TRNG I HC HNG HI

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

B MN H THNG THNG TIN
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BI GING

C S D LIU




TN HC PHN : C S D LIU
M HC PHN : 17401
TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUY
DNG CHO SV NGNH : CNG NGH THNG TIN












HI PHNG - 2011
2
MC LC

Chng 1. Gii thiu 7
1.1. Tng quan v c s d liu 7
1.2. H thng tp tin v h qun tr d liu 7
1.3. Cc m hnh d liu 9
1.4. Cc mc tru tng trong c s d liu 17
Chng 2. M hnh Thc th-Lin kt 21
2.1. Tng quan v thit k c s d liu 21
2.2. M hnh Thc th-Lin kt 21
2.3. Thc th v thuc tnh 21
2.4. Quan h gia cc thc th 22
Chng 3: M hnh d liu quan h 24
3.1. Cc khi nim c bn 24
3.2. Cc rng buc d liu 24
3.3. Chuyn i s Thc th-Lin kt sang c s d liu quan h 27
Chng 4. i s quan h 29
4.1. Php chn 29
4.2. Php chiu 29
4.3. Php hp 30
4.4. Php giao 30
4.5. Php tr 30
4.6. Tch Descartes 31
4.7. Cc php kt ni 31
4.8. Php chia 32
Chng 5. Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc- SQL 33
5.1. Tng quan v SQL 33
5.2. Truy vn SQL c bn 33
5.3. Truy vn s dng cc hm thng k 34
5.4. Cc lnh sa i d liu 35
Chng 6. Chun ha v rt gn c s d liu quan h 37
6.1. Cc vn v d tha d liu 37
6.2. Cc ph thuc hm 37
6.3. Cc dng chun ca lc quan h 44
3
6.3.1. Dng chun 1 (1NF) 44
6.3.2. Dng chun 2 (2NF) 44
6.3.3. Dng chun 3 (3NF) 44
6.3.4. Dng chun Boyce-Codd (BCNF) 44
6.4. Php tch lc quan h 45
6.4.1. Php tch bo ton thng tin 45
6.4.2. Php tch bo ton ph thuc 45
6.5. Chun ha lc quan h 47
6.5.1. Tch lc quan h v 3NF 47
6.5.2. Tch lc quan h v BCNF 47
Mt s thi mu 49

4
Tn hc phn: C s d liu Loi hc phn: 1
B mn ph trch ging dy: H thng Thng tin Khoa ph trch: CNTT.
M hc phn: 17401 Tng s TC: 2
Tng s tit L thuyt Thc hnh/ Xemina T hc Bi tp ln n mn hc
45 45 0 0 khng khng

Hc phn hc trc: Khng yu cu.
Hc phn tin quyt: Khng yu cu.
Hc phn song song: Khng yu cu.
Mc tiu ca hc phn:
Cung cp cc kin thc c bn v m hnh c s d liu quan h; Thit k mt c s d liu hiu
qu.
Ni dung ch yu:
Gii thiu v c s d liu; M hnh Thc th-Lin kt; M hnh d liu quan h; i s quan h;
Gii thiu v ngn ng truy vn d liu c cu trc SQL; Thit k c s d liu quan h.
Ni dung chi tit:

TN CHNG MC
PHN PHI S TIT
TS LT TH BT KT
Chng 1. Gii thiu 3 3
1.1. Tng quan v c s d liu
1.2. H thng tp tin v h qun tr d liu
1.3. Cc m hnh d liu
1.4. Cc mc tru tng trong c s d liu
Chng 2. M hnh Thc th-Lin kt 6 6
2.1. Tng quan v thit k c s d liu
2.2. M hnh Thc th-Lin kt
2.3. Thc th v thuc tnh
2.4. Quan h gia cc thc th
Chng 3: M hnh d liu quan h 6 6
3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
3.2. Cc rng buc d liu
3.3. Chuyn i s Thc th-Lin kt sang c s d liu
quan h

Chng 4. i s quan h 6 6
4.1. Php chn
5

TN CHNG MC
PHN PHI S TIT
TS LT TH BT KT
4.2. Php chiu
4.3. Php hp
4.4. Php giao
4.5. Php tr
4.6. Tch Descartes
4.7. Cc php kt ni
4.8. Php chia
Chng 5. Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc- SQL 9 9
5.1. Tng quan v SQL
5.2. Truy vn SQL c bn
5.3. Truy vn s dng cc hm thng k
5.4. Cc lnh sa i d liu
Chng 6. Chun ha v rt gn c s d liu quan h 15 15
6.1. Cc vn v d tha d liu
6.2. Cc ph thuc hm
6.3. Cc dng chun ca lc quan h
6.3.1. Dng chun 1 (1NF)
6.3.2. Dng chun 2 (2NF)
6.3.3. Dng chun 3 (3NF)
6.3.4. Dng chun Boyce-Codd (BCNF)
6.4. Php tch lc quan h
6.4.1. Php tch bo ton thng tin
6.4.2. Php tch bo ton ph thuc
6.5. Chun ha lc quan h
6.5.1. Tch lc quan h v 3NF
6.5.2. Tch lc quan h v BCNF
Nhim v ca sinh vin:
Tham d cc bui hc l thuyt v thc hnh, lm cc bi tp c giao, lm cc bi thi gia hc
phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn theo ng quy nh.
Ti liu hc tp:
1. Nguyn Kim Anh, Nguyn l ca cc h c s d liu, NXB Gio dc, 2005.
2. L Tin Vng, Nhp mn c s d liu quan h, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 1997.
3. Raghu Ramakrishnan, Database Management Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
6
Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:
- Hnh thc thi: thi trc nghim hoc t lun
- Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: cn c vo s tham gia hc tp ca sinh vin trong cc bui
hc l thuyt v thc hnh, kt qu lm cc bi tp c giao, kt qu ca cc bi thi gia hc phn
v bi thi kt thc hc phn.
Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F.
im nh gi hc phn: Z = 0,2X + 0,8Y.

Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn H thng Thng tin, Khoa Cng
ngh Thng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin.

Ngy ph duyt: / /

Trng B mn
7
Chng 1. Gii thiu
1.1. Tng quan v c s d liu
C s d liu l mt tp hp c t chc cc d liu c lin quan lun l vi nhau. Ni cch
khc l mt h thng cc thng tin c cu trc c lu tr trn cc thit b lu tr thng tin
th cp, v d nh: a t, bng t, b nh flash, nhm mc ch tha mn yu cu t chc d
liu, gip cho vic khai thc d liu c nhanh chng v chnh xc. C s d liu phi c
thit k sao cho c th cho php nhiu ngi dng v nhiu ng dng khc nhau cng khai thc.

Hnh 1.1: S tng qut v mt h c s d liu
1.2. H thng tp tin v h qun tr d liu
1.2.1. H thng tp tin kiu c
Trc khi cc h qun tr c s d liu ra i, d liu c lu tr theo kiu in t trn cc
h thng my tnh thnh nhiu tp tin ring bit, s dng cc h qun l tp tin (t y v sau ta gi
h tp tin theo li c). Nhng tp tin ny c x l bng cc ngn ng lp trnh th h th ba nh
COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL v ngay c BASIC to ra cc gii php cho cc vn ca
doanh nghip. Mi ng dng, chng hn nh h tnh lng, h kho hay h thng k ton s c mt
tp cc tp tin ring cha d liu ring. Cc ng dng nh vy t ra ba vn sau:
- C s rng buc cht ch gia cu trc lun l v cu trc vt l ca cc tp tin v chng trnh
ng dng khai thc chng. iu ny khin vic to nn cc ng dng ny rt kh khn, tn nhiu
thi gian v do vy m tn km trong bo tr h thng.
- C s d tha d liu rt ln qua vic trng lp cc tp tin trong cc ng dng khc nhau. iu
ny to ra nhng vn nh: d liu thiu nht qun, khng gian a b lng ph, thi gian bo tr
v lu phng h cc tp tin gia tng, vn v qun tr nh khng ch trng bo mt v t chc d
liu thiu thng nht. Mt v d in hnh v s trng lp d liu l:
H thng qun l nhn s bao gm ba h thng con:
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- H thng chm cng v qun l lng: h thng ny duy tr thng tin v ngy cng v
qun l vic tnh lng cho tt c nhn vin.
- H thng qun l h s nhn s: h thng ny duy tr l lch c nhn, d liu v t chc,
cng vic o to v v tr thng tin.
- H thng qun l thng tin hu tr: h thng ny qun tr cc qui tc lin quan n ngh
hu, loi ngh hu. Chi tit v ch hu tr ca tng nhn vin.
Vn phc tp l H thng chm cng v qun l lng thng thng c qun l bi
phng Ti v, trong khi H thng qun l nhn s v H thng qun l thng tin hu tr c qun
l bi phng T chc. R rng, c nhiu d liu v nhn vin l chung cho c ba h. Thng nhng
h ny c thc hin v gi ring bit do chng to s trng lp d liu nhn vin m chng s
dng.
- Ngi s dng c t kh nng khai thc trc tip d liu m hon ton phi thng qua phn mm
tc nghip.
1.2.2. H qun tr c s d liu
H qun tr c s d liu l mt tp hp chng trnh gip cho ngi s dng c th to ra,
duy tr v khai thc mt c s d liu. l mt h thng phn mm ph dng, cung cp mi
trng v cng c gip cho vic nh ngha, xy dng v thao tc c s d liu cho cc ng dng
khc nhau mt cch d dng.
nh ngha mt c s d liu l c t cc kiu d liu, cc cu trc, cc rng buc cho cc
d liu s c lu tr.
Xy dng c s d liu l lu tr d liu ln cc phng tin lu tr c h qun tr c s
d liu kim sot.
Thao tc trn mt c s d liu l qu trnh truy vn c s d liu ly ra cc d liu c th,
cp nht c s d liu, to ra cc bo co t d liu.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh h qun tr c s d liu
9
Mi h qun tr c s d liu c mt ngn ng nh ngha d liu ring (DDL - Data
Definition Languague). y l ngn ng dng nh ngha, khai bo cu trc ca ca c s d
liu. Nhng ngi thit k v qun tr c s d liu thc hin cc cng vic khai bo cu trc c s
d liu. Cc chng trnh khai bo cu trc CSDL c vit bng ngn ng DDL m h qun tr
CSDL cho php.
Cc chng trnh ng dng c vit bng cc ngn ng lp trnh C++/C#/Java/Delphi kt
hp vi cc ngn ng thao tc d liu (DML - Data Manipulation Language) thng qua cc th
vin hoc i tng kt ni CSDL c ngn ng lp trnh h tr: ODBC, RDO, ADO,
Cc h qun tr c s d liu quan h ngy nay ph bin s dng cc ngn ng DDL v DML
da trn ngn ng SQL.
i vi h qun tr c s d liu SQL Server ca Microsoft th ngn ng dng tng tc
vi c s d liu l T SQL. y l mt phin bn ca ngn ng SQL. Ngn ng T SQL trn
SQL Server bao gm nhiu cu lnh khc nhau, c th chia thnh 2 nhm:
Nhm ngn ng nh ngha d liu DDL: vi cc lnh cho php to, thay i cu trc v xa
cc i tng CSDL: database, table, view,
Nhm ngn ng thao tc d liu DML: vi cc lnh (nh SELECT / INSERT / UPDATE /
DELETE) cho php ly v d liu c th, thay i gi tr ca d liu.

Hnh 1.3: Tng tc vi h qun tr c s d liu
Nhn chung cc h qun tr c s d liu c nguyn l hot ng nh sau (xem hnh 1.4):
Cc yu cu ca chng trnh ng dng c chuyn ti h qun tr CSDL (theo con ng
s 1). Ti y h qun tr CSDL s tham kho cc t in d liu (Meta DataBase) tm kim cc
nh x cu trc ngoi vi cu trc quan nim v cu trc vt l (cc ng a, b v c). Ti y h qun
10
tr CSDL c th s tham kho ti vng m ca n xc nh xem cu tr li c sn
cha, nu c th tr li cho chng trnh ng dng thng qua con ng s 8b; ngc li s yu cu
h iu hnh truy xut thng tin theo con ng s 2. Ti y h iu hnh s gi yu cu truy xut
thng tin trong CSDL thng qua h thng xut nhp ca HH (cc con ng s 3 v 5). Nu vic
truy xut khng thnh cng n s tr li yu cu v cho h qun tr CSDL (c th thng qua cc m
li) qua con ng s 6; nu thnh cng th d liu s c chuyn vo vng m ca h qun tr
CSDL. Qua x l, h qun tr CSDL s chuyn d liu vo vng m ca chng trnh ng dng
n x l (qua con ng 8a) v cho ra kt qu tr li ca chng trnh ng dng qua con ng s
10.

