CHNG 1.

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH

1.1.ng dung cua acquy Acquy l mt ngun in dc tch tr nng lng in di dng ha nng. Acquy l ngun in mt chiu cung cp cho cc thit b in trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng ngy: nh ng c in mt chiu, bng n, c tch in, cc mch in t, Acquy l ngun cung cp cho cc ng c khi ng. Trong thc t c nhiu loi acquy nhng thng gp nht l hai loi sau: acquy axit v acquy kim. 1.2. Acquy axit 1.2.1. Cu tao cua binh acquy axit Bnh acquy thng thng gm v bnh, cc bn cc, cc tm ngn v dung dch in phn V bnh: V bnh acquy axit hin nay c ch to bng nha bnit hoc anphantonec hay caosu nha cng. tng bn v kh nng chu axit cho bnh, khi ch to ngi ta p vo bn trong bnh mt lp lt chu axit l polyclovinyl, lp lt ny dy khong 0,6mm. Nh lp lt ny tui th ca acquy tng ln t 2-3 ln. Pha trong v bnh ty theo in p danh nh ca acquy m chia thnh cc ngn ring bit v cc vch ngn ny c ngn cch bi cc ngn kn v chc. Mi ngn c gi l mt ngn acquy n. y cc ngn c cc sng khi bn cc to thnh khong trng gia y bnh v mt di ca khi bn cc, nh m trnh c hin tng chp mch gia cc bn cc do cht tc dng bong ra v ri xung y gy ln. Bn ngoi v bnh c c hnh dng gn chu lc tng bn c v c th c gn cc quai xch vic di chuyn c dng hn. Bn cc, phn khi bn cc v khi bn cc:

Bn cc gm ct hnh li v cht tc dng. Ct c bng hp kim ch(Pb)antimion(Sb) vi t l (87 95)%Pb v (5 13)%Sb. Ph gia antimon thm vo c tc dng tng thm cng, gim han g v ci thin tnh c cho ct. Ct gi cht tc dng v phn phi dng in khp b mt cc. iu ny c ngha rt quan trng i vi cc bn cc dng v in tr ca cht tc dng (oxit ch) ln hn rt nhiu so vi in tr ca ch nguyn cht, do cng tng chiu dy ca ct th in tr trong ca acquy cng nh. Ct c dng khung bao quanh, c vu hn ni cc bn cc thnh phn khi bn cc v c hai chn t cc sng y bnh acquy. V in ct ca bn cc m khng phi l yu t quyt nh v chng cng t b han g nn ngi ta thng lm mng hn bn cc dng. c bit l hai tm bn ca phn khi bn cc m li cng mng v chng ch lm vic c mt pha vi cc bn cc dng. Cht tc dng c ch to t bt ch, axit sunfuric c v khong 3% cc mui axit hu c i vi bn cc m, cn i vi bn cc dng th cht tc dng c ch to t cc oxit ch Pb3O4, PbO v dung dch axit sunfuric c. Ph gia mui ca axit hu c trong bn cc m c tc dng tng xp, bn ca cht tc dng, nh m ci thin c thm su ca dung dch in phn vo trong lng bn cc ng thi in tch thc t tham gia phn ng ha hc cng c tng ln Cc bn sau khi c cht y cht tc dng c p li, sy kh v thc hin qu trnh to cc, tc l chng c ngm vo dung dch axit sunfuric long v np vi dng in mt chiu tr s nh. Sau qu trnh nh vy, cht tc dng cc bn cc dng hon ton tr thnh PbO2 (mu gch xm). Sau cc bn cc dng c em ra ra, sy kh v lp rp. Nhng phn khi bn cc cng tn trong mt acquy c hn vi nhau to thnh cc khi bn cc v c hn ni ra cc vu cc lm bng ch hnh cn ni ra ti tiu th. Vi ch rng, nu ta mun tng dung lng acquy th ta phi tng s bn cc mc song song trong mt acquy n. Thng ngi ta ly 2

