TRNG I HC TIN GIANG KHOA KHOA HC C BN

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BI TIU LUN ti:

S QUANG HP V H HP T BO

Tin Giang, thng 11/2011

TRNG I HC TIN GIANG KHOA KHOA HC C BN

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BI TIU LUN ti:

S QUANG HP V H HP T BO
GVHD: THS. NG TH CM NHUNG Thc hin: 1. L NG HOI BO 2. NGUYN MAI TH HI 3. TRNG TH THANH TRC 4. NG TH KIM PHNG 5. TRN TH THANH TRC 009324006 009324019 011103029 011103030 011103017

Tin Giang, thng 11/2011

Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

MC LC DANH MC HNH ............................................................................................... 5 CHNG 1: S QUANG HP .......................................................................... 5 1.1 I CNG ................................................................................................ 6 1.1.1 Th nghim chng minh c s quang hp ................................................. 6 1.1.2 S quang hp l mt chui cc phn ng oxy ha kh ............................. 7 1.1.3 L xanh l c quan chnh ca s quang hp ............................................. 8 1.1.4 Lc lp l c quan chnh ca s quang hp .............................................. 9 1.2 PHA SNG CA S QUANG HP ........................................................ 10 1.2.1 H thng quang I v II ........................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Chui dn truyn in t ........................................................................ 11 1.2.3 Ngun nng lng ca t bo ................................................................. 13 1.3 PHA TI CHU TRNH CALVIN BELSON ...................................... 16 1.3.1 C nh CO2 ........................................................................................... 17 1.3. 2. Chuyn ha CO2 ................................................................................. 18 1.3.3 Ti to cht nhn .................................................................................... 18 1.4 S QUANG HP CC NHM C3, C4 V CAM ............................... 18 1.4.1 Phn bit gia thc vt C3, C4 v CAM ................................................ 18 1.4.2 S quang hp thc vt C3 ................................................................... 18 1.4. 3. S quang hp thc vt C4 ................................................................. 19 1.4.4 S quang hp CAM: Crassulaceae acid metabolism ........................... 20 1.5 CC YU T NH HNG N QUANG HP ................................. 21 1.5.1 nh hng ca cht khong n quang hp ........................................... 21 1.5.2 nh hng ca nc v nhit ............................................................ 22 1.5.3 nh hng ca CO2 ............................................................................... 24 1.5.4 nh hng ca nh sng n quang hp ................................................ 25 CHNG 2: H HP T BO ........................................................................ 28 2.1 I CNG ............................................................................................. 28 2.1.1 Tin dng v thoi dng .................................................................... 28 2.1.2 Ty th ..................................................................................................... 28
GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung Trang 3

Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

2.2 S H HP CACBOHIDRAT ................................................................. 29 2.2.1 ng phn ........................................................................................... 29 2.2.2 S ln men ............................................................................................. 32 2.2.3 S oxy ha pyruvic acid ......................................................................... 33 2.2.4 Chu trnh Krebs ...................................................................................... 34 2.2.5 S trao i nng lng v iu ha trong qu trnh h hp ..................... 35 2.3 S H HP LIPID V PROTEIN ......................................................... 41 2.3.1 S h hp lipid ....................................................................................... 41 2.3.2 S h hp protein ................................................................................... 42 2.4 NH HNG CA CC IU KIN BN NGOI N H HP ... 43 2.4.1 nh sng ................................................................................................ 43 2.4.2 Hm lng nc .................................................................................... 43 2.4.3 Nhit ................................................................................................. 43 2.4.4 Cht khong ........................................................................................... 44 2.4.5 Cht kh trong mi trng ...................................................................... 44 CHNG 3 : KT LUN ................................................................................. 46 3.1 NGHA CA QUANG HP TRONG T NHIN .............................. 46 3.1.1 ngha quang hp trong t nhin ........................................................... 46 3.1.2 Cc bin php tng nng sut cy trng da vo quang hp ................... 47 3.2 H HP L KHU TRUNG TM CA QU TRNH TRAO I CHT TRONG T BO THC VT .............................................................. 50
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................ 52

GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

DANH MC HNH Hnh 1. Th nghim ca Priestly ............................................................................. 7 Hnh 2. Cu to ca l C3 ....................................................................................... 9 Hnh 3. H thng quang I v II trn mng thylakoid ............................................. 11 Hnh 4. nh hng ca nh sng trn dip lc t .................................................. 11 Hnh 5. ng i ca quang t ............................................................................. 11 Hnh 6. Phn t ATP ............................................................................................ 13 Hnh 7. S tng hp ATP ................................................................................ 15
Hnh 8. S chu trnh Calvin-Benson .......................................................................... 17

Hnh 9: Cu to l C3 v C4 ................................................................................. 21 Hnh 10. Ty th ..................................................................................................... 28 Hnh 11. Cc phn ng chnh ca ng phn ...................................................... 29 Hnh 12. Cc phn ng chnh ca s ln ............................................................... 32 Hnh 13. S ca chu trnh Krebs ...................................................................... 34 Hnh 14. Tm tt cc sn phm trong ba giai on I, II v III ............................... 35 Hnh 15. Chui dn truyn in t h hp ............................................................ 37 Hnh 16. C ch ca qu trnh h hp ................................................................... 38 Hnh 17. Tng ATP c to ra do s h hp mt phn t glucoz ........................ 39 Hnh 18. So snh s tng hp ATP trong ty th v lc lp .................................... 40 Hnh 19. So snh s ha thm thu ty th v lc lp .......................................... 41 Hnh 20. Mi lin quan gia s bin dng cht ng, cht bo v protein ........ 42 Hnh 21. ngha ca quang hp trong t nhin .................................................... 46

DANH SCH BNG Bng 1: Nhng phn ng oxy ha kh (redox reactions) ........................................ 8 Bng 2: c im phn bit thc vt C3, C4 v CAM .......................................... 18 Bng 3. Ngng nhit ca m s cy ............................................................... 44

GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

CHNG 1 S QUANG HP Tri t c thnh lp cch nay khong 4, 5 t nm. Cc sinh vt u tin xut hin cch nay khong 3,5 - 4 t nm. C l cc sinh vt s khai ny tng hp thc n cho chng t nhng vt cht v c bng s ha tng hp (chemosynthesis), tc l ly nng lng t cc phn ng ha hc t cc cht v c nh H2, NH4, H2S, hin nay nhm sinh vt ny vn cn tn ti trong nhng mi trng rt c bit nh trong cc h x, sui nc nng c sulfur v cc ming ni la trn cc sn i dng. Sau xut hin nhm sinh vt c kh nng hp thu nng lng nh sng mt tri tng hp ra cc hp cht hu c phc tp, s quang tng hp (photosynthesis), thng c gi tt l s quang hp, y l mt qu trnh sinh hc, chuyn nng lng nh sng thnh nng lng ha hc. Cc sinh vt quang hp u tin ny khng to ra oxy. V sau mt s t bo c kh nng s dng nc cho s quang hp, to ra O2, dn dn tch t trong kh quyn, mt s sinh vt tin ha khc c kh nng s dng O2 xc tc trong cc phn ng gii phng nng lng trong cc phn t thc n. Qu trnh ny c gi l s h hp hiu kh (aerobic respiration). S quang hp s dng CO2 v H2O to ra t s h hp hiu kh v s h hp hiu kh th s dng thc n v O2 sinh ra t s quang hp. Ngy nay hu ht cc sinh vt u l thuc trc tip hay gin tip vo s quang hp. Sinh vt t dng (autotroph) l sinh vt t tng hp cht hu c t vt cht v c qua s quang hp; gm hu ht l cc thc vt xanh. Sinh vt d dng (heterotroph) l sinh vt phi ly thc n hu c t mi trng chung quanh, chng tiu th cc sinh vt t dng. 1.1 I CNG 1.1.1 Th nghim chng minh c s quang hp Nm 1772, Joseph Priestley (ngi Anh), lm th nghim: Dng hai chung thy tinh, mt bn vo mt chu cy v bn kia mt con chut. Sau mt thi gian c hai u cht, nhng nu chng chung li vi nhau th chng u sng, th nghim ca ng cho thy cy to ra oxy, mc d lc ngi ta cha bit c cc
GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung Trang 6

Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

qu trnh cng nh cha bit c vai tr chnh yu ca nh sng trong s quang hp. Pht hin ca ng l khi u cho nhng nghin cu v sau.

Hnh 1: Th nghim ca Priestly Pht hin ca ng l khi u cho nhng nghin cu v sau, n th k 19 ngi ta bit cc thnh phn chnh tham gia vo qu trnh quang hp l: CO2 + H20 + ASMT
Cy xanh

VCHC + O2

Trc y, cc nh khoa hc ngh rng oxy c to ra trong qu trnh quang hp l t CO2, nhng ngy nay ngi ta bit rng O2 l t s phn ly ca nhng phn t nc. 2H20 + ASMT
Cy xanh

4H+ + 4e + O2

v ngi ta cng bit rng nng lng tch cc phn t nc l t nh sng mt tri v c dip lc t hp thu. Ion H+ t do v in t c to ra t s phn ly ca nhng phn t nc c dng bin i CO2 thnh carbohydrat v cc phn t nc mi: CO2 + 4H+ + 4e Tm tt hai phng trnh trn: CO2 + 2H20 Cy xanh th tm tt nh sau: 6CO2 + 12H2O asmt, dip lc t 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O Phn ng tuy n gin nhng qu trnh tri qua rt nhiu phn ng, c nhng phn ng cn nh sng (pha sng), nhng c nhng phn ng xy ra khng cn nh sng (pha ti). 1.1.2 S quang hp l mt chui cc phn ng oxy ha kh CO2 l mt hp cht ngho nng lng, trong khi ng th giu nng lng. Do , s quang hp khng nhng l s bin i nng lng nh sng thnh nng
GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung Trang 7 Cy xanh

(CH2O) + H2O

(CH2O) + H2O + O2

Mt trong nhng sn phm ca quang hp l glucoz, mt ng 6C nn c

Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

lng ha hc m cn d tr chng bng s tng hp cht giu nng lng. Theo t ng ha hc, nng lng c d tr bi s kh (reduction), tc l s thm vo mt hay nhiu in t. Qu trnh ngc li l s oxy ha (oxidation), l s gii phng nng lng t mt hp cht bi s ly i mt hay nhiu in t. Trc y, t ny c ngha l phn ng thm vo hay mt i oxy. Tuy nhin, hin nay t ny dng cho c nhng phn ng khng c oxy tham gia. Th d, trong nhng phn ng sinh ha hc, s dn truyn in t thng i km theo s trao i ca mt hay nhiu nguyn t hydro. Mi lin h gia chng c c tm tt trong bng. im cn ch l: s kh l s nhn in t, d tr nng lng trong cht b kh, ngc li s oxy ha l s mt i in t, gii phng nng lng t cht b oxy ha. Bng 1: Nhng phn ng oxy ha kh (redox reactions) (McFadden. 1995) S oxy ha Mt in t Mt hydrogen Gii phng nng lng S kh Nhn in t Nhn hydrogen Tch ly nng lng