Hnh 1.4: Hot ng ca h qun tr c s d liu
1.3. Cc m hnh d liu
S cn thit t chc lu tr d liu theo mt cch thc xc nh v cht ch dn n s
pht trin cc m hnh d liu. T nhng m hnh mng, m hnh phn cp v m hnh d liu quan
h l nhng m hnh c s d liu kinh in, truyn thng cho n cc m hnh c s d liu phn
tn, c s d liu hng i tng...l nhng m hnh d liu hin i c p dng nhiu trn th
trng hin nay.
i tng nghin cu cc h CSDL l cc thc th v cc mi lin kt gia cc thc th. Mt
m hnh CSDL phi c kh nng biu din thc th v lin kt gia cc thc th. Cc lin kt l mt
dng c bit ca thc th. Cc cch tip cn CSDL l cc cch nhn v cc cch biu din lin kt
ca ngi s dng.
Nghin cu m hnh c s d liu da trn cc yu cu sau:
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- Mc tiu c lp d liu: Phi xc nh r rng cc kha cnh logic v kha cnh vt
l ca vic qun tr c s d liu, bao gm vic thit k cc h c s d liu, cc thao tc
v tm kim d liu bng cc cng c ngn ng con d liu.
- Mc tiu trao i: M hnh d liu n gin v cu trc, sao cho ngi s dng c cch
nhn trong sut khi truy nhp vo cc h c s d liu v c kh nng trao i vi nhau
v c s d liu.
- Mc tiu x l tp: Ngi s dng c th s dng ngn ng bc cao biu din cc
php ton trn trn cc mng thng tin, k thut x l theo l (batch), m khng phi x
l tun t theo tng bn ghi.
- M hnh c xy dng trn c s l thuyt vng chc, cht ch.
Mt m hnh d liu l mt h thng hnh thc ton hc, bao gm:
- H thng cc k hiu biu din d liu.
- Tp hp cc php ton thao tc trn c s d liu.
c trng ca mt m hnh d liu bao gm:
- Tnh n nh khi thit k m hnh d liu.
- Tnh n gin c ngha l d hiu v d thao tc.
- Tnh d tha cn phi kim tra k lng .
- Tnh i xng phi c bo ton v
- C c s l thuyt vng chc.
T chc d liu theo m hnh no l tt nht. Thc t cha c m hnh d liu no l tt nht.
Tt nht ph thuc vo yu cu truy xut v khai thc thng tin ca n v qun l n. N c s
dng u v vo lc no l tt nht. Tuy nhin, thng ngi ta da vo cc tiu ch sau ni
rng m hnh d liu tt nht khi:
Mc ch: Phn ln cc m hnh d liu s dng h thng k hiu biu din d
liu v lm nn tng cho cc h ng dng v ngn ng thao tc d liu. Cc m
hnh thc th quan h khng c h thng k hiu xy dng cc php ton thao
tc d liu, m s dng thit k lc khi nim, ci t trong mt m hnh
d liu vi mt h qun tr c s d liu no .
Hng gi tr hay hng i tng: Cc m hnh d liu quan h v m hnh
logic l cc m hnh d liu hng gi tr. Trong cc m hnh d liu hng gi
tr c tnh khai bo (declarativeness) v c tc ng n cc ngn ng c n h
tr. Cc m hnh mng, phn cp, m hnh d liu hng i tng cung cp c
tnh nhn dng i tng, nn c th xem chng l cc m hnh hng i tng.
M hnh thc th quan h cng c c c tnh nhn dng hng i tng.
Tnh d tha: Tt c cc m hnh d liu u c kh nng h tr lu tr d liu
vt l v hn ch s d tha d liu. Tuy nhin cc m hnh d liu hng i
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tng gii quyt s d tha tt hn, bng cch to ra s dng con tr tr n
nhiu v tr khc nhau.
Gii quyt mi quan h nhiu nhiu: Phn ln trong cc m hnh c s d liu
c cha cc mi quan h nhiu nhiu, mt nhiu hay quan h mt mt. Mt
quan h c nhiu phn t ca cc quan h khc v ngc li. Tuy nhin trong m
hnh d liu mng khng chp nhn mi quan h nhiu nhiu.
1.3.1. M hnh c s d liu quan h (Relational model)
M hnh ny da trn l thuyt tp hp v i s quan h. V tnh cht cht ch ca ton hc
v l thuyt tp hp nn m hnh ny m t d liu mt cch r rng, mm do v l m hnh
thng dng nht hin nay. Hu ht cc h qun tr c s d liu thng dng hin nay u t chc d
liu theo m hnh d liu quan h.
M hnh c s d liu quan h (gi tt l M hnh Quan h) do E.F Codd xut nm 1971.
M hnh ny bao gm:
- Mt h thng cc k hiu m t d liu di dng dng v ct nh: quan h, b, thuc
tnh, kha chnh, kho ngoi, ...
- Mt tp hp cc php ton thao tc trn d liu nh php ton tp hp, php ton quan h.
- Rng buc ton vn quan h.
1.3.2. M hnh phn cp (Hierarchical model)
1.3.2.1 Cu trc biu din d liu phn cp
Trong m hnh CSDL phn cp, d liu c biu din bng cu trc cy. Mt CSDL phn
cp l tp cc cy (rng cy). Trong mi mt cy ch cha mt v ch mt xut hin ca bn ghi
gc, gi l bn ghi nh, v di n l tp cc xut hin ca cc bn ghi ph thuc. Cc bn ghi ph
thuc c th l tu hoc khng tn ti. Mt bn ghi gc c th c mt s bt k cc bn ghi ph
thuc v cc bn ghi ph thuc c th c mt s cc bn ghi ph thuc mc thp hn... Hnh 2.1
biu din mt m hnh CSDL phn cp v tuyn cp v cc loi cp. D liu c biu din bng 4
cu trc cy n gin, trong gc l xut hin kiu bn ghi loi cp bao gm cc thng tin m cp,
tn cp, s lng, m nc sn xut, tn nc sn xut. Cc bn ghi ph thuc l kiu cc bn ghi
cc tuyn cp c lp t cc loi cp , bao gm cc thng tin v s hiu tuyn cp, tn gi tuyn
cp, di v ngy hon thnh vic xy dng tuyn cp . Nh vy cc bn ghi gc l cc kiu
bn ghi v cc loi cp c lp t v cc bn ghi ph thuc l cc bn ghi v thng tin cc
tuyn cp.
Theo nh ngha, khng th c cc bn ghi ph thuc m khng tn ti bn ghi gc, ngha l
khng th tn ti cc loi cp m cha c lp t trn mt tuyn no c. Nh vy c th c th
tn ti cc loi cy va c xut hin ca bn ghi gc v cc bn ghi ph thuc, ngha l mi mt
loi cp c th c lp t trn nhiu tuyn cp khc nhau v trn mt tuyn cp c th c nhiu
loi cp khc nhau c lp t. C loi cy ch tn ti bn ghi gc thoi ho, di n khng tn ti
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bn ghi ph thuc, ngha l c t nht mt loi cp cha c a vo lp t s dung. Theo nh
ngha, khng tn ti loi cy ch c cc bn ghi ph thuc m khng c bn gc, tc l trn mi
tuyn cp phi c t nht mt loi cp. iu g s xy ra khi trn trn mt tuyn no c duy nht
mt loi cp b hu b.
1.3.2.1. Ngn ng thao tc trn CSDL phn cp
- Biu din ph thuc trong m hnh phn cp: Cc ng ni t bn ghi gc tr xung cc
bn ghi ph thuc, hay t bn ghi cha tr xung bn ghi con biu din mi quan h gia cc
bn ghi trong m hnh phn cp. V d trong bn ghi Phiu xut kho c th xc nh c
m v n gi ca cc loi cp.
- Chn thm: Trong cu trc hnh cy, c mt v ch mt xut hin bn ghi gc, tc l bt
buc phi c xut hin bn ghi v cc loi cp. Nu mun lu tr thng tin v mt tuyn cp
mi vo CSDL, th iu ny khng th thc hin c, v khng th thm thng tin v cc
xut hin kiu bn ghi ph thuc (thng tin v cc tuyn cp) vo CSDL phn cp khi cha
c thng tin v cc loi cp.
- Loi b: Trong mt s cu trc cy d liu, thng tin v mt vn no y c cha
trong mt xut hin kiu bn ghi ph thuc duy nht th khi loi b s lm mt thng tin v
vn trn. V d khi loi b loi cp M04 trn tuyn T03, s ko theo thng tin v tuyn
cp T03 b mt v thng tin v cp mang m hiu M04 cng b mt lun. Nh vy c th
xy ra hin tng mt thng tin v cc tuyn cp hoc thng tin v cc loi cp khi thc hin
cc thao tc loi b.


Hnh 1.5: C s d liu v cc tuyn cp vin thng

14
- Sa i: Nu cn phi sa i mt s thng tin trong cc xut hin kiu bn ghi ph
thuc th phi duyt ton b m hnh d liu, bng cch phi d tm trong tng xut hin.
Nh vy kh nng d tm khng ht c th xy ra, s dn n s xut hin mu thun
thng tin v khng nht qun d liu trong lu tr. V d cn thay i tn gi ca cc
tuyn cp hoc tn gi cc loi cp, nu s cc xut hin kiu bn ghi loi ny rt ln, kh
nng duyt st vn c th xy ra, ngha l mu thun thng tin, khng nht qun thng tin
s xy ra.
- Cc php tm kim: Cc xut hin ca cc bn ghi ph thuc ch tn ti khi v ch khi tn
ti xut hin kiu bn ghi gc.
V d: Q1: Tm s hiu ca cc tuyn, Q2: Tm s hiu cc loi cp c lp t cp MC#="M02", lp
t trn tuyn TC#=T02.
Cc truy vn thng i xng nhau nhng kt qu ca cc php tm kim khng i xng .V
vy trong cu trc lu tr ca m hnh phn cp rt hn ch khi thc hin vic tm kim thng tin.
Nu CSDL phn cp cng ln th tnh phc tp cng cao. Gy nhiu phc tp cho ngi s dng,
nht l i vi lp trnh vin phi mt nhiu thi gian cng sc lp trnh v bo tr, hiu chnh
cc chng trnh.
Tm li thng tin t chc lu tr theo m hnh phn cp c biu din d liu trong mt tp
duy nht theo cu trc cy. Trong mi mt cy, tn ti mt v ch duy nht mt xut hin kiu bn
ghi gc v cng vi n c mt tp cc xut hin kiu bn ghi ph thuc. Khi thao tc trn CSDL
phn cp bng ngn ng thao tc d liu, c nhiu kh nng xy ra tha hoc thiu thng tin, mu
thun thng tin dn n s khng nht qun d liu trong lu tr. Tnh ton vn ca d liu khng
c m bo. Cc cu truy vn, tm kim khng c tnh i xng. Tnh c lp ca d liu d b vi
phm. Tnh n nh khng cao.
1.3.3. M hnh mng(Network model)
Trong m hnh ny d liu c t chc thnh mt th c hng, trong cc nh l cc
thc th, cc cung l quan h gia hai nh, mt kiu bn ghi c th lin kt vi nhiu kiu bn ghi
khc. Mt con c th c nhiu cha do c th c nhiu ng truy nhp n mt d liu cho
trc. Tp d liu c t chc theo cu trc ca m hnh d liu mng gi l CSDL mng.

Hnh 1.6: Mt v d v c s d liu mng
15
M hnh d liu mng l m hnh thc th quan h, trong cc mi lin kt b hn ch
trong kiu mt - mt v nhiu mt. Trong m hnh CSDL mng, d liu c biu din trong cc
bn ghi lin kt vi nhau bng cc mi ni lin kt (link) to thnh mt th c hng. CSDL
mng c cu trc tng qut hn so vi cu trc CSDL phn cp. Mi mt xut hin ca mt bn ghi
c th c rt nhiu cc xut hin kiu bn ghi trn n v cc xut hin kiu bn ghi di n. Ngoi
cc kiu bn ghi biu din d liu cn c kiu bn ghi cc phn t kt ni, biu din s kt hp gia
cc biu din d liu. Cho php m hnh ho tng ng nhiu - nhiu. Hnh 2.2 biu din mt m
hnh CSDL mng v cc tuyn cp v cc loi cp c lp t. Ngoi cc xut hin kiu bn ghi
tuyn cp v cc xut hin kiu cc bn ghi cc loi cp cn c cc xut hin kiu cc bn ghi v
cc phn t kt ni l cc phn t s lng. Cc phn t ny kt ni tuyn cp v cc loi cp l
thng tin v tnh hnh lp t. S T1 10 M01 ch ra rng tuyn T1 c 10 cp M01, T1
18 M02 c ngha l T1 c 18 cp loi c m s l M02...
- Mng cha hai kiu thc th: Trong mi mt tuyn cp, c nhiu loi cp khc nhau vi
s lng khc nhau. Mi mt loi cp c th c mt trong nhiu tuyn cp khc nhau. Kiu
bn ghi s lng c chc nng lin kt hai kiu bn ghi tuyn cp v cc loi cp. Mi mt
xut hin kiu bn ghi s lng biu din mi lin kt gia cc bn ghi tuyn cp vi cc
bn ghi loi cp. Thit lp mi lin kt gia mt tuyn cp v mt loi cp sao cho mi xut
hin tng ng ca s lng u c mt trong xut hin cc tuyn cp v loi cp. V d
tuyn cp T1 v loi cp m M01 c mi lin kt vi s lng l 10. T5 v M07
khng c mi lin kt, iu ny c ngha l loi cp M07 cha c mt trong mt tuyn no
c v tuyn T5 cha c mt loi cp no c lp t.
- Mng cha hn hai kiu thc th: Lin kt n kiu thc th biu din bng mt kiu bn
ghi lin kt n kiu bn ghi vi nhau. Mi xut hin ca bn ghi lin kt s l thnh vin
ca ng mt xut hin ca mt trong s n kiu bn ghi. Nh vy s biu din mi lin kt n
thc th tng ng. V d thm mt kiu thc th mi - n v thi cng tuyn cp. C th
mt n v thi cng nhiu tuyn cp v trong mt tuyn cp c nhiu n v thi cng. Thm
kiu thc th ngy nhp kho (NHAP) ca ca cc loi cp trc khi a vo s dng hoc
a thm thng tin v hng sn xut...
- Mng ch cha mt kiu thc th: Tn ti c s d liu ch cha mt thc th. V d c s
d liu cha thng tin v ph tng v linh kin, trong mt linh kin t n c th l mt
ph tng v t n c th cha cc ph tng khc. Nh vy mng c sp d liu ch cha duy
nht mt kiu bn ghi ph tng. V mi mt ph tng li c th l t hp ca mt s chi tit
thnh phn, li va c th l thnh phn ca cc t hp khc. Nh vy c s d liu mng
c hai thc th, hai kiu bn ghi nhng thc cht ch l mt.

