Bai Giang EIA

Bin son: Trn Phc Cng
1
MC LC

() ......................................................................................................................................... 4
11 i trng v ............................................................................................................ 4
12 hi nim v .............................................................................................................. 5
13 nh ngha ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4. Mc ch ca ............................................................................................................. 7
15 ngha ca ................................................................................................................ 7
1.6. Ni dung v yu cu ca M ............................................................................................ 8
1.6.1. Ni dung chnh ............................................................................................................. 8
162 c yu cu ................................................................................................................... 9
1.7. Lch s pht trin ............................................................................................................... 10
............... 12
21 Lc duyt (Screening) ..................................................................................................... 12
22 nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment) .. 14
23 nh gi tc ng mi trng y (Full Environmental Impacts Assessment) ........... 15
231 c iu in thc hin ................................................................................ 15
2.3.2.1. Co so phap lv ....................................................................................................... 15
2.3.2.2. Cac tiu chuan, quv chuan kv thuat quoc gia v moi truong .............................. 15
2.3.2.3. Cac so liu v hin trang moi truong lin quan dn khu vuc thuc hin du an .... 16
2.3.2.4. Quv mo du an ...................................................................................................... 16
232 hn bit gia v (nh gi mi trng chin c) ............................. 17
2.3.2.1. inh nghia MC ................................................................................................. 18
2.3.2.2. Muc tiu va v nghia cua MC ............................................................................. 18
2.3.2.3. Phan bit gia TM va MC ............................................................................. 18
233 nh gi tc ng mi trng y (Full EIA) ...................................................... 19
2.3.3.1. Chuan bi .............................................................................................................. 19
2.3.3.2. anh gia tac dng moi truong ............................................................................ 20
S D O
NG ................................................................................................................................. 26
31 hi qut v cc phng php (E ethodoogies) ............................................. 26
32 hng php it cc thng s mi trng (Index methods) ........................................ 27
33 hng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng (Checklists) ........................................ 28
3.3.1. Danh mc n gin (Simple checklists) ..................................................................... 28
3.3.2. Danh mc m t (Descriptive checklists) ................................................................... 29
3.3.3. Danh mc dng cu hi (Questionnaire checklists) ................................................... 29
3.3.4. Danh mc c ghi mc tc ng (Scaling checklists) ............................................. 30
3.3.5. Danh mc c ghi trng s mc tc ng (Scaling-weighting checklists) ............. 30
34 hng php ma trn mi trng (Matrices) .................................................................... 32
3.4.1. hng php ma trn tng tc n gin (Simple Interaction Matrices) .................. 32
342 hng php ma trn nh ng (Quantified Matrices) hay ma trn nh cp
(Graded Matrices) ................................................................................................................. 33
35 hng php chp bn (Overlay maps) ........................................................................ 35
36 hng php s mng i (Networks) ........................................................................ 35
37 hng php m hnh (odeings) .................................................................................. 36
38 hng php phn tch chi ph i ch m rng (Sound Ecological Principles) ............... 38
381 i tr li nhun hin ti (Net Present Value - NPV) ................................................. 39
3.8.2. Sut li nhun hoc t sut li ch-chi ph (/) ....................................................... 40
3.8.3. H s hon vn ni ti (K) (Internal Return Rate) ..................................................... 41
3.8.4. T s vn u t ban u so vi tng s li nhun .................................................... 41

2
O () ........................................ 43
41 hi nim v ri ro mi trng ......................................................................................... 43
42 cu ri ro c xut cho cc d n pht trin ......................................................... 44
4.3. Mi nguy him v s hng chc chn ............................................................................. 45
44 u trnh nh gi ri ro (Risk Assessment) ..................................................................... 46
45 c th ri ro (Risk Characterisation) ............................................................................... 48
4.6. Qun ri ro (Risk Management) .................................................................................... 48
P LN - O T D ........................................... 50
O O NG ......................................... 50
M U .................................................................................................................................. 50
1.1. Xut x ca d n .......................................................................................................... 50
12 n c php ut v thut ca vic thc hin ................................................. 50
13 hng php p dng trong qu trnh ................................................................. 50
1.4. T chc thc hin ................................................................................................ 50
1: T D .............................................................................. 51
11 n d n ....................................................................................................................... 51
1.2. Ch d n ....................................................................................................................... 51
1.3. V tr a ca d n .................................................................................................... 51
1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n .......................................................................................... 51
1.4.1. Mo t muc tiu cua du an ....................................................................................... 51
1.4.2. Khoi lung va quv mo cac hang muc du an ........................................................... 51
1.4.3. Mo t bin phap, khoi lung thi cong xav dung cac cong trinh cua du an ............ 51
1.4.5. Danh muc mav moc, thit bi ................................................................................... 51
1.4.6. Nguvn, nhin, vat liu (du vao) va cac chung loai sn pham (du ra) cua du an
.......................................................................................................................................... 51
1.4.7. Tin d thuc hin du an .......................................................................................... 51
1.4.8. Von du tu .............................................................................................................. 51
1.4.9. T chc qun lv va thuc hin du an ....................................................................... 51
2: U KIN T , -X I ................. 52
21 iu kin t nhin v mi trng .................................................................................. 52
22 iu kin kinh t-x hi ................................................................................................ 52
3: NG ........................................................ 52
31 nh gi tc ng .......................................................................................................... 52
3.1.1. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan chuan bi cua du an......................................... 52
3.1.2. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan thi cong xav dung ........................................... 52
3.1.3. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan van hanh (hoat dng) cua du an .................... 52
3.1.4. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan khac cua du an (thao d, dong ca, ci tao
phuc hi moi truong va cac hoat dng khac co kh nng gav tac dng dn moi truong)52
3.1.5. Tac dng do cac rui ro, su co ................................................................................. 52
3.2. Nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi ............................................. 52
4: M THI NG X, NG
S C NG. .................................................................................................. 52
4.1. Bin php phng nga, gim thiu cc tc ng xu do d n gy ra .......................... 53
4.1.1. Trong giai doan chuan bi ....................................................................................... 53
4.1.2. Trong giai doan xav dung ...................................................................................... 53
4.1.3. Trong giai doan van hanh ...................................................................................... 53
4.1.4. Trong cac giai doan khac (nu co) ......................................................................... 53
4.2. Bin php phng nga, ng ph i vi cc ri ro, s c ............................................. 53
4.2.1. Trong giai doan chuan bi ....................................................................................... 53
4.2.2. Trong giai doan xav dung ...................................................................................... 53
4.2.3. Trong giai doan van hanh ...................................................................................... 53
4.2.4. Trong cac giai doan khac (nu co) ......................................................................... 53
3
5: L S NG ..................... 53
51 hng trnh L ..................................................................................................... 53
52 hng trnh gim st mi trng ................................................................................ 53
6: N C NG ............................................................... 54
61 in ca UBND cp x .............................................................................................. 54
62 in ca i din cng ng dn c (nu c) ............................................................ 54
63 in ca t chc chu tc ng trc tip bi D n (nu c) ..................................... 54
64 in ca c quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n xy
dng c s h tng khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung (nu c) ........................... 54
65 in phn hi v cam t ca ch d n i vi cc xut, kin ngh, yu cu ca
cc c quan, t chc c tham vn .................................................................................... 54
KT LUN, KIN NGH T .............................................................................. 54
1.1. Kt lun ......................................................................................................................... 54
1.2. Kin ngh ....................................................................................................................... 54
1.3. Cam kt .......................................................................................................................... 54
LU, D LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................. 54
PH LC ................................................................................................................................. 54
LU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 55
4
CHNG I. CC HI NI C N V NH GI TC NG
I TRNG (T)

hng ny s cung cp cho ngi c cc thut ng c s dng thng xuyn
trong qu trnh thc hin mt , cc hi nim c bn v cng nh vai tr ca
trong cng tc qun mi trng it am.
1.1. i trng v T

i trng tng hp cc iu kin bn ngoi c nh hng n mt vt th hoc
mt s kin no
Theo Lut BVMT Vit am 2005 th: i trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v
yu t vt cht nhn to bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng n i sng, sn xut, s tn ti,
pht trin ca con ngi v sinh vt (iu 2, Lut BVMT 2005).
i trng theo cch hiu tng i th c th rt rng (nh v tr, ri t, hng
h,) v cng c th hp (mi trng b mt nc, mi trng sng,) c yu t to
ra mi trng c gi thnh phn mi trng.
i trng c thnh phn ht sc quan trng con ngi v cc hot ng ca
con ngi k c t nhin v vn ha-x hi on ngi, trong qu trnh tn ti v pht trin d
bng ngu nhin hay c tnh cng un un tc ng vo mi trng gc li, mi trng
cng un c tc ng n con ngi u trnh pht trin un m theo s dng ti nguyn
thin nhin (g, t, nc, hng h, nhin iu ha thch,) ng thi cng thi vo mi
trng cc cht ph thi (cht thi rn, h, ng t sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao
thng, y t,) hng cht thi dn dn m nhim mi trng hnh v vy, ngi ta
cho rng pht trin ng hnh vi nhim.
hng ta bit rng s phn hu cht bn trong mi trng t nhin mt quy ut
c t hng vn nm. Qu trnh phn hu cht bn nh vy nh tc ng tch cc ca t,
cc S trong t, nc, bc x, nng ng mt tri, cc oi ng thc vt u trnh
gi qu trnh t m sch c qu trnh t m sch lun tun theo mt quy ut ring
ca chng v ng vi mt tc m sch xc nh.
h vy, con ngi mun tn ti v pht trin trong mi trng ca mnh th nht
thit phi xc p tt mt mi tng quan gia pht trin vi t m sch ca mi trng
m c iu ny, cn hiu c nh hng ca cc hot ng inh t x hi (X), hot
ng sn xut n cc yu t cu thnh mi trng gc i cng cn hiu c cc phn
ng ca mi trng n cc thnh phn mi trng u trnh hiu, xc nh v nh gi
c gi nh gi tc ng mi trng ()
5
1.2. hi nim v T

anh gia tac dng moi truong (TM).
L s nh gi chnh thc cc tc ng i vi mi trng c th c ca mt chnh
sch, chng trnh hay d n (sau y gi d n) ua , cc gii php, cc phng n (v
thut hay qun ) c xut v chp nhn nhm gim thiu cc tc ng n mi
trng hi nim ny c p dng t hi bt u d n, trong qu trnh vn hnh cho ti
hi chm dt d n.
Tac dng: th s dng t "nh huong"
L hiu ng ca mt s vt, mt hot ng n mt vt th hoc mt hot ng hc
c ng c th thay i theo hng gian v thi gian trong phm vi ca hiu ng.
ang k: ngha tng ng vi cc t "co v nghia, dang chu v...".
L tc ng nm ngoi gii hn chu ng, ngoi gii hn chp nhn c ca mt vt
th hay mt hot ng hc. (ngung trong KHXH thuong la 5%).
S ng s bin ng vt qu ngng chu ng (hong 5%) ca mt vt th.
uy nhin, i vi cnh quan, qun th cc sinh vt qu him, th s ng ny h c
chp nhn m ch yu ph thuc vo ngi nh gi.
Khai nim v TM:

s phn tch mt cch c hoa hc nhng tc ng c i hoc c hi do cc
hot ng pht trin c th mang i cho ti nguyn thin nhin v cc iu in mi trng.
ua , xut cc phng n hp nhm gii quyt nhng mu thun gia hot ng pht
trin v .
- Hoat dng phat trin: n xy dng mt nh my, chng trnh, cc oi hnh dch v
d: n m rng ng, xy dng mi mt nh vin, quy hoch hu dn c
- Cac phuong an nhm gii quvt mau thuan: cc gii php -, cng ngh, qun , cc
chnh sch, cc cng c php ut, inh t...
1.3. nh ngha T

Munn (1979) nh ngha nh sau: c th c m t nh mt qua trinh
nhm xc nh nhng hu qu c th c i vi mi trng sinh hc, a cht, hc, sc
ho con ngi v phc i x hi ca vic thc hin cc hot ng c th .

6
ar v nhng ngi hc (1980) nh ngha : mt qua trinh phn tch
c h thng cc tc ng c th c ca vic thc hin cc d n, cc chnh sch v cc chng
trnh c tiu chnh ca cung cp cho nhng nh ra quyt nh ch ng la chn
nhng phng n h thi v ti u v kinh t v thut trc hi ra quyt nh, thay i
(nu c) thit d n cui cng.

uy nhin, ti i ngh thng nh v i trng v ht trin t chc io e
Janeiro (Brazil) nm 1992 thng nht a ra uyn b: mt cng c quc gia- s
c thc hin v cc hot ng xut m c th c tc ng bt i ng n mi
trng v c cc nh chc trch s dng ra quyt nh v cc hot ng .

