh bu di 3 , mi cha nhiu non, nh non trung tr; 1 vi nhy, u nhy chia 3 thy (Hnh 10.35). Qu: thng thng l nang nt lng. Ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 13 chi: Amaryllis, Brunsvigia, Clivia, Crinum, Eucharis, Eucryles, Haemanthus, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Lycoris, Narcissus, Pancratium, Zephyranthes; 22 loi. Cy trong h Ti li (i tng qun, Nng): Crinum asiaticum L.. Tr ung th; l h nng lm tan sng vim, gi p tr bnh ngoi da. Ti li l rng (Trinh n hong cung, Nng l rng): Crinum latifolium L.. L dng lm thuc tr vim tin lit tuyn, vim hng; tr ung th ng tiu ho, ng tit niu. Nng hoa : Crinum defixum KerGawl. hay C. ensifolium Roxb.. Hnh dng tr bng, mn nht, l c dng nh l Ti li. Phong hu (Hu , Tc tin hoa ): Zephyranthes rosea (Spreng.) Lindl.. L cha rng tc, gim ho; r tr st v l. 1.5. B C nu (Dioscoreales) B c 4 h, ch cp 1 h. H C nu (Dioscoreaceae) c im Thn: dy leo bng thn qun, c th c gai. R ph thnh c sng nhiu nm di t. L: mc cch, i khi mc i. Dng l ging nh l cy lp Ngc lan. L c cung, n hay kp hnh chn vt; file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011
Hnh 10.35. Hoa Amaryllidaceae

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i khi c l km; phin nguyn, hnh tim; gn l ni rt r, hnh chn vt. Cm hoa: chm hay gi. Hoa: nh, u, n tnh khc gc. Hoa thc:

Hoa c: Bao hoa gm 6 phin cng mu, nh trn 2 vng, dnh nhau bn di thnh ng ngn. 6 nh xp trn 2 vng, i khi 3 nh ca vng trong b lp. Hoa ci: Bao hoa ging nh hoa c. Bu di 3 , mi 2 non, 1 hoc i khi 3 vi nhy. Qu: nang, c 3 cnh, t khi l qu mng. Ht c cnh mng, c ni nh sng. Vit Nam ch c 1 chi Dioscorea, khong 45 loi. Cy trong h: Khoai ngt: Dioscorea alata L.. C n c; n c dng tr bnh phong, tr, lu. Khoai t: Dioscorea esculanta (Lour.) Burkill. C n c; dng lm thuc tiu c, tr ho, t thp. Khoai sn (C mi): Dioscorea persimilis Prain & Burkill. Dng bi b c th; tr bnh ng rut, vim t cung, thn suy, ra m hi trm. Khoai t nhm: Dioscorea triphylla L. var. reticulata Prain & Burkill 2. PHN LP THI LI (COMMELINIDAE) Phn lp c 4 lin b, 21 b v 30 h. 2.1. B Chui (Musales) B c 3 h, ch cp 1 h. H Chui (Musaceae) c im Thn: c to ln, thn r ph thnh c rt to cha nhiu bt. T thn r mc ln nhng l c b di, to, m vo nhau to thnh mt thn gi. L: nh theo ng xon c, c b di m vo nhau. Phin to, nguyn, c gn gia li (gi l sng) v nhiu gn gia song song thng gc vi sng; phin l hay b rch theo cc gn ph. Cung l di. Cm hoa: Trc cm hoa pht sinh t u thn ngm, mc ln trong ng to bi cc b l v tn cng bng mt cm hoa c bit. Cm hoa l bung, lc cha n c hnh bp. Bung mang nhiu nhm hoa gi l ni; mi ni c che ch bi mt l bc to, c mu tm . Cm hoa tn cng bng mt on bt th ch cn mang nhng l bc to lng vo nhau. Bung mang hoa ci on di, hoa lng tnh khong gia v hoa c trn. Hoa: khng u, lng tnh v n tnh cng gc, mu 3. Bao hoa: 6 phin mu lc nht chia thnh 2 mi: mi trc do 3 l i v 2 cnh hoa dnh lin nhau to thnh mt phin mng c 5 rng, mi sau do cnh hoa cn li to thnh. B nh: 5 nh th, nh i din vi mi sau b lp. Chi Ensete c 6 nh. Ch nh mnh, ri. Bao phn di. B nhy: 3 l non hp thnh bu di, 3 , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr (Hnh 10.36A). Qu: mng hay nang. Cc loi chui trng thng khng c ht. C cu hc: ng nha m tit nha m cha nhiu tanin. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Ensete, Musa; khong 10 loi. Cy trong h Chui: Musa paradisiaca L. file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Chui gi ln: Musa nana Lour. Chui ht: Musa balbisiana Colla Chui trm ni: Musa chiliocarpa Back.. 3 nh lp, 3 nh th. Chui r qut: Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.. Thn kh sinh tht mang nhiu so l, 6 nh th, qu nang. Chui tr bnh tiu chy v kit l. Qu chui cn non tr hc lo. C chui (thn r) tr sng ty, lm thuc gii nhit. Nha tr bnh ng kinh. 2.2. B Gng (Zingiberales) B c 2 h l h Gng (Zingiberaceae) v h Ma d (Costaceae), ch cp 1 h. H Gng (Zingiberaceae) H Gng khc h Chui ch yu bi 3 im chnh: B my dinh dng c t bo tit tinh du, l c li nh, hoa c 1 nh th. c im Thn: c, sng dai nh thn r to, phn nhnh. Thn kh sinh khng c (a lin) hay c v mc rt cao (Ring). L: xp thnh 2 hng (Alpinia, Zingiber). Phin l thun di hoc hnh trng. B l c th nguyn to thnh mt ng x theo mt ng dc i din vi phin; u b l c li nh. nhiu cy, cc b l xp kht nhau thnh mt thn gi kh sinh. Cy a lin c l mc st t. Cm hoa: gi hay chm cht thn (Globba, Alpinia) hoc mc t gc trn mt trc pht hoa ring bit (Zingiber) vi nhiu l bc p vo nhau v c mu. Cy a lin c cm hoa nm ngay trn thn r st mt t. Hoa: to, khng u, lng tnh, mu 3. Hoa thc theo kiu:

Bao hoa: 3 l i mu lc, dnh nhau thnh ng bn di. 3 cnh hoa c mu, dnh nhau pha di thnh ng, trn chia 3 thy. B nh: Hoa ch cn 1 nh th vi bao phn 2 , hng trong. Ch nh hnh lng mng m ly vi nhy. Nh th thuc vng trong v l nh sau i din vi cnh mi. Hai nh cn li hp thnh cnh mi. Theo vi tc gi, vng nh ngoi mt hn hoc ch cn 2 nh lp nh hai bn. Mng ht phn c mt rnh hay trn. B nhy: 3 l non to thnh bu di 3 , mi cha nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy hnh si, chui qua khe h ca 2 phn v th ra ngoi (Hnh 10.36B). u nhy hnh phu. Bu 1 , nh non bn gp chi Globba v Gagnepainia.

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Hnh 10.36. Hoa Musa paradisiaca-Musaceae (A) v Zingiber officinale-Zingiberaceae (B)

Qu: nang, qu mng him gp. Ht c ni nh v ngoi nh. Trong nhiu trng hp ht c o ht. C cu hc: T bo tit tinh du ri rc trong m mm, do r, thn v l u c mi thm. Mch gn nh c bit ch c r. Yu t mch thng l hnh thang, t khi c mt ngn thng l n. Vit Nam c 1720 chi: Achasma, Alpinia (Languas, Catimbium auct.), Amomum, Boesenbergia, Caulokaempferia, Cautleya, Cenolophon, Curcuma, ?Elettaria, Elettariopsis, Etlingera, ?Gagnepainia, Geostachys, Globba, Hedychium, Kaempferia, Phaeomeria, Siliquamomum, Stahlianthus, Zingiber; gn 100 loi. Cy trong h Ring np: Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. hay Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz.. Thn r gip tiu ho, tr st, kh th, vim ph qun, au d dy; ht chng vi khun, chng nm. Ngh: Curcuma longa L. hay C. domestica Valeton). Thn r tr au d dy, lm mau lnh vt thung. thp. a lin (Thin lin): Kaempferia galanga L.. Thn r tr n khng tiu, nhc u, ho g, cm, t Tam tht gng: Stahlianthus thorelii Gagnep.. Dng thay v tam tht. Gng: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Gip tiu ho, tr ho, au bng. 2.3. B Dong ring (Cannales) B c 2 h l: H Dong ring (Cannaceae) H Hong tinh (Marantaceae) H Dong ring (Cannaceae) H Dong ring khc h Gng bi 4 im chnh: B my dinh dng khng c t bo tit tinh du, l i ri, hoa cn na nh th, ht khng c ni nh nhng c ngoi nh. H ch c 1 chi l Canna vi 4 loi. c im Thn: c, mc ng, sng nhiu nm nh thn r to, phn nhnh. L: to, gn ph song song, cung l c rnh, khng c t, khng c li nh. Cm hoa: gi ngn. Hoa: to, khng u, lng tnh, mu 3. Thng hoa mc nch mt l bc to v c mu. Bao hoa: 3 l i mu xanh, ri, u nhau hoc c 1 l i nh. 3 cnh hoa c mu, dnh nhau pha di thnh ng ngn; lun c 1 cnh nh hn cc cnh khc. B nh: Hoa ch cn na nh th. Cc nh khc bin i thnh nhng phin c mu sc s ging nh cnh hoa. B nh gm 2 vng: vng ngoi gm 3 nh lp bin thnh 3 phin ng dng cnh hoa; vng trong l 1 nh th mang na bao phn trn mt phin c mu nh cnh hoa, cc nh cn li bin i thnh mi. B nhy: 3 l non to thnh bu di 3 , mi cha nhiu non, nh non trung tr (Hnh 10.37). Vi nhy dng phin trng ging nh cnh hoa. Qu: nang, c gai mm. Ht khng ni nh nhng c ngoi nh, mm thng. Cy trong h Chui hoa: Canna generalis Bail.. R tr vim gan vng file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Dong ring (Chui c): Canna edulis KerGawl.. Trng ly c lm min v ly bt. R tr vim gan; hoa cm mu; ht tn bt cha vim tai c m.

