Ni Dung

1. Tng quan v nc thi m in: Trong cng ngh m in dung dch m c lc v gi li trong b m, phn ho cht tiu hao c b sung thm gi nguyn thnh phn dung dch. M in l cng nghip s dng nhiu hp cht khc nhau trong cc cng on khc nhau t khu lm sch phi n khu m, s dng nc v cc ho cht ty ra vt m trc khi cho vo m cng nh sau khi ly ra thc hin cc cng on cho n khi hon thnh sn phm, sy kh, ng gi. Cht thi chnh ca qu trnh m l nc thi xi m, nc ra tu cc phng php m khc nhau nh m ng, crom, niken, thic, km m cc cht c cha hm lng cc mui kim loi v c khc nhau. im ging nhau ca nc thi cng ngh m l cha nhiu mui kim loi ho tan c pH thay i rng t axit mnh n kim mnh. Do cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ngh m cng c mt s phng php chnh da trn tnh cht ca cc mui kim loi c trong nc thi. Lm sch nc thi ca cng ngh xi m c nhim v chnh l loi b cc ion kim loi nng c trong nc thi v gy c cho con ngi nh km, cromat, niken, st, ng, ch, thu ngn v cc cht c khc nh xyanua, cc cht hot ng b mt, cc cht hu c ph gia. gii quyt vic gim thiu cc ho cht c trong nc ta phn loi nh sau: - Nc thi kim axit. - Nc thi crom. - Nc thi xyanua. s d phi tch ring ra nh vy l v mt l nc thi xyanua gp nc thi axit hay nc thi crom cng c ln axit s sinh ra kh HCN rt c, lm nhim c xng m ln b phn x l nc tip theo . Hai l nc thi c x l d dng hn v vy khng nn pha long chng bng nc thi axt hay

nc thi khc. V i vi mi loi nc thi trn th s c nhng phng php x l khc nhau.Tuy nhin, trong s nhng ho cht c hi trong nc thi m th cc hp cht xyanua in hnh v c hi nht cn c x l trit . trnh gy nhim mi trng, gy nh hng n sc kho ca mi ngi trong qu trnh lm vic trong ngnh m in. 2.c im nc thi cha xyanua: - Xyanua l cht c tnh c rt cao v s gy t vong nu n vo, ht vo hoc thm vo daNgoi ion t do CN- cn c phc xyanua, km, cadimi, ng,mui, mn, cht hu c.Dao ng t 5-300 mg/l, nng tng cc kim loi 30-70 mg/l,pH>7 v cha mt t tp cht c hc. -Cng ngh m ng, km, Cadmi, vng thng cha hp cht rt c hi nh: NaCN, KCN, Cu(CN)2, Fe(CN)2 v cc gc xyanua phc tp [Cu(CN)2]1-, [ Cu(CN)3]2- , [Cu(CN)4]3- , [Zn(CN)4]3- Lng xyanua trong nc thi m dao ng rt ln t 10300 mg/l. -Cn x l nng xyanua (CN-) khng qu 0,01mg/l. C th dng sunphat st FeSO4.7H2O bin CN- thnh mt hp cht xanh berlin hay xanh prux lm cho xyanua tr thnh khng c. - Qun l cht thi c xyanide rt l tn km. Bng cch khng dng hay gim s dng xyanua bn c th gim bt c chi ph x l v trch nhim php l c lin quan n vic qun l v hy b cht thi c xyanua. x l cc hp cht xyanua trong nc thi, trc tin ta phi xt thnh phn v tnh cht cc hp cht . Cc hp cht xyanua c phn thnh nh sau : Cc hp cht xyanua n gin, tan v c: axit HCN v cc mui xyanat NaCN, KCN. Cc hp cht xyanua n gin khng tan CnCN, Fe(CN)2chng dng cn phn tn nh khi xm nhp vo c th, di tc dng ca mi trng axit ca dch v chn s chuyn sang trng thi n gin tan v gy nhim c c th. Thm ch trong cc h cn cha cc cht xyanua nhm ny,