V mt in t c mt phn t nhn phi l c ly i t mt phn t khc, c ngha l khi c mt cht no b kh th theo l cht khc b oxy ha. V phn ng kh phi i cng phn ng oxy ha vi mt in t c thm vo cht ny l c ly i t cht khc nn phn ng ny c gi l phn ng oxy ha kh (redox reaction: reduction - oxidation). Trong cc phn ng oxy ha kh ca s quang hp, nng lng ca nh sng mt tri lm phn ly phn t nc v kh CO2 thnh dng ng giu nng lng. Ni mt cch khc, ion H+ v in t do s phn ly ca nhng phn t nc c cung cp cho CO2 to ra hp cht kh vi n v cn bn l (CH2O), v nng lng t nh sng mt tri c d tr trong qu trnh ny. Trong s quang hp, cn ch c ch hp thu v s dng nng lng nh sng mt tri v c ch chuyn hydro v in t t nc n CO2. 1.1.3 L xanh l c quan chnh ca s quang hp Mc d s quang hp c th xy ra tt c nhng phn xanh, c cha dip lc t, ca cy, nhng c quan chnh c cha nhiu dip lc t l l, nn l xanh l c quan chnh ca s quang hp. Thng thng l cy gm cung l (petiole) v
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

phin l (blade) (mt s l khng c cung, phin l gn trc tip vo thn). Phin l rng, mng vi mt h gn l phc tp. Di knh hin vi, c th thy l c bao bc bi mt lp biu b (epidermis), thng ch c mt lp t bo, i khi 2 hay 3 hay nhiu hn. Bn ngoi c bao ph bi mt lp cutin, bao c biu b trn v di; chc nng chnh ca biu b l bo v nhng m bn trong ca l, trnh mt nc, chng s xm nhp ca nm v cc tc nhn gy hi khc. Thng t bo biu b khng c cha lc lp nn khng c chc nng quang hp. Gia hai lp biu b l dip nhc (mesophyll), cc t bo dip nhc cha nhiu lc lp nn cn c gi l lc m, v l m chnh tham gia vo s quang hp ca cy. Dip nhc thng chia thnh hai phn: lc m hng ro pha trn (palisade mesophyll), gm nhng t bo hnh tr xp thng ng, v lc m xp (khuyt) (spongy mesophyll) gm nhng t bo c hnh dng khng nht nh v sp xp bt nh. Cc t bo ca c hai phn lin kt vi nhau rt lng lo v c nhng khong trng gia chng. Nhng khong trng ny thng ra bn ngoi khng kh bi nhng l c gi l kh khu (stomata), CO2 cn thit cho qu trnh quang hp t khng kh i vo l qua cc kh khu ny. S ng m ca kh khu c iu tit do hai t bo khu nm trn biu b. H gn l (cc b mch) phn nhnh t cung l vo phin l lm thnh b khung cho phin l v m dn truyn l ng dn truyn chnh ni lin vi cc thnh phn khc ca cy. Mi b mch gm hai loi m chnh: m mc, v m libe, vn chuyn cc vt cht hu c i khp cy. Mi b mch thng c bao quanh bng nhng t bo lm thnh bao (bundle sheath). M mc cung cp nc cn thit cho
Hnh 2. Cu to ca l C3

s quang hp t bo dip nhc v sn phm cui cng l carbohydrat c chuyn n cc

t bo khc trong cy nh m libe. 1.1.4 Lc lp l c quan chnh ca s quang hp

GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Lc lp c hai mng bao bc v cha mt h thng mng bn trong lm thnh cc ti dp thng thng vi nhau c gi l thylakoid. Mt s thylakoid c hnh da xp chng ln nhau nh mt chng ng xu gi l grana. Mng thylykoid ngn cch gia nhng phn bn trong ca thylakoid v cht c bn ca lc lp (stroma). Nhng phn ng trong pha sng ca s quang hp xy ra trong hay trn mng thylakoid. Nhng phn ng trong pha ti ca s quang hp xy ra trong phn dch ca cht c bn bao quanh cc ti thylakoid. 1.2 Pha sng ca s quang hp Pha sng ca qu trnh quang hp l gi chung cc phn ng trong c mt s phn ng cn s hin din ca nh sng. 1.2.1 H thng quang I v II (photosystem) Dip lc t v cc sc t ph cn thit cho qu trnh quang hp t chc thnh hai h thng quang I v II, c hai u trn mng thylakoid. Mi h thng quang cha khong 300 phn t sc t, gm t 5 n 10 LHC (Light-harvesting complex), mi LHC II gm ba bn n v, mi bn n v gm mt protein, 7 phn t chlorophyll a, 5 chlorophyll b v 2 carotenoid. Mi h thng quang c mt trung tm phn ng (reaction center) gm c 4 phn t sc t, 4 phn t enzim tt c c gn vi nhau nh mt phn t protein, nhng phn t sc t khc hot ng nh nhng anten, hai h thng ny hp thu nng lng ca nh sng c di sng khc nhau v truyn nng lng v trung tm phn ng. H thng quang I cha phc hp trung tm phn ng P700, v n khng th hp thu nh sng c di sng cao hn 700 nm; h thng quang II cha phc hp trung tm phn ng P680, v n khng th hp thu nh sng c di sng cao hn 680 nm.

GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Hnh 3. H thng quang I v II trn mng thylakoid Khi mt quang t (photon) c mt phn t sc t hp thu, nng lng c chuyn vo mt in t ca mt phn t sc t, hot ha in t ny ln mt mc nng lng cao hn. Trng thi hot ha ny c th i t phn t sc t ny sang phn t sc t khc n trung tm phn ng. Khi in t c thu nhn, phn t trung tm phn ng tr thnh mt cht c xu hng cho in t, v a in t ny n mt phn t tip nhn in t chuyn bit (acceptor molecule). Sau , in t ny c vn chuyn qua mt chui dn truyn in t (electron-transport chain).

Hnh 4. nh hng ca nh sng trn dip lc t 1.2.2 Chui dn truyn in t

Hnh 5. ng i ca quang t

Trong h thng quang I, phn t tip nhn in t u tin l mt protein c cha FeS. P700 b oxy ha v chuyn in t cho protein FeS nn protein
GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung Trang 11

Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

ny b kh. Sau in t t FeS c mt cht nhn in t k tip tip nhn. Trong mi chui dn truyn in t cht nhn in t tr thnh cht kh v cht cho in t thnh cht oxy ha. Cht nhn in t th hai l Fd. Cht nhn in t th ba trong chui dn truyn in t l phc hp FAD, sau n chuyn in t cho NADP+ (nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat), cht ny trong stroma. Mi phn t NADP+ c th nhn hai in t t FAD v mt ion H+ t stroma ca lc lp v b kh thnh NADPH. NADPH trong stroma s l cht cho in t trong s kh CO2 thnh carbohydrat. Trong h thng quang II, trung tm phn ng sau khi nhn nng lng t nhng phn t sc t a ti tr thnh mt cht c xu hng cho in t mnh. Cht nhn in t u tin l Q. Q chuyn in t vo mt chui dn truyn in t; a in t t h thng quang II n h thng quang I, ni mt in t ni trn. in t c chuyn t h thng quang II sang h thng quang I cng lc ion H+ c bm t stroma vo bn trong ti ca thylakoid. Phn t PQ va ti c in t va mang c ion H+. PQ c ng trong mng, n nhn 2 ion H+ v hai in t t mng pha bn stroma (tr thnh PQH2) v i qua pha bn kia ca mng thylakoid. Phn t dn truyn in t k tip l trong chui l cytochrom f, nhn in t t PQH2 nhng khng nhn ion H+, do ion H+ vn bn trong thylakoid. Sau in t c protein ti c ng PC (plastocyanin) chuyn n h thng quang I. Hu qu ca vic chuyn in t ny l s vn chuyn tch cc ca ion H+ t stroma vo pha trong ca thylakoid. Nng ion H+ trong thylakoid tng (pH khong 4) v bn ngoi gim i to ra mt s chnh lch v nng ion H+gia hai bn ca mng thylakoid. Hn na, mt khuynh in th c sinh ra: stroma mt in tch dng, tr nn c in tch m hn v trong thylakoid c cha nhiu ion H+ tr nn c in tch dng. S khc bit v in tch v nng ion H+sinh ra khuynh ha in l ngun nng lng cho s tng hp ATP. Sau khi in t t h thng quang II chuyn sang h thng quang I, th h thng quang II s nhn in t t nc. H thng quang II l mt phc hp protein gm: nhng sc t anten, trung tm phn ng P680, v phc hp enzim phn ly phn t nc, phc hp enzim ny c cha mt nhm gm bn ion mangan (cofactor) hot im ca n. P680, sau khi chuyn in t i tr thnh P680 + v
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

c xu hng nhn in t mnh. P680+ vi s tr gip ca enzim phn ly nc v mt phc hp enzim Z ly in t t nc, gii phng ion H+ t do v oxy phn t. 2H2O
P 680+ nhn v tr thnh P 680

4e + 4H+ + O2

Oxy l sn phm kh c gii phng, khuch tn ra khi t bo, i ra ngoi kh quyn qua kh khu. Ion H+ bn trong thylakoid v to ra khuynh ha in xuyn mng. C th tm tt ng i ca in t nh sau: Nc quang II t th 2 Chui dn truyn in t NADPH Carbohydrat. H thng quang H thng Chui dn truyn in

Trnh t ny cho thy rng in t cn thit kh CO2 thnh carbohydrat l t nc, nhng s vn chuyn in t t nc n carbohydrat l mt qu trnh gin tip v phc tp. in t i theo mt con ng v khng thnh mt vng (noncyclic). Kt qu ca qu trnh: thnh lp NADPH, gii phng oxy phn t v sinh ra mt khuynh ha in xuyn mng thylakoid. 1.2.3 Ngun nng lng ca t bo Phn t ATP (adenosin triphosphat) gm adenosin ni vi ba gc phosphat: Adenosin - P P P

Hnh 6. Phn t ATP Cc ni gia P th nht v P th hai v ni gia P th hai v P th ba thng c gi l ni phosphat giu nng lng (high energy). Khi ni ny b thy gii thnh ADP v P s phng thch nng lng hu dng. ATP c thnh lp v thy gii trong t bo. Nu ni phosphat cui cng b thy gii th hp cht cn li l
GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung Trang 13

Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

ADP (adenosin diphosphat); nu c hai ni u b thy gii th cht cn li l AMP (adenosin monophosphat). ATP + H2O Enzim ADP + P + Nng lng Mt ATP mi c th c thnh lp t ADP v P v c nu nng lng thnh lp cu ni phosphat vo ADP. S thm gc phosphat ny c gi l s phosphoryl ha (phosphorylation) ADP + P + Nng lng Enzim ATP + H2O Cc phn ng trong pha sng ca s quang hp thng c gi l quang phosphoryl ha (photophosphorylation), c ngha l s s dng nng lng nh sng gn mt P v c vo mt phn t, thng l ADP, d ngi ta bit rng s hp thu nng lng nh sng v s phosphoryl ha l nhng phn ng ring bit. Trong lc lp, ATP c tng hp nh th no? C nhiu gi thuyt, trong ph bin nht l thuyt ha thm thu (chemiosmotic hypothesis) do Peter Mitchele (Glynn Research Laboratories Anh) a ra nm 1961. Gi thuyt ny da trn c s l kt qu s dn truyn in t lm bm ion H+ xuyn qua mng sinh ra mt khuynh ha in, khuynh ny cung cp nng lng tng hp ATP. Trn mng thylakoid c rt nhiu enzim ATP synthetaz. Phc hp ny c hai chc nng: va l knh ion H+ va l enzim xc tc tng hp ATP. Khi ion H+ i qua knh theo chiu khuynh nng ca n (t vng c nng cao bn trong thylakoid qua vng c nng thp trong stroma); ATP c tng hp t ADP v P v c gii phng vo stroma.