16

Hnh 1.7: M hnh c s d liu mng

Ngn ng d liu thao tc trn CSDL mng thng bao gm cc thao tc c bn sau y:
- Chn thm: Khi thm cc cc kiu bn ghi mi, c th con tr (mi ni) t tr vo n. V
d, c chn thm cc thng tin xut hin bn ghi v tuyn cp hoc xut hin kiu bn ghi
v cc loi cp m cha c trong CSDL v cha c cc bn ghi kt ni, ngha l cha c
thng tin v cc loi cp c lp t, nhng m hnh CSDL mng vn m bo c tnh
nht qun ca d liu v tnh ton vn ca d liu.
- Loi b: C th loi b cc xut hin kiu bn ghi d liu v xut hin kiu bn ghi kt ni
trong m hnh CSDL mng m khng nh hng ti tnh nht qun v tnh ton vn d liu.
C th xo mt loi cp no khi khng cn s dng. V d cn xa b 8 cp M04 trong
T1 bng cch xo b cc con tr gia T1 v 8; gia 8 v M04 m khng lm mt thng tin,
khng xut hin d thng thng tin.
- Sa i: C th sa i ni dung d liu m khng cn duyt qua m hnh v cng khng
lm xut hin mu thun d liu.
- Tm kim: Cc cu hi i xng v kt qu ca php tm kim cng i xng vi nhau nh
trong m hnh c s d liu quan h.
17
M hnh CSDL mng l m hnh i xng, v vy cc cu hi v kt qu cc cu hi tm
kim thng i xng vi nhau. Khi thc hin cc php lu tr nh chn thm, loi b hay sa i
d liu trong m hnh CSDL mng vn bo m c s nht qun ca d liu v tnh ton vn ca
d liu. Cch tip cn CSDL mng l phng php biu din d liu trong cc tp theo cu trc d
liu cht ch. Cc xut hin kiu bn ghi c kt ni vi nhau bng cc xut hin kiu bn ghi lin
kt. Khi thao tc cc php cp nht khng xut hin cc d thng thng tin.. Tuy nhin cu trc d
liu rt trong m hnh CSDL mng qu phc tp v qu nhiu lin kt gia cc xut hin d liu vi
nhau bng cc xut hin kt ni. V vy vic thit k v ci t c s d liu mng thng rt kh
khn, nht l xy dng cc php ton thao tc trn n.
1.3.4. M hnh d liu hng i tng (Object Oriented model)
C s d liu hng i tng v h qun tr c s d liu hng i tng (Object
Oriented Database management Systems OO DBMS) m t cc kiu d liu c xy dng bng
phng php to bn ghi v to tp hp. Cc quan h c xy dng t cc b bng thao tc to
mt tp hp cc bn ghi c khun dng thng nht.
Che du d liu (Encapsulation): Khi c yu cu truy xut n cc i tng thuc kiu c
bit, phi qua cc th tc c nh ngha cho cc i tng . Chng hn nh ngha stack nh
l mt kiu v nh ngha cc thao tc PUSH, POP p dng cho stack.
c tnh nhn dng i tng (Object Indentity): L kh nng phn bit cc i tng .
Ngha l cu trc cc kiu c bn nh nhau. Cc kiu c bn l chui k t, s.
1.4. Cc mc tru tng trong c s d liu
Cc mc tru tng trong CSDL bao gm: Mc trong, mc m hnh d liu (Mc quan
nim) v mc ngoi. Gia cc mc tn ti cc nh x quan nim trong v nh x quan nim ngoi.
Trung tm ca h thng l mc quan nim, tc l mc m hnh d liu. Ngoi ra cn c khi nim
ngi s dng, h qun tr CSDL v ngi qun tr CSDL.
Ngi s dng: L nhng ngi ti thit b u cui truy nhp vo cc h CSDL theo ch trc
tuyn hay tng tc bng cc chng trnh ng dng hay bng cc ngn ng con d liu. Thng l
cc chuyn vin k thut tin hc, c trnh thnh tho bit lp trnh v bit s dng ngn ng con
thao tc d liu (SQL Server, Oracle... ). Ngi s dng c th truy nhp ton b hay mt phn
CSDL m h quan tm, ph thuc vo quyn truy nhp ca h. Cch nhn CSDLca ngi s dng
ni chung l tru tng. H nhn CSDL bng m hnh ngoi, gi l m hnh con d liu. Chng hn
ngi s dng l mt nhn vin ca phng k ton ti chnh, ch nhn thy tp cc xut hin kiu
bn ghi ngoi v doanh thu, sn lng trong thng, khng th nhn thy cc xut hin kiu bn ghi
lu tr v cc ch tiu k thut cu ng thng, mng li...
M hnh ngoi: M hnh ngoi l ni dung thng tin ca CSDL di cch nhn ca ngi s dng.
L ni dung thng tin ca mt phn d liu tc nghip c mt ngi hoc mt nhm ngi s
18
dng quan tm. Ni cch khc, m hnh ngoi m t cch nhn d liu ca ngi s dng v mi
ngi s dng c cch nhn d liu khc nhau. Nhiu m hnh ngoi khc nhau c th cng tn ti
trong mt h CSD, ngha l c nhiu ngi s dng chia s chung cng mt c s d liu. Hn na,
c th m hnh ngoi quan h, m hnh ngoi phn cp hay m hnh ngoi kiu mng cng c th
tn ti trong mt c s d liu. S ngoi khng lm hin m c nhng vo trong logic mt
n tc c lin quan.
- M hnh ngoi gm nhiu xut hin kiu bn ghi ngoi, ngha l mi mt ngi s
dng c mt s d liu ring, mt khung nhn d liu ring. Bn ghi ngoi ca
ngi s dng c th khc vi bn ghi lu tr v bn ghi quan nim.
- M hnh ngoi c xc nh bi mt s ngoi bao gm cc m t v kiu bn ghi
ngoi nh tn cc trng, kiu d liu cc trng, rng ca trng....
- Ngn ng con d liu ca ngi s dng thao tc trn cc bn ghi ngoi.
- Ngi s dng khc nhau c khung nhn d liu khc nhau.
- Ngi s dng u cui c th l cc ng dng hay thao tc trc tip bng ngn ng
thao tc, truy vn d liu.
M hnh d liu (m hnh quan nim): M hnh quan nim l cch nhn d liu mt cch tng
qut ca ngi s dng. Ngha l c rt nhiu cch nhn d liu m hnh ngoi, nhng ch c duy
nht mt cch nhn d liu mc quan nim. Biu din ton b thng tin trong CSDL l duy nht.
- M hnh d liu gm nhiu xut hin ca nhiu kiu bn ghi d liu. V d kiu xut
hin bn ghi v nhn s, kiu xut hin bn ghi v doanh thu, sn lng, kiu xut
hin bn ghi v cc m thoi...
- M hnh d liu c xc nh bi mt s d liu m t ca nhiu kiu thc th,
chng hn nh m t thc th tuyn cp, cc loi cp, thy gio, hc sinh... S d
liu bao gm cc nh ngha v cc kiu bn ghi, l cc rng buc cho quyn v
tnh ton vn thch hp. Nhng rng buc ny chnh l cc tnh cht ca d liu, tnh
lin kt cc thuc tnh cng mt kiu d liu. Cc nh ngha ny khng bao hm v
cu trc lu tr, cng nh v chin lc truy nhp, chng ch l cc nh ngha v ni
dung thng tin, v tnh c lp ca d liu trong m hnh quan nim.
- S quan nim lun lun n nh, ngha l nu m t thm mt kiu thc th c
bit st nhp vo s d liu, khng c lm thay i s d liu c. Nu s
d liu khng n nh th cc ng dng v m hnh ngoi cng khng n nh. S
d liu ch c thay i khi c s iu chnh trong th gii thc, i hi iu chnh
li nh ngha sao cho n phn nh th gii hin thc khch quan hn, chn l hn.
- Thit k m hnh d liu l giai on quan trng v quyt nh trong vic thit k v
ci t cc h c s d liu. Qu trnh thit k khng ph thuc qu nhiu vo cu trc
lu tr vt l v chin lc truy nhp ca d liu. Nh vy vic thit k s d liu
19
phi c tin hnh c lp vi vic thit k s trong v cc s ngoi lin
kt, v nu khng vic thit k s khng n nh v thng xuyn phi xem xt li tc
ng thng xuyn n nhiu thnh phn khc ca h thng.
- Vi cch thit k truyn thng hin nay, ngi thit k ch cung cp mt s s
trong v mt tp cc s ngoi v h coi l s d liu, l m hnh d liu. V
vy tnh khng n nh h thng, tnh khng ph hp vi cc ng dng ny sinh sau
mt thi gian hot ng. Mu thun v d thng thng tin s xy ra. Vi phm tnh
ton vn ca d liu.
- Ngoi cc nh ngha v xut hin nhiu kiu bn ghi quan nim, s d liu cn
cha cc nh ngha v quyn truy nhp ca ngi s dng, cc th tc kim tra tnh
ng n ca d liu nhm bo m tnh ton vn ca CSDL. Cc lung lu chuyn
thng tin, quy nh cch thc s dng thng tin..
Nh vy m hnh d liu l cch nhn ton b ni dung thng tin ca CSDL, s quan nim
l nh ngha ca cch nhn y. L bc i u tin , quan trng trong vic thit k v ci t cc h
c s d liu.
M hnh trong: M hnh trong l m hnh lu tr vt l d liu. Ch c duy nht mt v ch mt
cch biu din CSDL di dng lu tr vt l. M hnh trong l cch biu din c s d liu tru
tng mc thp nht.
- M hnh trong gm nhiu xut hin ca nhiu kiu bn ghi lu tr c xc nh bi
mt s trong. Thng tin biu din trong m hnh trong l duy nht.
- S trong bao gm cc nh ngha m hnh trong. Khng ch xc nh cc kiu khc
nhau ca bn ghi lu tr m cn xc nh r s tn ti ca cc ch dn, cch sp xp
cc bn ghi theo th t no...N xc nh d liu lu tr v truy nhp nh th no
thng qua cc ng dn truy nhp ti d li
- nh x quan nim trong c xc nh gia m hnh trong v m hnh d liu nhm
bo m tnh c lp ca d liu. Nu cu trc lu tr ca CSDL thay i, ngha l
thay i nh ngha v cu trc lu tr d liu th nh x ny phi cng phi thay i
tng ng sao cho s quan nim (m hnh d liu) khng thay i.
- nh x quan nim-ngoi: L nh x c xc nh tng ng mt-mt gia m hnh
ngoi ca ngi s dng vi m hnh d liu.
Bi tp
1. C s d liu l g, hiu th no l mt h c s d liu tc nghip.
2. S cn thit t chc lu tr d liu theo l thuyt c s d liu.
3. Trnh by tng qut kin trc m hnh h c s d liu 3 lp.
4. Mc tiu ca cc h c s d liu? V d minh ho.
20
5. Ti sao ni, m hnh d liu l cch nhn ton b ni dung thng tin ca CSDL, s
quan nim l nh ngha ca cch nhn y. V d minh ho.
6. Hiu nh th no v tnh c lp ca d liu.
7. Khi nim File c g khc vi khi nim c s d liu, v d minh ha?
8. Chc nng & vai tr ca h qun tr CSDL & ngi qun tr CSDL.


21
Chng 2. M hnh Thc th-Lin kt
2.1. Tng quan v thit k c s d liu
Qu trnh thit k mt c s d liu bt u vi mt s phn tch nhng thng tin no ca th
gii thc m c s d liu phi lu tr v cc mi quan h gia cc thnh phn ca nhng thng tin
ny. Thng thng, cu trc ca c s d liu hay cn c gi l s c s d liu c c t
bi mt ngn ng c bit hay mt tp cc k hiu thch hp biu th mt thit k c s d liu.
M hnh d liu l mt s hnh thc ha ton hc i vi mt tp k hiu m t d liu v mt
tp cc php ton c s dng thao tc cc d liu ny.
2.2. M hnh Thc th-Lin kt
M hnh thc th lin kt da trn c s s nhn thc ca th gii thc bao gm mt tp cc
i tng c s c gi l cc thc th v mt tp cc lin kt gia cc i tng ny. M hnh d
liu ER l mt trong cc m hnh d liu ng ngha. Kha cnh ng ngha ca m hnh ch c
gng biu din cc ng ngha ca d liu trong th gii thc. M hnh ER cc k c ch trong vic
nh x cc ng ngha v cc tng tc ca cc i tng trong th gii thc v cc lc khi
nim.