Hnh 10.37. Hoa Canna generalis

H Hong tinh (Marantaceae) c im H Hong tinh khc h Dong ring bi cc im chnh: cung l c t, on cung st vi phin hi phnh hn phn di; khng c cnh mi; 3 l non dnh thnh bu 3 , nhng thng ch c 1 pht trin ng 1 non, vi nhy hnh cn d, u nhy hnh mm; mm cong hnh mng nga. Vit Nam c 7 chi: Calathea, Donax, Halopegia, Maranta, Phrynium, Schumannianthus, Stachyphrynium; chng 15 loi. Cy trong h Hunh tinh, C Dong: Maranta arundinacea L.. C (thn r) n c, dng lm t dc; tr kit. Dong: Phrynium placentarium (Lour.) Merr. hay P. parviflorum Roxb.. L dng gi bnh, gii c ru, cha rn cn. Dong np: Phrynium dispermum Gagnep.. L dng gi bnh. 2.4. B Ci (Cyperales) B ch c 1 h. H Ci (Cyperaceae) c im Thn: c, sng nhiu nm nh thn r phn nhnh nhiu, i khi ph thnh c (C c, Nng). Thn kh sinh mc ng, thng c, c 3 cnh, khng c mu; t khi gp thn trn (Eleocharis equysetina). L: khng c li nh, xp thnh 3 dy (tam nh). Phin l nguyn, hp, di, gn l song song. B l khng ch dc. Cm hoa: n v cm hoa l gi hoa. Cc gi hoa t hp thnh gi, chm, chy hay xim co ngn cy. Mi gi hoa mc nch mt l bc m v mi hoa mc nch mt l bc hu th. Khi hoa n tnh, hoa t thng cng gc vi gi hoa c ngn v gi hoa ci gc (Carex). Hoa: n tnh hoc lng tnh. Khng c bao hoa hoc ch c lng hoc vy. Bao hoa i khi l 6 phin xp trn 2 vng. B nh: 3 nh. i khi s nh t hn 3 (2 nh Cladium, Hypolytrum), nhng thng nhiu hn 3 (6 nh nh trn 2 vng). B nhy: 2 hay 3 l non hp thnh bu trn 1 ng 1 non. 23 u nhy. Trng hp Carex c hoa n tnh; mi hoa ci mc nch mt l bc hu th v mang mt l bc con gia trc hoa v trc gi hoa. L bc con ny pht trin nhiu v khi chn to thnh mt ti nh (utricule) bao bc qu. Trong khi , l bc m rng i (Hnh 10.38). Qu: b. Ht c ni nh bt ng

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mt cy mm thng gia (mm ni phi). C cu hc: Cc t bo biu b cha rt nhiu silic. Vit Nam c khong 28 chi: Bulbostylis, Carex, Cladium, Courtoisia, Cyperus, Eleocharis (Heleocharis), Eriophorum, Fimbristylis, Fuirena, Gahnia, Hypolytrum, Juncellus, Kyllinga, Lepidosperma, Lepironia, Lipocarpha, Machaerina, Mapania, Mariscus, Pycreus, Remirea, Rhynchospora, Schoenus, Scirpodendron, Scirpus, Scleria, Thoracostachyum, Tricostularia; trn 300 loi. Cy trong h Ci: Cyperus malaccensis Lam.. Cn hnh li tiu, tr ph thng ; thn dy dt chiu, lm bao ti. C c (Hng ph): Cyperus rotundus L.. C (thn r) tr kinh nguyt khng u, au d dy, l, tiu chy. Lc d (Thy trc): Cyperus involucratus Poir. Nng c (M thy): Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Hensch. var. tuberosa (Roxb.) Koyama. C tr bnh to bn v l thc n b mt. Ci bc u l ngn (Bc u l ngn): Kyllingia brevifolia Rottb.. Thuc cha st rt, r tr tiu chy. Dng ngoi tr rn cn, mn nht. 2.5. B La (Poales) B ch c 1 h. H La (Poaceae) c im Thn: c, sng mt nm hay nhiu nm nh thn r mc thnh bi, t khi gp cy g (Tre). Thn kh sinh l thn r, c mu v rng lng; t khi thn c hn (Ma, Ng) v ty khng b tiu hy. Thn r khng phn nhnh tr ni gc to thnh bi v lun lun tn cng bng mt cm hoa. Thn phn nhnh nhiu nh Tre him gp. L: mc cch, xp thnh 2 dy, khng cung (tr Tre). B l rt pht trin to thnh mt ng ch dc pha trc, m gn nh trn thn t u ny n u kia ca lng. Phin l hnh di bng, gn l song song, ba l bn. Ni phin l ni vo b l c li nh; li nh i khi vng v c thay th bng mt ln lng. L ca cc cy vng kh hu kh thng cun li gim bt s thot hi nc. Cm hoa: n v cm hoa l gi hoa; cc gi hoa t hp thnh gi, chm hay chy. Ty loi, mi gi hoa c th mang 1 hay nhiu hoa. Cu to ca gi hoa: Mi gi hoa mang gc nhng l bc bt th gi l my (dnh). S my thng thng l 2 nhng c th ln n 4 hoc 6. Kch thc ca cc my khng bng nhau. Trc gi hoa c t trn hay di my v gy ngang t khi gi hoa chn. Nu t di my, my rng theo gi hoa (phn h Panicoideae). Nu t trn my, my s cn li khi gi hoa rng (phn h Pooideae hoc Festucoideae). Mi gi hoa c 1 hay nhiu hoa. Mi hoa c che ch bi 2 l bc i din nhau gi l my nh (tru). Tru di ln m ly tru trn, c hnh ln v c 1 gn gia thng ko di thnh mt lng gai. Tru trn nh, mm, khng c gn gia nhng c 2 gn bn v tru ny c xu hng b try. Ngoi 2 tru cn c 2 my cc nh (tru ph) l 2 phin mm, rt nh, mu trng, c nhim v lm cho hoa n. Hoa: trn, lng tnh (tr Ng c hoa n tnh), mc nch tru di. B nh: 3 nh, t khi 6 nh thnh 2 vng (Oryza, Bambusa). Ch nh lc u ngn nhng v sau mc di ra lm cho bao phn th ra ngoi gi hoa. Bao phn nh gia nn lc l. B nhy: 2 hay 3 l non to thnh bu trn 1 ng 1 non. S vi nhy bng s l non, ri hoc dnh nhau t nhiu. u nhy c lng. Qu: Qu dnh (qu thc). l mt loi qu b m v qu dnh lin vi v ht. Ht c ni nh bt. Mm ngoi file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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phi. Cu to ca mm: Mm gm cc phn sau y: Khin (thun, t dip) l mt khi tht, mt li dnh st vo ni nh. mt lm ta thy: 1 chi mm c bao bc bi bao chi mm, 1 r mm c bao bc bi bao r mm. i din vi khin c 1 vy nh gi l biu phi. C ngi coi biu phi nh l vt tch ca l mm th hai (Hnh 10.38). Phn loi H La c chia thnh 2 phn h: Phn h Tre (Bambusoideae): Cy thn g c nhiu nhnh. L c cung. Phn h C (Pooideae): Cy thn c. Gi hoa c t trn dnh. Vit Nam c 150 chi: Acidosasa, Acrachne, Acroceras, Aeluropus, Agrostis, Alloteropsis, Andropogon, Aniselytron, Apluda, Apocopis, Aristida, Arthraxon, Arundinaria, Arundinella, Arundo, Avena, Axonopus, Bambusa, Bonia, Bothriochloa (Amphilophis), Brachiaria, Capillipedium, Cenchrus, Centostera (Centotheca), Cephalostachyum, ?Chamaeraphis, Chimobambusa (Tetragonocalamus), Chionachne, Chloris, Chrysopogon, Coelachne, Coelorachis, Coix, Cymbopogon, Cynodon, Cyrtococcum, Dactyloctenium, Dendrocalamus, Desmotachya, Dichanthium, Diectomis, Digitaria, Dimeria, Dinochloa, ?Diplachne, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Elytrophorus, Eragrostis, Eremochloa, Eriachne, Erianthus, ?Eriochloa, Eutalia, ?Eustachys, Exotheca, Garnotia, Germainia, Gigantochloa, Gymnopogon, Hackelochloa, Hemarthria, Hemisorghum, Heteropholis, Heteropogon, Hordeum, Hygroryza, Hymenachne, Hyparrhenia, Ichnanthus, Imperata, ?Indocalamus, Indosasa, Isachne, Ischaemum, Iseilema, Kerriochloa, Leersia, Leptaspis, Leptochloa, Lepturus, Lophatherum, Lophopogon, Melinis, Molocalamus, Microchloa, Microstegium, Miscanthus, Mnesithea, Muhlenbergia, Narenga, ?Neohouzeana, ?Neohusnotia, Ophiurus, Oplismenus, Oropetium, Oryza, Ottochloa (Hemigymnia), Oxythenanthera, Pancium, Paspalidium, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Perotis, ?Phacelurus, Phalaris, Phragmites, Phyllostachys, Poa, Pogonatherum, Polypogon, Polytoca, Polytrias, Pseudechinolaena, Pseudopogonatherum, Pseudoraphis, Pseudosorghum, Pseudostachyum, ? Pseudovossia, Pseudoxytenanthera, Racemobambos, Rottboellia (Manisuris), Saccharum, Sacciolepis, Sasa, Schizachyrium, Schizostachyum, Scleranchne, Sclorostachya, Schima, Setaria, Sinarundinaria, ? Sinocalamus, Sorghum, Sphaerocaryum, Spinifex, Sporobolus, Stenotaphrum, Teinostachyum, Themeda, Thuarea, Thyrsia, Thyrsostachys, Thysanolaena, Tragus, ?Tricholaena, Tripogon, Tripsacum, (Digitaria Adans.), Triticum, Urochloa, Vetiveria, Vossia, Zea, Zizania, Zoysia (Browsemichea); gn 500 loi. Cy trong h L : Bambusa balcoa Roxb. S: Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Tr cm mo, au d dy, tiu chy, ho. C Mn tru: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.. Tr cao huyt p, ho khan, lao lc. C Tranh: Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. var major (Nees) Hubb.. Thn r tr st vng da, tiu but, tiu dt, chy mu cam, chng siu khun tri r. La: Oryza sativa L.. Tr bnh ph do thiu vitamin. R v thn r l thuc li tiu. Ma: Saccharum officinarum L.. ng ma tr bnh l, ho, say ru; thn ma tr st; r lm thuc gii nhit v li tiu. Ng (Bp): Zea mays L.. Hoa n tnh cng gc. Gi hoa c c 2 hoa hp thnh cm hoa phc tp ngn cy. Gi hoa ci xp thnh gi mc nch l khong gia thn. Vi nhy rt di (thng gi l ru ng). Qu thng gi l ht ng. Ru v ht ng tr vim thn ph thng, vim ng tit niu, x gan c trng, vim ti mt v si mt; tiu ng, huyt p cao.

