MC LC

LI NI U. .......................................................................................................................................... 3 THUT NG VIT TT. ....................................................................................................................... 6 CHNG I :TNG QUAN V MNG AD-HOC . .............................................................................. 8 1.1. TNG QUAN V MNG AD-HOC .............................................................. 8 1.2 C IM CA MNG AD-HOC . ...................................................................................10 1.3 CC NG DNG CA MNG AD-HOC . ............................................................................................13 1.3.1 ng dng trong qun i. ......................................................................13 1.3.2 Cc ng dng trong cuc sng . ......................................................................................14 1.4 VN AN NINH ..............................................................................................................16 CHNG II : HOT NG CA CC GIAO THC PROACTIVE TRONG MNG AD-HOC ...................................................................................................................................................................17 2.1 TNG QUAN V NH TUYN . ......................................................................................17 2.2 GIAO THC NH TUYN VECTOR KHONG CCH THEO YU CU AODV . .........................................19 2.2.1 Tm ng ...............................................................................................................................19 2.2.2 Thit lp ng o chiu. .....................................................................................................20 2.2.3 Thit lp ng chuyn tip . ..................................................................................................20 2.2.4 Qun l bng nh tuyn .........................................................................................................21 2.2.5 Duy tr tuyn. ..........................................................................................................................22 2.2.6 X l li, ht hn v xa b tuyn. ..........................................................................................23 2.2.7 Qun l kt ni ni vng .........................................................................................................25 2.2.8 Sa cha ni vng . .................................................................................................................26 2.3 CLUSTERHEAD GATEWAY ROUTING SWITCH (CGSR) ................................................................28 2.3.1 Tng quan v giao thc...................................................................CGSR. 28 2.3.2 Kin trc ca giao thc...................................................................CGSR. 28 2.4 GIAO THC OLSR (OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING) ...............................................................30 2.4.1 Khi qut giao thc OLSR. ..............................................................................................30 2.4.2 Chuyn tip a im . ....................................................................................31 2.4.3 Nguyn tc trao i bn tin. ............................................................................................33 2.4.4 Kh nng p dng . .......................................................................................35 2.5 GIAO THC NH TUYN KHNG DY ( WRP ). ............................................................................35
2.6 nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR)........................................................................................ 36

2.7

GIAO THC NH TUYN TUN T TM THI TORA . .....................................................................38 2.7.1 Chc nng giao thc . ...................................................................................40 2.7.2 To ng trong TORA ................................................................................41

CHNG III: GII THIU PHN MM NS2 V NG DNG XY DNG CC KCH BN M PHNG GIAO THC MNG . .....................................................................................................43 3.1 3.2 TNG I 3.2.1 3.2.2
QUAN . ...........................................................................................................................43 CNG V

NS . .........................................................................................................44

Cc chc nng ca NS. ....................................................................................................44 Cc thnh phn ca NS . ..................................................................................................45

3.2.3 Kin trc ca NS . .........................................................................................45 3.3 S DNG PHN MM NS-2 M PHNG MNG . ..........................................50 3.3.1 C bn v Tcl . ..............................................................................................50 3.3.2 C bn v OTcl . ...........................................................................................52 3.3.3 Cc bc c bn ca mt kch bn m phng NS-2. ................................................................................................................................................53 3.3.4 Thc hin m phng mng khng dy trong NS...........56 CHNG IV: M PHNG V NH GI HIU NNG CC GIAO THC NH TUYN PROACTIVE TRONG AD-HOC ...........................................................................................................62 MT S O NH GI HIU NNG. . ....................................................................62 4.1.1 Cc o nh tnh ................................................................................62 4.1.2 Cc o nh lng . ...........................................................................64 4.2 NH GI HIU NNG DA TRN CC THNG S ..........................................................................66 4.3 NH GI HIU NNG DA TRN KT QU M PHNG .......................................................................70
4.3.1 M hnh ha cc kch bn m phng. .............................................................................................. 70

4.1

4.3.2
4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3

Kho

st

v phn tch kt qu .............................................................................71

T l chuyn tip gi tin.................................................................................. 71 Kh nng truyn gi tin . ....................................................................................... 73 ti u v ng i . .................................................................................... 73

KT LUN . .............................................................................................................................................75 TI LIU THAM KHO. ......................................................................................................................77

LI NI U
Cc h thng mng t bo khng dy c a vo s dng t nhng thp k 80. Cc h thng khng dy hot ng vi s tr gip ca mt cu trc h tr tp trung nh mt AP( Access Point). Cc AP ny gip ngi dng duy tr s kt ni vi h thng khng dy khi h di chuyn t a im ny ti a im khc. S c mt ca cu trc h tr c nh gii hn kh nng thch nghi ca cc h thng khng dy. Ni cch khc h thng khng th lm vic hiu qu nhng ni khng c c s h tng c nh. Cc h thng khng dy trong tng lai s yu cu s trin khai d dng v nhanh chng ca cc mng khng dy. S trin khai mng nhanh chng ny khng th thc hin c vi kin trc hin ti ca cc h thng khng dy. S ci tin gn y nh Bluetooth a ra mt loi mi ca cc h thng khng dy gi l cc mng Ad-Hoc (Mobile Ad-hoc Network). Ad-Hoc c mt s c trng, nhng li th ring ca n so vi cc mng v tuyn truyn thng. Trong m hnh mng ny, tt c cc thnh phn tham gia u c kh nng di ng, chng truyn thng tin vi nhau theo cc ng truyn a bc. thc hin c yu cu truyn thng ny, tt c cc nt thm gia trong mng u ng vai tr nh mt router thc th. Cc router ny c kh nng m bo tt c cc chc nng nh nh tuyn, qung b ng i, sa li lin kt. c c u th v tnh linh ng, loi mng ny phi nh i vi nhiu kh khn khc nhau cn gii quyt. Khi cc thnh phn mng di ng, vic cp pht ngun cho chng tr nn kh khn hn. Nu cng sut ca mt nt trong mng gim xung mc nht nh th nt khng th thc hin cc chc nng y ca mt router thc s. V vy, vic thit k cc giao thc cho n phi t ng c yu cu v cng sut tiu tn khi hot ng p ng c cht lng dch v ca ngi dng. Trong tng lai, vic trin khai Ad-Hoc c thnh cng hay khng ph thuc vo cc ng dng internet hin ti v tng lai m n c th h tr cng nh cc giao thc c kh nng ci thin hiu nng ca n. Mt s yu t c th