GVHD: ng Th Cm Nhung

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Hnh 7. S tng hp ATP V nng lng ca nh sng cui cng l cung cp cho s phosphoryl ha ADP thnh ATP v in t th khng quay vng li, nn c qu trnh c gi l s quang phosphoryl ha khng vng (noncyclic photophosphorylation). Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh l ATP, NADPH v oxy phn t. NADPH v ATP s c s dng kh CO2 trong pha ti, O2 c khuch tn ra khi l. Cc phn ng ca s quang phosphoryl ha t lu c hiu l pha sng ca qu trnh quang hp, tht ra ch c hot ng ca hai h thng quang l trc tip l thuc vo nh sng.
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

C hai l trnh (pathway) s dng nng lng nh sng to ra ATP. L trnh khng vng nh cp trn v l trnh c vng (cyclic pathway), ch c mt h thng quang tham gia. Trong l trnh c vng in t mang nng lng nh sng bt u t h thng quang I i qua mt phn ca chui dn truyn in t, u tin l FeS, k tip n Fd v sau n b6 l mt protein ti c ng v chuyn in t tr vo chui dn truyn in t bt u t PQ. in t i theo mt vng v khng c ngun in t t bn ngoi tham gia vo. Tng t l trnh khng vng cp trn, s vn chuyn in t qua PQ v chui dn truyn in t c th dng bm ion H+ xuyn qua mng sinh ra mt khuynh ha in. Sau , nng lng ca khuynh ny c dng tng hp ATP t ADP v ion H+ i qua phc hp ATP synthetaz. C qu trnh t s i mt vng ca in t v ion H+ c bm sau tng hp ATP c gi l s quang phosphoryl ha vng (cyclic photophosphorylation). Qu trnh ny ch to ra ATP. Nh vy, khi no cc phn ng trong lc lp xy ra trong l trnh vng hay khng vng? Cc nghin cu tp trung vo NADP+, khi c NADP+ nhn in t, cc phn ng i theo l trnh khng vng. L trnh vng ch xy ra khi no thiu NADP+, nhng tht ra NADPH c s dng cho rt nhiu phn ng sinh tng hp trong lc lp nn NADP + lun c to ra, nn l trnh vng khng th xy ra c. S quang phosphoryl ha vng l kiu quang hp ca nhng sinh vt u tin, hin nay ch xy ra nhng vi khun quang hp nh vi khun lc v vi khun tm. thc vt a bo, s quang phosphoryl ha vng ch l ph cho qu trnh quang phosphoryl ha khng vng, cung cp thm mt t ATP cho t bo. 1.3 Pha ti Chu trnh Calvin - Belson ATP v NADPH c to ra trong pha sng c s dng tng hp carbohydrat t CO2. Cc phn ng tng hp carbohydrat thng c gi l nhng phn ng ti v n c th xy ra trong ti, ch cn c ATP v NADPH, nhng phn ng ny i hi nhng sn phm ca pha sng, nhng n khng trc tip s dng nh sng. Tuy nhin, hu ht thc vt, s tng hp carbohydrat ch xy ra ban ngy, ngay sau khi ATP v NADPH c to ra. S kh CO2 ngho nng lng to ra ng giu nng lng din ra qua nhiu bc, mi bc c mt enzim xc tc. Tht vy, CO2 c a ln mt khuynh nng lng cao hn qua mt chui hp cht trung gian khng bn cui
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

cng to ra sn phm cui cng giu nng lng l carbohydrat. ATP v NADPH cn thit cho cc phn ng ny to ra trong stroma v s tng hp carbohydrat cng xy ra trong stroma.

G1: C nh CO2

G3: Ti to cht nhn CO2

G2: Kh

Hnh 8. S chu trnh Calvin-Benson 1.3.1 C nh CO2 Chu trnh bt u khi CO2 t khng kh kt hp vi ng 5C c gi l ribuloz bisphosphat (RuBP) to ra mt ng 6C khng bn. Sau phn t ng 6C ny c ct ra lm hai to ra hai phn t acid phosphoglyceric hay PGA. Enzim xc tc cho phn ng ny l ribuloz bisphosphat carboxylaz hay Rubisco, y l cha kho ca phn ng sinh tng hp trong quang hp. K n, mi phn t PGA c gn thm vo mt gc phosphat t phn t ATP. Sau NADPH chuyn in t v hydro cho chng. nhng phn ng ny c s tham gia ca cc
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

sn phm t pha sng. Kt qu l mt hp cht 3C giu nng lng c to ra phosphoglyceraldehyd hay PGAL. PGAL l mt ng tht s v l sn phm bn ca qu trnh quang hp. 1.3. 2. Chuyn ha CO2 Mt s PGAL c tng hp thnh glucoz v sau thnh tinh bt v c d tr trong lc lp, mt s glucoz c a ra ngoi t bo cht, y n c kt hp v sp xp li trong mt chui phn ng to ra sucroz, c vn chuyn i n nhng phn khc ca cy. D glucoz l dng ng thng c xem l sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh quang hp, nhng tht ra chng hin din rt t trong hu ht t bo thc vt. Phn ln PGAL c sinh ra trong t bo c s dng tng hp tinh bt, acid bo, acid amin v nucleotid hay c h hp hiu kh to ra nng lng cho t bo. Thng thng glucoz sau khi c tng hp s c chuyn ngay thnh sucroz, tinh bt, celluloz hay nhng ng a khc. 1.3.3 Ti to cht nhn Phn ln cc phn t PGAL c dng to ra nhng RuBP mi, s ti to cht nhn CO2 tri qua mt chui nhng phn ng phc tp v i hi cung cp ATP. S ti to cht nhn CO2 khp kn chu trnh Calvin-Benson. 1.4 S quang hp cc nhm C3, C4 v CAM 1.4.1 Phn bit gia thc vt C3, C4 v CAM Qu trnh quang hp thc vt C3, C4, CAM c nhiu im khc bit nhau v c ch v c c im sinh l ca cy. Bng 2: c im phn bit thc vt C3, C4 v CAM c im Thc vt C3 Thc vt C4 - 2 loi t bo - 1 loi t bo tham gia quang Cu to l hp (t bo tht l) - T bo c cu trc xp lp tham gia quang hp (t bo tht l v t bo bao b mch) - Tht l mng hng tm - Bao b mch xp
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Thc vt CAM

- 1 loi t bo tham gia quang hp (t bo tht l) - Tht l c cu trc xp lp

Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

lp Hot ng kh khng Cu trc lc lp Nhu cu to ti u - Kh khng m ban ngy - Lc lp dng ht 10 25 C - Trung bnh Nhu cu nh sng - im no thp 1/3 nh sng mt tri ton phn Nhu cu nc S km hm O2 nng cao Quang h hp Cht nhn CO2 Cao - Kh khng m ban ngy - Tht l : ht - Bao b mch : lamen 30 45 C - Mnh - Khng c im no Thp ( bng thc vt C3) Khng (O2 0 C C Ri 1,5 dP 100% khng nh hng) Khng - PEP - Ri 1,5 dP A. Oxalo (C4) Cao (40 60 mg/dm2/h) C hoc khng - PEP - Ri 1,5 dP - Ngy: APG - Ti : A. oxalo Rt chm ( < 10 mgCO2/dm2/h) C 30 45 C - Thay i - im no thp. 1/3 nh sng mt tri ton phn Thp - Tht l : ht - Kh khng m ban m

Sn phm u tin APG (C3) Tc ng ha Chm (10 35 mg/dm2/h)

1.4.2 S quang hp thc vt C3 Cc cy quang hp theo qu trnh m t trn c gi l cc cy C3 v sn phm trung gian l PGAL l mt hp cht c 3C. 1.4. 3. S quang hp thc vt C4 Trong chu trnh Calvin-Beson, enzim Rubisco xc tc phn ng gn CO2 vo RuBP bt u chu trnh, enzim ny cng gn c vi O2 v khi n oxy ho RuBP gii phng CO2 v khng bt u chu trnh c. Ni cch khc, CO2 v
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

O2 u l c cht cng tranh ginh hot im ca enzim Rubisco. Khi nng CO2 cao, O2 thp th CO2 c li th hn v s tng hp carbohydrat theo chu trnh Calvin-Beson. Nhng ngc li th O2 gn vo RuBP v oxy ho cht ny, hin tng ny gi l s quang h hp (photorespiration). Khng ging cc kiu h hp khc, qu trnh ny khng to ra ATP nn l qu trnh lng ph i km theo chu trnh Calvin-Beson. Mt s cy sng vng nng v kh, trnh mt nc kh khu thng ng li nn nng CO2 trong nhng khong trng gia cc t bo rt thp, trnh bt s quang h hp xy ra, cc cy ny c mt c cu khc cc cy C3 c gi l c cu "Krans" (t ting c c ngha l "wreath" ch s sp xp thnh vng bao quanh gn l ca nhng t bo dip nhc). cc cy ny, thng l nhng cy n t dip nh Ma, Bp... t bo bao quanh b mch cha rt nhiu lc lp v cc t bo dip nhc xp thnh vng bao quanh cc t bo bao ny (Hnh 14). Vo nhng nm 1960, M. D. Hatch v C. R. Slack nghin cu s quang hp nhng cy ny nhn thy rng khi nhit cao v cng nh sng mnh, cc cy ny CO2 kt hp vi mt hp cht C3 (phosphoenolpyruvate: PEP) trong t bo dip nhc to ra mt hp cht C4 v a cht ny vo t bo bao. Trong t bo bao, hp cht C4 c ct ra thnh CO2 v mt hp cht C3 khc. Do vy, CO2 vn trong t bo bao v c a vo chu trnh Calvin-Beson tng hp carbohydrat. Nh vy, t bo dip nhc hot ng nh mt ci bm CO2. Cc cy ny c gi l cy C4. 1.4.4 S quang hp CAM: Crassulaceae acid metabolism L mt bin i ca con ng quang hp C4 ln u tin c pht hin thc vt c hoa H Crassulaceae (H cy Thuc bng). Chng cng c nhng cy Khm ca H Bromeliaceae. S quang hp ca cc cy CAM bao gm c l trnh Calvin-Beson, nhng phn ng ny din ra trong cng mt t bo, nhng xy ra nhng thi im khc nhau. Thc vt CAM c kh nng m kh khu theo kiu khc thng v c nh CO2 thnh hp cht C4 vo ban m hn l ban ngy nh nhng thc vt khc. Hp cht C4 c to ra trong ti c tr li trong khng bo ca t bo dip nhc v c a tr li t bo cht ca cng t bo kh CO2 ngay sau khi ban

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

ngy tr li. CO2 gii phng t hp cht C4 sau c c nh trong lc lp theo cch bnh thng thng qua RuBP v chu trnh Calvin-Beson. Qu trnh sinh ho c bit ny gip cho cy c th sng st trong iu kin tht nng v kh. Kh khu ng sut ngy trnh mt nc, ch m ra vo ban m ly CO2 khi m s bc hi nc mc thp nht. S tp trung v tch t ca CO2 sut m cho s quang hp trong ngy sau.

