Chuyen de Kim Loai

Hoa Hoc Kim loai Qung Tr 2/1/2010
Phn 3: KIM LOI

Chng 1: I CNG V KIM LOI.
I. V TR, CU TO CA KIM LOI:
1.V tr ca kim loi trong bng tun hon:
- Cc kim loi (KL) l nhng nguyn t h s.(nhm IA (tr H) v nhm IIA).
- L nhng KL h p: nhm IIIA (tr B), mt phn ca cc nhm IVA, VA, VIA.
- L nhng KL h d: nhm IB n VIIIB.
- L nhng KL h f: h lantan v actini. (chng c xp thnh 2 hng cui bng).
2. Cu to ca KL:
a. cu to ca nguyn t KL.
- KL c bn knh nguyn t ln.
- KL c e ngoi cng t: 1 n 3 e.
b. Cu to mng ca KL.
KL tn ti di 3 dng tinh th ph bin:
- Mang lp phng tm khi cocc ion dng (ion KL) nm trn cc nh v tm ca
hnh lp phng. Vidunh : cac kim loai kim, Cr, Fe
- Mang lp phng tm din cocc ion dng (ion KL) nm trn cc nh v gia
cac mt cua hnh lp phng. Vidunh : Cu, Al, Pb
- Ma ng lng truluc giac u cocc ion dng (ion KL) inh, gia 2 mt ay va
gia 2 ay cua hinh lng tru. Vidunh cac kim loai nhom II (Be, Mg, Ca,...).
Trong tinh th KL, ion dng v nguyn t KL nm nhng nt ca mng tinh th.
Cc electron ha tr lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch khi nguyn t v chuyn
ng t do trong mng tinh th.
=> Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh do cac electron tdo gn cac ion
dng kim loai vi nhau.
II. TNH CHT VT L CA KIM LOI:
1. Tnh cht chung.
a. Tnh do.
- KL b bin dng khi tc dng mt lc c hc mnh ln ming KL: KL c kh
nng d rn, d dt mng d ko si.
L do: Khi c tc ng c hc cc cation KL trong mng tinh th trt ln nhau,
nhng khng tch ri nhau nh sc ht tnh in ca cc e t do vi cc cation KL.
Nhng KL c tnh do cao l: Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Sn...
Tai liu n thi mn hoa hoc 1
b. Tnh dn in.
- KL c kh nng dn in c, nhit ca KL cng cao th tnh dn in ca KL
cng gim.
L do:
+ Khi c ni vi ngun in, cc e t do ang chuyn ng hn lon tr
nn chuyn ng thnh dng trong KL.
+ Khi tng nhit , s dao ng ca cc cation KL tng ln, lm cn tr s
chuyn ng ca dng e t do trong KL.
- KL khc khau c tnh dn in khc nhau ch yu l do mt e t do ca chng
khng ging nhau. KL dn in tt nht l Ag (49), Cu (46), Au 35,5), Al (26)
c. Tnh dn nhit .
+ KL c kh nng dn nhit.
L do : Nhng e t do vng nhit cao c ng nng ln hn, chng chuyn ng
n vng c nhit thp hn ca KL v truyn nng lng cho cc ion dng
y.
Tnh dn nhit ca KL gim dn theo th theo y : Ag, Cu, Al, Fe
d. nh kim.
+ V sng ca KL gi l nh kim. Hu ht KL u c nh kim.
L do : cc e t do c kh nng phn x tt nhng tia sng c bc sng m mt ta
c th nhn c.
Tm li : nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca KL nh trn ch yu l do cc e t do
trong KL gy ra.
e. Tnh cht khc ca KL.
Khi lng ring :
- KL khc nhau c khi lng ring khc nhau r rt (nh nht Li (D=0,5), nng
nht (Os c D= 22,6).
- Quy c :
+ KL nh c D<5g/cm
3
( Na, K, Mg, Al)
+ KL nng c D>5g/cm
3
(Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Hg
Nhit nng chy :
- KL khc nhau c nhit nng rt khc nhau, thp nht l Hg (-39
o
C), cao nht l
W (3410
o
C).
- Quy c :
+ KL c nhit nng chy < 1500
oC
l KL d nng chy.
+ KL c nhit nng chy > 1500
oC
l KL kh nng chy.
Tnh cng :
- Nhng KL khc nhau c tnh cng khc nhau
- Quy c kim cng c cng l 10 th : Cr l 9, W l 7, Fe l 4,5, Cu lv Al l 3,
Cs l 0,2
Cc tnh cht : khi lng ring, nhit nng chy, tnh cng ph thuc vo
bn ca lin kt kim loi, nguyn t khi, kiu mng tinh thca KL.
III. TNH CHT HA HC CHUNG CA KIM LOI :
V KL c e ha tr t, bn knh nguyn t ln, m in thp, nng lng ion ha
ca nguyn t thp nn tnh cht ha hc c trng ca KL l tinh kh(dbioxi
hoa :
M
M
n+
+ ne
-
1.

Tc dng vi phi kim.
- Hu ht Kl u tc dng c vi phi kim tr Au, Ag, Pt
+ Tc dng vi oxi : 4 M + n O
2

2 M
2
O
n

4 Al + 3 O
2

2 Al
2
O
3
.
2 Mg + O
2

2 MgO.
4 Na + O
2

2 Na
2
O.
Chuy: Fe cothbioxi hoa bi oxi cho nhiu oxit khac nhau.
2 Fe + O
2

2 FeO.
4 Fe + 3 O
2

2 Fe
2
O
3
.
3 Fe + 2 O
2

Fe
3
O
4
.
+ Tc dng vi halogen (X
2
): 2 M + n X
2

2 MX
n
.
2 Fe + 3 Cl
2

2 FeCl
3
.
Cu + Cl
2

CuCl
2
2 K + Cl
2

2 KCl.
+ Tc dng vi lu hunh: 2 M + n S
M
2
S
n

Fe + S
FeS
2 Na + S
Na
2
S
Hg + S
HgS
2. Tc dng vi axit.
a. Axt c tnh oxi ha do ion hidro (HCl; H
2
SO
4 long
).
2 M + 2n H
+
2 Mg
n+
+ x H
2

Vidu: Mg + 2 HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2

Fe + 2 HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

Chuy: Cc KL ng sau hidro trong day iin hoa khng cophan ng nay.
b. Axt c tnh oxi ha khng phai do nguyn t hiro (HNO
3
; H
2
SO
4
):
Hu ht KL tc dng c,( tr Au v Pt), khng gii phng hidro m to ra cc
sn phm ca N hay S:
- Vi axit HNO
3

S :

( )
( )
3
3
2
n
2
2
4+

NO
NO
M + HNO M(NO ) H O
N
NH
+
+
'
khng mu ha nu trong khng kh

khmu nu

Chuy :
+ Nu HNO
3 c
th gai phng NO
2
.
+ Nu HNO
3 long
th KL ng sau H s to ra NO; KL ng trc H s to ra
NO hoc ( N
2
O; N
2
; NH
+
4
).
+ Nu KL c nhiu ha tr, th to ra ha tr ti a.
- Vi axit H
2
SO
4
:
S :
2 n
2 4 2 4

2
2

S
H S
SO
M + H SO M (SO ) + H O +
'
m i t n)
m i hc)
(
(
Lu : Al, Fe, Cr : khng tc dng vi axit HNO
3
; H
2
SO
4
c, ngui.
3. Tc dng vi nc:
- nhit thng ch c 5 kim loai ki n (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) v 3 kim loai kim th
( Ca, Sr, Ba) tac du ng c vi nc to ra dd kim v kh H
2
2 M + 2 a H
2
O > 2 M(OH)
a
+ a H
2
Vidu: 2 K + 2 H
2
O > 2 K(OH) + H
2
Ca + 2 H
2
O > Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
- Mt s KL c tnh kh trung bnh kh c hi nc nhit cao nh Zn, Fe...
to ra oxit v hidro.
- Cc KL c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Ag, Hg... khng kh c H
2
O, d nhit no.
- Mt s KL c hidroxit lng tnh th tc dng vi H
2
O trong mi trng kim nh:
Al, Zn, Be, Sn
Vidu :
2 2 2
+ Al + H O + NaOH NaAlO H
3
2

2 2 2
+ Zn + 2 NaOH Na ZnO H
4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
a. Vi cc KL trung binh yu (khng tc dng c vi H
2
O nhit thng) c
th kh c ion KL km hot ng hn trong dung dch mui thnh KL t do.
Vidu :
2 2
+ Zn + CuCl ZnCl Cu

2 3
+ 2 Al + 3 CuCl 2 AlCl 3 Cu
b. Vi cc KL manh (tc dng c H
2
O nhit thng) th xy ra qua 2 giai
on:
+ Giai on 1 kim loi tc dng vi nc tao ra dung dch kim v hidro.
+ Giai on 2: dung dch kim tc dng vi mui (nu tha mn k xy ra)
Vidu : Khi cho Na vao lng d dung dich CuCl
2

2 2
1
+
2
Na + H O NaOH H
(Giai oan 1)

2 2
2 NaOH + + CuCl Cu(OH) 2 NaCl
(Giai oan 2)
Hay
2 2 2 2
+ + 2 Na + 2 H O + CuCl Cu(OH) 2 NaCl H
IV. DY IN HA CA KIM LOI
1. Mt s khi nim:
Cp oxi ha-kh ca KL
Dng oxi ha v dng kh ca cng mt nguyn t KL to nn cp oxi ha-kh:
Dng oxi ha / dng kh.
Vidu :
2+
Cu
Cu
;
2+
3+
Fe
Fe
;
2+
Ag
Ag
Pin in ha: L thit b gm 2 thanh KL
nhng trong dung dch mui ca n c ni
bng cu mui.
V d: L Zn nhng trong ZnSO
4
. Cu nhng trong CuSO
4
. 2 dung dch ny ni vi
nhau qua cu mui:
- L Zn b n mn v Zn b oxi ha:
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
-
Cc e ny di chuyn qua l Cu thng qua dy dn (lm kim vn k b lch).
- Trong dung dch CuSO
4
cc ion Cu
2+
di chuyn n l Cu, ti y chng b
kh thnh Cu, ri bm ln l Cu.
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu.
Ion Cu
2+
trong dung dch b gim dn v nng .
- vai tr ca cu mui: trung ha in tch ca 2 dung dch: cc ion dng
NH
+
4
hoc K
+
v Zn
2+
di chuyn qua cu mui n cc ng dung dch
CuSO
4
. ngc li cc ion m NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
di chuyn qua cu mui n cc
ng dung dch ZnSO
4
.
Zn ng vai tr in cc m (Anot) l ni xy ra s oxi ha.
Cu ng vai tr in cc dng (catot) l ni xy ra s k
Th in cc:
S xut hin dng in i t cc ng sang cc km chng t rng c s chnh lch
in th gia 2 in cc km v ng tc l mi in cc xut hin mt th in
cc nht nh.
Sut in ng:
Hiu ca th in cc dng (E
(+)
) vi th in cc m (E
(-)
) c gi l sut in
ng ca pin in ha:
E
pin
= E
(+)
- E
(-)
( v d ny E
0
pin
= E
0
(Cu
2+
/ Cu) - E
0
(Zn
2+
/Zn)).
in cc hidro chun:
Tm platin (Pt) nhng trong dung dch axit c nng ion H
+
l 1 M. B mt c
hp ph bi kh hidro di p sut 1atm. E
0
2H
+
/
H2
= 0,00 V.
Th in cc chun kim loi:
- in cc KL m nng ion KL trong dung dch bng 1M c gi l in cc
chun.
- Th in cc chun ca KL cn o c chp nhn bng sd ca pin to bi in
cc hidro chun v in cc chun ca KL cn o.
- Nu KL ng vai cc m, th th in cc chun ca KL c gi tr m, nu ng vai
tr cc dng th th in cc chun ca KL c ga tr dng.
2. ngha ca dy th in cc chun ca KL.
So snh tnh oxi ha-kh: Trong dung dch nc th in cc chun ca KL
E
0
M
n+
/

M
cng

ln th tnh oxi ha ca cation M
n+
v tnh kh ca KL M cng yu.
(ngc li).
Xc nh chiu ca phn ng oxi-ha kh: Cation KL trong cp oxiha-kh c
th in cc chun ln hn c th oxiha c KL trong cp c th in cc chun
nh hn.
- da vo th in cc chun ca KL sp xp nh bn tri, ln bn phi.
- vit phng trnh phn ng theo quy tc anpha (
).
KL trong cp oxiha-kh c th CC m kh c ion H
+
ca dung dch axit.
Xc nh sut in ng chun ca pin in ha:
E
pin
= E
(+)
- E
(-)
sut in ng ca pin in ha lun l s dng
Xc nh th in cc chun ca cp oxiha-kh:
Da vo E
pin
= E
(+)
- E
(-).
Mt s CT lin quan n E
0
:
+ Sut in ng ca pin c lin quan n nng lng Gip
G
(cn gi l entanpi t
do) ca phn ng:
G
= -nFE v cc iu kin chun
0
G
= -nFE
0
.
Trong : - E
0
v E l s (V) ca pin kc v iu kin khc vi kc;
- F l hng s faraday.
-
0
G
,
G
l bin thin nng lng Gip (J) KC v K bt k.
- n l s e ti thiu trao i trong phn ng oxi ha-kh.
+ phng trnh Necst:
Trong Ox + ne
Kh. Phng trnh ca th in cc l:

E = E
0
+
0, 059 [ ]
lg
[ ]
Ox
n Kh
V. IU CH KIM LOI.
1. Nguyn tc.
Kh ion KL thnh KL: M
n+
+ ne
M
2. Phng php: c 3 phng php chnh
Phng php thy luyn:
- Dng kim loi mnh kh (khng tc c vi H
2
O t
0
thng) kim loi yu ra khi
mui.
Vidu:
2 2
+ Zn + CuCl ZnCl Cu

3 3 2
+ ) Cu + 2 AgNO Cu(NO 2 Ag
> Phng php ny dng iu ch kim loi c tnh kh yu.
Phng php nhit luyn:
- Dng cht kh (CO, H
2
; C; Al) kh ion kim loi trong cc oxit.
Vidu :
2
CO + CuO Cu + CO

2 2
H + CuO Cu + H O

2 3 2
3 CO + Fe O 2 Fe + 3 CO
> Phng php ny iu ch kim loi hot ng trung bnh v yu.(sau nhm)
Phng php in phn
- Dng dng in mt chiu trn catt (cc m) kh ion kim loi:
+ in phn dung dch nng chy: dng iu ch cc kim loi t Al tr v trc.
Vidu : in phn nong chay NaCl
S in phn K NaCl A
Na
+
(nc) Cl
-

Na
+
+ 1e = Na
0
2Cl
-
-2e = Cl
2
Phng trinh i n phn:
2
2 + NaCl Na 2 Cl
in phn nng chy
+ in phn dung dch (trong nc): dng iu ch cc kim loi sau Al
Vidu : in phn dung dich CuCl
2
S in phn K CuCl
2
A
Cu
+
(H
2
O) Cl
-

Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu
0
2Cl
-
-2e = Cl
2

Phng trinh i n phn:
2 2
+ CuCl Cu Cl
in phn dung dch
VI. S IN PHN.
1. Khi nim:
L qu trnh oxi ha- kh xy ra trn b mt in cc khi c dng in mt chiu i
qua cht in li nng chy hoc dung dch cht in li.
2. Sin phn cua cac cht in li.
in phn cht in li nng chy:
- Cht in li nng chy phn li thnh ion. Cation chuyn v catot, anion v anot
- Ti catot: cation KL nhn e thnh KL
- Ti anot: anion nhng e thnh phi kim
in phn dung dch cht in li trong nc:
- katot(K) th t in phn: Ag
+
, Fe
3+
, Cu
2+
, H
+
(ca axit), Pb
2+
... Fe
2+
, Zn
2+
, H
+
(ca nc)
- anot (A) th t in phn: S
2-
, I
-
, Br
-
, Cl
-
, OH
-

3. nh lut faraday:

A.I.t
m =
n.F

V. S N MN KIM LOI
1. inh nghia.
- n mon kim loai l s ph hy KL hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong
mi trng. Hu qu KL b oxi ha thnh ion KL: M
M
n+
+ ne
2. Phn loa i.
C 2 dng n mn KL:
* n mn ha hc:
- /N: l s ph hy KL do KL phn ng ha hc vi cht kh hoc hi nc
nhit cao.
- Bn cht: l qa trnh oxha kh.trong KL cho e v mi trng nhn e.
- c im: nhit cng cao tc n mn cng nhanh v khng sinh ra
dng in.
* n mn in ha
- /N: l s ph hu KL khi KL tip xc vi mi trng in li to ra dng
din.
- iu kin:
+ 2 in cc phi khc nhau
+ 2 in cc phi tip xc nhau
+ 2 in cc phi cng tip xc vi mi trng cht in li
- Bn cht: l cc qu trnh oxi ha, kh xy ra trn b mt in cc to ra
dng in.
- C ch:
+ in cc m(thng l cc KL mnh hn) cho e thnh ion dng, cc e
ny di chuyn sang in cc dng
+ in cc dng: H
+
, H
2
O nhn e thnh H
2
, OH
-

+ Ion dng KL kt hp vi OH
-
thnh hidroxit, b phn hu thnh oxit
3. Ca ch chng n mon kim loai.
a. Cach li kim loa i v i mi trng.
- Theo phng phap nay thidu ng cac cht b n vng i vi mi tr ng phungoai
mt i vi nh ng vt lam bng kim loai. Nh:
+ Sn chong gi, vecni...
+ Main bng cac kim loai nh thic, crom, kem...
+ Dung cac cht ho a hoc b n vng nh oxit kim loai, photphat kim loai
(phng phap tao mang)
b. Dung hp kim chng gi(hp kim inc).
c. Dung cht chng n mon (cht ki m ham).
d. Phng phap in hoa.
- bao vmt kim loai ngi ta ni kim loai nay vi mt kim loai khac cotinh kh
manh hn.
VI. CA C DANG BAI TP
Dang 1: Kim loai phan ng vi axit
Nh ng i u cn chuy :
Kim loai cho tac dung cophan ng v i axit khng:
+ Cac kim loai ktCu trvsau khng phan ng vi cac axit cotinh axit
do H
+
(HCl, H
2
SO
4 loang
...)
+ Al, Fe khng pha n ng vi HNO
3
c ngui vaH
2
SO
4
c ngui
Axit cotinh oxi hoa do H
+
hay do anio gy ra:
+ Cac axit nh: HCl, H
2
SO
4 loang
...lacac axit cotinh oxi hoa do H
+
gy ra.
Cac kim loai khi tac dung vi cac axit nay cho mui vakhiH
2

+ Cac axit nh: HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c nong ...lacac axit cotinh oxi hoa do
anio gy ra.
Vi axit HNO
3