di tc dng ma, nng nhit chng cng chuyn sang trng thi tan v c. Cc phc cht xyanua tan v c [Cu(CN)2]1-, [Cu(CN)3]2- , [Cu(CN)4]3-, [Zn(CN)4]3-, [Zn(CN)]3-. Trong n nh nht l [Cu(CN)3]2-. Cc phc cht xyanua tan khng c: cc phc cht feri v feroxyanua [Fe(CN)6]4- v [Fe(CN)6]3-. Nhng cht ny thng gp trong nc d dng chuyn thnh cc hp cht xyanua n gin tan v c. Cc phc cht xyanua khng tan khng c trong iu kin nht nh no nh Fe [Fe(CN)6]3.

3.T nh cht v c tnh ca cc hp cht xyanua 3.1. Tnh cht l hc . - Axit xyanhydric (hay nitrifocmic) c cng thc ho hc HCN, trng lng phn t 27. th khan l cht lng rt linh ng, t trng d=0,696. Nhit si 200C, ng c -140C, c mi hnh nhn, v rt ng, ho tan rt d trong nc v ru, l mt cht axit yu c pK~9,4. Hi ca HCN c t trng d=0,968. - Cc mui xyanua kim nh NaCN, KCN l cc mui tinh th trng, d b phn hu trong khng kh bi hi nc, Co2, SO2..., tan rt tt trong nc, t tan trong ru, tan trong dung dch nc ru. Dung dch nc ca cc mui ny c tnh kim mnh. - Mui xyanua ca cc kim loi kim th tan nhiu trong nc, xyanua ca cc kim loi khc tan t hn. - Mui xyanua thu ngn Hg(CN)2 tan trong nc nhng l cht in ly yu. - Xyanua trng thi t do CN- rt c. Nhng khi n lin kt bn trong phc, th d phc Fe[Fe(CN)6] th li khng c. V s phn ly ca phc qu nh nn trong dung dch nng CN khng gy c. - ixyan (CN)2 l cht kh c khng mu, mi hnh nhn, tan tt trong H2O v ru, (CN)2 hnh thnh do nhit phn mt s mui xyanua nh Hg(CN)2 hay oxy ho CuCN bng FeCl3. (CN)2 km bn, do b thu phn. 3.2. Tnh cht ho hc. - Axit xyanhydric v cc xyanua b oxy ho bi oxy trong khng kh chuyn thnh xianat: 2CN - + O2 2CNO- dung dch long 1:5000 trong 5 thng HCN b phn hu ht HCN + 2H2O HCOONH4 (ammonium foocmic) 2HCN + 2H2S + O2 2HCNS + 2H2O (axit sunfoxyanhydric)

