TRNG I HC LUT H NI ---------***---------

BAI TP NHOM THNG 1. MN:NHNG NGHUYN L C BN CA CH NGHA MC-LNIN

ti:

Phn tch ba tnh hung trong lnh vc t nhin, x hi v t duy lm r ni dung v ngha ca quy lut ph nh ca ph nh.

Lp Nhm

: 3607 : B2

H Ni, thang 10 nm 2011

MUC LUC

A.Li m u.................................................................................1 B.Ni dung chnh............................................................................1 I.Ni dung, ngha quy lut ph nh ca ph nh...................1 1.Mt s khi nim..................................................................1 2.Ni dung quy lut ph nh ca ph nh............................2 3. ngha phng php lun quy lut ph nh ca ph nh 3 II.Mt s tnh hung minh ha...................................................4 1.Lnh vc t nhin.................................................................4 2.Lnh vc x hi.....................................................................6 3.Lnh vc t duy....................................................................9 C.Kt lun.......................................................................................12

Danh mc ti liu tham kho

Gio trnh: 1. B gio dc v o to, Gio trnh nhng nguyn l c bn ca ch ngha Mc-Lnin, Nxb.CTQG, H Ni, 2009. 2. B gio dc v o to, Gio trnh trit hc Mc-Lnin (dng trong cc trng i hc v cao ng), Nxb.CTQG, H Ni, 2008. Sch: 1.V.I.Lnin, Bt k trit hc, Ton tp, tp 29, Nxb.CTQG, H Ni,2005. 2.Trn Vn Phng, An Nh Hi, Th Thch, Hi-p mn nhng nguyn l c bn ca ch ngha Mc-Lnin (Dnh cho sinh vin i hc, cao ng khi khng chuyn Ngnh Mc-Lnin, T tng H Ch Minh), Nxb.i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2011. Website: 1.Din n lp X hi hc k33, Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh http://xahoihock33.pro-forums.in/t36-topic 2.Yahoo!Hi & p, Vn dng quy lut ph nh ca ph nh trong hc tp v lm vic? http://vn.answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20091107234946AAKCP60

A.LI M U.
Php bin chng l mn khoa hc v nhng quy lut ph bin ca s vn ng v s pht trin ca t nhin, ca x hi loi ngi v ca t duy. Php bin chng duy vt a ra hai nguyn l, su cp phm tr v ba quy lut c bn. Trong c quy lut ph nh ca ph nh.Ph.ngghen vit: "...ph nh ci ph nh l g ? L mt quy lut v cng ph bin chnh v vy m c mt tm quan trng v c tc dng v cng to ln v s pht trin ca t nhin, ca lch s v ca t duy". thy r hn ni dung, ngha ca quy lut ph nh ca ph nh-mt trong ba quy lut c bn nht ca trit hc, chng em s phn tch mt s tnh hung c th trong cc lnh vc t nhin, x hi v t duy nhng phng din tn ti ch yu ca th gii. y l mt ti i hi mi ngi phi c kin thc tht chc chn v ci nhn thc t su sc. V vy, phn trnh by ca chng em khng trnh khi c nhng thiu st v hn ch, chng em rt mong nhn c nhng gp qu bu ca thy c.

B.NI DUNG CHNH.

Phn I.Ni dung, ngha ca quy lut ph nh ca ph nh. 1.Mt s khi nim. Quy lut l mi lin h khch quan, bn cht, tt nhin, ph bin v lp i lp li gia cc mt, cc yu t, cc thuc tnh bn trong mi mt s vt, hay gia cc s vt, hin tng vi nhau. Cc quy lut mang tnh khch quan nn con ngi khng th to ra v xa b c m ch nhn thc v vn dng n trong thc tin.