( )
( )
3
3
2
n
2
2
4+

NO
NO
M + HNO M(NO ) H O
N
NH
+
+
'
khng mu ha nu trong khng kh

khmu nu

Vi axit H
2
SO
4 n
:
S :
n
2 4 2 4 2

2
2

S
M + H SO M (SO ) + H S H O
SO
+
'
m i t n)
m i hc)
(
(
Vidu1: Co14,2 gam hn hp A g m Mg, Al, Cu. Cho h n h p nay qua dung dich
HCl d thithy tao ra 8,96 lit khi(ktc) con n u cung cho h n h p trn qua H
2
SO
4
c ngui thitao ra 4,48 (ktc) lit khilam mt mau dung dich Br
2
. Smol cua mi
kim loai trong hn h p u ln lt la
A. 0,1; 0,1; 0.1. B. 0,1; 0,1; 0,3
C. 0,1; 0,2; 0.1. D. 0,1; 0,2; 0,3
Giai
Goi a, b, c ln lt lasmol cua Mg, Al, Cu. Ta co:

hh
= 24a + 27b + 64c = 14,2 gam (1.) m
Khi cho h n hp tac du ng vi HCl thiCu khng pha n ng:
Mg + 2 HCl > MgCl
2
+ H
2

a mol a mol
2Al + 6 HCl > 2 Al Cl
3
+ 3H
2


b mol 1,5b mol

H
2
= a + 1,5b = 0,4 mol n
(2.)
Khi cho h n hp tac du ng vi H
2
SO
4
c ngu i thiAl khng phan ng, khilam mt
mau dung dich
2
Br
lakhi
2
SO
:

2 4 4 2 2
2 4 4 2 2
Mg + 2 H SO MgSO + + 2 H O
Cu + 2 H SO CuSO + + 2 H O
SO
a mol a mol
SO
c mol
c mol
SO
2
= a + c = 0,2 mol n
(3.)
Giai cac phng trinh 1,2,3 trn ta c:
a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,2 mol ; c = 0,1 mol
Chon C.
Bit vn dung cac inh lut bao toan c bit latrong bai toan tinh khi
lng mui .
Vidu2: Cho 1,37 gam hn hp Mg, Al, Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long d,
th thu c 1,12 lt (ktc) kh khng mu, ho nu trong khng kh. Khi lng
mui nitrat sinh ra l:
A. 16,7 gam. B. 10,67 gam. C. 17,6 gam. D. 10,76 gam.
Giai
Cach 1:
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
3 3 3 2
3 Mg + 8 HNO 3 Mg(NO ) + 2 NO + 4 H O 1.
3 Cu + 8 HNO 3 Cu(NO ) + 2 NO + 4 H O 2.
Al + 4 HNO Al(NO ) + NO + 2 H O
3.
Tcac pha n ng trn thy ngay:
3
HNO NO
4 4.0,05 = 0,2 mol n n
H O
2
NO
2 2.0,05 = 0,1 mol n n
Ap du ng LBTKL ta co:
HNO
3
NO H O
2
+ = + +
hh
m m m m m
mui
( )
( ) HNO
3
NO H O
2
= + - +
hh
=
m
(1,37 + 63. 0,2) - (30.0,05 + 18.0,1) = 10,67 gam
m m m m
mui
Chon B
Cach 2:
Goi a, b, c ln lt lasmol cua Mg, Al, Cu ta co:
NO
+ +

hh
= 24a + 27b + 64c = 1,37 gam 4.
= + = 0,05 + 2 = 0,15 5.
2a 2c
b 2a 3b c
3 3
m
n
Ma
= 148a + 213b + 188c 6. m
mui
Chung ta phai tim c 2 hs(x,y) lam sao x.(4.) + y.(5.) = 6. iu nay xay
ra khi vachikhi:
+
+ 24x 2y = 148 =
= 62 = 213
1
27x 3y
x
y

' '

( ) ( )
+
= 148a + 213b + 188c
= 24a + 27b + 64c + 62 + 2
= 1,37 + 62.0,15 = 10,67 gam
m
2a 3b c
mu
Vy
i

Vidu3: Ho tan hon ton 17,4gam hn hp 3 kim loi Mg, Al, Fe trong dung dch
HCl d, thy thot ra 13,44 lt kh. Khi l ng mui thu c la:
A. 60 gam. B.50 gam. C. 62,1 gam D. 58,4 gam
Giai
Cach 1: Khng vit phng trinh pha n ng maa p du ng ngay LBTNT hiro
H H(H ) H(HCl) HCl
2 2
= = 2 = 2.0, 6 = 1,2 mol n n n n
Sau omi ap du ng LBTKL:
( )
HCl
HCl
H
2
H
2
+
+ -
hh
hh
= +
=
= (17,4 + 36,5. 1,2) - 2.0,6 = 60 gam
m
m
m m m
m m m
mu
mu
i
i
Cach 2: Vit phng trinh phan ng
Mg + 2 HCl > MgCl
2
+ H
2

3
+ 3H
2

Fe + 2 HCl > FeCl
2
+ H
2

Ta thy ngay H HCl
2
= 2 = 2.0, 6 = 1,2 mol n n
sau o cung ap du ng LBTKL
(nhng cach 1 hay hn).
( )
HCl
HCl
H
2
H
2
+ = +
= + -
=
hh
hh
(17,4 + 36,5. 1,2) - 2.0,6 = 60 gam
m
m
m m m
m m m
mu
mu
i
i
Sdung thanh thao phng phap bao toan electron
Vidu4: Mt hn hp bt kim loi Mg v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Phn 1 cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H
2
. Phn 2 ho tan ht trong HNO
3
long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu trong khng kh (cc th tch
kh o ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 5,6 lt.
Giai
Goi a,b ln lt lasmol Mg, Al mi ph n.
Khi cho h n hp tac du ng vi HCl:
Mg + 2 HCl > MgCl
2
+ H
2

3
+ 3H
2

Quatrinh cho e:

2
3

e cho
-
-
a mol 2a mol a mol
= 2a + 3b
b mol 3b mol b mol
Mg 2 e Mg
Al 3 e Al
n
+
+

Quatrinh nhn e:

}
2

e
- = 0,3 mol
0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,15 mol
2 H 2e H n
+

nhn
(1.)
Khi cho hn hp tac du ng vi
HNO
3
:

3 3 2 2
3 3 3 2
3 Mg + 8 HNO 3 Mg(NO ) + 2 NO + 4 H O
Al + 4 HNO Al(NO ) + NO + 2 H O
Quatrinh cho e:

2
3

e cho
-
-
a mol 2a mol a mol
= 2a + 3b
b mol 3b mol b mol
Mg 2 e Mg
Al 3 e Al
n
+
+


e e cho
= 2a + 3b = 0,3 mol n n

nhn
hay
Quatrinh nhn e:

}

5 2

e
- = 3x mol
3x mol x mol
N 3e N n
+ +

nhn

e e cho
= 2a + 3b = 0,3x n n

nhn
hay
(2.)
T1 va2 >
NO NO
x = 0,1 mol hay = 0,1.22, 4 2, 24 l n V
ap n A
Chuy:
Nu chu ng ta tha nh thao chung ta cothsuy ra c ngay
2a + 3b = 0,3 = 0,3x mol
2
2
;
Mg H H
Mg
2 n n n n
+
+

(do LBTNT Mg vaH)
nhng
( )
5
3
2
HNO N N NO
n n
_

,
+ +
Bai toan hn hp kim loa i tan ht trong HCl tao khiH

2
Ta lun co:
H HCl
2
H HCl
2
+ +
= 2
=
n n
m m m m
phn ng
kim loi phn ng mui
Vidu5: Cho 1,145 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Zn, Mg, Al tan hon ton trong
dung dch HCl to ra 1,456 lt H
2
(ktc) v to ra m gam hn hp mui clorua. Khi
lng m c gi tr l:
Giai
Ta co:

HCl
H
HCl
2
H
2

+ +
1, 456
2 0,13
22, 4
1,145 + 36,5.0,13 - 2.0, 065 5, 76
= 2
=
=
n n
m m m m
m
mol
gam

phn ng
kim lo i
phn ng mui
mui

Bai toan hn hp kim loa i tan ht trong H
2
SO
4
tao khiH
2
Ta lun co:
2 4
2 4
H H SO
2
H H SO
2
+ +
=
=
n n
m m m m
phn ng
kim loi phn ng mui
Vidu6: Ha tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp 4 kim loi trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long
va , thu c 8,96 lt kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m
gam cht rn khan. Cho rng axit phn ng ng thi vi 4 kim loi. Gi tr m l:
Giai
Ta co:
2 4
2 4
H H SO
2
H H SO
2
=
+ +
8, 96
0, 4
22, 4
20 + 98.0,4 - 2.0, 4 58, 4
=
=
=
n n
m m m m
m
mol
gam
mui
phn ng
kim loi phn ng mui
Bai toan hn hp kim loa i tan ht trong HCl , H
2
SO
4
tao khiH
2
Ta lun co:

2 4
2 4
H SO HCl
H
H
H
2
H H
H H SO HCl
2
+ 2
+ + +
=
= 2
=
=
n n n
n n
n n
m m m m m
+
+
+ +
nu
th
ban u
phn ng
ban u phn ng
kim loi mui

Vidu7: Ha tan ht 11,61 gam hn hp bt kim loi Mg, Al, Zn, Fe bng 500ml
dung dch hn hp axit HCl 1,5M v H
2
SO
4
0,45M (long) thu c dung dch X v
13,44 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Cho rng cc axit phn ng ng thi vi cc kim loi. Tng
khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng l:
Giai

2 4
H SO HCl
H
+ 2 = 0,5.1,5 + 2.0,5.0,45
= 0,75 + 2.0,225 = 1,2 mol
= n n n
+
ban u
H
H
2
13, 44
=
22, 4
2. = 2.0,6 = 1,2 mol = 2 n n
+
phn ng
H H
= n n
+ +

ban u phn ng
2 4
2 4
H H SO HCl
2
H H SO HCl
2
+ + +
( + + )
= 11,61 + 36,5.0,5. 1,5 + 98.0,5.0,45
=
2.0, 6 59,835
m m m m m
m m m m m
gam

kim loi mui
kim loi mui
Bai toan hn hp kim loa i tan ht trong HNO
3
Cn chuy:
- HNO
3
c ngui khng tac du ng vi Al, Fe
- Sdu ng phng pha p ba o toan e:

nhn (kim lo i) cho (cht kh)
e e
- Khi l ng mui
-
3
NO
:

3
3
'
kimlo i mui NO (trong mui)

kh
NO (trong mui)
+
a
m = m n
n = n
- Nu sau phan ng khng co khi thoat ra thi dung dich tao thanh co mui
NH
4
NO
3
.
Vidu8: Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
d, kt thc th nghim thu c 6,72 lt (ktc) hn hp B gm v NO
2
c khi
lng 12,2 gam. Kh i l ng mui nitrat sinh ra l
A. 43 gam B. 34 gam C. 3,4 gam D. 4,3 gam
Giai

2
2
NO
B
NO NO
NO
B
6,72
a = 0,1 mol
a + b = = 0,3 mol
22,4 a; b
b = 0,2 mol
b = 12,2 gam
n =
n =
n = n =
n =
m = 30a + 46

' '

3
12 + 0,1.3.62 + 0,2.1.62 = 43 gam
kim lo i mui NO (trong mui)

+ m = m n
Vidu9: Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
d, kt thc th nghim thu c 6,72 lt (ktc) hn hp B gm v NO
2
c khi
lng 12,2 gam. Khi lng Fe, Cu trong X ln lt la:
A. 6,4 gam; 5,6 gam. B. 5,6 gam; 6,4 gam.
C. 4,6 gam; 7,4 gam. D. 11,2 gam; 0,8 gam.
Giai

2
2
NO
B
NO NO
NO
B
6,72
a = 0,1 mol
a + b = = 0,3 mol
22,4 a; b
b = 0,2 mol
b = 12,2 gam
n =
n =
n = n =
n =
m = 30a + 46

' '

Goi n
Fe
= x mol; n
Cu
= y mol
B
X
2.)

y = 12 gam
n = 3x + 2y = 3.0,1 + 1.0,2 = 0,5 mol 1.)
m = 56x + 64

nhn (kim lo i)
cho (cht kh)
e e
T1 va2

Fe Cu
Fe
Cu
x = 0,1 mol
m = 56.0,1 = 5,6 gam ; m = 64.0,1 = 6,4 gam
y b = 0,1 mol
n =
n = =
'
Chuyvcac bai toan phan ng cua kim loai, cac h p cht vi NO

-
3
trong mi tr ng
H
+
Vidu10: Cho m gam hn hp X gam Zn, Fe v Mg vo dung dch HCl d thu c
dung dch Y. Thm tip KNO
3
d vo dung dch Y th thu c 0,672 lt kh NO duy
nht (ktc). Khi lng st c trong m gam hn hp X l:
A. 1,68 gam B. 3,36 gam C. 5,04 gam D. 6,72 gam.
Giai
H n hp X tac dung vi HCl thu c hn h p Y co
2 2 2
; ; ZnCl FeCl MgCl
vaHCl d.
Khi thm tip KNO
3
d sexay ra phan ng oxi hoa
2
Fe
+
thanh
3
Fe
+
tao khiNO.
Goi smol Fe laa => smol
2
Fe
+
cung b ng a
Xet phan ng oxi hoa
2
Fe
+
thanh
3
Fe
+
bng NO
-
3
trong mi tr ng H
+
:
2 3
Fe - 1 e Fe
n = a mol
e cho
a mol a mol a mol
+ +

}

5 2

e
=
-
0,672
0,09 0,03
22,4
= 0,09 mol
mol mol
N 3e N n
+ +

nhn
ap du ng inh lut bao toa n e ta co:
2+
Fe
Fe
56.0, 09 5, 04 = a = 0,09mol n m gam
Bai tp

Cu 1: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,1 mol Fe v 0,2 mol Mg vo dung dch
HNO
3
d thu c hn hp kh X gm NO v NO
2
c t l s mol tng ng l 2:1.
Th tch ca hn hp kh X ( ktc) l:
A. 0,672 lt. B. 6,72 lt. C. 8,96 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Cu 2: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp X gm Mg, Al Cu, tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d,
thu c 1,12 lt hn hp Y gm NO + NO
2
c M = 42,8 (th tch cc kh o ktc).
Tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l:
Cu 3: Cho 1,68 gam hn hp A gm Fe, Cu, Mg tac du ng ht vi H
2
SO
4
c no ng.
Sau phan ng thy tao h n hp mui B vakhiSO
2
cothtich = 1,008 lit (ktc).
Tinh khi l ng mui thu c.
A. 6 gam. B. 5,9 gam. C. 6,5 gam. D. 7 gam.
Cu 4: Hn h p X g m Fe vamt kim loai R cohoa trikhng i. Trn u vachia
22,59 gam hn hp X thanh 3 phn bng nhau. Hoa tan ht phn 1 b ng HCl thu
c 3,696 lit khiH
2
. Phn 2 tac du ng vi HNO
3
loang thu c 3,36 lit khiNO (la
san phm khduy nht). Smol cua mi kim loai trong hn h p A la:
A. 0,12 mol Fe; 0,03 mol Al. B. 0,03 mol Al; 0,12 mol Fe
C. 0,12 mol Fe; 0,03 mol Mg. D. 0,03 mol Al; 0,12 mol Mg
Cu 5: Cho hn hp X dng bt gm Al, Fe, Cu. Ha tan 23,4 gam G bng mt
lng d dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng, thu c 15,12 lt kh SO
2
(ktc). Cho 23,4
gam X vo bnh A cha dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M (long) d, sau khi phn ng hon
ton, thu c kh B. Dn t t ton b lng kh B vo ng cha bt CuO d nung
nng, thy khi lng cht rn trong ng gim 7,2 gam so vi ban u. Smol cua
mi cht trong hn h p X theo thtnh trn la:
A. 0,15 mol; 0,15 mol; 0,1 mol B. 0,15 mol; 0,15 mol; 0,2 mol
C. 0,15 mol; 0,2 mol; 0,15 mol D. 0,2 mol, 0,15 mol, 0,15 mol
Cu 6: Hn h p A gm kim loai R (hoa tri1) vakim loai X (hoa tri2) hoa tan 3 gam
A vao dung dich cha HNO
3
vaH
2
SO
4
thu c 2,94 gam h n hp khiB gm NO
2
va
SO
2
.
B
= V
1,344 lit (ktc). Khi lng mui thu c la:
Cu 7: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe, Fe
3
O
4
ttac du ng vi 200 ml dung dich HNO
3
loang un no ng vakhuy u. Sau khi pha n ng xay ra hoan toan thu c 2,24 lit
khiNO duy nht (ktc), mui A vacon 1,46 gam kim loai d. Nng axit HNO
3
a
phan ng vakhi l ng mui A thu c la:
A.
3

M (HNO )
= 0,32 M C
;
3 2
Fe(NO )
= 32,4 gam m
B.
3

M (HNO )
= 0,32 M C
;
3 3
Fe(NO )
= 43,56 gam m
C.
3
M (HNO )
= 0,12 M C
;
3 2
Fe(NO )
= 32,4 gam m
C.
3
M (HNO )
= 0,12 M C
;
3 3
Fe(NO )
= 43,56 gam m
Cu 8: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl
1M v axit H
2
SO
4
0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch
dung dch khng i). Dungdch Y c pH l
A. 1. B. 6. C. 7. D. 2.
Cu 9: Cho 2,13 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Mg, Cu v Al dng bt tc dng
hon ton vi oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng 3,33 gam. Th tch
dung dch HCl 2M va phn ng ht vi Y l
A. 57 ml. B. 50 ml. C. 75 ml. D. 90 ml.
Cu 10: Hn hp X gm cc kim loi Ba, Al, Fe,. Chia X thanh 3 phn bng nhau:
Phn I tc dng vi nc (d), thu c 0,896 lt H
2
.
Phn II tc dng vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 1M (d), thu c 1,568 lt H
2
.
Phn III tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c 2,24 lt H
2
.
(Cc phn ng xy ra hoan toan, cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun).
Smol cua cac kim loai trong h n h p X ln lt la:
A. 0,04 mol ; 0,01 mol ; 0,03 mol B. 0,01 mol ; 0,04 mol ; 0,03 mol
C. 0,04 mol ; 0,03 mol ; 0,02 mol D. 0,01 mol ; 0,03 mol ; 0,04 mol
Hng dn giai
Cu 1: Goi a lasmol NO
2
ta cotng smol echo = tng smol e nh n nn:
0,1.3 + 0,2.2 = 3.2a + a => a = 0,1 mol
=>
X
n
= 2.0,1 + 0,1 = 0,3 mol
=>
X
V
= 22,4 . 0,3 = 6,72 lit
ap an B
Cu 2:
Y
Y
NO NO
NO NO
2 2
+
= =
=

+
0,01 mol x mol
x y = 0,05
= mol = mol
= = 2,14
y 0,04
30a 46b
n n
n
n n
m

' ' '

Cach 1: Vit 2 phan ng cua 1 kim loai (Mg) quan sat:
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2 2
3 Mg + 8 HNO 3 Mg(NO ) + 2 NO + 4 H O
Mg + 4 HNO Cu(NO ) + 2 NO + 2 H O

3 2
HNO NO NO
+ 4 2 4.0,01 + 2.0,04 = 0,12 mol n n n
H O
2
NO NO
2 2.0,01 + 0,04= 0,06 mol n n n +
HNO
3
Y H O
2
+ = + +
hh
m m m m m
mui
( ) HNO
3
Y H O
2
= + - +
=
hh
(1,35 + 63. 0,12) - (2,14 + 18.0,06) = 5,69 gam
m m m m m
_

,
mui
Chon D
Cach 2:
Goi a, b, c ln lt lasmol cua Mg, Al, Cu ta co:

hh
= 24a + 27b + 64c = 1,35 gam (1.) m

e e cho
= 2a + 3b + 2c = 3.0,01 + 0,04 = 0,07 mol (2.) n n

nhn
M
a
= 148a + 213b + 188c (3.) m
mui
Chung ta phai tim c 2 hs(x,y) lam sao x.(1.) + y(2.) = (3.). iu nay
xay ra khi vachikhi:
+
+ 24x 2y = 148 =
= 62 = 213
1
27x 3y
x
y