- Cc mui xyanua kim loi kim b dioxyt cacbon trong khng kh phn hu to thnh HCN. 2NaCN + CO2 + H2O 2HCN + Na2CO3 V vy phi bo qun mui kim loi xyanua trong thng kn, ch mt. - Cc mui xyanua tan trong nc d to vi cc xyanua khng tan thnh cc ion phc. - Axit nitric tc dng vi cc cht hu c nh axit malic, xitric, ancaloit, tanin cng to nn HCN. Qua ct ngha vic to nn cc glucosit xyanhydric mt s thc vt. - Cc aldehyt, ng cng ph hu c HCN C6H12O6 + HCN C7H13O6N - Trong mt s cc cy ci, thc vt c cha cc dn xut hu c ca Axit xyanhydric, v d: hnh nhn ng, nhn qu mn, l trc anh o, r sn, mng tre na, nm, cc ht l v cnh loi u phaseolus lunatus. Du hnh nhn ng c cha amogdalis C20H27NO11 do tc dng ca men emulsin hay synaptase s b thu phn v gii phng HCN: C20H27NO11 + 2H2O C7H6O + 2C6H12O6 + HCN Trong du hnh nhn ng c 1,5g du th c 0,24g HCN. Lng HCN cha trong nm, su ht hnh nhn git cht mt em b. Trong ht u c cht phaseolumatin C10H17NO6 do tc dng ca men phaseosaponin s thu phn v gii phng HCN: C10H17NO6 + H2O C6H12O6 + CH3 - CO - CH3 + HCN 3.3. c tnh ca axit xyanhydric v cc xyanua tan 3.3.1. c tnh . - Axit xyanhydric tc dng ln qu trnh h hp t bo bng cch lm t lit cc men st ca xyto erom oxydaza hoc men vacbua (Warburg). Do thiu oxy nn mu trong tnh mch c mu thm v c nhng triu trng ngt. - Axit xyanhydric gy c nhanh qua ng h hp, vi liu lng 0,3mg/1kg trng lng c th c th gy cht ngay. Nng t 0,12 - 0,15mg/l gy cht t 30 pht n 1 gi. - Qua ng tiu ho: liu lng gy t vong l 1mg/1 kg trng lng c th i vi cc mui nh KCN, NaCN. - Axit xyanhydric c th thm nhp vo c th ri gy ng c bng cch thm qua cc vt thng ngoi da. Nng cho php tip xc nhiu ln trong khng kh l 10ml/m3 hoc 11mg/m3 khng kh 200. 3.3.2. Triu trng lm sng . - Ng c cp: Xy ra khi ht phi hay ung phi liu cao HCN. Ng c xy ra rt nhanh chng, cc trung tm hnh tu b t lit, ngi b nn bt tnh, co git v cc c b cng. S h hp b ngt qung v dng li, tim p rt nhanh v khng u, nn nhn cht sau 1 - 2 pht. - Ng c bn cp: Cc hin tng thng gp l chng mt, bun nn, au u, cc nim mc h hp b kch thch. Nn nhn s hi, lo lng nhng vn cn sng sut, sau xut hin ri lon thn kinh, co git, dn ng t, cng hm,

hin tng ngt bt u, nn nhn cht sau 20 pht. Nu cp cu kp thi, nn nhn khng cht nhng tn thng tim, t lit b phn. - Ng c thng din: Xy ra i vi nhng ngi lm vic thng xuyn ni c kh HCN bc ln. Cc hin tng r rt l au u, chng mt, nn v mt nhc. 3.3.3. Cch cp cu v iu tr. - Nu b ng c bng ng h hp: a bnh nhn ra khi vng nhim c, ngi lm cp cu phi eo mt n phng. Tin hnh ngay h hp nhn to, cho th xy hoc cacbongen loi nhanh cht c qua ng phi. Tim cc thuc tr tim nh Caphein campho, niketamit. Nu tru tim, tim thng vo tim ubain. ng thi vi vic lm cc cp cu, vn hi, h hp t bo cn tin hnh: + Tim tnh mch glutation liu 0,01 + Tim cc cht to nn methemoglobin. Cng c th iu tr bng cc cht to nn methemoglobin khc: + Tim tnh mch 5-10ml dung dch 2-3% natrinitrit sau tim tip vi ln na (liu khng qu 1-1,5g) + Tim tnh mch 50ml dung dch xanh metylen. Ngoi ra c th dng cc thuc chuyn HCN thnh cht khng c nh tim natri tiosunphat (20ml dung dch 25% vo tnh mch) c th ti 200ml. - Nu ng c qua ng tiu ho th dng vi apomocphin gy nn. Ra d dy vi dung dch 2% KMnO4, hoc vi pehyrol v cp cu nh nu trn. 4.Phng php pht hin v xc nh hm lng xyanua trong nc thi. 4.1. Phng php nh tnh. pht hin xyanua ta dng cc phn ng sau: To thnh mu xanh beclin : Fe2+ + 6CN - [Fe (CN)6]44Fe3+ + 2 [Fe(CN)6]4- Fe4[Fe(CN)6]2 xanh beclin Ly vo ng nghim 1ml dung dch nghin cu c cha CN - , tip thm vi git NaOH, mt vi git mui st 2(FeSO4), un nng hn hp, sau axit ho hn hp bng HCl v thm mt vi git dung dch Fe3+(Fe2(SO4)3.H2SO4). - Phn ng Chinha hay picrosodic: Ly mt bng giy lc, ln lt nhng vo dung dch bo ho axit picric, xong nhng vo dung dch 10% Na2CO3, p kh bng giy lc v phi trong ti (giy c mu vng). Khi c HCN tc dng vo, giy chuyn sang mu vng cam r rt ca isopurprin. tng nhn bit sau khi chun b giy th trn, tip tc nhng mt na bng giy vo axit axetic 10% trung ho cacbonat (vng ny tr nn c tnh axit s khng nhy vi HCN). Khi c HCN tc dng bng giy c hai mu r rt. 4.2. Phng php nh lng . xc nh lng xyanua trong ngun nc, t ta dng phng php n gin v d thc hin nht l chun th tch. chun th tch xyanua dng phng php chun iot hoc chun bc. 4.2.1. Phng php chun iot .