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Hnh 10.38. Gi hoa (1) v phi (2) ca Poaceae. Hoa (3) v s cm hoa (4) ca Cyperus flavescens- Cyperaceae

3. PHN LP CAU (ARECIDAE) Phn lp ch c b Cau (Arecales), b ny cng ch c 1 h l h Cau (Arecaceae). H Cau (Arecaceae) c im Thn: Cy thn g, c gai hay khng c gai, mang mt b l ngn; thn hnh tr, khng phn nhnh, trn thn mang nhiu so l. Cy c th mc ng (Da, Cau) hoc leo, b bm vo nhng cy xung quanh nh gai mc (My); i khi cy khng c thn (Phoenix acaulis, Thrinax). L: nh trn tr thn theo mt ng gin rt di (My), nhng thng ng xon rt kht nhau nn l nh thnh mt b ngn. L i khi rt to, di ti 10m, gn hnh lng chim (Da, Cau) hay hnh chn vt (L nn), cung di, b l m thn. Khi l cn non, phin l nguyn, xp song song theo cc ng gn ging nh mt cy qut xp. Khi l gi, phin b rch theo cc np xp v l ging nh kp lng chim hay chn vt. Cm hoa: bng mo phn nhnh mc nch l (cy ra hoa nhiu ln). Bng mo ngn thn t gp (cy ch ra hoa mt ln sau cht i). Ngoi mo chung bao bc cm hoa, i khi cn c mo ring cho tng nhnh. Mo cng, khng c mu rc r nh h Ry, hay b rch v s pht trin nhanh ca cm hoa. Hoa trn cc nhnh ca bng mo c th nh xon c hay xp thnh hai hng. Hoa: khng cung, lng tnh (L nn, K, C), nhng phn ln l n tnh cng gc (Da, Cau) hay khc gc (Ch l). Nhng loi c hoa n tnh cng gc mang hoa c, thng nh, ngn bng mo; hoa ci to hn, gc v n sau do phi c s th phn cho. Bao hoa: 2 vng, mi vng c 3 b phn, khng phn ho thnh i v trng, thng mng hoc kh xc. B nh: Hoa c thng c 6 nh xp trn 2 vng, i khi cc nh dnh nhau y. mt vi trng hp, s nh cao hn 6 (cy Mc) hay t hn 6 (Da nc, Cau c 3 nh ). B nhy: Hoa ci cu to bi 3 l non ri nhau nhng tin dn sang dnh lin nhau, mi l non c 1 non nhng thng 2 trong 3 l non b lp i nn qu ch c 1 ht. Qu: mng (Ch l) hay qu

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hch (Da). Ht c ni nh du (Da) hoc sng (Ch l) hoc ni nh nhn (Cau). C cu hc: Mc d cy to v cng nhng vn gi c cu s cp ca cc cy lp Hnh, khng c cu to cp 2. Trong thn c rt nhiu b mch kn, cc b mch xp khng th t trong mt m mm c bn v s lng pha ngoi nhiu hn pha trong nn thn rt cng. Vit Nam c 3540 chi: Areca, Arenga, Attalea, ?Bejaudia, Borassus, Calamus, Caryota, Chrysalidocarpus, Chuniophoenix, Coccothrinax, Cocos, Corypha, Cyrtostachys, Daemonorops, Didymosperma, Dypsis, Elaeis, Guihaia, Korthalsia, Licuala, Livistona, Metroxylon, Myrialepsis, Nephrosperma, Nypa (Nipa), Oncosperma, Phoenix, Pinanga, Plectocomia, Rhapis, Roystonea, ?Sabal, Salacca (Zalacca), Thrinax, Veitchia, Wallichia, Washingtonia, ?Zalaccella; khong 90 loi. Cy trong h Cau: Areca catechu L.. Qu n tru; ht tr sn x mt, sn l, giun a. Tht nt: Borassus flabellifer L.. Hoa c tr t thp, nha li tiu, ni nh n li sa. Da: Cocos nucifera L. Cau king vng: Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl. L tr gh. C du: Elaeis guineensis Jacq.. Dng trong ngnh thc phm v lm x phng. Da l: Nypa fruticans Wurmb. L lp nh; b v sng l dt thm; cm da nc n ngon v mt; gc l da nc tr tiu chy. 4. PHN LP TRCH T (ALISMATIDAE) L nhng Thc vt Mt l mm nguyn thy nht, cy lun lun l thn c sng nc hoc m ly. Nhng i din u tin ca phn lp ny c hoa thng n c, hoa li, thnh phn hoa nhiu, xp xon c, l non nhiu v ri, ht phn thng c ba rnh, qu thuc loi qu b, ht thng khng c ni nh. Trong thn v l thng c t bo tit, g thng cha c mch thng hoc ch c trong r. Phn lp Trch t c 11 b, ch kho st b Trch t (Alismatales). B c 3 c im chnh: thc vt sng nc, nhiu l non ri hoc 1 l non, ht khng c ni nh. Thn: c, sng nc, nhiu loi mc chm hn. Mch thng ch c r, cn thn r, l v thn ch c mch ngn. Dng l thng c sc, nhiu loi c l a dng. Hoa u, kiu vng xon, cc h u ca b c hoa lng tnh, cc h sau c hoa n tnh. cc h u ca b, bao hoa i phn ho thnh i v trng r rt; cc h sau c bao hoa n s hoc hoa trn. t nh nh trn 1 hay 2 vng hoc nhiu nh nh theo ng xon c, i khi hoa ch c 1 nh. Nhiu l non ri xp theo ng xon c hoc s l non t hn v nh trn mt vng, mi l non ng 1 hay nhiu non, i khi hoa ch c 1 l non. Thng l qu b, i khi qu i. Ht khng c ni nh. B ny gm 2 h: H Trch t (Alismataceae). H N tho (Limnocharitaceae). H Trch t (Alismataceae) c im Thn: c, sng nc hoc ch m, sng nhiu nm nh thn r. L: n, mc chm gc thn,