2.3. Thc th v thuc tnh
C ba k hiu c s m m hnh ER s dng: Tp cc thc th, cc lin kt v thuc tnh.
Mt thc th l mt i tng c th hay tru tng trong th gii thc m n tn ti v c th phn
bit c vi cc i tng khc. V d mt quyn sch l mt thc th. Mt nhm bao gm cc
thc th ging nhau hnh thnh mt tp thc th. V d tp thc th khch hng.
Cc tp thc th c cc c tnh, c gi l cc thuc tnh, m n kt hp vi mt thc th trong
tp thc th mt gi tr t min gi tr ca thuc tnh. Thng thng, min gi tr ca mt thuc tnh
l tp cc s nguyn, s thc hay cc xu k t.
Nhn vin Phng ban
Ngi qun
l
in thoi
Tn
Lng Tn
Tn
V tr Thuc
Qun l
22
Vic la chn cc thuc tnh thch ng i vi cc tp thc th l mt bc quan trng
trong vic thit k c s d liu. Mt thuc tnh hay mt tp con cc thuc tnh m gi tr ca n
xc nh duy nht mi thc th trong tp thc th c gi l mt kha i vi tp thc th ny. V
nguyn tc, mi tp thc th c mt kha do chng ta gi nh rng mi thc th l c phn bit
vi cc thc th khc.
2.4. Quan h gia cc thc th
Mt lin kt l s kt hp gia mt s thc th. V d, c th xc nh mt lin kt m n kt
hp mt nhn vin A vi mt phng D. Lin kt ny c t rng nhn vin A l mt thnh vin ca
phng D. Mt tp lin kt l mt tp cc lin kt cng kiu. Mt cch hnh thc, mt lin kt gia
cc tp thc th l mt danh sch c th t cc tp thc th, mt tp thc th c bit c th xut
hin nhiu hn mt ln trong danh sch.
Vic tm tt nhng thng tin cn lu tr trong mt c s d liu i vi mt thit k s dng
cc s ER l rt c ch. Trong s ER chng ta s dng cc k hiu sau biu din cc thnh
phn ca s .
- Cc hnh ch nht biu din cc tp thc th.
- Cc hnh van biu din cc thuc tnh. Chng c ni n cc tp thc th ca chng
bi cc cnh v hng. i khi, cc thuc tnh thuc kha i vi tp thc th ca
chng s c gch chn.
- Cc hnh thoi biu din cc lin kt. Chng c ni n cc tp thc th cu thnh bi
cc cnh, cc cnh c th l c hng hay khng hng.
m hnh ha th gii thc mt cch thch hp, ngi ta thng cn phi phn loi cc lin
kt ph hp vi thc t c bao nhiu thc th t mt tp thc th c th c kt hp vi bao nhiu
thc th ca mt tp thc th khc.
Lin kt mt mt:
Dng lin kt n gin nht v him gp ca lin kt trn hai tp thc th l dng mt mt,
c ngha vi mi thc th trong tp thc th ny c nhiu nht mt thc th trong tp thc th kia
kt hp vi n v ngc li. V d, lin kt Qun l gia Phng ban v Ngi qun l trong hnh
3.1. c th c khai bo l lin kt mt mt. N th hin trong mt phng khng th c nhiu
hn 1 ngi qun l, cng khng c mt ngi qun l hai hay nhiu phng.
Lin kt nhiu mt:
Trong mt lin kt nhiu mt, mt thc th trong tp thc th E2 c kt hp vi khng
hay nhiu thc th trong tp thc th E1, nhng mi thc th trong tp thc th E1 ch c kt hp
nhiu nht vi mt thc th trong tp thc th E2. iu ny c ngha l lin kt ny l mt hm b
phn t E1 n E2. V d, lin kt gia Nhn vin v Phng ban nh hnh 3.1 c th l lin kt
23
nhiu mt t Nhn vin n Phng ban. C ngha l mi nhn vin c sp xp vo nhiu nht
mt phng.
Lin kt nhiu nhiu:
Chng ta cng hay bt gp cc lin kt nhiu nhiu, y khng c s hn ch no trn s
cc thc th ca mt tp thc th ny lin kt vi khng hoc nhiu thc th ca mt tp thc th
khc v ngc li.
Trong cc s ER, chng ta s dng cc cung, c ngha l cc cnh c mt hng c ch
nh bi mt mi tn xc nh mt lin kt. Trong trng hp n gin nht, mt lin kt nhiu
mt R t A n B, chng ta t mt cung t hnh hnh ch nht biu din A qua hnh thoi biu
din R n hnh ch nht biu din B. Nu R l mt lin kt mt mt gia A v B, chng ta v
cc mi tn t R n c hai A v B. Cc lin kt nhiu nhiu th c biu din bng cc cnh v
hng. Tuy nhin khi thit k s ER ngi ta thng tm cch a cc lin kt nhiu nhiu v
thnh cc lin kt nhiu mt bng cch thm cc thc th mi.
Bi tp
1. Hy s dng m hnh thc th quan h m t d liu v Hc vin (bao gm v m hnh
t chc, cc phng ban, cc khoa, qun l sinh vin qun l o to, hc bng, cc danh hiu
thi ua...).
2. Hy v s m hnh thc th quan h v mi quan h trong gia nh: b - m, v -
chng, con ci... v chuyn v cc m hnh:
a) M hnh quan h. b) M hnh phn cp. c) M hnh mng.

24
Chng 3: M hnh d liu quan h

3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
M hnh d liu quan h, l mt trong cc m hnh c ng dng nhiu nht hin nay. N c
hu ht cc h qun tr c s d liu hin i dng ci t cc c s d liu. Trong cc c s d
liu theo m hnh d liu quan h tt c cc d liu c ghi trong cc bng c gi l cc quan
h. Cc bng u c mt tp hp hng v ct v d nh:
V d 2.1. Quan h Mt hng
Mt hng M s Tn hng n v Quy cch
1 Tivi Chic Sony 29
2 u DVD Chic Sony
3 Ram Thanh Kingston 512
Mi dng trong bng lu gi thng tin c bn v cc i tng trong bi ton thc t v d nh (1,
Tivi, Chic, Sony 29) th hin mt hng Tivi c m s l 1, n v tnh l Chic, v quy cch l
Sony 29. Tu vo c tnh ca tng ct th cc d liu ghi vo cc trn cc ct s c kiu d
liu khc nhau v d nh ct M s th d liu c kiu s, trong khi ct Tn hng th d liu c kiu
l mt xu k t.
Trong cch gi thng thng th cc hng ca bng cn c gi l bn ghi, cc ct ca bng c
gi l trng. Tuy nhin khi nghin cu l thuyt quan h ngi ta hay dng cc thut ng khc:
Thuc tnh ch ct (trng), B ch hng (bn ghi).
3.2. Cc rng buc d liu
i vi mi thuc tnh ca quan h, khi thit k ngi ta u hn ch v gi tr d liu m thuc
tnh c th nhn. Phm v gi tr c th dng cho mt thuc tnh c gi l min gi tr, v d
nh: min s nguyn, min chui k t, min gi tr ngy thng.... Ngoi vic gii hn phm vi
nhn gi tr ca cc thuc tnh, min gi tr cn xc nh cc thao tc c php s dng trn cc d
liu. V d nh i vi cc d liu s, ngi ta mi c th dng cc php ton s hc...
Trong thit k cc quan h, sau khi xc nh c mt thuc tnh ca quan h ngi ta cn tnh
ngay n tn v min gi tr ca thuc tnh . Min gi tr thng n gin v lun nhn cc gi tr
n (khng tch c). V d nh vic m t thuc tnh a ch nh ca mt ngi nh: 484 Lch
Tray, Ng Quyn, Hi Phng. y l mt gi tr kp n gm s nh, tn ph, qun, thnh ph; v
min a ch c gi l min a gi tr. Khi nn tch thuc tnh ny ra nhiu thuc tnh nh hn
m bo gi tr thuc tnh l n gin. Tuy nhin nhiu khi d dng cho vic thit k ngi ta
thng b qua vic lm ny.
25
C mt lu l khi ghi d liu vo cc bng, th ti mt no ngi ta c th b qua vic
nhp d liu v d nh:
V d 2.2: Gi tr rng (NULL)
Mt hng M s Tn hng n v Quy cch
1 Tivi Chic Sony 29
2 u DVD Chic Sony
3 RAM Kingston 512 Thanh
c th th hin c hin tng ny ngi ta a ra mt khi nim l gi tr rng k kiu l
NULL.
Gi tr rng: l gi tr c th gn cho mt thuc tnh khi khng dng gi tr khc c, hay khi
ngi ta cha bit gi tr cn gn.
NULL l mt gi tr c bit vi ngha khng ging vi bt k gi tr no thm tr khng ging
vi bt k gi tr NULL khc; V n thuc v mi min gi tr.
nh ngha 2.1: Quan h l mt tp con ca tp tch cc ca mt hoc nhiu min gi tr.
V d 2.3: Cho D1 = {0,1}, D2 = {a, b, c} l hai min gi tr.
Tp tch cc D1xD2 = {(0,a), (0,b), (0,c), (1,a), (1,b), (1,c)}
Khi tp R = {(0,a),(0,b)} l mt quan h xc nh trn cc min D1, D2
Theo nh ngha trn th mi mt quan h c th l v hn phn t, tuy nhin ngi ta lun gi thit
quan h l mt tp hu hn.
nh ngha 2.2: Gi R = {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
n
} l tp hu hn ca cc thuc tnh, mi thuc tnh A
i
vi i =
1, 2,..., n c min gi tr tng ng k hiu l dom(A
i
). Quan h r trn tp thuc tnh R l tp con
ca tch cc gia cc min gi tr dom(A
i
)
r _ dom(A
1
) x dom(A
2
) x ... x dom(A
n
)
Khi k hiu l r(R) hoc r(A
1
, A
2
,..., A
n
)
V d 2.4: Bng sau th hin quan h Can_bo bao gm cc thuc tnh Ma_So, Ho_ten, Ngay_sinh,
Que_quan, Chuc_vu
Can_bo Ma_so Ho_ten Ngay_sinh Que_quan Chuc_vu
t1 0001 L Thanh Hng 12/04/1970 Qung Ninh Trng phng
t2 0002 Hong Vn Cnh 15/10/1981 Nam nh Nhn vin
t3 0003 Trn Bnh Dng 20/01/1979 Ninh Bnh Nhn vin
V d 2.5. Quan h Can_bo
Trong t1 = (0001, L Thanh Hng, 12/04/1970, Qung Ninh, Trng phng) l mt
b ca quan h Can_bo
Kho ca quan h
26
Trong cc bng quan h, nhiu kh nng s c cc b d liu trng nhau khin cho vic th hin
v phn bit cc i tng trong th gii thc b nhm ln. trnh vic ny ngi ta a ra cc
khi nim kha.
Kho
Khi nim: Kho ca mt quan h l mt hoc mt tp thuc tnh dng nh tn duy nht cc b
trong quan h.
Xt li v d 2.3 th Ma_so l kho ca quan h Can_bo. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th
kt hp nhiu thuc tnh to thnh kho nh c th kt hp thuc tnh (Ho_ten, Ngay_sinh,
Que_quan) hoc (Ma_so, Ho_ten) ca quan h Can_bo thnh mt kho.
Gi s: R = {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
N
}, K _ R, r l mt quan h xc nh trn R
t1, t2 l 2 b bt k thuc r, ngi ta k hiu t1(K) = t2(K) th hin cho mnh sau: Tn ti t nht
mt thuc tnh A e r sao cho gi tr ca b t1 v t2 khc nhau ti v tr thuc tnh A.
nh ngha: Kho ca quan h r trn tp thuc tnh R = {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
N
} l tp con K _ R sao cho
bt k hai b khc nhau t1, t2 e r lun tho t1(K) = t2(K) v khng c tp con thc s K

no ca K
tha mn iu .
Theo nh ngha nh trn th trong mt quan h c th c rt nhiu kho. Mt kho l mt tp con
ca tp cc thuc tnh c trong quan h tr tp rng. Nu gi s thuc tnh ca quan h l N, th s
lng cc kho ti a ca quan h c c s l 2
N
-1.
Kho nh nht
Khi nim Kho nh nht: Kho nh nht ca quan h r trn tp thuc tnh R = {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
N
} l
tp con K _ R sao cho:
+ K l kho ca r
+ K l kha ca r th |K| > |K|.
Kho ngoi
Trong c s d liu c th c rt nhiu cc quan h, v i khi quan h ny c nhng thuc tnh ly
d liu t mt quan h khc, hay ni cc khc l cc thuc tnh ny c min gi tr l nhng gi tr
c lu ti mt hoc nhiu trng trong quan h khc hoc chnh n.
V d 2.6: Quan h Khen_thuong ghi nhn nhng thng tin khen thng ca cc cn b trong n
v, trong thuc Ma_so_can_bo c min gi tr l nhng gi tr lu trong quan h Can_bo ti
trng Ma_so, min c cc gi tr: 0001, 0002, 0003.
Can_bo Ma_so Ho_ten Ngay_sinh Que_quan Chuc_vu
0001 L Thanh Hng 12/04/1970 Qung Ninh Trng phng
0002 Hong Vn Cnh 15/10/1981 Nam nh Nhn vin
0003 Trn Bnh Dng 20/01/1979 Ninh Bnh Nhn vin