Phn ng chun CN - + I2 + H2O CNO- + 2I - + 2H+ Khi ht CN - th I2 + tinh bt mu xanh . Trung ho dung dch cha CN - bng natri hydrocacbonat bo ho, tt nht l dng thng vi gam NaHCO3 bt, chun dung dch bng dung dch I2 0,1 N cho ti khi xut hin mu xanh ca ch th h tinh bt vi I2. 1ml dung dch I2 0,1 N tng ng vi 0,00135g HCN 4.2.2. Phng php chun bc nitrat . Lng xyanua t do trong dung dch m c chun bng dung dch AgNO3 trong s c mt ca iodua kali KI. AgNO3 phn ng vi xyanua t do thnh ion dixyanua bc Ag(CN)2- rt bn. Khi tt c xyanua t do bin thnh ion xyanua bc Ag(CN)2- nu tip tc cho thm AgNO3, s dn n to thnh AgI. im tng ng ca php chun c t nh t khi xut hin AgI kt ta vng. Phn ng chun . 2CN - + Ag+ [Ag (CN)2] Ag+ + I- AgI im cui chun xut hin kt ta do [Ag (CN)2] - + Ag+ 2AgCN Kim ho dung dch nh phn c cha CN - bng vi gam NaHCO3 bt, sau thm vi git NaCl lm tng ch th v chun bng bc nitrat cho ti khi xut hin kt ta khng tan mu trng c. 1 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,1N tng ng vi 0,0054g HCN. Php chun phi tin hnh t t : - Ly 10ml dung dch m xyanua cho vo mt bnh tam gic y bng, c dung tch 350ml, sau ln lt thm 150ml nc ct v 2ml dung dch KI 10%. - Dng buret cha dung dch AgNO3 0,1N. - Chun chm, lc lien tc bnh tam gic vi mc ch ho tan kt ta trng AgCN . Chun n ki xut hin kt ta vng KI trong bnh tam gic. - Tnh lng dung dch AgNO3 0,1N dung. Lng xyanua t do c tnh theo cng thc :lng NaCN = V.N.0,0098.1000/C y : V l th tch dung dch AgNO3 dung trong php chun (ml) N l nng chun ca AgNO3. 0,0098 l lng xyanua ng vi 1ml AgNO3 c nng chun N, tnh ra gam. C l th tch dung dch em phn tch, tnh ra mililit. Cng thc trn c th rt gn: Lng NaCN = V.N.0,98 g/l. 5.Phng php x l nc thi cha xyanua. 5.1.Lm sch nc thi xyanua bng phng php ho hc.