S ph nh l s thay th s vt ny bng s vt khc trong qu trnh vn ng v pht trin ca n. Ph nh bin chng l mt phm tr trit hc ch s t ph nh, s ph nh to tin cho s pht trin tip theo ca s vt, cho ci mi ra i thay th ci c, lc lng ph nh ngay trong bn thn s vt. c trng c bn ca ph nh bin chng l tnh khch quan v tnh k tha:
Khch quan: T thn s vt ph nh, khng ph thuc vo mun ch

quan ca con ngi , l kt qu gii quyt mu thun bn trong s vt quy nh.

C tnh k tha: Ph nh bin chng khng phi l s th tiu, s ph

hy hon ton ci c m l lc b nhng mt tiu cc, li thi, gi li nhng mt tch cc, ph hp. Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh l mt trong ba quy lut c bn ca php bin chng duy vt. Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh ch ra khuynh hng vn ng phat trin cua s vt, hin tng, tinh tt yu cua s ra i cai mi, mi lin h gia ci c v ci mi. 2.Ni dung quy lut ph nh ca ph nh. Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh nu ln mi lin h, s k tha gia ci khng nh v ci ph nh, nh ph nh bin chng l iu kin cho s pht trin; n bo tn ni dung tch cc ca cc giai on trc v b xung thm nhng thuc tnh mi lm cho s pht trin i theo ng xoy c. Ph nh ca ph nh l mt khi nim ni ln rng, s vn ng, pht trin ca s vt thng qua hai ln ph nh bin chng, dng nh quay tr li im xut pht ban u nhng cao hn.

Ph nh ln th nht lm cho s vt c tr thnh ci i lp ca mnh. Sau nhng ln ph nh tip theo, n mt lc no s ra i s vt mi mang nhiu c trng ging vi s vt ban u. Nh vy, v hnh thc l tr li ci ban u song khng phi ging nguyn nh c, dng nh lp li ci c nhng cao hn. S vt mi vi t cch l kt qu ca ph nh ca ph nh c ni dung hon thin hn, phong ph hn, c ci khng nh ban u v kt qu ca s ph nh ln th nht. S ph nh ca ph nh l giai on kt thc mt chu k pht trin, ng thi li l im xut pht ca mt chu k pht trin tip theo, to ra ng xoy c ca s pht trin. Ph nh ca ph nh, ngoi hai c trng nh ph nh bin chng cn c thm dc trng c tnh chu k. Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh khi qut tnh cht chung, ph bin ca s pht trin: khng phi l s pht trin theo hnh thc mt con ng thng tp, n gin m din ra quanh co phc tp. Lnin gi s pht trin tin ln l theo hnh xoy c.Hnh xoy c cho php din t r rng cc c trng ca quy trnh pht trin bin chng: mi vng mi ca ng xon c dng nh lp li vng trc v hnh thc - th hin tnh k tha v lp li nhng hai vng xon khng h trng ln nhau th hin tnh tin ln; s ni tip nhau ca cc vng th hin tnh v tn ca s pht trin tin ln t thp n cao. 3. ngha phng php lun. Cng ging nh nhng quy lut c bn khc ca php bin chng duy vt, quy lut ph nh ca ph nh cng c ngha phng php lun ring.
Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh cho ta c s hiu s ra i ca ci

mi, mi lin h gia ci c v ci mi. Chng ta phi bit k tha c chn lc, s dng nhng ci vn l tinh hoa ca ci c nh l tin ca s ny sinh ci mi, tin b hn, bit gi hnh thc v ci to ni dung cho ph hp.
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 Trong nhn thc v hot ng thc tin cn chng thi ph nh sch trn. ng thi phi bit sng lc nhng g tch cc ca ci c. Chng thi h v ch ngha, ng thi chng thi bo th, lc hu, li thi, khng chu i mi. Phi hiu pht trin khng phi l ng thng m theo ng xoy c i ln. Ngha l, c nhiu kh khn, phc tp trong qu trnh vn ng, pht trin. Phn II.Cc tnh hung minh ha. 1.Lnh vc t nhin. 1.1 Hin tng. Vng tun hon nc l s tn ti v vn ng ca nc trn mt t, trong lng t v trong bu kh quyn caTri t, nc Tri t lun vn ng v chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. y, ta ch xt vng tun hon nh ca nc (khng xt ti bng, tuyt, nc ngm, nc c sinh vt hp th). 1.2 Phn tch Qu trnh t git nc -> my -> git nc l mt v d trong t nhin c th lm sng t quy lut ph nh ca ph nh.