t 5 8 tm. Cn mun tng in p danh nh ca acquy th ta phi tng s bn cc mc ni tip. Tm ngn: Cc bn cc m v dng c lp xen k vi nhau v cch in vi nhau bi cc tm ngn v m bo cch in tt nht cc tm ngn c lm rng hn so vi cc bn cc. Cc tm ngn c tc dng chng chp mch gia cc bn cc m v dng, ng thi cc tm bn cc khi b bong ri ra khi s dng acquy. Cc tm ngn y phi l cht cch in tt, bn, do, chu c axit v c xp thch hp ngn cn cht in phn thm n cc bn cc. Cc tm ngn hin nay c ch to t vt liu polyvinyl xp, dy khong t 0,8-1,2mm v c dng mt phng hng v pha bn cc m cn mt mt c dng sng hoc g th hng v pha bn cc dng nhm to iu kin cho dung dch in phn d lun chuyn hn n cc bn cc dng v dung dch lu thng tt hn. Dung dch in phn Dung dch in phn trong bnh acquy l loi dung dch axit sunfuric c pha ch t axit nguyn cht vi nc ct theo nng quy nh ty thuc vo iu kin kh hu ma v vt kiu lm tm in ng ca acquy. Nhit mi trng c nh hng ln n nng dung dch in phn. Vi cc nc trong vng xch o nng dung dch in phn quy nh khng qu 1,1 g/cm . Vi cc nc lnh, nng dung dch in phn cho php ti 1,3 g/cm . Trong iu kin kh hu nc ta th ma h nn chn nng dung dch khong (1,25-1.26) g/cm , ma ng nn chn nng khong 1,27g/cm . Cn nh rng: nng qu cao s lm chng hng tm ngn, chng hng bn cc, d b sunfat ha trong cc bn cc nn tui th ca acquy cng ngn. Nng dung dch axit sunfuric
= (1,1 1.3)g/cm . Nng dung dch in phn c nh hng ln n sc

gim i rt nhanh. Nng qu thp th in dung v in p nh mc ca acquy gim v cc nc x lnh th dung dch vo ma ng d b ng bng. * Nhng ch khi pha ch dung dch in phn cho acquy : - Khng c dng axit c thnh phn tp cht cao nh loi axit k thut thng thng v nc khng phi l nc ct v dung dch nh vy s lm tng cng qu trnh t phng in ca acquy. - Cc dng c pha ch phi lm bng thy tinh, s hoc cht do chu axit. Chng phi sch, khng cha cc mui khong, du m hoc cht bn - m bo an ton trong khi pha ch, tuyt i khng c nc vo axit c m phi axit vo nc v dng u thy tinh khuy u. Np, nt v cu ni: Np lm bng nha ebonit hoc bakenit. Np c hai loi: - Tng np ring cho mi ngn - Np chung cho c bnh loi ny cu to phc tp nhng kn tt. Trn np c l dung dch in phn vo cc tm ngn v kim tra mc dung dch in phn, nhit v nng dung dch trong acquy. L c y kn bng nt c ren gi cho dung dch in phn trong bnh khi b bn v snh ra ngoi. nt c l nh thng kh t trong bnh ra ngoi lc np acquy. Np mt s loi acquy c l thng kh ring nm st l , kt cu nh vy rt thun tin cho vic iu chnh mc dung dch trong bnh acquy. Trong trng hp ny, nt khng ch l thng kh na. 1.2.2.Qua trinh hoa hoc trong acquy axit Trong acquy thng xy ra hai qu trnh ha hc thun nghch m c trng l l qua trnh np v phng in. Khi np in, nh ngun in np m mch ngoi cc in t chuyn ng t cc bn cc dng n cc bn cc m l dng in np In. Khi phng in, di tc dng ca sut in ng ring ca acquy, cc in t s chuyn ng theo hng ngc li v to thnh dng in phng Ip. 4

Khi acquy np no, cht tc dng cc bn cc dng l PbO2 cn ti cc bn cc m l ch xp Pb. Khi phng in, cc cht tc dng c hai bn cc u tr thnh sunfat ch PbSO4 c dng tinh th nh. Khi np in cho acquy s xy ra phn ng: - cc dng:
PbSO 4 2e + 2 H 2O = PbO2 + H 2 SO4 + 2 H +

(1.1)

- cc m:
PbSO 4 + 2e + 2 H + = Pb + H 2 SO4

(1.2)

- Ton b qu trnh xy ra trong c quy khi np in l:

2 PbSO 4 + 2 H 2O = Pb + PbO 2 + 2 H 2 SO4

(1.3)