Xyanua rt d b phn hu thnh nhng cht khng c bi cc tc nhn ho hc. V vy, bin php x l ho hc cht c xyanua l n gin, r tin v d thc hin nht. Tuy nhin, tu tng trng hp c th ngi ta vn dng cc phng php x l khc nhau. Nguyn tc:oxi ha xyanua t do v phc ca n thnh hp cht t c hn, xyanat hoc kh nit v cacbonic.Cht oxy ha c th l:nc Clo, H2O2 ,NaOCl, CaOCl2, KMnO4 iu kin tin hnh :oxi ho cc xyanua ph thuc vo: - Loi cht oxi ho s dng, nng xyanua t do v phc cht, pH ca dung dch. - Liu lng cht oxi ho quyt nh mc sch ca nc sau x l, nhng liu lng ny ph thuc vo nng xyanua v dng tn ti ca chng trong nc thi, vo pH v bin ng pH trong qu trnh x l. Nng xyanua cng long cng tn nhiu cht oxi ho. Nh vy mi oxi ho trit xyanua c.

Hnh 5.1.Thit b lm sch nc thi theo chu k, c h thng cn bng v iu chnh. 1- my trn nc thi vi cht phn ng,2-thng phn ng, 3-bn iu khin t ng., 4-dng c o, 5-cn ong, 6-bm. S cng ngh thit b lm sch nc thi xyanua c trnh by trn . C th vb hnh t ng , lien tc hay gin on, th cng. Trn nc thi vi cht phn ng hay dung dch thi b bng khuy c, my trnkhng dung kh nn khuy. 5.1.1.Oxy ho xyanua bng Clo v cc hp cht cha Clo. Oxy ho xyanua bng clo v hp cht cha clo phi tin hnh trong phm vi pH=8,5-12 tu loi cht oxi ho, tu pH mi trng v cht oxi ho m xyanua c th b oxi ho thnh xyanat hoc cacbonic v nit.
5.1.1.1. Oxy ho bng kh clo, nc giaven, hipoclorit hay clorua vi.

Tc nhn oxy ho y chnh l hypocloril OCl -:

- Dng oxi ho xyanua n gin, tan, c: CN- + OCl- CNO- + C lNaCN + NaOCl NaOCN + NaCl 2NaCN + Ca(OCl)2 2NaOCN + CaCl2 2NaCN + Cl2 + 2NaOH 2NaOCN + 2NaCl + H2O - oxi ho axynua phc hp tan c: 2[Cu(CN)3]2- + 7OCl- + 2OH- 6CNO- + 7Cl- + 2Cu(OH)2 [Zn(CN)4]2- + 4OCl- + 2OH- 4CNO- + 4Cl- + Zn(OH)2 Vic oxy ho xyanua thnh xyanat din ra c l nh oxy nguyn t tch ra t cc cht oxy ho, ch khng phi oxy phn t tch ra . L u : Khi dng clo lng cng phi lu rng khi ho tan clo vo nc s xy ra hin tng axit ho theo phn ng. Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl . Tc l ngoi axit hipoclor cn to thnh axit clohidric. V vy khi dung clo lng oxy o xyanua phi thng xuyn cho thm kim trung ho axit clohidric t do, nu khng s to ra cloxiyan mt sn phm c ca qu trnh oxyhoa trc tip xyanua. 2CN- + Cl2 2ClCN

Hnh 5.2.S cng ngh lm sch nc thi xyanua lin tc bng kh clo . 1-b gom nc thi, 2-b cha kim , 3- bn iu khin , b cha oxit, 5- thit b phn ng, 6- trn, 7- bm. Natri xianat (NaOCN) t c hn nhiu v d phn hu to nn sn phm khng c.Thc hin quy trnh tiu hu pH = 11-12. pH = 5 - 8 xyanat c th b oxy ho tip:

