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(1.1)
- cc m:
PbSO4 + 2e + 2 H + = Pb + H 2 SO4
(1.2)
(1.3)
Kt qu l to thnh mt in cc Pb v mt in cc PbO2.
S phng in ca acquy sy ra khi ni hai in cc Pb v PbO2 va thu c
vi ti, lc ny ha nng c d tr trong acquy s chuyn thnh in nng.
y cc in cc xy ra cc phn ng ngc ca (1.1) v (1.2), ngha l trong
acquy s xy ra phn ng ngc ca (1.3). Acquy s cung cp dong in cho
n khi c hai in cc tr li thnh PbSO4 nhu ban u. Sau nu mun dng
tip th ngi ta li np in cho acquy v c th tip din.
1.3.Acquy kim
1.3.1.Cu to ca cquy kim
Acquy kim l loi acquy m dung dch in phn c dng trong acquy l
dung dch kim KOH hoc NaOH. Ty theo cu to ca bn cc acquy kim
c chia lm ba loi:
-Loi acquy St (Fe) Niken (Ni)
-Loi acquy Cadimi (Cd) Niken (Ni)
-Loi acquy Bc Ag) Km (Zn)
Trong ba loi trn th loi th ba c h s hiu dng trn mt n v trng lng
v mt n v th tch l ln hn, nhng gi thnh ca n li cao hn v phi s
dng khi lng bc chim ti 30% khi lng ca cht tc dung, do loi
ny t c dng.
Acquy kim c cu to tng t acquy axit, tc n cng gm dung dch in
phn, v bnh, cc bn cc,
Bn cc ca acquy kim c ch to thnh dng thi hoc khng thi. Gia
cc bn cc c ngn bi cc tm ebonit. Chm bn cc dng v chm bn
cc m c hn ni nh chm bn cc ca acquy axit a ra cc vu cc
cho caquy. Cc chm bn cc c t trong bnh in phn v c ngn cch
vi v bnh bng lp nha vinhiplat.
Loi acquy dng bn cc dng thi th mi thi l mt hp lm bng thp l trn
b mt c khoan nhiu l: = 0.2 0.3mm cho dung dch thm qua. Nu l
acquy st niken th trong hp bn cc m cha st c bit thun khit, cn
trong bn cc dng l hn hp 75%NiO.OH v 25% bt than hot tnh.
Loi acquy kim dng bn cc khng phn thi, th bn cc c ch to theo
kiu khung xng, ri em cc cht tc dng c cu trc xp mn p vo cc
l nh trn bn cc.
1.3.2.Qu trnh ha hc trong cquy kim
Ging nh trong acquy axit, qu trnh ha trong acquy kim cng l qu trnh
thun nghch.
Nu bn cc trong acquy kim l st v niken th phn ng ha hc xy ra trong
acquy nh sau:
Trn bn cc dng:
Ni (OH ) 2 + KOH + OH = Ni (OH ) 3 + KOH
(1.4)
Trn bn cc m:
6
(1.5)
Nh vy qu trnh np in, st hidroxit trn bn cc m b phn tch thnh st
nguyn t v anion OH . Cn bn cc dng, Ni (OH ) 2 c chuyn ha
thnh Ni (OH ) 3 . Cht in phn KOH c th xem nh n khng tham gia vo
phn ng ha hc m ch ng vai tr cht dn in, do sc in ng ca
acquy hu nh khng ph thuc vo nng cht in phn. Sc in ng ca
acquy ch c xc nh da trn trng thi ca cc cht tc dng cc tm cc.
Thng thng acquy kim c np in hon ton sc in ng t c
khong 1,7 n 1,85V. Khi acquy phng in hon ton sc in ng ca
acquy l 1,2 n 1,4V.
Nh vy in th phng in ca acquy kim thp hn acquy axit. Nu acquy
axit in th phng in bnh qun l 2V th acquy kim ch l 1,2V.
Hin nay cc nh thit k, ch to cha dng li nhng kt qu t c,
ngi ta ch to c nhng acquy kim mi kh nh v nh, nhng vn c
cc thng s k thut ca acquy axit.
Nhng acquy ang hng ti vic thay th cc bn cc bng nhng hp kim c
kh nng chng han g, gim kch thc v tng tnh bn vng. nhng tp cht
mi c trn vo trong cht tc dng s ci thin c tnh phng in ca
acquy ng k . Nhiu acquy mi khng c cu ni trn np v kt cu v
bnh cng thay bng nhng vt liu rt nh nn gim c chiu dy thnh bnh,
acquy cng t phi chm sc hn.