Kt qu l to thnh mt in cc Pb v mt in cc PbO2. S phng in ca acquy sy ra khi ni hai in cc Pb v PbO2 va thu c vi ti, lc ny ha nng c d tr trong acquy s chuyn thnh in nng. y cc in cc xy ra cc phn ng ngc ca (1.1) v (1.2), ngha l trong acquy s xy ra phn ng ngc ca (1.3). Acquy s cung cp dong in cho n khi c hai in cc tr li thnh PbSO4 nhu ban u. Sau nu mun dng tip th ngi ta li np in cho acquy v c th tip din. 1.3.Acquy kim 1.3.1.Cu tao cua acquy kim Acquy kim l loi acquy m dung dch in phn c dng trong acquy l dung dch kim KOH hoc NaOH. Ty theo cu to ca bn cc acquy kim c chia lm ba loi: -Loi acquy St (Fe) Niken (Ni) -Loi acquy Cadimi (Cd) Niken (Ni) -Loi acquy Bc Ag) Km (Zn) Trong ba loi trn th loi th ba c h s hiu dng trn mt n v trng lng v mt n v th tch l ln hn, nhng gi thnh ca n li cao hn v phi s

dng khi lng bc chim ti 30% khi lng ca cht tc dung, do loi ny t c dng. Acquy kim c cu to tng t acquy axit, tc n cng gm dung dch in phn, v bnh, cc bn cc, Bn cc ca acquy kim c ch to thnh dng thi hoc khng thi. Gia cc bn cc c ngn bi cc tm ebonit. Chm bn cc dng v chm bn cc m c hn ni nh chm bn cc ca acquy axit a ra cc vu cc cho caquy. Cc chm bn cc c t trong bnh in phn v c ngn cch vi v bnh bng lp nha vinhiplat. Loi acquy dng bn cc dng thi th mi thi l mt hp lm bng thp l trn b mt c khoan nhiu l:
= 0.2 0.3m m

cho dung dch thm qua. Nu l

acquy st niken th trong hp bn cc m cha st c bit thun khit, cn trong bn cc dng l hn hp 75%NiO.OH v 25% bt than hot tnh. Loi acquy kim dng bn cc khng phn thi, th bn cc c ch to theo kiu khung xng, ri em cc cht tc dng c cu trc xp mn p vo cc l nh trn bn cc. 1.3.2.Qua trinh hoa hoc trong acquy kim Ging nh trong acquy axit, qu trnh ha trong acquy kim cng l qu trnh thun nghch. Nu bn cc trong acquy kim l st v niken th phn ng ha hc xy ra trong acquy nh sau: Trn bn cc dng:
Ni (OH ) 2 + KOH + OH = Ni (OH ) 3 + KOH

(1.4)

Trn bn cc m:
Fe(OH ) 2 + KOH = Fe + KOH + 2OH

(1.5)

Nh vy qu trnh np in, st hidroxit trn bn cc m b phn tch thnh st nguyn t v anion OH . Cn bn cc dng, Ni (OH ) 2 c chuyn ha thnh
Ni (O ) 3 . H

Cht in phn KOH c th xem nh n khng tham gia vo 6

phn ng ha hc m ch ng vai tr cht dn in, do sc in ng ca acquy hu nh khng ph thuc vo nng cht in phn. Sc in ng ca acquy ch c xc nh da trn trng thi ca cc cht tc dng cc tm cc. Thng thng acquy kim c np in hon ton sc in ng t c khong 1,7 n 1,85V. Khi acquy phng in hon ton sc in ng ca acquy l 1,2 n 1,4V. Nh vy in th phng in ca acquy kim thp hn acquy axit. Nu acquy axit in th phng in bnh qun l 2V th acquy kim ch l 1,2V. Hin nay cc nh thit k, ch to cha dng li nhng kt qu t c, ngi ta ch to c nhng acquy kim mi kh nh v nh, nhng vn c cc thng s k thut ca acquy axit. Nhng acquy ang hng ti vic thay th cc bn cc bng nhng hp kim c kh nng chng han g, gim kch thc v tng tnh bn vng. nhng tp cht mi c trn vo trong cht tc dng s ci thin c tnh phng in ca acquy ng k . Nhiu acquy mi khng c cu ni trn np v kt cu v bnh cng thay bng nhng vt liu rt nh nn gim c chiu dy thnh bnh, acquy cng t phi chm sc hn. 1.4.S khac nhau gia acquy axit va acquy kim C hai loi acquy ny u c mt c im chung l tnh cht ti thuc loi dung khng v sc phn in ng. Nhng chng cn c mt s c im khc bit sau : Acquy axit - Kh nng qu ti khng cao, dng np ln nht t c khi qu ti l Inmax = 20%C10 _Hin tng phng ln, do c qui nhanh ht in ngay c khi khng s dng. 7 acquy kim _Kh nng qu ti rt ln dng in np ln nht khi c th t ti: Inmax = 50%C10 _Hin t phng nh.

_S dng rng ri trong i sng, nhit cao va p ln nhng cng sut v qu ti va phi. _Dng trong t, xe my v cc ng c my n cng sut va v nh. _Gi thnh thp 1.5.Cac thng s c ban cua acquy 1.5.1.Sc in ng cua acquy

_S dng nhng ni c yu cu c s dng vi cc thit b cng sut ln. _Dng ph bin trong cng nghip hng khng, hng hi v nhng ni nhit mi trng thp. _Gi thnh cao.

cng nghip c bit nhng ni c cng sut ln qu ti thng xuyn,

Sc in ng ca acquy kim v acquy axit ph thuc vo nng dung dch in phn. Ngi ta thng s dng cng thc kinh nghim Eo = 0,85 + Trong : (V) (1.6) Eo - sc in ng tnh ca acquy ( V ) - nng dung dch in phn 15 C ( g/cm3 ) Trong qu trnh phng in th sc in ng Ep ca acquy c tnh theo cng thc: Ep = Up + Ip.rb Trong : Ep - sc in ng ca acquy khi phng in ( V ) Ip - dng in phng ( A ) Up - in p o trn cc cc ca acquy khi phng in (V) rb - in tr trong ca acquy khi phng in ( ) Trong qu trnh np in th sc in ng En ca acquy c tnh theo cng thc: En = Un - In.rb Trong : En - sc in ng ca acquy khi np in ( V ) In - dng in np ( A ) Un - in p o trn cc cc ca acquy khi np in ( V ) rb - in tr trong ca acquy khi np in ( ) 8 (1.8) (1.7)

1.5.2.Dung lng cua acquy -Dung lng phng ca acquy l i lng nh gi kh nng cung cp nng lng in ca acquy cho ph ti, v c tnh theo cng thc : Cp = Ip.tp Trong : Cp - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh phng ( Ah ) Ip - dng in phng n nh trong thi gian phng in tp ( A ) tp - thi gian phng in ( h ). -Dung lng np ca acquy l i lng nh gi kh nng tch tr nng lng ca c qui v c tnh theo cng thc : Cn = In.tn Trong : Cn - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh np ( Ah ) In - dng in np n nh trong thi gian np tn ( A ) tn - thi gian np in ( h ). 1.6.c tinh phong nap cua acquy 1.6.1.c tinh phong cua acquy c tnh phng ca acquy l th biu din quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p acquy v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian phng khi dng in phng khng thay i .

Hnh 1.1: c tnh phng ca acqui T c tnh phng ca c qui nh trn hnh v ta c nhn xt sau: Trong khong thi gian phng t tp = 0 n tp = tgh, sc in ng in p, nng dung dch in phn gim dn, tuy nhin trong khong thi gian ny dc ca cc th khng ln, ta gi l giai on phng n nh hay thi gian phng in cho php tng ng vi mi ch phng in ca acquy ( dng in phng ). T thi gian tgh tr i dc ca th thay i t ngt .Nu ta tip tc cho acquy phng in sau tgh th sc in ng ,in p ca acquy s gim rt nhanh .Mt khc cc tinh th sun pht ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong phn ng s c dng th rn rt kh ho tan ( bin i ho hc) trong qu trnh np in tr li cho acquy sau ny. Thi im tgh gi l gii hn phng in cho php ca acquy, cc gi tr Ep, Up, ti tgh c gi l cc gi tr gii hn phng in ca c qui. c qui khng c phng in khi dung lng cn khong 80%. Sau khi ngt mch phng mt khong thi gian no, cc gi tr sc in ng, in p ca acquy, nng dung dch in phn li tng ln, ta gi y l thi gian hi phc hay khong ngh ca acquy. Thi gian hi phc ny ph thuc vo ch phng in ca acquy (dng in phng v thi gian phng ). 1.6.2.c tinh nap cua acquy

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c tnh np ca acquy l th biu din quan h ph thuc gia sc in ng , in p v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian np khi tr s dng in np khng thay i .
I (A) E,U (V)

10

2,11 1,95 1,75

E UP V ng phng n cho ph i p

Khong ngh

CP =I P.tP
0 2 4 6 8 10

Hinhf1.2: c tnh np ca acqui T th c tnh np ta c cc nhn xt sau : Trong khong thi gian t tn = 0 n tn = tgh th sc in ng, in p, nng dung dch in phn tng dn. Ti thi im ts trn b mt cc bn cc m xut hin cc bt kh (cn gi l hin tng" si " ) lc ny hiu in th gia cc bn cc ca acquy n tng n 2,4 V . Nu vn tip tc np gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti 2,7 V v gi nguyn. Thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no, n c tc dng cho phn cc cht tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i tun hon, nh s lm tng thm dung lng phng in ca acquy. Trong s dng thi gian np no cho acquy ko di t 2 3 h trong sut thi gian hiu in th trn cc bn cc ca acquy v nng dung dch in phn khng thay i . Nh vy dung lng thu c khi acquy phng in lun nh hn dung lng cn thit np no acquy. 11

Sau khi ngt mch np, in p, sc in ng ca acquy, nng dung dch in phn gim xung v n nh. Thi gian ny cng gi l khong ngh ca acquy sau khi np. Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v tui th ca acquy. Dng in np nh mc i vi c qui l In = 0,1C10 . Trong C10 l dung lng ca acquy m vi ch np vi dng in nh mc l In = 0,1C10 th sau 10 gi acquy s y. V d vi acquy C = 180 Ah th nu ta np n dng vi dng in bng 10% dung lng ( tc In = 18 A ) th sau 10 gi acquy s y. 1.7.Cac phng phap nap acquy t ng 1.7.1.Phng phap nap dong in
A
_ + _

V Un

D D
+

....

....

Phng php np dng in y l phng php np cho php chn c dng np thch hp vi mi loi acquy, bo m cho c qui c no. y l phng php s dng trong cc xng bo dng sa cha np in cho acquy hoc np s cha cho cc c qui b Sunfat ho. Vi phng php ny acquy c mc ni tip nhau v phi tho mn iu kin : Un 2,7.Naq (1.9) 12

Trong : Un - in p np Naq - s ngn acquy n mc trong mch Trong qu trnh np sc in ng ca acquy tng dn ln, duy tr dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R. Tr s gii hn ca bin tr c xc nh theo cng thc :
R= U n 2,0 N aq In

(1.10)

Nhc im ca phng php np vi dng in khng i l thi gian np ko di v yu cu cc acquy a vo np c cng dung lng nh mc. khc phc nhc im thi gian np ko di, ngi ta s dng phng php np vi dng in np thay i hai hay nhiu nc. Trong trng hp hai nc, dng in np nc th nht chn bng ( 0,3 0,6 )C10 tc l np cng bc v kt thc nc mt khi c qui bt u si. Dng in np nc th hai l 0,1C10 1.7.2.Phng phap nap in ap Phng php ny yu cu cc acquy c mc song song vi ngun np. Hiu in th ca ngun np khng i v c tnh bng (2,3V 2,5V) cho mi ngn n. Phng php np vi in p khng i c thi gian np ngn, dng np t ng gim theo thi gian. Tuy nhin dng phng php ny acquy khng c np no. V vy np vi in p khng i ch l phng php np b xung cho acquy trong qu trnh s dng. 1.7.3.Phng phap nap dong ap Un V A

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_ A Un D +

A _ _ .... . .... . _ .... . Phng php np dng p

VR + +

y l phng php tng hp ca hai phng php trn. N tn dng c nhng u im ca mi phng php. i vi yu cu ca bi l np acquy t ng tc l trong qu trnh np mi qu trnh bin i v chuyn ho c t ng din ra theo mt trnh t t sn th ta chn phng n np acquy l phng php dng p. i vi acquy axit: bo m thi gian np cng nh hiu sut np th trong khon thi gian tn = 8h tng ng vi 75 80 % dung lng acquy ta np vi dng in khng i l In = 0,1C10. V theo c tnh np ca acquy trong on np chnh th khi dng in khng i th in p, sc in ng ti t thay i, do bo m tnh ng u v ti cho thit b np. Sau thi gian 8h acquy bt u si lc ta chuyn sang np ch n p. Khi thi gian np c 10h th acquy bt u no, ta np b xung thm 2 n 3h.

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i vi acquy kim : Trnh t np cng ging nh acquy axit nhng do kh nng qu ti ca acquy kim ln nn lc n dng ta c th np vi dng np In= 0,2C10 hoc np cng bc tit kim thi gian vi dng np In = 0,5C10 . Cc qu trnh np c qui t ng kt thc khi b ct ngun np hoc khi np n p vi in p bng in p trn 2 cc ca c qui, lc dng np s t t gim v khng.

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