2NaOCN + 3NaOCl + H2O 2NaHCO3 + N2 + 3NaCl 2NaOCN + 3Cl2 + 6NaOH 2NaHCO3 + N2 + 6NaCl + 2H2O Nhng nu 8 < pH < 10 s xy ra phn ng ph bt li: NaCN + NaOCl + H2O CNCl + 2NaOH (xyanua clorua d bay hi v rt c) v CNCl + 2NaOH + H2O NaOCN + NaCl + 2H2O Bi vy qu trnh tiu hu phi khng ch pH = 11,5 khng xy ra phn ng ph sinh ra CNCl. Sau khi phn hu ht (CN -, CNO-) c th h thp pH xung 5-8 phn hu trit CN- thnh nhng sn phm khng c. Cc tc nhn oxy ho ny ph hu CN - rt mnh v trit nhng k thut thc hin tng i ngt ngho. x l xyanua quy ra 1kg HCN cn dng 3,9 kg lng Clo. m bo thng phi dng gp i, khuy trong b ln lin tc trong mt gi. Trong qu trnh trung ho xyanua c to ra hydroxit Ca(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 , Fe(OH)3 , gi pH t 7,59 kim tra. 5.1.1.2. Oxy ho bng ClO2 . Clodioxyt c ch to ti ch bng tc dng ca mi NaClO2 vi Cl2 hay axit clohydric: 2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl 5NaClO2 + 4HCl 4ClO2 + 5NaCl + 2H2O Oxyt clo oxy ho c CN - t do cng nh CN - trong phc xianua, v d: [Zn (CN)4]2- , [Cd(CN)4 ]2- . Vic oxy ho phc cht xyano ca Co v Ni kh hn, phi dng nhiu ClO2: 8-10kg ClO2 cho 1 kg CN -. Trong khi thc hin oxy ho CN - n cn t hn 1,2 kg ClO2/1kg CN -. Ni chung vic oxy ho CN - bng tc nhn ClO phn t hoc dioxytclo phi thc hin k nghim ngt khng gy c hi cho nhng ngi thao tc thc hin quy trnh. 5.1.2. Oxy ho bng FeSO4 . Trong iu kin sn xut nh cc xng m th cng nghip vic trung ho CN- tin hnh thun li bng dung dch sunphat st FeSO4.7H2O: Fe2+ + 6CN- Fe(CN)64Phn ng tip theo to kt ta khng tan: Fe(CN)64- + 2Fe2+ Fe2Fe(CN)6 (xanh berlin) Hay 3Fe(CN)64- + 4Fe3+ Fe4[Fe(CN)6 ]3 (xanh prux) 5.1.3.Oxy ho bng KMnO4. Kh c nc thi bng KMnO4: thch hp cho nng sut nh v trang thit b vn hnh n gin nhng t do KMnO4 cao. Oxy ho bng KMnO4 xc tc Cu2+ 3CN - + 2MnO4- + H2O 2MnO2 + 3OCN - + 2OHT l dng cn 4,05 kg KMnO4/1kg CN -. Nh vy dng tc nhn oxy ho ny kh t v li nhng sn phm cha an ton cho mi trng. 5.1.4. Oxy ho bng ozon . Tc nhn ny t c hi hn Clo, thc hin n gin hn v Oxy ho CN trit thnh cht khng c. CN - + O3 OCN - + O2