27
Khen_thuong Ma_so_can_bo Khen_thuong Ngay_khen Ly_do
0001 Bng khen cng
on
15/10/2001 t thnh tch xut
sc trong lao ng
0002 Bng khen B
GTVT
25/05/2002 Chin s thi ua cp B
Khi nim kho ngoi (foreign key): Kho ngoi l mt hoc mt tp thuc tnh trong mt quan h
ca c s d liu tham chiu n mt hoc mt tp thuc tnh ca quan h khc trong cng c s d
liu .
Cc kho ngoi rt quan trng i vi c s d liu quan h. Chng c ngha th hin d liu
bng ny lin kt vi d liu bng khc.
3.3. Chuyn i s Thc th-Lin kt sang c s d liu quan h
Tp cc lc quan h c s dng biu din thng tin i vi mt t chc c gi l mt
lc c s d liu quan h hay n gin gi tt l lc c s d liu quan h nu khng c s
hiu nhm. Cc gi tr hin thi ca cc quan h hnh thnh c s d liu quan h hay gi tt l c
s d liu. Tt nhin, chng ta hon ton t do to lp cc quan h vi mt tp thuc tnh no
nh mt lc quan h v c th t mt s din gii trn cc b nu chng ta mun. Tuy nhin,
c mt kiu thit k in hnh cc s c s d liu quan h m chng ta c th xc nh c cc
s quan h khi bin i s thc th lin kt sang m hnh quan h.
Bin i cc tp thc th
Mt tp thc th E c bin i thnh mt quan h m lc quan h ca n bao gm tp cc
thuc tnh ca tp thc th. Mi b ca quan h biu din mt thc th trong th hin hin thi ca
E.
Nu E l mt tp thc th m cc thc th ca n c xc nh thng qua mt lin kt vi mt tp
thc th khc F no th lc quan h tng ng vi E ch cha cc thuc tnh kha ca F.
Bin i cc lin kt
Mi lin kt R gia tp cc thc th E
1
, E
2
,, E
k
c bin i thnh mt quan h m lc quan
h ca n bao gm cc thuc tnh trong kha ca mi E
1
, E
2
,, E
k
. Thng qua php t li tn nu
cn thit, chng ta m bo chc chn khng c hai tp thc th trong danh sch c cc thuc tnh
cng tn, thp ch nu chng thuc cng mt tp thc th.
Bi tp
1. Gi s trong nghip v qun l pht hnh bo ch, thng tin gm c:
a. Thng tin v khch hng t mua bo (tp ch) :
- M khch hng t mua, 5 k t, kiu character.
- H v tn khch hng, 21 k t, kiu character.
- a ch khch hng, 21 k t, kiu character.
28
- S in thoi , 7 k t, kiu character.
- a im giao nhn bo(tp ch) hng ngy, 25 k t, kiu character.
b. Thng tin v cc loi bo (tp ch) bao gm:
- M bo khch t mua., 3 k t, kiu character.
- Tn bo (tp ch), 15 k t, kiu character.
- Gi bo, 5 s.
- K pht hnh bo ( bo ngy, bo tun, bo thng...). 3 k t ch
c. Thng tin v phiu t bo gm
- Ngy khch t bo, ch.
- M hiu khch hng t mua bo.
- M bo khch t mua.
- S lng bo, ch khch t mua .
- Thnh tin tng loi bo.
Hy phc ho m hnh CSDL quan h vi cc d liu trn.


29
Chng 4. i s quan h

i s quan h l mt ngn ng i s trong cc bng mi c nh ngha bng cc ton t lin
h vi cc bng khc. y l mt ngn ng biu thc. Trong mt bng mi c nh ngha nh
mt biu thc bao gm cc bng khc v cc ton t.
4.1. Php chn
Php chn trn quan h r k hiu o
F
(r) l php tnh xy dng mt tp con cc b ca r, tho mn
biu thc logic F.
Cc php ton s dng trong biu thc F l:
- Php ton so snh: >, <, =, >=, <=, <>
- Php ton logic: ., v,
Biu din hnh thc php chn:
o
F
(r) = {t e r | F(t) = TRUE}
F(t) c hiu l gi tr ca cc thuc tnh xut hin trong biu thc F ti b t tho cc iu kin ca
F.
V d 4.6:
r ( A B C) F (A = a1) o
F
(r) = ( A B C )
a1 b2 c1 a1 b2 c1
a2 b5 c4
a3 b2 c2
4.2. Php chiu
Gi s R = {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
N
} l mt tp cc thuc tnh, A e R, r l mt quan h trn R, t l mt b
thuc r. Khi k hiu t[A] l gi tr ca b t ti thuc tnh A. M rng ra, nu X = {B
1
, B
2
,..., B
M
}
_ R vi M s N, B
i
e R vi i = 1, 2,..., M th t[X] = (t[B
1
], t[B
2
],..., t[B
M
]).
Ngi ta nh ngha php chiu nh sau: Php chiu trn tp X ca quan h r, k hiu l [
X
(r)
hoc r[X] c nh ngha theo cng thc [
X
(r) = {t[X] | t e r}
V d 4.5:
r ( A B C) X = {A, B} [
X
=( A B )
a1 b2 c1 a1 b2
a2 b5 c4 a2 b5
a3 b2 c2 a3 b2
30
4.3. Php hp
* Tnh kh hp: r l quan h xc nh trn tp thuc tnh R = {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
N
}, s l quan h xc nh
trn tp thuc tnh S = {B
1
, B
2
,..., B
M
}. r v s c gi l hai quan h kh hp khi v ch khi M = N
v min gi tr ca A
i
v B
i
vi i = 1, 2,..., N l tng ng vi nhau.
Hp ca hai quan h r v s kh hp, k hiu l r s l tp cc b thuc r hoc s.
Biu din hnh thc php hp c dng:
r s = {t | t e r v t e s}
V d 4.1:
r ( A B C ) S( A B C ) r s =( A B C )
a1 b2 c5 a7 b2 c3 a1 b2 c5
a2 b5 c6 a2 b2 c2 a2 b5 c6
a4 b3 c7 a4 b3 c7
a7 b2 c3
a2 b2 c2
4.4. Php giao
Giao ca hai quan h r v s kh hp, k hiu l r s l tp cc b thuc c quan h r v s.
Biu din hnh thc php giao c dng.
r s = {t | t e r . t e s}
V d 4.2:
r ( A B C ) S( A B C ) r s =( A B C )
a1 b2 c5 a1 b2 c5 a4 b3 c7
a2 b5 c6 a2 b2 c2 a1 b2 c5
a4 b3 c7 a4 b3 c7
4.5. Php tr
Hiu ca hai quan h r v s kh hp, k hiu r s l tp cc b thuc r nhng khng thuc s.
Biu din hnh thc php tr c dng:
r - s = {t | t e r . t e s}
V d 4.3:
r ( A B C ) s( A B C ) r - s =( A B C )
a1 b2 c5 a1 b2 c5 a2 b5 c6
a2 b5 c6 a2 b2 c2
a4 b3 c7 a4 b3 c7
H qu: Php giao ca r v s c th biu din di dang: r s = r (r s)
31
4.6. Tch Descartes
Gi r l quan h xc nh trn tp thuc tnh {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
N
} v s l quan h xc nh trn tp thuc
tnh {B
1
, B
2
,..., B
M
}.
* Php ghp b: Gi s a = (a
1
, a
2
,..., a
N
) e r, b = (b
1
, b
2
,..., b
M
) e s. Php ghp b a vi b c k
hiu (a, b) hoc a.b s c dng (a,b) = (a
1
, a
2
,..., a
N
, b
1
, b
2
,..., b
M
)
Tch cc ca r v s k hiu r x s l tp cc b vi n thnh phn u c dng mt b thuc r v m
thnh phn sau c dng ca mt b thuc s.
Biu din hnh thc php tch cc c dng
r x s = {t | t = (a,b) . a e r . b e s}
V d 4.4:
r ( A B ) s( E F ) r x s= ( A B E F )
a1 b2 e1 f2 a1 b2 e1 f2
a2 b5 e3 f4 a1 b2 e3 f4
a3 b2 a2 b5 e1 f2
a2 b5 e3 f4
a3 b2 e1 f2
a3 b2 e3 f4
4.7. Cc php kt ni
Php kt ni ca quan h r i vi thuc tnh A vi quan h s i vi thuc tnh B c nh ngha
qua.
r s = {(t,u) | t e r . u e s . t[A] u u[B]}
Trong u l mt php ton th hin mi quan h gia cc thuc tnh ca hai quan h r v s.
Trong trng hp u l mt php ton so snh =, chng ta gi php kt ni l php kt ni bng.
Trng hp php kt ni bng trn cc thuc tnh cng tn ca hai quan h v sau khi kt ni mt
trong hai thuc tnh ca php so snh = c loi b thng qua php chiu th php kt ni ny
c gi l kt ni t nhin v s dng k hiu *. Php kt ni t nhin ca hai quan h c
nh ngha nh sau:
r(U) * s(V) = {t[U V] | t[U] e r . t[V] e s}
V d 4.7.
r ( A B ) s( E F ) r s= (
B > E
A B E F )
6 1 2 3 5 4 2 3
5 4 3 3 5 4 3 3
4 3 4 3 2 3
32
4.8. Php chia
Gi r l quan h trn tp R = {A
1
, A
2
,..., A
N
}, s l quan h trn tp S = {B
1
, B
2
,..., B
M
} vi M < N.
Php chia r cho s k hiu r s l tp cc b t sao cho vi mi b u e s th b (t,u) e r.
Biu din hnh thc php chia:
r s = {t | u e s (t,u) e r}
V d 4.8:
r ( A B C) s ( B C ) r s = ( A )
a1 b2 c1 b2 c1 a1
a2 b2 c1 b2 c2 a2
a1 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a2 b2 c2
Bi tp
1. Trnh by khi nim ngn ng thao tc d liu.
2. Cc php ton i s quan h
a. Php hp cc quan h UNION
b. Php giao ca cc quan h INTERSECT.
c. Hiu ca cc quan h - MINUS.
d. Tch Cc (Decalesian Product)
e. Php chn Selection.
f. Php chiu PROJECT.
3. Cc tnh cht ca i s quan h
a. Tnh cht giao hon
b. Kt hp
b. Tnh cht tch lu ng
4. Cho hai quan h HocSinh(MaHS, TenHS, DiemThi, Lop) v Lop(MaLop, TenLop, PhongHoc).
Hy vit biu thc i s quan h thc hin cng vic sau:
1. Hin th ra cc hc sinh c im thi nm trong khong t 5 n 7, thng tin hin th bao
gm: MaHS, TenHS, TenLop, DiemThi.
2. Thng k s hc sinh ca mi lp. Thng tin hin th bao gm: MaLop, TenLop,
SoHocSinh.
33
Chng 5. Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc- SQL