Nm 1998, Nick Harvey, mt chuyn gia mi trng ca ustraia nh ngha
nh sau: mt qua trinh xc nh v d bo cc tc ng mi trng tim tng
(bao gm mi trng sinh hc, a cht v vt hc, vn ho v inh t x hi) ca cc hot
ng, cc chnh sch, cc chng trnh v cc d n, v thng bo nhng ni dung ny n
nhng nh ra quyt nh trc hi h ra nhng quyt nh v cc hot ng
(Harvey, N. 1998).

rong iu in ca it am, Lut o v i trng (b sung) nm 2005 c
uc hi thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 nh ngha nh sau: qu trnh phn tch,
d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca d n u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v
mi trng khi trin khai d n (iu 3 - mc 20).

- hn tch, nh gi tc ng v d bo:
o Xc nh tc ng: ngun gc pht sinh tc ng t cc hot ng
o hn tch: theo hng gian v thi gian
o nh gi: theo mc (cng ), tt hay hng tt, ng hay hng
ng
o bo
- xut cc gii php:
o hng trnh
o im sot
o hc phc
h vy, c th thy rng it am mc d nhng bc xc v mi trng ch mi
xut hin vo nhng nm 1990, nhng hng cn mt hi nim ring trong i ng
7
cc nh hoa hc na m n chuyn vo i ng cc nh qun , hoa hc thut rng
hn, ng thi c a vo ut o v i trng (1994).
Trong ut it am 2005 cng c mt s iu quy nh rt cht ch v thc
hin i vi ch cc d n, c th :
iu 19 (mc 1): Ch cc d n quy nh ti iu 18 ca Lut ny c trch nhim lp
bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng trnh c quan nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt.
iu 19 (mc 4): rng hp c thay i v quy trnh, ni dung, thi gian trin khai,
thc hin, hon thnh d n th ch d n c trch nhim gii trnh vi c quan ph duyt;
trng hp cn thit phi lp bo co b sung.
h vy, vic thc hin mt cho d n tr thnh yu t rt quan trng trong
hoa hc mi trng, hn th na n cng tr thnh yu t bt buc trong cng tc qun
h nc v uy nhin, do hon cnh inh t it am cha mnh nn t nhng
nm 1985 n 1992 cc d n n v trung bnh ca nc ta v c bn cha c p bo
co m ch cp s b n mt s vn v mi trng c th xy ra. Sau 1992, mt
s d n quan trng c nh gi tc ng mi trng nh thu in Sn La, Sng inh,
d n nh my ma ng i Loan (hanh o), nhiu cng trnh thm do du h cng
c p bo co n y, nhiu d n trng im quc gia c p bo co
nh d n ng h inh, hu cng nghip ung ut, cng nc su i Ln, v
nhiu cng trnh hc.
1.4. Mc ch ca T
i nhng hi nim v nh ngha ca nh nu trn, chng ta c th nhn
thy rng mt trong nhng vai tr trng tm v c bn ca mt cng c t
c s pht trin bn vng- mt s pht trin m hng tn chi ph qu t (Glasson et. al.
1995).
cn mt cng c gp thm t iu hoa hc cn thit cho vic quyt nh cc
hot ng pht trin.
cn gip c quan xt duyt, nhng nh ra quyt nh v trin hai cc hot ng
c c s ra mt quyt nh ng n v ton din hn v vn cn xem xt, nh gi.
1.5. ngha ca T
ai ngha n ca :
- ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic xt duyt v ra quyt nh i vi hot
ng pht trin i thi im ny cc nhn t mi trng c xem tng ng vi cc
nhn t thut, cng ngh v inh t x hi.
8
- hng c ngha ph quyt i vi cc hot ng pht trin gi p bo
co v ch d n cng nh ngi ra quyt nh (c quan L) hng nn nhn nhn
s i p ca mi trng v pht trin.
1.6. Ni dung v yu cu ca T

i dung v yu cu ca cng tc ph thuc rt nhiu vo ni dung ca hot
ng pht trin iu ny c ngha rng, nu hot ng pht trin cng n, phm vi hng
gian rng v thi gian hot ng cng di th vic nh gi cng phc tp, i hi cng vic
nh gi phi nhiu mc chuyn mn hc nhau rong ti iu ny, chng ti s trnh
by nhng ni dung v yu cu chnh ca cng tc c da trn ut , cc vn
bn php quy, gh nh v hng t hng dn mi nht ca it am.
1.6.1. Ni dung chnh

1 t a im ni hot ng pht trin d in s trin hai.
hm vi rng: Lu vc, vng nh th.
hm vi hp: t hu ph, cm dn c, phn xng sn xut,...
2 Xc nh cc iu in nh gi: in hng gian v thi gian.
3 t hin trng mi trng trong phm vi nh gi ( c hiu theo ngha rng).
- i trng t nhin:
i trng hng h: cc iu in v h hu, thi tit, cht ng mi
trng hng h...
+ Mi trng nc: nc mt, nc ngm.
+ Mi trng t
c h sinh thi t nhin.
- i trng x hi: t, gio dc, vn ho, mc sng, iu in sng,...
Ghi chu. Truong hp khong co du diu kin, so liu thi cn gioi han diu kin bin
khong gian va thoi gian. Gioi han van phi th hin du mc d tac dng cua du an doi voi
moi truong. Phi du rng tc la phi dav du cac tac dng chinh, truc tip cua du an.
4 Xc nh cc tc ng n mi trng do hot ng ca d n.
Ln t cc i tng chu tc ng:
- i trng hng h.
- i trng nc.
- i trng t.
- ht thi rn.
- i trng x hi
9
5 bo cc tc ng c th xy ra hi hot ng c trin khai.
6 Xem xt h nng hon nguyn hi hot ng pht trin chm dt hoc hi d n i vo
hot ng n nh.
7 c bin php phng trnh, im sot v hc phc: cc chnh sch, cc bin php thut
& cng ngh, cc chng trnh chnh sch.
8 So snh cc phng n hot ng hc nhau ca d n trong trng hp d n hng
c trin hai.
9 t un v in ngh
Phuong phap luan. phat huv tinh dc lap trong tu duv d danh gia, tranh vic dua vao cac tai
liu mau, rap khuon mt cach mav moc.
1.6.2. Cc yu cu
ng tc ni chung v bo co ni ring cn phi t c nhng yu cu
sau y:
1. hi thc s mt cng c gip cho vic a chn, ra quyt nh v thc hin
quyt nh ca c quan qun h nc v cung cp thm t iu c cn
nhc, phn tch, nh gi mt cch hoa hc v cc i ch t c cng nh cc tn hi n
mi trng, ti nguyn c quan ra quyt nh c iu in a chn phng n hnh ng
pht trin mt cch hp v chnh xc hn.
2 hi xut c cc phng n phng trnh, im sot, gim bt cc tc ng tiu
cc, tng cng cc mt c i m vn t c y cc mc tiu v yu cu ca pht trin.
th ni rng, hng c hot ng pht trin no c th p ng nhng i ch v yu cu
cp bch trc mt ca con ngi m hng m tn hi t nhiu n phi m
r iu , hng phi ngn cn s pht trin inh t x hi m to iu in thun i
nht cho cc hot ng pht trin vy, c trch nhim nghin cu, gp phn
xut bin php bo v, thm ch ci thin c tnh hnh hi phng n xut
hng th chp nhn c v gy tn hi qu n v th phi xut phng n hc
thay th.
3 hi cng c c hiu c hc phc nhng hu qu, cc tc ng tiu cc n
mi trng ca cc hot ng c hon thnh hoc ang tin hnh. c bin php hc
phc i hi c tnh h thi cao v mt thut, cng ngh, inh t cng nh x hi, ngha
cc bin php ny phi c xem xt, cn nhc v nh gi c th rong thc t, nht ti
cc nc ang pht trin, nhiu hot ng pht trin c tin hnh hoc c hon
thnh, nhng c c cha h c o , vic hnh thnh cc tp th hoa hc c in
10
thc, inh nghim v phng php un cn thit, ph hp vi ni dung v yu cu ca
trong tng trng hp c th ht sc quan trng.
4 o co phi r rng, d hiu c thut ng s dng cn n gin v ph
thng hoa hc mi trng rt phc tp, ni dung hoa hc c xem xt trong rt
phong ph uy nhin, ngi s dng t qu cui cng ca hng phi nh hoa hc
m ngi qun vy, b cc phi r rng, d hiu, dng ngn ng, thut ng
ph thng, cch din t v trnh by phi c th, thit thc, c sc thuyt phc, gip cho
ngi ra quyt nh thy c vn mt cch r rng, hch quan, t quyt nh ng
n, p thi.
5 o co phi cht ch v tnh php , phi c y c s hoa hc v c s
php v n in quan n quyn i v ngha v cng nh tinh thn ca cc cng ng dn
c cc hu vc, hoc cc tng p dn c a phng.
1.7. Lch s pht trin
Lch s pht trin ca c th c tm tt nh sau:
- Nm 1969: ban hnh Lut v cc chnh sch mi trng quc gia, c hiu c
ngy 1/1/1970 Lut ny yu cu phi nh gi cc hot ng pht trin n trong
Lin bang c gy ra nhng tc ng ng n mi trng.
- m 1972: Singapore quc gia ng am u tin hnh thnh i trng
nhm nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n pht trin ht cng quc
gia u tin ca hu thc hin cc th tc v i vi cc d n pht trin
n.
- m 1973: anada ban hnh h th v .
- m 1974: nh, ustraia, ew eaand v oumbia banh hnh ut php c th
v cc mc hc nhau.
- m 1975: hi an cng gii thiu b ut v
- m 1976: Php v reand cng ban hnh Lut c th v , nhng reand
th hng phi iu bt buc thi im . y c cng ban hnh Lut
v .
- m 1977: hiippines thit p h thng thng qua gh nh ca ng
thng.
- m 1979: Ln t cc quc gia Lan, rung uc v i Loan ban hnh b
Lut v rung uc, quc hi ho thng qua Lut trong c
quy nh chi tit v cc nguyn tc i Loan th p dng cc nguyn tc
trong cc ngnh inh t hc nhau bt u nm 1979.
11
- it am: m 1984 c o co thng tin ban u v r n
m 1985 bt u trin hai cng tc iu tra v vic s dng n
30/12/1993, quc hi thng qua Lut v n 4/1994 bt u c hiu c.
u trnh pht trin ca trn th gii c th minh ho hnh di y.

12
CHNG II. QU TRNH THC HIN V NI UNG CHI TIT C
T

nh gi tc ng mi trng mt vic m rt quan trng v hu ch, c ngha
thit thc i vi cc hot ng pht trin ca mt hu vc, mt quc gia uy nhin, do
mt qu trnh nghin cu, phn tch tng hp phc tp, i hi chuyn gia c inh
nghim, tn m v thi gian, inh ph. V vy, ch cn thc hin cho mt s cc d n
pht trin quan trng. i vi mt s d n pht trin hoc cc hot ng inh t x hi hc
sau khi xem xt thy cc hnh ng ca n tc ng hng nhiu n mi trng sinh thi v
ti nguyn thin nhin th c th b qua , hoc thc hin mc s b. ic
xem xt vn ny c cc t chc, cc quc gia c cc quy nh c th i vi vic thc
hin cho tng d n. heo chng trnh mi trng Lin ip uc (E nited
ations Environment rogramme) th quy trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng c thc hin
theo 3 bc n:
c 1: Lt duyt cc tc ng mi trng (Screening)
c 2: nh gi s b cc tc ng mi trng (Preliminary Assessment)
c 3: nh gi y cc tc ng mi trng (Full Assessment)
rong chng ny chng ti s gii thiu chi tit cc ni dung sinh vin nm bt
r hn v cng tc .
2.1. Lc duyt (Screening)

Lc duyt yu cu ti thiu phi thc hin i vi cc d n thuc din bt buc
phi xt n cc tc ng mi trng ca chng nguyn tc, qu trnh t duyt phi
c thc hin t hi d n bt u hnh thnh, bt u v quy m, hu vc thc hin d n,
trnh cng ngh, trnh qun v c im ring v phong tc tp qun, vn ho x hi
ca hu vc n cn.
c tiu ca t duyt gip cho vic hnh thnh, xy dng d n c tt hn, y
hn vy, cng tc t duyt phi do ch d n thc hin.
i dung chnh c duy o g:
- sot, im i cc d n tng t trc y c thc hin ti a phng hoc
cc a phng hc trong v ngoi nc gy ra tc ng g?
- on theo nh tnh xem cc hot ng ca d n c tc ng nh th no n
mi trng sinh thi, ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh inh t x hi ti a
phng
13
- ic d on ng v y s gip cho chng ta p thi iu chnh, b sung
hoc thay i mt phn d n mt cch nhanh chng, trnh ng ph v ti chnh
v thi gian.
Phng php nh gi:
- So snh chi tit quan trng ca d n ang xem xt vi cc d n tng ng
thc hin thng qua mt s ch tiu s b nh quy m, a im thc hin, cng
ngh.
- So snh d n ang xem xt vi 2 oi d n hc: d n hng cn m
(trng hc, trm x) v d n nht thit phi m (nh my, hu cng
nghip, bn cng,) t chng ta c th xc nh c nhu cu cn hay hng
cn m .
- on bng suy un da trn c s hoa hc cng ngh, inh nghim thc tin
v cc tc ng m d n s gy ra cho mi trng v nh gi h nng chu
ng ca mi trng t nhin i vi cc tc ng (phng php ni suy).
- hn tch ton din v chi tit v cc ch tiu inh t, chi ph v i nhun trn c
s cc ch tiu inh t - x hi (ch y cc d iu sn c).
h trn cp, t duyt phi do ch d n thc hin vi s t vn ca chuyn
gia (nu cn thit), v c quan qun h nc v mi trng thm nh.