6OCN - + 8O3 6CO2 + 3N2 + 9O2 T l dng: 4,6kg O3 cho 1kg CN Oxy ho nc thi xyanua bng Ozon , KMnO4, FeSO4, c nhiu u im v mt cng ngh hn dng clo v chng khng sinh ra cc hp cht trung gian bay hi. Oxy ho nc thi xyanua bng ozon thch hp cho trng hp cn x l khi lng nc thi ln m trong c cha cc cation ng, km nu khng c lm sch thm c th dng li nc sn xut ca xng. u im: - Gim c tng lng nc trong nc x l do phn hy c xyanua v ui c ht oxi , nit v mt phn H2CO3. - Sau khi tch cc hydroxit kim loi nng bng cch lng, gn, c th lm sch thm nc x l dng li bng phng php trao i ion hay in thm tch. 5.1.5. Oxy ho bng hydroperoxyt (H2O2) . Hydroperoxyt cng l cht oxy ho mnh lit CN - thnh cht khng c phn ng cn c xc tc. Cu 2+ CN - + H2O2 OCN - + H2O Xc tc : OCN - + 2H2O2 CO2 + NH3 + OH T l dng 3,3 lt H2O2 35%/1kg CN Vic dng H2O2 hay O3 c th oxy ho c phc xyano ca st rt bn v xyanua hu c. 5.1.6.Oxy ho bng hydroperoxyt v natrihypoclorit H2O2 + NaOCl . 2CN - + H2O2 + OCl - 2OCN - + Cl - + H2O y khng i hi pH cao nh khi dng mt mnh mui hypoclorit, khng phi thc hin ch pH nghim ngt phng sinh ra kh c. V khng cn thm nhiu NaOH iu chnh pH nn tit kim c ~ 30% chi ph. 5.2. Lm sch nc thi xyanua bng phng php in ho. Phng php ny d dng lm sch nc thi ca nhiu xyanua t cc b ra ngc chiu, nhiu bc hoc cc dung dch xyanua hng cn hu b, c nng xyanua khng di 500- 600 mg/l. Khi x l s sinh NH4+, xyanat, Na2CO3, ure, trn catot thng c kim loi thot ra. Anot c th l thp khng g. Nc thi cha nhiu xyanua nn cho thm NaCl hoc NaOH ri mi in phn v khi ti anot ngoi oxy cn c ion ClO-, lm tng thm tc dng oxi ho nng cao hiu qu lm sch nc v tit kim in nng tiu th. oxy ho 1g xyanua cn t 0,4 n 2kWh. Khong cch gia ant v catot l 3050mm. Mt dng in 1-2 A/dm2. Mui NaCl 3-6 g/l. in phn dung dch cha CN -.Trong mi trng kim (baz) dng cc CN - c oxy ho thnh xyanat: CN - + OH- OCN - + H2O + 2e [Zn(CN)4]2- + 8OH - Zn2+ + 4OCN- + 4H2O + 8e Xyanat c to thnh b phn hu oxy ho: 2OCN - + 6OH- 2HCO3- + N2 + 3H2O + 8e

Nu dung dch c nng CN - qu thp nn dng H2SO5 hay H2S2O8 oxy ho. C th in phn, ch to NaClO t mui ri dng nh mt ho cht. Thc cht y l trng hp oxy ho CN - bng NaOCl v trong dch khi in phn th NaCl NaOCl, v: CN - + OCl- OCN - + Cl H2O + 2OCN - + 3ClO- 2CO2 + N2 + 3Cl - + 2OHCch ny u tin hn cch in phn trc tip v n c th x l c nc thi cha nhiu hoc t xyanua u tt. Thit b ch to NaClO kh n gin, c th tn dng thit b c sn v lp t ngay ti trm x l nc. Thit b cn c dung tch ln cha c 1-5kg clo hot tnh. C 1kg clo hot tnh cn n 8- 10kwh in nng v 5-7kg mui n. Sauk hi oxi ha xyanua cn phi tch kim loi nng trong nc thi. Khu ny c tin hnh ng thi vi vic lm sch nc thi kim-axit ca xng hay nh my. 6.Phng php xc nh nng xyanua sau khi x l nc thi. Lng xyanua cn li khng c vt qu 0,01 mg/l ferokalixyanua v ferikalixyanua khng vt qu 0,04 mg/l. phn tc xc nh nnng xyanua sau khi x l thng dng phng php Colorimetr vi thuc th pirazin ( C4H4N2 ) cn gi l phng php Piridin-Pirazin. Phng php ny c chnh xc cao, c kh nng xc nh nng xyanua c vi phn trm miligam xyanua trn mt lt . - tin hnh phn tch ngi ta phi pha ch mt lot dung dch mu chun : Cn chnh xc 0,0508 g I2 ha tan trong 100ml CCl4 trong bnh cu nh mc. Ly 20ml dung dch ny pha lang bng CCl4 trong bnh cu nh mc n 200ml. Ly mu 1ml, ln lt pha lang 1, 2, 3,9ml nc nh vy ta c lot mu tng ng vi nng xyanua t 0,1 n 1mg/l. - Tin hnh phn tch mu: cho vo bnh o dung tch 25ml, 1ml dung dch cn phn tch, sau pha lang bng 1ml nc ct. - Tip theo cho thm 0,1ml dung dch cloramin T 1%. ng cht nt bnh o, lc bnh cn thn. Sau 1pht, thm 4ml thuc trh pirazin, ng nt bnh o, lc bnh cn thn. Dung dch pirazin c chun b nh sau : cn 0,5g pirazin cho vo 100ml nc ct. un dung dch ln 600C, khuy u dung dch, sau khi lm lnh chop nc n th tch yu cu. - Thm 4ml piridin, y np bnh o, lc u dung dch . dem so mu vi dung dch mu trn bng Colorimetr.