Nu git nc gp iu kin bnh thng nh nhit v p sut ph hp i vi n, s din ra mt s bin ha ring, nc c lm nng, bc hi
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chuyn t th lng sang th hi, hi nc bay vo khng kh . Nhng dng kh bc ln em theo hi nc vo kh quyn, gp ni c nhit thp, hi nc b ngng t thnh nhng m my,chuyn t th hi sang th lng. Lc ny git nc bin i, khng cn l git nc na, n b ph nh, b thay th thnh hi nc, thnh m my do n to nn, y l s ph nh git nc. Song s ph nh cha dng li .Nhng m my to dn, tch t cng ngy cng nhiu hi nc, n khi ln, gp gi, nhit , p sut thch hp,my ri xung thnh nhng git nc ma, khi nhng git nc ri ht, m my tan i, bn thn n b ph nh. Kt qu ca s ph nh ny l chng ta li c git nc mi nh ban u, nhng khng ch l mt git m l gp nhiu ln. V d trn cho thy, t s khng nh ban u (git nc ban u), tri qua s ph nh ln th nht (m my ph nh git nc) v s ph nh ln th hai (nhng git nc mi ph nh m my), s vt dng nh quay tr li s khng nh ban u (git nc), nhng trn c s cao hn ( cht lng git nc cng s thay i, s lng git nc nhiu hn, song kh nhn thy). Chng ta cng thy r c hai c trng c bn qua nhng ln ph nh bin chng nu trn, l tnh khch quan v tnh k tha. Tnh khch quan: Cc yu t nhit , mch l iu kin,cn nguyn nhn ca s ph nh nm ngay trong bn thn git nc. Sau qu trn h hp thu nhit (nng lng), mt s phn t nc mt thong c ng nng chuyn ng nhit ln nn chng c th thot ra khi mt thong v tr thnh phn t hi (hi nc). Tnh k tha: Nhng git nc c to ra qua hai ln ph nh u c cu to t nhng nguyn t H v O nhng thnh phn cu to nn git nc ban u.