1.4.S khc nhau gia cquy axt v cquy kim
C hai loi acquy ny u c mt c im chung l tnh cht ti thuc loi
dung khng v sc phn in ng. Nhng chng cn c mt s c im khc
bit sau :
Acquy axit
acquy kim
np ln nht t c khi qu ti l
in np ln nht khi c th t
Inmax = 20%C10
_S dng nhng ni c yu cu
7
sut v qu ti va phi.
_Dng trong t, xe my v cc
ng c my n cng sut va v
nh.
(V)
(1.6)
Eo - sc in ng tnh ca acquy ( V )
- nng dung dch in phn 15 C ( g/cm3 )
(1.7)
(1.8)
10
Khong ngh
2,11
1,95
E
U
1,75
Vng phng in cho php
5
CP = IP.tP
0
t
6
10
10
11
A
_
+
V Un
D
+
....
....
R=
U n 2,0 N aq
In
(1.10)
1.7.2.Phng php np in p
Phng php ny yu cu cc acquy c
Un
D
+
VR
_
_
...
...
...
13
14
G1
G2
G3
G1
t
U
0
Ud
I T1 t 0
t1
t2
t3
t4
I T2
I T3
Id
1
Ud =
2
=
U d (t )d (t ) =
0
3
2
5
+
6
2 .U 2 . sin(t ) d (t )
3 6
3 2U 2
U 2 cos
. 3. cos =
2
2
Ud
Rd
IT =
Id
3
15
16
UG
UG1
UG2
UG3
UG4
UG5
UG6
T1
T3
T5
T1
T2
T6
Ud
T4
T6
T2
Id
I T1,T4
IT1
IT4
IT1
I T3,T6
IT6
IT3
IT6
I T2,T5
IT5
IT2
IT5
Ung
IT2
t
Ud =
3 6U 2
(1 + cos ) .
2
Ud
.
Id
Id
.
3
-in p ngc t ln van: Ung =2,45U2
-Cng sut my bin p: Sba = 1,05Pd .
-Dng in trung bnh qua van: IT =
18
19
1
U d = 2 U 2 sin d =
2U 2
(1 + cos )
2 2U 2
U d max .64 ,8
U2 =
=
= 72V
2 2
2 2
U d max =
Do :
IT =
Id d = I d
2
2
Dng qua it:
20
1 +
+
ID =
I d d = I d
2
2
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua s cp my bin p:
I2 =
1 2
I
d
I
1
d
d
Nhn xt:
S chnh lu iu khin 1 pha khng i xng c cu to n gin, gn nh ,
d iu khin , tit kim van . Thch hp cho cc my c cng sut nh v va.
2.2.Chn mch chnh lu ph hp
- C hai phng n dng s chnh lu i xng cu ba pha v chnh lu
khng i xng cu ba pha u c nhiu knh iu khin, nhiu Tiristor nn gi
thnh cao khng kinh t.
- Do yu cu ca u bi, v s knh iu khin t nn ta chn s chnh lu
iu khin cu 1 pha ng i xng. Chng c mt s u im:
Hiu sut s dng my bin p cao hn mt s s nh cu 1 pha i
xng.
n gin hn v s lng Tiristor gim xung ch cn 2 nn mch iu
khin c t knh iu khin hn, bo m kinh t hn.
Cng mt di iu chnh in p mt chiu th cu khng i xng iu
khin chnh xc hn.
2.3.Tnh ton cc thng s vi mch chn
Qua phn tch trn ta chn s chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha khng i xng
dng cho mch lc mch np c qui t ng . Phng n ny va p ng c
yu cu k thut va bo m cho vic thit k.
Nh phn tch trn: Ta chn phng n thit k cho mch np c qui l s
chnh lu cu 1 pha khng i xng. C s nguyn l mch lc nh sau :
T yu cu ca bi ta c:
in p th cp ca bin p:
T cng thc: Ud =
2U2
.( 1 + cos )
in p Ud t max khi gc = 0.
U2 =
Ud. 16,2.
=
18V
2 2
2 2
Iv =
Idmax 80
= = 40A
2
2
in p ngc t ln van l:
van phi c h s d
Do vy:
- Chng ta chn van chu c in p ngc
Ung = 25,5.1,6 = 40,8V
- Dng in trung bnh chy qua van l:
Iv = 40.1,2 = 48A
v
Tn tht in p: U = 1,3V.