KT LUN
Vic x l nc thi trong ngnh cng nghip m in c ngha ht sc quan trng . c bit l nc thi c cha xyanua, vic x l xyanua gip cho mi trng lm vic trong xng m khng b nhim, gp phn mang li iu kin m bo sc khe mi ngi khi lm vic tronf xng m. Chng ta c th s dng nhiu bin php khc nhau, ty theo nhu cu s dng nhng phi m bo x l trit xyanua ri mi thi ra mi trng.

CU HI TRC NGHIM
1. Phng php ha hc x l nc thi xyanua bng phn ng. A. Phn ng trung ha. B. Phn ng trao i. C. Phn ng oxi ha Kh. D. Phn ng to thnh phc cht. 2. Nguyn tc x l nc thi xyanua l. A. B. C. D. Oxi ha xyanua t do thnh hp cht t c hn, xyanat Oxi ha cc phc cht cha xyanua thnh cc hp cht n Dng cht oxi ha nh : nc Clo, H2O2 ,NaOCl, CaOCl2, C ba cu trn hoc kh nit v cacbonic. gin t c hn nh xyanat hoc kh nit.. KMnO4 3. iu kin tin hnh x l xyanua ph thuc vo. A. Loi cht oxi ho s dng. B. Nng xyanua t do v phc cht. C. PH ca dung dch. D. C ba. 4. Oxy ho xyanua bng clo v hp cht cha clo phi tin hnh trong phm vi. A. pH=8,5-12 tu loi cht oxi ho. B. Mi trng axit. C. PH = 10- 11. D. Mi trng kim.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.Trn Minh Hong, cng ngh m in, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 2001. 2.Ts.Nguyn Khng, M in tp hai, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 2006. 3. Trn Hiu Nhu, Thot nc v x l nc thi cng nghip, NXb Khoa hc k thut, 2001. 4.Ts.ng Kim Trit, gio trng cng ngh m in,Trng HCN TPHCM, 2008. 5. http://www.scribd.com/doc/14789238/MA-KIM-LOAI.

2. Cc hp cht bn c cng thc phn t C4H8O tha mn cc iu kin sau: a. L ng phn hnh hc:
CH3 H H C C CH2OH
CH3 H C C CH2OH H

CH3 H

H C C OCH3

CH3 H

OCH3 H

E b. L ng phn quang hc:

H CH2 CH C * CH3 OH

Z
CH3 * H O

E
O

C 2H 5 H

c. Va l ng phn hnh hc , va l ng phn quang hc:

CH3 H H CH3 CH3 H CH3 H

CH3 H

H OH

CH3 H

OH H

meso