Nhng khng ch k tha, nhng git nc mi c to ra cn c u im vt ln trn git nc ban u, l s thanh khit sau mt chu trnh bin i.S thay th cc hnh thi tn ti ca nc l mt qu trnh v tn, lin tip, to nn vng tun hon ca nc trong t nhin. Vng tun hon ca nc c tnh cht chu k theo hnh thc xoy c. 1.3 ngha. Vn dng ni dung quy lut ph nh ca ph nh, ta thy rng cc hnh thi tn ti ca nc trong vng tun hon c lin quan mt thit n nhau, d ch mt vng khu xy ra s c th ton b qu trnh s b nh hng. Nu cc mt nc b nhim nng n, trong khng kh tch y khi bi, kh thi c hi th nhng git nc mi s khng th trong lnh, thanh khit tin b hn nhng git nc ban u, th m cc m my tr li s ch l ma a-xit, ma phng x Tin ln l xu hng chung ca s vt, ci mi ra i thng tin b hn ci c do nu chng ta c tnh ph v quy lut ny hu qu li s tht khn lng. V vy bo v mi trng ni chung v ngun nc ni ring l mt vn bc thit. 2.Lnh vc x hi. 2.1 Hin tng. S pht trin ca thi trang l mt minh chng cho quy lut ph nh ca ph nh trong Trit hc Mc-Lnin trong lnh vc x hi. Lch s thi trang th gii khng ngng bin i v pht trin. Trang phc bt u t nhng chic l cy che i nhng b phn ca c th n nhng tm da th, con ngi cng khng qun s dng km theo nhng ph kin nh rng ng vt, vng kt t v cy C th ban u ch l nhng vt may mn hoc chin li phm, nhng khi mt cng ng ngi u mang v khc vi cng ng khc, th l im s khai nht ca thi trang. Khi con ngi bit
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canh tc, h t tay lm c nhng b trang phc bn t c cy. n nm 2610 TCN, s ra i ca vi vc TQ nh du bc tin v i cho lch s vn minh nhn loi. T n nay cc mu trang phc lin tip xut hin, thay th nhau phc v con ngi. 2.2 Phn tch. C th thy cc mu trang phc hay cc xu hng thi trang thay th nhau l tt yu, khch quan v cng vi iu kin sng, nhu cu ca con ngi khng ngng nng cao. Ban u l nhng chic l cy,nhng khi nhu cu gi m ca c th ngy cng cn thit cho s sinh tn, th l cy b ph nh bi lng th - loi vt liu c kh nng gi nhit cho c th tt hn. n khi con ngi sng to ra vi vc th lng th li b ph nh do tnh ch ng, thu n tin, a dng v thm m ca vi vc. Ban u n gin ch l nhu cu mc m, con ngi khng ngng sng to ra cc kiu trang phc vi mc ch s dng v mu m khc nhau tu tng thi k tho mn nhu cu mc p, v p hn na. Khi mt mu trang phc mi xut hin v c nhiu ngi yu thch th kiu trang phc c trc tng l tro lu li dn b qun lng, hay chnh l b ph nh. Th hiu ca con ngi thay i rt nhanh nn mt b trang phc sau 2, 3 thng b li mt l chuyn rt bnh thng. Th nhng thi trang l mt vng xoay ,cc xu hng thi trang trong qu kh lun c nhng s tr li y ngon mc. Chng ta, nhng con ngi hin i lun t ho mnh l ngi bt kp mt, lun kp thi cp nht nhng xu hng mi nht ca thi trang nhng khng h bit rng nhng tro lu, nhng mt mi m chng ta ang chy theo nhiu khi l s lp li, l s

bt chc c sng to ca nhng xu hng trong qu kh. Ta c th thy rt nhiu v d, nh:

Qun b st hay legging hin nay ang l xu hng n mc mt nht

tn ln nhng ng cong gi cm ca ph n tuy nhin n cng tng l xu hng n mc ca nam gii trong nhiu th k. loi qun b chn ny c mc bi mi tng lp, sang th c lm bng la hoc len cn ngi dn thng hay s dng cht liu vi si th. Cho n th k 17, n c dn dn b thay th (ph nh) bi qun di v tt.
Xu hng k vin quanh mt tht m l c trng cho phong cch

emo cng nh trong tro lu trang im ca cc ngi sao ni ting ngy nay. Ngun gc ca n bt ngun t Ai Cp, ni chng ta quen thuc vi hnh nh i mt n tng ny trn nhng ti liu, di ch c xa cn c lu gi li .H s dng mt loi phn gi l kohl vin mt vi mc ch lm p v tin l n s gip bo v h khi tc hi ca nh nng mt tri y khc nghit cng nh trnh khi con mt ca qu d.
Tro lu retro l tro lu mc li cc trang phc theo xu hng thi

trang nhng thp nin trc, bao gm vintage (qun o, ph kin ca nhng thp nin 20s n 70s). cng l tro lu hin ang c cc bn tr trn khp th gii hng ng. Mt bu khng kh thi trang c in nhng vn mang y nt c tnh v ni lon. l 1 s v d in hnh ca s quay vng ca thi trang, chng lun thay i nhng vn k tha nhng nt c o ca nhng kiu c ch khng b ph nh hon ton. 2.3 ngha.