' '

( ) ( )
+
= 148a + 213b + 188c
= 24a + 27b + 64c + 62 + 2
= 1,35 + 62.0,07 = 5,69 gam
m
2a 3b c
mu
Vy
i
Cach 3:
3
= 1,35 + 3.0,01.62 + 1.0,04.62 = 5,69 gam
kimlo i mui NO (trong mui)

+ m = m n
Cu 3: Bai nay tng tnh bai 2 cung co2 cach giai. Minh chigiai cach 1 co n cach
2 cac ba n tgiai nhe
Vit 1 pha n ng cua 1 kim loai (Mg) quan sat:
2 4 4 2 2
Mg + 2 H SO MgSO + SO + 2 H O
2 4 2
H SO SO
2 2.0,045 = 0,09 mol n n
2
H O
2
SO
2 2.0,045 = 0,09 mol n n
2 4 2
H SO SO H O
2
+ = + +
hh
m m m m m
mui
2 4 2
H SO SO H O
2
= + - +
=
hh
(1,68+ 98. 0,09) - (64.0.045 + 18.0,09) = 6 gam
m m m m m
_
_

,
,
mui
Chon A
Cu 4: Goi a, b ln lt lasmol cua Fe, R mi phn, ta co:
X
=
22,59
+ = = 7,53 gam
3
56a Rb m (1.)
Phn 1 tac du ng vi HCl, ap du ng LBT electron:

3,696
+ = . = 0,33
22,4
2a nb 2
(2.)
Phn 2 tac du ng vi HNO
3
, ap du ng LBT electron:

3,36
+ = . = 0,45
22,4
3a nb 3
(3.)
T2 va3 > a = 0,12 mol ;
nb = 0,09 > b =
0,09
n
Thay a vab vao 1 ta c R = 9n > n = 3; R = 27; b = 0,03 mol
Vy h n hp A co0,12 mol Fe va0,03 mol Al
ap an A
Cu 5: Goi a, b, c ln lt lasmol cua Al, Fe, Cu, ta co:
X
m
= 27a + 56b + 64c = 23,4 gam (1.)
Vi H
2
SO
4
c do t ng se cho = tng se nhn nn:
3a + 3b + 2c
15,12
= 2. = 1,35
22,4
(2.)
Vi H
2
SO
4
loang do tng se cho = tng se nh n nn:
3a + 2b = = 2.
7,2
0,9 mol
16
(3.)
T1,2,3
Al
Fe
Cu
= =
=
=
a 0,2 mol
b = 0,15
b = 0,15
mol
mol
n
n
n
'
ap an D
Cu 6: Goi a,b ln lt lasmol cua NO
2
vaSO
2
ta co :
NO
B 2
SO
2
B
+
= =
=
=
1,344
= = 0,06
22,4
a 0,05 mol
a + b mol
b = 0,01
= = 2,94 gam
mol
46a 64b
n
n
n
m
' '

( )
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
2
2 4 2 4 2 2
2 4 4 2 2
R + 2 HNO RNO + NO + H O
X + 4 HNO X NO + 2 NO + 2 H O
2 R + 2 H SO R SO + SO + 2 H O
X + 2 H SO XSO + SO + 2 H O

3 2
HNO NO
2 2.0,05 = 0,1 mol n n
2 4 2
H SO SO
2 2.0,01 = 0,02 mol n n
2 2
H O
2
NO SO
2 0,05 + 2.0,01= 0,07 mol n n n +
HNO
2 4
3
B H SO H O
2
+ + = + +
hh
m m m m m m
mui
HNO
2 4
3
B H SO H O
2
= + + - +
=
hh
(3 + 63. 0,1 + 98.0,02) - (2,94 + 18.0,07) = 7,06 gam
m m m m m m
_
_

,
,
mui
ap an C
Cu 7: Gi s mol Fe tham gia phn ng vi HNO
3
(1) lax, s mol Fe
3
O
4
tham
gia phn ng vi HNO
3
(2) lay.
Fe + 4 HNO
3
> Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2 H
2
O (1)
x 4x x x
3 Fe
3
O
4
+ 28 HNO
3
> 9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 14 H
2
O (2)
y
28y
3
3y
y
3

2 Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ Fe = 3 Fe(NO
3
)
2
(3)
x + 3y
x + 3y
2
x + 3y
Phn ng xy ra hoa n toan vasau cng cn d kim loi nn HNO
3
phn ng
ht. Do xy ra phn ng (3) nn mui A laFe(NO
3
)
2
.
Theo (1), (2) vau bai ta c :
NO
= = 0,1 mol
y
x +
3
n (I.)

hh
+ = ) = 18,5 - 1,46 = 17,04
x + 3y
56(x + 232y
2
m (II.)
Giai (I.) va(II.) ta c x = 0,09 , y = 0,03
3
HNO
= + = 4.0,09 0,64 mol
28.0,03
3
n
3
M (HNO )
= =
0,64
0,32 M
2
C
3 2 3 2
Fe(NO ) Fe(NO )
= + = = = 0,09 3.0,03 0,18 mol 0,18. 180 32,4 gam n m
ap an A
Cu 8: Ap du ng LBTNT hiro ta co
2
( ) ( )
2
H

H(H ) H H
2 0,475 mol
5,32
22,4
n . n n n
+ +

phn ng phn ng
2 4
( ) ( )
2 4
( )
H SO HCl

H H HCl) H H SO ) H

H

( (
+
2
0,25.1 2 0,25.0,5 0,5 mol
n n n n n n
n .
+ + + +
+
+

+
ban u ban u
ban u
( )
( )

H
= =
M(H )
0,475 = 0,025 mol
0,025
0,1 pH = 1
0,25
0,5

n
C
+
+

d
d
ap an A
Cu 9: Theo LBTKL thi:
2
2
2 2 2 2
O
O
O H O O(O O(H O
-
=
= = =
) )
oxit
3,33 - 2,13 = 1,2 gam
0,0375 mol
2 0,075 mol
1,2
32
m m m
n
n n n n

kim lo i phn ng
Ta lai co:

2 2
H O H(H O) H(HCl) HCl
HCl
= = =
=
2 2.0,075 = 0,15 mol
0,15
= 0,075 lit = 75 ml
2
n n n n
V
ap an C
Cu 10: Cc phn ng xy ra mi phn:
* Phn I:
Ba + 2H
2
O > Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
(1)
x x x
2 Al + Ba(OH)
2
+ 2 H
2
O > Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3 H
2
(2)
2x x 3x
n = 0,896 : 22,4 = 0,04 ( mol)
* Phn II :
Ba + 2 H
2
O > Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
(3)
x x x
2 Al + Ba(OH)
2
+ 2 H
2
O > Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3 H
2
(4)
2x x 3x
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H
2
O > 2 NaAlO
2
+ 3 H
2
(5)
y 2x 1,5(y 2x)
n = 1,568 : 22,4 = 0,07 ( mol)
* Phn III :
Ba + 2 HCl > BaCl
2
+ H
2
(6)
x x
2 Al + 6 HCl > 2 AlCl
3
+ 3 H
2
(7)
y 1,5y
Fe + 2 HCl > FeCl
2
+ H
2
(8)
z z
n = 2,24 : 22,4 = 0,1 ( mol )
phn II dung dch NaOH d nn Al phn ng ht.
phn I, do s mol H
2
thu c nh hn phn II, suy ra Al cn d vaBa(OH)
2
phn
ng ht.
t s mol ca Ba , Al , Fe trong mi phn tng ng l x , y , z . Ta c s mol H
2
thu c :
Phn I : x + 3x = 0,04 (a)
Phn II : x + 3x + 1,5(y -2x) = x + 1,5y = 0,07 (b)
Phn III : x + 1,5y + z = 0,1 (c)
Gii 3 phng trnh trn c :
x = 0,01 mol ; y = 0,04 mol ; z = 0,03 mol
ap an B
Dang 2: Kim loai phan ng vi mui (kim loai khng tac dung vi nc).
1. Mt kim loai tac dung vi 1 mui
n+ m+
n m n m A + B A + B
iu kin cua pha n ng:
- A phai ng trc B trong day in hoa.
- Mui B phai tan:
Vidu :

2+ 2+
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
Nhng:

3+
Fe + Al
khng xay ra do tinh khcua Fe y u hn
3+
Al
Hay:

Cu + AgCl
khng xay ra do
AgCl
khng tan
tng dam khi lng cua thanh kim loai:
- N u
B
m

>
A tan
m
thi khi lng thanh kim loai A tng: tng khi l ng: =
B
m

-
A tan
m
.
- N u
B
m

<
A tan
m
thikhi lng thanh kim loai A giam: giam khi l ng: =
A tan
m
-
B
m

.
Vidu1: Mt thanh kim loai M hoa tri II nhu ng vao 1 lit dung dich
4
FeSO
cokhi
l ng tng ln 16 gam. Nu nhung cu ng thanh kim loai y vao 1 lit dung dich CuSO
4
thi khi l ng cua thanh tng 20 gam. Bit r ng cac pha n ng noi trn u hoa n
toan vasau pha n ng con d kim loai M, 2 dung dich
4
FeSO
vaCuSO
4
cocung n ng
mol ban u. Kim loai M la:
A. Mg. B.Al. C.Cu. D.Zn.
Giai.
Goi x lasmol
4
FeSO
pha n ng , nocu ng chinh lasmol CuSO
4
phan ng (2 dung
dich
4
FeSO
vaCuSO
4
cocung nng mol ban u)
Vi
4
FeSO
:

2+ 2+
M + Fe M + Fe
x x x x
tng khi lng: Vm = (56 M)x = 16 1.)

Vi CuSO
4
:

2+ 2+
M + Cu M + Cu
x x x x
tng khi lng: Vm = (64 M)x = 20 2.)

T1 va2 > =
56 - M 16
M 24
64 - M 20
kim loai Mg
Vidu2 : Ngm mt thanh Zn vo mt cc thy tinh cha 50ml dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,05M n khi dung dch trong cc mt hn mu xanh, th khi lng thanh Zn sau
phn ng s:
A. Tng 0,0025 gam so vi ban u.
B. Gim 0,0025 gam so vi ban u.
C. Gim 0,1625 gam so vi ban u.
D. Tng 0,16 gam so vi ban u.
Giai.
Dung dch trong cc mt hn mu xanh tc la
4
CuSO
apha n ng h t.
2+ 2+

0,0025 mol 0,0025 mol 0,0025 mol 0,0025 mol
Zn + Cu Zn + Cu
Vy khi lng thanh kem sau pha n ng gim 0,0025 gam so vi ban u
Bai tp
Cu 1: Nhng bn km v bn st vo cng mt dung dch ng sunfat. Sau mt
thi gian, nhc hai bn kim loi ra th trong dung dch thu c nng mol ca
km sunfat bng 2,5 ln ca st sunfat. Mt khc khi lng ca dung dch gim
0,11gam. Khi lng ng bm trn mi kim loi l:
A. 1,28 gam v 3,2 gam. B. 6,4gam v 1,6 gam.
C. 1,54 gam v 2,6 gam. D. 8,6 gam v 2,4 gam.
Cu 2: Ho tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui CuCl
2
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
vo nc c dung
dch X c mu xanh. Nhng vo X mt thanh Mg v khuy u cho n khi mu
xanh ca dung dch bin mt. Ly thanh Mg ra cn li, thy khi lng tng thm
0,8 gam. C c dung dch n khan th thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m
l:
A. 1,15gam. B. 1,43 gam. C. 2,48 gam. D. 4,13 gam.
Cu 3: Mt thanh kim loai A ho a triII nhu ng vao dung dich
2
Cu
+
thicokhi lng
giam 1% so vi khi lng ban u, nhng cung cung thanh kim loai y khi nhu ng
vao mui
2+
Hg thi co khi l ng tng ln 67,5% so vi khi lng thanh ban
u(khi l ng ban u la10 gam). Bit rng giam smol cua
2
Cu
+
bng 2 ln
giam smol
2+
Hg , kim loai M la:
A. Mg. B.Al. C.Cu. D.Zn.
Hng dn giai
Cu 1: A
Goi a, b ln lt lasmol cua
Zn
va Fe aphan ng vi
4
CuSO
.

4 4
4 4

a a a a
Zn + CuSO ZnSO + Cu
Fe + CuSO FeSO +

b b b b
Cu
Theo bai ta co: a = 2,5b 1.)
Mt khac khi l ng dung dich giam 0,11 gam tc khi lng cua kim loai tao ra l n
hn khi l ng kim loai phan ng 0,11 gam (hoc chung ta co th no i rng
4
CuSO
m
-
4
ZnSO
(m
+
4
FeSO
) m
- = 0,11 gam):
64(a + b) (65a + 56b) = 0,11 gam hay 8b a = 0,11 2.)
T1.) va2.) > a = 0,05 mol ; b = 0,02 mol
Vy khi lng Cu bam vao Zn la:
Cu(Zn)
= m
64.0,05 = 3,2 gam
khi l ng Cu bam vao Fe la:
Cu(Fe)
= m
64.0,02 = 1,28 gam
Cu 2: C
Ta thy mc duco2 pha n ng nhng chico1 phng trinh ion rut go n:
2+ 2+

a a a a
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
Khi lng thanh tng thm = 64a 24a = 0,8 gam
Mt khac a p du ng i nh lut bao toan khi lng ta co:
2 2
Mg Cu
Cu Mg
+ = + m m m m
+ +
Hay khi l ng mui khan thu c tinh la:
2 2
Mg Cu
Mg Cu
( + ) - m m m m
+ +

2
Mg
m
+ = 24a + 3,28 64a = 3,28 0,8 = 2,48 gam
Cu 3: D
Goi 2x lasmol
2
Cu
+
phan ng thismol
2
Hg
+
phan ng = x mol
Vi
2
Cu
+
:

2+ 2+
A + Cu A + Cu
2x 2x 2x 2x
giam khi lng: Vm = (A 64)2x =

m
100
1.)
Vi
2
Hg
+
:

2+ 2+
A + Hg A + Hg
x x x x
tng khi lng: Vm = (200 A)x =

67,5
100
2.)
T1 va2 >
= 67, 5
200 - A
A 65 ,
2(A - 64)

kim loai
Zn
2. Mt kim loai tac dung vi 2 mui.
p+ m+
m p m p A + C A + C 1.

p+ n+
n p n p A + B A + B 2.
iu kin cua phan ng:
- A phai ng trc B, C trong day in hoa.
- Mui
n+
B
,
m+
C phai tan.
N u bit smol ban u cua A,
n+
B ,
m+
C ta chicn chuy n thtpha n ng
trn
Nu bit smol ban u cua
n+
B ,
m+
C nhng khng bit smol ban u cua A ta
cothdu ng phng phap mc so sanh n u bit khi lng cua cht r n sau phan
ng (m):
- M c 1 va uphan ng 1.):
C 1
= = m m
rn
m
- M c 2 va uphan ng 2.):
B C 2
= + = m m m
rn
m
So sanh m vi
1
m
va
2
m

Nh vy co3 trng hp cothxay ra:
+ Trng hp 1: Nu m <
1
m
d
m+
C chicopha n ng 1. Dung dich sau phan ng
co
p+
A
,
n+
B
cha phan ng va
m+
C
d. Cht rn sau phan ng chicoC.
+ Trng hp 2: Nu
1
m
< m <
2
m
xong pha n ng 1, pha n ng 2 xay ra mt phn
d
n+
B
. Dung dich sau pha n ng co
p+
A
,
n+
B
d. Cht r n sau pha n ng coC va
B.
+ Trng hp 3: Nu m >
2
m
xong phan ng 1, xong phan ng 2 d A. Dung dich
sau phan ng co
p+
A . Cht rn sau pha n ng co
C
, B vaA d.
Chuy: i khi chu ng ta phai da vao dkin cua bai toan cothd oa n
nhanh trng hp nao.
Vidu1: Cho 8,4 gam Fe vao 1 lit dung dich A cha AgNO
3
0,2M vaCuSO
4
0,1M thu
c cht rn B. Khi lng cua B la(cac phan ng xay ra hoa n toan):
A. 24,8 gam. B. 28,4 gam. C. 27,6 gam. D. 28 gam.
Giai
Cu
2+
Ag
+

Fe
bai toan nay chung ta abit smol
Fe
= 0,15 mol n
;
2
Cu
= 1.0,1 = 0,1 mol n
+
;
Ag
= 1.0,2 = 0,2 mol n
+
. Nn chung ta chicn chuy n thtphan ng vasmol
cua chung:

2
Fe + 2Ag Fe + 2Ag
+ +
1.
Smol ban u: 0,15 mol 0,2 mol
Smol pha n ng: 0,1 mol 0,2 mol 0,1mol 0,2 mol
Sau phan ng: 0,05 mol 0 0,1mol 0,2 mol
Sau phan ng trn v n con d 0,05 mol Fe nn ti p tuc xay ra pha n ng:

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
2.
Sau phan ng: 0 0,05 mol 0,05mol 0,05 mol
T1 va2 cht rn B co: 0,2 mol Ag va0,05 mol Cu
B
= 0,2.108 + 0,05.64 = 24,8 gam m
ap an A
Vidu2: Cho m gam Mg phan ng hoan toan vi 1 lit dung dich A cha FeSO
4
0,1M
vaCuSO
4
0,1M sau phan ng thu c cht rn B cokhi l ng
B
= 9,2gam m
. Giatri
cua m la:
Giai
Fe
2+
Cu
2+

Mg
2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.
2 2
Mg + Fe Mg + Fe
+ +
2.
bai toan nay cosmol
2+
Fe
= 1.0,1 = 0,1 mol n
;
2+
Cu
= 1.0,1 = 0,1 mol n
va khi
l ng cht r n. Chung ta cothdung mc so sanh hoc xet cac trng h p xay ra
nh sau:
Dung mc so sanh:
- Mc 1 va uphan ng 1:

1 Cu
= = = 64.0,1 = 6,4 gam m m m
rn
- Mc 2 va uphan ng 1 va2:

Fe 2 Cu
= = = + 64.0,1 + 56.0,1 = 12 gam m m m m
rn
Ta thy theo bai thim
1
< m = 9,2 gam < m
2
nn xay ra trng h p Cu
2+
apha n
ng ht, Fe
2+
d.

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.
0,1 mol 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

2 2
Mg + Fe Mg + Fe
+ +
2.
0,05 mol 0,05 mol
9,2 - 64
= 0,05 mol
56

Mg
= 24(0,1 + 0,05) = 3,6 gam m
Xet cac trng hp xay ra:
+ Trng hp 1: Sau phan ng ht Mg d Cu
2+
(chicopha n ng 1). Cht rn B sau
phan ng chicoCu =>
Cu
9,2
= = 0,1435mol
64
n

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.
0,1435 mol 0,1435 mol
=> smol
Cu
2+
phan ng =
0,1435 mol > smol
Cu
2+
ban u = 0,1 nn tr ng
h p nay loai.
+ Trng hp 2: Sau phan ng ht Cu
2+
,d Fe
2+
, Mg h t. Cht r n B sau pha n ng
chicoCu vaFe :

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.
0,1 mol 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

2 2
Mg + Fe Mg + Fe
+ +
2.
0,05 mol 0,05 mol
9,2 - 64
= 0,05 mol
56

Mg
= 24(0,1 + 0,05) = 3,6 gam m
+ Trng hp 3: Sau phan ng ht Cu
2+
,ht Fe
2+
, d Mg . Cht r n B sau phan ng
coCu (0,1 mol) , Fe(0,1 mol) vaMg d (x mol):
B
= 64.0,1 + 56.0,1 + 24.x = 9,2 gam m
=> x < 0 nn tr ng h p nay loai
Kt lu n: H t Cu
2+
, d Fe
2+
, Mg h t.
Mg
= 3,6 gam m
ap an B
Vidu3: Cho m gam Mg phan ng hoan toan vi 1 lit dung dich A cha FeSO
4
0,1M
vaCuSO
4
0,1M sau phan ng thu c cht r n B cokhi lng
B
= 13,2gam m
. Gia
tricua m la:
Giai
Fe
2+
Cu
2+

Mg
bai nay chung ta cothdu ng mc so sanhhay xet cac tr ng h p cothxay ra.
Nhng chung ta cothnh n xet nhanh chong nh sau:
Nu ca
Cu
2+
vaFe
2+
u chuy n tha nh Cu vaFe thi
Fe B Cu
+ = 64.0,1 + 56.0,1 = 12 gam < = 13,2gam m m m
iu nay chng tocon d Mg. Smol Mg d =
13,2 - 12
= 0,05 mol
24
Nh vy
2 2 Mg Mg
Cu Fe
+ + = = 0,1 + 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,25 mol n n n n
+ +
d
Mg
= 0,25.24 = 6 gam m
ap an D
3. Hai kim loai tac dung v i 1 mu i.
C
P+

A B

p+ m+
p m p m A + C A + C 1.

P+ n+
p n p n B + C B + C 2.
iu kin cua phan ng:
- A , B phai ng trc C trong day in ho a.
- Mui
p+
C phai tan.
Nu bit smol ban u cua A, B,
p+
C ta chicn chuy n thtphan ng
trn .
Nu bit smol ban u cua A , Bnhng khng bit smol ban u cua
p+
C ta
cothdung phng phap mc so sanh n u bit khi l ng cua cht rn sau phan
ng (m):
B 1 C(1)
= + = m m m
rn
m
2 C(1) C(2)
= + = m m m
rn
m
So sanh m vi
1
m
va
2
m
Nh vy co3 tr ng hp cothxay ra:
+ Tr ng hp 1: Nu m <
1
m
chicophan ng 1, d A ht
p+
C . Dung dich sau
phan ng co
m+
A
. Cht rn sau phan ng chicoC, B cha phan ng vaA d.
+ Trng hp 2: Nu
1
m
< m <
2
m
A h t, B d,
p+
C ht. Dung dich sau phan ng
co
m+
A
,
n+
B
. Cht rn sau phan ng coC vaB d.
+ Tr ng hp 3: Nu m >
2
m
A h t, B ht , d
p+
C . Dung dich sau pha n ng co
m+
A ,
n+
B ,
p+
C
d. Cht rn sau phan ng coA vaB.
Hoc chung ta cothxet t ng trng hp xay ra trong cac trng hp trn sau o
d a vao dkin cua bai toan chon tr ng hp u ng.
* Chuy: i khi chu ng ta phai d a va o dkin cua bai toan cothd oan
nhanh trng hp na o.
Vidu3: Cho h n hp A co0,1 mol Ag; 0,1 mol Mg; 0,2 mol Fe phan ng hoan toan
vi 100 ml dung dich CuSO
4
. Sau pha n ng tao ra cht rn B cokhi l ng 29,2
gam. Xac inh C
M
cua CuSO
4
phan ng.
A. 1M. B. 1,5M. C. 2M. D. 0,5M.
Giai

bai tp nay mc duco3 kim loai nhng th c cht chicoMg vaFe laphan ng
c vi Cu
2+
,Ag con lai trong quatrinh pha n ng nn m = 29,2 108.0,1 = 18,4
gam.
~~~~~~~
Cu
2+

Mg Fe

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
2.
Ta du ng mc so sanh:
Fe 1 Cu(1)
= + = 64.0,1 + 56.0,2 = 17,6 gam m m m
rn
m
2 Cu(1) Cu(2)
= + = 64.0,1 + 64.0,2 = 19,2 gam m m m
rn
m
Theo bai thim
1
< m
= 18,4 gam < m
2
nn Mg aphan ng h t, Cu
2+
ht vad
Fe

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.
0,1 mol 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
2.
x mol x mol x mol
Sau phan ng
B Fe Cu(1) Cu(2)
+ + = = 18,4 gam m m m m
d

B
=
x =
64.0,1 + 64.x + 56(0,2 - x) = 18,4 gam
0,1 mol
m
T1 va2 =>

4
2+
M CuSO
Cu
C
= 0,1 + 0,1 = 0,2 mol
0,2
= 2M
0,1
n
ap an C
Bai tp
Cu 1: Cho 11 gam hn hp X cha Al vaFe phan ng hoan toa n vi 1 lit dung dich
CuCl
2
0,5M. Sau phan ng tao ra dung dich A va cht rn B,
B
= 25,6 gam. m
Cho
dung dich A phan ng hoan toa n vi dung dich NaOH d thu c kt tua E, nung E
trong khng khi n khi l ng khng i thu c h n hp F gm 2 cht r n. Khi
l ng cua F la.
A. 16 gam. B. 26 gam. C. 14,8 gam. D. 16,4 gam.
Cu 2: Cho h n hp A co0,1 mol Ag; 0,05 mol Mg; 0,2 mol Fe pha n ng hoa n toan
vi 100 ml dung dich CuSO
4
1M. Sau pha n ng tao ra cht rn B . Khi lng cua B
la.
Cu 3: Cho 13,6 gam h n h p X gm Mg, Fe pha n ng hoa n toan vi 100 ml dung
dich CuSO
4
2M. Sau phan ng tao ra cht r n Y vadung dich Z. Cho dung dich Z
phan ng hoan toa n vi dung dich NaOH d c kt tua E. Nung E ngoai khng khi
n khi lng khng i c 12 gam hai cht rn.
a. %kh i lng mi kim loai trong X la
A.
Mg
= %m
17%;
Fe
= 83% %m
. B.
Mg
= %m
17,65%;
Fe
= 82,35% %m
.
C.
Mg
= %m
16%;
Fe
= 84% %m
. D.
Mg
= %m
16,65%;
Fe
= 83,35% %m
.
b. Tinh m
Y
Hng dn giai
Cu 1: A
Ta thy bai toan cocac trng hp sau:
Tr ng h p 1: d Al, Cu
2+
pha n ng h t Fe cha pha n ng. Dung dich A chicoAl
3+
=> Khng cho cht r n (NaOH d sehoa tan h t Al(OH)
3
) nn khng thoa man.
Trng h p 2: : ht Al, ht Cu
2+
, d Fe. Dung dich A chicoAl
3+
, Fe
2+
=> cho 1
cht rn nn khng thoa man.
Tr ng h p 3: : h t Al, h t Fe, d Cu
2+
. Dung dich A chicoAl
3+
, Fe
2+
,Cu
2+
, =>
cho 2 cht rn nn thoa man.
Goi a, b ln l t lasmol cua Mg vaFe, ta co:

2 3
2Al + 3Cu 2A l + 3Cu
+ +
a mol 1,5a mol a mol 1,5a mol

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
b mol b mol b mol b mol

Al X
Fe B
= a = 0,2 mol =
= b = 0,1 mol = 64.(1,5a + b) = 0,4 mol
27a + 56b = 11 gam n m
n m

' '

Dung dich A chicoAl
3+
(0,2 mol), Fe
2+
(0,1 mol) ,Cu
2+
d (0,5 0,4 = 0,1 mol)

3+
2+
2+
3
2 2 3
2

Al Al(OH)
Fe Fe(OH) Fe O
Cu Cu(OH) CuO
tan
0,1 mol 0,05 mol
0,1 mol 0,1 mol

E
= 160.0,05 + 80.0,1 = 16 gam m
Cu 2: A
ChuyAg khng phan ng con lai trong B:

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.
Sau phan ng: 0 0,05 mol 0,05mol 0,05 mol
Sau phan ng trn v n con d 0,05 mol
2
Cu
+
nn tip tuc xay ra phan ng:

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
2.
Sau phan ng: 0,15 mol 0 0,05 mol 0,05 mol
T1 va2 cht rn B co: (0,05 + 0,05) mol Cu; 0,15 mol Fe d; 0,1 mol Ag
B
= 0,1.64 + 0,15.56 + 0,1.108 = 25,6 gam m
ap an A
Cu 3:
Ta thy bai toan cocac trng hp sau:
Tr ng h p 1: d Mg, Cu
2+
pha n ng h t. Dung dich Z chicoMg
2+
=> cho 1 cht
rn nn khng thoa man.
Tr ng h p 2: d Cu
2+
, Mg vaFe phan ng ht. Dung dich Z chicoMg
2+
, Fe
2+
,
Cu
2+
d => cho 3 cht r n nn khng thoa man.
Tr ng h p 3: Mg ht, Cu
2+
ht, d Fe. Dung dich Z chicoMg
2+
, Fe
2+
=> cho 2
cht rn nn thoa man.
Goi a, b ln lt lasmol cua Mg vaFe trong hn h p X, c lasmol Fe pha n ng:

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
1.
a mol a mol a mol a mol

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
2.
c mol cmol c mol c mol

2+
2+
2
2 2 3

a mol a mol
c mol 0,5c mol
Mg Mg(OH) MgO

Fe Fe(OH) Fe O

Ta co:

4
Mg
X
Fe CuSO
= a = 0,1 mol
=
= a + c = 0,2 mol = b = 0,2 mol
= c = 0,1 mol
= 40a + 160.0,5 = 12 gam

24a + 56b = 13,6 gam
c
n
m
n n
n
m
' '

Fe phn ng
cht rn
a. B
Mg
Fe
.
.
0,1
= 100 = 17,65%
0,2
= 100 = 82,35%
24.
13,6
56.
13,6
%m
%m
b. D
Cht r n Y co(a + c) = 0,2 mol Cu ; (b c) = 0,1 mol Fe d
Y
= 64.0,2 + 56.0,1 = 18,4 gam m
3. Hai kim loai tac dung v i hai mui.
y labai toan khaphc tap chu ng ta khng thlam bng cach xet t ng tr ng hp
cothxay ra.
N u bit smol cua cac kim loai vacation chu ng ta chu ng ta chicn lam theo th
tphan ng:
Vidu : cho Mg vaFe tac du ng vi h n hp Cu
2+
, Ag
+
Cu
2+
Ag
+

Mg Fe
Phan ng xay ra u tin:

2
Mg + Ag Mg + A g
+ +
1.
Nu Mg d ht Ag
+
:

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
2.
Nu Mg h t, d Cu
2+
:

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
3.
N u khng bit smol ban u thiphai da vao sion tn tai trong dung dichau
phan ng doa n cht na o h t cht nao d .
Ap du ng phng pha p ba o toan electron :

e cho (2kim lo i) e nhn (2mui)
n n
Vidu1: Cho hn h p X co0,15 mol Mg va0,1 mol Fe vao 1 lit dung dich Y cha
AgNO
3
0,1M va Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,15M. Sau pha n ng cho ra cht rn C, dung dich D.
Thm NaOH d vao dung dich D c kt tua. em nung kt tua nay trong khng
khic cht r n E.
a. Khi lng cua C la:
b. Khi lng cua E la:
A. 10 gam. B. 12 gam. C. 6 gam. D. 8 gam.
Giai
bai tp nay chu ng ta abit smol cua cac cht. Chung ta chicn xet theo tht
phan ng.

2 2
Mg + 2Ag Mg + 2Ag
+ +
1.
Sau phan ng: 0,1 mol 0 0,05mol 0,1 mol
Mg
nn ti p tuc xay ra pha n ng:

2 2
Mg + Cu Mg + Cu
+ +
2.
Sau phan ng: 0 0,05 mol 0,1 mol 0,1 mol
2
Cu
+
nn tip tuc xay ra phan ng:

2 2
Fe + Cu Fe + Cu
+ +
3.
Sau phan ng: 0,05 mol 0 0,05 mol 0,05 mol
a. B
T1 , 2 va3 ta thy cht r n C co: 0,1 mol Ag; (0,1 + 0,05) mol Cu; 0,05 mol Fe
d.
C
= 0,1.108 0,15.64 + 0,05.56 + = 23,2 g am m +
ap an B
b. A
Dung dich C co0,15 mol Mg
2+
-> 0,15 mol MgO
0,05 mol Fe
2+
-> 0,025 mol Fe
2
O
3

Vy cht rn E co0,15 mol MgO; 0,025 mol Fe
2
O
3
E
= 0,15.40 0,025.160 = 10 gam m +
Vidu2: Cho hn h p X co0,15 mol Mg va0,1 mol Fe vao 1 lit dung dich Y cha
AgNO
3
a M vaCu(NO
3
)
2
b M thidung dich C thu c mt mau hoa n toan. Sau phan
ng cho ra cht r n D cokhi l ng 20 gam. Thm NaOH d vao dung dich C c
kt tua E gm 2 hiroxit. em nung 2 kt tua nay trong khng khi c cht rn F
cokhi l ng 8,4 gam.(Cac pha n ng xay ra hoan toan). Giatricua a, b ln lt la:
A. a = 0,1M; b = 0,2M. B. a = 0,06 M; b = 0,05 M.
C. a = 0,06 M; b = 0,15 M. D. a = 0,6 M; b = 0,15 M.
Giai
Trong bai toan nay chung ta phai bit:
- Dung dich C mt ma u hoa n toan thiCu
2+
h t
- Do Ag
+
phan ng trc Cu
2+
nn cung ht Ag
+
- Dung dich cha 2 ion kim loai olaMg
2+
vaFe
2+
. Do Fe apha n ng nn Mg a
h t.
Tom lai: Cu
2+
h t, Ag
+
ht, Mg ht, d Fe
Goi c lasmol Fe phan ng, ta co:
+ Quatrinh cho e nh n e:
2+
e cho
2+
Mg - 2e Mg
0,15mol 0,3mol 0,15mol

Fe - 2e Fe
c mol 2c mol c mol
n = 0,3 + 2c

+
2+ 2+
Ag + e Ag
a mol a mol a mol

Cu - 2e Cu
b mol 2b mol b mol
n a + 2b =

e nhn
e cho
n n 0,3 + 2c a + 2b hay a + 2b - 2c = 0,3 =

e nhn
1.
+ Cht rn D coAg (a mol), Cu (b mol) vaFe (0,1 c) mol d:
D
m = 108a 64b + 56(0,1 - c) = 20 gam
108a 64b - 56c = 14,4
+
+
2.
+ Cht rn F co0,15 mol MgO va0,5c mol Fe
2
O
3

2+
2+
2
2 2 3

0,15 mol 0,15 mol
c mol 0,5c mol
Mg Mg(OH) MgO

Fe Fe(OH) Fe O

m = 40.0,15 160.0,5c = 8,4 gam
D
c = 0,03 mol 3.
+
T1,2,3 ta co: a = 0,06 M; b = 0,15 M; c = 0,03 mol

ap an C
Bai tp
Cu 1: Cho 7,22 gam mt h n hp X g m Fe vakim loai M cohoa trikhng i.
Chia hn h p X tha nh hai phn bng nhau:
- Ph n mt tan ht trong HCl c 2,128 lit H
2
.
- Ph n hai hoa tan h t trong dung dich HNO
3
d c 1,792 lit khiNO duy nht.
a. Khi lng kim loai M trong 7,22 gam hn h p X la:
b. Cho 3,61 gam hn h p X tac du ng vi 100ml dung dich A cha AgNO
3
aM va
Cu(NO
3
)
2
bM. Sau phan ng thu c dung dich B va8,12 gam cht r n C gm 3
kim loai. Cho B otac du ng vi dung dich HCl d thu c 0,672 lit khiH
2
. Tinh a,
b: (Cac phan ng xay ra hoa n toan. Cac thtich o ktc)
A. a = 0,03M; b = 0,05M. B. a = 0,6 M; b = 0,5 M.
C. a = 0,3 M; b = 0,5 M. D. a = 0,6 M; b = 0,3 M.
Cu 2: Mt h n hp X gm Al vaFe cokhi lng 8,3 gam. Cho X vao 1 lit dung
dich A cha AgNO
3
0,1M vaCu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M. Sau phan ng kt thuc c cht r n B
vadung dich C amt mau hoan toan. B hoan toa n khng tac du ng c vi HCl.
Smol ca Al, Fe trong h n hp X ln lt la.
A. 0,1 mol; 0,1 mol. B. 0,1 mol; 0,2 mol.
C. 0,2 mol; 0,2 mol. D. 0,1 mol; 0,1 mol.
Cu 3: Mt h n hp X gm 0,1 mol Al va0,1 mol Fe. Cho X va o 1 lit dung dich Y
cha AgNO
3
aM va Cu(NO
3
)
2
bM. Sau phan ng kt thuc c cht rn D cokhi
l ng 23,6 gam vadung dich E (ma u xanh anhat). Thm NaOH d va o dung dich
E c kt tua . em nung kt tua nay ngoai khng khi n khi lng khng i
c 24 gam cht r n F. Tinh a,b.
A. a = 0, 3M; b = 0, 5M. B. a = 0,2 M; b = 0,5 M.
C. a = 0,1 M; b = 0,4 M. D. a = 0,4M; b = 0,1 M.
Hng dn giai
Cu 1:
a. B
Goi x, y, n ln lt lasmol cua Fe, M trong 1/2 hn h p X vahoa tricua M. Ta co:
m
X
= 56a + Mb = 3,61 gam 1.
Khi cho X tac du ng vi HCl. A p dung inh lut ba o toan e:
2a + nb = 2
2
H
=
2,128
n 2. = 0,19mol
22,4
2.
Khi cho X tac du ng vi HNO
3
. Ap du ng inh lut ba o toan e:
3a + nb = 3
NO
=
1,782
n 3. = 0,24mol
22,4
3.
T2 va3 => a = 0,05 mol ; nb = 0,09 hay =
0,09
b

n
4.
Thay a = 0,05; =
0,06
b

n
vao 1 ta c: = M 9n
Vy kim loai M laAl, m
Al
=

0,09
27. = 0,81gam
3
Trong 7,22 gam X thim
Al
= 0,81.2 = 1,62 gam
ap an B
b. C
Trong 3,61 gam X co0,03 mol Al va0,05 mol Fe
Cht rn C g m 3 kim loai thichicothlaAg, Cu, vaFe d. Nh vy Ag
+
ht, Cu
2+
h t, Al h t, Fe d.
Goi c lasmol Fe phan ng, ta co:
+ Quatrinh cho e nh n e:

3+
e cho
2+
Al - 3e Al
0,03mol 0,09mol 0,03mol

Fe - 2e Fe
c mol 2c mol c mol
n = 0,09 + 2c


+
2+ 2+
Ag + e Ag
a mol a mol a mol

Cu - 2e Cu
b mol 2b mol b mol
n a + 2b =

e nhn
e cho e cho
n n = n 0,09 + 2c a + 2b hay a + 2b - 2c = 0,09 =

e nhn
1.
+ Cht rn C coAg (a mol), Cu (b mol) vaFe (0,05 c) mol d:

C
m = 108a 64b + 56(0,05 - c) = 8,12 gam
108a 64b - 56c = 5,32
+
+
2.
+ B tac du ng vi H
2
. Ag vaCu khng tac du ng chiFe pha n ng:

2 2
Fe + 2 HCl FeCl + H
0,672
0,03mol = 0,03mol
22,4
-> 0.05 - c = 0,03 mol hay c = 0,02 mol 3.

T1, 2, 3 => a =0,02mol ; b = 0,05mol
3
M AgNO
0, 03
C = = 0,3M
0,1
;
3
M Cu(NO )
2
0, 05
C = = 0,5M
0,1
ap an C
Cu 2:
Trong bai toan nay chung ta phai bit:
- Dung dich C mt ma u hoa n toan thiCu
2+
h t
- Do Ag
+
phan ng trc Cu
2+
nn cung ht Ag
+
- B hoan toa n khng tac du ng c vi HCl nn Al, Fe aphan ng ht.
Nh vy Al, Fe pha n ng va uvi AgNO
3
vaCu(NO
3
)
2
.
Goi a, b lasmol Al, Fe phan ng, ta co:
X
Al
e cho
Fe
=
=
m = 27a + 56b 8,3 gam n a
= 3a + 2b = 0,1 + 2.0,2 = 0,5
n b
= 0,1 mol
n n
= 0,1 mol

' '

e nhn
ap an A
Cu 3:
Dung dich Cu(NO
3
)
2
anhat mau chng toCu
2+
apha n ng mt phn hay Ag
+
a
phan ng h t. iu nay cu ng conghia laAl vaFe u h t.
Goi c lasmol Cu
2+
aphan ng. Ta co:
Ap du ng LBT e: 3.0,1 + 2.0,1 = 1.a + 2.c a + 2c = 0,5 1.
Cht r n D coAg (a mol), Cu (c mol). Va108a + 64c = 23,6 gam 2.
Dung dich E co0,1 mol Al
3+
; 0,1 mol Fe
2+
(Al vaFe u ht); Cu
2+
d (b c) mol.

2+
2+
3+
2 2 3
2

tan
Fe Fe(OH) Fe O
0,1 mol 0,05 mol
Cu Cu(OH) CuO
(b -c) mol (b -c) mol
Al

Cht r n E co0,05 mol Fe

2
O
3
va(b c) mol CuO
160.0,05 + 80(b c) = 24 gam => b c = 0,2 3.
T1,2,3 => a = 0,1M; b = 0,4M ; c= 0,2 mol
ap an C
Dang 3: Kim loai phan ng vi nc.
- Kim loai kim: Na, K

2 2
2 2
2K + 2H O 2KOH + H
2Na + 2H O 2NaOH + H
smol kim loai kim = 2smol khiH

2
- Kim loai kim: Ba, Ca (Mg khng phan ng vi H
2
O nhit thng)

2 2 2
2 2 2
Ba + 2H O Ba(OH) + H
Ca + 2H O Ca(OH) + H
smol kim loai kim th = smol khiH

2
=> Kim loai M hoa trin pha n ng vi H
2
O:

n
2 2
n
M + nH O M(OH) + H
2
Chung ta lun co:

2
2 2
H
H H O
OH

2
=
= = 2
n n
n
n n n
kim lo i
(n lahoa tricua kim loai, n = 1 hoc 2)
Vidu1: Mt kim loai A tan trong nc cho ra 22,4 lit khiH
2
(ktc). Dung dich thu
c sau khi c can cho ra cht r n B cokhi l ng 80 gam. Khi lng cua A la:
Giai
Goi hoa tricua A lan:

n
2 2
n
A + nH O A(OH) + H
2
=
2 2 22,4
1 mol
n n 22,4
B
= = =
80
M A + 17n A 23n
2/n

=> n = 1; M = 23 kim loai laNa

Na
= = 46 gam
2
m 23.
n
Vidu2: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loai kim A, B thuc 2 chu kiktip, m
X
= 8,5
gam. X pha n ng h t vi H
2
O cho ra 3,36 lit khiH
2
(ktc).
a. Khi lng mi kim loai trong X la:
A.
Na
= 4,6 gam m
;
K
= 3,9 gam m
. B.
Na
= 2,3 gam m
;
K
= 7,8 gam m
.
C.
Na
= 2,3 gam m
;
K
= 3,9 gam m
. D.
Li
= 0,7 gam m
;
Na
= 4,6 gam m
.
b. Thm vao 8,5 gam hn h p X trn mt kim loai kim thC c h n hp Y. Cho
Y tac du ng vi n c d thu c 4,48 lit khiH
2
(ktc). C can dung dich D thu c
ta c cht rn E cokhi lng 22,15 gam. Khi lng cua C la:
A. 1,37 gam. B. 6,85 gam. C. 2 gam. D. 4,11 gam.
Giai
a. A
Hai kim loai cocung hoa tri1 nn chung ta chicn vit pha n ng cua mt kim loai
ai di n.
2 2
0, = 0,
2A + 2H O 2AOH + H
3,36
3 mol 15 mol
22,4
X X
= = 28, 333; A < = 28, 333 < B
8,5
M M
0,3
A,B thuc 2 chu kykti p nn 2 kim loai laNa (a mol) vaK (b mol). Ta co:
Na Na X
X K K
a = 0,2 mol = 4,6 gam 23a + 39b = 8,5
a +b = 0,3 mol b = 0,1 mol = 3,9 gam
= =
= =
n m m
n n m

' '

ap an A
b. B
Ap du ng LBT khi l ng ta co:

2 2
H H O
D H
2
D
+ =
44,8
8,5 + m 18.2n = 22,15 2.
22, 4
m = (22,15 + 2.0,2) - (8,5 + 18.2.0,2) = 6,85 gam
m m m m +
+ +
kim lo i
cht rn
ap an B
(Chung ta coth tim ra xem kim loai la gi nhng sau otim khi lng cua no
nhng nh thlaquadai).
Vidu3: Hoa tan 23 gam mt hn hp gm Ba va2 kim loai kim A, B thuc 2 chu
kyktip va o nc c dung dich D va5,6 lit H
2
(ktc). N u trung hoa 1/2 dung
dich D cn V lit dung dich H
2
SO
4
0,5M. C can dung dich sau phan ng thithu c
bao nhiu gam mui khan:
A. 35,5 gam. B. 35 gam. C. 23,5 gam. D. 23,75 gam.
Giai
Ta co:
2
H
OH
=
5,6
2 2. = 0,5 mol
22,4
n n

Trong 1/2 dung dich D co0,25 mol OH
-
Ma
OH H
= 0,25 = 2.0,5V V 0, 25 n n l
+

2
4

= =
=
m m m m 96.0,25.0,5
23
m 12 = 23,5 gam
2
+ +
+
cation kim lo i
mui
SO
mui
ap an C
Bai tp
Cu 1: Mt hn hp X co0,2 mol Na va0,1 mol K. Thm vao hn hp X trn mt
kim loai kim thC c h n hp Y. Cho Y tac du ng vi nc d thu c 4,48 lit
khiH
2
(ktc). C can dung dich D thu c ta c cht rn E cokhi lng 22,15
gam. D la:
A. Ca. B. Ba. C. Mg. D. Zn.
Cu 2: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi kim thuc hai chu k k tip. Ly 4,25 gam hn
hp A ha tan hon ton vo H
2
O, thu c dung dch X. trung ho dung dch X
cn 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M. Khi lng cua mi kim trong A l:
A.
Na
= 4,6 gam m
;
K
= 3,9 gam m
. B.
Na
= 2,3 gam m
;
K
= 1,95 gam m
.
C.
Na
= 2,3 gam m
;
K
= 3,9 gam m
. D.
Li
= 0,7 gam m
;
Na
= 4,6 gam m
.
Hng dn giai
Cu 1: B
2
H ( , )
+ = =
0,2 0,1
0,15 mol
2 2
n
Na K
2
H ( )
- =
4,48
n 0,15 = 0,05 mol
22,4
D
2
D H ( ) D(OH)
2
= n n = n = 0,05 mol
D

Na NaOH
0,2 mol 0,2 mol
K KOH
0,1 mol 0,1 mol
=> 40.0,2 + 56.0,1 + (D + 17.2)0,05 = 22,15 => D = 137, kim loai Ba

ap an B
Cu 2: B
Vi kim loai kim ta co:
OH H
2
H
= = 2 n n n n
+
kim lo i
Hay
= n
kimlo i
0,1.0,5 + 2.0,1.0,5 = 0,15 mol
X X
= = 28, 333; A < = 28, 333 < B
4,25
M M
0,15
A,B thuc 2 chu kykti p nn 2 kim loai laNa (a mol) vaK (b mol). Ta co:
X Na Na
X K K
a = 0,1 mol = 2,3 gam 23a + 39b = 4,25
a +b = 0,15 mol b = 0,05 mol = 1,95 gam
= =
= =
n m m
n n m

' '

ap an B
Dang 4: Kim loai phan ng vi Baz.
- Mt skim loai cohiroxit lng tinh cokhanng tan trong cac dung dich baz
manh:

2 2 2
2Al + 2H O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO + 3H
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2Al + 2H O + Ba OH Ba AlO + 3H

2 2 2
Zn + 2NaOH Na ZnO + H
( )
2 2 2
Zn + Ba OH BaZnO + H
Vidu1: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loai A, B vi A ho a tri 2 va B hoa tri 3. Khi
l ng cua X la7,74 gam. Hn hp X tan ht trong H
2
SO
4
loang d cho ra 8,736 lit H
2
(ktc) . Cung lng X y khi tac dung vi NaOH d cho ra 6,048 lit H
2
(ktc) vaco n
lai mt phn cht r n khng tan cokhi l ng la2,88 gam. Khi lng mi kim loai
trong h n h p X la:
A.
Mg Al
= 2,88gam; = 4,86gam m m
B.
Cu Al
= 2,88gam; = 4,86gam m m

C.
Zn Al
= 6,5gam; = 1,24gam m m
D.
Cu Al
= 4,86gam; = 2,88gam m m

Giai
Goi a, b ln lt lasmol cua A, B trong X thi:

X
m
= Aa + Bb = 7,74 gam 1.
Khi X tac du ng vi H
2
SO
4
loang d, ap du ng LBTE ta co:
2a + 3b = 2
8,736
= 2. 0,39 = 0,78 mol
22,4
2.
Khi X tac du ng vi NaOH d thicothchiminh A tac du ng hoc mi nh B tac du ng:
+ N u minh A tac du ng thi

2 2 2
6,048
0,27 mol = 0,27 mol
22,4
A + 2NaOH Na AO + H

=> a = 0,27 mol 3.
Cht r n con lai laB vaBb = 2,88 gam 4.
T1,2,3,4 => a = 0,27 mol; b = 0,08 mol; B = 36 > loai
+ N u minh B tac du ng thi

2 2 2
6,048
0,18 mol = 0,27 mol
22,4
2B + 2H O + 2NaOH 2NaBO + 3H
=> b = 0,18 mol 5.
Cht r n con lai laA vaAa = 2,88 gam 6.
T1,2,5,6 => a = 0,12 mol; b = 0,18 mol; A = 24 (Mg); B = 27(Al)
Vy
Mg Al
= 24.0,12 = 2,88gam; = 27.0,18 = 4,86gam m m

ap an A
Vidu2: Mt hn hp X gm K vaAl cokhi l ng la10,5 gam. Hoa tan X trong
nc thihn h p X tan ht cho ra dung dich A. Thm ttdung dich HCl 1M vao
dung dich A. Khi bt u khng cokt tua. Ktthtich dung dich HCl 1M thm
vao la100ml thidung dich A bt u cho kt tua. Smol mi kim loai trong h n h p
X la(cac pha n ng xay ra hoan toa n):
A.
K Al
= 0,1 mol; = 0,2 mol n n
B.
K Al
= 0,2 mol; = 0,1 mol n n
C.
K Al
= 0,2 mol; = 0,15 mol n n
D.
K Al
= 0,15 mol; = 0,1 mol n n
Giai
Hoa tan X trong nc thicothcocac pha n ng sau:
2 2
2 2 2
2K + 2H O 2KOH + H
2Al + 2H O + 2KOH 2KAlO + 3H
Dung dich A coKAlO

2
vaKOH d. Thm ttdung dich HCl 1M vao dung dich A. Khi
bt u khng cokt tua thithtich dung dich HCl 1M adu ng la100ml conghia la
smol HCl 1M aphan ng vi NaOH d trong dung dich A la0,1 mol. iu nay co
nghia laK, Al atan ht. Goi a,b ln lt lasmol cua K, Al. Ta co:

2 2
a mol a mol
2K + 2H O 2KOH + H
2 2 2
b mol b mol b mol

2
KOH + HCl KCl + H O
(a - b) mol (a - b) mol
X K
KOH d Al
= 39a + 27b = 10,5 gam = a = 0,2 mol
0,1 mol b = 0,1 mol
m n
n n a b

' '

ap an B
Vidu3: Mt h n hp X gm K, Zn vaFe cokhi l ng la49,3 gam, smol K g p
2,5 ln smol Zn. Hoa tan h n hX trong nc d con lai mt cht rn A. Cho A
vao 150 mol dung dich CuSO
4
4M thithu c 19,2 gam kt tua. Khi lng mi kim
loai trong hn h p X la:
A.
K Fe Zn
; = 13 gam = 19,5 gam; = 16,8 gam m m m
B.
K Fe Zn
; = = 19,5 gam = 16,8 gam; 13 gam m m m
C.
K Fe Zn
; = = 19,5 gam = 13 gam; 16,8 gam m m m
D.
K Fe Zn
; = = 16,8 gam = 13 gam; 19,5 gam m m m
Giai
Goi 2,5a; a; b ln lt lasmol cua K, Zn, Fe . Ta co:
39.2,5a + 65a + 56b = 49,3 gam <=> 162,5a + 56b = 49,3 1.
2 2
2 2 2
2K + 2H O 2KOH + H
2,5a mol 2,5a mol
Zn + + 2KOH K ZnO + H
a mol 2a mol
=> KOH d, K, Zn tan ht. Cht rn A chicoFe:

2 2
Cu Cu Fe + Fe +
+ +
Cu 2
Cu
= <
19, 2
= 0,3 mol = 0,15.4 = 0,6
64
n n
+
=> CuSO
4
d
Fe Cu
= b = = 0,3 mol n n
2.
T1, 2 => Fe
K
Zn Zn
Fe
K
=
=
= a = 0,2 mol = 65.0,2 = 13 gam
b = 0,3 mol = 56.0,3 = 16,8 gam
2,5a = 0,5 mol = 39.0,5 = 19,5 gam
n m
n m
n m
ap an C
Bai tp
Cu 1: Trn h n h p X co0,2 mol K va0,1 mol Al vi 9,3 gam hn h p Y cha a
mol K vab mol Al c hn hp Z. H n h p Z tan h t trong nc cho dung dich B.
Thm HCl vao dung dich B thingay giot u tin dung dich HCl thm vao acokt
tua . Gia tricua a,b la:
A.
K Al
= 0,1 mol; = 0,2 mol n n
B.
K Al
= 0,2 mol; = 0,1 mol n n
C.
K Al
= 0,2 mol; = 0,15 mol n n
D.
K Al
= 0,15 mol; = 0,1 mol n n
Cu 2: Hoa tan hoan toan 7,7 gam mt h n hp X gm Na, Al trong nc d. Sau
phan ng thu c 4,48 lit khiH
2
(ktc) va2,7 gam mt cht r n khng tan. Khi
l ng mi kim loai trong hn h p X la:
A.
Na Al
= 2,3 gam; = 4,5 gam m m

B.
Na Al
= 4,6 gam; = 3,1 gam m m
C.
Na Al
= 2,3 gam; = 2,7 gam m m

D.
Na Al
= 2,3 gam; = 5,4 gam m m
Hng dn giai
Cu 1: A
Hoa tan X trong nc thicothcocac pha n ng sau:
2 2
2 2 2
2K + 2H O 2KOH + H
Dung dich A coKAlO

2
nhng khng coKOH d vingay giot u tin dung dich HCl
thm vao acokt tua:

2 2 3
KAlO + H O + HCl Al(OH) + KCl
Vy KOH ht, K vaAl h t, taco:

2 2
mol mol
2K + 2H O 2KOH + H
a + 0,2 a + 0,2

2 2 2
mol mol
b + 0,1 a + 0,2

Y K
KOH Al Al
= 39a + 27b = 9,3 gam = a = 0,1 mol
b + 0,1 = a + 0,2 b = 0,2 mol
m n
n n n

' '

ap an A
Cu 2: D
Nc d nn Na atan ht. Sau pha n ng con 2,7 gam cht rn khng tan, cht rn
nay laAl co n lai khi pha n ng vi NaOH.
Goi a, b ln lt lasmol cua Na, Al aphan ng ta co:
23a + 27b = 7,7 2,7 = 5 gam 1.

2 2
2 2 2
2Na + 2H O 2NaOH + H
a mol a mol 0,5a mol
2Al + 2H O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO + 3H
b mol b mol
1,5b mol
2
H
= 0,2 mol
4,48
n = 0,5a + 1,5b =
22,4
2.
Giai 1 va2 ta c a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol
=>
Na Al
= 23.0,1 = 2,3 gam; = 27.0,1 + 2,7 = 5,4 gam m m
ap an D
Dang 5: Phng phap nhit luyn.
Cac cht kh (NH
3
, CO, H
2
, C , Al) kh ion kim loi trong cc oxit.
Vidu :

+ +
3 2 2
2NH 3CuO N 3Cu + 3H O

2
CO + CuO Cu + CO

2 3 2
3 CO + Fe O 2 Fe + 3 CO

2 2
H + CuO Cu + H O

2 2
H + FeO Fe + H O
Hay phan ng nhit nhm:

2 3
2Al + 3CuO Al O + 3Cu

2 3 2 3
2Al + Fe O Al O + 2Fe
Noi chung lam cac bai tp ph n nay chu ng ta phai bit cach v n du ng cac inh
lut ba o toan:
+ Bao toan nguyn t
+ Bao toan khi lng
Cu ng nh sdu ng thanh thao phng pha p ba o toan electron
Chuy: cac bai toan vphan ng nhit nhm h n h p cht r n sau pha n ng khi
cho tac du ng vi dung dich ba z manh cothxay ra cac phan ng sau:

2 3
2 2 2
2 2
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H O NaAlO + 3H
Al O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO + H O

Vidu1: Dng V lit (ktc) kh NH

3
kh 12g oxit ng (II) vi hiu sut H%. Sau
phan ng tao ra h n h p khiB cotikhi so vi H
2
la9,35, V
B
= 2,912 lit (ktc) va
m gam cht rn C.
a. Tinh V.
A. 3,36 lit. B. 2,24 lit. C. 4,48 lit. D. 3,584 lit.
b. Tinh H.
A. 26,67%. B. 73,33%. C. 60%. D. 40%.
c. Tinh m
C
.
A.
C
3,84 = gam m

B.
C
11,04 = gam m
C.
C
= 12 gam m

D.
C
10,4 = gam m
Giai
Goi a,b ln lt lasmol cua N
2
vaNH
3
d trong B, ta co:

B
=
2,912
n = a + b = 0,13 mol
22,4
1.

B
= m = 28a + 17b 0,13.9,35.2 = 2,431 gam
2.
T1 va2 => a 0,02 mol; b 0,11 mol

+ +
3 2 2
2NH 3CuO N 3Cu + 3H O
Smol ban u:
22, 4
V
= 0,15 mol
12
80
Smol p/ : 0,04 mol 0,06 mol 0,02 mol 0,06 mol
Smol sau p/ : 0,11 mol 0,09 mol 0,02 mol 0,06 mol
a. A
Tphan ng trn ta co:
V
0, 04 0,11 V 3,36 l
22, 4
+
ap an A
b. D
Ta thy ngay
V
22, 4
: 2 >
0,15: 3
nn NH
3
d nhiu hn CuO hay H tinh theo CuO
0,06
H = .100 = 40%
0,15
c. B
Cht r n C co: 0,06 mol Cu va0,09 mol CuO d
=> m
C
= 64.0,06 + 80.0,09 = 11,04 gam
ap an B
Vidu2: Kh hon ton 1 oxit kim loi ch 70% kim loi bng hidro. Khi ho tan
11,2 g kim loi iu ch c trong axit HNO
3
c nng trung bnh th to ra mui
nitrat kim loi (III) v 13,44 lit kh (ktc) mu nu bay ra. T
a. Tnh khi lng oxit kim loi kim loi ban u.
Tn kim loi la.
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Cu. D. Mg.
Giai
a. A
Do pha n ng xay ra hoan toan oxit ht. Ap du ng LBT nghin tthikhi lng kim
loai cotrong oxi phai b ng khi lng kim loai = 11,2 gam
=>m
oxit
=
= 16 gam
100
11,2
70
ap an A
b. B
Ta co:
NO
2
. = = 3
11,2 1,344
M 56 Fe
M 22,4
n
ap an B
Vidu3: Cho 4,72 gam h n h p bt cc cht: Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
pha n ng hoa n toan
vi kh CO d nhit cao. Phn ng xong c 3,92 gam Fe. Nu ngm cng
lng h n h p cc cht trn trong dung dich CuSO
4
d, phn ng xong khi lng
cht rn thu c l 4,96 gam. nh khi lng mi cht c trong h n h p u:
A.
2 3
Fe Fe Fe O O
m = 1,44 gam; m = 1,68 gam; m = 1,6 gam
.
B.
2 3
Fe Fe Fe O O
m = 1,6 gam; m = 1,68 gam; m = 1,44 gam
.
C.
2 3
Fe Fe Fe O O
m = 1,68 gam; m = 1,44 gam; m = 1,6 gam
.
D.
2 3
Fe Fe Fe O O
m = 1,4 gam; m = 1,44 gam; m = 1,88 gam
.
Giai
Goi a, b, c ln lt lasmol cua Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
trong h n hp u. Ta co:
56a + 72b + 160c = 4,72 gam 1.
Ap du ng inh lut bao toan nguyn tFe:
smol Fe trong h n h p = smol Fe tao tha nh
Hay: a + b + 2c = = 0,07 mol
3,92
56
2.
Mt khac cho h n hp tac du ng vi CuSO
4
d chicoFe pha n ng. Cht r n con lai co
a mol Cu, b mol FeO vac mol Fe
2
O
3
=> 64a + 72b + 160c = 4,96gam 3.
T1,2,3 ta co:

2 3 2 3
n = a = 0,03mol m = 0,03.56 1,68 gam
Fe Fe
n = b = 0,02mol m = 0,02.72 1,44 gam
FeO FeO
n = c = 0,01mol m = 0,01.160 1,6 gam
Fe O Fe O

ap an C
Vidu4: Cho mt lung kh CO i qua 0,04 mol h n hp A gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
nhit
cao. Sau th nghim, c h n hp B gm 4 cht rn, cn nng 4,784 gam v
cht kh C. Dn C vo dung dich Ba(OH)
2
d c 9,062 gam kt ta.
Tnh khi lng cc oxit trong A.
A.
2 3
Fe Fe O O
m = 2,16 gam; m = 1,6 gam
.
B.
2 3
Fe Fe O O
m = 1,6 gam; m = 2,16 gam
.
C.
2 3
Fe Fe O O
m = 4,78 gam; m = 0,72 gam
.
D.
2 3
Fe Fe O O
m = 0,72 gam; m = 4,8 gam
.
Giai
Goi a, b ln lt lasmol FeO v Fe
2
O
3
trong hn h p A
Thi a + b = 0,04 mol 1.
Ap du ng inh lut bao toan nguyn tC:

2 3
2 3
C(CO C(CO C(BaCO
CO CO BaCO
= =
= =
9,062
= 0,046 mol
197
n n n
n n n
phn ng
phn ng
) ) )
Ap du ng inh lut bao toan Khi lng:

2
2
B CO A CO
B A CO CO
A
+ = +
= +
= 44.0,046 + 4,784 - 28.0,046 = 5,52 gam
m m m m
m m m m
m

phn ng
phn ng
Hay 72a + 160b = 5,52 gam 2.
T1,2 =>
2 3 2 3
Fe Fe
Fe Fe
O O
O O
=
=
= b 0,01mol = 0,01.72 0,72 gam
= c 0,03mol = 0,03.160 4,8 gam
n m
n m

ap an D
Vidu5:Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm hn h p X gm Fe
3
O
4
v Al (H=100%) thu
oc h n hp Y. Lng dung dich xt ti a phn ng vi Y l 100ml nng
0,8M v khi c 806,4ml H
2
(kc). Tnh s mol mi cht trong hn h p X.
A.
3 4
Al Fe O
= 0,056 mol ; 0,024 mol. = n n
.
B.
3 4
Fe O Al
= 0,02 mol ; = 0,03 mol. n n
.
C.
3 4
Fe O Al
= 0,08 mol ; = 0,021 mol. n n
.
D.
3 4
Fe O Al
= 0,024 mol ; = 0,021 mol. n n
.
Gia i
H n hp X
3 4
Al
Fe O
'
H n hp Y
2 3
Al d
Al O
Fe
'
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H O NaAlO + 3H

2 2 2
0,8064
0,024mol 0,024mol = 0,036mol
22,4

Al O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO + H O
2 3 2 2
0,028 mol 0,1.0,8 - 0,024 = 0,056 mol
Xet phan ng:

3 4 2 3
8Al + 3Fe O 4Al O + 9Fe
0,056mol 0,021mol 0,028mol
=>
3 4
Fe O Al
= 0,024 + 0,056 = 0,08 mol ; = 0,021 mol. n n
ap an C
Vidu6: Ho tan hon ton m gam oxit Fe
x
O
y
bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng oc 4,48 lt
SO
2
(kc), phn dung dich cha 240 gam mt loi mui Fe duy nht.
a. Tinh m.
b. Trn 5,4 gam bt Al vi 17,4 gam Fe
x
O
y
trn ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm.
Ho tan hon ton h n hp rn sau phn ng bng dung dich H
2
SO
4
loang d c
5,376 lt H
2
(kc).Tnh hiu sut phn ng nhit nhm.
A. 80%. B. 73,33%. C. 26,67%. D. 20%.
Gia i
a. B
Xet quatrinh cho e nhn e:
2y
+ +3
x
x 2
+6 +4

2y
- 2x(3- )e x
x
1,2 2y 240
1,2(3- )mol = 0,6mol
x x 400
0,4mol 0,2mol
2Fe Fe
2y
1,2(3-
x
S + 2e S
x 3
) 0,4
y 4

Vy oxit laFe
3
O
4
. m =
1,2
232. = 92,8gam
3
ap an B
b. A
Ta thy
0,2 0,075
= = 0,025mol
8 3
nn hiu sut cua phan ng tinh theo Al hay
3 4
Fe O

u nh nhau. Goi a lasmol
3 4
Fe O
phan ng.

3 4 2 3
8Al + 3Fe O 4 Al O + 9Fe
Smol b :
5,4
= 0,2mol
27

17,4
= 0,075mol
232
Smol p/: mol
8a
3
a mol mol
4a
3
3a mol
Sau p/ : (0,2
8a
3
) mol (0,075 a) mol mol
4a
3
3a mol
Nh vy sau phan ng coAl (0,2
8a
3
) mol; Fe (3a) mol tham gia tao khiH
2
vi
H
2
SO
4
loang. Xet quatrinh cho e nhn e:

3
2
(0,2 - ) mol 3(0,2 - ) mol
8a 8a
3 3
2Al - 6e Al
+
2+
3a mol 6a mol
Fe - 2e Fe

+
2
0,48mol 0,24 mol
2 2e H
5,376

22,4
8a
3(0,2 - ) + 6a 0,48 a = 0,06 mol
3
H +

=> H=
.100 80%
0,06
0,075

ap an A

Bai tp ap dung
Cu 1: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s cha m
gam X nung nng. Phn ng xong c 64 gam cht rn A v 11,2 lt hn h p kh B
(kc). d
B/H2 = 20,4. Tnh m.
Cu 2: Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim
loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d, thy to thnh 7 gam kt
ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ho tan ht vo dd HCl d thu c 1,176 lt kh
(kc). Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.
A. CuO. B. Fe
2
O
3
. C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. ZnO.
Cu 3: Khi nung nng hh A gm 2 cht l Al v Fe
2
O
3
trong mi trng kn, c hh
rn B. Khi cho B tan trong dd H
2
SO
4
long d c 2,24 lt kh (kc). Nu ngm B
trong dd NaOH d th khi lng cht rn khng tan l 8,8 gam. Smol cua Fe
2
O
3
trong hh A la: (bit phn ng xy ra hon ton).
A. 0,02 mol. B. 0,05 mol. C. 0,06 mol. D. 0,07 mol.
Cu 4: Hn hp A gm Al v Fe
x
O
y.
Sau phn ng nhit nhm c 92,35 gam cht
rn B. Cho B tc dng vi dd NaOH d c 8,4 lt kh (kc) v cn li phn khng
tan C. Ho tan 1/4 lng cht C trong H
2
SO
4
c, nng phi dng 60 gam dd H
2
SO
4
98%.
a. Tnh khi lng Al
2
O
3
to thnh.
b. nh Fe
x
O
y
Hng dn giai
C Cu 1: A
Goi a,b ln lt lasmol CO
2
vaCO d ta co:
2
B
B
CO
CO
11,2
a = 0,4 mol
a + b = = 0,5mol
22,4
b = 0,1 mol
44a + 28b = 0,5.20,4.2 = 20,4gam
n
n
n
m
' '
d
=> smol CO ban u = 0,4 + 0,1 = 0,5 mol (LBTNT cacbon)
Nh vy h n hp u m
1
= m gam X + 28.0,5 gam CO
H n hp sau phan ng m
2
= 64 gam cht rn A + 0,4.44 gam CO
2
Ap du ng LBTKL ta co: m
1
= m
2
=> m = 64 + 0,4.44 - 28.0,5 = 67,6 gam
ap an A
Cu 2: B
Ta co:
2 3
CO CaCO
CO
= 0,07 mol n n n
phn ng
Ap du ng LBT khi l ng thi:
2
CO oxit
CO
+ + = m m m m
kim lo i
phn ng
4,06 + 28.0,07 - 44.0,07 = 2,94 gam m
kim lo i
Xet phan ng gia kim loai vi axit:

x
2
2A + 2xHCl 2ACl + xH
2,94 1,176
mol = 0,0525mol
A 22,4
=>
2,94
.x = 0,105 A = 28x x = 2; A = Fe
A

Xet phan ng gia st oxit vi CO:

x y 2
0,0525 mol 0,07mol
y CO + Fe O x Fe + y CO
2 3
x 2
=
y 3
Fe O

ap an B
Cu 3: D
Nu
2 3
Fe O
ht thih n hp rn B coFe ,
2 3
Al O
, Al d. Khi B tac du ng vi H
2
SO
4
thicoFe (a mol) vaAl d ( b mol) tao khiva:
H
2
= = = 0,1 mol
2,24
a + 1,5b
22,4
n
.
Mt khac khi cho B qua NaOH d thicht rn co n lai coFe
Fe
=
8,8
8,8 = 0,16 mol > 0,1
56
n m
Fe
nn khng thoa man
Nu Al h t thih n hp rn B coFe ,
2 3
Al O
,
2 3
Fe O
d. Khi B tac du ng vi H
2
SO
4
thi
chicoFe tao khiva:
Fe H
2
= = 0,1 mol
2,24
22,4
n n
.
Mt khac khi cho B qua NaOH d thicht rn co n lai coFe va
2 3
Fe O
d
2 3
O Fe
= 8,8 - = 8,8 - 56.0,1 = 3,2 gam m m
Fe

2 3
O Fe
3,2
= = 0,02mol
160
n
d
2 3 2 3
0,1mol 0,05mol 0,1mol
2Al + Fe O 2 Fe + Al O
=> Smol cua
2 3
Fe O
ban u = 0,05 + 0,02 = 0,07 mol
ap an D
Dang 6: in phn.
1. inh nghia.
in phn l dng nng lng in thc hin phn ng oxi ha - kh xy ra trn
catot v anot
+ Ti catot (cc m) xy ra quatrinh kh (nhn e)
+ Ti Anot (cc dng) xy ra qu tri nh oxi hoa (cho e)
Khac vi phn ng oxi hoa kh thng thng, phn ng in phn do tc dng ca
in nng v cc cht trong mi trng in phn khng trc tip cho nhau e m
phi truyn qua dy dn.
2. Cac trng hp in phn.
a. in phn nng chy
Phng php in phn nng chy ch p dng iu ch cc kim loi hot ng rt
mnh nh: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ba, Al
in phn nng chy oxit: ch dng iu ch Al
6
NaAlF
2 3 2
2Al O 4Al + 3O
* Tac dng ca Na
3
AlF
6
(criolit):
+ H nhit cho phn ng
+ Tng kh nng dn in cho Al
+ Ngn chn s tip xuc ca oxi khng khivi Al
* Quatri nh in phn:
+ Catot (-):
3+
2Al + 6e 2Al
+ Anot (+):Do in cc lm bng graphit (than ch) nn b kh sinh ra anot
n mn.

2 2
2-
2
2
6O - 6e 3O
2C + O 2CO
2CO + O 2CO

Phng trnh phn ng in phn cho c 2 cc l:

2 3 2
2 3
2 3 2
dpnc
dpnc
dpnc
2Al O 4Al + 3O
Al O + 3C 2Al + 3CO
2Al O + 3C 4Al + 3CO
Kh anot sinh ra thng l hn hp kh CO, CO

2
v O
2
. n gin ngi ta
thng ch xt phng trnh:
6
NaAlF
2 3 2
2Al O 4Al + 3O
in phn nng chy hiroxit (Ch p dng iu ch cc kim loi kim: Na, K)
* Tng qut:
2 2
dpnc
1
2MOH 2M + O + H O (M=Na, K,...)
2

* Quatri nh in phn:
Catot (-): 2M
+
+2e
2M
Anot (+): 2OH
-
-2e
2 2
1
O +H O
2

in phn nng chy mui clorua (Ch p dng iu ch kim loi kim v kim
th)
* Tng qut:
2
dpnc
x
2MCl 2M + xCl (x=1,2)
b. in phn dung dch
- Ap dng iu ch cc kim loi trung bnh, yu.
- Trong in phn dung dch nc gi mt vai tr quan trng:
+ L mi trng cc cation v anion di chuyn v 2 cc.
+ i khi nc tham gia vo qu trnh in phn.
catot:
-
2 2
2H O + 2e H + 2OH
anot:
+
2 2
1
H O - 2e O + 2H
2

V bn cht nc nguyn cht khng b in phn do in qu ln ( I=0). Do vy
mun in phn nc cn ho thm cc cht in ly mnh nh: mui tan, axit
mnh, baz mnh...
- vit c cc phng trnh in ly mt cch y c chnh xc, chng ta cn
lu mt s quy tc kinh nghim sau y:
Quy tc 1: Qu trnh kh xy ra catot
+ Cc ion kim loi t Al
3+
tr v u dy i n hoa khng b kh thnh ion kim loi
khi in phn dung dch. Nn nu catot chicha cac cation nay thido chung khng
bikhnn nc sebikh:
-
2 2
2H O + 2e H + 2OH
+ Cc ion sau Al
3+
th b kh thnh kim loi, vi th t u tin ngc t di
ln. Trong c bit ch ion H
+
lun b kh cui cng trong dy u tin trn.
Quy tc 2: Qu trnh oxi ho anot
+ u tin 1: l cc kim loi trung bnh v yu.
+ u tin 2:
2- - - - -
S > I > Br > Cl > OH
Nu khi in phn anot cha ng thi kim loi v anion (ion m) th anion khng
b oxi ho a.
Cc anion ch a oxi nh:
- 2- 2- 2- 3- -
3 4 3 3 4 4
NO ; SO ; CO ; SO ; PO ; ClO coi nh khng bi
oxi hoa . Nu anot chicha cac anion nay thi
2
H O
sebioxi hoa:
+
2 2
1
H O - 2e O + 2H
2

Kt lun vcac trng hp in phn dung dich:
- in phn dung dich mui cua cation kim loai manh ( Al) vi g c axit cooxi:
;
2 4
Na SO
3
KNO ... ,cac dung dich axit cogc axit cha oxi:
2 4 3
H SO KNO ; ... , cac dung
dich baz tan cua kim loai kim vakim th: ( ) ...
2
NaOH; KOH; Ca OH
thinc bii n
phn.
Vidu : in phn dung dich NaOH
pdd
2 2 2
1
H O O + H
2

- i n phn dung dich axit magc axit khng cooxi:
,
2
HCl , HBr H S ...
- i n phn dung dich mui cua cation kim loai trung binh - yu (sau Al) vi gc axit
cooxi:
;
4
CuSO
( )
3
2
Fe NO ...
cho ra kim loai + oxi + axit tng ng.
Vidu : in phn dung dich
;
4
CuSO
pdd
+
4 2 2 2 4
CuSO
1
H O Cu O + H SO
2
+
- i n phn dung dich mui cua cation kim loai manh ( Al) vi g c axit khng co
oxi: ; NaCl
,
2 2 2
BaCl , Na S CaCl ...
cho ra baz tan +
2
H
+ halogen hoc S.
;
4
CuSO
( )
pdd
+
2 2 2 2

2
CaCl 2H O Ca OH H + Cl +
in phn dung dich
2
Na S

pdd
+
2 2 2
Na S 2H O 2NaOH H + S +
- i n phn dung dich mui cua cation kim loai trung binh - yu (sau Al) vi gc axit
khng cooxi:
;
2
CuCl
3
FeBr ...
cho ra kim loai + halogen.
;
4
CuSO
pdd
2 2
CuCl Cu Cl +
3. inh lut in phn
A
A Q A It It
m = = . n =
n F n 96500 n.96500
Trong :
+ m: s gam dng sm phm sinh ra trn in cc
+ n: s electron trao i
+ Q = It: in lng I qua dung dch vi cng dnh in l I, thi gian t v c
n v l culong; I (A); t(giy)
+ F: hng s Faraday; 1F = 96487 C
96500C
+
A
n
: gi l ng lng in ho, gi tt l ng lng, k hiu l .
+
A
n
lasmol cua A
4. ng dng ca phng php in phn:
- iu ch cac kim loi
- iu ch mt s phi kim: H
2
; O
2
; F
2
; Cl
2
- iu ch mt s hp cht: KMnO
4
; NaOH; H
2
O
2
, nc Giaven
- Tinh ch mt s kim loi: Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Au
- M in:in phn vi anot tan c dng trong k thut m in, nhm bo v
kim loikhi b n mn v to v p cho vt m. Trong m in, anot l kim loi
dng m nh: Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Ni.. catot l vt cn c m. Lp m rt mng
thng c dy t: 5.10
-5
n 1.10
-3
cm.
Vidu1: Bi u din quatrinh in phn dung dch KCl
Gi i:
Phng trnh in li:
2 2
2 2
, ,
catot(-) KCl (dd) anot(+)
K H O Cl H O
2H O + 2e H + 2O

+

-
2
H 2Cl 2e Cl

Do phng trnh in phn l:
2KCl + 2H
2
O
dpdd
2KOH + H
2
+ Cl
2
Vidu2: Bi u din quatrinh in phn dung dch CuSO
4
(i n cc tr)
Gii:
2 2
2
2
4
2
4
, ,
catot(-) CuSO (dd) anot(+)
Cu H O SO H O
Cu +

+
+

2
2
2 2e Cu H O 2e O H
1
2
+
+
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
dpdd
Cu + H
2
SO
4
+
2
1
O
2

Vidu3: in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi ant l Cu
Gii:
2 2
2
2
4
2
4
, ,
catot(-) CuSO (dd) anot(+)
Cu H O Cu, SO H O
Cu +

+
+

2
2e Cu Cu 2e Cu
+

Nh vy, catot Cu sinh ra bao nhiu th anot b tan ra by nhiu; trc v sau
in phn lng CuSO
4
khng i. Qu trnh ny dng m v tinh luyn kim loi
nguyn cht.
Vidu4: in phn dung dch
2
H
SO
4

2
2 4 2
2 4
, ,

H H O SO H O
catot(-) H SO (dd) anot(+)

2H

+

2 2 2
2 H O 2e O H
1
+ 2e H
2
+ +
+
H
2
O
dp

2
H
+
2
1
O
2

Vidu5: in phn dung dch hn hp CuSO
4
a mol v KBr b mol.
Gii:
2+ + - + - 2-
H O H + OH ; KBr K + Br ; CuSO + SO
2 4 4
Cu

+catot (-):
2+ + +
H ; K ; Cu
th t in phn l
2+ +
> H Cu
cn K
+
khng b in phn
2+
Cu +2e Cu
ht
2+
Cu
th
+
2
2H + 2e H
+ Anot (+):
.
2
4
- -
OH ; Br ; SO

th t in phn l:
- -
Br >OH
; cn
2
4
SO

khng b in
phn.
-
2
Br -2e Br
ht
-
Br
th
-
2 2
1
2OH - 2e O + H O
2

Phng trnh in phn:
dpdd
CuSO + 2KBr Cu + Br + K SO
4 2 2 4

+ Nu: b > 2a th KBr d :
dpdd
m.n.x
2KBr + 2H O H + Br + 2KOH
2 2 2

+ Nu: b < 2a th CuSO
4
d: CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
dpdd
Cu + H
2
SO
4
+
2
1
O
2

+ Nu b = 2a
2 2 2
dpdd
KOH
1
H O H + O
2

Vidu6: in phn dung dch CuCl
2
, in cc tr bng dng in 5A trong 45 pht
20 giy.Tnh khi lng kim loi sinh ra trn catot v thtich kh sinh ra anot (
ktc).
Gii:
PT in phn:
2 2
dpdd
CuCl Cu + Cl
p dng cng thc c:
2
2
Cl Cu Cu
Cl
=
=
= =
6452720 4,512
m = 4,512 g = 0,0705 mol
296500 64
V 0,0705 22,4 = 1,5792 lit
n n
Vidu7: i n phn dung dich A cha 0,4 mol M(NO

3
)
2
va1 mol NaNO
3
vi in
cc tr trong thi gian 48 phu t 15 giy thithu c 11,52 gam kim loai M bn catot.
a. Xac inh kim loai M vac ng du ng in.
b. Tinh thi gian i n phn dung dich mt h t
2
M
+
vi I nh trn.
Gii:
2
2
3 2 3
2 3 2
, ,
) ;
,
catot(-) M(NO (dd) NaNO (dd) anot(+)
M Na H O NO H O
M + 2e
a.
+ +
+

2
2
2 M H O 2e O H
1
2
+
+
Phng trnh in phn:

3 2 2 3
dpdd
) M(NO + H O M + O + 2HNO
2
2,016
0,18mol = 0,09mol
22,4
1
2

11,52
M = = 64 .v.c
0,18
=> M laCu
Theo inh lut Faraday
Cu
64 I.2895
= . 11,52 I = 12A
2 96500
m
b. in phn h t 0,18 mol
2
Cu
+
tao ra 0,18 mol Cu cn t
1
= 2895s
Vy in phn h t 0,4 mol
2
Cu
+
tao ra 0,4 mol Cu cn t
2
=
0,4.2895
0,18
=6433
Vidu8: Tin hnh in phn in cc tr, c mng ngn 1 dung dch cha m(g)
hn hp CuSO
4
, NaCl cho ti khi nc bt u in phn c 2 in cc th dng li.
anot thu c 0,448 lt kh (ktc), dung dch sau phn ng c th ho tan ti a
0,68g Al
2
O
3
.
1. Tnh m
2. Tnh khi lng catot tng trong qu trnh in phn
3. Tnh khi lng dung dch gim i sau qu trnh in phn. (Gs nc bay hi
khng ng k)
Gii:
2 2
,
4
2
4
2 2
, ,
;
,
catot(-) CuSO (dd) NaCl (dd) anot(+)
Cu Na H O Cl SO H O
Cu + 2e M

+ +
+

2
2Cl 2e Cl

Phng trinh i n phn:
4 2 4 2
dpdd
CuSO + 2NaCl Cu + Na SO + Cl
Nu phan ng va udung dich tao thanh khng thhoa tan c Al
2
O
3
. Nn chc
chn
4
CuSO
d hoc NaCl d
+ N u
4
CuSO
d:
4 2 2 4 2
dpdd
.

CuSO + H O Cu + H SO + O 2
mol mol mol mol
1
2
0, 02 0, 02 0, 02 0, 01

2 4 2 3 2 4 3 2
+ ( ) 3

3H SO Al O Al SO H O 3.
mol mol
0, 68
0, 02
102
+
4 2 4 2
-
dpdd

(
CuSO + 2NaCl Cu + Na SO + Cl 4.
0, 448
0, 01mol 0, 02mol 0, 01mol 0, 01 mol
22, 4
)

=> m = 0,03.160 + 58,5.0,02 = 5,97 gam
Khi lng catot tng =
Cu
= 64.0,03 = 1,92gam m
Khi lng dung dch gim =
2 2
Cu O Cl
+ + m m m

= 1,92 0,01.71 + 0,01.32 = 2,95gam +
+ N u NaCl d:
2 2 2
dpdd
.

2NaCl + 2H O 2NaOH + Cl + H 5
1 1 1 1
mol mol mol mol
75 75 150 150

2 3 2 2
+

2NaOH Al O 2NaAlO H O 6.
1 0, 68
mol mol
75 102
+
4 2 4 2
( -
dpdd

mol mol
CuSO + 2NaCl Cu + Na SO + Cl 7.
1 2 1 0, 448 1
mol
75 75 75 22, 4 150
)

=> m =
1
75
.160 + 58,5. 4,4733gam
3
75

Khi lng catot tng =
Cu
1
= 64. 0,8533 gam
75
m
Khi lng dung dch gim =
2 2
H Cu Cl
+ + m m m
+ )
1 1 1 1
= 64. ( .71 + .2 2,287gam
75 150 75 150
+
Chuy: T ng smol khianot = 0,02 mol = smol khi
2
Cl
pha n ng 5 va7.
2
H
lakhisinh ra catot.
Bai tp ap dung
Cu 1: in phn dung dch mui MCl
n
bng dng in 5A, in cc tr, sau 21
pht 27 giy ngng in phn, thy trn catot sinh ra 2,1334 gam kim loi M. Xc
nh tn kimloi M.
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Mg. D. Zn.
Cu 2:in phn dung dch NaCl cho n khi ht mui vi dng in 1,61A thy ht
60 pht
1. Tnh khi lng kh thot ra, bit rng in cc tr, mng ngn xp.
2.Trn dung dch sau in phn vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
cha 0,04 mol ri c cn dung
dch. Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c.
A. 4,26 gam. B. 3, 6 gam. C. 7,86 gam. D. 6,86 gam.
Cu 3: in phn 100ml dung dch A cha Cu
2+
, Na
+
; H
+
;
2
4
SO

c pH = 1, in cc
tr. Sau mt thi gian in phn, rt in cc ra khi dung dch, thy khi lng
dung dch gim 0,64 gam v dung dch c mu xanh nht, th tch dung dch khng
i. Tnh nng H
+
c trong dung dch sau khi in phn.
A. 0,2 M. B. 0,1 M. C. 0,16 M. D. 0,26 M.
Cu 4: Trong qu trnh in phn nhng cation s di chuyn v:
A. Cc dng, y xy ra s oxi ho B. Cc dng, y xy ra s kh
C. Cc m, y xy ra s oxi ho D. Cc m, y xy ra s kh
Cu 5: Qu trnh xy ra ti cc in cc khi in phn dung dch AgNO
3
l :
A. Cc dng : Kh ion NO
3
-
B. Cc m : Oxi ho ion NO
3
-

C. Cc m : Kh ion Ag
+
D. Cc dng : Kh H
2
O
Cu 6: Mt dung dch X cha ng thi Cu(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
3
, Zn(NO
3
)
2
, AgNO
3
. Th
t cc kim loi thot ra catot ttrc n sau khi in phn dung dch trn l:
A. Ag, Fe, Cu, Zn. B. Zn , Fe, Cu, Ag.
C. Ag, Zn, Fe ,Cu. D. Ag,Cu, Fe, Zn
Cu 7: Phn ng in phn nng chy no di y b vit sai sn phm?
A. Al
2
O
3

dpnc
2Al+3/2O
2
B. 2NaOH
dpnc
2Na+O
2
+ H
2
C. 2NaCl
dpnc
2Na+Cl
2
D. CaBr
2

dpnc
Ca + Br
2
Cu 8: Dy gm cc kim loi c iu ch trong cng nghip bng phng php
in phn hp cht nng chy ca chng l. (H KHI A 2007)
A. Na, Ca, Zn B. Na, Cu, Al C. Na, Ca, Al D. Fe, Ca, Al
Cu 9: Khi in phn hn hp dung dch NaCl v CuSO
4
, nu dung dch sau khi in
phn ho tan c NaHCO
3
th s xy trng hp no sau y:
A. NaCl d B. NaCl d hoc CuSO
4
d
C. CuSO
4
d D. NaCl v CuSO
4
b in phn ht
Cu 10: in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
v b mol NaCl ( vi in cc tr ,
c mng ngn xp ) . dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang
mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l ( bit ion SO
4
2-
khng b in phn trong dung
dch ) (H KHI b 2007)
A. b > 2a B. b =2a C. b < 2a D. 2b =a
Cu 11: Khi in phn c vch ngn dung dch gm NaCl, HCl . Sau mt thi gian
in phn xc nh xy ra trng hp no sau y, trng hp no ng :
A. Dung dch thu c c lm qu tm ha
B. Dung dch thu c khng i mu qu tm
C. Dung dch thu c lm xanh qu tm
D. A, B, C u ng
Cu 12: ng dng no di y khng phi l ng dng ca s in phn ?
A. iu ch mt s kim loi, phi kim v hp cht
B. Thng qua cc phn ng sn sinh ra dng in
C. Tinh ch mt s kim loi nh Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Au...
D. M Zn, sn, Ni, Ag, Au... bo v v trang tr kim loi
Cu 13: in phn n ht 0,1 mol Cu (NO
3
)
2
trong dung dch vi in tc tr, th
sau in phn khi lng dung dch gim bao nhiu gam
A. 1,6g B. 6,4g C. 8,0 gam D. 18,8g
Cu 14: Tnh th tch kh (ktc) thu c khi in phn ht 0,1 mol NaCl trong dung
dch vi in cc tr, mng ngn xp.
A. 0,024 lit B. 1,120 lit C. 2,240 lit D. 4,48 lit
Cu 15: in phn dung dch CuCl
2
vi in cc tr , sau mt thi gian thu c
0,32 gam Cu catot v mt lng kh X anot. Hp th hon ton lng kh X trn
vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng). Sau phn ng nng NaOH cn
li l 0,05M (gi thit th tch ca dung dch NaOH khng thay i). Nng ban
u ca dung dch NaOH l. (H KHI A 2007)
A. 0,15 M B. 0,2M C. 0,1 M D. 0,05M
Cu 16: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
vi in cc tr bng dng in mt
chiu I = 9,65 A. Khi th tch kh thot ra c hai n cc u l 1,12 lt (ktc) th
dng in phn. Khi lng kim loi sinh ra katt v thi gian in phn l:
A. 3,2gam v1000 s B. 6,4 gam v 1000 s
C. 6,4 gam v 2000 s D. 5,4 gam v 1800 s
Cu 17: in phn 200ml dd CuSO
4
0,5 M v FeSO
4
0,5M trong 15 pht vi in cc
tr v dng in I= 5A , khi lng kim loai thu c catot la:
A. 0,15 gam B. 0,2 gam C. 0,25 gam D. 0.3 gam.
Cu 18: in phn dung dch CuSO
4
bng in cc tr vi dng in c cng I
= 0,5A trong thi gian 1930 giy th khi lng ng v th tch kh O
2
sinh ra l:
A: 0, 15g v 0,112 lit B: 0, 32g v 0, 056 lt
C: 0, 32g v 0, 168 lt D: 1, 28g v 0, 224 lt
Cu 19: in phn 200ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,1M v CuSO
4
0,5M bng
in cc tr (hiu sut in phn l 100%). Khi katt c 3,2g Cu th th tch kh
thot ra ant l .
A : 0, 56 lt B : 0, 84 lt C : 0, 672 lt D : 0,448 lit
Cu 20: in phn dd cha 0,02 mol FeSO
4
v 0,06mol HCl vi dng in 1,34 A
trong 2 gi (in cc tr, c mng ngn). B qua s ho tan ca clo trong nc v
coi hiu sut in phn l 100%. Khi lng kim loi thot ra katot v th tch kh
thot ra anot (ktc) ln lt l:
A. 1,12 g Fe v 0, 896 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
, O
2
.
B. 1,12 g Fe v 1, 12 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
v H
2
.
C. 11,2 g Fe v 1, 12 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
D. 1,12 g Fe v 0, 896 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
v H
2
Cu 21: Dung dch cha ng thi 0,01 mol NaCl; 0,02 mol CuCl
2
; 0,01 mol FeCl
3
;
0,06 mol CaCl
2
. Kim loi u tin thot ra catot khi in phn dung dch trn l :
A. Fe B. Zn C. Cu D. Ca
Cu 22: Natri, canxi, magie, nhm c sn xut trong cng nghip bng phng
php no:
A. Phng php thu luyn.
B. Phng php nhit luyn.
C. Phng php in phn.
D. Phng php in phn hp cht nng chy.
Cu 23: Th tch kh hiro sinh ra khi in phn dung dch cha cng mt lng
NaCl c mng ngn (1) v khng c mng ngn (2) l:
A. bng nhau. B. (2) gp i (1).
C. (1) gp i (2). D. khng xc nh.
Cu 24: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch KCl, qu trnh no sau y xy ra
cc dng (anot)
A. ion Cl
b oxi ho. B. ion Cl
b kh.
C. ion K
+
b kh. D. ion K
+
b oxi ho.
Cu 25: in phn vi in cc tr dung dch mui clorua ca kim loi vi cng
dng in 3A. Sau 1930 giy, thy khi lng catot tng 1,92 gam. Kim loi trong
mui clorua trn l kim loi no di y (cho Fe = 56, Ni = 59, Cu = 64, Zn = 65)
A. Ni B. Zn C. Cu D. Fe
Cu 26: iu no l khng ng trong cc iu sau:
A. in phn dung dch NaCl thy pH dung dch tng dn
B. in phn dung dch CuSO
4
thy pH dung dch gim dn
C. in phn dung dch NaCl + CuSO
4
thy pH dung dich khng i
D. in phn dung dch NaCl + HCl thy pH dung dch tng dn
(coi th tch dung dch khi in phn l khng i, khi c mt NaCl th dng thm
mng ngn)
Cu 27: Tin hnh in phn hon ton dung dch X cha AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
thu
c 56 gam hn hp kim loi catot v 4,48 lt kh anot (ktc). S mol AgNO
3
v
Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong X ln lt l (cho Ag = 108, Cu = 64)
A. 0,2 v 0,3 B. 0,3 v 0,4 C. 0,4 v 0,2 D. 0,4 v 0,2
Cu 28: in phn 100ml dung dch A cha ng thi HCl 0,1M v NaCl 0,2 M vi
in cc tr c mng ngn xp ti khi anot thot ra 0,224 lt kh (ktc) th ngng
in phn. Dung dch sau khi in phn c pH (coi th tch dung dch thay i khng
ng k) l:
A. 6 B. 7 C. 12 D. 13
Cu 29: in phn n ht 0,1 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong dung dch vi in cc tr, th
sau in phn khi lng dung dch gim bao nhiu gam ? ( cho Cu = 64; O =
16)
A. 1,6 gam B. 6,4 gam C. 8,0 gam D. 18,8 gam
Cu 30: Ho tan 1,28 gam CuSO
4
vo nc ri em in phn. Sau mt thi gian
thu c 800 ml dung dch c pH = 2. Hiu sut phn ng in phn l
A. 62,5% B. 50% C. 75% D. 80%

Hng dn giai
Cu 1: A
Theo bai ta co
M
M
M 5.1287
= . 2,1334 32n
n 96500
m
Vy n = 2, m = 64 kim loai laCu
ap an A
Cu 2:
1. C
2
Cl
0,03mol
5.1287
= =
2.96500
n
2 2 2
dpdd
2 NaCl + H O 2NaOH + Cl + H
0,03mol 0,03mol 0,03mol
2
Nh vy khi l ng khithoat ra:
2 2
H Cl
= 71.0,03 + 2.0,03 = 2,19 gam m + = m m
ap an C
2. C
Ta co:
2 4
NaOH
H SO
0,03
1
0,04
= <
n

n
Nn chicophan ng sau tao mui NaHSO
4
vaH
2
SO
4
d:
2 4 4 2
NaOH + H SO NaHSO + H O
0,03 mol 0,04 mol 0,03 mol

4
NaHSO
120.0,03 = 3,6 gam = m
ap an B
Cu 3:D
2 2
,
4 2 2
,
A
, ,
catot(-) dd anot(+)
Cu H Na H O SO H O

+ + +

2
2 2
3.
1
Cu + 2e Cu 1. H O 2e O 2H
2
+ +
+
2
2H + 2e H 2.
+
Sau khi in phn dung dch c mu xanh nht nn

2
Cu
+
con d (cha cophan ng
2). Goi a lasmol
2
Cu
+
abikh . Phng trinh in phn la:
4 2 2 4 2
dpdd
CuSO + H O Cu + H SO + O
a mol a mol a mol 0,5a mol
1
2

Khi l ng dung dich giam =
b
2
2 4
Cu O
H SO H H
+
+ 2
64a + 32.0,5a = 0,64 gam a = 0,008 mol
= = 0,1.0,1 + 2.0,008 = 0,026 mol
= m m
n n n
+ +
0,026
+
H = = 0,26M
0,1
1
]
ap an D
Cu 4:D Cu 5:C Cu 6:D Cu 7:B Cu 8:C
Cu 9:B
Cu 10:A Cu 11:D Cu 12:B
Cu 13:B
( )
3 2 3 2
2

dpdd

1
Cu NO + H O Cu + 2HNO + O
2
0,1mol 0,1mol 0, 05mol

=> Khi lng dung dch gim = 64.0,1 + 32.0,05 = 8 gam
ap an C
Cu 14:C
2 2 2

dpdd
2 OH

2NaCl + 2H O Na + Cl + H
0,1mol 0, 05mol 0, 05mol
=> V = 22,4 (0,05 + 0,05) = 2,24 lit

ap an C
Cu 15: C
2 2
dpdd

CuCl Cu + Cl
0,32
= 0,005mol 0,005mol
64

2 2
dpdd
Cl + NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H O
0,005mol 0,01mol
2
Goi n ng ban u cua NaOH laa. Ta co:
0,2a - 0,01 = 0,05.0,2 => a= 0,1 M
ap an C
Cu 16: C
4 2 2 2 4
dpdd

1
CuSO + H O Cu + O + H SO
2
1,12
0,1mol = 0,05mol
22,4

Cu
= 64.0,1 = 6,4gam m

t
0,1.2.96500
= = 2000s
9,65

ap an C
Cu 17: A
in phn ht 0,2.0,5 = 0,1 mol
2
Cu
+
(tao ra 0,1 mol Cu)cn thi gian la:
t
0,1.2.96500
= = 38600s > 900s
0,5

Nn trong t = 900s thiCu
2+
cha bikhht, Fe
2+
cha bikhkim loai thu c
catot chicoCu:
Cu
.0,5.900
= 0,15gam
2.96500
64
m
ap an A
Cu 18: B
4 2 2 2 4
dpdd

1
2
0,005mol 0,0025mol

Cu Cu
.0,5.1930
= 0,32gam = 0,005mol
2.96500
64
m n
2
O
= 22,4.0,0025 = 0,056 l V
ap an B
Cu 19: C
2 2
,
4
2
4
2 2
, ,
;
,
catot(-) CuSO (dd) HCl (dd) anot(+)
Cu H H O Cl SO HO
Cu + 2e M

+ +
+

2
2 2 2
2 2

2Cl 2e Cl
1
2H + 2e H H O - 2e O + 2H
2
H O + 2e H

+ +

+ 2OH
Cu
= 0,05mol < 0,2.0,5 = 0,1 mol
64
3,22
n
Nn Cu
2+
con d Cl
-
ht. Nn ta co:
2
2
dpdd

Cu + 2Cl Cu + Cl
0,02mol 0,01mol 0,01mol

+
4 2 2 2 4
dpdd

1
2
0,04mol 0,02mol

= 22,4.(0,01 + 0,02) = 0,672 l V
ap an C
Cu 20: A
2 2
,
4
4
2 2
2
, ,
;
,

catot(-) FeSO (dd) HCl (dd) anot(+)
Fe H H O Cl SO HO
2H + 2e H

+ +
+

2
2 2 2 2

2Cl 2e Cl
1
H O + 2e H + 2OH H O - 2e O + 2H
2

in phn ht 0,02
2
Fe
+
(tao ra 0,02 mol Fe)cn thi gian la:
1
t
0,02.2.96500
= 2880s < 7200s
1,34

Nn Fe
2+
ht:

2
2
dpdd
1.

Fe + 2Cl Fe + Cl
0,02mol 0,04mol 0,02mol 0,02mol

+

2 2
dpdd
2.

2HCl H + Cl
0,06 - 0,04 = 0,02mol 0,01mol

0,01mol
Fe
= 56.0,02 = 1,12gam m
in phn ht 0,02 mol Cl
-
(tao ra 0,01 mol Cl
2
) cn thi gian la:
2
t
0,01.2.96500
= 1440s
1,34

1 2
t t = + = 2880 1440 4320s < 7200s +
Nn nc bii n phn tip:
2 2 2
3.
1
H O H + O
2
2
O
1,34.(7200 - 4320)
= 0,01 mol
96500
n
= 22,4.(0,02 + 0,01 + 0,01) = 0,896 l V
ap an A
Cu 21: C
Cu 22: D
Cu 23: D
Nu comang ngn:
2 2 2
dpdd
NaCl + H O NaOH + Cl + H
1 mol 1mol 0,5mol 0,5mol
2 2 2
Nu khng comang ngn:
2 2
dpdd
Cl + NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H O
0,05mol 0,1mol
2
H t Cl
2
nn khng xac inh. ap a n D
Cu 24: A
Cu 25: C
M
64,
3.1930 1,92
= M = 32 M = Cu
n.96500 M
n n
ap an C
Cu 26: C
Cu 27: C
Vithu c 56 gam hn hp kim loi catot nn AgNO
3
aht:
3 2 2 3
1 dpdd
Ag Ag
2
2 NO + H O 2 + O + 2HNO
a mol a mol 0,25a mol

( )
3 2 2 3
2
1 dpdd
Cu Cu
2
NO + H O + O + 2HNO
b mol b mol 0,5b mol

Theo bai ta co:
3
3 2
AgNO
Cu(NO )
=
=
a = 0,4 mol
108a + 64b = 56gam

b = 0,2 mol 0,25a + 0,5b = 0,2mol
n
n

' '
ap an C
Cu 28: D
2 2
2
, ,
;
,

catot(-) NaCl(dd) HCl (dd) anot(+)
Na H H O Cl H O
2H + 2e H

+ +
+

2
2 2 2 2

2Cl 2e Cl
1
H O + 2e H + 2OH H O - 2e O + 2H
2

H
+
bikhtrc
2 2
2H + 2Cl Cl + H
0,01mol 0,005mol
+

H t H
+
nn:
2 2 2
dpdd
NaCl + H O NaOH + Cl + H
0,01mol (0,01 - 0,005)mol
2 2 2
[ ]
NaOH
OH
-
1 13
0,01 mol
0,01
0,1 pOH hay pH
OH
0,1
= = n n

ap an D
Cu 29: C
( )
3 2 2 3
2
1 dpdd
Cu Cu
2
NO + H O + O + 2HNO
0,1 mol 0,1 mol 0,05 mol

Khi l ng dung dich giam =
Cu
m
+
2
O
m
= 64.0,1 + 32.0,05 = 8 gam
ap an C
Cu 30: B
4 2 2 2 4
dpdd

1
2
1
0,004mol 0,004mol .0,01.0,8 mol
2

0, 04
H = = 50%
1, 28/160
ap an B
Chng 2: KIM LOAI PHN NHOM CHINH NHOM I,II
I. Kim loa i phn nhom chinh nhom I (Kim loai kim)
1. V tr ca kim loi kim trong HTTH
- Kim loi kim l nhng nguyn t ha hc thuc phn nhm chnh nhm I trong
bng HTTH. Nhm kim loi kim c cc nguyn t: liti (Li), natri (Na), kali (K), rubidi
(Rb), xesi (Cs), franxi (Fr)
- Cc nguyn t ny cng l nhng nguyn t ng u mi chu k (tr chu k 1)
2. Cu tao vatinh cht cua kim loai kim
Nguyn t Li Na K Rb Cs
Cu hnh electron (He)2s
1
(Ne)3s
1
(Ar)4s
1
(Kr)5s
1
(Xe)6s
1
Nng lng ion ha, kJ/mol 520 500 420 400 380
Bn knh nguyn t, nm 0.15 1.19 0.24 0.25 0.27
Nhit nng chy
o
C 180 98 64 39 29
Nhit si,
o
C 1330 892 760 688 690
Khi lng ring, g/cm
3
0.53 0.97 0.86 1.53 1.90
cng (ly kim cng = 10) 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2
Kiu mng tinh th Lp phng tm khi
3. Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi kim
a. Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp: theo th t gim dn t Li n Cs, l
do mng tinh th kim loi kim c kiu lp phng tm khi trong lin kt kim
loi km bn
b. Khi lng ring nh: tng dn t Li n Cs, l do cc kim loi kim c mng
tinh th rng hn v nguyn t c bn knh ln hn so vi cc kim loi khc trong
cng chu k.
c. cng thp: l do lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t kim loi yu. C th ct cc
kim loi kim bng dao mt cch d dng
4. Tnh cht ha hc ca kim loi kim
Nng lng cn dng ph v mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ca cc kim loi
kim (nng lng nguyn t ha) tng i nh.
Kim loi kim l nhng nguyn t nhm s ( electron ha tr lm y phn lp s) c
bn knh nguyn t tng i ln. Nng lng cn dng tch electron ha tr
( nng lng ion ha) tng i nh.
T nhng c im trn, chng ta d dng suy ra kim loi kim l cht kh mnh
nht trong s cc kim loi.
a. Tc dng vi phi kim: Natri kh d dng cc nguyn t phi kim thnh ion m:
2 2 2
natri peoxit
Na + O Na O

2
2Na + Cl 2NaCl
b. Tc dng vi axit: Natri kh d dng ion dng trong dung dch axit:
2
+ 2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl H

2
2Li + 2HCl 2LiCl + H
Dang tng quat:
2
+ 2M + 2H 2M H
+ +

Chuy:phan ng gy nnguy him
c. Tc dng vi nc:

2 2
+ 2Na + 2H O 2NaOH H
Dang tng quat:
2 2
+ 2M + 2H O 2MOH H

=> bao qua n cac kim loai kim ngi ta ngm kim loai kim trong du hoa.
=> Kim loai kim phan ng vi dung dich mui :
Vidu :
K + dd CuCl
2

( )
2 2
2 2
+
+
2K + 2H O 2KOH H
2KOH + CuCl Cu OH 2KCl
Na + dd NH
4
NO
3

2 2
4 3 2
+
+ +
2Na + 2H O 2NaOH H
NaOH + NH Cl NH NaCl H O
5. ng dng ca kim loi kim

- Dng ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp
- Cc kim loi kali v natri dng lm cht trao i nhit trong cc l phn ng ht
nhn
- Kim loi xesi dng ch to t bo quang in
- Kim loi kim c dng iu ch mt s kim loi kim bng phng php nhit
kim loi
- Kim loi kim c dng lm cht xc tc trong nhiu phn ng hu c v ch to
cht chng n cho xng
6. iu ch kim loi kim
Kim loi kim rt d b oxi ha thnh ion dng, do vy trong t nhin kim loi kim
ch tn ti dng hp cht (mui). Nguyn tc iu ch l kh cc ion kim loi kim
:
M + e M
+

Tuy nhin s kh cc ion ny l rt kh khn. Phng php quan trng nht l in
phn mui halogenua hoc hiroxit ca chng dng nng chy. Phng trnh in
phn iu ch natri c th biu din nh sau:
pnc
2
2 + 2NaCl Na Cl
pnc
2 2

1
2 + +
2
2NaOH Na O H O
Ta thu c kim loi Na nng chy cc m, cc cht cn li thot ra cc dng.
7. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca kim loai kim.
a. Natri hiroxit NaOH
Tinh cht vt ly :
Natri hiroxit l cht rn, mu trng, d ht m, tan nhiu trong nc v ta nhiu
nhit do to thnh hirat. D nng chy
Natri hiroxit l baz mnh, khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton thnh ion
+ NaOH Na OH
+
Tinh cht hoa hoc:

-Tc dng vi axit:
2
+ NaOH + HCl NaCl H O

2
(H + OH H O)
+

- Tc dng vi oxit axit:
Nu t l s mol:
2
NaOH CO 2 3
: NaOH + CO NaHCO 1 n n
Nu t l s mol:
2
NaOH CO 2 2 3 2
: NaOH + CO Na CO + 2 2 H O n n
- Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
( )
( )
2
2 2
2

+
)
2KOH + CuCl Cu OH 2KCl
(Cu + 2OH Cu OH
+

+

4
4 3 2
3 2
+ +
+
NaOH + NH Cl NH NaCl H O
(NH + OH NH H O)
ng dung
Natri hiroxit c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin
du m, luyn nhm, x phng, giy, dt....
iu ch
Natri hiroxit c iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch mui natri
clorua:
pdd
mnx
2 2 2
NaCl + H O NaOH + Cl + H 2 2 2
Kt qu thu c NaOHc ln tp cht NaCl . Cho dung dch bay hi, NaCl kt tinh
trc c tch dn khi dung dch NaOH
b. Mui ca kim loi Natri
Natri clorua NaCl
Natri clorua l cht rn, d tan trong nc, khng mu, nng chy
Natri clorua l thc n cn thit cho ngi v gia sc. Ngoi ra, n cn l nguyn
liu iu ch nhiu ha cht quan trng khc nh: clo, axit clohiric, kim loi natri,
natri hiroxit, nc javen...
Natri clorua c khai thc t nc bin hoc m mui trong lng t
Mui natri hirocacbonat
3
NaHCO
- L cht rn, mu trng, tan t trong nc, bn nhit thng v phn hy
nhit cao:
0
t
3 2 3 2
2NaHCO Na CO + CO
- Ti nh lng tinh
+ L mui ca axit yu, khng bn, tc dng vi axit mnh:
3 2 2
+
3 2 2

( )
NaHCO HCl NaCl + H O + CO
HCO H H O + CO
+
+

3
HCO
thhin tinh baz

+ L mui axit, tc dng vi kim:

0
t
3 2 3 2
NaHCO NaOH Na CO + H O +

2
+
3 3 2
( ) HCO OH CO + H O

3
HCO
thhin tinh axit

Mui natri cacbonat
2 3
Na CO

- L cht rn, mu trng, d tan trong nc. nhit thng (dui 32
0
C) n tn
ti dng mui ngm nc
2 3 2
. Na CO 10H O
. nhit cao, mui ny mt nc kt
tinh, tr thnh mui khan c nhit nng chy l 850
0
C .
- Ti nh baz: l mui ca axit yu, khng bn (axit cacbonic), tc dng vi axit
mnh:
2 3 2 2
2
+
3 2 2

( )
Na CO HCl 2NaCl + H O + CO
CO H H O + CO
+ 2
2
+

- Mui natri cacbonat l nguyn liu ha hc quan trng sn xut thy tinh, x
phng v nhiu mui khc. Trong nh my, dung dch natri cacbonat dng ty
sch du m bm trn cc chi tit my trc khi sn, m in....
c. Cch nhn bit hp cht Natri
Nhn bit hp cht ca Natri bng phng php th mu ngn la. Dng dy platin
sch nhng vo hp cht natri (hoc natri kim loi) ri em t trn ngn la n
cn, ngn la s c mu vng
II. Kim loa i phn nhom chinh nhom II.(Kim loai kim th)
1. V tr ca kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II trong bng HTTH
Kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II c cc nguyn t sau:beri (Be), magie (Mg),
canxi ( Ca), stronti (Sr), bari (Ba), rai (Ra).
Trong mi chu k, nguyn t ny ng lin sau kim loi kim (tr chu k 1)
2. Cu tao vatinh cht ca kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II
Nguyn t Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
Cu hnh electron (He) 2s
2
(Ne) 3s
2
(Ar) 4s
2
(Kr) 5s
2
(Xe) 6s
2
Nng lng ion ha,
kJ/mol M - 2e = M
2+
1800 1450 1150 1060 970
Bn knh nguyn t, nm 0.11 0.16 0.2 0.21 0.22
Nhit nng chy,
o
C 1280
650 838 768 714
Nhit si,
o
C 2770 1110 1440 1380 1640
Khi lng ring, g/cm
3
1.85 1.74 1.55 2.6 3.5
cng (ly kim cng
=10)
2.0 1.5 1.8
Kiu mng tinh th Lc gic u Lp phng tm din
Lp phng
tm khi
3. Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II
- Nhit nng chy v nhit si tng i thp ( tr beri)
- cng tuy c cao hn kim loi kim nhng chng l nhng kim loi mm hn
nhm.
- Khi lng ring tng i nh, chng l nhng kim loi loi nh hn nhm (tr
bari).
Nhng kim loi ny c tnh cht vt l nu trn l do ion kim loi c bn knh tng
i ln, in tch nh, lc lin kt kim loi trong mng tinh th yu
Kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II c nhit nng chy, nhit si, khi
lng ring bin i khng theo mt quy lut nht nh nh kim loi kim l do cc
kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II c nhng kiu mng tinh th khng ging
nhau.
4.Tnh cht ha hc ca kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II
Kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II l nhng nguyn t nhm s, nguyn t c 2
electron ha tr ( ), phn cn li c cu to ging nguyn t kh tr ng trc
trong HTTH.
Nhng kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II c bn knh nguyn t tng i ln.
t nhng c im trn, chng ta d dng suy ra kim loi cc phn nhm chnh
nhm II l nhng cht kh mnh, trong cc hp cht chng c s oxi ha l +2.
Tnh kh ca kim loi ny th hin qua cc phn ng ha hc sau:
a. Tac dung vi phi kim:
2
Mg + O MgO

2 2
Ba + Cl BaCl
b. Tac dung vi axit:
- Kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II kh d dng ion trong dung dch axit (
HCl ,
2 4
H SO
) thnh hiro t do:
2 2
+ Ca + 2HCl CaCl H

2 4 4 2
+ Mg + H SO MgSO H
- Kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II c th kh ca dung dch
3
HNO
long
xung :
3 3 2 4 3 2
) 4 + + 3 10HNO Mg(NO NH NO H O 4Mg +
c. Tac dung vi nc
Trong nc ( nhit thng ), Be khng c phn ng, Mg kh chm, cc kim loi
cn li kh nc mnh m v to ra dung dch baz:
2 2 2
+ Ba + 2H O Ba(OH) H
5. ng dng
Kim loi beri to ra nhng hp kim cng, n hi, khng b n mn, dng ch to
my bay, v tu bin...
Kim loi magie to ra nhng hp kim c t tnh nh v bn, dng ch to my bay,
tn la..
Kim loi canxi dng lm cht kh tch mt s kim loi khi hp cht, tch oxi,
lu hunh ra khi thp....
Cc kim loi kim th cn li t c ng dng trong thc t
6. iu ch kim loi cc phn nhm chnh nhm II
Phng php chnh iu ch l in phn mui halogenua ca chng dng nng
chy. Phng trnh biu din in phn dng tng qut c th biu din di dng:


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Hoa Hoc Kim loai Qung Tr 2/1/2010

Phn 3: KIM LOI

khng mu ha nu trong khng kh

Kh. Phng trnh ca th in cc l:

khng mu ha nu trong khng kh

Bai toan hn hp kim loa i tan ht trong HCl tao khiH

kimlo i mui NO (trong mui)

kim lo i mui NO (trong mui)

Chuyvcac bai toan phan ng cua kim loai, cac h p cht vi NO

Tcac pha n ng trn thy ngay:

kimlo i mui NO (trong mui)

Tcac pha n ng trn thy ngay:

tng khi lng: Vm = (56 M)x = 16 1.)

tng khi lng: Vm = (64 M)x = 20 2.)

giam khi lng: Vm = (A 64)2x =

tng khi lng: Vm = (200 A)x =

a mol 1,5a mol a mol 1,5a mol

b mol b mol b mol b mol

T1,2,3 ta co: a = 0,06 M; b = 0,15 M; c = 0,03 mol

-> 0.05 - c = 0,03 mol hay c = 0,02 mol 3.

Cht r n E co0,05 mol Fe

smol kim loai kim = 2smol khiH

smol kim loai kim th = smol khiH

Chung ta lun co:

=> 40.0,2 + 56.0,1 + (D + 17.2)0,05 = 22,15 => D = 137, kim loai Ba

Dung dich A coKAlO

=> KOH d, K, Zn tan ht. Cht rn A chicoFe:

Dung dich A coKAlO

Vidu1: Dng V lit (ktc) kh NH

2Al + 2NaOH + 2H O NaAlO + 3H

Xet phan ng:

Kh anot sinh ra thng l hn hp kh CO, CO

Tai liu n thi mn hoa hoc 63

Vidu7: i n phn dung dich A cha 0,4 mol M(NO

b oxi ho. B. ion Cl

Sau khi in phn dung dch c mu xanh nht nn

=> V = 22,4 (0,05 + 0,05) = 2,24 lit

5. ng dng ca kim loi kim

Tai liu n thi mn hoa hoc 78

Tinh cht hoa hoc:

thhin tinh baz

thhin tinh axit

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