5.1. Tng quan v SQL
SQL l ngn ng hi c cu trc c gii thiu t nhng nm 1970, nh SQL ngi s dng c s
d liu c th thao tc (b xung, chnh sa, xo b, tm kim) trn cc d liu trong quan h, tng
cng cc lut ton vn d liu v thc hin cc php ton ca i s quan h. y l ngn ng tp
trung vo vic khai thc d liu, khng ging nh cc ngn ng lp trnh khc. SQL c chnh sa
v b xung ln mi nht l vo nm 1992. Hin y l ngn ng truy vn c ci t kh ph bin
trong cc h qun tr c s d liu quan h.
Trong cc h qun tr SQL u c ci t thnh 3 lp ngn ng:
- Ngn ng nh ngha (xc nh) d liu DDL (data definition language): Gm cc cu lnh cho
php xy dng c s d liu, tc l cc lnh to mi, thay i v hu b c s d liu cng nh cc
i tng trong c s d liu v cc rng buc v d liu.
- Ngn ng khai thc d liu DML (data manipulation language): bao gm cc cu lnh cho php
chnh sa, truy vn c s d liu, bao gm cc cng vic nh cp nht, b xung, thay i v tm
kim d liu.
- Ngn ng iu khin d liu DCL (data control language): Ngn ng iu khin d liu gm
cc cu lnh dng iu khin c s d liu, gm cc cng vic nh quyt nh quyn truy cp v
khng nh vic cp nht d liu.
5.2. Truy vn SQL c bn
5.2.1. Lnh SELECT
Php ton c bn trong SQL l php nh x c m t v c php nh mt khi SELECT
FROM WHERE.
Cu trc c s ca lnh truy vn SQL
Cu trc c s ca mt biu thc SQL bao gm 3 mnh : Select, from v where
- Mnh SELECT trng ng vi php chiu ca i s quan h. N c s dng lit k cc
ct mong mun trong kt qu ca mt truy vn.
- Mnh FROM tng ng vi php tch cc ca i s quan h. N lit k cc bng cn tra
cu nh gi kt qu ca biu thc.
- Mnh WHERE tng ng vi v t chn ca i s quan h. N bao gm mt v t ko theo
cc ct ca cc bng xut hin trong mnh FROM.
Ngoi ra, m rng kh nng ca ngn ng ny, khi SELECT FROM WHERE s c b
sung thm cc mnh GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY, v mt s hm mu.
Dng tng qut ca cu lnh SELECT c biu din nh sau:
SELECT [DISTINCT] {<tn ct> | <biu thc> [,]} | *
34
FROM {<tn bng> | <tn view> [,]}
[WHERE <biu thc iu kin>]
[GROUP BY {<tn ct> | <tn biu thc> [,]} [HAVING <biu thc iu kin>]]
[ORDER BY {<tn ct> | <tn biu thc> [ASC | DESC] [,]}
Trong mnh WHERE c biu din vi cc dng cu
WHERE [NOT] <biu thc> <php so snh> <biu thc>
WHERE [NOT] <tn ct> [NOT] LIKE <xu k t>
WHERE [NOT] <biu thc> [NOT] IN (<danh sch> | <Cu truy vn con>)
WHERE [NOT] EXISTS (<Cu truy vn con>)
WHERE [NOT] <biu thc> <php so snh> {SOME | ANY | ALL (<Cu truy vn con>)}
WHERE [NOT] <biu thc logic>
WHERE [NOT] <biu thc logic> <AND | OR> <biu thc logic>
* Cc php ton logic s dng trong mnh WHERE: AND, OR, NOT
* Cc php ton so snh s dng trong mnh WHERE: >, <, =, >=, <=, <>
5.2.2. S dng biu thc v chui trong lnh SELECT
* Mt s cc php ton c bit:
- BETWEEN <gi tr u> AND <gi tr cui>
- LIKE <Chui tm kim>
Trong chui tm kim s dng k t % i din cho mt xu con, k t _ i din cho mt k
t.
- Php ton i tn AS
5.3. Truy vn s dng cc hm thng k
Hm AVG(column)
Hm AVG tr v gi tr trung bnh tnh theo ct c ch nh ca cc dng c chn. Cc gi tr
NULL s khng c xt n khi tnh gi tr trung bnh.
V d: Cu lnh sau s tnh s tui trung bnh ca nhng ngi c tui trn 20:
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age > 20
Hm MAX(column)
Hm MAX tr v gi tr ln nht trong ct. Cc gi tr NULL s khng c xt n.
V d: SELECT MAX(Age) FROM Persons
Hm MIN(column)
Hm MIN tr v gi tr nh nht trong ct. Cc gi tr NULL s khng c xt n.
V d: SELECT MIN(Age) FROM Persons
Lu : Hm MIN v MAX cng c th p dng cho cc ct c d liu l chui vn bn. D liu
trong ct s c so snh theo th t tng dn ca t in
35
Hm SUM(column)
Hm SUM tr v tng gi tr ca ct. Cc gi tr NULL s khng c xt n.
V d: Tm tng s tui ca tt c nhng ngi c trong bng:
SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons
V d: Tm tng s tui ca tt c nhng ngi c tui ln hn 20:
SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age > 20
5.4. Cc lnh sa i d liu
5.4.1. Lnh chn mt bn ghi- INSERT
- Thao tc thm mt bn ghi mi:
INSERT INTO <tn bng>[(danh sch tn ct)] VALUES(Cc gi tr)
V d 4.9:
Insert into Mat_hang(Ma_hang, Ten_hang, Don_vi, Quy_cach) Values(0001, Tivi, Chic,
Sony 29)
Ch : Trong trng hp khng lit k danh sch tn ct th tng ng vi vic lit k ton b
tn cc ct ca bng theo th t khi to ra bng.
5.4.2. Lnh cp nht cc bn ghi- UPDATE
- Thao tc sa i d liu:
Trong nhng tnh hung nht nh, chng ta c th mun thay i mt s gi tr trong mt dng m
khng thay i mi gi tr trong dng . Lnh sa i cc gi tr ca cc dng trong bng tha mn
mt iu kin no c c php tng qut l:
UPDATE <tn bng>
SET {<tn ct> = <biu thc> [,]}
[WHERE <biu thc iu kin>]
V d 4.12:
Update Mat_hang Set Quy_cach = Sony 21 Where Ma_hang = 0001
Ch : Trong trng hp khng nu mnh WHERE th ton b cc bn ghi ca bng s b tc
ng.
5.4.3. Lnh xa cc bn ghi- DELETE
- Thao tc xa:
Chng ta c th xa mt hoc nhiu b trong mt bng tha mn mt iu kin.
C php tng qut:
DELETE FROM <tn bng> [WHERE <biu thc logic>]
V d 4.11:
Delete from Mat_hang Where Ma_hang = 0001
Ch : nu khng a ra mnh WHERE th tt c cc bn ghi ca bng s b xa.
36
Bi tp
Cho lc c s d liu
Sinhvien(MASV, HOTENSV, NU, NGAYSINH, NOISINH,TINH,MALOP)
Lop(MALOP,TENLOP, MAKHOA)
Khoa(MAKHOA,TENKHOA)
Monhoc(MAMH,TENMH,DONVIHT)
Giangvien(MAGV,HOTENGV,HOCVI,CHUYENNGANH,MAKHOA)
Ketqua(MASV, MAMH, LANTHI, DIEMTHI)
Phancong(MALOP,MAMH,MAGV)
Thc hin cc yu cu sau:
a. Lp danh sch nhng sinh vin c h khu thng tr HI PHNG gm cc thng tin: MASV,
HOTENSV, NGAYSINH, TENLOP
b. Lp danh sch cc sinh vin ca lp c m l CNT43H gm cc thng tin:
MASV, HOTENSV, NGAYSINH, TINH.
37
Chng 6. Chun ha v rt gn c s d liu quan h

6.1. Cc vn v d tha d liu
Cc lc quan h thu c t bin i cc s ER v cc lc quan h cha chc l
mt thit k l tng. i khi chng ta phi tm cch chnh sa, gp cc lc quan h li vi
nhau. c bit sau cn phi tin hnh chun ha li cc lc trnh cc trng hp:
a. D tha d liu:
V d xem xt mt lc NhaCungCap(Ma, Ten, DiaChi, MatHang, Gia). D dng thy rng
nu mt nh cung cp no cung cp nhiu mt hng khc nhau thi d liu v nh cung cp s
xut hin lp i lp li trong nhiu b ca quan h trn lc ny.
b. Khng nht qun: L h qu ca vic d tha d liu. V d d liu v mt nh cung cp lp
li trong nhiu b dn n khi sa i a ch ca ngi cung cp ny, chng ta ch sa i mt b
no cn cc b khc vn gi nguyn. Khi c hin tng mt nh cung cp li khng c a
ch duy nht.
c. D thng khi thm b: Nu mt nh cung cp cha cung cp mt mt hng no c, khi thm
mt b gi tr v ngi cung cp ny, chng ta khng th a mt hng v gi c vo b gi tr .
d. D thng khi xa b: L vn ngc li ca d thng khi thm b. Nu mt nh cung cp
no ch cung cp mt mt hng, khi trong quan h ch c mt b lu tr d liu v nh cung
cp ny. Khi chng ta xa d liu v s cung cp mt hng bi nh cung cp ny hay xa b gi tr
chng ta s lm mt thng tin v ngi cung cp ny.
6.2. Ph thuc hm
6.2.1. Khi nim v ph thuc hm
Cho quan h PhanCong nh sau:
PhanCong (PHICONG, MAYBAY, NGAYKH, GIOKH)

Quan h PhanCong din t phi cng no li my bay no v my bay khi hnh vo thi gian
no. Khng phi s phi hp bt k no gia phi cng, my bay v ngy gi khi hnh cng u
c chp nhn m chng c cc iu kin rng buc qui nh sau:
- Mi my bay c mt gi khi hnh duy nht.
- Nu bit phi cng, bit ngy gi khi hnh th bit c my bay do phi cng y li.
38
- Nu bit my bay, bit ngy khi hnh th bit phi cng li chuyn bay y.
Cc rng buc ny l cc v d v ph thuc hm v c pht biu li nh sau:
- MAYBAY xc nh GIOKH
- {PHICONG,NGAYKH,GIOKH} xc nh MABAY
- {MAYBAY,NGAYKH} xc nh PHICONG
hay
- GIOKH ph thuc hm vo MAYBAY
- MABAY ph thuc hm vo {PHICONG,NGAYKH,GIOKH}
- PHICONG ph thuc hm vo {MAYBAY,NGAYKH}
v c k hiu nh sau:
- {MAYBAY} GIOKH
- {PHICONG,NGAYKH,GIOKH} MABAY
- {MAYBAY,NGAYKH} PHICONG
Trong k hiu trn ta k hiu MAYBAY thay cho {MAYBAY}.
Mt cch tng qut:
R() l lc quan h. X, Y l hai tp con ca tp thuc tnh ={A1,A2,,An}.
r l quan h trn R(); t
1
, t
2
l hai b bt k ca r.
X Y (t
1
.X = t
2
.X t
1
.Y = t
2
.Y)
(Ta ni X xc nh Y hay Y ph thuc hm vo X (X functional determines Y, Y functional
dependent on X )
Tnh cht:
- ph thuc hm X ng vi mi quan h r
- ph thuc hm Y ch ng trn quan h r c cng gi tr trn Y.
V d: Quan h sau tha mn ph thuc hm GIOKH
PhanCong (PHICONG, MAYBAY, NGAYKH, GIOKH)


Ph thuc hm c suy din logic t F
39
Ni rng ph thuc hm X Y c suy din logic t F nu mt quan h r tha mn tt c
cc ph thuc hm ca F th cng tha ph thuc hm X Y. K hiu F|= X Y.Bao ng ca F
k hiu F+ l tp tt c cc ph thuc hm c suy din logic t F.
Cc tnh cht ca tp F+
1. Tnh phn x: Vi mi tp ph thuc hm F+ ta lun lun c F F+
2. Tnh n iu: Nu F G th F+ G+
3. Tnh ly ng: Vi mi tp ph thuc hm F ta lun lun c (F+)+ = F+.
Gi G l tp tt c cc ph thuc hm c th c ca r, phn ph ca F k hiu F- = G - F+
Chng minh
1. X Y F r th X Y X Y F+
2. Nu X Y l ph thuc hm thuc F+ ta phi chng minh X Y thuc G+
Gi s r tha tt c cc ph thuc hm ca G (1)
r tha tt c ph thuc hm ca F v F G
r tha ph thuc hm X Y (2) v X YF+
(1) v (2) X Y G+ F+ G+
3. F F+ (tnh phn x F+ (F+)+ (1)
Nu X Y (F+)+ (2) X Y F+ th v: (3)
Gisr tha tt c cc ph thu hm ca F (4)
r tha tt c cc ph thuc hm ca F+ (theo inh ngha)
r tha tt c cc ph thu hm ca (F+)+ (theo inh ngha)
r tha X Y (v (2)) X Y F+
(1) v (3) (F+)+ = F+
6.2.2. Bao ng ca tp ph thuc hm
Ngi ta gi tp F
+
l bao ng ca F, tc l tp cc ph thuc hm c suy din logic t F.
Nu F = F
+
th F l h y ca cc ph thuc hm.
6.2.3. H tin Armstrong
Gi R(U) l lc quan h vi U = {A
1
, A
2
,, A
N
} l tp cc thuc tnh v X, Y, Z, W _ U.
Chng ta k hiu XY tng ng vi XY
H tin Armstrong:
A1. Phn x: Nu Y _ X th X Y
A2. Tng trng: Nu X Y, Z _ U th XZ YZ
A3. Bc cu: Nu X Y, Y Z th X Z
40
B . H tin Armstrong l ng. iu ny c ngha l nu X Y l mt ph thuc hm
c suy din t F nh h tin Armstrong th X Y l ng trn mt quan h no tho mn
cc ph thuc hm trong F.
Chng minh:
Ln lt kim tra tnh ng n ca 3 tin :
- Tin phn x: R rng tin ny l ng v khng th c hai b bng nhau trn X m li
khng bng nhau trn tp con ca n.
- Tin tng trng: Gi s quan h r tho mn X Y. Tn ti hai b t, u e r sao cho t[XZ] =
u[XZ] m t[YZ] = u[YZ]
V t[Z] = u[Z] nn c t[YZ] = u[YZ] th t[Y] = u[Y] (1)
M ta c t[XZ] = u[XZ] nn t[X] = u[X] (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c t[X] = u[X] v t[Y] = u[Y] iu ny l tri vi gi thit quan h r tho mn
X Y. Vy t[YZ] = u[YZ] hay XZ YZ l ng trn quan h r.
- Tin bc cu: Cho X Y v Y Z ng trn quan h r.
Gi s tn ti hai b t, u e r sao cho t[X] = u[X] v t[Z] = u[Z] (3)
T X Y suy ra t[X] = u[X] nn t[Y] = u[Y] (4)
T 3 v 4 ta c t[Y] = u[Y] v t[Z] = u[Z] iu ny tri vi gi thit Y Z. Do vy t[Z] = u[Z]
Suy ra X Z l ng trn quan h r.
B . Cho X, Y, Z, W _ U. Chng ta c cc lut sau:
- Lut hp: Nu X Y, X Z th X YZ.
- Lut ta bc cu: Nu X Y, YW Z th XW Z.
- Lut tch: Nu X Y, Z _ Y th X Z.
Chng minh.
- Chng minh lut hp:
T X Y ta dng lut tng trng thm X c XX XY tng ng vi ph thuc hm X
XY (1)
T X Z ta dng lut tng trng thm Y c XY YZ (2)
T (1) v (2) ta dng lut bc cu s c: X YZ.
41
- Chng minh lut ta bc cu:
T X Y, dng lut tng trng thm W c XW YW (3)
M theo gi thit chng ta c YW Z (4)
T (3) v (4) ta dng lut bc cu s c: XW Z.
- Chng minh lut tch:
V Z _ Y nn Y Z theo lut phn x (5)
M theo gi thit c X Y (6)
T (5) v (6) ta dng lut bc cu s c: X Z.
6.2.4. Bao ng ca tp thuc tnh
d dng chng minh tnh y ca h tin Armstrong, ngi ta a thm khi nim bao
ng ca tp cc thuc tnh.
Gi F l tp cc ph thuc hm trn tp thuc tnh U, X _ U. Gi X
+
l bao ng ca X i vi
F, X
+
c nh ngha nh sau:
X
+
= { A e U | X A e F
+
}
Ni c th: X
+
l tp tt c cc thuc tnh A m ph thuc hm X A c th c suy din
logic t F nh h tin Armstrong.
B . X Y c suy din t h tin Armstrong khi v ch khi Y _ X
+
.
Chng minh:
Gi s Y = A1....A
N
vi A
1
,..., A
N
l cc thuc tnh v Y _ X
+

