Tnh cht hot ng ca h keo

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V tr hin ti: Trang ch Ni dung Tnh cht hot ng ca h keo

Tnh cht hot ng ca h keo

Module bi: Ths. Tn N Lin Hng. Ngi dng nh gi (?): (0 ratings) Tng quan: Thuyt ng hc phn t coi h keo nh l trng hp ring ca dung dch thc, pha phn tn l cht tan, mi trng phn tn l dung mi. iu cho php gii thch cc hin tng thm thu, khuch tn, cn bng sa lng- l nhng tnh cht c trng ca h keo (l nhng tnh cht khng lin quan n s tng tc phn t gia cc ht keo). - Cc ht keo khuch tn rt chm trong mi trng lng hoc kh. l mt trong nhng tnh cht c bit ca dung dch keo. Mt tnh cht c bit na ca dung dch keo l p sut thm thu ca chng rt nh. Tuy nhin nhng khc bit ny gia dung dch keo v dung dch thc ch mang tnh nh lng ch khng phi nh tnh. Khng c s khc nhau c bn v tnh cht ng hc phn t gia dung dch thc v dung dch keo. Thuyt ng hc phn t c th p dng cho tt c cc h c ht tng i nh, c th tham gia vo chuyn ng nhit (k c chuyn ng Brown). l nhng h cha cc ht c kch thc t 10-4cm (1) v nh hn, l kch thc ca nhng ht keo thng v nhng ht trong mt s h vi d th khc. - iu kin th hai p dng thuyt ng hc phn t cho cc h keo l trong h phi cha mt lng ht tng i ln trong mt n v th tch, c th p dng nhng nh lut thng k. (Nu trong mt n v th tch m s tiu phn rt t th c nhng mu thun vi nguyn l II ca nhit ng hc; chng hn s khuch tn trong trng hp ny trong khong thi gian rt ngn khng phi theo chiu chuyn cht t vng c nng cao n vng c nng thp).
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Chuyn ng Brown ca cc phn t

Trong cc h phn tn, gia cc phn t c ba loi chuyn ng: tnh tin, quay v dao ng. Trong chuyn ng tnh tin s dao ng va chm gia cc phn t l rt ln dn n s v trt t c gi l chuyn ng Brown, l chuyn ng hn lon c cng khng ph thuc theo thi gian, nhng li c tng cng khi nhit tng. Ngoi chuyn ng Brown tnh tin cc ht cn tham gia chuyn ng Brown quay. Chuyn ng ca cc ht keo l kt qu ca s va chm hn lon gia cc phn t ca mi trng vi cc ht. i vi ht c kch thc nh (a < 5nm), s va chm t cc hng thng khng u nhau v lm cho cc ht chuyn ng hn lon v nhiu hng theo qu o phc tp. i vi ht c kch thc tng i ln (a > 5nm), nhng va chm ng thi t cc hng c th b tr cho nhau v lc, nn ht gn nh ng yn. Nu cc phn t ca mi trng phn tn va p vo ht keo khng thng gc c th lm cho ht keo chuyn ng quay, cng c th lm cho ht keo dao ng quanh v tr cn bng (c bit khi ht c dng khng phi hnh cu). Do khng th quan st ht c qung ng chuyn dch tht s ca ht keo nn Einstein s dng khi nim qung ng chuyn dch trung bnh ca ht trong khong thi gian t. Gi tr ny l hnh chiu on ng i t im u n im cui theo hng xc nh trong thi gian t.

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Tnh cht hot ng ca h keo

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Hnh 1

x 2 =

tnh ton ngi ta dng i lng chuyn dch bnh phng trung bnh x2 ca ht.
2 + 2 +....+ 2 1 2 n (3.1) n

y, 1 , 2, 3, ..., n, l hnh chiu ca nhng chuyn dch ca ht trn trc x trong nhng khong thi gian bng nhau v n l s ln ly hnh chiu. (Ngi ta khng dng gi tr trung bnh cng hnh chiu ca s chuyn dch v gi tr ny s bng 0, do tnh c xc sut ng u theo mi hng) Vy chuyn ng ca cc ht keo c biu hin ca chuyn ng nhit. Qua nghin cu thc nghim ng hc, ngi ta pht hin h keo c nhng tnh cht ng hc nh thm thu, khuch tn, sa lng.

S khuch tn
Khuch tn l qu trnh t san bng nng trong h ( ha th ca mi cu t ng nht mi im trong th tch h), tc l qu trnh chuyn cht t vng c nng ln n vng c nng nh. Qu trnh t xy ra trong h do nh hng ca chuyn ng nhit. Qu trnh khuch tn l bt thun nghch v tin hnh cho n khi nng hon ton ng u. Mc khng ng u c c trng bi gradien nng - l bin thin nng trn mt n v khong cch, n quyt nh mc v hng ca qu trnh khuch tn.

Cc nh lut khuch tn Fick

nh lut Fick I: Lng cht m chuyn qua tit din S (t vung gc vi chiu khuch tn), th t l thun vi S, vi khong thi gian khuch tn t v vi gradien nng theo khong cch (dC/dx).

dm = D dC S.dt (3.2) dx

H s t l D gi l h s khuch tn. V khuch tn lun xy ra t ni c nng cao n ni c nng thp v lun lun (dC/dx) < 0 (c gim khi ta tng x), nn cn t du tr trc biu thc dm > 0. Vi nh ngha dng khuch tn i l lng cht chuyn qua mt n v b mt trong mt n v thi gian, nh lut Fick I c th trnh by cch khc:

i=

dm S.dt

Dng khuch tn i l hm s ca khong cch x v thi gian t (v gradien nng dC/dx ph thuc vo x v t). Nu to iu kin cho gradien nng khng i theo thi gian th dng khuch tn s khng thay i theo thi gian v trong h s thit lp trng thi dng. Vy h s t l D l thc o s khuch tn trong iu kin chun (S = 1 cm 2, dt = 1 giy, dC/dx = 1). Th nguyn ca D l cm2.s-1 H s khuch tn ph thuc vo tnh cht ht v mi trng phn tn. i vi h phn tn keo, ngi ta

= D dC (3.3) dx

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thng ly 1 ngy m lm n v thi gian thay cho giy v tc khuch tn trong h rt nh. nh lut Fick II: cho thy s bin i ca nng (C) theo thi gian (t) khi trong h khng thit lp trng thi dng, p dng cho s khuch tn theo khng gian ba chiu. dt
dC

dC/dt l gim nng cht tan trong th tch h D l h s khuch tn c dng ton t Laplace, vy C c dng: C

Phng trnh Einstein = =

d2C dx 2

+d

dy 2

2C

+d

dz 2

2C

= D.C (3.4)

(3.5)

Nm 1908 Einstein a ra phng trnh cho thy s ph thuc ca D vo nhit tuyt i T, nht ca mi trng phn tn , v kch thc ca ht r. Phng trnh Einstein: D
RT 1 N B kT R (3.6) vi k = T : hng s Boltzmann B

Nu ht gn vi hnh cu, theo Stock, h s ma st B = 6r, do : D D c th tm c bng cc phng php thc nghim.

kT (3.7) 6r

Ngi ta xc nh gi tr D trong cc h khc nhau nh sau: h dung dch phn t v ion c D 10-5 cm2/giy, cc h keo D 10-7 - 10-9cm2/giy, tc l gia hai loi h D khc nhau hng nghn ln. Trong h keo bn knh ht keo ln hn bn knh phn t rt nhiu, nht ca h keo cng ln hn ca h dung dch thc, da vo ta thy s khuch tn l rt chm v D nh. Theo phng trnh Einstein c th tnh c kch thc v khi lng phn t ht nu bit c D.T h qu: r l s Avogadro
kT , suy ra khi lng phn t ca ht hnh cu khi bit t khi ca n: M 6D

= 4 .r 3 .N (3.8), N 3

Phng trnh Einstein- Smolukhopski

Phng trnh h s khuch tn ca Einstein - Smolukhopski thit lp mi lin quan gia h s khuch tn D v qung ng dch chuyn bnh phng trung bnh x ca ht trong h keo, khi m nguyn nhn khuch tn l chuyn ng Brown, khng k n s nh hng nhit: x
2 2

Trong nhng trng hp kh xc nh D bng thc nghim, theo phng trnh ny ta c th tm D (sau l r) da trn c s o qung ng dch chuyn bnh phng trung bnh x 2 . Ngc li khi bit D c th tnh c qung ng dch chuyn trung bnh. Phng trnh Einstein- Smolukhopski: x

Ta thy x t l vi t ch khng t l vi thi gian t nh chuyn ng thng u, kt qu tnh ton v thc nghim cho thy rt ph hp nhau.

N.6..r = 3..r (3.10)

RT2t kT.t

= 2Dt (3.9)

p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo

S chuyn ng hn lon ca cc ht trong dung dch keo cn l nguyn nhn ca hin tng thm thu. Hin tng thm thu trong dung dch keo cng tng t nh trong dung dch thc, v chng ch khc nhau v mt

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nh lng. Khi ta ngn cch hai dung dch c nng khc nhau bi mt mng bn thm, th s c mt dng dung mi di chuyn t pha dung dch c nng thp sang pha dung dch c nng cao hn san bng nng hai pha ca mng. Hin tng gi l hin tng thm thu. Dng dung mi s ngng lu chuyn khi to c mt gradien p sut cn thit chng li p sut thy tnh tng ng gi l p sut thm thu . Ni cch khc, p sut cn tc dng vo dung dch ngn dng thm thu gi l p sut thm thu ca dung dch. * i vi dung dch l tng p sut thm thu dd theo phng trnh Vant Hoff: dd = mRT/MV = Cddlt .R.T (3.11) Trong m: khi lng cht tan (g); M: khi lng mol phn t cht tan Cddlt : nng mol; R: hng s kh l tng; T: nhit tuyt i ca h ( K) * Phng trnh c th p dng c cho c dung dch keo k = Cddk .R.T = V
m .N

RT = N R.T = .k.T (3.12)

Trong m: khi lng cht tan (g); : khi lng ca 1 ht keo (g); : nng ht (l s ht trong mt n v th tch, n v ca l ht/lt) N l s Avogadro; k: hng s Boltzmann, k = R/N * p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo c nhng c im sau : - V dung dch keo khng bn vng nhit ng nn khi lu nng ht c th b gim do hin tng keo t. Nh th p sut thm thu ca h keo thng b gim theo thi gian. - Trong nhng iu kin ging nhau v nhit ng v nng khi lng, bao gi h keo cng c p sut nh hn nhiu so vi dung dch thc. p sut thm thu ch ph thuc vo s ht ch khng ph thuc vo bn cht v kch thc ht. Gi s c hai h c cng nng khi lng, cng nhit nhng do to thnh s ht khc nhau nn p sut thm thu ca hai h cng t l nhau theo h thc: 2
1

Kt qu ny chng t nu kch thc ht cng nh, do cng c nhiu ht, th p sut thm thu cng ln. Dung dch thc cha cc phn t c kch thc rt nh so vi dung dch keo nn bao gi cng c p sut thm thu ln hn h keo.

1 (3.13) 2

S sa lng trong h keo

Phn ny ta s xt chuyn ng Brown ca cc phn t pha phn tn trong h keo di tc dng ca trng trng. Do s tng quan gia xu hng c trt t (di tc dng ca trng trng) v v trt t (chuyn ng Brown) nn cc phn t pha phn tn c th sa lng nu l ht ln, hoc phn b cao xc nh trong h nu l ht nh.

bn vng sa lng
Kh nng cc h vi d th phn b cn bng ht trong ton h c gi l tnh bn sa lng (tnh bn vng ng hc). i vi h phn tn th nh huyn ph, c ht ln, kh nng, khng chuyn ng Brown: l h khng bn vng sa lng. i vi cc h dung dch thc v cc h kh c tnh bn vng ng hc cao v va c chuyn ng Brown, va c kh nng khuch tn cao. Cc h keo lng, keo kh th chim v tr trung gian

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gia hai loi h trn. Nh vy bn vng sa lng ph thuc vo kch thc ht ca pha phn tn. C hai trng hp sa lng: - Mi ht sa lng c lp, khng lin kt vi nhng ht khc, s sa lng xy ra chm. H thuc v loi h bn vng lin kt. - Cc ht keo t li, lin kt vi nhau di tc dng ca lc phn t v sa lng rt nhanh tng cm mt. y l h khng bn vng lin kt. Trong chng ny ta ch kho st trng hp th nht, s sa lng c lp.

Cn bng khuch tn - sa lng

Xt s cn bng khuch tn sa lng trong trng trng: S sa lng c khuynh hng tp trung cc ht xung y bnh (do lc trng trng), cn s khuch tn th chng li xu hng (do chuyn ng Brown). c trng nh lng cho s sa lng l dng sa lng v i vi s khuch tn l dng khuch tn. - Dng sa lng: is = u.C , vi u: tc sa lng; C: nng th tch Khi ht sa lng vi tc u th lc ma st bng trng lc: B.u = m.g, suy ra is = u.C = m.g. B (3.14) - Dng khuch tn theo hng x: ik = - D. dx = - k.T. Bdx (3.15) vi: k = R/N: hng s Boltzmann; B: h s ma st; T: nhit ca h - Ta lp t s dng sa lng v dng khuch tn: i k
is C = kT . dC dx m.g dC dC C

V gradien nng thay i theo chiu cao nn ta c th thay x bng h khi tnh Khi is/ik >> 1 : ta ch c s sa lng v h c bn sa lng thp. Khi is/ik << 1 : ta ch c s khuch tn v h c bn sa lng cao. Khi is/ik 1 : dng sa lng tng ng dng khuch tn, trong h c cn bng phn b. Lc ta phi lu n c hai qu trnh. Khi h t cn bng phn b th: i k
is

Suy ra, i vi h cn bng phn b ta c: C

C = kT . dC dh = 1 (3.16) m.g dC

Ly tch phn t Co n Ch v t 0 n h, ta c: (3.17)

Ch 0

dC = kT dh , suy ra: ln C0 = C
h 0 mg C
h

mg dh. kT

mgh , v do : kT

C0 Ch

Nu thay nng C bng i lng t l vi n l p sut P th: p h

po

y l nh lut phn b cc phn t kh theo chiu cao ca Laplace. Nh vy cc h keo cng tun theo nhng qui lut ng hc phn t nh cc dung dch thc, cc kh. Do khi lng phn t trung bnh ca khng kh (ch yu c nit, oxi) nh hn ht keo rt nhiu nn trong khng kh s sa lng v cng yu. V

=e

=e

mgh kT

mgh kT

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d p sut kh quyn ch gim khong 1mmHg khi ln cao 10m.

Mt khc v nng C t l vi nng ht , nn ta c th vit: = e kT y l phng trnh cn bng sa h lng p dng cho cc h phn tn c kch thc ht ng k, trong c h keo.
0
mgh

Nhng nh lut phn b theo chiu cao ch dng cho h n phn tn. i vi h a phn tn th vn phc tp hn nhiu, mi loi ht c s phn b khc nhau v tc dng ca lc khuch tn v lc sa lng trn mi loi ht l khc nhau.

Cc phng php phn tch sa lng S sa lng xy ra di tc dng ca trng trng:

Cc ht trong h t do ri xung y bnh do nh hng ca trng lc. Qu trnh ny thng xy ra i vi h huyn ph. Theo Archimde, trng lc chi phi ht trong h huyn ph lng l f f = m.g = V.( - o).g trong V: th tch ht; m : khi lng ht; g: gia tc trng trng , o: khi lng ring ca ht, ca mi trng Lc cn tr s sa lng l lc ma st f f = B.u trong B: h s ma st, theo Stock i vi ht hnh cu: B = 6...r ( l nht mi trng, r l bn knh ht, = 3,14) u: tc ca ht Lc u ht c tc cn nh nn f > f, sau tc tng dn n khi lc ma st cn bng vi trng lc th ht sa lng vi tc u: f = f V.(-o).g = B.u (3.18) Vi ht hnh cu: V = 3 r3 ; B = 6...r , tc sa lng u s bng u. u=9
2 2 r ( o ) g (3.19)

Ta thy tc sa lng t l thun vi bnh phng bn knh ht, t l nghch vi nht ca mi trng v ph thuc vo hiu s t khi ca ht so vi mi trng phn tn. Khi ht c t khi ln hn mi trng th ht sa lng, ngc li th ht ni ln mt h huyn ph. Ta cng c th tnh c bn knh hiu dng ca ht r =

Nhng phng trnh ny ch thch hp cho huyn ph c kch thc ht t 5 - 100m v i vi nhng ht ny ch cn thi gian rt t t c tc sa lng khng i, do khng nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. Cc ht c bn knh ln hn 100m sa lng rt nhanh; cn cc ht c bn knh < 5m d thit lp cn bng phn b nn nhng phng trnh trn khng th p dng. Khi phn tch sa lng cn phn bit r hai loi h: n phn tn v a phn tn. - Trong cc h n phn tn: kch thc cc ht bng nhau, tc sa lng u nh nhau, do

9.u (3.20) 2 o ).g

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lng cht sa lng t l thun vi thi gian (t), do ng sa lng l ng thng. Nu quan st lp phn cch gia mi trng phn tn (trong sut) v lp huyn ph (c), theo thi gian ta s thy lp phn cch dch chuyn c mt on (h). o h, c t, ta tnh c u = h/t v t suy ra bn knh r ca ht. - Trong cc h a phn tn, v tc ri ca cc loi ht khng u nhau nn ranh gii phn cch gia mi trng phn tn v huyn ph trong qu trnh sa lng l khng r rt. y ta phi xc nh tc tch ly ht, tc l thit lp s ph thuc ca lng cht sa lng P theo thi gian t, P = f(t). th ca hm ny c gi l ng cong sa lng, c lp t kt qu thc nghim. + Trn ng cong ny, t1 l thi gian sa lng hon ton loi ht ln nht (c rmax ); t6 l thi gian sa lng hon ton loi ht nh nht v cng l thi gian sa lng ton h. Gia hai loi trn l cc phn chit khc nhau. + Khi lng ht huyn ph ca mt phn chit no c xc nh bi on trn trc tung nm gia 2 giao im ca tip tuyn k nhau vi trc tung. OP1 : khi lng ca phn chit th I P1 P2 : khi lng ca phn chit th II

Hnh 2

ng sa lng ca h a phn tn
Trn thc t, php phn tch sa lng c tin hnh da trn c s xc nh tc cht cha trn a cn khi s dng cn phn tch sa lng. Phng php phn tch sa lng c s dng trong cc iu kin gii hn sau : + Phng trnh c bn dng trong phng php ny ch ng cho trng hp ht hnh cu. Nu ht khng hnh cu, ta ch tnh c bn knh tng ng ca n. + Cc ht khng b solvat ha + Cc ht sa lng c lp, gia cc ht khng to nn nhng lin kt.

Sa lng di trng lc ly tm:

Cc ht c kch thc nh hu nh c tnh bn vng ng hc, cho nn trong khi phn tch sa lng phi tin hnh di trng lc ly tm vi gia tc ln (siu ly tm) tng tc qu trnh sa lng. V d : Cc ht ct thch anh kch thc 10-5 cm sa lng di trng trng c 1cm phi mt 86,2 gi, cn trong trng lc ly tm c gia tc bng 1 vn ln gia tc trng trng th ch mt 3 giy.

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http://voer.vn/content/m10041/1.1/ Ngi ta c th theo di s di chuyn ranh gii gia lp sol v lp mi trng bng cch chp nh sau nhng khong thi gian nht nh.

Cc thng tin khc v module ny: Metadata | Cc phin bnVersion History Cch ti s dng v ng gp cho ni dung ny Cch tham kho v ng gp ni dung ny Ni dung ny c cp bn quyn bi Ths. Tn N Lin Hng tun theo Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 3.0), v l mt Ti nguyn Gio dc M. Chnh sa ln cui bi Ths. Tn N Lin Hng ngy Mar 23, 2010 4:52 pm GMT+7.

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