Hnh 9: Cu to l C3 v C4 1.5 Cc yu t nh hng n quang hp: 1.5.1 nh hng ca cht khong n quang hp Dinh dng khong v quang hp l hai hot ng ca cng qu trnh dinh dng ca thc vt c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Dinh dng khong trc tip to ra 5% thnh phn cc hp cht hu c trong cy, ngoi ra n cn gp phn thc y quang hp, tng hiu qu quang hp nn gp phn to ra 95% thnh phn cn li. Cc cht khong c vai tr quan trng nhiu mt n quang hp. Cc nguyn t khong tham gia cu to nn b my quang hp nh sc t, h vn chuyn in t, cc enzim ...,tham gia vo c ch quang hp. Cc cht khong khc nhau c vai tr khc nhau trong quang hp. Trc ht phi k n Nit. N l thnh phn quan trng cu to nn nhiu thnh phn tham gia trong quang hp: sc t, enzim, h vn chuyn in t. N cng l nguyn t chnh cu to nn protein cu to nn b my quang hp. Do vy nu thiu N qu trnh quang hp s gim st. Nu thiu N ko di quang hp s ngng tr.
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Photpho l nguyn t tham gia nhiu hot ng trong quang hp: P tham gia cu to nn cc hp cht hu c cu trc nn b my quang hp. P tham gia vo cu to nhiu loi enzim, nhiu h vn chuyn in t quan trng trong quang hp. P l yu t quan trng iu ho pH ca t bo n nh to iu kin cho quang hp xy ra thun li. c bit P l thnh phn ca hp cht cao nng ATP c vai tr rt quan trng trong quang hp. Do vy nn thiu P qu trnh quang hp s b nh hng nghim trng. Kali cng l nguyn t c vai tr tch cc trong quang hp. Kali nh hng n tnh cht h keo nguyn sinh qua nh hng n quang hp. K cn kch thch hot tnh nhiu h enzim quang hp nn nh hng n tc cc phn ng ho sinh trong pha ti quang hp. Ngoi cc nguyn t i lng chnh trn, nhiu nguyn t i lng khc nh Lu hunh (S), calcium (Ca) .. cng c vai tr quan trng nht nh trong quang hp. c bit quan trng vi quang hp l cc nguyn t vi lng. Nguyn t vi lng c nh hng nhiu mt n quang hp. Trc ht cc nguyn t vi lng l thnh phn bt buc hay tc nhn kch thch ca cc enzim quang hp. Cc nguyn t vi lng cng c nh hng tt n sinh trng ca b my quang hp nh thc y sinh trng ca b l lm tng nng din tch l, ko di thi gian quang hp ca l ... Nhiu nguyn t c tc ng kch thch qu trnh tng hp sc t, hn ch s phn hu ca sc t khi gp nh sng mnh. Cc nguyn t vi lng cn tham gia trc tip hay gin tip vo pha sng quang hp. Quan trng nht l s tham gia ca Mn trong quang phn ly nc. Trong pha ti cc nguyn t vi lng c vai tr quan trng v nh hng n cc enzim pha ti qua trc tip nh hng n tc cc phn ng pha ti. Trong cc nguyn t vi lng Mn, Cu c nh hng mnh nht n quang hp, c vai tr rt quan trng trong quang hp. Do vai tr quan trng ca cc nguyn t i lng cng nh vi lng nn trong thc tin cn tho mn hp l cc nguyn t khong cho cy qua quang hp xy ra c hiu qu lm c s cho vic tng nng sut cy trng. 1.5.2 nh hng ca nc v nhit
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

a. nh hng ca nc Nc l nguyn liu tham gia trc tip trong quang hp. Qua quang phn ly nc cung cp H+ v e-, thc hin qu trnh photphoryl ho to ATP v tng hp NADPH2 cung cp cho pha ti kh CO2 to sn phm quang hp. Trong pha ti nc ng vai tr lm nguyn liu ng ho CO2. Nc cn c vai tr gin tip nh hng n quang hp. Nh thot hi nc m kh khng m ra v dng CO2 khuych tn vo t bo ng ho cung cp cho l tham gia vo quang hp. Nc l dung mi ho tan cc cht to ra mi trng phn ng thun li v ho tan cc sn phm quang hp vn chuyn n cc b phn khc ca cy. Do vai tr ca nc rt quan trng i vi quang hp cho nn hm lng nc trong mi trng c nh hng n quang hp. Nu trong t bo ng ho hm lng nc ch cn khong 40-50% qu trnh quang hp b ngng tr. Quang hp xy ra tt nht khi hm lng nc trong t bo t khong 90-95% bo ho. Nu t bo c hm lng nc bo ho qu trnh quang hp b c ch. nh hng ca nc n quang hp cn ph thuc nhm cy. Cy a m c nhu cu nc cho quang hp cao cn cy hn sinh c kh nng quang hp ngay c khi hm lng nc trong l ch cn khong 60-70%. b. nh hng ca nhit Quang hp bao gm cc phn ng sng v phn ng ti. Phn ng sng t chu nh hng ca nhit m ph thuc ch yu vo nh sng. Phn ng ti ngc li khng ph thuc nh sng m chu nh hng ca nhit . H s Q10 ca pha sng ch khong 1,0-1,4 trong khi h s Q10 ca pha ti t n 2,0-3,0. nh hng ca nhit n quang hp ch yu vo pha ti thng qua hot tnh cc enzim pha ti quang hp v ph thuc mc nhit mi trng. nhit thp cc enzim hot ng yu nn quang hp xy ra yu t.. Nhit qu cao qu li ph hu cu trc b my quang hp, lm mt hot tnh enzim nn lm cho quang hp gim mnh. mc nhit ti thch quang hp xy ra cao nht. Ngng nhit cc nhm cy khc nhau khng ging nhau. Cy n i c ngng nhit thp hn nhm cy nhit i n 10oC.
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

1.5.3 nh hng ca CO2 a. S khuych tn CO2 trong quang hp S khuych tn CO2 t mi trng vo l cung cp cho quang hp c nh hng trc tip n cng quang hp. Gaastra (1959) khi nghin cu s khuych tn ca CO2 vo l cung cp cho quang hp cho thy qu trnh ny kh phc tp, xy ra qua nhiu giai on. Tc khuych tn CO2 t l thun vi din tch b mt khuych tn, thi gian khuych tn, th nng khuych tn. Qu trnh khuych tn ca CO2 t khng kh vo l xy ra qua 3 chng vi c ch, bn cht khng ging nhau. Khuych tn CO2 t khng kh vo b mt l: y l qu trnh vt l n thun nn tc khuych tn ph thuc hon ton vo cc yu t vt l ca mi trng. Trong cc yu t th th nng khuych tn c vai tr quyt nh. Do vy hm lng CO2 trong mi trng c vai tr quan trng, quyt nh tc khuych tn CO2 ca giai on ny. Khuych tn CO2 t b mt l vo gian bo: y l giai on khuych tn CO2 qua kh khng ca l. Bi vy tc giai on ny ph thuc ch yu vo s ng m kh khng. S ng m kh khng li lin quan trc tip n ch nc qu trnh thot hn nc. Khuych tn CO2 t gian bo vo t bo ng ho: y l qu trnh thm ca CO2 qua mng t bo vo trong t bo thc hin qu trnh ng ho CO2. Qu trnh ny ph thuc ch yu vo tnh thm ca mng t bo ng ho vi CO2. Tc vn chuyn CO2 t mi trng vo t bo ng ho quyt nh tc cung cp nguyn liu (CO2) cho quang hp nn nh hng trc tip n cng quang hp. C th dng cc bin php tc ng hp l nh phn bn, ti nc, chm sc .. lm tng tc qu trnh khuych tn CO2 qua s lm tng cng quang hp gp phn tng nng sut cy trng. b. Hm lng CO2 Hm lng CO2 trong mi trng l yu t quyt nh th nng khuych tn CO2 vo l nn c nh hng trc tip n quang hp. Hm lng CO2 ti thiu quang hp xy ra l im b CO2. im b CO2 ph thuc nhm cy. Vi nhm thc vt C3 im b cao, thc vt
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

C4 c im b thp. Vi hm lng CO2 trung bnh trong khng kh (0,030%) lun tho mn mc ti u cho quang hp. Tuy nhin cc vng khc nhau c hm lng CO2 khng ging nhau nn nh hng n quang hp cng khc nhau. nh hng ca CO2 n quang hp lin quan cht ch n ch chiu sng. Khi nh sng mnh hiu qu tc ng CO2 n quang hp mnh hn khi nh sng yu. Do nhu cu thng xuyn ca cy vi CO2 nn trong cc bin php k thut cn bo m thng xuyn nhu cu CO2 cho cy trng nh bn phn cha CO2, lm t ti xp, sc bn thng xuyn. 1.5.4 nh hng ca nh sng n quang hp Trong cc yu t bn ngoi th nh sng l nhn t quan trng nht tham gia trc tip vo qu tnh quang hp v c vai tr quyt nh n qu trnh quang hp. nh hng ca nh sng n quang hp va ph thuc cng nh sng va ph thuc cht lng nh sng. a. nh hng ca cng nh sng Bin nh sng tc ng n quang hp kh rng. Quang hp c th tin hnh ngay iu kin nh sng c cng thp nh ng sng trng, nh sng n du ... Tuy nhin iu kin nh sng yu th quang hp xy ra rt yu, sn phm to ra khng b cho lng cht hu c b h hp phn hu. iu kin nh sng ny quang hp biu kin c tr s m. Khi cng nh sng tng, cng quang hp tng ln n mc bng cng h hp th quang hp biu kin t tr s khng. Tr s nh sng m quang hp biu kin bng khng l im b nh sng. Tu nhm thc vt m im b nh sng thay i t 25-85 Kcalo/dm2/h, cng h hp bng cng quang hp v t 1-3 mg/CO2/dm2/h. Cng quang hp tip tc tng t l thun vi cng nh sng cho n khi nh sng t n im no nh sng. im no nh sng l cng nh sng m khi vt qua im cng quang hp khng thay i hoc c chiu hng gim xung mc d cng nh sng tip tc tng. Tu nhm cy m im no nh sng dao ng khong 2000-6000 Kcalo/dm2/h. i vi thc vt C4 hu nh khng c im no nh sng v
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