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cung l di. Hnh dng l thay i ty theo l mc chm trong nc, ni trn mt nc hay trn khng. V d: cy Rau mc, l chm hnh di bng, l ni c hnh mi tn v l kh sinh c hnh mi mc. Cm hoa: chm hay chmxim. Hoa: u, lng tnh hoc n tnh v try, mu 3, kiu vng xon. Bao hoa: 3 l i c mu xanh lc, 3 cnh hoa c mu khc. B nh: c th l 36 hay 9 nh xp trn 23 vng hoc nhiu nh nh theo ng xon c. B nhy: 6 hay nhiu l non. Sagittaria: Cc l non gn theo ng xon c trn hoa li. Alisma: L non gn theo vng. Cc l non ri, i khi dnh nhau gc (Limnophyton), mi l non ng 1 non. Qu: a b qu, ht khng c ni nh, mm cong hnh mng nga. Vit Nam c 6 chi: Alisma, Caldesia, Echinodorus, Limnophyton, Ranalisma, Sagittaria (Lophiocarpus); 78 loi. Cy trong h Trch t: Alisma plantago aquatica L.. Thn r dng lm thuc tr t thp, tiu chy. Rau mc (T c): Sagittaria sagittifolia L.. Thn r n c v dng lm thuc b, cm mu. L hnh mi mc. Hoa n tnh cng gc: hoa c trn, hoa ci di; cnh hoa mu trng. Hoa c c nhiu nh mc thnh nhiu vng, hoa ci c nhiu l non xp theo ng xon c. Hoa cha tr, lu. H N tho (Limnocharitaceae) H N tho khc h Trch t 2 im sau: mi l non ng nhiu non, qu i. Vit Nam c 2 chi: Limnocharis, Tenagocharis; 2 loi. Cy Ko no: Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau. C a nin. L c gn chnh cong, cung l c 3 kha. Hoa t l tn, cnh hoa mu vng. Ng, l non v hoa n c. 5. PHN LP HO RP (TRIURIDIDAE) Phn lp Trch t c 2 b, ch kho st b Ho rp (Triuridales). B ny ch c 1 h l h Ho rp (Triuridaceae). H Ho rp (Triuridaceae) c trng bi nhng cy hoi sinh nh b, khng dip lc, sng trn cc cy g mc. Hoa thng n tnh; bao hoa c 57 phin hi dnh nhau gc, tin khai van; b nh gm 26 nh dnh vo gc bao hoa; b nhy c 2030 l non ri, vi nh trn bu. Qu nang, ht c ni nh. Vit Nam c 1 chi Sciaphila, 1 loi Ho rp Sciaphila clemensiae Hemsl. (c hoi sinh, mc ni c nhiu mn Lt). 6. PHN LP RY (ARIDAE) Phn lp Ry c 4 lin b, 5 b. Ch kho st b Ry (Arales): Cy thn c thng ln, c c cy dng g sng trn cn, t khi sng nc. Hoa rt nh v tiu gim, lng tnh hoc n tnh, tp hp thnh bng n c mo bc ngoi. Mo i lc c mu v lm nhim v thu ht su b thay cho bao hoa. Bao hoa ch cn li 1 vng hoc tiu bin. B nhy c 1 l non, bu trn. Ht c ni nh. B ny gm 2 h: H Ry (Araceae). H Bo tm (Lemnaceae)

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Thn: c, sng ni m t, sng nhiu nm nh thn r ph thnh c (Khoai mn, Khoai cao, Khoai s) hoc thn r pht trin theo li cng tr. Mt s loi l dy leo hay ph sinh mang nhiu r kh sinh thng xung (Ry leo, Tru b). Bo ci l mt c ni trn mt nc. L: mc chm gc thn r hay mc cch trn thn cy. L c hay khng c cung, b l pht trin. Phin l to, nguyn hoc x su, c nhiu dng: hnh tim, hnh u tn hay hnh di hoc x su thnh thy hnh lng chim hoc hnh chn vt. Gn l c th song song (Thch xng b) hoc hnh lng chim (Vn nin thanh) hay hnh chn vt (Khoai mn). Cm hoa: bng mo khng phn nhnh. Trc cm hoa c th mang hoa khp b di hoc tn cng bng mt on bt th v c mu (Bn h). Mo to, mm, thng c mu rc r. Hoa: nh, lng tnh hoc n tnh. Bao hoa: Hoa lng tnh c bao hoa , gm 2 vng, mi vng 3 b phn dng l i; hoa n tnh phn ln l hoa trn. B nh: 2 vng, mi vng c 2 hoc 3 nh, thng dnh nhau y. hoa n tnh, s nh nhiu khi gim ch cn 1 nh. B nhy: thng c 23 l non, mi l non cha 1 hay nhiu non. hoa n tnh, s l non hay gim ch cn mt. Qu: mng, ht c ni nh. C cu hc: B my tit bin thin: t bo tit tinh du ring r (Acorus) hay xp thnh tng di (Philodendron), ng tit (Philodendron), ng nha m c t (Arum, Colocasia). thn v l ca tng Monstereae c th cng hnh ch T hay ch U, tinh th calci oxalat. Vit Nam c trn 30 chi: Acorus, Aglaonema, Alesmonium, Alocasia, Amorphophallus, Anadendrum, Anthurium, Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Cryptocoryne, Cyrtosperma, Dieffenbachia, Epipremnum, Gonatanthus, Hapale, Homalomena, Lasia, Philodendron, Pistia, Pothos, Pseudodracontinum, Remusatia, Rhaphidophora, Schismatoglottis, Scindapsus, Spathiphyllum, Steudnera, Typhonium, Xanthosoma, Zantedeschia; khong 135 loi. Cy trong h Thch xng b (theo Phm Hong H) hay Thy xng b (theo V Vn Chuyn): Acorus calamus L. hay A. verus Houtt.. Thn r v l rt thm, dng lm thuc. L dp, ch c 1 gn chnh. Thch xng b nh: Acorus gramineus Soland.. L c 3 gn chnh. Thn r cha tinh du dng lm thuc tr bnh phong thp, bnh ngoi da. Ry: Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don. Tr cm cm, phong thp, mn nht, rn cn. Bc h: Alocasia odora (Roxb.) C. Koch. L v cung n c. Thn r p tr mn nht. Mn m: Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent.. R lm thuc p ngoi cha gy xng. Ry (Ngt): Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.. Trung Quc, thn v l dng lm thuc tr gy xng, ho g, phong thp, mn nht. Bo ci: Pistia stratiotes L.. Dng bo c mt di ta lm thuc cha mn nga, mn nht, ho, hen suyn, eczema; bo kh hun khi tr mui. H Bo tm (Lemnaceae) c im Thn: c, nh, sng nc. C quan sinh dng ch cn mt phin mng mu lc, mang mt di 1 hay nhiu r ty loi. Chi Wolffia khng c r. Cm hoa gm 1 mo bao bc 1 hoa ci v 2 hoa c. Hoa khng c bao hoa, hoa c c 1 nh; hoa ci c 1 l non, mi l non cha 1 hay nhiu non. Qu b.

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Vit Nam c 3 chi: Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia; 47 loi. Cy trong h Bo cm (Bo tm): Lemna minor L.. Cy mc ni trn mt nc, thng nhm hp 23 cy mt. Mi cy ch gm mt phin mng mu lc (thn) hnh bu dc dt, mang 1 r. Hoa mc trn phin mng . Trong mo c 2 hoa c trn v 1 hoa ci trn. Cy thng sinh sn bng cch ny chi t phin mng mu lc. Dng cha cm st, b tiu; dng ngoi tr mn nht v bnh ngoi da. Bo phn: Wolffia schleidenii Miq. hay W. arrhiza (L.) Wimmer. Khng c r. L thc n cho c.

CU HI T LNG GI Phn 1: Chn phng n tr li ng. 1. c im: L non 2 hay nhiu, dnh vo nhau to bu trn 1 . Trong bu c nhng vch khng hon ton, xut hin ngay trc b mch gia ca l non. Vch mang nhiu non o, nh non gia. Qu nang m bng l hoc m bng mnh v. l ca h: A. H Lan (Orchidaceae). B. H Hi (Illiciaceae). C. H phin (Papaveraceae). D. H Thu du (Euphorbiaceae). 2. c im bao hoa v b nh ca Rheum thuc h Rau rm (Polygonaceae): 1. 6 phin cng mu nh trn 2 vng. 2. Bao hoa gm 5 phin dng l i hay cnh hoa, tin khai nm im. 3. Vng ngoi c 6 nh, vng trong c 3 nh. 4. Ch c 6 nh ca vng ngoi, vng trong b try. 3. c im ca h Sim (Myrtaceae) l: 1. L i v cnh hoa c th ri hay dnh nhau thnh mt chp, b ht tung ra ngoi khi hoa n ch cn li mt so trn. 2. Ti tit tinh du kiu tiu ly bo di biu b ca l v trong m mm v ca thn. 3. S l non bng s cnh hoa hoc t hn, dnh nhau thnh bu di nhiu , mi nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 2 vi nhy. 4. Ht khng c ni nh. Mm thng hay cong. 5. Qu mng hay qu nang . 6. Libe 2 kt tng. A. B. C. D. 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 5, 6 1, 3, 4, 5 1, 4, 5, 6 A. 1, 4 C. 2, 3 B. 1, 3 D. 2, 4

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A. H Kh sm (Simaroubaceae). B. H Hoa tn (Apiacea). C. H Bng (Combretaceae). D. H Nhn sm (Araliaceae). 5. c im: hoa ko di thnh cung nh nhy. 5 l i v 5 cnh hoa nh ming mt hoa hnh chn nh. Cnh hoa mang gc nhng ph b hnh bn hp to thnh 1 hay nhiu vng. l ca: A. Phn h Cnh bm (Faboideae). B. H Lc tin (Passifloraceae). C. H Mn mn (Capparidaceae). D. H C ca (Erythroxylaceae). 6. Hoa ca Cinnamomum zeylanicum (hnh bn) l: A. ng hon ton. B. Sai b nhy. C. Sai b nh. D. Sai bao hoa. 7. c im: Qu nang n mnh cho ra 5 mnh hay qu nhn cng. Ht to, khng ni nh. Hoa thng b vn 180o l ca h: A. H r (Acanthaceae). B. H Bng mc tai (Balsaminaceae). C. H Phn h Vang (Caesalpinioideae). D. H Lan (Orchidaceae). 8. H Rau dn (Amaranthaceae) c c im: 1. Nh mc trc l i. 2. 23 l non to bu trn 1 . 3. Hoa khng u, lng tnh, l bc v l bc con kh xc. 4. Mm cong hnh mng nga bao quanh ni nh bt. 5. Qu kh, i khi qu hp hay qu mp. 9. Cc c im sau y: Bao phn 1 , ht phn c gai. Gn l thng chn vt. Trng tin khai vn. C b my tit cht nhy v libe 2 kt tng l ca h no? A. H Trc o (Apocynaceae). B. H C ph (Rubiaceae). C. H Bng (Malvaceae). D. H M tin (Loganiaceae). A. B. C. D. 1, 2, 4, 5 1, 3, 4, 5 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 5