Nm c quy lut ph nh ca ph nh vi nhng c trng ca n trong lnh vc thi trang, ta hiu rng c nhiu iu b ch cn phi hc hi t nhng sn phm thi trang ca cc th h trc bi tnh k tha l tt yu, ta cng c th, da vo tnh chu k ca th hiu, d on c xu hng thi trang no s quay li v c cho n cung nhit mt ln na, iu trao cho ta c hi lm p hp mt v, thm ch, c c hi kinh doanh ngn vng; tuy nhin mi s rp khun s b o thi, bi s lp li lun lun l s lp li mt trnh cao hn. Thi trang th hin s khn ngoan, sc sng to khng ngng v y ti nng ca con ngi trong vic lm p. 3.Lnh vc t duy. 3.1 Hin tng. C nhiu minh chng trong lnh vc t duy c th lm sng t ni dung ca quy lut ph nh ca ph nh, trong c th ni n s tn ti v thay th ba hnh thc c bn ca ch ngha duy vt: t ch ngha duy vt cht phc n ch ngha duy vt siu hnh, sau l ch ngha duy vt bin chng. 3.2 Phn tch. Ch ngha duy vt tri qua hai ln ph nh bin chng vi ba hnh thc c bn, trong : s khng nh ban u l ch ngha duy vt cht phc; s ph nh ln th nht l ch ngha duy vt siu hnh ph nh ch ngha duy vt cht phc; s ph nh ln th hai l ch ngha duy vt bin chng ph nh ch ngha duy vt siu hnh. Tnh khch quan: T duy l s phn nh nng ng sng to ca con ngi v th gii khch quan. T duy ca con ngi lun c kh nng b thay th bi nhng t duy mi do kh nng nhn thc ca con ngi ngy cng pht trin cao hn.Nh vy, s thay th ba hnh thc c bn ca ch ngha duy vt l tt yu khch quan khi t duy con ngi khng ngng pht trin.
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Tnh k tha v pht trin vng xoy c: o Ch ngha duy vt cht phc tha nhn vt cht l th c trc, song li ng nht vt cht vi mt hay mt s cht c th v nhng kt lun ca n mang nng tnh trc quan nn ngy th, cht phc.
o Ch ngha duy vt siu hnh (th hin kh r vo th k XV khi m

khoa hc t nhin pht trin mnh, i su vo phn tch nghin cu tng yu t ring bit ca yu t t nhin) ph nh bin chng ch ngha duy vt cht phc . Mt mt, ch ngha duy vt siu hnh k tha quan im ca ch ngha duy vt cht phc: tha nhn tnh c trc ca vt cht, ly gii t nhin gii thch gii t nhin. Mt khc, do chu tc ng ca nn khoa hc ng thi, ch ngha duy vt siu hnh quan nim th gii nh mt c my c gii khng l, t nhiu cch t duy ny c nhng im pht trin hn v t s vt trong mt h thng ch khng cn l nhng dng vt cht ring l. Tuy nhin, ch ngha duy vt siu hnh cn mt s hn ch: coi mi b phn ca c my c gii khng l lun trng thi bit lp, tnh ti, nu c bin i th n ch l s tng ln hoc gim i n thun v s lng v do nhng nguyn nhn bn ngoi gy nn.
o Ch ngha duy vt bin chng (do Mc v ngghen sng lp t nhng

nm 40 ca th k XIX, c Lnin k tha v pht trin). y l ln ph nh bin chng th nht i vi ch ngha duy vt siu hnh v l ln ph nh bin chng th hai i vi ch ngha duy vt cht phc. Mc, ngghen v Lnin k tha tinh hoa ca cc nh trit hc trc : coi vt cht l ci c trc, ly gii t nhin gii thch gii t nhin, khng vin n Thn linh hay Thng v t vt cht trong cng mt h thng. Bn cnh , ch ngha duy vt bin chng c bc pht trin so vi hai hnh thc trc, t n tng i hon chnh:

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 Th nht, ch ngha duy vt bin chng nu c khi nim vt cht di gc trit hc, t khc phc c nhc im ca ch ngha duy vt cht phc coi vt cht l khi nim hp, ch l mt hoc mt s dng vt cht c th; ch ngha duy vt bin chng cng pht trin thm quan im: vt cht l ci c trc, thc l ci c sau, thc l hnh nh phn nh ca th gii vt cht. Th hai, ch ngha duy vt bin chng nu c phng thc tn ti ca vt cht l vn ng, vn ng l tuyt i, vnh vin. Vn ng ca vt cht l t thn vn ng. im ny khc phc c nhc im ca ch ngha duy vt siu hnh s vt tn ti mt cch tnh ti, khng vn ng, pht trin m ch l s tng ln hoc gim i n thun v lng.
Th ba, mi tn ti ca th gii vt cht u c mi lin h khch quan,

thng nht vi nhau, cng chu s chi phi ca cc quy lut khch quan ph bin ca th gii vt cht. Cc s vt, hin tng hay cc mt ca mt s vt, mt hin tng lun quy nh, tc ng qua li, chuyn ha ln nhau. iu ny ph nh quan im cho rng s vt, hin tng tn tai bit lp ca ch ngha duy vt si u hnh. 3.3 ngha. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca khoa hc, cc phm tr khng phi l bt bin, khng phi l vnh vin v ch cn xy dng mt ln l xong. Thc t cho thy, cng mt vn nhng c khi chng ta phi tr i tr li khng ch mt ln c th lm cho n su sc hn. Th gii vt cht cn nhiu vn m con ngi cha nhn thc ht c, bi vy, con ngi phi lun khng ngng khm ph, tm ti nhm thay th nhng t duy c, lc hu, khng cn ph hp bng nhng t duy mi, tin b hn, trong qu trnh cn bit
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k tha nhng tinh hoa, nhng quan im ng n ca nhng t duy trc t ci bin, tm ra nhng t duy ng n su sc, hon thin hn.

C.KT LUN.
Trong s vn ng vnh vin ca th gii vt cht, ph nh bin chng l mt qu trnh v tn, to nn khuynh hng pht trin ca s vt t trnh thp n trnh cao hn,c tnh cht chu k theo hnh thc "xoy c". Ph nh bin chng l iu kin cho s pht trin,ci mi ra i l kt qu ca s k tha nhng ni dung tch cc t trong ci c, pht huy n trong s vt mi v to nn tnh chu k ca s pht trin. Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh v ang c ngha v cng quan trng trong vic hnh thnh suy ngh, rn luyn k nng ca sinh vin Vit Nam ngy hm nay. Sinh vin chng ta phi bit k tha c chn lc nhng ci vn l tinh hoa ca ci c, s dng chng nh l tin to ra ci mi tin b hn, bn cnh , ci mi cng cn c tip thu c la chn cho ph hp.Ngha l chng ta cn phi bit tch cc pht hin ci mi, ng h n nu nh ci mi y thc s ph hp vi thc t v n l thc s cn thit, bi v bt k ci mi no ra i cng lun cn yu t, t i di dng c th, chng ta cng cn phi ra sc bi dng, to iu kin cho ci mi chin thng ci c, pht huy u th ca n; nht thit trong khi u tranh chng ci c, cng cn phi bit lc th ly tinh, ci to ci c n ph hp vi iu kin mi, trn trng gi tr ca qu kh. Ci li thi khng c ci tin, ci mi b cng iu, ci tt ngoi lai khng c bn a ho nhun nhuyn cng l nhng iu cn c khc phc kp thi. Lm nh th l mi ngi sinh vin lnh hi v thm nhun quy lut ph nh ca ph nh ca ch ngha Mclnin v quan trng l bit p dng n hiu qu vo cng tc nghin cu v rn luyn ca bn thn.

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