nhm thc vt ny cng nh sng tng, cng quang hp tng lin tc m khng c im dng. i vi thc vt C3 khi nh sng c cng qu mnh lm gim qu trnh quang hp. Quang hp gim do nh sng c cng mnh lm ph hu cu trc b my quang hp, c nh hng xu n qu trnh oxi ho ca sc t, lm gim hot tnh enzim quang hp ... nh hng ca cng nh sng n quang hp cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc. Trc ht thnh phn loi khc nhau c nhu cu nh sng khc nhau. Cc loi a sng c nhu cu nh sng mnh hn cc loi a bng. S thch nghi vi ch chiu sng ca cc nhm cy mt phn lin quan n hm lng sc t v t l cc loi sc t trong l. Cy a sng c hm lng sc t thp, t l chla/chlb cao hn cy a bng. nh hng ca nh sng n quang hp cn lin quan n t l cc tia sng, t l tia sng li ph thuc kiu chiu sng. nh sng trc x c t l tia sinh l thp hn nh sng tn x nn nh sng tn x c nh hng n quang hp tt hn nh sng trc x. nh hng ca cng nh sng n quang hp cn lin quan n cc yu t khc nh hm lng CO2 trong mi trng, nhit , m, cht dinh dng ... b. nh hng ca cht lng nh sng Cc loi tia sng khc nhau c tc dng ln quang hp khng ging nhau. Bng cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh Timiriazep l ngi u tin xc nh c tia c hiu sut quang hp cao hn cc tia khc, sau tia l tia xanh. Tuy nhin hiu qu quang hp s tng ln, nu s dng phi hp hp l gia cc tia. Theo nghin cu ca Emerson nu chiu xen k gia tia sng c > 680 nm (tia ) vi tia sng c < 650 nm s lm nng cao hiu sut quang hp r rt, d l "hiu ng Emerson" Hiu ng khc nhau ca cc tia sng khc nhau n quang hp ch xy ra trng hp cng nh sng di im no. Khi cng t n im no th gi tr tia sng vi quang hp nh nhau. Thnh phn nh sng khng ch nh hng n cng quang hp m cn thay i sn phm quang hp. Vi nh sng c bc sng ngn, sn phm to ra
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

trong quang hp cha nhiu axit amin, protein hn so vi nh sng bc sng di. Ngc li nh sng bc sng di li to ra nhiu gluxit hn nh sng bc sng ngn. nh sng c hng hng su sc n quang hp nh vy nn trong thc tin sn xut vic p dng cc bin php thch hp bo m nhu cu nh sng cho cy trng c ngha quyt nh n nng sut v phn cht cy trng.

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

CHNG 2 H HP T BO 2.1 I CNG 2.1.1 Tin dng v thoi dng Trong t bo, nng lng c d tr trong cc hp cht c tng hp do qu trnh quang hp. Nng lng ny c gii phng qua qu trnh h hp hiu kh, trong glucoz c chuyn ha qua nhiu sn phm trung gian n sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O. Nng lng t do c to ra trong qu trnh ny c s dng nh l ngun nng lng cho nhng phn ng khc xy ra trong t bo. Tt c cc phn ng ny c gi l s bin dng ca t bo (cellular metabolism) v thng c chia thnh hai giai on: s tin dng (anabolism) l qu trnh nhng cht hu c phc tp c tng hp t nhng phn t n gin hn, v s thoi dng (catabolism) l qu trnh trong c th sng ly nng lng t thc n bng cch phn ct nhng phn t hu c phc tp thnh nhng phn t n gin hn. S h hp hiu kh (aerobic respiration) l mt kiu thoi dng chnh xy ra trong t bo. 2.1.2 Ty th Ty th l bo quan tham gia vo s h hp hiu kh. Di knh hin vi in t, mi ty th c bao bc bi hai mng, mng ngoi v mng trong chia ty th ra lm hai ngn: ngn ngoi l khong gia Hnh 10. Ty th ca hai mng, ngn trong t mng trong tr vo. Mng trong l nhng crista, nn b mt tip xc tng rt nhiu. Mng ngoi thm c nhng phn t nh, nhng mng trong th khng thm. Trn mng trong c cc protein knh, knh ng m, bm iu tit chn lc nhng phn t i ra v i vo ngn trong. Mng trong cng cha nhng protein ca chui dn truyn in t tng t nh chui dn truyn in t trn mng thylakoid ca lc lp. V
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

tht ra, s h hp ging nh s quang hp cng bao gm nhng phn ng oxy ha kh. 2.2 S H HP CACBOHIDRAT Nhng carbohydrat phc tp nh tinh bt thc vt v glycogen ng vt u c thy phn thnh nhng phn t glucoz trc khi i vo qu trnh h hp. S h hp hon ton mt hp cht giu nng lng nh glucoz tri qua mt chui di nhng phn ng, trong c nhng phn ng xy ra khng cn s hin din ca oxy v c nhng chui phn ng l thuc vo oxy. 2.2.1 ng phn

Hnh 11. Cc phn ng chnh ca ng phn

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

ng phn l giai on u tin ca qu trnh h hp glucoz xy ra khng cn s hin din ca O2. ng phn xy ra trong dch t bo cht ca tt c t bo sng, v l chui phn ng xy ra nhng sinh vt u tin khi m tri t cn cha c O2 Glucoz l mt hp cht bn vng, t c xu hng phn ct ra thnh nhng cht n gin hn, do t bo mun ly nng lng t glucoz trc tin phi u t cho n mt t nng lng hot ha phn t. Do , giai on u ca ng phn l cung cp ATP cho phn t glucoz. Trong cc phn ng chun b hai phn t ATP gn gc phosphat cui cng ca n vo phn t glucoz. (1) C C - C C - C C + ATP hexokinaz Glucoz P-C C-C C-CCP+ Glucoz 6 phosphat

Trong phn ng ny hexokinaz xc tc chuyn mt gc phosphat vo glucoz. Phn ng k tip l phn ng chuyn i glucoz-6-phosphat thnh fructoz-6phosphat. (2) C C - C C - C C P Glucoz 6 phosphat thm mt gc phosphat na vo phn t. (3) C C - C C - C C P + ATPPhosphofructokinaz P - C C - C C - C C P Fructo 6 phosphat hai cht 3C tng t nhau trong bc Fructo 1,6 - biphosphat (4). Mt cht l PGAL K tip fructoz-1,6-bisphosphat b ct i gia C th ba v C th t to ra (phosphoglyceraldehyd) v mt cht trung gian thng chuyn i ngay thnh PGAL trong bc (5). PGAL l mt ng trung gian 3C, l cha kha trung gian trong c qu trnh ng phn v quang hp
phosphoglucoisomeraz

C C-CC-CCP Fructoz 6 phosphat

Sau khi to ra sn phm trong bc (2), mt phn t ATP na c tiu th

n giai on ny qu trnh ng phn s dng 2 phn t ATP. Phn ng k tip, hi phc tp hn, bt u dn n s thnh lp ATP mi, tht s l hai phn ng. Phn ng u l mt phn ng oxy ha kh: hai in t v mt ion H+ c ly t mi phn t PGAL (nh vy phn t ny b oxy ha) bi phn t nhn in t nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid, hay NAD+, cht ny b kh. NAD+
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

rt gn vi NADP + tm thy trong lc lp. Trong trng hp ny sn phm trung gian l NADH thay v l NADPH. Phn ng th hai l s phosphoryl ha PGAL. Nng lng c gii phng t s oxy ha PGAL c dng gn mt gc phosphat v c P vo PGAL, gc phosphat c gn vo bng mt cu ni giu nng lng.

Trong phn ng k tip, gc phosphat mi c chuyn vo ADP to ra ATP. Trong qu trnh ny, mt gc phosphat giu nng lng c chuyn vo mt c cht ADP to thnh ATP, phn ng ny c gi l phosphoryl ha mc c cht (substrate-level phosphorylation). Sn phm 3C l PGA, mt cht trung gian trong chu trnh Calvin-Benson, mt ln na cho thy s tng quan gia hai qu trnh: giai on ny, t bo thu li c 2 phn t ATP dng cho s phosphoryl ha glucoz trong lc bt u ng phn. Nng lng u t ban u c tr li. Qua phn ng k tip, cui cng l nc c tch ra t PGA, v sau gc phosphat c chuyn i v c gn li bi cu ni giu nng lng:

Sau phn ng sp xp li trong bc (9) gc phosphat c chuyn vo ADP theo s phosphoryl ha mc c cht thnh lp ATP, kt qu to ra hai phn t ATP v hai phn t acidpyruvic:

V hai phn t ATP s dng trong bc (1 v 3) c ly li trong bc (7), nn hai phn t ATP ny l c tng hp thm cho t bo Cc im quan trng cn ch trong s ng phn l: - Mi phn t glucoz (C6H12O6) b phn tch thnh hai phn t acid pyruvic (C3H4O3). - Hai phn t ATP s dng trong lc u ca qu trnh, sau c bn phn t c to ra, nh vy t bo cn c hai phn t ny.
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

- Hai phn t NADH c thnh lp. - V khng s dng oxy, qu trnh c th xy ra d c s hin din ca O2 hay khng. - Cc phn ng ca ng phn xy ra trong dch t bo cht ca t bo, bn ngoi ty th. 2.2.2 S ln men (fermentation)

Hnh 12. Cc phn ng chnh ca s ln men Trong ng phn, hai phn t NAD+ c kh thnh NADH. Chc nng ca phn t NAD+ trong t bo l vn chuyn in t, trao i ion H+ v in t gia cht ny v cht khc. Do , NAD+ ch l mt cht tm thi ti ion H+ v in t, sau khi chuyn ion H+ v in t cho cht khc th n tr li lm cht ti tip tc. Nu NADH c thnh lp khng nhanh chng loi b ion H+ v in t th NAD+ trong t bo s thiu; khi bc (6) trong ng phn khng th xy ra v qu

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

trnh ng phn tm dng li. Nh vy, s oxy ha NADH thnh NAD+ l cn thit cho qu trnh ng phn tip tc. Trong hu ht t bo, nu c O2, n s l cht nhn in t cui cng t NADH. Nhng di iu kin ym kh, khng c O2 nhn hydro v in t th acid pyruvic c to ra trong qu trnh ng phn s nhn hydro v in t t NADH, qu trnh ny c gi l s ln men. S bin dng acid pyruvic trong s ln men thay i theo c th sinh vt. t bo ng vt v nhiu vi sinh vt s kh acid pyruvic to ra acid lactic:

hu ht t bo thc vt v men (yeast), sn phm ln men l ru ethyl v CO2, qu trnh ny c p dng trong sn xut:

V vy, trong iu kin ym kh, NAD+ nh con thoi i qua i li gia bc (6) v bc (11), ly hydro v in t to ra NADH trong bc (6) v tr li hydro v in t trong bc (11). S ln men l s ni tip ca qu trnh ng phn, bng cch ny glucoz c bin i thnh ru hay thnh acid lactic di iu kin ym kh, v tn gi ty thuc vo tn ca loi sn phm cui cng. D sn phm cui cng l cht no th s ln men ch ly c mt phn nng lng rt nh t glucoz, cc sn phm ca qu trnh ln men l cc cht cn cha rt nhiu nng lng t do. S ln men ca nhng t bo men v nhng vi sinh vt c ng dng trong nhiu k ngh quan trng nh lm bnh m, pho ma, da ua, sn xut ru v cc loi thc ung c ru; mt s sn phm khc c to ra t cc vi sinh vt khc nh mi c trng ca pho ma Thy s l do sn phm ln men l acid proprionic. 2.2.3 S oxy ha pyruvic acid (giai on II) Nu c s hin din ca O2, th O2 l cht nhn in t cui cng t NADH, do acid pyruvic s c a vo ty th v y s c tip tc bin dng v ng thi to ra nhiu ATP mi. Acid pyruvic trong dch t bo cht c chuyn vo ngn trong ca ty th. Qua mt chui phn ng phc tp, acid pyruvic b oxy ha thnh CO2 v mt gc
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

acetyl 2C, cht ny gn vi mt coenzim c gi l coenzim A (CoA) to ra cht acetyl-CoA. Khi acid pyruvic c oxy ha, in t v ion H+ b ly i, v mt ln na NAD+ l cht nhn in t v ion H+ to ra NADH. Chui phn ng phc tp ny c th c tm tt trong phng trnh sau: 2 Acid pyruvic + 2CoA + 2NAD+ dng CO2. 2.2.4 Chu trnh Krebs (giai on III) K tip acetyl-CoA i vo mt chui phn ng ca mt chu trnh gi l chu trnh Krebs (do nh khoa hc ngi Anh, Hans Krebs, c gii thng Nobel nh lm sng t c chu trnh ny) hay chu trnh acid citric. Nhng im chnh trong chu trnh c trnh by trong hnh 3. Mi phn t acetyl-CoA c to ra t phn t glucoz ban u kt hp vi mt hp cht 4C, acid oxaloacetic, hin din trong t bo to ra mt hp cht 6C mi l acid citric. Trong cc phn ng tip theo, 2C b mt i di dng CO2, nh vy hp cht ch cn 4C v c bin i tr li cht 4C ban u v chu trnh li tip tc. V mi phn t glucoz to ra hai phn t acetyl CoA, nn c hai vng acid citric xy ra v tng cng l c 4C c gii phng di dng CO2; cng thm 2C c gii phng di dng CO2 trong giai on II, nh vy tt c l 6C ca phn t glucoz ban u. 2CH3 C CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2H+ Cui giai on II, 2 trong 6C trong glucoz ban u c gii phng ra di

Hnh 13. S ca chu trnh Krebs

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Trong mt vng ca chu trnh, mt phn t ATP c tng hp (bi s phosphoryl ha mc c cht) v 8 in t v 8 ion H+ c ly i bi cht nhn in t. 6 in t v 6 hydro c dng kh 3 phn t NAD+ (to ra 3 phn t NADH v 3 ion H+) v 2 in t v 2 hydro c nhn bi hp cht FAD (to ra FADH2). V s oxy ha mt phn t glucoz tri qua hai vng chu trnh Krebs nn tng cng c 2 ATP v 8 phn t cht kh (6 phn t NADH v 2 FADH2). 2.2.5 S trao i nng lng v iu ha trong qu trnh h hp (giai on IV) Ch c tng cng l 4 phn t ATP mi c li ra (2 trong ng phn v 2 trong chu trnh Krebs). Nng lng cn li c d tr trong hai cht kh giu nng lng l NADH v FADH2, tng cng c tt c 12 phn t c tng hp trong sut qu trnh oxy ha glucoz: 2 phn t NADH trong ng phn, 2 phn t NADH trong qu trnh oxy ha acid pyruvic thnh acetyl-CoA, 6 phn t NADH v 2 phn t FADH2 trong chu trnh Krebs. ATP c tng hp bng cch no? Di iu kin hiu kh, NADH chuyn in t n O2 v sinh ra NAD+. Ni mt cch khc, O2 l cht nhn in t v hydro cui cng to thnh nc:

Hnh 14. Tm tt cc sn phm trong ba giai on I, II v III

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Tuy nhin, khng phi NADH chuyn in t n O2 mt cch trc tip. in t t NADH c chuyn qua mt chui dn truyn in t, cui chui l phn t O2. Cc phn t ti in t thng c gi l chui h hp (respiration chain) gn trn mng trong ca ty th (tng t s dn truyn in t trong chui quang hp trong lc lp) to ra mt gradient ha in, c dng tng hp ATP t ADP v phosphat v c. Qu trnh ny c gi l s phosphoryl ha chuyn in t (electron-transport phosphorylation) hay s phosphoryl oxy ha (oxydative phosphorylation), bao gm c s ha thm thu (chemiosmotic) ca s dn truyn in t v s tng hp ATP. Protein dn truyn in t trong h hp l thnh phn chnh trong cho qu trnh phosphoryl oxy ha, to ra hu ht ATP sinh ra do s oxy ha glucoz. S phosphoryl oxy ha tng t s quang phosphoryl ha, s dng dng in t c chuyn trong chui dn truyn in t bm ion H+ qua mng, kt qu l sinh ra mt gradient ha in c dng tng hp ATP. Trong s h hp c hai cch to ra ATP: th nht l s phosphoryl ha mc c cht, trong mt gc phosphat c chuyn t mt hp cht cao nng lng vo ADP v th hai l s phosphoryl oxy ha, trong nng lng trong gradient ha in H+ c khai thc tng hp ATP.

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Hnh 15. Chui dn truyn in t h hp S tng hp ATP trong ty th tng t s tng hp ATP trong lc lp. Nhng phn t dn truyn in t sp xp thnh 4 phc hp protein, gn trn mng trong ca ty th. Cht ti in t c ng nh phn t protein Q v cytochrom c (Q l mt coenzim ha tan trong lipid v c th di chuyn xuyn qua mng, cytochrome c (cyt.c) l protein tan trong nc nm mt ngoi ca mng trong ca ty th) chuyn in t t phc hp ny sang phc hp khc. NADH c to ra trong giai on II v III chuyn 2 in t v 1 ion H+ ca chng vo phc hp I v cng lc b oxy ha thnh NAD+. Cc in t c ti t cht ti ny sang mt cht ti khc theo mt trnh t c bit cui cng n O2. iu ny cho thy v sao phi cn c O2 trong s h hp hiu kh. Khng c O2 nhn in t, chui in t khng hot ng v NAD+ cn thit cho giai on II v III khng c to ra t NADH. Khi O2 nhn in t, n cng nhn lun ion H+ t cht c bn to ra nc, mt trong nhng sn phm cui cng ca s thoi dng glucoz.

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Cc nghin cu cho thy ch c in t c ti qua chui dn truyn in t, ion H+ khng i cng. Tuy vy, 3 trong 4 phc hp bm ion H+ t ngn trong xuyn qua mng trong ra ngoi. Kt qu l nng ion H+ ngn ngoi gia tng, ngn trong gim xung, v bn ngoi ca mng trong tr nn c in tch dng hn so vi bn trong v sinh ra gradient ha in xuyn mng. Nng lng ca gradient ha in ny c dng tng hp ATP t ADP v phosphat v c. Nhng phc hp protein c bit, c gi l ATP synthetaz, c gn vo bn trong ca mng trong ca ty th, tng t nh trn mng thylakoid. Nhng phc hp ny va l knh ion H+ cho ion H+ tr vo ngn trong va l mt enzim xc tc s tng hp ATP. V ion H+ i t ni c nng cao n ni c nng thp qua ATP synthetaz nn nng lng c gii phng v ATP c tng hp. ATP c tng hp trong cht c bn s c protein ti qua mng ty th vo trong dch t bo cht.

Hnh 16. C ch ca qu trnh h hp Cc nghin cu cho thy t nht phi c 2 ion H+ i qua phc hp ATP synthetaz mi to ra c mt phn t ATP t ADP. V mi cp in t t NADH c dn truyn qua chui in t bm c khong 6 ion H+ i ra ngn ngoi (Hnh6). S oxy ha mt phn t NADH cho ra khong 3 phn t ATP. Tt c 8 NADH c sinh ra trong ty th (2 t s oxy ha acid pyruvic v 6 t chu trnh
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Krebs), cho ra tng cng 24 phn t ATP mi. Tuy nhin, 2 in t t FADH2 c t nng lng hn NADH; nhng in t ny i vo chui in t phc hp II, nn s ion H+ c bm ra t hn; do s oxy ha hp cht ny ch cho 2 phn t ATP (tng cng c 4 phn t ATP cho 2 phn t FADH2). 2 phn t NADH c to ra trong qu trnh ng phn trong dch t bo cht v c chuyn vo bn trong ty th nh mt phn t protein vn chuyn, nhng nng lng b mt i trong qu trnh ny. Kt qu l in t c i vo chui h hp cng v tr vi ni m in t ca FADH2 i vo; do cng ch c 2 phn t ATP c to ra cho mi phn t NADH trong t bo cht (tng cng c 4 phn t ATP cho 2 phn t NADH). Tm li, s oxy ha hon ton mt phn t glucoz sinh ra 12 phn t cht kh. Khi cc i in t ca chng i vo chui h hp, 8 phn t sinh ra ATP nhiu hn, 3ATP cho mi phn t NADH; 4 phn t cn li ch to c 2 phn t ATP cho mi phn t FADH2. Tng cng c 32 phn t ATP c to ra t s phosphoryl oxy ha ca chui dn truyn in t. Nh vy, s oxy ha hon ton mt phn t glucoz cho ra CO2, nc v 36 phn t ATP mi.

Hnh 17. Tng ATP c to ra do s h hp mt phn t glucoz

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

Nu tnh theo t l %, th c khong 39% nng lng t do ban u trong phn t glucoz c gi li, 61% c gii phng ch yu di dng nhit. Ch c 2 trong s 36 phn t ATP c to ra trong s bin dng ym kh (t hn 6%), 34 phn t cn li c to ra do s h hp hiu kh (hn 94%). iu ny cho thy ti sao oxy thit yu cho con ngi v hu ht cc sinh vt khc. D vy, trong c th con ngi vn c cc qu trnh h hp ym kh xy ra nht l trong lc hot ng qu nhiu bng th lc; lc ny c cn rt nhiu nng lng trong khi O2 cung cp khng . Kt qu l s ln men to ra acid lactic lm mi c, nhng sau oxy c cung cp bnh thng tr li th acid lactic s c chuyn v gan v s c bin dng tr li thnh glucoz ti y. Trong 34 phn t ATP c tng hp trong iu kin hiu kh c 32 phn t l c tng hp t gradient ion H+ sinh ra bi s dn truyn in t. Cyanid v mt s cc hp cht c khc c th lm nh hng trn cc protein ca chui, do c th lm ngng s dn truyn in t, hu qu l cc phn ng ca s h hp hiu kh khng th xy ra c, t bo s cht do khng c cung cp nng lng.