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10. c im: Gi khng phn nhnh mc nch l hay i din vi l. Trc pht hoa thng mp. Hoa trn, lng tnh, mu 3, 2 vng nh. Thn c t nht 2 vng b libe g gp h: A. H Rau Mui (Chenopodiaceae). B. H Cy tiu (Piperaceae). C. H Ry (Araceae). D. H Long no (Lauraceae) 11. c im: Thng 10 nh ri xp trn 2 vng, nhng c th gim cn 3 hoc 5 hoc 6 7 nh th l ca h: A. H Thu du (Euphorbiaceae). B. H ph Trinh n (Mimosoideae). C. H ph Cnh bm (Faboideae). D. H ph Vang (Caesalpinioideae). 12. Nhng h no sau y c b my tit tinh du? 1. H Hoa tn (Apiaceae). 2. H Bng (Malvaceae). 3. H Trm (Sterculiaceae). 4. H Xoi (Anacardiaceae). 5. H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae). 13. h Bng, hoa khng c i ph gp chi: A. Hibiscus. B. Sida. C. Abelmoschus. D. Gossypium. 14. c im ca h Cam: 1. Cy g hoc cy c sng dai. 2. L n, mc cch hay mc i. 3. Phin l c ti tit tinh du kiu tiu ly bo. 4. B nh n th. 5. i ri hay dnh, cnh ri. 6. S l non nhiu, c th ri hay dnh lin. 15. c im no sau y l ca h C ph (Rubiaceae)? A. L i gim, i khi pht trin to, khng u nhau v c mu, bu di 2 . B. L i gim, cnh hoa dnh lin thnh ng hnh inh, tin khai vn, a mt y bu. A. B. C. D. 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 3, 5, 6 2, 3, 5, 6 A. B. C. D. 1, 2, 5 1, 3, 4 1, 4, 5 1, 3, 5

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C. S nh bng s cnh hoa, nh trn ng trng, xen k cnh hoa, 2 l non, bu di 2 , qu b. D. Mi 1 hay nhiu non, nh non trung tr. 1 vi nhy. C libe trong. 16. Cc c im: B nh 2 tri, nh nh trn ng trng. Hoa khng u, lng tnh, mu 5. Cnh hoa dnh nhau thnh trng khng u, hnh dng bin thin. Hai l non to thnh bu trn 2 , nh non trung tr, c libe trong hay bo thch thn v l. Qu nang i khi m bng l. Ht c ni nh l ca h no? A. H Chm t (Bignoniaceae). B. H r (Acanthaceae). C. H Hoa mm ch (Scrophulariaceae). D. H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae). 17. c im bao hoa ca h phin (Papaveraceae) A. 2 l i v tr 2 bn, t khi 3 hoc 4, thng dnh vo nhau ging nh mt ci m v rng ton b khi hoa n; 46 cnh hoa nh trn 2 vng, c mu sc ti, d rng, nhu nt trc khi hoa n. B. 2 l i v tr trc sau, t khi 3 hoc 4, lun lun rng sm; 46 cnh hoa to, nh trn mt vng, c mu sc ti, d rng, nhu nt trc khi hoa n. C. 2 l i v tr 2 bn, t khi 3 hoc 4, thng dnh vo nhau ging nh mt ci m v rng ton b khi hoa n, 46 cnh hoa to, nh trn mt vng, c mu sc ti, d rng, nhu nt trc khi hoa n. D. 2 l i v tr trc sau, t khi 3 hoc 4, lun lun rng sm, 46 cnh hoa to nh trn 2 vng, mu sc ti, d rng, nhu nt trc khi hoa n. 18. Nhng c im ging nhau ca h M tin v h C l: 1. Cy mc to hay nh. 2. L n, mc cch, khng c l km. 3. Hoa u, lng tnh, mu 5. 4. L i dnh nhau bn di v thng tn ti vi qu. 5. C libe quanh ty. 6. Hai l non c mt phng i xng xo hoc nhiu l non. 19. Cc c im sau y: Thn v l c nhiu lng nhm, hoa t l xim hnh b cp, 5 nh nh trn ng trng xen k cnh hoa, 2 l non to bu trn 2 , i khi c vch gi ngn thnh 4 , t bo biu b hay cha "bo thch l ca h no? A. H r (Acanthaceae). B. H Vi voi (Boraginaceae). C. H Gai (Urticaceae). D. H Bm bm (Convolvulaceae). 20. c im ca h Hnh (Liliaceae) A. B. C. D. 1, 3, 4, 5 2, 3, 5, 6 3, 4, 5, 6 1, 4, 5, 6

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1. L n, mc cch, thng khng cung, phin hnh di, gn song song. 2. Bao phn nh gc hay nh lng. Mng ht phn c 1 rnh. 3. Hoa thc theo kiu: P3+3A4+2G3 4. Qu nang t khi qu mp. 5. C nht nin. A. B. C. D. 1, 2, 3 1, 4, 5 1, 2, 4 2, 4, 5

21. c im: Bao hoa thng gm 3 vng, mi vng c 3 b phn, vng ngoi l l i, 2 vng trong l cnh hoa. Cnh hoa di, to, dy v mm. Nhiu nh ri xp theo mt ng xon c. Nhiu l non ri xp kht nhau gp : A. H Ngc lan (Magnoliaceae). B. H Long no (Lauraceae). C. H Hi (Illiciaceae). D. H Na (Annonaceae). 22. c im: "Thn v cnh c tit din vung. Cy c mi rt thm do lng tit tinh du thn v l. L n, mc i cho ch thp, t khi mc vng, khng c l km. Phin l nguyn hay c rng ca hoc c kha su. Hoa t thng l xim" l ca: A. H Chm t (Bignoniaceae). B. H C Roi nga (Verbenaceae). C. H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae). D. H Hoa chung (Campanulaceae). 23. Hoa ny (hnh bn) l ca: A. H Loganiaceae. B. H Convolvulaceae. C. H Boraginaceae. D. H Solanaceae. 24. h Thu du, c im c ng nha m v libe trong gp chi: A. Euphorbia, Anthostema, Jatropha. B. Phyllanthus, Bridelia, Xylophylla. C. Jatropha, Ricinus, Euphorbia. D. Hura, Manihot, Hevea. 25. c im ca h Ry (Araceae) l: 1. C sng ni m t, sng dai nh thn r. 2. L mc chm gc thn r hay mc cch trn thn cy. B l pht trin. 3. B nh 2 tri.

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A. B. C. D.

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4. C t bo tit tinh du, ng tit, ng nha m c t. 5. C lng che ch a bo phn nhnh. 6. Th cng hnh ch T, U, tinh th calci oxalat. Phn II: Sp xp thnh tng cp ph hp 1. 5 nh nh trn mt vng.

2. Nhiu vng b libeg ca vt l xp khng th t v khng c vng m cng ngoi; cu to ny ging cu to ca cy lp Hnh. 3. Hoa trn, hoa t kiu cyathium. 4. Hoa c c 5 nh dnh nhau ch nh thnh mt ct, tn cng l 5 phn ri hay dnh nhau. 5. C ti tit tinh du kiu tiu ly bo trong tt c cc m, nht l phin l, vch bu v v qu. 6. Bao hoa , phn ho thnh i v trng, vi 5 l i v 5 cnh hoa. 10 nh nh trn hai vng. 7. Ch nh dnh nhau v cc bao phn cng dnh nhau thnh mt ct duy nht, m bng mt ng nt chy vng. 8. Thn c t nht 2 vng b libeg. cc b libeg ca vng ngoi ni lin nhau bi mt vng m cng, b libeg vng trong l ca vt l. 9. L non ri nhau t nhiu. B nh theo kiu o lng nh y hoc gim. Qu i. 10. Hoa c c 4 nh dnh thnh 2 cp ch nh v bao phn, nh th nm ri. Bao phn cong queo c 1 v m bng mt ng nt cong queo. A: Sechium C: Peperomia E: Cucumis G: Piper I: Euphorbia Phn III: Cu hi ng sai 1. Cy ca h Thin l (Asclepiadaceae) c ng nha m tht v libe trong. 2. Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. ex W. T. Aiton l cy Bng bng ta. 3. L khng c li nh, xp thnh 3 dy. B l khng ch dc l c im ca h La (Poaceae). 4. Bng mo phn nhnh mc nch l, mo cng khng c mu rc r l c im ca h Ry (Araceae). 5. h Ry (Araceae), ng tit gp Arum. 6. H Rau dn (Amaranthaceae) c 15 nh mc trc l i, ch nh ri hoc dnh nhau y. 7. Cy ca h Xng rng (Cactaceae) c t bo cha cht nhy. 8. Peperomia pellucida c 6 nh. B: Jatropha D: Phyllanthus F: Rutoideae H: Rutaceae J: Cyclanthera