Tc tng in p:
in p iu khin: Ug = 3V
du
= 100V/s
dt
di
= 100A/s
dt
- Chn Diot loi: B-50 Do Lin X (c) ch to: Sch in t cng sut ca
Nguyn Bnh, Bng 1.1, tr 8 c cc thng s nh sau:
+
Tn tht in p: U = 0,7V.
2.4.Mch bo v Tiristor.
Tiristor v Dit cng rt nhy cm vi in p qu ln so vi in p nh mc,
ta gi l qu in p, v vy cn mc thm mch bo v qu in p.
Ngi ta chia ra 2 loi nguyn nhn gy nn qu in p:
-Nguyn nhn ni ti: y l s tch t in tch trong cc lp bn dn.
Khi kho Tiristor bng in p ngc, cc in tch ni trn i ngc hnh
trnh, to ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn. S bin thin
nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong
cc in cm, lun lun c, ca ng dy ngun dn n cc Tiristor. V vy
gia cc ant v catt ca Tiristor xut hin qu in p.
-Nguyn nhn bn ngoi: nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xy ra ngu nhin nh
khi ct ng ti mt my bin p trn ng dy, khi mt cu ch bo v chy,
khi c sm st
bo v mch qu p ngi ta thng dng mch L C, (xem hnh bn di):
23
Q=K
S2
.
Cf
Trong : C - S tr mch t.
f - Tn s ngun.
K=56
Q = 5.
ng knh tr : d =
1602
13cm2 .
5.50
4Q
=
4.13
4cm.
h
= 2,3 h = m.d = 2,3.4 = 9,2cm.
d
U1
220
=
= 693 vng
4,44.f.Q.BT 4,44.50.13.10-4.1,1
U2
18
W1 =
693 = 57 vng.
U1
220
U2I2 18.89
=
=7.28A
220
U1
I1 7,28
=
= 2.65mm2
J1 2,75
S2 =
I2 89
=
= 32,36mm2.
J2 2,75
4S1
=
4.2,65
= 1,84mm
4S2
=
4.32,36
= 6,42mm
; 220gam/m
26
27
3.1.2.Nguyn tc iu khin
Ngi ta thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin thay i gc m ca cc
Tiristor l: Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh v nguyn tc iu
khin thng ng arccos.
a.Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh.
Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p:
-in p ng b, k hiu l Ur c dng rng ca, ng b vi din p t yteen
anot-catot ca Tiristor.
-in p iu khin, k hiu l Uc , l in p mt chiu, c th iu chnh c
bin .
Uc = 0 ta c = 0
Uc < 0 ta c > 0
Gnd
30
31
D2
R2
Ung
D3
Hnh 3.7: S khi ng pha.
Tn hiu ng b c th ly t bin p lc cng c th ly t mt bin p khc.
Do trong mch iu khin c nhiu khu s dng ngun in p thp nn chng
ta dng mt bin p c qun nhiu cun dy th cp, mi cun c mt chc
nng ring bit, trong s dng cun c in p 0V-12V-24V dng cho khu
ng b. Mch to xung ng b c ly t in p li U = 220V, f=50Hz,
trng pha vi in p t nn cun s cp ca bin p ng lc. Hai it D2 v
D3 lm nhim v chnh lu to ra tn hiu U1 lm ngng so snh vi tn hiu
mt chiu.
Ta chn 2 it D1 v D2 l it IN4004.
3.3.2 Khi to xung ng b.
+E
1
U0
R3
_ OA2 R5 2
+
R4
D11
t
U2
32
=
R4
R3 + R4
1,48( R3 + R4 ) = 12 R4
1,48R3 = 10,52 R4
R
3 = 7,1
R4
Ta c
33
0,005
Tr
=
= 50.10 3
6
C1 0,1.10
Vy:
R3 = 50 k . R7=10 k.
3.3.4.Khi phn hi dng in.
34
3.3.5.Khi phn hi in p.