Hnh 18. S tng hp ATP trong ty th v lc lp Qu trnh ha thm thu trong ty th v lc lp tng t nhau. Tuy nhin, c mt vi im khc bit: - Ngun nng lng cho dng ti in t: lc lp nh sng mt tri cung cp nng lng, ty th nng lng ly t thc n.
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

- Hng bm ion H+: trong thylakoid, ion H+ c bm vo bn trong thylakoid, ty th ion H+ c bm ra khi mng trong, do nng ion H+ bn trong thylakoid cao hn bn ngoi, trong khi ty th nng ion H+ ngn ngoi cao hn ngn trong. - lc lp in t t nc qua chui dn truyn in t n cht ti l NADP v O2 c to ra; trong khi ty th in t t cht ti NADH v FADH2 qua chui dn truyn n O2 v to thnh nc.

Hnh 19. So snh s ha thm thu ty th v lc lp 2.3 S H HP LIPID V PROTEIN 2.3.1 S h hp lipid S bin dng ca lipid bt u bng s thy gii chng thnh glycerol v nhng acid bo. Sau , glycerol (mt hp cht 3C) c bin i thnh PGAL v c a vo l trnh ng phn. Acid bo c chuyn vo ngn trong ca ty th, y chng c ct ra thnh acetyl-CoA v c a vo chu trnh Krebs. V lipid c thnh phn ca hydro cao hn carbohydrat, nn s oxy ha hon ton cho nng lng cao hn tnh trn n v trng lng, mt gram cht bo thng cho nng lng cao hn hai ln so vi mt gram carbohydrat.

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

2.3.2 S h hp protein Trc tin, protein c thy gii thnh acid amin v sau c bin dng theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Sau khi gc amino c tch ra, mt s acid amin c bin i thnh acid pyruvic, mt s khc thnh acetyl-CoA v c th thnh dng ny hay dng khc ca cc hp cht trong chu trnh Krebs. S oxy ha hon ton mt gram protein cho nng lng tng ng mt gram carbohydrat. Nhng hp cht nh acid pyruvic, acetyl-CoA v cc hp cht trong chu trnh Krebs c th c thoi dng theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Khng nhng Hnh 20. Mi lin quan gia s bin dng cht ng, cht bo v protein chng l nhng cht giu nng lng c oxy ha thnh CO2 v H2O m

chng cn c vai tr trong tin dng tng hp thnh acid amin, ng v cht bo. ly nng lng cn thit, cc cht c th thay i hng bin dng trong cc l trnh. Th d, PGAL v acetyl-CoA trong s oxy ha carbohydrat c th c dng tng hp cht bo; tng t nhiu acid amin c th bin i thnh carbohydrat qua mt s phn ng trung gian trong cc qu trnh bin dng ca chng. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c u c th i theo hai chiu. t bo ng vt ng c th bin i thnh cht bo, nhng acid bo khng th bin i thnh ng, bi v phn ng t acid pyruvic thnh acetyl-CoA khng th o ngc c. iu ny c lin quan n ch n ung ca con ngi. V glucoz l ngun nng lng duy nht cho t bo no, do thc n phi cung cp glucoz. Nu mc glucoz trong mu xung qu thp, th protein nh protein ca c phi c s dng oxy ha v sau mt s acid amin c th c bin i thnh glucoz cung cp cho t bo no. Do , ch n nhiu cht bo, t carbohydrat c th gy nguy him cho c th con ngi.
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

Nhm 1

2.4 nh hng ca cc iu kin bn ngoi n h hp 2.4.1 nh sng Trc y ngi ta cho rng hot ng ca h hp khng chu nh hng ca nh sng. Nhng nh nhng phng php nghin cu mi nh s dng ng v phng x cc nh khoa hc xc nh c nh sng c nh hng n h hp. Trc ht nh sng nh hng n quang hp m quang hp l qu trnh cung cp nguyn liu cho h hp. nh sng cng nh hng trc tip n h hp. nhiu loi cy nh sng kch thch h hp. Cu a bng h hp nhy cm vi nh sng hn cy a sng. nh sng bc sng ngn nh hng n h hp mnh hn nh sng bc sng di. c bit quan trng l snh sng l yu t trc tip ca h hp sng. H hp sng lun ng bin vi cng nh sng. 2.4.2 Hm lng nc Trong h hp nc va l sn phm va l nguyn liu trc tip tham gia vo c ch h hp. Nc cn l dung mi ho tan cc cht tin hnh cc phn ng trong h hp. Cng h hp lin quan cht ch n hm lng nc trong t bo. ht kh, hm lng nc thp ( 15%) h hp xy ra rt yu t. H hp tng cng vi s tng hm lng nc trong m v t cc i h hp khi hm lng nc trong m t 80-90%. Khi hm lng nc trong m b gim t ngt (hn hn, nhit cao) h hp li tng mnh nhng hiu qu nng lng li thp. Nng lng thi ra khng tch li dng ATP m phn ln thi ra dng nhit lm cho nhit c th tng ln c th dn n hin tng cht kh ca cy. 2.4.3 Nhit H hp l mt chui cc phn ng ho sinh xy ra do s xc tc ca cc enzime. Hot tnh enzime li ph thuc vo nhit nn nhit c nh hng n h hp. Trong gii hn nhit sinh l, nhit cng cao h hp cng mnh. S nh hng ca nhit ph thuc nhm sinh thi: cy chu nng c nhu cu nhit i vi h hp cao hn nhm cy chu rt.

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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Bng 3. Ngng nhit ca m s cy Cy hn i Ti thiu Ti u Ti a - 40 => - 30 -5 => + 10 +15 => + 25 Cy n i -25 => -10 10 => 15 30 => 35 Cy nhit i 1 => 10 25 => 30 40 => 45

Nhit khng ch nh hng n cng h hp m cn nh hng n hiu qu trao i nng lng trong h hp. Nhit cao lm cho hiu qu nng lng gim. 2.4.4 Cht khong Cc nguyn t khong, c bit l cc nguyn t vi lng c nh hng nhiu mt n h hp. Vai tr quan trng nht ca cht khong i vi h hp l nh hng n hot tnh h enzime h hp. Phn ln cc cht khong c tc dng kch thch hot tnh cc enzime nn lm tng h hp. Bn cnh cng c nhiu cht khong c tc dng c ch hot tnh enzime nn gim h hp. Bi vy vic iu ho t l cht khong hp l c ngha quan trng trong vic iu chnh h hp. 2.4.5 Cht kh trong mi trng Thnh phn v t l cc cht kh trong mi trng nh hng r rt n h hp c bit l thay i con ng h hp. Hm lng O2 cao kch thch h hp hiu kh, lm tng qu trnh h hp. Ngc li, hm lng O2 gim h hp gim v chuyn sang dng h hp k kh. Thng nu hm lng O2 thp hn 5% h hp xy ra theo con ng ym kh l ch yu. Hm lng O2 ti u cho h hp l 20%. i vi hm lng CO2 ca mi trng li c tc ng ngc li vi O2. H hp khng ch ph thuc hm lng CO2v O2 trong mi trng m cn ph thuc vo thnh phn kh trong gian bo. Thnh phn kh trong gian bo rt khc thnh phn kh trong mi trng. Trong gian bo hm lng O2 thp hn mi trng (7-18%) cn hm lng CO2 cao hn trong mi trng (0,9-7,5%). Hm lng ny thay i tu loi cy, tu loi m, Cc m cng nm su trong

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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c th th hm lng kh cng thp nht l O2. nhng m ny hm lng kh trong gian bo nh hng n h hp mnh hn hm lng kh trong mi trng. Ngoi nhng yu t trn cn nhiu yu t khc nh cc yu t vt l, ho hc, sinh hc trong mi trng cng c nh hng nht nh n h hp.