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9. B nhy ca h Hong lin (Ranunculaceae) gm nhiu l non nh theo mt ng xon c lin tc tip theo ng xon ca nh. Mi l non cha 1 non. 10. h Sim (Myrtaceae), chi Melaleuca c nhiu nh ri xp khng th t quanh ming ca hoa. 11. h M tin (Loganiaceae) c mt phng i xng ca bu i khi xo. 12. Kiu hoa t l xim 2 ng rt phn nhnh v kt thc thnh xim 1 ng hnh b cp thng gp h Hoa mi (Lamiaceae). 13. H La n (Iridaceae) c 6 nh nh trn bao hoa, bao phn hng ngoi. Phn IV: Tr li cu hi ngn 1. Nu c im b nhy ca h Hoa mi (Lamiaceae). 2. Nu c im b nh ca h C Roi nga (Verbenaceae). 3. So snh c im l ca h Ci (Cyperaceae) v h La (Poaceae). 4. Nu c im c cu hc ca h Hoa chung (Campanulaceae). 5. Nu c im c cu hc ca h Bm bm (Convolvulaceae). 6. M t c im l ca h Ng gia b (Araliaceae). 7. M t hoa t ca h r (Acanthaceae). 8. Vit tn Vit Nam v tn khoa hc ca 2 cy trong h Cc (Asteraceae). 9. Vit tn Vit Nam v tn khoa hc ca 2 cy trong h Hoa tn (Apiaceae). 10. Vit tn Vit Nam v tn khoa hc ca 2 cy trong h Bng (Malvaceae). 11. Vit tn Vit Nam v tn khoa hc ca 2 cy trong h Cau (Arecaceae). 12. M t c im cu to hoa c ca h Khoai ngt (Dioscoreaceae). 13. V hoa ca Caesalpinia pulcherrima. 14. M t b nh ca h Gn (Bombacaceae). 15. c im 4 l i xp thnh 2 vng, 2 l i ca vng ngoi v tr trcsau. 4 cnh hoa xp trn mt vng theo ng cho ch thp. Mi cnh hoa c mt phin rng trn thng gc vi mt phn hp di gi l mng. B nh bn di l ca h no? 16. M t b nhy ca h Ngc lan (Magnoliaceae).

BNG TRA CU H THC VT THEO TN LA TINH


Acanthaceae Aceraceae 30 247 Ebenaceae Ephedraceae 223 212 Papaveraceae Passifloraceae 198 215

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Alismataceae Altingiaceae Amaranthaceae Amaryllidaceae Anacardiaceae Annonaceae Apiaceae Apocynaceae Araceae Araliaceae Arecaceae Aristolochiaceae Asteraceae Azollaceae Balsaminaceae Bignoniaceae Bixaceae Bombacaceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae Cactaceae Caesalpinioideae Campanulaceae Cannabaceae Cannaceae Capparaceae Caricaceae Casuarinaceae Celastraceae Chenopodiaceae Clusiaceae Combretaceae Connaraceae Convolvulaceae Cornaceae Crassulaceae Cucurbitaceae Cycadaceae Cyperaceae Dilleniaceae Dioscoreaceae Dipterocarpaceae 305 206 202 294 253 187 261 273 306 263 303 193 266 170 256 282 222 226 278 220 201 243 264 230 298 220 216 206 258 202 210 239 249 277 260 233 217 174 299 208 295 223

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Ericaceae Erythroxylaceae Euphorbiaceae Faboideae Fagaceae Flacourtiaceae Fumariaceae Gentianaceae Geraniaceae Ginkgoaceae Hippocastanaceae Illiciaceae Iridaceae Juglandaceae Lamiaceae Lauraceae Lemnaceae Liliaceae Limnocharitaceae Linaceae Loganiaceae Magnoliaceae Malpighiaceae Malvaceae Marantaceae Marsileaceae Melastomaceae Meliaceae Menispermaceae Mimosoideae Moraceae Musaceae Myristicaceae Myrtaceae Nelumbonaceae Nepenthaceae Nyctaginaceae Nymphaeaceae Oleaceae Onagraceae Orchidaceae Oxalidaceae 211 255 231 244 207 215 199 271 256 172 247 191 290 207 285 189 308 286 306 254 270 186 257 224 299 169 240 252 196 242 228 296 188 238 194 211 200 194 279 241 291 255 Pedaliaceae Pinaceae Piperaceae Plantaginaceae Plumbaginaceae Poaceae Polygonaceae Punicaceae Ranunculaceae Rhamnaceae Rhizophoraceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rutacae Salicaceae Salviniaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Saururaceae Saxifragaceae Scrophulariaceae Selaginellaceae Simaroubaceae Solanaceae Sterculiaceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Taxaceae Theaceae Tiliaceae Trapaceae Triuridaceae Ulmaceae Urticaceae Verbenaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Zingiberaceae

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282 178 191 281 205 300 203 239 195 258 237 235 271 250 216 169 248 214 193 234 280 165 251 275 225 212 213 177 209 222 241 306 277 229 284 214 259 297

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BNG TRA CU TN CY THUC THEO TING LA TINH

Aacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Acalypha indica L. Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage. Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Sm. Acanthus integrifolius T. Anders. Acer negundo L. Acer oliverianum Pax. Achyranthes aspera L. Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. Acorus calamus L. Acorus gramineus Soland. Adenophora verticillata (Pall.) Fisch. Adenosma caerulea R. Br. Adiantum illus-venesis L. Aelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medik. subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss. Aesculus assamica Griff. Agave americana L. var. marginata Trel. Aglaia duperreana Pierre Aglaia odorata Lour. Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston Alisma plantago - aquatica L. Allium bakeri Regel. Allium cepa L. Allium odorum L. Allium sativum L. Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don. Alocasia odora (Roxb.) C. Koch Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Altingia excelsa Noronha Amaranthus spinosus L. Anacardium occidentale L. Anemone japonica (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. f. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Angelonia goyazensis Benth. Annona muricata L. Annona reticulata L. Annona squamosa L. Antirrhinum majus L. Apium graveolens L. Arachis hypogaea L. Aralia armata (Wall.) Seem. Areca catechu L. Argemone mexicana L. Aristolochia balansae Franch. Carmona microphylla (Lam.) G. Don. Cassia grandis L.f. Cassytha filiformis L. Castanea mollissima Blume Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domino Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn

242 224 225 232 232 264 284 247 247 202 196 307 307 265 281 168 224 248 290 253 253 252 305 290 290 290 290 307 307 290 298 274 206 202 254 196 262 262 262 281 187 187 187 281 263 245 264 304 199 193 279 244 190 207 207 274 260 226

Aristolochia indica L. Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari Artemisia annua L. Artemisia vulgaris L. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. Asclepias curassavica L. Asparagus officinalis L. Averrhoa carambola L. Azolla caroliana Willd. Azolla pinnata Br. Baccaurea sapida Muell-Arg. Bambusa balcoa Roxb. Barleria cristata L. Barleria lupulina Lindl. Bauhinia variegata L. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Berrya mollis Wall. Beta vulgaris L. Bixa orellana L. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Boerhavia diffusa L. Borassus flabellifer L. Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Adelb. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Brassica chinensis L. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa Pasq. Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Caesalpinia sappan L. Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent. Calophyllum inophyllum L. Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. ex Ait. Camellia sasanqua Thunb. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook. f & Thoms. Canna edulis Ker-Gawl. Canna generalis Bail. Cannabis sativa L. Capparis sepiara L. Capsicum frutescens L. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Carica papaya L. Cycas pectinata Griff Cycas revoluta Thunb. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Cynara scolymus L. Cyperus involucratus Poir. Cyperus malaccensis Lam. Cyperus rotundus L.

193 188 268 268 228 228 275 290 255 170 170 232 302 284 284 244 291 223 203 222 230 200 304 254 200 221 221 221 221 221 221 225 237 244 244 307 210 275 209 209 188 299 299 230 220 276 237 248 216 175 175 302 268 300 300 300

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Celastrus orbiculatusi Thunb. Celosia argentea L. Celosia cristata L. Celtis orientalis Thunb. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Ceratopteris silicosa (L.) Copel. Cerbera manghas L. ex Gaertn. Cestrum nocturnum L. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl. Chrysophyllum cainito L. Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume Cinnamomum verum Presl Cissus modeccoides Planch. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. et Panz.) Swingle Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck Citrus reticulata Blanco Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Clematis chinensis Osbeck. Clematis smilacifolia Wall. Cleome gynandra L. Cleome viscosa L. Cocos nucifera L. Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook. f. Coffea arabica L. Combretum quadrangulare Kurz. Connarus cochinchinensis (Baill.) Pierre Coptis chinensis Franch. Corchorus capsularis L. Corchorus olitorius L. Cordia latifolia Roxb. Coriandrum sativum L. Corydalis balansae Prain Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. Crescentia cujete L. Crinum asiaticum L. Crinum defixum Ker-Gawl. Crinum latifolium L. Cucumis melo L. var. conomon (Thunb.) Makino. Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam. Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poir. Cucurbita pepo L. Curcuma longa L. Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson Fibraurea recisa Pierre Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. Ficus benjamina L. Ficus elastica Roxb. & Hornem. Ficus pumila L. Ficus religiosa L. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. Fragaria vesca L. Galphimia gracilis Bartl. Garcinia mangostana L. Gardenia angusta (L.) Merr. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. et Champ.) Benth. Gentiana loureirii (D. Don) Griseb. Geranium nepalense Sweet

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258 202 202 228 263 169 274 276 304 214 273 190 190 190 260 219 251 251 251 251 196 196 220 220 304 265 273 240 249 196 223 223 279 263 199 197 282 295 295 295 219 219 219 219 219 298 204 197 197 228 228 229 229 215 236 257 210 273 212 270 271 Dahlia pinnata Cav. Datura metel L. Daucus carota L. Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr. Dialinum cochinchinense Pierre Dicentra scandens (D. Don) Walp. Dichroa febrifuga Lour. Dicksonia barometz Link.. Digitalis purpurea L. Dillenia indica L. Dillenia turbinata Finet. & Gagnep Dimocarpus longan Lour. Dioscorea alata L. Dioscorea esculanta (Lour.) Burk. Dioscorea persimilis Prain & Burk. Dioscorea triphylla L. var. reticulata Prain & Burk. Diospyros decandra Lour. Diospyros kaki L. f. Diospyros mollis Griff. Diospyros venosa Wall. ex DC. Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer. Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) K. Schum Duranta repens L. Durio zibethinus Murr. Eclipta prostrata L. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Hensch. var. tuberosa (Roxb.) Koyama Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland. Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. Eryngium foetidum L. Erythrina variegata L. Erythroxylum novagranatense (Morris) Hieron. Erythroxylum coca Lamk. Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.f. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Euonymus chinensis Lindl. Euonymus cochinchinensis Pierre Eupatorium odoratum L. Euphorbia thymifolia Burm. Eurya acuminata DC. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Ixora coccinea L. Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr. Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Jatropha podagrica Hook. Juglans regia L. Kaempferia galanga L. Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Oken Kalanchoe spathulata (Poir.) DC. Knema globularia (Lamk.) Warb. Kyllingia brevifolia Rottb. Lansium domesticum Corra Lantana camara L.

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268 276 263 246 244 199 234 169 281 209 209 248 295 295 295 295 213 213 213 213 223 224 282. 285 226 269 304 300 302 291 286 201 307 263 246 255 255 239 239 258 258 269 232 209 278 273 280 280 232 208 298 234 234 234 188 300 253 285

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256 175 228 291 244 290 246 202 225 259 223 279 232 225 225 225 228 224 188 193 230 230 215 257 263 201 191 191 257 302 278 278 278 278 219 273 273 229 251 296 296 296 296 273 188 194 211 211 249 243 275 276 194 194 194 304 287 287 Lemna minor L. Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merr. Lilium longiflorum Thunb. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Limnophila chinensis (Osb.) Merr. subsp. aromatica (Lam.) Yam. Linum usitatissimum L. Liquidambar formosana Hance Litchi chinensis Radlk. Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Rob. Lobelia chinensis Lour. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. Malpighia glabra L. Malus doumeri (Bois) Chev. Malus pumila Mill. Mangifera indica L. Manilkara zapota (L.) Royen Maranta arundinacea L. Marsilea quadrifolia L. Melaleuca cajuputi Powell Melastoma affine D. Don. Melastoma candium D. Don Melastoma saigonense (Kuntze) Merr. Melia azedarach L. Mentha aquatica L. Mentha arvensis L. Mesua ferrea L. Michelia alba DC. Michelia champaca L. Mimosa pudica L. Mirabilis jalaba L. Momordica charantia L. Piper betle L. Pistia stratiotes L. Pithecelobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Plantago major L. Platycerium coronarium Desv. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Plumbago indica L. in Stickm. Plumbago zeylanica L. Polygonum odoratum Lour. Polygonum hydropiper L. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) Moore & Stearn Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr. Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. Prunus armeniaca L. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb Punica granatum L. Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers. Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai Quassia amara L. Quercus acutissima Carruth. Quercus variabilis Blume Quisqualis indica L.

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308 286 242 280 290 306 281 255 206 248 190 190 265 241 219 276 186 257 236 236 254 214 299 169 239 241 241 241 253 287 287 210 186 186 243 201 219 192 307 243 282 169 287 205 205 204 204 264 214 230 230 236 236 164 239 282 237 252 207 207 240

Ginkgo biloba L. Gironniera subequalis Pl. Gladiolus hybridus Hort. Gleditsia australis Hemsl. ex Forbes & Hemsl. Gloriosa superba L. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Gomphrena globosa L. Gossypium barbadense L. Gouania leptostachya DC. Grewia paniculata Roxb. ex DC. Heliotropium indicum L. Hevea brasiliensis (A. Juss.) Muell.-Arg. Hibiscus mutabilis L. Hibiscus sabdarifa L. Hiscus rosa-sinensis L. Holoptelea integrifolia Pl. Hopea odorata Roxb. Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Humulus lupulus L. Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre ex Laness. Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wright & Arn. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. et Rose. Illicium griffithii Hook. f. et Thoms. Illicium verum Hook.f. Impatiens balsamina L. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. var major (Nees) Hubb. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sw. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sw. Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Morinda citrifolia L. Morinda officinalis How. Morus alba L. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Musa paradisiaca L. Musa balbisiana Colla Musa chiliocarpa Back. Musa nana Lour. Mussaenda erythrophylla Schum. & Thonn. Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce Nepenthes annamensis Macfarl Nephelium lappaceum L. Neptunia oleracea Lour. Nerium oleander L. Nicotiana tabacum L. Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Salisb. Nypa fruticans Wurmb Ocimum gratissimum L. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Opuntia dillenii (Ker- Gawl.) Haw.

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201 282 287 147 255 282 264 151 199 294 216 216 216 256 225 192 201 201 190 285 299 299 233 179 179 179 192 192 192 244 233 193 235 226 264 306 281 219 166 243 244 283 151 224 225 277 277 277 246 294 294 254 285 298 197 197 226 275 270 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus Bail. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. Rheum officinale Baill. Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz. Rhizophora apiculata Blume Rhizophora mucronata Poir. in Lamk. Rhododendron simsii Planch. Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl. Ricinus communis L. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek & Mansf. Rosa sp. Rourea mimosoides (Vahl.) Planch. Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenh. subsp. microphylla (H. et A.) J. E. Vidal Rubia cordifolia L. Ruellia tuberosa L. Rumex wallichii Meisn. Russelia equysetiformis Schlecht. et Cham. Ruta chalepensis L. Saccharum officinarum L. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Salix babylonica L. Salvinia cucullata Roxb. Salvinia natans (L.) All. Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Tagetes erecta L. Tamarindus indica L. Taxus baccata L. var. wallichiana (Zucc.) Hook. Tectona grandis L. Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr. Terminalia catappa L. Terminalia triptera Stapf. Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Theobroma cacao L. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. Tinospora crispa (L.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. Torenia fournierii Lindl. Trapa bicornis Osb. var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Gluck. ex Stee nis Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich. Tritonia crocosmaeflora (Lem.) Nich. Ulmus lanceaefolia Roxb. ex Wall. Uncaria homomalla Miq. Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. Verbena officinalis L. Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Viola odorata L. Viola tricolor L. Vitex negundo L. Vitis vinifera L.

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196 221 296 204 284 237 237 212 294 233 221 237 249 249 273 284 205 281 251 302 305 217 169 169 243 249 269 244 177 285 275 240 240 209 196 226 275 284 197 151 241 257 291 228 273 212 285 246 215 215 285 260

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz. Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merr. Oryza sativa L. Oxalis corniculata L. Pachyptera hymenaea (DC.) A. Gentry Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall. Papaver somniferum L. Paphiopedilum delanatii Guill. Passiflora foetida L. Passiflora incarnata L. Passiflora quadrangularis L. Pelargonium zonale LHrit. ex Soland. Pentapetes phoenicea L. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. Pereskia aculeata Mill. Pereskia grandiflora Haw. Persea americana Mill. Petrea volubilis Jacq. Phrynium dispermum Gagnep. Phrynium placentarium (Lour.) Merr. Phyllanthus urinaria L. Pinus dalatensis Ferr. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon Pinus merkusiana Cool. & Gauss. Piper lolot C. DC. Piper longum L. Piper nigrum L. Saraca dives Pierre Sauraupus androgynus Merr. Saurupus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beume ex Heyne. Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms. Sciaphila clemensiae Hemsl. Scoparia dulcis L. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Selaginella involvens Spring. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irw.&Barn. Sesamum orientale L. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Bl. Sida acuta Burm. f. Solanum melongena L. Solanum nigrum L. Solanum tuberosum L. Sophora japonica L. f. Spathoglottis plicata Blume Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. Spondias cytherea Sonn. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Stahlianthus thorelii Gagnep. Stephania rotunda Lour. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers. var. discolor (Blume) Forman Sterculia foetida L. Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. Strychnos nux-vomica L.

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Bo Y te - Thuc vat duoc


Styrax benzoin Dryand. Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hardw. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore subsp. laurina (Retz.) Noot. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & Perry

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212 212 213 213 239 239 Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC. Wolffia schleidenii Miq. Zea mays L. Zephyranthes rosea (Spreng.) Lindl. Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zizyphus cambodiana Pierre Zizyphus jujuba Miller. Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Zizyphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. ll.