hu vc ng am , Singapore c xem quc gia c cu trc t chc v inh
nghim hng u trong cng tc o tip cn vi sm nht ng am (1972)
nn Singapore sm c c quan qun mi trng, c quan im sot nhim mi trng
c c quan ny c nhim v v quyn hn rt n, thm ch h c php ra quyt nh thay
i phng n, thay i cng ngh v ngay c nh ch hot ng ca d n hoc nh ch
hot ng ca mt c s gy nhim mi trng vt qu mc cho php.

it am, mc d cng tc mi pht trin nhng cp rung ng chng ta
c c o v i trng, thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng cp a
phng, chng ta c cc S c c quan ny tham mu cho hnh ph cng nh
cc thnh ph/tnh hon chnh cc quy nh, chnh sch qun mi trng chng
ta c th thc hin tt cng tc ni ring v ni chung.

t qu ca qu trnh t duyt mt vn bn quyt nh cui cng ca c quan
qun h nc v mi trng (c thm quyn quyt nh) n bn ny a ra t un:
14
n ny hng c cc tc ng ng n mi trng nn hng cn thc hin , v
n cn tip tc thc hin .

u trnh t duyt c tm tt nh sau:

2.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (Preliminary Environmental Impact
Assessment)

nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (PEI) cn c gi nh gi tc ng mi
trng ban u (nitia Environmenta Examination EE) hay nh gi nhanh cc tc ng
mi trng (apid Environmenta mpacts ssessment E) ny i hi s phn
tch, xem xt v nh gi vi trnh chuyn mn cao hn.

i dung chnh c T s :
- Xc nh cc tc ng chnh ca d n i vi mi trng ti a im d in
thc hin d n.
n pht trin
c im tra danh mc ca d n
- heo Lut nh
- heo quy nh
c 2 im tra a im thc hin d n
vng cn thc hin hng?
c 3: ham ho sch, ti iu, vn bn
php ut v hng dn
c 4: hu thp thng tin (tham vn in
nh hoa hc, c quan L,)
c 5: Lp danh mc cc cu hi t duyt
c 6: a ra vn bn quyt nh cui cng
15
- t chung cc tc ng mi trng, d bo phm vi v mc ca cc tc ng
.
- rnh by r tnh cht v tm quan trng ca cc tc ng n mi trng trc
ngi ra quyt nh (c quan ra quyt nh) h c th ra quyt nh ph hp.
s b c thc hin ngay trong giai on u p un chng inh t thut
s b (nghin cu tin h thi) nh gi ny gip chng ta thu hp nhng tranh ci v mt s
vn quan trng nh v tr, quy m ca d n. u m tt nh gi s b, p thi iu
chnh v hi nim d n th c th hng cn thc hin y na.
s b do c quan ch tr d n thc hin theo cc hng dn trong cc quy nh
ca cc quc gia hoc cc t chc quc t.

Phng php nh gi:

hng php thng c s dng trong s b phng php ma trn
(matrices) v phng php danh mc (checklists) tc ng mi trng.
ic thm nh s b do c quan qun mi trng thc hin v c th dn
n 2 t un: cn thit m chi tit v hng cn thit m chi tit.
So vi qu trnh t duyt th qu trnh s b tng i h hn v phc tp
hn vy, hi thc hin s b (hay nhanh) th chng ta nn a chn mt nhm
chuyn gia c trnh cao hn, nhiu inh nghim hn v ng phm vi chuyn mn m d
n ang xem xt c in quan n.
2.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng y (Full Environmental Impacts Assessment)

nh gi tc ng mi trng y hung c bn ca y bc thc
hin sau hi t duyt v s b c t un phi m chi tit.
2 Cc iu in hc hin T
2.3.2.1. Co so phap lv

Lut , cc vn bn di ut nh gh nh, hng t, uy nh, h th, ng
c quc t, tho thun,
2.3.2.2. Cac tiu chuan, quv chuan kv thuat quoc gia v moi truong

c b iu chun, quy chun thut quc gia v mi trng hng h, nc (mt,
ngm, bin ven b), t, v sinh an ton thc phm, tiu chun ca t,
16
2.3.2.3. Cac so liu v hin trang moi truong lin quan dn khu vuc thuc hin du an

- i trng vt , ho hc:
a hnh, a cht
ht ng mi trng hng h
ht ng mi trng nc
iu in h tng thu vn
- i trng sinh hc (ti nguyn thin nhin):
c h sinh thi
un th ng thc vt
+ Sinh vt qu him
- i trng vn ho-x hi (iu in inh t-x hi):
n s, dn tc, c s h tng
in trng s dng t
t cng ng
gnh ngh
hu nhp ngi dn
n ho gio dc, dn tr
c ch tiu c trng ring ca hu vc
2.3.2.4. Quv mo du an

ng ngh c s dng trong d n, trnh cng ngh, h nng tip cn tnh hin
i trong tng ai, cc tc ng c th ca d n trc mt v u di.

m i, mun c mt bo co y th vic chun b cc iu in cn thit
nh nu trn v hiu c ni dung ca d n vic rt quan trng uy nhin, vic tp
hp c i ng chuyn gia c trnh chuyn mn bao qut v cc vn in quan n d
n pht trin cng iu ht sc quan trng cho vic hon chnh mt bo co y
y phi tun th theo quy nh gh nh 80/2006/- v gh nh s
21/2008/-CP (b sung cho gh nh 80) ngy 28/02/2008 ca hnh ph v hng t
05/2008/ ngy 08/12/2008 ca &MT.

17
i y xin gii thiu trnh t thc hin mt bo co y nh sau:

2.3.2. Phn i gi T C nh gi i ng chin c)

hn trn chng ta nm r v hi nim, nh ngha v cc quy trnh thc hin
uy nhin, cn phn bit gia v i vi cc d n pht trin trong tin
trnh pht trin ca it am.
n ut
t duyt cc tc ng
mi trng
n t duyt
hng cn
nh gi tc ng mi
trng s b
Chun b cho T y

n c nh gi
c ng hng
ng
n chun b cho

hng cn y
- Lp nhm nh gi
- Xc nh phm vi nh gi (Scoping)
- Xc nh cc ni cn in h
- Xc nh ni v thi gian np bo co
- Lp cng nh gi
Thc hin p T y

- Xc nh cc hnh ng quan trng ca d n (Activities)
- Xc nh cc bin i v mi trng (Environmental changes)
- Xc nh cc tc ng n mi trng (Identifications)
- bo cc tc ng tim n (Forecast)
- nh gi cc tc ng n (Evaluation)
- xut cc bin php gim thiu hoc x (Mitigation remedies)
- xut chng trnh quan trc, theo di (Monitoring)
- o co v thng tin t qu (Communication)
S dng t qu ca T

18
2.3.2.1. inh nghia MC

heo herive v cng s, 1992 th qu trnh nh gi cc tc ng mi
trng ca mt chnh sch, mt hoch, quy hoch hoc mt chng trnh pht trin v cc
phng n thay th mt cch c h thng v ton din, vic chun b mt bo co v t
qu nh gi v s dng chng cho vic ra quyt nh mt cch c trch nhim.

Lut it am 2005 (iu 3, mc 19) nh ngha nh sau: qu
trnh phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n MT ca cc chin luc, quy hoach, k hoach phat
trin trc hi ph duyt nhm bo m PTBV.
2.3.2.2. Muc tiu va v nghia cua MC

c cc mc tiu v ngha sau y:
- to nn c s chn lc cc phng n thay th ca d n
- mc hoch cung cp cc chin c chc chn la chn cc phng
n thay th thch hp, xc nh nhng d liu thiu v tin hnh xem xt nh gi
tc ng mi trng mc d n mt cch tit im hn, nhanh hn v thit thc
hn qu trnh tip cn th bc trong nh gi tc ng mi trng.
- theo vng cung cp tm tt cc tc ng ca ton th cc hot ng ca mi
d n c thc hin trong vng, iu gip cho thng li hn trong
mc k hoch.
- TM mc d n h c th pht hin cc tc ng tch u nh gi tch u
tin hnh phn tch cc hu qu mi trng khi mt vng no chu sc p ca
cc tc ng qu h, hin ti v nhn thy tc ng c trong tng ai do cc d
n to nn rong trng hp ny MC s gip nng cao hiu qu ca cc bin
php gim thiu ca cc tc ng loi nh vy.
2.3.2.3. Phan bit gia TM va MC

S hc nhau gia v c trnh by bng di y:
T C
i tng t d n c th hin c, quy hoch, hoch,
chng trnh
c tiu Xc nh, d bo, phn tch v
nh gi tc ng mi trng 01
d n c th
Xc nh, d bo, phn tch v
nh gi tng hp hu qu mi
trng ca Chin c, quy hoch,
19
k hoch, chng trnh pht trin
vng, ngnh
uy trnh Xem xt, nh gi mi trng 01
d n c xc nh
Tin hnh song song vi qu trnh
xy dng chin c, quy hoch,
chng trnh v ng ghp vo bt
c qu trnh no ca chng
nh cht Chi tit hn v mang tnh i ph
vi tc ng tiu cc ca d n
Tng hp hn v mang tnh ch
ng (ngn nga)
hng php
nh gi
S dng cc phng php thng
thng, t quan tm n tc ng
tch hp, tng h, gin tip
S dng cc phng php tng
hp, quan tm n cc tc ng
tng hp, tch hp, tng h
h th nh gi iu chun mi trng iu ch pht trin bn vng
Sn phm a ra bin php gim thiu
nhim, cng ngh x , quan trc
mi trng m bo t TCMT
a ra cc xut nh hng,
lng ghp cc quan tm mi
trng trong chin c, k hach,
chng trnh m bo PTBV.
Mc nh
hng
ng cc b, cc bn in quan ng rng ln, ton x hi
2.3.3. nh gi c ng i ng y (Full EIA)
2.3.3.1. Chuan bi

Sau hi qu trnh t duyt v s b xt thy cn thit thc hin chi tit,
chng ta cn bt tay vo cng tc chun b ng tc chun b bao gm cc vic sau:

a. Thanh lap nhom chuvn gia TM
hm chuyn gia ny phi:
- m bo s chuyn gia c chuyn mn v v cc nh vc hot ng ca
d n.
- t cch c p (ndependent ssessment eam) v c quyn c c p vi
nhm xy dng d n.
- nhm trng chu trch nhim ch o v iu phi cc hot ng cho d
n.
- cn b in c (iu phi vin) chu trch nhim cu ni thng tin gia
nhm chuyn gia v cc c quan c in quan n d n.
20

b. Xac dinh pham vi cn thuc hin TM (c v khong gian, thoi gian va mc d sau
can cua vic danh gia)
- hm nh gi cn i vo nhng vn trng im, m r cc vn gay cn
nht da trn c s hoa hc v p ng c yu cu ca c quan qun .
- hi xc nh vn , nhm chuyn gia cn da trn yu cu t ra v thi gian
thc hin , v iu in ti chnh cho php.

c. Xac dinh cac co quan co tham quvn quvt dinh v tai chinh, k hoach, cap giav
phep va kim tra vic thuc hin du an (TM). Thit lap cac moi quan h cn thit
gia nhom danh gia voi co quan qun lv.

d. Thu thap cac luat, quv dinh co lin quan dn TM va linh vuc hoat dng cua du an.

e. Xav dung d cuong cho TM, trong d cuong phi lam r cac ni dung sau:
- ii thiu v d n cn (tn d n), mc ch c th ca vic nh gi (nhm
gii quyt vn g?).
- c phng php, vn bn hng dn c s dng trong qu trnh nh gi.
- c ti iu, t iu tham ho (s iu, bo co,) dng trong qu trnh nh gi.
- in v chng trnh quan trc mi trng (monitoring).
- in chng trnh m vic ca nhm nh gi (cc vic cn phi m, k hoch
v chng trnh m vic, k hoch hi tho, trao i in chuyn gia, in n, thi
gian np h s v bo v bo co, thi gian biu,).
- inh ph thc hin bo co, vin tr cn xin.
- cc cng vic hc
Cn u rng, cng ca cc d n quan trng phi c c quan qun
mi trng cp Trung ng, cp a phng tng ng vi mc , phm vi ca d n, xt
duyt v nht tr trc hi chnh thc tin hnh. n hn ch, trnh cc bt ng v ni dung,
mc , phm vi v phng php nh gi.
2.3.3.2. anh gia tac dng moi truong

1. Xac dinh kh nng tac dng dn moi truong cua du an
Buoc 1: Xc nh cc hot ng quan trng (key actions) ca d n
21
Mt d n thng c cc hot ng quan trng cn c m r t giai on xy dng
d n v hi d n i vo hot ng c hot ng ny ngun gy tc ng chnh n mi
trng sinh thi v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
d 1: ca mt D n xy dng h my ch bin thu sn 1000 tn sn phm/nm
c hot ng bao gm:
1 iai on trc khi D n i vo hot ng
- ng tc gii to mt bng: p ph, pht quang hu vc gy nn bi, ting n.
- San lp mt bng: gy bi, tc ng n nc ngm, nc cp, nc mt.
- hi cng xy dng:
+ Tp trung nguyn vt liu, thit b thi cng, cng nhn,
hi cng xy dng: bi, n, nc thi, h thi giao thng, ,
+ Lp t thit b: bi, n, ,
2 iai on d n i vo hot ng
- h thi
- c thi
- CTR
-

Buoc 2: Xc nh cc bin i mi trng t nhin, kinh t-x hi do cc hot dng
ca d n gy nn.
c bin i mi trng (environmenta changes) ny thng vt , ho hc, sinh
hc, tng ng vi mi mt hot ng ca d n nn
d 2: Hot ng ca d n nh my giy s gy nhim hng h do mi hi mercaptan
dn n cht ng hng h b thay i c thi cha nhiu bt giy, lignin, NaOH s
gy bin i cht ng nc mt, nc ngm, hot ng hai thc cy m ngun nguyn
liu cho sn xut giy gy nn mt cn bng sinh thi,
Buoc 3: Xc nh mc tc ng ca d n n v cht ng mi trng
sng ca con ngi.
c bin i mi trng ni trn (bin i bc 1) s c tc ng n ti nguyn thin
nhin, cc S, sc ho v cc iu in sng ca con ngi cc mc hc nhau tu
theo tnh cht v quy mi d n (bin i bc 2). d: t cc bin i bc 1 nu trn th cc
bin i bc 2 s sc kho cng ng b nh hng do nhim hng h, t b thoi ho
do ignin, xt, gia sc b bnh dch, c cht hoc nhim c vy, mc tiu ca
phi xc nh ng v cc hot ng ca d n, xem xt nh gi ton din c bin i mi
trng t nhin ng thi bin i v kinh t - vn ho- x hi. Cn phi un un so snh,
22
i chiu c c s ho hp gia hot ng pht trin (d n) vi kh nng chu ng ca
mi trng.
Buoc 4: D bo din bin ca cc tc ng mi trng

D n pht trin thng xuyn hot ng trong mt thi gian, trong qu trnh s c
cc din bin ca cc tc ng mi trng. D bo din bin mi trng mt qu trnh d
on theo thi gian (5 nm, 10 nm hoc 20 nm), theo hng gian (tc ng cc m rng
phm vi a gii hng), v theo cng tc ng (tng hay gim). D liu d bo cc d
iu dng trong vic xc nh cc tc ng hoc t inh nghim hoc t cc d n tng t.
c phng php s dng trong d bo gm:
- hng php chuyn gia da trn cc t qu quan trc mi trng nh gi
- hng php m hnh ho, ma trn hoc GIS.
- Cn phi nh gi tin cy ca kt qu d bo

Buoc 5: nh gi tm quan trng ca cc tc ng.
rong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, d bo din bin ca cc tc ng n
mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin, chng ta cn xc nh r cc tc ng, mc tc ng
v mc quan trng ca cc tc ng n mi trng t nhin v cht ng mi trng
sng rn c s chng ta c th lp danh mc theo th t u tin cc oi tc ng no
cn c kim sot, hnh ng no theo thi gian trin khai ca d n trong hng gian xem
xt Sau , trn c s tham kho in ca cc nh qun , cng ng dn c ni d n
c thc hin tin hnh so snh, i chiu vi cc yu cu, quy nh ca lut php, ngh nh,
quy chun v cc tiu chun.

h vy, qua trnh t cc bc nh trn, vic m r c cc ni dung sau:
- D n s gy nn nhng tc ng g n mi trng t nhin, ti nguyn thin nhin
v cht ng mi trng sng?
- Nhng tc ng no c nh hng tch cc nht, tiu cc nht n cht ng mi
trng, v tc ng no u tin cn phi c bin php im sot thch hp?

2. xuat cac phuong an gim thiu cac tac dng dn moi truong
Mc tiu ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng :
- rnh cho mi trng chu nhiu tc ng nhng d n vn phi hot ng c hiu
qu.
- Xc p s ph hp gia cc tc ng v mc chu ng ca mi trng.
23
- m bo chi ph hc phc mc m cng ng v ch d n c th chp
nhn c so vi li nhun.

Sau hi xc nh c cc tc ng v mc tc ng, trn c s cc hiu bit v
hoa hc, cng ngh v qun mi trng xut cc bin php c bn gim thiu cc
tc ng tiu cc n mi trng c bin php bao gm:

3. . . Thav di cac vu to cong ngh, cong trinh cua du an
hay i a im, tuyn ng vn chuyn, nhin iu, nguyn iu, quy trnh cng
ngh, t chc sn xut, qun sn xut
V d: thay i ngun nhin iu sy gch men t t bng du O thnh gas.
b. S dung cac bin phap kv thuat va cong ngh moi truong
c phng php, cc qu trnh cng ngh im sot nhim, x cc cht thi, sn
xut sch hn...
V d: s dng vi nc p c cao v sinh nh xng trong nh my ch bin thu
sn nhm tit kim nc cp v gim ng nc thi.
c. n bu thit hai
y gii php thng t c cng ng, ch u t cng nh cc nh qun mi
trng s dng n uy nhin, gii php ny cng c th xy ra trong ch u t d n c
th n b thit hi bng tin, hoc thc hin cc d n u t hc m i ch ca n c th
b p c nhng thit hi m d n gy ra

hc t cho thy hng c mt bin php no c th gim thiu c tt c cc tc
ng do d n gy ra. iu cn thit phi xem xt mt hoch ng b cc bin php,
ngi nh gi cn xut nhiu phng n hc nhau, mi phng n xut cn phn tch
nh gi u im, nhc im ngi ra quyt nh c th a chn c phng n thch
hp i vi iu in ca a phng.
hng thng cc phng php s dng trong vic a chn phng n gm:
- hn tch chi ph-i ch.
- hng php ma trn: thit p ma trn so snh.
- i chiu cc phng n: so snh hiu qu ca chng vi nhau.
3. xuat cac ni dung va vu cu quan trc moi truong
Mc d d n thc hin xong trong thc t, nhng cc d bo, cc php o
c, cc phng php so snh v nh gi hng bao gi hng c sai s. Mc hc, mi
trng t nhin, inh t-x hi un c bin ng do chu nh hng ca nhiu tc nhn bn
24
trong cng nh bn ngoi vy, cng tc quan trc mi trng rt cn thit nhm kim
sot mi trng ngy cng tt hn ng thi, n cng cng c nhm hiu chnh cc vng
mc trn v xut cc bin php hc phc p thi, gip ch cho c quan qun theo di
c cc xu th bin i ca mi trng.
u cu ca chng trnh quan trc :
- Xc nh a im, v tr thc hin quan trc.
- Xc nh cc phng php, cng c cn thc hin.
- Xc nh thi gian v cc bc quan trc ph hp.
- So snh, i chiu vi kt qu m
i dung quan trc, tn sut quan trc, v tr quan trc tu thuc vo mc tc ng
v tnh cht ca mi d n pht trin.
4. Trinh bav va thong bao kt qu TM
Mt ch c gi tr v pht huy c tc dng nu thng bo n c quan c thm
quyn kp thi v y . Nhng thng tin ny c gi i trong mt hung quy nh ca bo
co uy theo quy nh, bo co c gi v S TNMT, cc BVMT, V thm
nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng thm nh.
c ni dung chnh ca cn thng bo n cc c quan thm nh bao gm:
- m tt t qu nh gi.
- t hi qut d n.
- c tc ng chnh ca d n pht trin.
- c bin i ti nguyn, mi trng do hot ng ca d n gy nn.
- c phng n, cc bin php thut im sot, gim thiu tc ng.
- hn xt v tin cy ca t qu nh gi.
- c yu cu v ni dung quan trc.
- in ca cng ng dn c trn a bn d n.
- t un v in ngh.
5. S dung kt qu TM
o co c s dng nh sau:
- i n c quan c thm quyn xt duyt, qua chuyn vin hoc hi ng thm
nh tu theo quy m, phm vi nh hng ca d n.
- Sau hi ph duyt s t iu chnh thc ca h s d n.
- i n cc c quan, cc t chc v cc c nhn hi c cc yu cu chnh thc.
ic xt duyt c th a n cc t qu sau:
1. at vu cu:
25
- t yu cu, thc hin d n theo cc d n nh trnh by trong , hoc thc
hin vi cc iu chnh b sung cn thit (nu c).
- hc hin nhng cn tip tc quan trc, nh gi cht ng mi trng nh k.
- in ngh c quan chu trch nhim quan trc, nh gi.
2. Chua dat vu cu so voi cac tac dng, rui ro tim tang ma khi thuc hin du an gav
nn.
ic xem xt, nh gi i cc d n, cc tc ng thng sau hong thi gian t 5-
10 nm tu theo quy m v oi hnh ca d n.
26
CHNG III. CC PHNG PHP S NG TRONG NH GI
TC NG I TRNG

Mc tiu ca chng cung cp cc phng php (cng c) tin hnh thc
hin c phng php ny c th nghim v tng kt qua rt nhiu cng trnh
cho cc oi d n pht trin hc nhau uy nhin, vic s dng cc phng php ny
cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo trnh ca i ng chuyn gia o , cc bc thc hin
rt quan trng, n c nhim v m bo cht ng v im tra cht ng (QA/QC) cho
tin hnh mt , ngi ta thng s dng 7 phng php, bao gm:
hng php it k s liu v thng s mi trng (index methods).
hng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng (checklists).
hng php ma trn mi trng (matrices).
hng php chng ghp bn mi trng (overlay maps).
hng php s mng i (networks).
hng php m hnh (simulation modelling).
hng php phn tch chi ph li ch m rng (sound ecological principles).
3.1. Khi qut v cc phng php TM (EIA Methodologies)

Phn oi: c phng php c hnh thnh v s dng theo thi gian v c
chia thnh cc giai on nh sau:

Giai doan du nhng nm 1970 va thap kv 70: giai on ny ch s dng cc
thut n gin c phng php s dng ph bin bao gm phng php it cc s iu
mi trng (index), phng php danh mc cc iu in mi trng (checklists), ma trn
mi trng (matrices) v mng i (networks).

Giai doan thap kv 80 dn nav: S dng cc thut phc tp hn vi s h tr ca
cc i cng c my tnh in t v cc oi m hnh ton hc nh phng php m hnh
(modellings), phng php chp bn mi trng (overlay maps) Sau ny, hi xt n cc
kha cnh inh t th phng php phn tch chi ph i ch m rng (sound ecological
principles) c s dng nhiu hn nhm gn t vi cc d n pht trin.
heo mc phc tp ca thut nh gi: chia m hai oi n gin v phc tp.
heo i tng nh gi: phn oi nhm d n pht trin: xy dng c s h tng,
nng m ng nghip v giao thng thu i...
27
heo quan im v mi quan h qua i gia con ngi v mi trng: xem xt n
mi quan h ngc tr i ca cc vn mi trng n con ngi.
3.2. Phng php it cc thng s mi trng (Index methods)

heo phng php ny, hi phn tch nh gi ca mt hot ng pht trin,
ngi nh gi ch chn ra mt s cc thng s c in quan n mi trng, it ra v cho
cc s iu c in quan n cc thng s , chuyn n ngi ra quyt nh xem xt.
n thn ngi nh gi hng c cc in, nhn xt v nh gi g c gi ra
quyt nh s a chn phng n m theo cm tnh sau hi c bn it cc s iu ny.
d:
thng cng trnh hai thc ti nguyn nc trn u vc sng c th c thc hin
theo cc phng n hc nhau c phng n bao gm , v hng n phng
n hng thc hin d n.
heo inh nghim v cm tnh, ngi thc hin a ra 11 thng s m theo h
cc thng s thc s c in quan n ti nguyn mi trng trn u vc. c thng s
ny c lit trong bng 1.
ng . it cc s iu v thng s mi trng ca h thng thu i
TT Thng s
Phng n
A B C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
S h cha nc trong h thng
in tch mt nc
ng ven h
in tch ti
in tch t b thu hp
i tch b ngp
n ch s xi mn
ng mc hai thc thu sn
hng tt
o nn cc dch bnh
in ch qun cn thit
4
8500
190
40000
10000
11
4cp
4 cp
tt
cp 4
1000
1
1300
65
12000
2000
13
1cp
1cp
va
1 cp
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

u im:
- n gin, s c v rt c ch trong cc nh gi mang tnh cht s b ban u hoc
hng c cc iu in v chuyn gia, s iu hoc inh ph thc hin vic mt
cch y .
Nhc im:
- c s iu vn cn mang tnh cht rt s si, cm tnh, chung chung, cha phn nh
c bn cht ca s tc ng n mi trng ca cc hot ng pht trin d n.
28
3.3. Phng php danh mc cc iu in mi trng (Checklists)

y phng php c s dng h ph bin trong v n c vai tr rt ln
trong vic m r cc tc ng xy ra hng php danh mc thng da trn c s cc danh
mc c trng v cc danh mc c phn chia theo mc phc tp.
guyn tc chung it thnh mt danh mc tt c cc nhn t mi trng c in
quan n hot ng pht trin ca d n m cn nh gi. anh mc ny s c gi n tt
c cc chuyn gia nh gi tng ngi cho in ring ca mnh in c th ca mt
nhm chuyn gia, tp th in ngnh tho un i n nh gi chung.
nhiu loi danh mc gm: danh mc n gin, danh mc m t, danh mc dng
cu hi, danh mc c ghi mc tc ng, danh mc c ghi trng s mc tc ng.
3 Dnh c n gin (Simple checklists)

L oi danh mc ch cn lit cc nhn t mi trng cn c xem xt tng ng
vi tng giai on hot ng pht trin ch hng phi tng hot ng c th ca d n pht
trin.
d: Danh mc n gin ca cc tc ng mi trng tim tng i vi mt d n pht trin
bn cng nh sau:
Cc tc ng mi trng tim tng
Giai on y
dng d n
Giai on d n
i vo hot ng
Sn chng g
No vt (sng, bin)

Lm xo trn ni tr n ca chim bin

Hot ng du lch n mi trng vng ven bin

s h tng

S bi lng ph sa

Mt c bin

Ting n

Khai thc m chn sng

c ng x hi

iao thng

Mt thm thc vt trn cn (san lp mt bng)

Cht ng nc

Ngun: (Harvey 1998, p.13)

29
32 Dnh c Descriptive checklists)

ng vi vic lit cc nhn t mi trng danh mc m t c thuyt minh thm v
s la chn cc nhn t mi trng , phng php thu thp s liu, o c cc s liu
ghi vo trong danh mc.
3 Dnh c dng cu hi Questionnaire checklists)

hng php ny c s dng bng cch xy dng cc cu hi in quan n tng
ha cnh mi trng cn nh gi, phiu tr li s nhn c t chuyn gia v c cng
ng, t phn tch v nh gi
d 1: rch dn danh mc ca cng trnh ti nc cho sn xut nng nghip (theo
gn hng ht trin hu 1987)
Tc ng ca d n (do
v tr cng trnh)
Tn hi n TNMT
Bin php bo v
TNMT
nh gi mc
tc ng

Mt rng Mt TNTN h hi thit k
gn cn s i i ca
ngi, ng vt
Lm xo trn i sng
ngi dn, ni c tr
ca ng vt
h hi thit k
Xung t quyn li v
ngun nc
Bt bnh ng trong
x hi
h hi thit k
v qun

(Ngun: Nguyn 2005)
Ghi chu: : ng : hng ng

30
d 2: anh mc tc ng n mi trng ca mt d n giao thng
TT i tng chu tc ng
Tc ng tch cc Tc ng tiu cc
NH DH L BT NH DH P RL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
H sinh thi nc ngt
Ngh c
Rng
ng vt trn cn
Sinh vt qu him
c mt
Cht ng nc mt
ph ca t
c ngm
Cht ng hng h
Vn ti ng thu
Vn ti ng b
ng nghip
X hi
M quan, phong cnh

*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*

*
*
*

(Ngun: Trn 2008)
Ghi chu: NH: gn hn DH: i hn L: Ln : ng
BT: nh thng P: a phng RL: Rng n
34 Dnh c c ghi c c ng Scaling checklists)

Danh mc ny cung cp mt phm vi ch quan chung i vi tng nhn t mi trng
(v d -3 n +3) nhm xc nh mc tc ng ca hot ng pht trin i vi tng nhn
t mi trng.
35 Dnh c c ghi ng s c c ng (Scaling-weighting checklists)

Danh mc ny c xem tng i phc tp hn so vi cc danh mc khc v s
kt hp vi danh mc ghi mc tc ng. Trong danh mc ny, ngoi vic ghi mc tc
ng cn phi c thm trng s (weighting), hay cn gi mc quan trng ca tng yu
t mi trng chu tc ng vo y, ta tin hnh cho im v cht ng v mc quan
trng ca cc yu t. Tip theo, c th tng hp mi yu t li thnh ch s (hay n v nh
gi) nh gi tc ng.
31
Ch s (n v nh gi) E =

= =
m
i
m
i
i i i i
W V W V
1 1
2 1
* ) ( * ) (
y: E tc ng mi trng
(V
i
)
1
: i tr cht ng thng s mi trng th i hi c d n
(V
i
)
2
: i tr cht ng thng s mi trng th i hi cha c d n
W
i
: Trng s hay mc quan trng (gi tr tng i) ca yu t th i
m: Tng s cc thng s mi trng c xem xt
d: nh gi chi tit ch tiu cht ng nc ca mt h cha nc cho sn xut nng
nghip (theo 5 phng n)

Cc thng s mi trng
Phng n nc ng h cha hi thi cng
PA
1
PA
2
PA
3
PA
4
PA
5
1. pH
2. Fe tng, Mg tng
3. cng tng s
5
5
2
2
2
5
3
3
3
4
4
3
1
1
1

Ghi ch: PA
1

5
: 5 phng n x ng h cha hi thi cng
Kt lun: hng n 1 chu tc ng ln nht, phng n 5 t chu tc ng nht.

h vy, phng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng c cc u im v nhc
im sau:

u im:
- rng, d hiu nu ngi nh gi am hiu v ni dung ca hot ng pht trin
(ni dung d n), v iu in t nhin v cc iu in x hi ti ni thc hin d n.
- a ra t qu tt cho vic quyt nh.

Nhc im:
- Cha ng nhiu nhn t ch quan ca ngi nh gi.
- h thuc nhiu vo nhng quy c c tnh cht cm tnh v tm quan trng, cc cp
bc v cc im s ca tng thng s.
- n ch trong vic tng hp cc tc ng, i chiu, so snh vi cc phng n hc
nhau.

32
3.4. Phng php ma trn mi trng (Matrices)

y phng php phi hp lit cc hnh ng ca hot ng pht trin (hay hot
ng ca d n) v it cc yu t mi trng (ch tiu mi trng) c th b tc ng vo
mt ma trn (bng) tin hnh nh gi
rong ma trn, cc nhn t chu tc ng c it vo trc tung (ct ng) v cc
hot ng pht trin c it vo trc honh (ct ngang) hoc ngc i.
ch m ny c th cho chng ta thy c mi quan h nhn-qu gia cc tc ng
hc nhau n mt nhn t mi trng mt cch ng thi c dng ma trn mi trng
thng c s dng bao gm cc oi sau:
3.4.1. Phng php n ng c n gin Sipe Inecion ices)

y cn gi phng php ma trn nh tnh v bn nh ng. Trong ma trn ny,
trc tung cc hot ng (hnh ng) ca d n v trc honh cc yu t mi trng. Tu
theo mc c th m c ngi ta thng s dng du () biu th hnh ng c tc
ng n yu t mi trng, i hi r hn ngi ta cn chia cc tc ng theo mc (v
d ++, +, 0, -).
hng php ny mt dng danh mc cc iu in mi trng ci tin uy nhin,
n c u im hn c th cho chng ta thy ng thi tc ng ca mt hnh ng pht
trin n nhiu nhn t mi trng v ngc i, mt hc cho chng ta thy ton cnh bc
tranh tng tc ca nhiu yu t.
d: cho mt n ci to mt thnh ph theo phng php ma trn nh sau:
c nhn t mi trng
c hnh ng c tc ng n mi trng
iai on thi cng Chuyn
tip
Sau khi d n i vo hot ng (a vo s dng)
Chuyn
ch
Chuyn
ch
m
vic
h
sa
m
mi
h
dng
tm

s
dch
v
mi
h

mi
Ca
hng
mi
i

xe
ng
vin
Di
tch
vn
ho
ng
ph
Yu to vat lv
a cht th nhng
Cng rnh v sinh
Cp nc
y xanh
ng vt
Cht ng hng h
S dng t n cn
hot nc ma
ng ph
iao thng cng cng
B hnh
Khong trng

Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
-
Kr

Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
-
Kr
-
Kr

Kr
-
-
-
Kr
-
-
-
-
-
-
Kr

Kr
-
-
-
Kr
Kr
-
-
-
-
-
-

Kr
+
++
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
++
+
+
Kr
++

Kr
+
+
++
Kr
-
++
+
+
0
++
-

Kr
+
+
+
Kr
-
Kr
+
+

++
-

Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
-
Kr
Kr
++
0
+
++

++
Kr
Kr
++
-
+
++
+
Kr
Kr
++
0

Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
Kr
+
++
Kr
Kr
0
0
0

Kr
+
+
Kr
Kr
Kr
0
+
+
0
0

Yu to x hi
tr
rng hc

-

-

-

-

33
Mv quan
Cnh p
i tch ch s

Kr
Kr

Kr
Kr

-
-

-
-

Kr
+

+
Kr

+
Kr

-
0

++
+

-
++

Kr
Kr
(Ngun: Nguyn 2005)
Ghi chu: r: hng r tc ng 0 = hng tc ng : tc ng tch cc
-: tc ng tiu cc --: tc ng rt tiu cc : tc ng rt tch cc
342 Phng php n nh ng Qunified ices) hy n nh cp
(Graded Matrices)

hng php ny nh ng ho phng php ma trn tng tc n gin. Trong ma
trn ny, ct ng cng ghi cc hnh ng pht trin ca d n ang c xem xt, ct ngang
ghi cc yu t mi trng c th chu tc ng do cc hnh ng gy ra uy nhin, trong mi
ca ma trn hng ch ghi c hoc hng tc ng m cn nh ng theo im h
vy, ma trn ny hng nhng cho php tm ra c tc ng c hay hng, m cn cho thy
mc tc ng do hnh ng no ca d n gy ra i vi yu t mi trng no
th phn chia mc tc ng t 1 n 5, hoc chn khong no ph hp vi
yu cu uy nhin, theo quy c ca Leopod (ngi u tin ngh phng php ny vo
nm 1971) th mc tc ng c chia thnh 10 cp (thang im 10) rong , tc ng
thp nht 1 im, tc ng cao nht 10 im, c th nh sau:
1-3: Mc tc ng nh, nhn t mi trng t quan trng.
4-7: Mc tc ng v tm quan trng ca nhn t mi trng va phi.
8-10: Mc tc ng rt ln, nhn t mi trng rt quan trng.
Trong mi ca ma trn, ngi ta thng trnh by c 2 i ng mc ca tc
ng v tm quan trng ca tc ng
- Tm quan trng ca tc ng c ghi goc duoi bn phi ca ma trn.
- Mc tc ng c ghi goc trn bn trai ca ma trn.
Tm quan trng ca tc ng nh gi vai tr, v tr ca tc ng n yu t mi
trng trng thi no ca d n hng thng trng thi thc hin d n v trng thi
d n ang vn hnh (ti thi im 5 nm, 10 nm hay 20 nm) c tc ng cho thy
kh nng nh ng ca tc ng n mi trng.
ic quy c mc tc ng ph thuc vo ngi nh gi, tm quan trng ca cc
nhn t mi trng ph thuc vo cm tnh ca ngi nh gi hoc ca cng mt nhm
chuyn gia nh gi ic a chn nhn t no quan trng thng c quyt nh sau hi x
cc s iu iu tra v x hi hc i vi cng ng dn c v tham ho in cc nh
chuyn mn

34
d: Ma trn tc ng mi trng nh ng ca d n nh my bt giy nh sau
c hot ng
ca DA
hnh phn MT
Xy
dng
S dng
thuc
BVTV
Cp
nc
c thi c
thi
h thi Tng
Cht ng nc mt
4 2 6
4 8 12
Cht ng hng h
3 4 7
6 5 11
Thu sn
2 2 4
5 7 12
MT sng ca sinh vt nc
2 2 4
8 5 13
Sinh vt cn
2 2
5 5
Cung cp nc
3 2 5
6 7 13
Thu vn nc mt
1 1
7 7
Sc kho
3 2 2 7
5 8 6 19
Tng
5 7 1 7 10 6 36
11 19 7 9 35 11 92
(Ngun: Nguyn 2005)
u im:
- hng php ma trn mi trng tng i n gin.
- c s dng mt cch h ph bin, hng i hi qu nhiu cc s iu v mi
trng, sinh thi.
- ho php chng ta xem xt mt cch tng th v ng thi cc tc ng ca hot
ng pht trin n tng cc nhn t mi trng, cng nh nhn t mi trng no s chu tc
ng nhiu nht hi d n pht trin c trin hai.

Nhc im:
- ha xem xt cc mi quan h gia cc tc ng vi nhau.
- ha xt c s din bin ca cc tc ng theo hng gian v thi gian.
- ha phn bit c cc tc ng trc mt, cng nh u di i vi tng nhn t
mi trng.
- ic xc nh tm quan trng ca nhn t mi trng, ch tiu cht ng mi trng
cn mang tnh cht ch quan.
- ic quy tng tc ng ca mt phng n vo mt con s hng gip g thit thc
cho vic ra quyt nh.
- S phn bit hu vc chu tc ng, h nng trnh, gim cc tc ng cha th hin
trn ma trn.
35
3.5. Phng php chp bn (Overlay maps)

y phng php c tnh h thi rt cao do c s kt hp vi cng c hin i GIS
(h thng thng tin a ), vin thm v cc phn mm c trng
- S dng cc bn v cc c trng c bn v mi trng ti cc hu vc nghin
cu c bn ny thng c s dng dng trong sut.
- i mt bn din t tng i ng c trng mi trng c xc nh qua
cc s iu, d iu iu tra c bn hay thu thp c c c trng c bn c th hin qua
m nht ca mu sc.
- hp cc bn ny i vi nhau theo cc vn cn quan tm ic nh gi da
trn c s m nht ca t hp cc mu sc a ra cc nh gi v nhn nh theo
cc phng n hc nhau.

u im:
- hng php ny n gin, r rng, d hiu v c tnh thuyt phc cao do t qu
c hin th bng trc gic qua cc hnh v.
- Trong nhng nm gn y, phng php ny bt u c p dng mnh m vi s
pht trin ca thut GIS.
- hch hp i vi cc d n quy hoch chi tit, quy hoch s dng t nng m
nghip, th v giao thng cho cc mc ch inh t hc nhau.
Nhc im:
- hi ph tng i cao nn t c p dng rng ri.
- c yu t mi trng, t nhin ch c thc hin trng thi tnh.
- o cc yu t mi trng ch c tnh hi qut, cc nh gi cui cng v tc
ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo ch quan ca ngi nh gi.
3.6. Phng php s mng i (Networks)

hng php ny da trn nguyn ca vic nghin cu cc dng nng ng, dng
tun hon vt cht trong mng i, cc chui thc n trong cc h thng t nhin (h sinh
thi).
Ni dung:
- hn tch cc tc ng song song v ni tip do cc hnh ng ca hot ng pht
trin gy ra.
36
- Lit ton b cc hnh ng (actions) trong cc hot ng (activities) v xc nh
cc mi quan h nhn qu trong cc hnh ng . T , ta c c s mng i cc mi
quan h trc tip thng v cc mi quan h ngang ca mi hnh ng tng ng.
- rn mng i ta c th phn bit cc tc ng bc (do hnh ng trc tip gy ra)
v cc tc ng bc do cc tc ng bc gy ra ip tc xem xt cc tc ng bc ,
IV... v cc tc ng cui cng trong phm vi hng gian v trong hong thi gian m chng
ta cn xem xt v nh gi.
ic xem xt, nh gi cc tc ng trn c s cc tc ng c i hoc hng c i
n cc nhn t mi trng.

u im:
- ho chng ta bit c cc nguyn nhn, con ng dn n cc tc ng bt i n
mi trng xut cc bin php phng trnh ngay t cc hu quy hoch, thit v
t chc cc hnh ng pht trin.
Nhc im:
- h tp trung vo cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. Nu tp trung n ha cnh
tch cc th hng th so snh c ci c v ci mt hi hot ng pht trin c trin
khai.
- hng xem xt c s thay i theo hng gian v thi gian, trc mt cng nh
u di.
Phm vi ng dng:
hn tch cc tc ng n mi trng sinh thi, h s dng i vi cc tc ng x
hi, cc vn v thm m v cnh quan.
3.7. Phng php m hnh (Modellings)

y phng php dng cc m hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng rong cc
nm gn y, phng php ny c s dng tng i rng ri, c bit trong nh vc d
bo. hng php ny thch hp cho cc m t v hot ng pht trin, xc nh nhng hnh
ng ch yu ca hot ng.
Tnh din in c ho ng:
- hnh p cc mi quan h nh ng gia cc hnh ng ca hot ng pht trin
vi cc nhn t mi trng vi nhau, cng nh mi quan h gia cc nhn t vi
nhau.
- Xy dng m hnh ton hc bng cc phng trnh ton hc chung cho ton b s
hot ng, phn nh mt cch y cu trc v cc mi quan h trong m hnh.
37
h vy, m hnh cho php chng ta d bo c cc din bin c th xy ra ca mi
trng , chng ta c th a chn cc phng n ti u (cc ch bn hc nhau) a
mi trng vo trng thi ti u v d bo mi trng trong cc thi im hc nhau cng
nh cc iu in hc nhau.
T chc hc hin:
- n c thc hin bi cc nhm chuyn gia in ngnh cng xy dng m hnh
Xc nh cc mi in quan, cc mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong m hnh Xc nh
cc iu in bin, iu in ban u v gi nh cc chin c, chin thut hc nhau
iu hin hot ng. Chy m hnh on nhn cc t qu mong mun n tin hnh,
hiu chnh nhiu n c c cc t qu nh mong mun.
- hng php ny c s dng rt rng ri v thch hp trong cc cng tc quy
hoch v quan trc mi trng.

ghin cu in hnh:
Mo hinh vat lv:
- Xy dng m hnh vt m phng a bn thc hin d n c th a chn
tu theo iu in v h nng cho php.
- in hnh hiu chnh v chy m hnh vi cc iu in tng t nh t nhin, xem
xt xu th thay i theo hng gian v thi gian.
- hy m hnh trong cc iu in gi nh hc nhau, cc bin php hc phc v
bo v hc nhau, t rt ra phng n ti u la chn.
Mo hinh toan hoc:
hng php nh gi thch nghi (Adaptic Enviromenta ssessment) E do oing
thc hin, 1987
1 hnh p tp th nghin cu: bao gm cc nh sinh hc, inh t, chuyn gia
thut v cc nh qun .
2 Xc nh ranh gii hng gian v thi gian nghin cu.
3 im tra cc s iu, xy dng cc hot ng nghin cu, xc p m hnh v cc
thnh phn ca n.
4 iu chnh m hnh, xc nh cc h s ca cc thng s, qu trnh c in quan.
5 hn tch cc tc ng c th xy ra theo cc phng n hc nhau, cc ch bn gi
nh hc nhau.
6 hnh i theo cc ti iu, cc phng n hng ch, khc phc v a ra cc t
qu cui cng trnh n c quan qun mi trng.

38
u i:
- c s dng rt ph bin (i vi m hnh ton hc)
- Xem xt c cc tc ng theo hng gian v thi gian.
- Cho php thc hin cc gi nh hc nhau la chn phng n ti u nht.
hc im:
- hng php ny i hi inh ph cao, tin hnh o c v quan trc mi trng
xc nh cc h s ca cc qu trnh xy ra trong h thng i hi nhiu nh chuyn gia v
cc tp th cc nh hoa hc chuyn ngnh.
- hi gian o di, inh ph cao (i vi m hnh vt ).
3.8. Phng php phn tch chi ph i ch m rng (Sound Ecological Principles)

c phng php trnh by trc y c s dng tu theo yu cu ca v tu
theo cc yu t mi trng c chn lc xem xt tc ng n n uy vy, cc phng
php thng c thc hin tt vi yu t ti nguyn, mi trng t nhin hi cn nh
gi tc ng ca cc hnh ng d n n cc thnh phn kinh t, x hi th rt h rong
trng hp ny ngi ta s dng phng php phn tch chi ph-li ch m rng. Li ch v
chi ph y cn hiu theo ngha rng bao gm tt c cc chi ph i ch v mi trng v
ti nguyn thin nhin vy, phng php ny cn c gi phng php cc nguyn tc
thn thin vi sinh thi (sound ecoogica principes)
guyn c chung:
hng php phn tch chi ph-li ch c thc hin trn cc nguyn tc chnh sau:
1. c hot ng pht trin u c thc hin trong cc h t nhin (natural systems),
v vy, trong quy hoch pht trin v cc d n in quan phi c nhng hiu bit y
v cc h t nhin
t nhin y bao gm:
c nhn t v mi trng ti nguyn (hiu theo ngha rng).
i nguyn thin nhin hu hn, ch p ng c yu cu trong phm vi ca
nhng quy ut iu hin ca h thng o , cn to thm cc dng nng ng v
nhng quy ut i vo h thng.
ng i vo cc dng pht trin hng thay i v h t nhin s thay i do chu
nhng tc ng ca cc hot ng pht trin.
rong phng php phn tch chi ph-i ch cn nm c nhng thng tin trc tip
v gin tip c th xem xt v nh gi mt cch ton din.
s tin hnh suy un v phn tch nhng in thc chuyn mn thuc ngnh
ca cc hot ng pht trin, cc in thc v inh t, mi trng v sinh thi.
39
Theo phng php ny th ngi nh gi d c thuc chuyn mn no i chng na
cng phi nm c nhng in thc c bn v sinh thi hc, v cc dng nng ng, dng
tun hon vt cht trong cc h sinh thi, chui thc n, mt xch thc n, cc chu trnh sinh-
a-ho, chu trnh trao i cht nh cc chu trnh carbon, nit, pht pho... v cc din bin ca
h sinh thi.
2 n nm vng c nhng c im c bn ca cc h sinh thi trn cn, di
nc, cc u vc ca dng chy c h sinh thi t nhin cng nh nhn to c iu
hin bi con ngi n ch cc yu t ca h sinh thi nhn vn, sinh thi x hi c in
quan trc tip hoc gin tip n cc mc tiu c bn ca pht trin -XH.
3 n s dng hp ti nguyn thin nhin v vn bo v mi trng cn ch
trc ht n nhng vn bo v rng, bo v t cng nh bo v ngun nc, cc h
sinh thi c hu nh ca sng, cc vng ca sng, ven bin, cc vng t ngp nc, vng
m, vn bo v mi trng hng h, nc, t, bo v cc danh am thng cnh v cc
di tch vn ho v ch s...
Tnh thc hin:
- Lit tt c cc ti nguyn c chi dng trong mi hot ng ca d n, c
ti nguyn con ngi. Lit tt c cc sn phm thu c, k c ph thi c gi
tr hon nguyn
- Xc nh tt c mi hnh ng tiu th, hnh ng m suy gim ti nguyn, c
cc hot ng gy nhim.
- Lit nhng ha cnh c i cho ti nguyn, nhng cha c xt n trong
n hot ng, cc h nng nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn.
- Lit vo n hot ng nhng vn cn b sung cho d n s dng hp
v pht huy c ti a cc h nng ca ngun ti nguyn.
- Din t cc t qu nu trn vo bo co S dng phng php trnh by
kiu bng so snh chi ph li ch (tng t nh trong cc bo co inh t thun
tu).
Cn u rng: S dng phng php phn tch chi ph-li ch m rng phi tnh ton
thc hin cho ton b d n sau ny s i vo hot ng (v d sau 30-50 nm) t nht nn
tnh ton cho tng giai on, sau tin hnh tng hp cho ton b.
c i ng thng c s dng trong phn tch chi ph-li ch :
38 Gi i nhun hin i e Pesen Vue - NPV)

i tr li nhun hin ti (sau y gi i nhun) cn c gi i rng, hiu
NPV.
40
ng thc xc nh li nhun nh sau:
NPV =
(
+
+
+

= =
n
t
t
t
O
n
t
t
t
r
C
C
r
B
1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
(1)

rong :
r: s chit hu theo thi gian
n: S nm ca thi gian hot ng c i ch
C
o
: hi ph ban u ca d n (ti nm th nht)
C
t
: hi ph ti nm t
B
t
: Li nhun ti nm t
t: thi gian tnh ton
i tr chnh gi tr li nhun tch u, n ph thuc nhiu vo yu t bin
ng, c bit h s chit khu (r) v thi gian (n) hng thng, tng dn t gi tr
m n hng (0), ri n mt gi tr no
Khi tin hnh so snh vic thc hin ca mt s d n cng oi th s dng
NPV ca d n so snh u nh nhau, ta chn phng n c u t ban u (C
0
) b,
ngha ch hon ton da vo yu t kinh t rong trng hp nh vy, ta tip tc tham
kho ma trn mi trng xem xt y cc ha cnh hc
382 Su i nhun hoc su i ch-chi ph B/C)

i ng nh trnh by trn cho thy c i rng tc ng i (tnh
theo tin) trong khong thi gian hot ng no i tr ny c th cao hay thp, song cha
phn nh c hiu qu ca hot ng d n so vi ng vn u t hiu r hn vn
ny, chng ta s dng i ng sut li nhun (/), c tnh bi:
B/C =
=
=
+
+
+
=
n
t
t
t
o
n
t
t
t
r
C
C
r
B
Chiphi
Loinhuan
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
(2)
ngha ca cc i ng B, C
0
, t, r, C
t
ging nh biu thc (1) mc III.8.1
T (2) th ta thy rng, theo thi gian hot ng, theo yu cu tip cn th trng, trnh
sn xut v cc yu t hc th gi tr / tng dn n Lc u c th ch t B/C<1, ri
bng 1 Sau , t s ny s ln hn 1, ri t n mt gi tr gii hn ca d n hay mt hot
ng X no
goi ra, chng ta cn s dng i ng h s hon vn ni ti - (Internal
Return Rate), hoc t s vn u t ban u so vi tng li nhun sau mt khong thi gian
41
38 H s hon n ni i K) Inen Reun Re)

H s hon vn ni ti () c tnh theo cng thc sau:
0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
0
1
=
(
+
+
+

= =
n
t
t
t
n
t
t
t
K
C
C
K
B
(3)
Mt d n nu c n th thng c chn.
384 T s n u n u so i ng s i nhun

i ng ny cho thy t l vn u t so vi li nhun ca ton b d n hoc so
vi mt giai on ca d n c tranh ny cho php cc nh qun thc thi cc nhim v
thu hi vn, quyt nh thi gian d n hon thnh giai on thi cng, thi gian d n c
php hot ng cng cho php cc nh qun xy dng quy hoch sn xut hp , tng
hoc gim thi gian sn xut ca d n v cc ha cnh hc
T s vn u t ban u so vi tng s li nhun c tnh theo cng thc sau:
T s vn u t/li nhun =
=
+
n
t
t
t t
r C B
C
1
0
) ) 1 /( ) ((
(4)
y cn u rng gi tr B
t
v
t
hng c ngha nh chnh bn thn n biu
thc (1) v (2), m cn phi hiu chi ph v i nhun t khi d n vn hnh cho n
nm th t.
hng php phn tch chi ph-li ch m rng ch yu xem xt trn ha cnh kinh t
v inh t ti nguyn mi trng. Trong mt s trng hp, cc d n quan trng cn c
thc hin theo mt vi phng php t hp.
c th phn tch y v ng v chi ph-li ch ca mt d n pht trin hoc
mt hot ng KTXH, chng ta cn hiu bit hn na v cc vn sau:
hn tch chi ph-li ch
hn tch inh t ng dng
hn tch inh t mi trng
hn tch mi trng
iu ch mi trng v phng php tip cn
hn tch bin ng theo thi gian
S gim thu nhp theo thi gian
Ri ro
nh ton chi ph phng nga
hn tch nh gi ri ro
hn tch tc ng x hi ca d n pht trin
42
goi nhng vn trn, chng ta un un cp nht nhng vn sau y:
Lut, uy nh, Ngh nh, hng t, ng c mi
c tiu chun, quy chun quc gia mi nht
c cng ngh mi c s dng trong quan trc, o c mi trng
hng thc qun cht ng h thng (/) v cc tiu ch tin hnh cc d
n, cc hot ng KTXH.
43
CHNG IV. NH GI RI RO I TRNG (GRRT)

4.1. Khi nim v ri ro mi trng

Ri ro mi trng nhng tn hi bt ng hng ng trc c xy ra gy tn hi
n c s vt cht (nh ca, cng xng, ng s, h p, sn bay, bn cng,) hoc sc
kho cng ng (bnh dch, h c, nc bn,) hoc n ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
(rng, sng h, ngun nc, hong sn v a dng sinh hc).
tin hnh nh gi ri ro, chng ta c th theo hng dn sau.

Hnh 4.. Cc bc trong nh gi ri ro c s dng M (Ngun: Nguyn 2005)

- Xc nh khu vc i hi phi c s nng cp, b sung (c bit i vi cc nh my
mi xy dng v c s thay i cng ngh).
- rnh by c rng: hot ng ca cng trnh an ton
- Bo m c gi tr tin t vic cung cp an ton bn cht nh gi ri c
s dng xc nh u tin i vi chi ph cc bin php m gim thiu ri ro.
- Hi ng nghin cu quc gia M (1983) xut v pht trin mt c cu nh
gi ri ro, v c cu c c quan bo v mi trng M (USEPA) s dng t nm 1986,
ghin cu nh gi ri ro Qun ri ro
hng th nghim v
quan st thc a v
nh hng xu i
vi sc kho v tip
xc i vi tng
cht c.
hng tin v cc
phng php ngoi
suy v liu ng
cao, thp i vi
ngi v sinh vt.
o c ngoi thc
a, tnh ton h
nng tip xc, c
im dn c
Xc nh him ho
c t c gy ra
him ha xu
hng?
nh gi s phn
ng li liu ng
(mi quan h gia
liu ng v phm
vi nh hng i
vi ngi gi?
nh gi tip xc
no thng b v
bit trc c
trong nhng iu
kin hc nhau
no?
c im
ri ro, phm
vi nh
hng xu
g trong
phm vi mt
nhm dn s
bit
ht trin cc
bin php a
chn iu
chnh
nh gi hu
qu sc kho,
kinh t, x hi,
chnh tr ca cc
phng n a
chn iu chnh
quan quyt
nh v hnh
ng
44
nhng ng tic n cn c nhiu hn ch i vi ADB. s hnh 4.1 c m t h thng v
thi gian, bc ny rt cn thit xc nh nhng im quan trng xy ra cc him ha v
cc cht c hi.
4.2. C cu ri ro c ut cho cc d n pht trin

m 1983, i ng nghin cu quc gia M trnh by cc bc nh gi ri ro
trong mt c cu thch hp v n c c quan bo v mi trng M (USEPA) s dng t
nm 1986
rung tm ng y, Smith v cng s (1988) a ra c cu nh gi ri ro nh
sau (hnh 4.2).

Hnh 4.2. C cu nh gi ri ro do Smith v cng s xut 1998

nh 43 di y m r c mi quan h ca hi nim c bn v nh gi ri ro
vi cc qu trnh nh gi ri ro v cc bc hot ng (bc hng dn).

Xc nh mi nguy him
nh ton, phn tch him ho (nh ngha
v chu trnh dng, h thng gii hn, quy
trnh chit xut, vn chuyn v phn tn)
nh gi ng truyn mi trng (nh
gi ny c in quan n cc nh hng xu
nh hm ng, tip xc, iu ng)
c tnh ri ro
Qun ri ro
45

Hnh 4.3. Mi quan h hi nim nh gi ri ro (Ngun: Nguyn 2005)

rong , ngi ra thng s dng mt b 3 cu hi sau:
1. Cai gi s xv ra doi voi du an?
nh hng g c th xy ra v tc ng n sc kho ca con ngi? nh hng ny
c th lan truyn qua mi trng (nc, hng h, t, thc phm)?
c hu qu m cht ngi, tai nn c th xy ra?
2. Pham vi va mc d quan trong cua cac hau qu xau la gi?
S ng ngi b nh hng, s ng tin tiu ph, ca ci b h hi, vng a b
tn ph?
3. Hau qu xau ra sao?
Vi tn sut no gy ra cc hu qu xu , bng chng lch s v thc t kinh nghim
no c xem xt h nng ri ro c th xy ra?
4.3. Mi nguy him v s hng chc chn
Mi nguy him c in quan n cc d n pht trin kinh t bao gm:
- o cht c hi i vi ngi v ng thc vt.
- Vt cht d chy, d n.
- c thit b c hc b h hng s rt nguy him i vi ngi v ca ci.
Xc nh him ha
Kim ton him ha
nh gi ng
truyn mi trng
c tnh ri ro
Qun ri ro
(hi nim c bn
v )
u trnh (ng dn)
i g c th dn
n sai?
Mc khc nghit
ca hu qu xu?
Hu qu xu nh th
no xy ra?
i g cn phi m
gim ri ro?
im qua
Gii hn
S thc hin
46
- c cng trnh v, h hng (p nc).
- hin tai m tng mc h hi k thut.
- n ph h sinh thi (ph dng ho, xi mn t)
hng tin v cc him ho trn nu hng chc chn th c th cn n
- Tim nng gy ra cc ho cht c hi. T l v s ng.
- Ho hon v gy n.
- Vn chuyn v s hu hoi ca cht gy nhim c trong mi trng.
- o tan, phn tn mt cch c hc.
- Tip xc vi c t, ai tip xc, bao nhiu ngi, bao u
- D on iu ng xm nhp vo ngi da trn th nghim ng vt.
- T l h hng cc trm thit b, nh my c h, in trc
- c phong m vic ca con ngi, thiu st ca cng nhn, phn ng ca x hi.
- Tai bin thin nhin (ng t, bo, sng thn).
- S phn b h thng thot nc, mc nc, thc vt v vi h hu.
Nhng s hng chc chn ny sinh t:
- Thiu hiu bit v tm quan trng ca mi quan h: nhn-qu, thiu kin thc
khoa hc ( thuyt) d v s tch t sinh hc ca cc ho cht c hi trong
chui thc n, phn ng ca cy trng i vi nhim hng h
- S liu m do y mu, o c v x
- Thiu s liu, s liu hng ng b v hi o c hng tun th cc nguyn tc
v iu kin mi trng ca d n
- T ti iu v c t sinh thi c ngoi suy t ng vt sang ngi v t liu
ng cao trong th nghim n liu ng thp khi tip xc
- Tng thnh phn mi trng thin nhin c s bin ng (bin ng thi tit, h
hu, ch thu vn,)
- c gi thit tnh ton, nh gi chnh xc, nhy bn ca gi thit v t qu
thc t, s n hp gia xt on v t qu thc t xy ra.
- im mi l ca d n (p dng cng ngh, ho cht, s thay i a im, thiu
kinh nghim, lch s s liu)
4.4. Qu trnh nh gi ri ro (Risk Assessment)
nh gi ri ro bao gm 5 giai on chnh sau y: xc nh him ho, phn tch him
ho, nh gi ng truyn mi trng, c th ri ro v qun ri ro.
47
Xc inh him ho it nhng kh nng c th xy ra ca cc ngun gy nguy
him y bc nh gi u tin c ch ngay cho ngi qun hi nh gi d n Xc
nh ri ro phc v cho d bo nh ng cc nh hng ca d n m cp.
Nhng ngun thng tin hc nhau, h s v tai nn v cc thut hc c th c
s dng xc nh cc s vic xy ra c th gy nguy him. Nhng ngun thng tin ti iu
:
- H s v tai nn trong cng oi nh my hay c th s dng h s cng loi tng
t.
- Tho lun vi cc s tham gia thit k cng trnh
- ham quan nghin cu hin trng (nh my)
- Nu c nghin cu v mi nguy him hay hot ng ca nh my theo thit k th
c th s dng n xc nh tim tng nguy hi. Nu hng c nghin cu loi ny th cn
thit phi tin hnh nghin cu xc nh u im cn khc phc trong thit k hay trong
hot ng hin nay cha tht ph hp ngn nga cc tai nn.
- Cn phi quan tm thm cc nh hng hc, chng hn nh thi tit khc nghit,
ng t,
ghin cu v mi nguy him v h nng hot ng ca mt cng trnh ng vai tr
quan trng trong vic xc nh mi nguy him tim tng ghin cu ny nghin cu kim
tra chi tit v thit k ca nh my c ch ca n m bo nhng nt c bn c kt
hp vi nhau c c s an ton, hot ng c inh nghim ca nh my v trnh c
nhng im m d n c th gy ra nhng tc ng xu. Mt nhm nh chuyn gia c inh
nghim s tin hnh nghin cu ny, nhm ny bao gm:
hm trng
+ Tr nhm
gi phn tch ri ro
+ K s ph trch qu trnh thit kt
+ K s im tra
n b qun vn hnh hot ng ca nh my
n b ph trch bo dng
rong cng tc xc nh mi nguy hi c s hng chc chn. S hng chc chn
ch yu h nng ca ngi nh gi m bo rng tt c vt cht nguy him v s
kin nguy him c xc nh.

48
4.5. c th ri ro (Risk Characterisation)
c th ri ro s biu hin ri ro i vi tng cc th, cc cng ng hay cc i
tng b tc ng hc S biu hin ny c nh ng ho c im ny thng a v
nhng gi tr nh ng cao hn mc trung bnh d: s ngi b cht, b au m, b
thng tt, n v thi gian,
2 mc ch chnh trong vic thc hin rc ht cn bit ri ro, sau
m gim n ic m u tin v xem xt h nng chp nhn ri ro. S
biu hin ca ri ro i vi ngi thng t vong im cui v s biu hin bao gm
cc thnh phn sau:
Chiu dai thoi gian:
- Tui th
- Tui ao ng tip xc cht c ca cng nhn
- Hng nm
- Nhng thi gian c bit hc c th la chn c in quan n tip xc
So lung nguoi:
- th
- Mt nhm ngi c xc nh la chn, a phng, ngh nghip
- n s trn mt a bn chnh tr, hnh chnh hay a
Ngun dc thu rui ro:
- u c ch s hay kinh nghim v ri ro
- i no c m hnh d bo v ri ro c s dng
rong hi xem xt c th ri ro, ngi ta tin hnh so snh ri ro c th xy ra do
vic thc hin d n ny vi mt d n thc hin c nhng nt tng t. Da vo cc
thnh phn ca s biu hin ri ro m ta c th tin hnh vic so snh gay trong mt d n
ta c th so snh (v d t l t vong) ca cng on ny vi cng on hc, gia phn
xng ny vi phn xng hc,
4.6. Qun ri ro (Risk Management)
Mc ch cui cng ca qun ri ro a chn v thc hin cc hot ng m
gim ri ro. Qun ri ro cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho cc nh qun d n nng
cao qu trnh ra quyt nh cho cc d n pht trin cn vay vn.
Quyt nh ny hng phi hon ton mt bn tng trnh thnh cng hay hng
thnh cng v cng ca mt d n, bi v rng c quan cp inh ph thng xuyn in h
vi d n trong hu xy dng. y v thng a ra cc yu cu d n
hng gy ra tn tht v mi trng.
49
Qun ri ro s nh gi cc phng n, cc bin php gim nh ri ro v vic
thc hin cc phng n c bin php phi t c hiu qu (chi ph hu hiu).
uy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, t c mt s li ch nht nh nh phi
chp nhn s ri ro c th xy ra.

50
I TP N - T CHO T N CHUN NGNH

Trong phn ny, chng ti trnh by cu trc v yu cu v ni dung ca bo co M
c da trn Thong tu 26/2011/TT-BTNMT ngav 18/7/2011 ca B i nguyn v i
trng v hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng chin c (), nh gi tc ng mi
trng () v cam t bo v mi trng.
T TT O CO NH GI TC NG I TRNG
Cn nu r cc ni dung chnh ca D n, cc tc ng n mi trng t nhin, inh
t- x hi, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu v chng trnh qun mi trng. Bn
tm tt cn c trnh by sc tch vi vn phong d hiu, hng nng tnh thut v c
dung lng hng qu 10% tng s trang ca bo co .
U
1.. Xut ca d n

- u tm tt v xut x, hon cnh ra i ca d n
- quan c thm quyn ph duyt d n u t (bo co h thi)
- Mi quan h ca d n vi quy hoch pht trin
- u r d n c nm trong khu kinh t, hu cng ngh cao, KCN hay khu ch xut hng
1.2. Cn c php ut v thut ca vic thc hin T

- Lit vn bn php ut v thut m cn c cho vic lp bo co
- Lit cc quy chun, tiu chun p dng trong bo co
- Lit cc ngun ti iu, d liu s dng trong bo co (ngun ti iu tham kho v ngun
ti iu do ch d n p).
1.3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh T

Lit y cc phng php s dng trong qu trnh v p bo co ,
bao gm cc phng php , cc phng php iu tra, kho st, nghin cu, th nghim
v cc phng php hc
1.4. T chc thc hin T

- u tm tt v vic t chc thc hin v p bo co ca ch d n
- anh sch nhng ngi trc tip tham gia lp bo co (hc v, chuyn ngnh o to).
51
CHNG T T TT N
1.1. Tn d n
u chnh xc tn nh trong bo co h thi/bo co u t
1.2. Ch d n
u y tn c quan ch d n, a ch in c, ngi ng u (nu r chc danh).
1.3. V tr a ca d n
t r rng v tr a ca d n theo to tng ng vi i tng t nhin (h
thng giao thng, sng sui, i ni,), cc i tng KT-X (hu dn c, th, dch v,
cng trnh vn ho, tn gio, di tch ch s), v cc i tng xung quanh hc
1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n
1.4.1. Mo t muc tiu cua du an
1.4.2. Khoi lung va quv mo cac hang muc du an

- Lit y , m t chi tit v khi ng v quy m ca tt c cc hng mc cng trnh
ca d n c cng trnh c chia m 2 oi:
ng trnh chnh: phc v cho sn xut kinh doanh
ng trnh ph tr: h tr cho hot ng nh giao thng, cp in, nc,
1.4.3. Mo t bin phap, khoi lung thi cong xav dung cac cong trinh cua du an
1.4.4. Cng ngh sn xut, vn hnh

- t chi tit v quy m cng ngh, cng ngh vn hnh, hot ng ca d n c m theo
ngun pht sinh cht thi.
1.4.5. Danh muc mav moc, thit bi
- Lit y cc oi my mc, thit b ca d n (xut x, nm sn xut,)
1.4.6. Nguvn, nhin, vat liu (du vao) va cac chung loai sn pham (du ra) cua du
an
- Lit y cc thnh phn chnh, ph ca nguyn nhin vt liu (u vo), sn phm
(u ra) ca d n m theo ch dn v tn thng hiu v cng thc ha hc (nu c)
1.4.7. Tin d thuc hin du an
- u r tin thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh t khi d n bt u n hi i vo vn
hnh (c th th hin di dng biu ).
1.4.8. Von du tu
- u r tng vn u t, trong c vn dnh cho
1.4.9. T chc qun lv va thuc hin du an
- T chc qun v thc hin d n
52
CHNG 2 IU IN T NHIN, I TRNG V INH T-X HI
2.. iu in t nhin v mi trng
- iu kin v a , a cht
- iu kin v h tng
- iu kin thu vn/hi vn
- Hin trng mi trng: hng h, nc, t, So snh vi tiu chun, quy chun v nhn
xt, nh gi v mc nhim.
- Hin trng ti nguyn sinh hc
2.2. iu in inh t- hi
- iu kin v kinh t khu vc thc hin d n
- iu kin v x hi khu vc thc hin d n
CHNG 3 NH GI TC NG I TRNG
3.1. nh gi tc ng
3.1.1. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan chuan bi cua du an
3.1.2. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan thi cong xav dung
3.1.3. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan van hanh (hoat dng) cua du an
3.1.4. anh gia tac dng trong giai doan khac cua du an (thao d, dong ca, ci tao
phuc hi moi truong va cac hoat dng khac co kh nng gav tac dng dn moi truong)
nh gi tc ng phi theo tng giai on ca d n (xy dng, vn hnh) v c th
cho tng ngun tc ng n mi trng.
- Ngun gy tc ng c in quan n cht thi: rn, lng, h v cc ngun hc
- Ngun gy tc ng hng in quan n cht thi: xi mn, trt l, st l, n t,
thay i mc nc, suy thoi mi trng, bin i a dng sinh hc,
- i tng b tc ng: tt c cc i tng t nhin, X, vng n cn b tc ng
bi d n trong c giai on xy dng v vn hnh
3.1.5. Tac dng do cac rui ro, su co
3.2. Nhn t v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi
Nhn xt hch quan v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi v cc tc ng MT.
CHNG 4 IN PHP GI THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NG V NG
PH S C I TRNG.
c bin php phi xut trong c giai on xy dng v vn hnh d n
53
4.. in php phng nga, gim thiu cc tc ng u do d n gy ra
4.1.1. Trong giai doan chuan bi
4.1.2. Trong giai doan xav dung
4.1.3. Trong giai doan van hanh
4.1.4. Trong cac giai doan khac (nu co)
4.2. in php phng nga, ng ph i vi cc ri ro, s c
4.2.1. Trong giai doan chuan bi
4.2.2. Trong giai doan xav dung
4.2.3. Trong giai doan van hanh
4.2.4. Trong cac giai doan khac (nu co)
CHNG 5 CHNG TRNH QUN V GI ST I TRNG
5.. Chng trnh QT
hng trnh L c xy dng da trn chng 1, 3, 4 di dng bng nhm
ra mt chng trnh qun cc vn v trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng cc
cng trnh ca d n v hi d n i vo vn hnh
5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng
ra chng trnh nhm gim st cc cht thi pht sinh trong sut qu trnh chun b,
xy dng v vn hnh d n
5.2.1. Giam sat chat thi: gim st u ng/tng ng thi v cc thng s c trng cho
cht thi ca mi d n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh n sut ti thiu 03 thng/n.
5.2.2. Giam sat moi truong xung quanh: Ch gim st nhng thng s c trng cho mi d
n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh n sut ti thiu 06 thng/n.
5.2.3. Giam sat khac. gim st xi mn, t, sc l, xm nhp mn,
54
CHNG 6 TH VN IN CNG NG
6.. in ca UN cp
6.2. in ca i din cng ng dn c (nu c)
6.3. in ca t chc chu tc ng trc tip bi n (nu c)
6.4. in ca c quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n y
dng c s h tng hu sn ut, inh doanh, dch v tp trung (nu c)
6.5. in phn hi v cam t ca ch d n i vi cc ut, in ngh, yu cu
ca cc c quan, t chc c tham vn
T UN, IN NGH V C T
1.1. t un
Phi kt lun nhng vn nhn dng c, nh gi c ht tc ng cha, vn g cn
cha d bo c, nh gi c,
1.2. in ngh
Kin ngh vi cc cp, ngnh in quan gip gii quyt nhng vn vt kh nng gii
quyt ca d n
1.3. Cam t
Cam kt ca ch d n v chng trnh qun , gim st mi trng nh nu trong
chng 5 hc hin cc cam t nh nu mc 6.3 ca chng 6
CC TI IU, IU TH HO
Lit cc ngun ti iu, d liu tham kho (hng phi do ch d n t to lp) trong qu
trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (tn gi, xut x, thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti
liu, d liu)
PH C

c ph lc cn m theo bo co :
- Bn sao cc vn bn php in quan n d n
- c s , bn , bn v in quan n d n
- c phiu kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng ni d n thc hin.
- Bn sao cc vn bn in quan n tham vn in cng ng.
- c hnh nh in quan n d n (nu c)
- c ti iu hc in quan (nu c)

55
TI IU TH HO

1. B i nguyn v i trng 2009, Quy chuan kv thuat quoc gia v moi truong,
Ni.
2. B i nguyn v i trng 2008, Tuyn tap cac tiu chuan moi truong Vit Nam,
i.
3. rn gc hn 2001, O nhim khong khi va x lv khi thi, tp 3, X hoa hc v
thut, i.
4. Economopoulos, A.P. 1993, Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution
A Guide to Rapid Source Inventory Techniques and Their Use in Formulating
Environmental Control Strategies Part II, World Health Organisation (WHO),
Geneva.
5. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. 1995, Introduction to Environmental
Impact Assessment, UCL Press, London.
6. Harvey, N. 1998, Environmental Impact Assessment: procedures, practice and
prospects in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
7. hm gc , ong Xun 2001, anh gia tac dng moi truong, X
i.
8. Lohani, B. N., Evans, J. W., Everitt, R. R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. A. and Tu, S. L.,
1997, Environmental Impact Assessement for developing countries in Asia, vol 1-
Overview, Asian Development Bank.
9. guyn nh nh 2005, anh gia tac dng moi truong, sch rng 1
i.
10. rn n hn, g h ga 1997, Cong ngh x lv nuoc thi, sch xanh rng
i.
11. rn iu hu 2000, S tav x lv nuoc, tap 1, X hoa hc v thut.
12. Trn n uang 2009, Giao trinh anh gia tac dng moi truong, ti iu online, xem
ngy 15/9/2009, <http://www.ebook.edu.vn>.
13. Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam 2005, Luat Bo v moi truong 2005, X hnh
tr quc gia, i
14. Trn n v tp th tc gi 2006, anh gia tac dng moi truong cac du an phat
trin, NXB thong k, i.

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