T nh ngha X
+
ta c X A
i
vi i = 1, 2,..., N. p dng h tin Armstrong cho mi i suy
ra t X Y nh lut hp.
Ngc li, gi s ta c X Y, p dng h tin Armstrong cho mi i c X A
i
vi A
i
e Y
nh lut tch. T suy ra Y _ X
+
.
nh l. H tin Armstrong l ng v y .
Chng minh:
Tnh ng n ca h tin c chng minh qua b 5.1. y chng ta ch cn chng
minh tnh y tc l X Y khng tho trn quan h r th X Y cng khng th suy din logic
t F.
42
Gi F l tp cc ph thuc hm trn tp thuc tnh U. Gi s X Y l khng th suy din
c t h tin Armstrong. Xt quan h r gm hai b c cho trong bng di y:
Bng 5.1. Mt quan h r ch ra F khng suy din logic ra X Y.
11................1 11..............1
11................1 00..............0
Cc thuc tnh thuc X
+
Cc thuc tnh cn li
Trc ht cn ch ra rng tt c cc ph thuc hm thuc F u tho trn quan h r. Tht vy,
gi s V W e F nhng khng tho trn r. Do , ta c V _ X
+
hoc hai b ca r s khng bng
nhau t nht trn mt thuc tnh ca V. Nh vy W khng th l tp con ca X
+
hoc V W tho
trn r.
Gi A e W nhng A khng thuc X
+
. V XV _ X
+
do V _ X
+
nn X V suy ra t b 5.3.
p dng lut bc cu v lut tch vi X V v V W e F suy ra X A. Nhng do A khng
thuc X
+
nh gi thit, do vy l mu thun. T i n kt lut rng mi V W e F u tho
trn r.
By gi cn chng minh X Y khng tho trn r. Gi s rng X Y l tho trn r. Nh trn
c X _ X
+
v suy ra Y _ X
+
, nu khng hai b thuc r l bng nhau trn X nhng khng bng nhau
trn Y. Theo b 5.3 th X Y c th suy ra c t h tin , iu l hon ton mu thun
vi gi thit rng X Y l khng th suy din c t h tin Armstrong. Do vy X Y
khng th ng trn r. n y c th kt lun: Nu X Y khng suy din c t h tin
Armstrong th X Y khng th suy din logic c t F. Vy h tin l y .
Tnh ton bao ng ca tp thuc tnh.
Vic tnh ton bao ng F
+
ca tp cc ph thuc hm F trong trng hp tng qut l rt kho
khn v tn km thi gian bi v tp cc ph thuc hm thuc F
+
rt ln cho d F c th l kh nh.
Chng hn cho F l tp cc ph thuc hm vi F = {A B
1
, A B
2
,..., A B
N
}. F
+
khi cn
c tnh nhng ph thuc hm A Y vi Y _ {B
1
,B
2
,...,B
N
}. Nh vy s c 2
N
1 tp con khc
rng ca Y. Tuy nhin vic tnh X
+
, bao ng ca tp thuc tnh X li khng kh. Theo b 5.3
vic kim tra X Y e F
+
khng kh hn vic tnh X
+
.
Thut ton. Tnh bao ng ca tp cc thuc tnh i vi mt tp ph thuc hm.
Vo: Tp hu hn cc thuc tnh U, tp cc ph thuc hm F trn U v X _ U
Ra: Bao ng ca X i vi F.
Phng php:
43
Ln lt tnh cc tp X
0
, X
1
, X
2
..... theo cc bc sau:
Bc 0: t X
0
= X
Bc i: Tnh X
i
t X
i -1
, c th X
i
= X
i-1
A nu tn ti mt ph thuc hm Y Z e F m Y _
X
i-1
vi A e Z v A e X
i-1
. Ngc li t X
i
= X
i-1
.
V rng X = X
0
_ ....._ X
i
_....._ U v U l hu hn cho nn s tn ti mt ch s i no m
X
i
= X
i-1
, khi t X
+
= X
i
.
nh l. Thut ton tnh bao ng X
+
l ng.
Chng minh: chng minh bng quy np.
Bc c s: ng vi A e X r rng X A.
Bc quy np: Gi s bc j-1 ng. Cn chng minh cho bc th j. Tc l nu A c thm
vo X
j
th A e X
+
, trong X
j-1
ch cha cc thuc tnh thuc X
+
. Tht vy, theo thut ton bc
th j, nu A l thuc tnh c a vo X
j
th phi tn ti mt ph thuc hm Y X e F, Y _ X
j-1

v A e Z. Theo gi thit quy np, ta c Y _ X
+
. X Y theo b 5.2; p dng lut bc cu cho X
Y v Y Z c X Z. Do A e Z nn Z A theo lut phn x. p dng lut bc cu cho X
Z v Z A, ta c X A v do A e X
+

Ngc li, cn chng minh rng nu A e X
+
th A phi thuc vo X
j
no . C iu khng
quan trng l thut ton 5.1 c th kt thc sm hn trc khi tnh ton bc th j cho X
j
. Nu thut
ton dng bc X
i
= X
i-1
vi i < j th r rng rng X
i
= X
j
. Do vy X
i
= X
+
, trong c c thuc
tnh A. Trong qu trnh chng minh cn s dng ti h tin Armstrong: X Y suy din t F th
mi thuc tnh A e Y c thm vo ti mi X
j
no . Cc bc quy np s thc hin thm mt s
dng, trong mi dng l mt ph thuc hm thuc F v s dng lut phn x hoc gi thit ca
bc quy np trc hoc s dng lut tng trng v lut bc cu. Cui cng s l X Y.
44
6.3. Cc dng chun ca lc quan h
nh ngha. Cho R(U) l lc quan h vi U = {A
1
, A
2
,, A
N
} l tp cc thuc tnh, F l tp
cc ph thuc hm trn R v A e U. Chng ta ni rng A l thuc tnh kha nu A thuc mt kha
ti thiu no ca R. Ngc li A c gi l thuc tnh khng kha.
nh ngha. Cho R(U) l lc quan h vi U = {A
1
, A
2
,, A
N
} l tp cc thuc tnh, F l tp
cc ph thuc hm trn R v X, Y _ U. Chng ta ni rng Y ph thuc hm y vo X nu:
- X Y e F
+

- X c X th X Y e F
+

Ngc li, chng ta s ni Y ph thuc b phn vo X.
Nh vy, Y ph thuc hm y vo X nu Y ph thuc hm vo X nhng khng ph thuc
hm vo bt k mt tp con thc s no ca X.
nh ngha. Cho R(U) l lc quan h vi U = {A
1
, A
2
,, A
N
} l tp cc thuc tnh, F l tp
cc ph thuc hm trn R v X _ U, A e U. Chng ta ni rng A l ph thuc bc cu vo X nu
tn ti mt tp thuc tnh Y, Y _ U sao cho X Y, Y A thuc F
+
nhng Y X khng thuc
F
+
. Ngc li, chng ta s ni rng A khng ph thuc hm bc cu vo X hay A ph thuc trc
tip vo X.
6.3.1. Dng chun 1 (1NF)
Mt quan h c chun ha l quan h trong mi min gi tr ca mt thuc tnh ch cha
nhng gi tr nguyn t tc l nhng gi tr khng th phn chia c na. Mt quan h c cha
mt min gi tr ca mt thuc tnh no l khng nguyn t c gi l quan h khng chun
hay quan h phi chun. Tuy nhin, vi mt quan h khng chun nao , chng ta lun lun c th
chun ha n v dng mt quan h chun ha.
nh ngha. Mt lc quan h R c gi l dng chun mt (1NF) nu v ch nu ton
b cc min gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong R u ch cha c gi tr nguyn t.
Mt quan h xc nh trn lc quan h dng chun 1 c ni l quan h dng chun
mt.
6.3.2. Dng chun 2 (2NF)
nh ngha. Mt lc quan h R c gi l dng chun hai (2NF) nu n dng
chun mt v mi thuc tnh khng kha ca R u ph thuc hm y vo kha chnh.
Mt quan h xc nh trn lc quan h dng chun hai c ni l quan h dng chun
hai.
6.3.3. Dng chun 3 (3NF)
45
nh ngha. Mt lc quan h R c gi l dng chun ba (3NF) nu n dng
chun hai v mi thuc tnh khng kha ca R u khng ph thuc bc cu vo kha chnh.
Mt quan h xc nh trn lc quan h dng chun ba c ni l quan h dng chun
ba.
6.3.4. Dng chun Boyce-Codd (BCNF)
nh ngha. Mt lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F c gi l dng chun Boye-
Codd nu vi mi X A thuc F
+
v A e X th X cha mt kha ca R. Ni cch khc, s
quan h R ch c cc ph thuc hm khng tm thng l nhng ph thuc hm trong mt kha
xc nh hm mt hay nhiu thuc tnh khc.
nh l. Mi s quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F dng chun Boye-Codd th cng
dng chun ba.
6.4. Php tch lc quan h
6.4.1. Php tch bo ton thng tin
Gi s lc quan h R c phn tch thnh cc s con R
1
, R
2
,, R
k
v F l tp cc ph
thuc hm trn R. Ta ni php tch ny l khng mt mt thng tin i vi F nu mi quan h r trn
R m tha mn F th:
r = H
R1(r)
* H
R2(r)
** H
Rk(r)

tc l quan h r l kt ni t nhin ca nhng quan h l php chiu ca n trn mi R
i
.
Gi m

l nh x c nh ngha nh sau:
m

(r) = H
R1(r)
* H
R2(r)
** H
Rk(r)

tc m

(r) l kt ni t nhin ca nhng quan h l php chiu ca n trn cc s con trong .

V vy iu kin mt php tch l khng mt mt thng tin l r = m

.
B . Cho lc quan h R, = {R
1
, R
2
,, R
k
}, r l mt quan h trn R v r
i
= H
Ri
(r). Th
(a) r _ m

(r)
(b) Nu s = m

th H
Ri
(s) = r
i

(c) m

( m

(r)) = m

(r)
B c th chng minh d dng da trn khi nim php tch v nh ngha ca m

.
Kim tra php tch l khng mt mt thng tin.
Liu mt php tch c l mt thng tin hay khng i vi mt tp cc ph thuc hm cho trc
c kim tra thng qua thut ton sau:
46
Thut ton. Kim tra php tch khng mt mt thng tin.
Vo: Lc quan h R = {A
1
, A
2
,, A
N
}, tp ph thuc hm F trn R v mt php tch =
{R
1
, R
2
,, R
k
} trn R.
Ra: Khng nh php tch c mt mt thng tin hay khng?
Phng php:
- Xy dng mt bng n ct, k hng; ct j tng ng vi thuc tnh A
j
v hng i tng ng vi
lc con R
i
. Ti v tr hng i, ct j, nu A
j
thuc R
i
th ta in k hiu a
j
vo , ngc li ta in
k hiu b
ij
.
- Xt ln lc cc ph thuc hm tng F v p dng cc ph thuc hm ny cho bng va c
xy dng. Gi s chng ta xt ph thuc hm X Y e F. Nu tn ti hai hng m tt c cc ct
tng ng vi cc thuc tnh ca X c gi tr nh nhau th ta lm cho cc ct ng vi cc thuc tnh
ca Y cng c gi tr nh nhau trong hai hng ny theo nguyn tc sau: Nu c mt k hiu a
j
trong
cc ct ng vi cc thuc tnh ca Y th ng nht cc k hiu l a
j
. Nu khng ng nht bng mt
trong cc k hiu b
ij
.
- Tip tc p dng cc ph thuc hm cho bng (k c vic lp li cc ph thuc hm c
p dng) cho ti khi khng th p dng c na (khng th thay i c gi tr no trong bng
na).
- Nu trong bng c mt hng gm cc k hiu a
1
, a
2
,, a
n
th php tch l khng mt mt thng
tin. Ngc li th php tch l khng bo ton thng tin.
nh l. Cho = {R
1
, R
2
} l mt php tch trn R v F l tp ph thuc hm trn R th php
tch ny l khng mt mt thng tin nu R
1
R
2
R
1
\ R
2
hoc R
1
R
2
R
2
\ R
1