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265 308 302 295 298 259 259 259

BNG TRA CU TN CY THUC THEO TING VIT


c Actis nh hng An tc Ba kch thin Bc u l ngn Bc h Bc h nam Bch hu Bch ch Bch n chanh Bch n xanh Bch qu Ban Bn bin lin Bng bin Bp Bp xi Bo ci Bo cm Bo tm Bo du Bo du mc Bo ong 284 268 282 212 273 300 307 287 290 262 239 239 175 210 265 240 302 302 307 308 308 170 170 169 Ca cao C chc C chua C di d C en C c dc C ph Arabica C rt C tm Cc ng hoa to Ci bp Ci b trng Ci b xanh Ci cn Ci c Ci tho Ci tha Cam 226 224 276 277 277 276 273 263 277 284 221 221 221 199 221 221 221 251 Bung lai Bp Bp gim Bt Bi Bm hng 223 225 225 252 251 273 Chui r qut Chui trm ni Chui ngc C ke C c C lo C Mn tru C mc C roi nga C sa l nh C tai h C Thy trang C Tranh C xc C du Cc Ci Ci bc u l ngn Cng C ca C ca cnh Ci xay Cm xi C u C dong 296 296 285 223 300 269 302 269 285 232 235 257 302 202 304 254 300 300 245 255 255 225 249 241 299

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Bo phn Bo tai chut B ng B B sp B r B thm Bm Hy Lp Bnh bt Bnh nc k quan Bnh nc Trung b Bnh vi B cht B mm B mm rng Bn bon Bng nc Bng mng tay B B B B nha B hn B kt B ngt Bng ci Bng bo Bng da Bng giy Bng phn Bng tai Bng xanh Bng vi Bng bng ta B Bi li nht Dung t Dung l tr Da chut Da gang Da gang ty 308 169 219 219 219 219 219 278 187 211 211 197 242 230 230 253 257 257 223 229 212 212 249 244 233 221 284 274 200 201 275 285 225 275 190 190 213 213 219 219 216

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Cam tho bc Cam tho nam Cam tho t Canh-qui-na Cao su Cp hng ro Cau Cau dip tm Cau king vng Cn ty Cn tu Cn xa Cu ng bc Cy rng Chanh Chn bu Chn danh nam Chn danh Trung Quc Chu th Chu thy Ch Cha vi Chiu liu ngh Ch Chi c Chm chm Chn tr nhn Chua me t Chm bao Chm bao ln Chm t Chui Chui c Chui gi ln Chui hoa Chui ht Hoa hng Hoa lin Hoa mm si Hoa tm thm Hong ng 246 281 281 273 232 220 304 294 304 263 263 230 273 169 251 240 258 258 212 212 209 260 240 233 225 249 209 255 216 215 151 296 299 296 299 296 237 265 281 215 197 D hp nh D l hng D hng Dnh dnh Du tm Du ty Du con ri Du lai c c Du trai Dy chiu Dy Cng cha Dy g an hp Dy n k cp Dy gn Dy gi trn Dy giun Dy st Dy k ninh Dy kim ng Dy mi Dy ng lo Dy rut g D bn D Cao Bng Dn gai Dip long l to Dip long nhn Dong Dong np Dong ring Du Du l thon Thy trc Thc dc Thng sn T ng Tiu C mi Cm rm Cu l hng

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295 279 251 186 276 276 273 229 236 223 232 224 209 188 259 259 259 258 240 260 197 257 197 196 196 207 207 202 201 201 299 299 299 228 228 300 268 234 225 192

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Da hu Da M Da Da cn Da l Dng a hong a bp i hong i tng qun ng sm o o ln ht iu ln ht o tin ay ay qu trn u bp u khu u phng u xanh a lan ip cng iu nhum inh hng inh lng quyn trng ta n chu chu inh lng gai u c i c xanh ui chut ui cng hoa ui cng hoa trng ng quy Gai Gai du Gai mo Gi t 219 290 304 151 304 281 228 204 295 265 236 254 254 282 223 223 224 188 245 246 294 244 222 239 264 212 258 264 264 216 237 237 285 205 205 262 94 230 230 285 Kn

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Hong lin He H o Hi Hi Hi ni Hng Ht b Ht b leo Hu Hp lng Hng chanh Hng d tho Hng nhu ta Hng nhu trng Hng ph Hunh tinh ch mu 196 246 208 228 191 191 213 230 230 295 230 287 281 287 287 300 299 286 248 242 242 242 306 255 249 249 193 278 295 295 277 295 295 219 252 284 290 257 246 284 Vc Vi Vn th Vn tu Vang Vng anh Vng giang Vng ng Vn hng Vp Vt r li Vi voi Vng nem Tiu di Tc tin Tc tin hoa Tc v n Ti li Ti li l rng Ti ta T hp cao T lin vng xanh T xanh Tr Tr hng ro Trch t Trai tch Trm gi Tri n Trm Trang son Trm bu Tru c Tru Trinh n Trinh n hong cung Trm hi Trc o Trng sinh mung Trng sinh rch T c Keo bng vng Keo l trm Keo giu Ko no Kh Kh rng Kh rng l trinh n Khoai ca Khoai lang Khoai ngt Khoai sn Khoai ty Khoai t Khoai t nhm Kh qua Kh sm nam Kin c Kiu Kim ng Kim tin tho Kim vng

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192 278 295 168 295 295 290 206 151 190 209 232 305 223 239 284 239 273 240 229 192 243 295 226 275 234 234 305 260 248 269 175 244 244 197 197 251 210 237 279 246

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Giu Gip c Gn Gn ta Gi trn Gng H th H th trng Hi tin Hm ch Hm ch Hnh ty Ho rp H Hoa chong 232 193 226 226 258 298

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Kinh gii K ninh La dn L lt Thng 5 l 204 275 285 281 193 290 306 290 284 Thng thin Tht nt Thm i Thuc bng Thuc cu Thuc l Thuc phin Thuc vi Thuc di 286 273 291 192 179 275 304 285 234 268 276 199 230 230 X can Xa-b-ch Xc pho Xng m ch Xng mu rch Xy X ri vung Xoi Xoan Yn bch Vt gai V sa Vng

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201 214 283 291 214 281 237 188 244 257 254 253 269

TI LIU THAM KHO


1*. Nguyn B, Hnh thi hc thc vt, Tp I v II, NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1978. 2. Nguyn Tin Bn, Cm nang tra cu v nhn bit cc h thc vt ht kn Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni, 1997. 3*. B Mn Thc vt Dc, Trng i hc Dc H Ni, Thc vt Dc-Phn loi thc vt, H Ni, 1997. 4*. V Vn Chi, Dng c Tin, Phn loi hc thc vt-Thc vt bc cao, NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1978. 5. V Vn Chi, T in cy thuc Vit Nam, NXB Y hc, 1999. 6. V Vn Chi, T in thc vt thng dng, Tp I v II, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2003. 7*. V Vn Chuyn, Bi ging thc vt hc, NXB Y hc, H Ni, 1991. 8. Phm Hong H, Sinh hc thc vt, B Quc gia gio dc xut bn, 1967.

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9*. Phm Hong H, Cy c Vit nam, Tp I, II v III, NXB Tr, 1999. 9*. Phm Hong H, Cy c v thuc Vit nam, NXB Tr, 2006. 11*. Tt Li, Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 1995. 12. Bach D., Classification des plantes vasculaires, Tome II, SEDES, Paris, 1951. 13. Boureau E., Anatomie vgtale, Tome I, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1954. 14. Campbell N. A., Mitchell L. G. and Reece J. B., Biology concepts and Connections, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994. 15. Crt P., Prcis de Botanique, Tome I et II, Masson et Cie dit., Paris, 1959. 16. Deysson G., Elments danatomie des plants vasculaires, SEDES, Paris, 1954. 17. Deysson G., Organisation et Classification des Plantes vasculaires, 2e Partie: Systmatique, SEDES, Paris, 1964. 18. Eames A. J. and MacDaniels L. H., An introduction to Plant Anatomy, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, London, 1951. 19*.Esau C., Gii phu thc vt - Tp I, Ngi dch: Phm Hi, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 1980. 20. Frank B. Salisbury and Cleon W. Ross, Plant Physiology, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont- California, 1992. 21. Lecomte M. H., Flore gnrale de l Indo-Chine. 22. Lodish H., Berk A., Matsudaira P., Kaiser C. A., Krieger M., Scott M. P., Zipursky S. L., Darnell J., Molecular cell biology, Fifth edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 2004. 23. http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/flora/newgate/takh1ang.htm Du * ch ti liu cn cho sinh vin.

Chu trch nhim xut bn : Ch tch HQT kim Tng Gim c NG TRN I Ph Tng Gim c kim Tng bin tp NGUYN QU THAO Chu trch nhim ni dung: Ch tch HQT kim Gim c CTCP Sch HDN TRN NHT TN file://C:\Windows\Temp\cmedfhmrnf\thuc_vat_duoc.htm 05/09/2011

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Bin tp v sa bn in : PHM TH PHNG Trnh by ba : BI QUANG TUN Ch bn : INH XUN DNG

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THC VT DC
M s : 7K722M7DAI In 1.000 bn, (Q: 96), kh 19 x 27cm, ti Cng ty CP In Anh Vit. a ch: S 74, ng 310 ng Nghi Tm, Ty H, H Ni Giy php KKH xut bn s: 7702007/CXB/41676/GD In xong v np lu chiu thng 1 nm 2008.

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