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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CHNG 3 KT LUN 3.1 QUANG HP 3.1.1 ngha quang hp trong t nhin Quang hp l qu trnh sinh l trung tm ca thc vt, c ngha quan trng v nhiu mt. - Trc ht quang hp c vai tr quan trng n cc hot ng sng ca thc vt. Quang hp chuyn ho nng lng nh sng Hnh 21. ngha ca quang hp trong t nhin thnh nng lng ho hc d tr trong c th. Nh h hp nng lng ho hc c chuyn ho thnh ATP cung cp cho mi hot ng sng ca c th. Quang hp tng hp cc cht hu c xy dng nn cu trc c th v lm nguyn liu cho cc hot ng sng xy ra trong c th. - Quang hp cn l qu trnh c ngha quyt nh s tn ti ca sinh gii. Nh c quang hp, thc vt tr thnh sinh vt sn xut. S tn ti ca sinh vt sn xut quyt nh s tn ti ca sinh vt tiu th. - i vi con ngi, quang hp cn c ngha quan trng c bit, quang hp cung cp nguyn liu, nhin liu, lng thc, thc phm, dc phm .... cho nhu cu ca con ngi. - Quang hp cn c ngha ln lao vi mi trng. Nh c quang hp m t l CO2/O2 ca tri t n nh, nh s sng c duy tr. Nu khng c quang hp s dng CO2 th lng CO2 khng l c thi ra hng ngy qua cc hot ng sng ca sinh vt (h hp, thi ra ....) do hot ng ca cc ngnh cng nghip, do t chy ... s lm cho lng CO2 tng cao, lng O2 gim st n mc s sng b
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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dit vong. Ngoi ra lng CO2 tng cao cn gy nn nhiu thm ha v mi trng khc. 3.1.2 Cc bin php tng nng sut cy trng da vo quang hp: Da vo mi quan h gia quang hp v nng sut, tng nng sut cy trng cn phi hp nhiu bin php lin hon tc ng vo nhiu nhn t sinh thi mt cch hp l cho qu trnh quang hp xy ra mc ti u. a. Tc ng vo th nng quang hp Th nng quang hp l ch s quan trng c ngha quyt nh nng sut. Th nng quang hp thay i tu tng loi cy trng, ty thi v v nhiu yu t khc. Th nng quang hp gm hai yu t cu thnh l tng din tch l trn ha t (L) v thi gian quang hp ca l (n). Tng din tch l trn t tu thuc ch s din tch l (LAI). Th nng quang hp ca la c di sinh trng (n) 100 ngy c LAI khong 1-5 l khong 1-5 triu m2, c trng hp c th t n 10 triu m2. tng nng sut, bin php hng u l tng th nng quang hp. Mun tng th nng quang hp cn tc ng vo c hai yu t l din tch l (L) v thi gian quang hp ca l (n). Tc ng vo din tch l (L): Tng din tch l l bin php quan trng tng nng sut. Nhng tng din tch l th no cho hp l l vn phc tp, c lin quan n nhiu yu t khc. Nu tng din tch l qu cao s che lp ln nhau khin cho quang hp tng s trn rung cy b gim, h hp tng lm cho Kf gim v cui cng nng sut gim. Nhng din tch l thp qu s lng ph t, nng lng v nng sut cng s thp. Bi vy cn phi tng din tch l hp l. tng din tch l hp l cn da vo nhu cu nh sng ca cy trng. Cy a bng do nhu cu nh sng thp nn c th tng din tch l ln nhng cy a sng nhu cu nh sng cao li phi gim din tch l thch hp. Vic b tr din tch l hp l cn ty thuc kiu l, gc l, ma v => c din tch l thch hp cn c mt gieo trng hp l, b tr trng xen, trng thng hng, b tr ma v thch hp cho cc loi cy trng ... Trn c s c th ch ng iu chnh din tch l tt nht cho quang hp. Tc ng vo thi gian quang hp ca l (n): tng thi gian quang hp ca l c th va tng thi gian sng ca cy trng va tng nhanh nhp iu
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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sinh trng ban u ca l lm cho l chng t n thi k khp tn, sm t n din tch cc thun cho quang hp. ng thi c bin php hn ch s rng l, ko di thi gian sng v quang hp ca l n khi thu hoch. Nh vy tng thi gian quang hp ca l khng nht thit tng thi gian sng ca cy m ch tng thi gian quang hp cc thun ca l. Khi lm tng tc sinh trng ca l cn ch cho thi k cy c thi k l c din tch cc i trng vi thi k c bc x nh sng cao tho mn nhu cu nh sng cho b l. Ma v hp l l bin php tho mn c yu cu trn. b. Tng kh nng s dng bc x ca cy trng Quang nng l ngun nng lng tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh quang hp, c vai tr quyt nh quang hp. Khng phi tt c cc bc x u c vai tr vi quang hp m ch c cc bc x sinh l, l nhng tia sng c bc sng trong vng 380nm-760nm mi c vai tr trong quang hp. Bc x mt tri thay i v c cng ln t l cc tia theo v trn tri t v theo thi gian Trong nm ma h c tng bc x ti cao hn mu ng, t l tia li thp hn. Cn trong ngy mt tri cng ln cao th tng bc x ti cng ln v t l tia cng gim. V tr a l cng xa xch o tng bc x cng thp v t l tia cng cao. Tng bc x lin quan t l thun vi nng sut sinh hc. Tuy nhin t nng lng nh sng chiu xung rung n nng sut sinh hc cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc. Nng lng bc x ch l gii hn trn v tim nng quang hp, v nng sut sinh hc. Nng sut sinh hc ph thuc vo h s s dng nng lng bc x ca cy. Qun th cy c cu trc rung l hp l s c h s s dng bc x cao l iu kin cn dn n nng sut cao. Theo l thuyt nu rung cy c LAI = 4 th c th hp th trung bnh 50% nng lng bc x ti trong sut thi gian sinh trng ca cy. Nu cy trng thi ti u, hiu sut chuyn i nng lng trong pha sng trung bnh khong 25%, trong pha ti khong 80%, nh vy hiu sut chuyn i nng lng nh sng thnh sn phm quang hp t khong 20%. Vi t l hp th nng lng bc x ti l 50% th h s s dng nng lng bc x cho php theo l thuyt l 10%. y l h
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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s l tng, nhng nu s dng cc bin php ti u c th t c. Nhng qun th tt hin thc t cng t h s ny l 2,0-2,5% (ma, ng, rng nhit i). a s cc qun th cy trng khc mi dt 0,5-1,0%. Nh vy xt v h s s dng nng lng bc x ti nng sut c th tng 10-20 ln so vi nng sut trung bnh hin nay. nng cao h s s dng nng lng bc x ti, trc ht cn tc ng vo b l tng t l hp th nh sng ln. T l ny c th t n 80-90% so vi t l trung bnh 50% nh tnh trn. B tr din tch l thch hp tng thi gian quang hp ca l l bin php tt nht lm tng t l hp th bc x ti. Bn cnh vic tng kh nng hp th nh sng th vic tc ng vo cc nhn t sinh thi lm tng hiu qu s dng nng lng c hp th trong pha sng v pha ti quang hp cng gp phn nng cao h s s dng quang nng. Vic b tr mt hp l, ma v thch hp tn dng thi gian c nh sng mnh trong nm. Bin php trng xen cy, trng gi v, trng cy thng hng ... u c tc dng lm tng h s s dng nng lng nh sng v l c s quan trng lm tng nng sut sinh hc. c. Tc ng vo PCO2 v Kf Cng quang hp (PCO2) v h s hiu sut quang hp (Kf) l cc ch tiu lin quan trc tip n c ch quang hp, n biu hin hiu sut lm vic ca b my quang hp v c nh hng quyt nh n nng sut cy trng. nng cao cng quang hp cn c cc bin php thch hp tc ng vo cc nhn t sinh thi nh nh sng, nc, cht khong, CO2, nhit ... to iu kin ti u cho quang hp. ng thi vic tc ng vo cc nhn t sinh thi cng cn tc ng n cc iu kin bn trong c th nh b my quang hp, sc t v h vn chuyn in t quang hp, cc enzim quang hp ... s gp phn y mnh qu trnh quang hp. H s hiu sut quang hp l ch tiu lin quan n hai qu trnh trung tm ca thc vt: Quang hp v h hp. H s Kf t l thun vi quang hp nhng li t l nghch vi h hp. Bi vy tng Kf trc ht phi tng quang hp ( PCO2 ) ng thi vi vic iu tit h hp mc thch hp. H hp c vai tr rt quan trng trong i sng thc vt v n cung cp nng lng dng s dng c (ATP) cho cc hot ng sng. V vy cho cy sinh
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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trng, pht trin c cn duy tr h hp. Tuy nhin bn cnh mt c li h hp li cha ng nhng tc hi nht nh n thc vt, c bit l h hp sng. H hp phn hu sn phn do quang hp to ra va lm gim quang hp va lm gim Kf. H hp ti lm gim quang hp thc khong 10-20% nhng h hp sng c th lm gim quang hp n 50%. Bi vy tng Kf cn hn ch h hp ti mc cn thit, cn loi tr hay hn ch n mc thp nht h hp sng. d. Tc ng vo Kkt H s kinh t l t l gia phn cht kh con ngi s dng trn tng cht kh c to ra trong cy, hay l t l gia nng sut kinh t vi nng sut sinh hc. H s kinh t bin ng tu loi cy trng v cc loi cy trng khc nhau b phn c con ngi s dng khc nhau. Trong cng mt loi cy trng h s kinh t bin ng t. H s kinh t do yu t di truyn qui nh nn ph thuc thnh phn loi. H s kinh t t bin ng i vi ch chm sc. Do vy chn ging l bin php tt nht nng cao Kkt t lm tng Nkt. Tuy nhin nu p dng cc bin php k thut hp l cng c th lm tng h s kinh t ln mc cao nht trong gii hn cho php ca yu t di truyn. Tm li vic p dng cc bin php k thut hp l tc ng mt cch tch cc vo cc ch tiu v quang hp lm tng cc ch tiu trn mc cc thun l c s cho vic tng nng sut cy trng. Do vy hc thuyt v quang hp gp phn tch cc trong vic ci thin nng sut cy trng, gii quyt c vn lng thc ca loi ngi. 3.2 H HP L KHU TRUNG TM CA QU TRNH TRAO I CHT TRONG T BO THC VT H hp l trung tm lin kt s trao i cht cacbohidrat, prtin v cht bo. Trong qu trnh xi ha nguyn liu ca h hp s to nn nhng sn phm trung gian. Chnh nhng hp cht ny l si dy lin kt cc mt khc nhau ca qu trnh trao i cht, l nhng tin thn cho qu trnh sinh tng hp, l nhng cht b cun ht vo cc vng trao i cht khc ca t bo. H hp ng vai tr quan trng trong vic lin kt cc qu trnh trao i cacbohdrat v cc cht nit. V mt ny th cc xt axit c hnh thnh trong giai on ng phn v chu trnh Crebs chim mt v tr c bit. Cc xt axit ny (axit pyruvic, axit xtglutamic, axit xalaxtic) khi c amin ha s bin i
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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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thnh nhng axit amin tng ng (alanin, axit glutamin, axit asparaginic) ng vai tr trung tm trong qu trnh tng hp cng nh trao i cc axit min v cc cht prtin. Trong qu trnh xi ha to nn nhng cht tin thn cho vic sinh tng hp vng thm. Chng hn nh axit phtphoenolpyruvic c to nn trong qu trnh ng phn v eritroz-4-phtphat c to nn trong con ng pentoz phtphat l nhng cht tin thn . Cc cht ny khi b ngng kt s to nn cc axit sikimic. T axit ny s hnh thnh hng lot cc cht thm khc, v d nh cc axit amin phninalanin, tirzin, triptphan v vng ca phnol, antxian. H hp cn l khu lin kt s trao i cacbohirat v cc cht bo. Trong qu trnh ng phn to ra anehit-3-phtphoglixric l cht cn cho tng hp glixrin tham gia vo thnh phn ca cht bo. Axit pyruvic, sn phm vui cng ca con ng ng phn, qua qu trnh cacboxyl ha oxi s to ra axtyl CoA l nguyn liu xy dng c bn trong tng hp cc axit bo v strol. Thng qua con ng oxi ha pentozophotphat s to nn cc pentozo cn cho tng hp cc axit nuclic cc enzim flavin cng nh cc cu phn ca h anin. Ngoi ra con ng pentozphtphat cn to ra ng ribulz tr thnh cht nhn CO2 trong qu trnh quang hp. Con ng pentozphtphat v chu trnh Canvin trong quang hp ging nhau khng nhng sn phm trung gian m cn h enzim xc tc chng. Nh vy, h hp khng n thun l mt qu trnh d ha. Trong mc no h hp l mt qu trnh ng ha, mt qu trnh to nn nhng sn phm khc nhau cn thit cho vic sinh tng hp nhng thnh phn quan trong nht ca sinh cht.

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Seminar - Sinh hc i cng A1 - S quang hp v h hp t bo

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Bi Tn Anh, nm 2010. Bi ging Sinh hc i cng A1. Trng i hc Cn Th 2. Ths. o Thy Hng, nm 2009. Bi ging Sinh hc i cng A1. Trng i hc Tin Giang. Ngoi ra, ti liu c s dng cc bi vit ca website thuviensinhhoc.com + nh hng ca cc cht khong n quang hp: http://thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/3032anh-huong-cua-cac-chat-khoang-den-quang-hop + nh hng ca nc v nhit n quang hp: http://thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/3031anh-huong-cua-nuoc-va-nhiet-do-den-quang-hop + nh hng ca CO2 n quang hp: http://thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/3030anh-huong-cua-co2-den-quang-hop + nh hng ca nh sng n quang hp: http://thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/3019anh-huong-cua-anh-sang-den-quang-hop + Cc bin php tng nng sut da vo quang hp: http://thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/3034cac-bien-phap-tang-nang-suat-dua-vao-quang-hop + H hp l khu trung tm ca qu trnh trao i cht trong t bo thc vt: http://thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/3910ho-hap-la-khau-trung-tam-cua-qua-trinh-trao-doi-chat-trong-te-bao-thuc-vat + nh hng cc iu kin bn ngoi n h hp: http://thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/3044anh-huong-cac-dieu-kien-ben-ngoai-den-ho-hap

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