35
E
R28 , khuych i thut ton lt trng
R28 + R29
I2 = Ik = 0,9 A
+ Dng in s cp BAX:
I
0.9
I1 = 2 =
= 0.3
m
3
+ t thm ca li st t:
tb =
0,7
B
= 6
= 14.103 F
0 H
10 .50
l
l kh +
0,1
10 5 +
0,1
14.10 3
= 5,8.10 3
Th tch li st t:
V=
tb . 0 .t x .S.U 1 .I 1
B 2
Trong :
- tb : t thm trung bnh ca li st
- 0 : t thm ca khng kh
- tx : chiu di xung truyn qua BAX c gi tr t 10 600 s, y chn tx =
100 s
- Sx : st bin xung ly Sx = 0,15
- U1 : in p s cp
- I1 : dng in s cp
Thay s vo ta c :
5,8.103.106.100.106.0,15.9.0,3
V=
= 0.479.106 m3
2
0, 7
W2 63
=
= 21
3
3
W2 =
I1
J1
0, 3
= 0, 05mm 2
6
ng knh dy qun s cp :
d1 =
4S1
4.0, 05
=
= 0, 25mm
Chn dy dn c tit din trn ( Bng II.3 - TCS - Nguyn Bnh). Tit din S1
=0,04909(mm 2 ), ng knh d1 = 0,25(mm), trng lng 0,439gam/m, tr sut
0,366 ohm/m.
Tit din dy qun th cp:
S2 =
I 2 0,9
=
= 0,18mm 2
J2
5
4 S2
4.0,18
= 0, 4787 mm
Chn dy dn c tit din trn ( Bng II.3 - TCS Nguyn Bnh). Tit din S2
= 0,1886 (mm 2 ), ng knh d2 =0,49(mm), trng lng 1,68gam/m, tr sut
0,0914 ohm/m.
- Kim tra h s lp y:
kld =
I C3 50
=
= 1(mA )
50
50
+ E U1 12 9
Ta chn: R 32 = R 34 =
=
= 10
I1
0.3
Vy th: I B =
R31 = R33 =
Uv
5
=
= 694.44
k .I B 1, 2.6.103
40
3.4.1.Dng in p
U
Uo
0
Urss
U2
t
U3
Uk
t
U12
t
U11
t
U10
t
U9
t
U14
t
U13
D1
D1
D1
D1
C1
C3
C2
C4
-12V
7912
Hnh 3.16: Khi ngun nui mch iu khin.
- Cc linh kin s dng trong mch:
+ Chnh lu cu 5A.
+ T lc ngun trc v sau n p C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 =220F/50V.
+ Vi mch n p 78L12, 79L12 l loi vi mch n p c cng sut nh.
Dng in ti khng vt qu 100mA. Chng c bao gi di 2
dng: v st l hiu bng ch H, v bng cht do k hiu bng ch Z.
78L
V CC R
79L
CC V
42
0V
U21
12V
U22
24V
0V
Ung
U23
18V
U24
36V
P
30
=
= 0,136 A
U 1 220
k
P
1,2
30
= 0,22cm 2
k
(vi
S
50
= 54 vng/vn.
0,92
- S vng dy cun s cp l:
W1 = n0.U1 = 54.220 = 11880 vng.
- S vng dy cun th cp l:
Cun 12V: W21 = W22 = n0.U = 54.12 = 648 vng.
Cun 18V: W23 = W24 = n0.U = 54.18 = 972 vng.
- Dng in trong cc cun th cp:
W1
W
11880
.I 1 = 1 .I 1 =
.0,136 = 2,5 A
W21
W22
648
W
W
11880
= 1 .I 1 = 1 .I 1 =
.0,136 = 1,66 A
W23
W24
972
I 21 = I 22 =
I 23 = I 24
I 1 1,36
2
=
= 0,272mm 2 (chn J = 5A/mm )
J
5
I
I
2,5
2
+ Cun 12V: S 21 = S 22 = 21 = 22 =
= 0,5mm 2 (chn J = 5A/mm )
J
J
5
I
I
1,66
2
+ Cun 18V: S 23 = S 24 = 23 = 24 =
= 0,33m 2 (chn J = 5A/mm )
J
J
5
+ Cun s cp: S1 =
- ng knh dy th cp l:
4.S1
4.0,272
=
= 0,59mm
4.S 21
4.S 22
4.0,5
+ Cun 12V: d 21 = d 22 =
=
=
= 0,8mm .
4.S 23
4.S 24
4.0,33
+ Cun 18V: d 23 = d 24 =
=
=
= 0,65mm .
+ Cun s cp: d1 =
C3 , C4 = 0,1F
C1 , C2 = 0,22F
in tr:
R1 , R2 = 50
R7 = 50k
R4 = 4,7k, R5 = 33k
44