Ch : cc ph thuc hm trn khng nht thit thuc F, ch cn thuc F
+
.
6.4.2. Php tch bo ton ph thuc
Tch quan h: Lc quan h n R = {A1, A2,..., An} c tch thnh mt tp hp cc lc
quan h D = {R1,R2,...,Rm}. Mt cch hnh thc, ta c iu kin bo ton thuc tnh: Ri = R.
Tnh khng y ca cc dng chun: Mc ch ca chng ta l mi quan h ring r Ri trong
php tch D l dng chun BCNF hoc 3NF. Tuy nhin, iu khng m bo mt thit
k CSDL tt. Bn cnh vic xem xt tng quan h ring r, chng ta cn xem xt ton b php tch.
Vic mi ph thuc hm X Y trong F hoc c xut hin trc tip trong mt trong cc lc
quan h Ri trong php tch D hoc c th c suy din t cc ph thuc hm c trong Ri l rt c
li. Ta gi l iu kin bo ton ph thuc.
nh l: Lun lun tm c mt php tch bo ton ph thuc D i vi F sao cho mi quan h Ri
trong D l 3NF
47
Thut ton: To mt php tch bo ton ph thuc D = {R1,R2,...,Rm} ca mt quan h R da
trn mt tp ph thuc hm F sao cho mi Ri trong D l 3NF. Thut ton ny ch m bo tnh
cht bo ton ph thuc, khng m bo tnh cht ni khng mt mt.
Input: Mt quan h R v mt tp ph thuc hm F trn cc thuc tnh ca R.
1. Tm ph ti thiu G ca F.
2. Vi mi v tri X ca mt ph thuc hm xut hin trong
G, hy to mt lc trong D vi cc thuc tnh
{X U {A1} U {A2} U ... U {Ak}} trong X A1,X A2,...,X Ak ch l cc ph thuc hm
trong G vi X l v tri (X l kha ca quan h ny).
3. t cc thuc tnh cn li (nhng thuc tnh cha c t vo quan h no) vo mt quan h
n m bo tnh cht bo ton thuc tnh.
6.5. Chun ha lc quan h
6.5.1. Tch lc quan h v 3NF
Thut ton. Tch mt lc thnh 3NF.
Vo: Lc quan h R, tp cc ph thuc hm F; Khng lm mt tnh tng qut gi s rng F
l mt tp ph thuc hm ti thiu.
Ra: Php tch khng mt mt thng tin trn R sao cho mi lc con u 3NF.
Phng php:
Bc 1. Loi b tt c cc thuc tnh ca R nu cc thuc tnh khng lin quan n mt ph
thuc hm no ca F, hoc v tri, hoc v phi. V nguyn tc cc thuc tnh ny c th hnh thnh
mt s quan h ring v khng tnh n vo php tch R v 3NF.
Bc 2. Nu c ph thuc hm no ca F lin quan ti tt c cc thuc tnh ca R th kt qu
chnh l R.
Bc 3. Ngc li, kt qu ra bao gm cc lc XA ng vi mt ph thuc hm X A
trong F. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta c cc ph thuc hm X A
1
, X A
2
, , X A
N
th chng ta
c th s dng lc XA
1
A
2
A
N
thay cho XA
i
vi i = 1, 2,, N.
6.5.2. Tch lc quan h v BCNF
B .
a. Gi s R l mt s quan h vi tp ph thuc hm F. t = (R
1
, R
2
,, R
k
) l mt php
tch khng mt thng tin ca R i vi F. Vi mi I = 1, 2,, k, gi F
i
l hnh chiu ca F ln R
i
,
v t o = (S
1
, S
2
,, S
m
) l mt php tch khng mt mt thng tin ca R
i
i vi F
i
.
48
Th php tch R thnh (R
1
,, R
i-1
, S
1
, S
2
,, S
m
, R
i+1
,, R
k
) l khng mt mt thng tin i
vi F.
b. Gi s R, F v p nh trong (a), t = (R
1
, R
2
,, R
k
, R
k+1
,., R
n
) l mt php tch ca R thnh
tp cc lc cha cc lc ca th t l mt php tch khng mt mt thng tin.
Thut ton. Tch khng mt mt thng tin v dng chun Boye-Codd
Vo: Lc quan h R, tp ph thuc hm F trn R.
Ra: - mt php tch khng mt mt thng tin bao gm mt tp cc lc con trong mi
lc u dng chun Boye-Codd vi cc ph thuc hm l hnh chiu ca F ln lc .
Phng php:
- Chng ta xy dng mt php tch i vi R theo phng php lp. Mi ln lp, s c
tch tip vi mt php tch khng mt mt thng tin i vi F.
- Ban u, t = (R). Nu S l mt s quan h trong , khng dng chun Boye-Codd,
xt mt ph thuc hm X A ca S, vi iu kin X khng cha kha ca S v A e X. Ta thay
th S vi S
1
, S
2
vi S
1
= A {X}, S
2
= S \ {A}
- Tip tc qu trnh trn cho n khi mi lc con u dng chun Boye-Codd, chng ta s
xy dng c php tch khng mt mt thng tin chun ha R v dng chun Boye-Codd.

49












MT S THI MU

50
Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: C S D LIU
Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
a. Cho bit s khc nhau chnh gia h thng x l tp tin v h qun tr d liu.
b. nh ngha dng chun 1 (1NF), dng chun 2 (2NF). Cho v d minh ha.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Cho mt c s d liu v Ngn hng nh sau:
Ngn hng c nhiu chi nhnh ti cc a im khc nhau. Mi chi nhnh lu gi thng tin
v chi tit ti khon ca khch hng ti chi nhnh . Cc khch hng c th c mt ti khon hoc
nhiu ti khon. Ngn hng cho khch hng vay vi nhiu mc ch s dng khc nhau. Ngn hng
lu gi thng tin v cc giao dch c thc hin bi cc ti khon khch hng. Tt c cc chi
nhnh c nhiu nhn vin v mt s nhn vin gi chc v ngi qun l.
a. V s Thc th-Lin kt m t nhng thng tin trong c s d liu trn.
b. Chuyn s Thc th-Lin kt trn sang lc quan h.
(c th b sung thm cc gi thit khc m t bi ton nu cn thit)
Cu 3: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h sau:
Suppliers(sid: integer, sname: string, address: string)
Parts(pid: integer, pname: string, color: string)
Catalog(sid: integer, pid: integer, cost: real)
(Suppliers: thng tin v cc nh cung cp; Parts: thng tin v cc loi hng ha; Catalog:
thng tin v gi bn cc loi hng ha ca cc nh cung cp).
a. Vit truy vn sau trong i s quan h: Tm tn ca nhng nh cung cp c sn phm
mu (RED) hoc mu xanh (GREEN)
b. Cho bit mc ch ca cc truy vn c vit dng i s quan h sau:
cos 100 ' '
cos 100 ' '
( (( ar ) ( ata log) ))
( (( ar ) ( ata log) ))
t sid color red
t sid color green
P ts C Suppliers
P ts C Suppliers
t o o
t o o
< =
< =



Cu 4: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h R vi cc thuc tnh ABCDE c cc ph thuc hm sau:
A B, BC E, v ED A.
Xc nh dng chun cao nht R tha mn (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF). Gii thch.
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------
Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi
51
Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: C S D LIU
Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
a. Gii thch s khc nhau gia cc mc tru tng d liu trong h qun tr d liu.
b. Gii thch cc vn v d tha d liu trong c s d liu. Cho v d minh ha.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Cho mt c s d liu v Bnh vin nh sau:
Bnh vin c nhiu khoa khm bnh. Mi khoa c nhiu bc s. Mt bc s ch thuc vo
mt khoa. Mt bc s c th khm cho nhiu bnh nhn. Mt bnh nhn c th c khm bi
nhiu bc s. Thng tin v cc ln khm bnh c lu gi trong s khm bnh theo di.
a. V s Thc th-Lin kt m t nhng thng tin trong c s d liu trn.
b. Chuyn s Thc th-Lin kt trn sang lc quan h.
(c th b sung thm cc gi thit khc m t bi ton nu cn thit)
Cu 3: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h sau:
Suppliers(sid: integer, sname: string, address: string)
Parts(pid: integer, pname: string, color: string)
Catalog(sid: integer, pid: integer, cost: real)
(Suppliers: thng tin v cc nh cung cp; Parts: thng tin v cc loi hng ha; Catalog:
thng tin v gi bn cc loi hng ha ca cc nh cung cp).
a. Vit truy vn sau trong i s quan h: Tm tn ca nhng nh cung cp c tt c cc
loi sn phm.
b. Cho bit mc ch ca cc truy vn c vit dng i s quan h sau:
cos 100 ' '
( ( ( ar ) ( atalog) ))
sname t sid color red
P ts C Suppliers t t o o
< =

Cu 4: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h R vi bn thuc tnh ABCD c cc ph thuc hm sau:
C D, C A, v B C.
Xc nh dng chun cao nht R tha mn (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF). Gii thch.
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------
Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi
52
Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: C S D LIU
Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
a. Gii thch cc khi nim: d liu, c s d liu, h qun tr d liu.
b. Gii thch cc khi nim: kha, siu kha, kha chnh, kha ng c, kha ngoi.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Cho mt c s d liu v Cng ty bo him xe hi nh sau:
Cng ty bo him c nhiu khch hng mua bo him xe hi. Mi khch hng s hu mt
hoc nhiu xe. Mi xe c mua mt loi bo him ca cng ty. Mi xe c th khng c hoc c
mt n nhiu h s v tai nn c yu cu bi thng.
a. V s Thc th-Lin kt m t nhng thng tin trong c s d liu trn.
b. Chuyn s Thc th-Lin kt trn sang lc quan h.
(c th b sung thm cc gi thit khc m t bi ton nu cn thit)
Cu 3: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h sau:
Suppliers(sid: integer, sname: string, address: string)
Parts(pid: integer, pname: string, color: string)
Catalog(sid: integer, pid: integer, cost: real)
(Suppliers: thng tin v cc nh cung cp; Parts: thng tin v cc loi hng ha; Catalog:
thng tin v gi bn cc loi hng ha ca cc nh cung cp).
a. Vit truy vn sau trong i s quan h: Tm tn ca nhng nh cung cp c sn phm
mu (RED) v mu xanh (GREEN).
b. Cho bit mc ch ca cc truy vn c vit dng i s quan h sau:
cos 100 ' '
cos 100 ' '
( (( ar ) ( ata log) ))
( (( ar ) ( ata log) ))
sname t color red
sname t color green
P ts C Suppliers
P ts C Suppliers
t o o
t o o
< =
< =



Cu 4: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h R vi cc thuc tnh ABCDE c cc ph thuc hm sau:
A BC, BC E, v E DA.
Xc nh dng chun cao nht R tha mn (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF). Gii thch.
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------
Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi
53
Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: C S D LIU
Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
a. Trnh by cc bc c bn trong qu trnh thit k c s d liu.
b. Cho bit cc tin Amstrong v b c s dng tm cc ph thuc hm.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Cho mt c s d liu v Nhn vin cng ty nh sau:
Mt cng ty c nhiu phng ban. Mi phng ban c nhiu nhn vin. Mi nhn vin phi
thuc vo mt phng ban no . Mt s nhn vin c th gi chc v Ngi qun l. Nhn vin c
th c chuyn t phng ban ny sang phng ban khc ti cc thi im khc nhau ty theo yu
cu ca cng ty.
a. V s Thc th-Lin kt m t nhng thng tin trong c s d liu trn.
b. Chuyn s Thc th-Lin kt trn sang lc quan h.
(c th b sung thm cc gi thit khc m t bi ton nu cn thit)
Cu 3: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h sau:
Suppliers(sid: integer, sname: string, address: string)
Parts(pid: integer, pname: string, color: string)
Catalog(sid: integer, pid: integer, cost: real)
(Suppliers: thng tin v cc nh cung cp; Parts: thng tin v cc loi hng ha; Catalog:
thng tin v gi bn cc loi hng ha ca cc nh cung cp).
a. Vit truy vn sau trong i s quan h: Tm tn ca nhng nh cung cp c tt c cc
loi sn phm mu (RED).
b. Cho bit mc ch ca cc truy vn c vit dng i s quan h sau:
cos 100 ' '
( ( ar ) ( atalog) )
sname t sid color red
P ts C Suppliers t t o o
< =

Cu 4: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h R vi bn thuc tnh ABCD c cc ph thuc hm sau:
B C, v D A.
Xc nh dng chun cao nht R tha mn (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF). Gii thch.
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------
Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi
54
Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: C S D LIU
Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
a. Cho bit nhng u im khi s dng h qun tr d liu qun l d liu.
b. nh ngha dng chun 3 (3NF), dng chun 4 (4NF). Cho v d minh ha.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Cho mt c s d liu v Th vin:
Mt th vin c nhiu sch. Mi cun sch c vit bi mt hoc nhiu tc gi. Mi cun
sch thuc vo mt hoc nhiu th loi sch khc nhau. Th vin c nhiu gi sch t ti nhiu v
tr khc nhau. Mi cun sch c t mt gi sch no trong th vin.
a. V s Thc th-Lin kt m t nhng thng tin trong c s d liu trn.
b. Chuyn s Thc th-Lin kt trn sang lc quan h.
(c th b sung thm cc gi thit khc m t bi ton nu cn thit)
Cu 3: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h sau:
Suppliers(sid: integer, sname: string, address: string)
Parts(pid: integer, pname: string, color: string)
Catalog(sid: integer, pid: integer, cost: real)
(Suppliers: thng tin v cc nh cung cp; Parts: thng tin v cc loi hng ha; Catalog:
thng tin v gi bn cc loi hng ha ca cc nh cung cp).
a. Vit truy vn sau trong i s quan h: Tm tn ca nhng nh cung cp c tt c cc
loi sn phm mu (RED) hoc mu xanh (GREEN).
b. Cho bit mc ch ca cc truy vn c vit dng i s quan h sau:
cos 100 ' '
cos 100 ' '
( (( ar ) ( ata log) ))
( (( ar ) ( ata log) ))
t sid color red
t sid color green
P ts C Suppliers
P ts C Suppliers
t o o
t o o
< =
< =



Cu 4: (2 im)
Cho lc quan h R vi cc thuc tnh ABCDE c cc ph thuc hm sau:
AB C, AB D, C A, v D B.
Xc nh dng chun cao nht R tha mn (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF). Gii thch.
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------
Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi