TP HCM

13-11-2009


B mn
TON TIN NG DNG






X ly anh tren mien tan so


Pham Ngoc Tuan
0611241
Nguyen Quoc Thong
0611196
ang Nguyen ang Nguyen
0611137



GVHD: TS Phm Th Bo


Li ni u
X l nh s (Digital Image Processing) hiu theo ngha rng bao gm tt c
cc thao tc trn nh s nh tng cng nh, phc hi nh, nhn dng, phn on
nh,. . . Tuy nhin nu xt theo ngha hp, hay ngha c in, th n l mt quy trnh
x l m u vo l nh s, v u ra cng l nh s. Ni nh vy ngha l vic nhn
dng nh khng nm trong phm vi x l theo ngha ny. Thay vo , vic x l
nh hiu theo ngha t nhin nht chnh l tng cng nh, tc l lm nh tr nn
p hn, tt hn hay r hn. y chng ti cng ch quan tm n kha cnh ny.
V mt l thuyt, c nhiu phng php tng cng nh, nhng nhn chung chng
ch thuc mt trong hai loi sau: x l trn min khng gian v x l trn min tn
s. X l nh trn min khng gian tuy trc quan hn nhng khng sc so v
khng p ng c nhng yu cu cao v nh. Vi l do nh vy, bi vit ny nhm
gii thiu tng quan phng php tng cng nh trn min tn s. y, chng ti
m t mt cch chi tit c s l thuyt ca phng php ny, hn l tp trung vo
cc ng dng c th ca n.
Tuy ht sc c gng nhng bi vit ny chc chn khng th trnh khi nhng
sai st. V vy chng ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin chn thnh t c gi.
Mi ng gp xin lin h nhm tc gi:
Phm Ngc Tun
S in thoi: 0955330136 / 0873074243
Email: pntuanaaa[at]yahoo.com.vn
Nguyn Quc Thng
S in thoi: 01283596421 / 0838109167
Email: hitman4756[at]yahoo.com
ng Nguyn ng Nguyn
S in thoi: 0989983266 / 06503715263
Email: dangnguyen325[at]yahoo.com.vn
Thnh ph H Ch Minh,
Ngy 13 thng 11 nm 2009.
2
Mc lc
1 C s x l nh trn min tn s 5
1.1 Hn ch ca x l nh trn min khng gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 tng x l trn min tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Tnh ton chi tit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Ci tin k thut 24
2.1 Hn ch ca k thut trc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Phng php ci tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Bin i Fast Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 ng dng 46
3.1 Lm trn nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.1 Lc tn s thp Ideal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.2 Lc tn s thp Butterworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1.3 Lc tn s thp Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 Lm sc nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.1 Lc tn s cao Ideal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.2 Lc tn s cao Butterworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.3 Lc tn s cao Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4 Chng trnh Matlab 52
4.1 Dng khai trin Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2 Dng FFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.1 Lm trn nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2.2 Lm sc nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Ti liu tham kho 58
3
Danh sch hnh v
1.1 th hm f(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 th hm y = b
1
sin x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 th hm y = b
2
sin 2x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 th hm y = b
3
sin 3x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 th hm y = b
4
sin 4x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 th hm y = b
5
sin 5x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 th hm y =

5
k=1
b
k
sin kx v y = x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.8 th hm y = cos x, y = cos 3x, y = cos 9x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.9 Cc pixel ca nh s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1 th hm |G| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 th hm g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 th hm |F| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4 (a) Trc khi di trc, (b) Sau khi di trc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 S x l nh mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1 Hm lc ILPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2 (a)Vn bn b r. (b)Vn bn sau khi c lc tn s thp . . . . . . 48
3.3 (a) nh vi kch thc 500 x 500 pixels (b) Ph Fourier ca nh. Cc
vng trn vi bn knh ln lt l 5, 15, 30, 80, v 230 pixel. . . . . . 49
3.4 Hm lc BLPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5 Hm lc GLPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.6 (a) nh nhe, (b) nh sau khi c lc Butterworth vi D
0
= 320, n = 2 51
4
Chng 1
C s x l nh trn min tn s
1.1 Hn ch ca x l nh trn min khng gian
Bin php x l nh trn min khng gian l kh trc quan. Trn min khng gian,
xm ti mt pixel trong nh mi bng mt biu thc tuyn tnh gia xm ca
cc pixel k cn trong nh c. Nh vy, lm cc chi tit trn nh trn hn, ta c
th tnh xm ti pixel (x,y) trn nh mi bng trung bnh cng xm ca chnh
n v 8 pixel ln cn trong nh c
g(x, y) =
1
9
1

i,j=1
f(x + i, y + j) (1.1)
Nu mun lm cc chi tit trn nh ni bt hn, ta c th tnh xm ti pixel (x,y)
trn nh mi bng mt trung bnh c trng s xm ca chnh n v 8 pixel ln
cn trong nh c, trong trng s ng vi f(x, y) l ln nht, chng hn:
g(x, y) =
1
10
(f(x 1, y 1) + f(x, y 1) + f(x + 1, y 1)
+f(x 1, y) + 2f(x, y) + f(x + 1, y)
+f(x 1, y + 1) + f(x, y + 1) + f(x + 1, y + 1)) (1.2)
Ni tm li, x l trn min khng gian l mt phng php rt trc quan, ph hp
vi cm gic t nhin ca chng ta: nhn vo cc biu thc (1.1) v (1.2), ta cng
hnh dung c phn no v nh kt qu.
Tuy nhin, cng chnh do tnh n gin nh trn m phng php x l trn min
khng gian l khng c tinh t. Chng hn h s ca mt n (filter mask) thng
c chn l dng
1
9

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
hay
1
16

1 2 1
2 4 2
1 2 1
D nhin, trong mt s trng hp, mt n c th cha cc h s m. Mt th d khc
l cc mt n thng l ma trn i xng. Hin nhin ta thy rng mt n khng
5
nht thit phi l ma trn i xng. Hn na, cc h s ca mt n cng khng nht
thit nguyn hay hu t. i vi cc trng hp nh vy, cc h s phi c chn
bng mt phng php no , ch khng cn l bng trc quan nh trc y.
Phng php x l nh trn min tn s l mt trong s . S can thip su sc
ca ton hc cho ta nhng i tng, nhng i lng n di lp v trc quan ca
nh. Do , nu ch n thun quan st, phn tch nh bng th gic th ta khng d
g cm nhn c cc i lng ny. Thay v thao tc trc tip trn xm ca cc
pixel (trng xm), ta s thao tc, x l trn cc i tng mi ny.
1.2 tng x l trn min tn s
Gi s ta c mt my chp nh c bit, c th chp c ng mt on thng trn
mt vt phng. Khi , nh ta nhn c l mt on thng m trn mi im c
mt xm no . xm ny c th c m t bi hm mt bin f nh Hnh
1.1, y on [a, b] l min khng gian nh. Min khng gian nh lc ny c xem
Hnh 1.1: th hm f(x)
nh min lin tc, ch khng phi l min ri rc gm cc pixel nh trc y. Hn
na, ta c th xem [a, b] = [, ].
Ta nhc li mt nh l quan trng v chui Fourier nh sau:
Cho L
2
(, ). Khi ta c khai trin
(x) =
a
0
2
+

n=1
(a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx)
v
||||
2
=
_
|a
0
|
2
2
+

n=1
(|a
n
|
2
+|b
n
|
2
)
_
6
trong
a
n
=
1

(x) cos nxdx n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

b
n
=
1

(x) sin nxdx n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

p dng vi l trng xm f:
Nu f L
2
(, ) th ta c khai trin
f(x) =
a
0
2
+

n=1
(a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx) (1.3)
v
||f||
2
=
_
|a
0
|
2
2
+

n=1
(|a
n
|
2
+|b
n
|
2
)
_
(1.4)
trong
a
n
=
1

f(x) cos nxdx n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

b
n
=
1

f(x) sin nxdx n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

Cng thc (1.3) ni ln rng hm f c th c phn tch thnh tng ca v hn cc
hm hnh sin hoc cos, m ta gi l cc sng.
Th d
Vi f(x) = x th
a
n
=
1

x cos nxdx = 0
b
n
=
1

x sin nxdx =
2

_

0
x sin nxdx = 2
(1)
n+1
n
Do
f(x) =

n=1
2
(1)
n+1
n
sin nx
Trn Hnh 1.7, ta thy ch cn ly tng 5 s hng u trn trong chui Fourier
ca f l c mt xp x tt cho hm f ri.
Mt im ng lu na t (1.3) l: khi n cng ln th cc hm a
n
cos nx v b
n
sin nx
dao ng cng nhanh quanh gi tr 0. l bi v chu k tun hon ca n cng nh
khi n cng ln.
7
Hnh 1.2: th hm y = b
1
sin x
Hnh 1.3: th hm y = b
2
sin 2x
Hnh 1.4: th hm y = b
3
sin 3x
8
Hnh 1.5: th hm y = b
4
sin 4x
Hnh 1.6: th hm y = b
5
sin 5x
Hnh 1.7: th hm y =

5
k=1
b
k
sin kx v y = x
9
Hnh 1.8: th hm y = cos x, y = cos 3x, y = cos 9x
Cc sng a
n
cos nx v b
n
sin nx u c chu k l
2
n
, tc l c tn s
n
2
. Hnh 1.8
cho ta thy s dao ng ca hm cos nx vi n = 1, 3, 9. S dao ng nhanh ca cc
sng a
n
cos nx v b
n
sin nx nh trn gy ra s bin i t ngt gi tr ca f. Chnh
nhng thnh phn ny (khi n ln) gy ra s xo trn mnh m cho gi tr ca hm
f, v do lm gim tnh trn ca f (tc l s lin tc hay kh vi ca f). Tuy nhin,
nu nhn vo (1.4) th ta thy cc chui s

n=1
|a
n
|
2
v

n=1
|b
n
|
2
phi hi t.
V vy, ta phi c
lim
n
|a
n
| = 0 v lim
n
|b
n
| = 0.
Do , cc sng a
n
cos nx v b
n
sin nx thay i gi tr nhanh nhng bin thay i
cng nh khi n cng ln. i vi trng hp f(x) = x Hnh 1.7, ta thy iu rt
r: bin ca sng b
n
sin nx l |b
n
| =
2
n
0 khi n .
Nh vy, ta rt ra nhn xt: khi n cng ln th cc sng a
n
cos nx v b
n
sin nx dao
ng cng dy c nhng vi bin cng nh.
V vy, cc sng ny cng th hin tnh "nhiu". Nhiu y c hiu theo ngha
lm mt tnh n nh gi tr ca f v dn n lm gim tnh trn ca f.
Nu loi b cc sng a
n
cos nx v b
n
sin nx th khi n ln, hm f c xp x bng
f(x)
a
0
2
+
N

n=1
(a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx) (1.5)
V phi ca (1.5) l hm kh vi lin tc mi cp, ngha l n rt trn. iu ny kh
ph hp vi phn tch v nh hng ca cc sng vi n ln m ta nu trn.
10
Quay li vi ngha l "trng xm" ca f, ta nhn xt, trng xm m my
nh thu c t vt c chp thng kh lin tc. Chng hn nh khi ta chp mt
ngi, ng bin ngn cch mt ngi vi mi trng xung quanh r rng l bc
nhy ln v gi tr mc xm. i vi cc nh sc nt, ta thy c nhiu ng bin
ngn cch cc min c mc xm khc nhau. V vy, f b gin on hoc khng trn
ti cc ng ny.
Nh ni trn, vic loi b cc sng c tn s cao s lm tng tnh trn ca hm
f. Do , nh mi thu c s c trng xm thay i mm mi hn, h qu l
s m hn, nhe hn, km sc nt hn nh ban u. Ngc li, nu loi b cc sng
c tn s thp (tc l nhng s hng ng vi n nh), ta thu c hm
g(x) =

n=N
(a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx)
Hm g ch dao ng kh b quanh gi tr 0 nn khng th l mt xp x ca hm
f. Vic loi b cc sng c tn s thp lm mt i gi tr trung bnh ca f. Tuy
nhin, hm g phn nh s nhiu lon ca f xung quanh "ng trung bnh" ca n.
Do , nh g cho thy cc chi tit sc nt ca f nh ng bin, cc nh, cc nt,
cc m c lp. V g(x) dao ng xung quanh gi tr 0 nn mu nn ca nh mi s
l en.
Nu quan st k hn cng thc (1.11) th ta thy rng lm nh trn hn, ta khng
nht thit phi cht ct chui Fourier ca f. Thay vo , ta c th nhn mi s
hng ca n vi mt s h(n) no
f
1
(x) =
a
0
2
h(0) +

n=1
h(n) (a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx) (1.6)
trong |h(n)| phi cng nh khi n cng ln nhm lm gim bin ca cc sng
tn s cao. Ch rng tng hp ca hai sng a
n
cos nx v b
n
sin nx cng l mt sng
hnh sin. Tht vy, ta c
a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx =
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
_
a
n
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
cos nx +
b
n
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
sin nx
_
(1.7)
Gi (, ] l gc tha
_
_
_
sin
n
=
a
n

a
2
n
+b
2
n
cos
n
=
b
n

a
2
n
+b
2
n
Th vo (1.7), ta c
a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx =
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
(sin
n
cos nx + cos
n
sin nx)
=
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
sin(nx +
n
)
Do (1.6) c vit li thnh
f
1
(x) =
a
0
2
h(0) +

n=1
h(n)
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
sin (nx +
n
)
11
Lc ny f
1
(x) l tng hp ca cc sng c bin dng |h(n)|
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
. Do , l
do chn h sao cho |h(n)| cng nh khi n cng ln r rng.
Ngc li, lm ni bt ln cc chi tit ca f, ta chn h sao cho |h(n)| ln khi n
b, v b khi n ln. Tm li, ta hon ton c hng x l nh nu trng xm
ca n c phn tch thnh tng ca cc sng hnh sin hay cos nh trn. Mun vy,
hm f phi thuc khng gian L
2
(, ). Tip theo, ta xem xt tnh hp l ca gi
thit ny.
xm ca nh l do ngun sng chiu ti vt c chp v s phn x nh sang
ca vt . Do nng lng sng ng vi cc bc sng trong vng nhn thy c l
hu hn nn xm cng phi hu hn. Hn na, xm khi c m ha thnh
s lu trong my tnh bao gi cng c gi tr b chn (ty thuc vo s bit biu din
ca n). Do , hm f lun b chn trn (, ):
|f(x)| M, x [, ]
Do

|f(x)|
2
dx

|M|
2
dx = 2M
2
.
Cho nn f L
2
(, ).
Tht ra vi cch th hin xm thng qua cc pixel, ta d dng nhn ra f l hm
bc thang. Nh vy, ta va chng minh xong f L
2
(, ), tc l f lun p ng
l iu kin n c khai trin chui Fourier.
Trn y ta phn tch ng dng ca khai trin Fouirer vo x l nh mt chiu.
Tuy nhin, nh mt chiu m ta va ni trn ch l mt m hnh tng tng nhm
pht sinh tng. nh thc t m ta thy phi l nh hai chiu. Nh vy, ta cn
phi tm mt th thut no nhm tng qut tng mt chiu ln hai chiu.
trng hp mt chiu, ta tm cch biu din hm mt bin thnh tng ca v s
sng dng sin v cos. Ta cng s dng li tng y, tc l ta s c gng biu
din hm hai bin f = f(x, y) thnh tng ca nhiu sng dng sin(mx + ny) hoc
cos(mx + ny).
Gi s hm f = f(x, y) xc nh trn = [, ] [, ]. ng vi mi y [, ],
ta c khai trin Fourier ca f theo bin x:
f(x, y) =
a
y
0
2
+

m=1
(a
y
m
cos mx + b
y
m
sin mx) (1.8)
trong
a
y
m
=
1

f(x, y) cos mxdx (1.9)

b
y
m
=
1

f(x, y) sin mxdx (1.10)

12
ng vi mi x [, ], ta li c khai trin Fourier ca f theo bin y:
f(x, y) =
a
0
2
+

n=1
(a
x
n
cos ny + b
x
n
sin ny) (1.11)
trong
a
x
n
=
1

f(x, y) cos nydy (1.12)

b
x
n
=
1

f(x, y) sin nydy (1.13)

Th (1.11) vo (1.9) v (1.10), ta c
a
y
m
=
1

_
a
x
0
2
+

n=1
(a
x
n
cos ny + b
x
n
sin ny)
_
cos mxdx,
b
y
m
=
1

_
a
x
0
2
+

n=1
(a
x
n
cos ny + b
x
n
sin ny)
_
sin mxdx.
Gi s du tng c th ly ra ngoi tch phn c, ta c
a
y
m
=
1

_
_

a
x
0
2
cos (mx) dx+

n=1

(a
x
n
cos (ny) cos (mx) + b
x
n
sin (ny) cos (mx)) dx
_
_
,
b
y
m
=
1

_
_

a
x
0
2
sin (mx) dx+

n=1

(a
x
n
cos (ny) sin (mx) + b
x
n
sin (ny) sin (mx)) dx
_
_
13
Th (1.12) v (1.13) vo hai biu thc trn, ta c
a
y
m
=
1

2
_
1
2
_

f(x, y) cos (0y) cos (mx)dydx+

+

n=1
___

f(x, y) cos (ny) cos (mx)dydx

_
cos ny+
+
__

f(x, y) sin (ny) cos (mx)dydx

_
sin ny
__
b
y
m
=
1

2
_
1
2
_

f(x, y) cos (0y) sin (mx)dydx+

+

n=1
___

f(x, y) cos (ny) sin (mx)dydx

_
cos ny+
+
__

f(x, y) sin (ny) sin (mx)dydx

_
sin ny
__
Chuyn tch phn hai lp thnh tch phn bi vit li gn
a
y
m
=
1

2
_
1
2
_

f(x, y) cos (0y) cos (mx)dA+

+

n=1
___

f(x, y) cos (ny) cos (mx)dA

_
cos ny+
+
__

f(x, y) sin (ny) cos (mx)dA

_
sin ny
__
b
y
m
=
1

2
_
1
2
_

f(x, y) cos (0y) sin (mx)dA+

+

n=1
___

f(x, y) cos (ny) sin (mx)dA

_
cos ny+
+
__

f(x, y) sin (ny) sin (mx)dA

_
sin ny
__
14
Th hai biu thc trn vo (1.8), ta c
f(x, y) =
1
2
2
_
_
_
1
2
_

f(x, y) cos(0y) cos(0x)dA+

+

n=1
_
_
_
_
_

f(x, y) cos(ny) cos(0x)dA

_
_
cos(ny)+
+
_
_
_

f(x, y) sin(ny) cos(0x)dA

_
_
sin(ny)
_
_
_
_
_
+
+

m=1
_
_
_
1

2
_
_
_
1
2
_
_
_

f(x, y) cos(0y) cos(mx)dA

_
_
cos mx+

n=1
_
_
_
_
_

(f(x, y) cos(ny) cos(mx)dA)

_
_
cos(ny) cos(mx)+
_
_
_

f(x, y) sin(ny) cos(mx)dA

_
_
sin(ny) cos(mx)
_
_
_
_
_
+
1

2
_
_
_
1
2
_
_
_

f(x, y) cos(0y) sin(mx)dA

_
_
sin mx+
+

n=1
_
_
_
_
_

(f(x, y) cos(ny) sin(mx)dA)

_
_
cos(ny) sin(mx)+
+
_
_
_

(f(x, y) sin (ny) sin(mx)dA)

_
_
sin(ny) sin(mx)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
15
Vit gn li:
f(x, y) =
1
2
2
_
1
2
_

f(x, y)dA
+

n=1
___

f(x, y) cos nydA

_
cos ny +
__

f(x, y) sin nydA

_
sin ny
_
_
+
1

2
_

m=1
_
1
2
___

f(x, y) cos mxdA

_
cos mx +
__

f(x, y) sin mxdA

_
sin mx
_
+

n=1
___

f(x, y) cos ny cos mxdA

_
cos ny cos mx +
__

f(x, y) sin ny cos mxdA

_
sin ny cos mx
+
__

f(x, y) cos ny sin mxdA

_
cos ny sin mx +
__

f(x, y) sin ny sin mxdA

_
sin ny sin mx
___
hay
f(x, y) =
1
4
2
_

f(x, y)dA
+
1
2
2

i=1
___

f(x, y) cos nydA

_
cos ny +
__

f(x, y) sin nydA

_
sin ny
_
+
1
2
2

m=1
___

f(x, y) cos mxdA

_
cos mx +
__

f(x, y) sin mxdA

_
sin mx
_
+
1

m,n=1
___

f(x, y) cos ny cos mxdA

_
cos ny cos mx +
__

f(x, y) sin ny cos mxdA

_
sin ny cos mx
+
__

f(x, y) cos ny sin mxdA

_
cos ny sin mx +
__

f(x, y) sin ny sin mxdA

_
sin ny sin mx
_
16
Tm li,
f(x, y) =
1
4
a
00
+
1
2

n=1
(a
0n
cos ny + b
0n
sin ny)
+
1
2

m=1
(a
m0
cos mx + c
m0
sin mx)
+

m,n=1
(a
mn
cos mx cos ny + b
mn
cos mx sin ny
+c
mn
sin mx cos ny + d
mn
sin mx sin ny) (1.14)
trong
a
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) cos mx cos nydA (1.15)

b
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) cos mx sin nydA (1.16)

c
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) sin mx cos nydA (1.17)

d
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) sin mx sin nydA (1.18)

Khi m, n cng ln th cc sng a
mn
cos mx cos ny, b
mn
cos mx sin ny, c
mn
sin mx cos ny,
d
mn
sin mx sin ny dao ng cng nhanh, nhng bin ca chng (l |a
mn
|, |b
mn
|, |c
mn
|,
|d
mn
|) cng lc cng b. Do , nhng sng ny ch ng vai tr nhiu. V vy, cng
ging nh trng hp mt chiu, ta nhn mi s hng chui Fourier ca f (1.14)
vi hm hai bin h = h(m, n) c

f(x, y) =
1
4
h(0, 0)a
00
+
1
2

n=1
h(0, n)(a
0n
cos ny + b
0n
sin ny)
+
1
2

m=1
h(m, 0)(a
m0
cos mx + c
m0
sin mx)
+

m,n=1
h(m, n)(a
mn
cos mx cos ny + b
mn
cos mx sin ny
+c
mn
sin mx cos ny + d
mn
sin mx sin ny) (1.19)
Nu mun thu c nh trn hn th hm h phi c chn sao cho |h(m, n)| kh b
khi m, n ln; cn nu mun c nh ni bt, sc nt hn th chn h sao cho |h(m, n)|
nh khi m, n b.
Nh vy, tng dng khai trin Fourier x l nh hai chiu r. Tip theo, ta
s i chi tit hn v mt tnh ton.
17
1.3 Tnh ton chi tit
Ta tn cng i tm khai trin Fourier cho hm hai bin f = f(x, y) mc trn l
c c cng thc (1.19). Hm

f =

f(x, y) (1.19) chnh l nh kt qu m ta nhn
c. Nh vy, tng bn trn thc hin c, ta phi tm ra gii php tnh s
cho

f(x, y).
Trong cng thc (1.19), hm h = h(m, n) c quyn chn nn d nhin ta bit gi
tr s ca n. Vn by gi nm ch lm th no tnh c cc h s Fourier a
mn
,
b
mn
, c
mn
, v d
mn
ca f.
Trn thc t, nh dc my tnh biu din bng mt ma trn xm, kch thc
M N. Mi h s ca ma trn ny l xm trn pixel v tr ca n. Nh vy,
trng xm f lc ny l mt hm bc thang, xc nh trn hnh ch nht kch
thc M N.
Hnh 1.9: Cc pixel ca nh s
Khong [, ] trn trc honh c chia lm M khong bng nhau bi x
0
< x
1
<
. . . < x
M
, vi x
j
=
2
M
j .
Khong [, ] trn trc tung c chia lm N khong bng nhau bi y
0
< y
1
<
18
. . . < y
N
, vi y
k
=
2
N
k .
Tr gi ca f trn A
jk
= [x
j
, x
j+1
] [y
k
, y
k+1
] l f
mn
. Khi :
f(x, y) =

0jM1
0kN1
f
jk

A
jk
(x, y)
T y, ta c th tnh c cc a
mn
, b
mn
, c
mn
, v d
mn
.
Tnh a
mn
t (1.15):
a
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) cos mx cos nydA

=
1

2
_

j,k
f
jk
cos mx cos ny
A
jk
dA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
A
jk
cos mx cos nydA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
cos mxdx
__
_
x
j+1
x
j
cos nydy
_
* Nu m, n 1
a
mn
=
1

2
mn

j,k
f
jk
(sin(mx
j+1
)sin(mx
j
))(sin(ny
k+1
)sin(ny
k
)) (1.20)
* Nu m = 0, n 1
a
0n
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
dx
__
_
x
j+1
x
j
cos nydy
_
=
1

j,k
f
jk
(x
j+1
x
j
)
sin(ny
k+1
) sin(ny
k
)
n
tc l
a
0n
=
2

2
Mn

j,k
f
jk
(sin(ny
k+1
) sin(ny
k
)
tc
a
0n
=
2
Mn

j,k
f
jk
(sin(ny
k+1
) sin(ny
k
)) (1.21)
* Nu m 1, n = 0, tng t nh trn, ta cng c
a
m0
=
2
Nm

j,k
f
jk
(sin(my
k+1
) sin(my
k
)) (1.22)
19
* Nu m = n = 0
a
00
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
dx
__
_
x
j+1
x
j
dy
_
=
1

j,k
f
jk
(x
j+1
x
j
)(y
k+1
y
k
)
=
1

j,k
f
jk
2
M
2
N
tc l
a
00
=
4
MN

j,k
f
jk
(1.23)
Tnh b
mn
t (1.16)
b
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) cos mx sin nydA

=
1

2
_

j,k
f
jk
cos mx sin ny
A
jk
dA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
A
jk
cos mx sin nydA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
cos mxdx
_
__
y
k+1
y
k
sin nydy
_
* Nu m 1
b
mn
=
1

2
mn

j,k
f
jk
(sin(mx
j+1
)sin(mx
j
))(cos(ny
k
)sin(ny
k+1
)) (1.24)
* Nu m = 0
b
0n
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
dx
__
_
x
j+1
x
j
sin nydy
_
=
1

j,k
f
jk
(x
j+1
x
j
)
cos(ny
k
) cos(ny
k+1
)
n
=
1

j,k
f
jk
2
M
cos(ny
k
) cos(ny
k+1
)
n
hay
b
0n
=
2
Mn

j,k
f
jk
(cos(ny
k
) cos(ny
k+1
)) (1.25)
20
Tnh c
mn
t (1.17)
c
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) sin mx cos nydA

=
1

2
_

j,k
f
jk
sin mx cos ny
A
jk
dA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
A
jk
sin mx cos nydA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
sin mxdx
_
__
y
k+1
y
k
cos nydy
_
* Nu n 1
c
mn
=
1

2
mn

j,k
f
jk
(cos(mx
j
)cos(mx
j+1
))(sin(ny
k+1
)sin(ny
k
)) (1.26)
* Nu n = 0
c
m0
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
sin mxdx
__
_
x
j+1
x
j
dy
_
=
1

j,k
f
jk
(y
k+1
y
k
)
cos(mx
j
) cos(mx
j+1
)
m
=
1

j,k
f
jk
2
N
cos(mx
j
) cos(mx
j+1
)
m
hay
c
m0
=
2
Nm

j,k
f
jk
(cos(mx
j
) cos(mx
j+1
)) (1.27)
Tnh d
mn
t (1.18)
d
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) sin mx sin nydA

=
1

2
_

j,k
f
jk
sin mx sin ny
A
jk
dA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
A
jk
sin mx sin nydA
=
1

j,k
f
jk
_
_
x
j+1
x
j
sin mxdx
_
__
y
k+1
y
k
sin nydy
_
=
1

j,k
f
jk
cos(mx
j
) cos(mx
j+1
)
m
cos(ny
k
) cos(ny
k+1
)
n
21
hay
d
mn
=
2
Nm

j,k
f
jk
(cos(mx
j
) cos(mx
j+1
))(cos(ny
k
) cos(ny
k+1
)) (1.28)
T cc cng thc (1.20)-(1.28), ta hon ton tnh c

f (1.19).
Trn thc t th min khng gian nh l [0, M][0, N] ch khng phi [, ][, ]
nn ta dng php bin i sau
[0, M] [0, N] [, ] [, ]
(x, y)
_
+
2x
M
, +
2y
N
_
Do , khai trin Fourier cho nh [0, M] [0, N] l:
f(x, y) =
1
4
a
00
+
1
2

n=1
_
a
0n
cos n
_
+
2y
N
_
+ b
0n
sin n
_
+
2y
N
__
+
1
2

m=1
_
a
m0
cos m
_
+
2x
M
_
+ c
m0
sin m
_
+
2x
M
__
+

m,n=1
_
a
mn
cos m
_
+
2x
M
_
cos n
_
+
2y
N
_
+b
mn
cos m
_
+
2x
M
_
sin n
_
+
2y
N
_
+c
mn
sin m
_
+
2x
M
_
cos n
_
+
2y
N
_
+d
mn
sin m
_
+
2x
M
_
sin n
_
+
2y
N
_
trong
a
mn
=
4
MN
_

f(x, y) cos m
_
+
2x
M
_
cos n
_
+
2y
N
_
dA
b
mn
=
4
MN
_

f(x, y) cos m
_
+
2x
M
_
sin n
_
+
2y
N
_
dA
c
mn
=
4
MN
_

f(x, y) sin m
_
+
2x
M
_
cos n
_
+
2y
N
_
dA
d
mn
=
4
MN
_

f(x, y) sin m
_
+
2x
M
_
sin n
_
+
2y
N
_
dA
vi = [0, M] [0, N]
tn dng c kt qu tnh ton cho a
mn
, b
mn
, c
mn
v d
mn
(1.20)-(1.28), ta dng
22
php i bin
[, ] [, ] [0, M] [0, N]
(r, s) (x, y) =
_
(r + )M
2
,
(s + )N
2
_
Khi , ta t

f(r, s) = f(x, y) = f
_
(r + )M
2
,
(s + )N
2
_
th
a
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) cos mr cos nsdA

b
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) cos mr sin nsdA

c
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) sin mr cos nsdA

d
mn
=
1

2
_

f(x, y) sin mr sin nsdA

vi = [, ] [, ]
Khi , cc h s a
mn
, b
mn
, c
mn
, d
mn
v c cho bi (1.20) (1.28) vi f
jk
l gi tr
xm ca nh ban u trn [j, j + 1] [k, k + 1]. Tm li, ta tnh ton xong tt
c cc chi tit cn thit tm nh kt qu

f khi bit hm lc h(m, n). c gi c
th tham kho phn ci t chng trnh Chng 4.
23
Chng 2
Ci tin k thut
2.1 Hn ch ca k thut trc
Quan st cng thc (1.19) ta thy, khi a vo my tnh chui Fourier phi c
cht ct. Gi s min chy ca cc ch s m v n l 0, 1, 2, . . . , K1. Theo cng thc
(1.20), tnh a
mn
, ta phi dng 2MN php cng, 2MN php nhn v 4MN php
tnh lng gic. Tng t i vi b
mn
, c
mn
, v d
mn
.
Nh vy, vi mi (x, y) vi 0 x M + 1, 0 y N 1, ta phi dng khong
2K
2
MN php cng, 2K
2
MN php nhn v 4K
2
MN php tnh lng gic. Do ,
c c kt qu nh

f , ta phi tn 2K
2
M
2
N
2
php cng, 2K
2
M
2
N
2
php nhn
v 4K
2
M
2
N
2
php tnh lng gic.
Vi nh c kch thc nh 100 100, v K = 10 th ta cn khong 20 triu php
cng, 20 triu php nhn, 40 triu php tnh lng gic. iu i hi thi gian
chy chng trnh qu ln. Sau y l kt qu th nghim:
Kch thc M N K Thi gian(giy)
32x32 10 116.237
40x40 10 275.96
45x45 10 420.518
50x50 10 648.992
50x50 5 165.553
Do vy, mt nhu cu bc xc t ra y l lm sao gim mt cch ng k thi
gian thc hin chng trnh, hay ni cch khc l phi tm mt phng thc tnh
ton no nhanh hn. Bin i Fourier ri rc l mt trong nhng gii php nh
vy. , ta li dng trit tnh ri rc ca nh s.
2.2 Phng php ci tin
Nh mc trn ni, tng ca vic p dng khai trin Fourier nm ch ta mun
phn tch mt hm hai bin f = f(x, y) bt k thnh tng ca v hn cc sng dng
sin hay cos. Tuy nhin, khng nht thit ch c khai trin Fourier mi cho ta mt
24
cch phn tch nh vy. Hn na, trng xm f m ta ang xt l hm bc thang,
tc l c hu hn gi tr nn f hon ton c th c phn tch thnh sng mt
cch n gin hn. Ta bt u xt cch phn tch "n gin hn" ny di dng mt
chiu thy r tng.
nh ngha 2.2.1. Gi g l mt hm c min xc nh ri rc nh sau
g : {0, 1, ..., M 1} R
khi hm G : {0, 1, . . . , M 1} C xc nh bi
G(u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
g(x)e
i2
ux
M
(2.1)
c gi l bin i Fourier ri rc (Discrete Fourier Transform hay vit tt l DFT)
ca g.
Cng thc (2.1) cho thy mi hm ri rc g u c DFT. Hn na, khi bit DFT
ca g l G, ta c th tm ngc tr li g bng cng thc
g(x) =
M1

u=0
G(u)e
i2
ux
M
(2.2)
Tht vy, ta c
G(u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
g(x)e
i2
ux
M
Nhn e
i2
uy
M
hai v ca phng trnh trn, ta c
G(u)e
i2
uy
M
=
1
M
M1

x=0
g(x)e
i2
u
M
(xy)
Ly tng vi u t 0 n M 1, ta c
M1

u=0
G(u)e
i2
uy
M
=
1
M
M1

u=0
M1

x=0
g(x)e
i2
xy
M
u
=
1
M
M1

x=0
M1

u=0
g(x)e
i2
xy
M
u
hay
M1

u=0
G(u)e
i2
uy
M
=
1
M
M1

x=0
g(x)
M1

u=0
e
i2
xy
M
u
(2.3)
* Vi x = y, ta c
g (x)
M1

u=0
e
i2
xy
M
u
= g (y)
M1

u=0
1 = Mg (y)
25
* Vi x = y, khi
M1

u=0
e
i2
xy
M
u
l mt cp s nhn vi cng bi q = e
i2
xy
M
= 1
nn
M1

u=0
e
j2
xy
M
u
=
1 q
M
1 q
=
1 e
i2(xy)
1 e
i2
xy
M
=
1 cos (2(x y)) + i sin (2(x y))
1 e
i2
xy
M
= 0
Do
g (x)
M1

u=0
e
i2
xy
M
u
= g (x) .0 = 0
Do vy, t (2.3), ta suy ra
M1

u=0
G(u)e
i2
uy
M
= g(y)
Tm li ta chng minh c (2.2).
Cng thc (2.1) v(2.2) cho thy s tng ng 1 - 1 gia mt hm ri rc v DFT
ca n. Khi bit g, ta c th tm c G v ngc li. Tuy nhin, iu c bit li
nm cng thc (2.2). Ta bit rng
e
i
= cos + i sin
nn (2.2) c vit li nh sau
g (x) =
M1

u=0
G(u)
_
cos
2xu
M
+ i sin
2xu
M
_
(2.4)
V G l hm nhn gi tr phc nn ta c th biu din n di dng
G(u) = R(u) iI (u) u {0, 1, ..., M 1}
trong R v I ch nhn cc gi tr thc. Th vo (2.4), ta c
g (x) =
M1

u=0
(R(u) iI (u))
_
cos
2xu
M
+ i sin
2xu
M
_
hay
g (x) =
M1

u=0
_
R(u) cos
2xu
M
+ I (u) sin
2xu
M
_
+i
M1

u=0
_
R(u) sin
2xu
M
I (u) cos
2xu
M
_
V g ch nhn gi tr thc nn phn o v phi bng 0. Do
g (x) =
M1

u=0
_
R(u) cos
2xu
M
+ I (u) sin
2xu
M
_
(2.5)
26
R rng (2.5) l mt s phn tch hm g thnh tng ca cc sng sin hay cos. Ch
rng tng y l tng hu hn, ch khng phi l tng v hn (chui) nh khai
trin Fourier m ta xt mc trc.
Mi sng thnh phn l R(u) cos
2xu
M
v I (u) sin
2xu
M
. ng vi mi u, cc sng ny
u c chu k l
M
u
, tc l c tn s l
M
u
. Do , khi u cng ln (tc l cng gn
M) th tn s dao ng ca cc sng ny cng cao. Tip theo, ta xt bin ca cc
sng ny. T (2.1), ta c
R(u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) cos
2xu
M
(2.6)
I (u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) sin
2xu
M
(2.7)
V R(u) cos
2xu
M
v I (u) sin
2xu
M
l hai sng cng tn s (sng kt hp) nn tng hp
ca hai sng ny cng c dng sin hoc cos. Do
G(u) = R(u) iI(u)
nn
|G(u)| =
_
R
2
(u) + I
2
(u)
V vy
R(u) cos
2xu
M
+I (u) sin
2xu
M
= |G(u)|
_
R(u)
_
R
2
(u) + I
2
(u)
cos
2xu
M
+
I (u)
_
R
2
(u) + I
2
(u)
sin
2xu
M
_
Gi
u
(, ] l gc tha
_
_
_
cos
u
=
R(u)

R
2
(u)+I
2
(u)
sin
u
=
I(u)

R
2
(u)+I
2
(u)
Khi
R(u) cos
2xu
M
+ I(u) sin
2xu
M
= |G(u)|
_
cos
u
cos
2xu
M
+ sin
u
sin
2xu
M
_
= |G(u)| cos
_
2xu
M
+
u
_
Do (2.5) c vit li nh sau
g (x) =
M1

u=0
|G(u)| cos
_
2xu
M
+
u
_
(2.8)
Cng thc (2.8) cho ta thy g c th phn tch c thnh tng ca M sng c bin
dng. Mi sng nh vy c tn s l
u
M
, vi u {0, 1, 2, ..., M 1}. Ta mong
mun rng khi n cng ln th bin ca cc sng trn cng nh.
27
Theo cng thc (2.8) th bin ca sng ng vi u = 0 l |G(0)|. (2.1), ta c
G(0) =
1
M
M1

x=0
g(x), tc l gi tr trung bnh ca g. Ta s chng minh rng
|G(u)| |G(0)| , u {0, 1, ..., M 1}
iu cn chng minh tng ng vi

M1

x=0
g(x)e
i2
ux
M

M1

x=0
g(x)

hay
_
M1

x=1
g(x)a
x
_
2
+
_
M1

x=1
g(x)b
x
_
2

_
M1

x=1
g(x)
_
2
(2.9)
vi
a
x
= cos 2
ux
M
, b
x
= sin 2
ux
M
Khai trin hai v ca (2.9)
_
M1

x=1
g(x)a
x
_
2
=
N1

x=1
(g(x)a
x
)
2
+ 2

x<y
g(x)g(y)a
x
a
y
,
_
N1

x=1
g(x)b
x
_
2
=
N1

x=1
(g(x)b
x
)
2
+ 2

x<y
g(x)g(y)b
x
b
y
,
_
N1

x=1
g(x)
_
2
=
N1

x=1
(g(x))
2
+ 2

x<y
g(x)g(y).
Ta c c bt ng thc tng ng vi (2.9):

x<y
g(x)g(y)(a
x
a
y
+ b
x
b
y
)

x<y
g(x)g(y)
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski-Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
a
x
a
y
+ b
x
b
y

_
(a
2
x
+ b
2
x
)(a
2
y
+ b
2
y
)
M a
2
x
+ b
2
x
= a
2
y
+ b
2
y
= 1 nn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
Nh vy, sng ng vi u = 0 c bin ln nht. Nu quan st k (2.6) v (2.7), ta
s pht hin ra mt tnh cht c bit na ca G.
28
Theo (2.6), thay u bi M u, ta c
R(M u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) cos
_
2x
M
(M u)
_
=
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) cos
_
2x
2xu
M
_
=
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) cos
_
2xu
M
_
= R(u)
Theo (2.7), thay u bi M u, ta c
I (M u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) sin
_
2x
M
(M u)
_
=
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) sin
_
2x
2xu
M
_
=
1
M
M1

x=0
g (x) sin
_
2xu
M
_
= I(u)
Do , vi mi u {0, 1, ..., M 1}, ta c
R(M u) = R(u)
I(M u) = I(u)
V vy nn
|G(M u)| = |G(u)|
iu c ngha l th ca |G| i xng qua ng thng u =
M
2
.
Do , tht ra ta ch cn bit |G(u)| vi 0 u
M
2
l c th suy ra gi tr ca
cc |G(u)| vi
M
2
u M 1.
Tuy nhin, ngay c trn min 0, 1, ...,
M
2
ta cng cha chc c |G(u)| |G(u + 1)|.
Hnh 2.1 v 2.2 l mt th d vi
g (x) =
_
A nu 0 x K 1
0 nu K x M
th
G(u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
Ae
2i
xu
M

[0,K1]
=
A
M
K1

x=0
_
e
2j
u
M
_
x
29
Hnh 2.1: th hm |G|
Hnh 2.2: th hm g
30
Vi u = 0 th G(0) =
AK
M
,
Vi 1 u
M
2
th G(u) =
A
M
1e
2i
uK
M
1e
2i
u
M
hay
G(u) =
A
M
1 cos
_
2
uK
M
_
+ i sin
_
2
uK
M
_
1 cos
_
2
u
M
_
+ i sin
_
2
u
M
_
=
A
M
2sin
2
_

uK
M
_
+ 2i sin
_

uK
M
_
cos
_

uK
M
_
2sin
2
_

u
M
_
+ 2i sin
_

u
M
_
cos
_

u
M
_
=
A
M
sin
_

uK
M
_
sin
_

u
M
_
sin
_

uK
M
_
+ i cos
_

uK
M
_
sin
_

u
M
_
+ i cos
_

u
M
_
Do
|G(u)| =
A
M

sin
_

uK
M
_

sin
_

u
M
_

Hnh 2.1 l th ca |G| ng vi M = 16, K = 4, A = 5. Ta c th thy ngay rng

trn khong [0, 8], gi tr |G(u)| c xu hng gim dn khi u ln (nhng khng gim
theo ngha |G(u)| |G(u + 1)|). Do , ta cng c th chp nhn rng cc sng
|G(u)| cos
_
2xu
M
+
u
_
ch ng vai tr l nhiu khi u kh xa
M
2
.
Trn y ta va a ra mt cch biu din sng cho hm mt bin g. , mt
s sng ng gp ln vo gi tr trung bnh ca G (khi u gn 0 hoc gn M), trong
khi mt s sng khc ch ng vai tr nhiu (khi u gn
M
2
). Trn tinh thn , ta
cng c mt cch khai trin tng t cho trng hp hm hai bin.
ng vi mi x {0, 1, . . . , M1}, ly Fourier ri rc theo bin y ca f(x, y) ta c
F
1
(x, v) =
1
N
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i2
vy
N
Tip tc ly Fourier ri rc theo bin x ca F
1
(x, v), ta c
F(u, v) =
1
M
M1

x=0
F
1
(x, v)e
i2
ux
M
=
1
M
M1

x=0
e
i2
ux
M
1
N
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i2
vy
N
=
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i2
(
ux
M
+
vy
N
)
Nh vy, ta c bin i Fourier ri rc cho hm hai bin f(x, y) l
F(u, v) =
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i2
(
ux
M
+
vy
N
)
(2.10)
31
vi u = 0, 1, . . . , M 1, v = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Tng t nh trng hp mt chiu, ta cng c th tm li f nu bit DFT ca n
bng cng thc
f (x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
F (u, v) e
2i
(
xu
M
+
vy
N
)
(2.11)
Tht vy, vi mi {0, 1, . . . , M 1}, nhn e
i2
u
M
cho hai v ca phng trnh
(2.10), ta c
F(u, v)e
i2
u
M
=
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i2
(
ux
M
+
vy
N
)
e
i2
u
M
=
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i2
x
M
u
e
i2
vy
N
=
1
MN
N1

y=0
e
i2
vy
N
M1

x=0
f(x, y)e
i2
x
M
u
Ly tng vi u t 0 n M 1, ta c
M1

u=0
F(u, v)e
i2
u
M
=
1
MN
N1

y=0
e
i2
vy
N
M1

x=0
f(x, y)
M1

u=0
e
i2
x
M
u
(2.12)
* Vi x = , ta c
M1

u=0
e
i2
x
M
u
= M
* Vi x = , khi
M1

u=0
e
i2
x
M
u
l mt cp s nhn vi cng bi q = e
i2
x
M
nn
M1

u=0
e
i2
x
M
u
=
1 q
M
1 q
=
1 e
i2(x)
1 e
i2
x
M
=
1 cos (2(x )) + i sin (2(x ))
1 e
i2
xa
M
= 0
Do (2.12) ta suy ra
M1

u=0
F(u, v)e
i2
u
M
=
1
MN
N1

y=0
f(, y)e
i2
vy
N
M
hay
M1

u=0
F (u, v) e
i2
u
M
=
1
N
N1

y=0
f (, y) e
i2
vy
N
(2.13)
32
Vi mi {0, 1, . . . , M 1}, nhn e
i2
v
N
hai v ca (2.13), ta c
M1

u=0
F(u, v)e
i2
u
M
e
i2
v
N
=
1
N
N1

y=0
f(, y)e
i2
vy
N
e
i2
v
M
=
1
N
N1

y=0
f(, y)e
i2
y
N
v
Ly tng vi v t 0 n N 1, ta c
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
F(u, v)e
i2
u
M
e
i2
v
M
=
1
N
N1

y=0
f(, y)
N1

v=0
e
i2
y
N
v
(2.14)
* Vi y = , ta c
N1

v=0
e
i2
y
N
v
= N
* Vi y = , khi
N1

v=0
e
i2
v
N
l cp s nhn vi cng bi q = e
i2
v
N
= 1 nn
N1

v=0
e
i2
y
N
v
=
1 q
N
1 q
=
1 e
i2(y)
1 e
i2
y
N
=
1 cos (2(y )) + i sin (2(y ))
1 e
i2
y
M
= 0
Do , t (2.14) ta suy ra
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
F(u, v)e
i2
u
M
e
i2
v
M
=
1
N
f(, ).N = f(, )
Vy
f(, ) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
F(u, v)e
i2
u
M
e
i2
v
M
Ngha l (2.11) c chng minh.
Nu vit
F(u, v) = R(u, v) iI(u, v)
th (2.11) c vit li thnh
f(x, y) =
M1

u=1
N1

v=1
(R(u, v) iI(u, v))
_
cos 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+ i sin 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
__
.
Do f l hm gi tr thc nn phn o ca v phi bng 0. Ta c
f(x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
_
R(u, v) cos 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+ I(u, v) sin 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
__
=
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
|F(u, v)|
_
R(u, v)
|F(u, v)|
cos 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+
I(u, v)
|F(u, v)|
sin 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
_
33
Gi
uv
(, ] l gc tha
_
cos
uv
=
R(u,v)
|F(u,v)|
sin
uv
=
I(u,v)
|F(u,v)|
(2.15)
Ta c
f(x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
|F(u, v)| cos
_
2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+
uv
_
(2.16)
Nh vy, hm hai bin f cng c phn tch thnh tng ca MN sng dng sin hay
cos, m khng cn n khai trin Fourier cho hm hai bin.
Tip theo, ta xt bin ca cc sng ny, tc l |F(u, v)|. ng thc (2.10) c th
c vit li thnh
R(u, v) + iI(u, v) =
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)
_
cos 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+ i sin 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
__
Do
R(u, v) =
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y) cos 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
(2.17)
I(u, v) =
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y) sin 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
(2.18)
T (2.17) suy ra
R(M u, N v) = R(u, v)
T (2.18) suy ra
I(M u, N v) = I(u, v)
Do
R
2
(M u, N v) + I
2
(M u, N v) = R
2
(u, v) + I
2
(u, v)
hay
|F(M u, N v)| = |F(u, v)| (2.19)
Nh vy, hm |F| i xng qua ng thng
_
u =
M
2
v =
N
2
T (2.10), ta c
F(0, 0) =
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)
34
tc F(0, 0) l gi tr trung bnh ca f. Ta s chng minh rng
F(0, 0) = max
0uM1
0vN1
|F(u, v)|
Tht vy, ta c
F(0, 0) =
1
MN

x,y
f(x, y)
F(u, v) =
1
MN

x,y
f(x, y)
_
cos 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+ i sin 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
__
Do iu cn chng minh thnh
_

x,y
f(x, y)
_
2

x,y
f(x, y)a
x,y
_
2
+
_

x,y
f(x, y)b
x,y
_
2
vi
a
x,y
= cos 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
, b
x,y
= sin 2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
t f(Nx+y +1) = f(x, y); a
Nx+y+1
= a
x,y
; b
Nx+y+1
= b
x,y
th iu cn chng minh
thnh
_

n
f(n)
_
2

n
f(n)a
n
_
2
+
_

n
f(n)b
n
_
2
(2.20)
vi 1 n MN.
Khai trin hai v ca(2.20):
_
MN

n=1
f(n)a
n
_
2
=
MN

n=1
(f(n)a
n
)
2
+ 2

n<m
f(n)f(m)a
n
a
m
,
_
MN

n=1
f(n)b
n
_
2
=
MN

n=1
(f(n)b
n
)
2
+ 2

n<m
f(n)f(m)b
n
b
m
,
_
MN

n=1
f(n)
_
2
=
MN

n=1
(f(n))
2
+ 2

n<m
f(n)f(m).
Vi ch rng a
2
n
+ b
2
n
= 1, (2.20) tng ng vi

n<m
f(n)f(m)(a
n
a
m
+ b
n
b
m
)

n<m
f(n)f(m) (2.21)
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski-Cauchy-Schwarz
a
n
a
m
+ b
n
b
m

_
(a
2
n
+ b
2
n
)(a
2
m
+ b
2
m
)
35
M a
2
n
+ b
2
n
= a
2
m
+ b
2
m
= 1 nn (2.21) c chng minh.
Vy ta chng minh c |F(u, v)| t gi tr ln nht ti (u, v) = (0, 0). iu
c ngha l trong cc sng thnh phn ca f, sng c bin ln nht l sng
ng vi (u, v) = (0, 0), v bin ny bng gi tr trung bnh ca f.
Di y l biu cao ca hm F(u, v) vi
f(x, y) =
_
5 nu 0 u, v 4
0 nu 5 u, v 15
Theo Hnh 2.3 th |F(u, v)| cng nh khi (u, v) cng gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
. Do , cc sng
Hnh 2.3: th hm |F|
ng vi (u, v) gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
c bin nh (v do ch ng vai tr nhiu), cn cc
sng ng vi (u, v) gn (0, 0),hay (M, 0), hay (0, N), hay (M, N) th c bin ln.
Tip theo, ta xt kh nng vn dng bin i DFT hai chiu (2.10) v (2.11) vo
vic x l nh. Hm f gi y l trng xm, trong f(x, y) l xm ca nh
ti pixel c ta l (x, y).
Gi s ta mun lm trn nh, tc l lm trn hm f. Cng thc (2.16) gi rng
nh kt qu g s c dng
g(x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
H(u, v)|F(u, v)| cos
_
2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+
uv
_
(2.22)
trong H(u, v) kh nh khi (u, v) gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
lm gim bin ca cc nhiu
ny. y, t "gim" c th hiu theo ngha H(u, v) = 1 khi (u,v) kh gn (0,0),
hoc (M, 0), hoc (0, N), hoc (M,N), cn 0 H(u, v) < 1 khi (u,v) kh gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
.
tin cho vic tnh ton sau ny, ta dng php bin i sau

F(u, v) = F
_
u
M
2
, v
N
2
_
36
Khi |

F(u, v)| kh b khi (u, v) xa (

M
2
,
N
2
).
Php bin i ny tng ng vi php bin i trn min nh (tc l i nh) sau

f(x, y) = (1)
x+y
f(x, y)
Tht vy,
[

f(x, y)] = [(1)

x+y
f(x, y)]
=
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)(1)
x+y
e
i2
(
ux
M
+
vy
N
)
=
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i(x+y)
e
i2
(
ux
M
+
vy
N
)
=
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f(x, y)e
i2
[
x
M
(
u
M
2
)
+
y
N
(
v
N
2
)]
= F
_
u
M
2
, v
N
2
_
=

F(u, v)
Cng thc (2.22) lc ny thnh
g(x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
H(u, v)|

F(u, v)| cos

_
2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+
uv
_
(2.23)
trong H(u, v) kh nh khi (u, v) xa
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
. Ta c th hiu l 0 H(u, v) < 1 khi
(u, v) kh xa
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
, cn H(u, v) = 1 khi (u,v) kh gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
.
S i bin ny ch l s di im sng nht trn |F(u, v)| t (0,0) sang
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
m
thi (Hnh 2.4)
Hnh 2.4: (a) Trc khi di trc, (b) Sau khi di trc
nh g thu c (2.23) l nh kt qu ca nh c i bin. Do , nh kt
qu ng vi f l g phi tha
g(x, y) = (1)
x+y
g(x, y)
37
tc l
g(x, y) = (1)
x+y
g(x, y)
Nh vy, quy trnh bin i nh gm cc bc sau (Quy trnh 1):
1. i nh:

f(x, y) = (1)
x+y
f(x, y).
2. Lp bin i DFT hai chiu

F(u, v) ca

f.
3. To mt lc H(u, v).
Nu mun lm trn nh
_
H(u, v) = 1 nu (u, v) gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
H(u, v) < 1 nu (u, v) xa
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
Nu mun lm sc nh: ngc li
4. Tm g t (2.23).
5. nh kt qu g(x, y) = (1)
x+y
g(x, y) .
Trong quy trnh trn, bc rc ri nht l bc 4, bi v trong cng thc (2.23) cn
c
uv
kh kh tnh. Do , ta s phn tch k hn phng php tnh ton bc
ny.
Nu t G(u, v) = H(u, v)

F(u, v) th (2.23) c vit li thnh

g(x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
|G(u, v)| cos
_
2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+
uv
_
(2.24)
trong
uv
c cho bi (2.15) nhng thay R v I bng

R v

I
_
cos
uv
=
e
R(u,v)
|F(u,v)|
sin
uv
=
e
I(u,v)
|F(u,v)|
(2.25)
Nu gi

g l phn thc ca DFT ngc ca G th p dng (2.16) vi F G, ta c

g(x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
|G(u, v)| cos
_
2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+

uv
_
(2.26)
trong

uv
c cho bi (2.15) nhng thay F bi G v thay R v I ln lt l
Re(G) v Im(G).
V
G(u, v) = H(u, v)

F(u, v) = H(u, v)

R(u, v) iH(u, v)

I(u, v)
38
nn vi gi thit H(u, v) thc, ta c
Re(G) = H(u, v)

R(u, v)
Im(G) = H(u, v)

I(u, v)
Do
cos

uv
=
H(u, v)

R(u, v)
|G(u, v)|
=
H(u, v)

R(u, v)
|H(u, v)||

F(u, v)|
sin

uv
=
H(u, v)

I(u, v)
|G(u, v)|
=
H(u, v)

I(u, v)
|H(u, v)||

F(u, v)|
Do , nu H(u, v) 0 th
_
cos

uv
=
e
R(u,v)
|F(u,v)|
sin

uv
=
e
I(u,v)
|F(u,v)|
(2.27)
T (2.25) v (2.27) ta suy ra

uv
=
uv
.
Do (2.26) c vit li thnh

g(x, y) =
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
|G(u, v)| cos
_
2
_
xu
M
+
yv
N
_
+
uv
_
So snh vi (2.24) ta suy ra g(x, y) =

g(x, y). iu c ngha l g (2.23) chnh l

phn thc ca bin i DFT ngc ca G(u, v) = H(u, v)

F(u, v). Nh vy, vi hn

ch rng hm lc H l thc v khng m th quy trnh x l nh c vit li nh
sau (Quy trnh 2)
1. i nh:

f(x, y) = (1)
x+y
f(x, y).
2. Lp bin i DFT hai chiu

F(u, v) ca

f.
3. To mt lc thc khng m H(u, v).
Nu mun lm trn nh
_
H(u, v) = 1 nu (u, v) gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
0 H(u, v) < 1 nu (u, v) xa
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
Nu mun lm sc nh:
_
H(u, v) = 1 nu (u, v) xa
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
0 H(u, v) < 1 nu (u, v) gn
_
M
2
,
N
2
_
4. Tnh G(u, v) = H(u, v)

F(u, v).
39
Hnh 2.5: S x l nh mu
5. Tm g, l phn thc ca bin i DFT ngc ca G.
6. nh kt qu g(x, y) = (1)
x+y
g(x, y)
Nu nh u vo l nh mu (RGB) th quy trnh x l c cho bi
Gii thch cc i tng:
a : Ma trn MxNx3 biu din nh mu.
f : Ma trn MxN biu din nh xm tng ng.
F : Bin i Fourier ri rc ca f.
G : kt qu ca F sau khi c lc.
g : ma trn MxN biu din nh xm c tng cng.
Gii thch cc bc:
(1) : chuyn t nh mu (RBG) sang nh xm. Bc ny c thc hin bi lnh
"rgb2gray" ca Matlab, tc l:
f = rgb2gray(a);
(2) : Bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) f c F. Bc ny c thc hin bi lnh
"fft2" ca Matlab, tc l:
F = fft2(f);
y chnh l bc to nn tn s ca nh, F(u,v), t min khng gian, f(x,y). K t
y, mi thao tc x l nh s khng c thc hin trc tip trn f na, m s c
thc hin trn F.
(3) : y l phn chnh ca quy trnh tng cng nh. Min tn s F s c lc bi
hm lc H. Kt qu ca php lc ny l mt tn s mi G, c cho bi
G(u, v) = H(u, v)F(u, v)
R rng vic lc tn s F nh th no c quyt nh hon ton bi H:
* Nu ta mun kh hoc lm gim nh hng ca cc tn s cao trong F ln nh, ta
s chn H sao cho H(u,v) kh b khi

u
2
+ v
2
ln.
* Nu ta mun kh hoc lm gim nh hng ca cc tn s thp trong F ln nh,
ta s chn H sao cho H(u,v) kh b khi

u
2
+ v
2
nh.
Ni tm li, vic chn hm H th no ph thuc vo tnh trng nh ban u v yu
cu x l c th.
40
(4) T tn s mi G, ta dng bin i Fourier ngc tm c khng gian mi g.
y chnh l ma trn biu din xm ca nh sau khi c tng cng.
Tip theo, ta phn tch thc tp ca Quy trnh x l 2.2:
quy trnh ny, hai bc c phc tp cao l bc 2 v bc 5. l cc bc
tnh DFT v DFT ngc ca mt hm s.
(2.10), vi mi (u, v) tnh c F(u, v), ta phi tn MN php cng, MN php
nhn v 2MN php tnh lng gic. Do , tnh c ht tt c cc F(u, v) vi
0 u N 1, ta phi tn M
2
N
2
php cng, M
2
N
2
php nhn v 2M
2
N
2
php
tnh lng gic.
Bin i DFT ngc cho bi (2.11) cng tng t nh vy, tm li f(x, y) vi
mi x x M 1, 0 y N 1 ta phi tm M
2
N
2
php cng, M
2
N
2
php nhn,
2M
2
N
2
php tnh lng gic.
Do , Quy trnh 2.2 i hi 2M
2
N
2
php cng, 2M
2
N
2
php nhn v 4M
2
N
2
php tnh lng gic. So snh vi phc tp ca phng php x l nh ca khai
trin Fourier c cp mc 2.1, ta thy Quy trnh 2.2 c phc tp thp hn
do ta khng dng n ch s cht ct K.
Tuy nhin, phc tp o(M
2
N
2
) cng cn kh ln. Chng hn vi nh c nh
M = N = 100 th s php ton phc tp l c 2M
2
N
2
+ 2M
2
N
2
+ 4M
2
N
2
=
8M
2
N
2
= 8.10
8
, tc l 800 triu php ton phc tp. iu i hi phi c mt
thut ton nhanh gip tm DFT v DFT ngc ca mt hm s. chnh l ng lc
cho s khm ph mt gii thut tnh ton mi Fast Fourier (Fast Fourier Transform
hay vit tt l FFT).
2.3 Bin i Fast Fourier
Trn tinh thn nh gi phc tp ca thut ton, chng ti ch nu tng v
phn tch chi ph ca thut ton ch khng i su vo chi tit ca n. thy
tng ca FFT, ta xt trng hp hai mt bin f v vi M c dng ly tha c s 2.
Gi s DFT ca hm mt bin f l F
F (u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
f (x) e
i2
xu
M
(2.28)
Bin i DFT ngc tng ng l
f (x) =
M1

u=0
F (u) e
i2
xu
M
(2.29)
Vn t ra l lm sao tnh nhanh F(u) vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M1 t (2.28) nu
bit f(x) vi x = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M1. Lm sao tnh nhanh f(x)vi x = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M1
t (2.29) nu bit F(u) vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M 1.
V (2.28) v (2.29) cc cu trc kh ging nhau nn ta ch phn tch vo (2.28) ta
41
vit li di dng
F (u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
f (x)
_
cos
_
2
xu
M
_
i sin
_
2
xu
M
__
hay
F (u) =
1
M
_
M1

x=0
f (x) cos
_
2
xu
M
_
i
M1

x=0
f (x) sin
_
2
xu
M
_
_
(2.30)
Nu tnh F(u) t (2.30) th vi mi u ta phi tn t nht 2M php cng, 2M
php nhn v 2M php tnh lng gic. Do , tnh ra c F(u) vi mi u =
0, 1, 2, . . . , M 1, ta phi tn khong 2M
2
php cng, 2M
2
php nhn v 2M
2
php
tnh lng gic. Nh vy, phc tp ca phng php (2.30) l o(M
2
). l ta
xem nh php tnh lng gic c chi ph ngang vi php cng v nhn. Thc t
th cc php tnh sin hay cos c chi ph ln hn nhiu. Do , khuyt im (2.30)
l ta phi tnh ton qu nhiu trn cc hm lng gic. Cng thc (2.28) gi cho
ta mt gii php.
Nu t W
M
= e
2i
1
M
th (2.28) c vit li thnh
F (u) =
1
M
M1

x=0
f (x) W
xu
M
V M = 2
n
nn
F (u) =
1
M
2
n
1

x=0
f (x) W
xu
M
hay
F (u) =
1
M
2
n1
1

x=0
f (2x) W
2xu
M
+
1
M
2
n1
1

x=0
f (2x + 1) W
(2x+1)u
M
(2.31)
t M = 2K vi K = 2
n1
, th ta thy
W
2xu
M
= W
2xu
2K
= W
xu
K
Do (2.31) c vit li thnh
F (u) =
1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x) W
xu
K
+
1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x + 1) W
(2x+1)u
M
(2.32)
Nu s hng th nht ca v phi (2.32) ch c tnh vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , K 1
th cu trc ca n ging v phi ca (2.28) nhng f(x) thay bi g(x) = f(2x).
Vi 0 u M 1, thay u bi u + K (2.32), ta c
F (u + K) =
1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x) W
x(u+K)
K
+
1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x + 1) W
(2x+1)(u+K)
M
(2.33)
42
Ta c
W
x(u+K)
K
= W
xu+xK
K
= e
i2
xu+xK
K
= e
i2
xu
K
e
i2x
= e
i2
xu
K
Do
W
x(u+K)
K
= W
xu
K
(2.34)
Ta c
W
(2x+1)(u+K)
M
= W
(2x+1)u+(2x+1)K
M
= e
i2
[
(2x+1)u
M
+(2x+1)
K
M
]
hay
W
(2x+1)(u+K)
M
= e
i2
(2x+1)u
M
e
i2(2x+1)
1
2
= W
(2x+1)u
M
e
i(2x+1)
= W
(2x+1)u
M
Do
W
(2x+1)(u+K)
M
= W
(2x+1)u
M
(2.35)
Th (2.34) v (2.35) vo (2.33), ta c
F (u + K) =
1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x) W
xu
K

1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x + 1) W
(2x+1)u
M
(2.36)
Vn by gi l s hng th hai v phi ca (2.32) hay (2.36) vn cha c cu
trc ging s hng th nht ca n. Do ta cn phi phn tch tip s hng ny.
Ta thy
W
(2x+1)u
M
= W
2xu+u
M
= e
i2
2xu+u
M
= e
i2
(
2xu
2K
+
u
M
)
hay
W
(2x+1)u
M
= e
i2
xu
K
e
i2
u
M
hay
W
(2x+1)u
M
= W
xu
K
W
u
M
(2.37)
Th (2.37) vo (2.32) v (2.36), ta c
F (u) =
1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x) W
xu
K

1
M
W
u
M
K1

x=0
f (2x + 1) W
xu
M
(2.38)
hay
F (u + K) =
1
M
K1

x=0
f (2x) W
xu
K

1
M
W
u
M
K1

x=0
f (2x + 1) W
xu
M
(2.39)
t
f
1
(x) = f(2x) vi 0 x K 1
f
2
(x) = f(2x + 1) vi 0 x K 1
v gi F
1
(u) v F
2
(u) ln lt l DFT ca chng th (2.38) v (2.39) c vit li
nh sau
F (u) =
1
2
F
1
(u) +
1
2
W
u
M
F
2
(u) (2.40)
43
F (u + K) =
1
2
F
1
(u)
1
2
W
u
M
F
2
(u) (2.41)
Nh vy, tnh c tt c cc F(u) vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M 1 th ta cn phi tnh
F
1
(u), F
2
(u) v W
u
M
.
Nu gi a
n
v m
n
ln lt l s php cng v php nhn cn dng tm F(u)
(2.28) ng vi M = 2
n
th chi ph tnh tt c cc F
1
(u), vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , K 1 l
a
n1
+m
n1
. Chi ph tnh tt c cc F
2
(u), vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , K 1 l a
n1
+m
n1
.
tnh F(u) (2.40) v (2.41) ta cn phi tnh c W
u
M
W
u
M
= e
i2
u
M
= cos
_
2
u
M
_
+ i sin
_
2
u
M
_
(2.42)
Nu dng (2.42) tnh W
u
M
th ta vn phi tn n 2 php tnh lng gic ng
vi mi u. tc l phi tn 2M php tnh lng gic tnh c tt c cc F(u).
l chi ph ln m ta ang mun n trnh. Ta thy rng
W
u+1
M
= W
u
M
W
M
Nh vy, ta ch cn dng 2 php tnh lng gic tnh c W
M
, ri sau dng
php nhn hai s phc ln lt tnh c W
2
M
, W
3
M
, ..., W
K1
M
. Mt php nhn hai
s phc tn 4 php nhn s thc v 2 php cng s thc. Do vy, chi ph tnh W
u
M
(2.40) v (2.41) l 4 php nhn v 2 php cng. Do , tnh ht tt c cc W
u
M
vi u = 0, 1, . . . , K 1 th ta phi tn 4K php nhn v 2K php cng.
Nh vy, t (2.40) v (2.41) ta c
a
n
= 2a
n1
+ M + 2K
m
n
= 2m
n1
+ 4K + 2K
hay
a
n
= 2a
n1
+ 2.2
n
m
n
= 2m
n1
+ 4.2
n
Do
a
n
= A
1
n2
n
m
n
= A
2
n2
n
trong A
1
v A
2
l cc hng s.
Do chi ph tm DFT ca f l
a
n
+ m
n
= (A
1
+ A
2
) n2
n
= (A
1
+ A
2
) M (log M)
tc l thut ton c phc tp l M log M.
R rng chi ph ny tt hn nhiu so vi chi ph M
2
nh phng php tnh thng
thng.
44
Tip theo, ta ng dng thut ton FFT nh trn vo trng hp 2 chiu.
Gi s f = f(x, y) l hm hai bin v F = F(u, v) l DFT ca f(x, y)
F (u, v) =
1
MN
M1

x=0
N1

y=0
f (x, y) e
i2
(
xu
M
+
vy
N
)
(2.43)
hay
F (u, v) =
1
M
M1

x=0
_
1
N
N1

y=0
f (x, y) e
i2
vy
N
_
e
i2
ux
M
(2.44)
ng vi mi x v v, ta t
A
xv
=
1
N
N1

y=0
f (x, y) e
i2
vy
N
Khi vi mi x = 0, 1, . . . , M1 th A
xv
chnh l DFT mt chiu ca f
x
(y) = f(x, y).
Do , chi ph tnh c cc A
xv
vi v = 0, 1, . . . , N 1 l N log N. Cng thc
(2.44) c vit li
F (u, v) =
1
M
M1

x=0
A
xv
e
i2
ux
M
(2.45)
Nh vy, chi ph tnh c tt c cc A
xv
(2.45) l MN log N.
Tip theo, ng vi mi v = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N 1, v phi ca (2.45) chnh l DFT ca
g
v
(x) = A
xv
. Do , chi ph tnh c tt c cc F(u, v) vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M 1
l M log M. Do chi ph tnh tt c F(u, v) ca (2.45) vi u = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M 1 v
v = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N 1 l MN log M Tm li, chi ph tnh tt c cc F(u, v) t f l
MN log N + MN log M = MN log(MN)
Thut ton tnh DFT ngc hon ton tng t DFT thun, tc l cng c phc
tp l MN log(MN). Nh vy Quy trnh 2.2 c phc tp l MN log(MN). R
rng y l chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph ca phng php x l nh bng
khai trin Fourier hai chiu nh nu mc 2.1.
45
Chng 3
ng dng
Trong mc ny, ta s p dng nhng c s l thuyt lp c cc mc trn
vo bi ton x l nh c th. ng dng c th m ta xt y l tng cng nh.
l vic lm cho nh tr nn tt hn, p hn, hay r hn. Vi mt nh nhe, ta
lun mun lm cho n r hn. Khi , ta s lc ly nhng sng c tn s cao trong
min tn s, v y l nhng sng th hin s thay i t ngt v xm ca nh.
Lc , hm lc tn s cao (Highpass filter) s c dng. Hnh 3.6 l mt th d
minh ha.
Tuy nhin, nhiu khi khng phi nh no r nt cng p, chng hn nhng vt
th m bn thn n xu th nh chp ca n khng th p c. Thm ch nh
chp cng r nt th cng xu, v ci xu c soi rt r, rt k. Hnh 3.2 l mt
th d cho thy iu . Do , i vi nhng nh nh vy, ta khng mong mun n
r thm na, m mun n m i che bt phn no khuyt im ca vt trong
nh. Lc ny, ta ch gi li nhng sng vi tn s thp trong min tn s (Lowpass
filter), m b i cc sng c tn s cao th hin sc nt ca nh. Vi ta, cc sng
ny gi y ch ng vai tr nhiu m thi.
Hn na, ta bit rng vic mun lm trn nh hay lm sc nh ch khc nhau
cch chn hm lc. Do , i vi bi ton x l nh c th, hm lc phi c xc
nh mt cch tng minh. chnh l nguyn nhn ra i nhiu phng php chn
hm lc m ta s nu di y. Trc ht, ta nhc li quy trnh x l nh trn min
tn s:
Lc sng trn min tn s gm cc bc
1. Nhn nh f vi (1)
x+y
tnh tin gc ta ca bin i vo gia nh.
2. Tnh F(u, v) t nh nhn c bc 1.
3. Nhn hm lc H(u, v) vo hm F(u, v)
4. Tnh Fourier ngc ca hm nhn c bc 3.
5. Ly phn thc ca hm nhn c bc 4.
6. Tnh tin nh li bng cch nhn (1)
x+y
46
Nu f(x, y) biu din nh nhp vo, v F(u, v) l bin i Fourier ca n. Khi
min tn s sau khi lc l
G(u, v) = H(u, v)F(u, v). (3.1)
c c nh sau khi lc, ta ch cn ly Fourier ngc ca hm G(u, v)
nh lc =
1
[G(u, v)] (3.2)
C hai kiu lc c bn l lc tn s thp, v lc tn s cao. Lc tn s thp ngha
l lm suy gim cc tn s cao trong khi li gi li cc thnh phn c tn s thp.
Ngc li, lc tn s cao li gi li cc tn s cao v lm yu i cc tn s thp.
3.1 Lm trn nh
Hnh 3.2a, ta c mt on vn bn b r, cc k t b v to cc khong trng,
tuy mt chng ta c th d dng c c cc k t ny nhng vi my tnh th vic
nhn dng cc k t b t ny kh kh khn. Cch khc phc cc khe h nh ny
l lm nhe nh lp cc khe h (Hnh 3.2b).
Cc tn s thp trong bin i Fourier ng gp ln cho mc xm ti nhng vng
trn ca nh. Do lm trn nh ta phi lm m i cc ng bin, tc phi
gim i cc tn s cao. V vy ta phi s dng kiu lc tn s thp. C ba loi lc
tn s thp hay c dng l Ideal, Butterworth, v Gauss.
3.1.1 Lc tn s thp Ideal
y l cch lc n gin nht, ta ch cn b i cc thnh phn tn s trong bin i
Fourier m khng cch ti tm ln hn mt D
0
xc nh. Ta gi y l lc Ideal tn
s thp (Ideal Lowpass Filter, hay vit tt l ILPF)
H(u, v) =
_
1 nu D(u, v) D
0
0 nu D(u, v) > D
0
(3.3)
Trong D
0
l s khng m, v D(u, v) l khong cch t im (u, v) ti tm. Nu
nh kch thc M N th tm ca min tn s l (u, v) = (M/2, N/2), vy nn
D(u, v) =
_
(u M/2)
2
+ (v N/2)
2

1/2
(3.4)
Tuy nhin, con s D
0
khng mang y ngha, v vy ta cn mt tiu chun
xc nh D
0
. lm nh vy, ta xc nh lng nng lng trong min ang xt i
vi nng lng tng cng P
T
P
T
=
M1

u=0
N1

v=0
P(u, v) (3.5)
47
Hnh 3.1: Hm lc ILPF
Hnh 3.2: (a)Vn bn b r. (b)Vn bn sau khi c lc tn s thp
t l phn trm nng lng trong ng trn
= 100
_

v
P(u, v)/P
T
_
(3.6)
vi (u, v) chy trong min .
Trn Hnh 3.2a ta c mt vn bn b li, cc k t b v to cc khong trng,
tuy mt chng ta c th d dng c c cc k t ny nhng vi my tnh th vic
nhn dng cc k t b t ny kh kh khn. Cch khc phc cc khe h nh
ny l lm nha nh lp cc khe h (Hnh 3.2b). Hnh 3.3(a) l mt bc nh kch
thc 500 x 500 v ph Fourier ca n l Hnh 3.3(b). Cc vng trn bn knh ln
lt l 5, 15, 30, 80, v 230, bao quanh vng cha nng lng tng ng l =
92.0, 94.6, 96.4, 98, v 99.5%.
48
Hnh 3.3: (a) nh vi kch thc 500 x 500 pixels (b) Ph Fourier ca nh. Cc vng
trn vi bn knh ln lt l 5, 15, 30, 80, v 230 pixel.
Hnh 3.4: Hm lc BLPF
3.1.2 Lc tn s thp Butterworth
Hm lc Butterworth tn s thp (Butterworth Lowpass Filter, hay BLPF) bc
n vi D
0
cho trc c nh ngha nh sau
H(u, v) =
1
1 + [D(u, v)/D
0
]
2n
(3.7)
vi D(u, v) c nh ngha nh (3.4). Khng ging nh ILPF l ct b hon ton
cc thnh phn tn s cao, BLPF ch lm gim cng ca cc thnh phn tn s,
v tn s cng cao th cng cng b gim i nhiu. V d nh vi D(u, v) = 0 th
H(u, v) = 1, ngha l thnh phn tn s ti tm khng i, trong khi H(u, v) = 0.5
khi D(u, v) = D
0
th cng ti y gim i 50%.
49
Hnh 3.5: Hm lc GLPF
3.1.3 Lc tn s thp Gauss
Hm lc Gauss (Gaussian Lowpass Filter, hay GLPF) c nh ngha nh sau
H(u, v) = e
D
2
(u,v)/2D
2
0
(3.8)
D
0
cho thy s tri rng ca ng cong Gauss, ngha l khi D
0
cng nh th hm
lc H lm gim cc tn s cao mnh hn, v ngc li. Khi D(u, v) = D
0
th cng
ti y s gim cn 0.607 so vi ban u (Hnh 3.5).
3.2 Lm sc nh
Do cc cnh hay cc bin trn vt th c th hin qua cc thnh phn tn s
cao nn ta s dng kiu lc tn s cao lm sc nh. Do lc tn s cao l tri ngc
vi lc tn s thp nn hm lc tn s cao c th c tnh nh quan h
H
hp
(u, v) = 1 H
lp
(u, v) (3.9)
trong H
lp
(u, v) l lc tn s thp. Phn ny ta cng s ni n ba loi lc tn s
cao: ideal, Butterworth, v Gauss.
3.2.1 Lc tn s cao Ideal
Hm lc tn s cao Ideal (Ideal Highpass Filter, hay IHPF) c nh ngha nh sau
H(u, v) =
_
0 nu D(u, v) D
0
1 nu D(u, v) > D
0
(3.10)
3.2.2 Lc tn s cao Butterworth
Hm lc tn s cao Butterworth (Butterworth Highpass Filter, hay BHPF) c nh
ngha nh sau
H(u, v) =
1
1 + [D
0
/D(u, v)]
2n
(3.11)
50
Hnh 3.6: (a) nh nhe, (b) nh sau khi c lc Butterworth vi D
0
= 320, n = 2
3.2.3 Lc tn s cao Gauss
Hm lc tn s cao Gauss (Gaussian Highpass Filter, hay GHPF) c nh ngha
nh sau
H(u, v) = 1 e
D
2
(u,v)/2D
2
0
(3.12)
51
Chng 4
Chng trnh Matlab
4.1 Dng khai trin Fourier
C s l thuyt ca phng php ny c nu phn 1.2 v 1.3.
clc;
clear all;
a = imread(7.jpg);
f = rgb2gray(a);
[M,N] = size(f);
x = linspace(-pi,pi,M+1);
y = linspace(-pi,pi,N+1);
K = 10;
h = zeros(K,K);
for i = 1:K
for j = 1:K
h(i,j) = 1;
end
end
f = zeros(M,N);
f = double(f);
time = clock;
%Tinh a00
a00 = 0;
for j = 1:M
for k = 1:N
a00 = a00 + f(j,k);
end
end
a00 = a00/(M*N)*4;
52
for r = 1:M
r
for s = 1:N
s
f_(r,s) = f_(r,s) + 1/4*h(1,1)*a00;
%Cong voi so hang thu hai
for n = 1:K
%Tinh a0n, b0n
a0n = 0;
b0n = 0;
for j = 1:M
for k = 1:N
a0n = a0n + f(j,k)*(sin(n*y(k+1))-sin(n*y(k)));
b0n = b0n + f(j,k)*(cos(n*y(k))-cos(n*y(k+1)));
end
end
a0n = a0n/(M*n)/pi*2;
b0n = b0n/(M*n)/pi*2;
f_(r,s) = f_(r,s) + 1/2*h(1,n)*(a0n*cos(n*y(s)) + b0n*sin(n*y(s)));
end
%Cong voi so hang thu ba
for m = 1:K
%Tinh am0, cm0
am0 = 0;
cm0 = 0;
for j = 1:M
for k = 1:N
am0 = am0 + f(j,k)*(sin(m*x(j+1))-sin(m*x(j)));
cm0 = cm0 + f(j,k)*(cos(m*x(j))-cos(m*x(j+1)));
end
end
am0 = am0/(N*m)/pi*2;
cm0 = cm0/(N*m)/pi*2;
f_(r,s) = f_(r,s) + 1/2*h(m,1)*(am0*cos(m*x(r)) + cm0*sin(m*x(r)));
end
%Cong voi so hang thu tu
for m = 1:K
for n = 1:K
%Tinh amn, bmn, cmn, dmn
amn = 0;
bmn = 0;
cmn = 0;
dmn = 0;
for j = 1:M
53
for k = 1:N
amn = amn + f(j,k)*(sin(m*x(j+1))-sin(m*x(j)))
*(sin(n*y(k+1))-sin(n*y(k)));
bmn = bmn + f(j,k)*(sin(m*x(j+1))-sin(m*x(j)))
*(cos(n*y(k))-cos(n*y(k+1)));
cmn = cmn + f(j,k)*(cos(m*x(j))-cos(m*x(j+1)))
*(sin(n*y(k+1))-sin(n*y(k)));
dmn = dmn + f(j,k)*(cos(m*x(j))-cos(m*x(j+1)))
*(cos(n*y(k))-cos(n*y(k+1)));
end
end
amn = amn/(pi*pi*m*n);
bmn = bmn/(pi*pi*m*n);
cmn = cmn/(pi*pi*m*n);
dmn = dmn/(pi*pi*m*n);
f_(r,s) = f_(r,s) + h(m,n)*(amn*cos(m*x(r))*cos(n*y(s))
+ bmn*cos(m*x(r))*sin(n*y(s))
+ cmn*sin(m*x(r))*cos(n*y(s))
+ dmn*sin(m*x(r))*sin(n*y(s)));
end
end
end
end
time1 = etime(clock,time);
fprintf(Thoi gian thuc hien = %g (s)\n,time1);
g = uint8(round(f_));
imshow(g);
4.2 Dng FFT
C s l thuyt ca phng php ny c nu phn 2.2 v 2.3.
Hm xc nh D
0
(cutoff frequency)
function D0 = cutoffFrequencyCircleShape(F,anpha)
[M,N] = size(F);
m = floor(M/2);
n = floor(N/2);
minHalfSize = min(m,n);
% Tinh nang luong tong cong Ptotal
Ptotal = 0;
for u = 1:M
for v = 1:N
Ptotal = Ptotal + abs(F(u,v))^2;
54
end
end
% Tinh nang luong xap xi
P = Ptotal*anpha/100;
D0 = 1;
s = abs(F(m,n))^2;
while ((s < P)&&(D0 < minHalfSize))
D0 = D0 + 1;
uLower = 1 - D0 + m;
uUpper = D0 - 1 + m;
for u = uLower:uUpper
beta = ceil(sqrt((D0-1)^2-(u-m)^2));
gamma = ceil(sqrt(D0^2-(u-m)^2)) - 1;
vLower1 = beta + n;
vUpper1 = gamma + n;
for v = vLower1 : vUpper1
s = s + abs(F(u,v))^2;
end
vLower2 = n - beta;
vUpper2 = n - gamma;
for v = vLower2 : vUpper2
s = s + abs(F(u,v))^2;
end
end
end
4.2.1 Lm trn nh
Hm lc dng phng php Ideal Lowpass nu mc 3.1.1
function H = idealLowpassFilter(M,N,D0)
H = zeros(M,N);
m = M/2;
n = N/2;
for u = 1:M
for v = 1:N
if(sqrt((u-m)^2+(v-n)^2)<D0)
H(u,v) = 1;
else
H(u,v) = 0;
end
end
end
Hm lc dng phng php Butterworth Lowpass nu mc 3.1.2
55
function H = btwlLowpassFilter(F,M,N,D0,h)
H = zeros(M,N);
m = M/2;
n = N/2;
for u = 1:M
for v = 1:N
D(u,v) = sqrt(u^2 + v^2);
H(u,v) = 1./(1 + (D(u,v)./D0).^(2*h));
end
end
Hm lc dng phng php Gauss Lowpass nu mc 3.1.3
function H = GausslLowpassFilter(F,M,N,D0,h)
H = zeros(M,N);
m = M/2;
n = N/2;
for u = 1:M
for v = 1:N
D(u,v) = sqrt(u^2 + v^2);
H(u,v) = exp(-(D(u,v).^2)./(2*(D(u,v)^2)));
end
end
4.2.2 Lm sc nh
Hm lc dng phng php Ideal Highpass nu mc 3.2.1
function H = idealHighpassFilter(M,N,D0)
H = zeros(M,N);
m = M/2;
n = N/2;
for u = 1:M
for v = 1:N
if(sqrt((u-m)^2+(v-n)^2)>D0)
H(u,v) = 1;
else
H(u,v) = 0;
end
end
end
Hm lc dng phng php Butterworth Highpass nu mc 3.2.2
56
function H = btwlLowpassFilter(F,M,N,D0,h)
H = zeros(M,N);
m = M/2;
n = N/2;
h
for u = 1:M
for v = 1:N
D(u,v) = sqrt(u^2 + v^2);
H(u,v) =1./( 1 + (D0./D(u,v)).^(2*h));
end
end
Hm lc dng phng php Gauss Highpass nu mc 3.2.3
function H = GausslHighpassFilter(F,M,N,D0,h)
H = zeros(M,N);
m = M/2;
n = N/2;
for u = 1:M
for v = 1:N
D(u,v) = sqrt(u^2 + v^2);
H(u,v) = 1- exp(-(D(u,v).^2)./(2*(D(u,v).^2)));
end
end
57
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods: Digital Image Processing, Second
Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2002