CHNG 2: TNH TON THIT K MCH CNG SUT

2.1.Cac mach chinh lu 2.1.1.Mach chinh lu hinh tia ba pha

UG

G1

G2

G3

G1
t

U
0 2 3

Ud I T1 t0 I T2 I T3 Id t1 t2 t3 t4
t

Hnh 2.1: S v dng in p mch chnh lu hnh tia ba pha a.Nguyn l hot ng: t0 t1 : T3 thng Ud = Uc , Id = IT3 . t1 t2 : T1 thng Ud = Ua , Id = IT1 . t2 t3 : T2 thng Ud = Ub , Id = IT2 . t3 t4 : T3 thng Ud = Uc , Id = IT3 . b.Cc cng thc c bn: - in p trn ti Ud =
5 + 6

1 2

U d (t )d (t ) =
0

3 2

2 .U 2 . sin(t )d (t )

3 2U 2 3 6 . 3. cos = U 2 cos 2 2
1

- Dng in trn ti: I d =

Ud Rd
Id 3

- Dng in qua van: I T =

- Gi tr trung bnh ca in p chn lu: U d 0 = 1,17U 2 - in p ngc trn van: U ng = 2,45U 2 - Dng in pha th cp: I2 = 0,58Id - Dng in pha s cp:I1 = 0,47Id.Kba - Cng sut ti: Pd = Ud0.Id - Cng sut my bin p: Sba = 1,35Pd Nhn xt: Mch chnh lu c iu khin tia 3F c cu to phc tp, mun mch hot ng c cn mc bin p a im trung tnh ra ti, mi van ch lm vic trong 1/3 chu k v vy dng in trung bnh chy qua van nh. Mch dng ngun 3F nn cng sut tng ln rt nhiu, dng in ti n vi trm ampe. 2.1.2.Mach chinh lu c iu khin cu ba pha i xng

UG
UG1 UG2 UG3 UG4 UG5 UG6 t t t t t

T1

T3

T5

T1

Ud

T6

T2

T4

T6

T2

Id I T1,T4
I T1 I T4 I T1

I T3,T6
I T6 I T3 I T6

I T2,T5
I T5 IT2 I T5 I T2

Ung

Hnh 2.2: S v dng in p chnh lu cu ba pha i xng a.Nguyn l hot ng. Mi Tiristor c pht 2 xung iu khin. Xung th nht xc nhgc m . Xung th 2 m bo thng mch ti.

b.Mt s cng thc c bn. -in p trn ti: U = Ucos = 2,34Ucos . -Dng in trn ti: I = . -Dng in trung bnh qua van: I = . -in p ngc t ln van: U =2,45U
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-Dng in pha th cp: I = 0,816I . -Dng in pha s cp: I = 0,816I.K . -Cng sut my bin p: S = 1,05P . -Cng sut ti: P = UI . Nhn xt: Mch chnh lu iu khin i xng cu 3F thng c s dng rng ri trong thc t, mch cho ra cht lng in p bng phng, dng in chy qua ti lin tc trong sut qu trnh lm vic. Mch chnh lu ny thng c p dng vi nhng mch c cng sut ln v dng in chy qua mi van ch ch chy trong 1/3 chu k. 2.1.3.Mach chinh lu c iu khin cu ba pha khng i xng -Mt s cng thc c bn: -in p trn ti: U d =
3 6U 2 (1 + cos ) . 2

-Dng in trn ti: I = . -Dng in trung bnh qua van: I = . -in p ngc t ln van: U =2,45U -Cng sut my bin p: S = 1,05P . -Cng sut ti: P = UI Nhn xt : Tuy in p chnh lu cha nhiu sng hi nhng chnh lu cu 3 pha khng i xng c qu trnh iu chnh n gin , kch thc gn nh hn.

Hnh 2.3: S v dng in p chnh lu cu ba pha khng i xng 2.1.4.Mch chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha khng i xng

Hnh 2.4: S v dng in p chnh lu cu mt pha khng i xng Trong s ny, gc dn dng chy ca Tiristor v ca it khng bng nhau. Gc dn ca it l :
D = + T =

Gc dn ca Tiristor l :

Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ti:

Ud = 1 2 U 2 sin d = 2 2U 2 2U 2 (1 + cos )

U d max =

Do :

U2 =

U d max .64,8 = = 72 V 2 2 2 2

Gi tr trung bnh ca dng ti :

Id = Ud Zt

Dng qua Tiristor:

IT =

1 I d d = I d 2 2

Dng qua it:

ID = 1 + + Id d = Id 2 2

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua s cp my bin p:

I2 = 1 2 Id d = Id 1

Nhn xt: S chnh lu iu khin 1 pha khng i xng c cu to n gin, gn nh , d iu khin , tit kim van . Thch hp cho cc my c cng sut nh v va. 2.2.Chn mch chnh lu ph hp - C hai phng n dng s chnh lu i xng cu ba pha v chnh lu khng i xng cu ba pha u c nhiu knh iu khin, nhiu Tiristor nn gi thnh cao khng kinh t. - Do yu cu ca u bi, v s knh iu khin t nn ta chn s chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha ng i xng. Chng c mt s u im: Hiu sut s dng my bin p cao hn mt s s nh cu 1 pha i xng. n gin hn v s lng Tiristor gim xung ch cn 2 nn mch iu khin c t knh iu khin hn, bo m kinh t hn. Cng mt di iu chnh in p mt chiu th cu khng i xng iu khin chnh xc hn. 2.3.Tinh toan cac thng s vi mach a chon Qua phn tch trn ta chn s chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha khng i xng dng cho mch lc mch np c qui t ng . Phng n ny va p ng c yu cu k thut va bo m cho vic thit k. Nh phn tch trn: Ta chn phng n thit k cho mch np c qui l s chnh lu cu 1 pha khng i xng. C s nguyn l mch lc nh sau :

Hnh 2.5: S nguyn l mch lc S liu cho trc: in p ngun 3 pha : 220/380V ; f = 50 Hz Yu cu u ra (Ngun mt chiu t ng np acquy ): U = 16.2V I = 80A S liu tnh ton v chn la van. in p th cp ca bin p: T cng thc: U = .( 1 + cos ) in p U t max khi gc = 0. U = = 18V Dng in trung bnh chy qua van: I = = = 40A in p ngc t ln van l: U = .U = .18 25.5V Chn van m bo cho cc van hot ng tt chng ta chn tr v in p: k = 1,6 , h s d Do vy:
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T yu cu ca bi ta c:

van phi c h s d

tr v dng in: k = 1,2.

- Chng ta chn van chu c in p ngc U = 25,5.1,6 = 40,8V - Dng in trung bnh chy qua van l: I = 40.1,2 = 48A Vi cc thng s v dng in, in p nh trn ta tin hnh tra s tay chn c cc van nh sau: - Chn Tiristor loi : T-50 Do Lin X (c) ch to: Sch in t cng sut ca Nguyn Bnh, Bng 1.3, tr 28 c cc thng s nh sau: + + + + + + + + Dng in trung bnh qua van: I=50A. in p ngc cc i t nn van: U=0,1 1kV. Tn tht in p: U = 1,3V. Thi gian kha: t = 10,5 s. Tc tng in p: = 100V/ s Tc tng dng in: = 100A/ s Dng in iu khin: I = 0,9A. in p iu khin: U = 3V

- Chn Diot loi: B-50 Do Lin X (c) ch to: Sch in t cng sut ca Nguyn Bnh, Bng 1.1, tr 8 c cc thng s nh sau: + + + Dng in trung bnh qua van: I=50A. in p ngc cc i t nn van: U=0,1 1kV. Tn tht in p: U = 0,7V.

2.4.Mach bao v Tiristor. Tiristor v Dit cng rt nhy cm vi in p qu ln so vi in p nh mc, ta gi l qu in p, v vy cn mc thm mch bo v qu in p. Ngi ta chia ra 2 loi nguyn nhn gy nn qu in p: -Nguyn nhn ni ti: y l s tch t in tch trong cc lp bn dn. Khi kho Tiristor bng in p ngc, cc in tch ni trn i ngc hnh trnh, to ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn. S bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong
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cc in cm, lun lun c, ca ng dy ngun dn n cc Tiristor. V vy gia cc ant v catt ca Tiristor xut hin qu in p. -Nguyn nhn bn ngoi: nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xy ra ngu nhin nh khi ct ng ti mt my bin p trn ng dy, khi mt cu ch bo v chy, khi c sm st bo v mch qu p ngi ta thng dng mch L C, (xem hnh bn di):

Hnh 2.6: Mch bo v Tiristor Mch R C u song song vi Tiristor nhm bo v qu in p do tch t in tch khi chuyn mch gy nn Mch R C u gia cc pha th cp ca my bin p l bo v qu in p do ng ct ti ( dng in t ha ) my bin p gy nn. Thng s ca R C ph thuc o mc qu in p c th xy ra, tc bin thin ca dng in chuyn mch, in cm trn ng dy, dng in t ho my bin p .v.v Theo kinh nghim c ta chn: C = 0.22 F R = 50 2.5.Tinh toan may bin ap - Gi tr hiu dng in p th cp my bin p:
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U = 1,11.U 18V I = 1,11I 89A - Cng sut biu kin my bin p: S = U.I = 18.89 = 1602VA. -Chn mch t 3 tr , tit din tnh theo cng thc: Q=K . Trong : C - S tr mch t. f - Tn s ngun. K=5 6 Q = 5. 13cm . ng knh tr : d = = 4cm. Chn li thp c tit din 13 cm lm bng vt liu st t dy 0,2mm, l thp dp hnh ch E v ch I ghp li. Chn s b mt t cm trong tr B = 1,1T Chn ch s m = = 2,3 h = m.d = 2,3.4 = 9,2cm. Chn chiu cao tr h = 9cm. Tnh ton dy qun: S vng dy mi pha s cp my bin p: W = = = 693 vng S vng dy mi pha th cp my bin p: W = W = 693 = 57 vng. Chn s b mt dng in trong my bin p: J = J = 2,75 A/mm Dng in s cp ca my bin p l: I = = =7.28A Tit din dy dn s cp my bin p: S = = = 2.65mm Tit din dy dn th cp my bin p: S = = = 32,36mm.
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ng knh dy qun s cp: d= = = 1,84mm ng knh dy qun th cp: d = = = 6,42mm Theo sch in t cng sut ta chn dy tit din trn nh sau: d = 1,81 mm ; 22,9 gam/m d = 7 mm ; 220gam/m

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