nh hng n hiu nng ca bt c hot ng ca giao thc no trong Ad-Hoc. V d nh s di chuyn ca cc nt gy ra hin tng t lin kt, tc ng tiu cc n kh nng nh tuyn v QoS ca mng. Kch thc mng, chi ph iu khin v cng lu lng s c xem xt trong kh nng n nh ca mng. Cc yu t ny km theo cc thuc tnh khng ng nht c th gy ra cc thay i kh nng ci thin hiu nng mng. C th ch ra nm yu t tc ng n hiu nng ca Ad-Hoc l tc , thi gian tm dng ca nt, kch thc mng, s lng ngun lu lng v giao thc nh tuyn. Cc thng s khc nhau c th c s dng nh gi hiu nng ca mng. Vi nhng kin thc thu thp c em chn ti nh gi hiu nng mt s giao thc Proactive ca cng ngh mng Ad-Hoc lm n tt nghip ca mnh. Ni dung ca n c b cc nh sau: Chng 1: Tng quan v mng Ad-Hoc Chng ny trnh by mt cch tng quan nht v mng Ad-Hoc nh: Khi nim v mng Ad-Hoc, lch s hnh thnh v pht trin, cng ngh s dng trong mng Ad-Hoc, c im ca mng Ad-Hoc, cc ng dng trong mng AdHoc v vn an ninh trong mng Ad-Hoc. Chng 2 : Hot ng ca cc giao thc Proactive trong mng Ad-Hoc Chng ny cp mt cch tng qut nht n vn nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc, s phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc v gii thiu mt s giao thc nh tuyn Proactive trong mng Ad-Hoc. Chng 3: Gii thiu phn mm NS2 v ng dng xy dng cc kch bn m phng giao thc mng. Chng ny i su nghin cu hot ng ca phn mm NS v tng bc ng dng NS m phng hot ng ca mng Ad-Hoc. Chng 4: nh gi hiu nng cc giao thc nh tuyn Proactive trong mng Ad-Hoc. Chng ny kho st nh hng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn i vi hiu
nng mng thng qua cc m hnh ha, m phng v a ra cc kt qu m phng. Trn c s phn tch v nh gi cc iu kin ti u i vi cu hnh mng v giao thc nh tuyn.

 hon thnh n ny em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio - Ths nh Cng, ging vin khoa CNTT-HTN ch bo tn tnh v gip em trong sut qu trnh lm n. Trong qu trnh lm do iu kin thi gian v trnh c hn, bn cnh y cn l mt cng ngh cn kh mi Vit Nam nn t c iu kin tip xc vi thc t do khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. V vy em rt mong nhn c nhng kin ch bo qu bu ca cc thy c, cc kin ng gp ca bn b em c th kp thi b sung, sa cha nhng thiu st ca mnh. Em xin chn thnh cm n! Thi Nguyn, thng 6 nm 2010 Sinh vin

L Th Hng

THUT NG VIT TT
ACK AODV CSMA/CA CTS DCF DSR ETT ETX FIFO FTP HTTP ML ICMP LLACKS LSA MAC MANET MIC MID MPR NAV OLSR QoS RD RERR RM Acknowledgment Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing Carrier sense multiple access/ Colision Avoid Clear To Send Distributed Coordination Function Dynamic Source Routing Expected Transmission Time Expected Transmission Count First In First Out File Transfer Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol Minimum Loss Internet Control Message Protocol link-layer acknowledgments Link-state advertisement Medium Access Control Mobile Ad-hoc Network Metric of Interference and Channel-switching multiple interface declaration Multi-Point Relay Network Allocation Vector Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Quality of service Route Discovery Route Error Route Maintenance Cng b a giao din Chuyn tip a im Vc t nh v mng Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lien kt ti u. Cht lng dch v Khm ph tuyn Li tuyn Duy tr tuyn Bo nhn nh tuyn c ly vc t theo yu cu ty bin a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang/ trnh xung t Xa gi Chc nng phi hp phn tn nh tuyn ngun ng Thi gian truyn dn mong i D bo s truyn dn mong i Vo trc ra trc Giao thc truyn dn file Giao thc truyn dn siu vn bn tn tht ti thiu Giao thc iu khin truyn tin trn mng Bo nhn lp lin kt Qung b trng thi lien kt iu khin truy nhp mi trng Mng ty bin di ng Tham s nhiu v chuyn mch knh

RREP RREP- ACK RREQ RREQ ID RTS SYN TC TCP TORA TTL UDP WCETT WLAN WMAN WMN WPAN WWAN

Route Reply Route Reply Acknowledgment Route Request Route Request Identification Request To Send Synchronization Topology Control Transmission Control Protocol Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm Time to live User Datagram Protocol Weighted Cumulative ETT Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Wireless Mesh Network Wireless Personnal Area Network Wireless Wide Area Network

Hi p tuyn Bo nhn hi p tuyn Yu cu tuyn Nhn dng yu cu tuyn Yu cu gi ng b iu khin cu hnh mng Giao thc iu khin truyn vn Thut ton nh tuyn tun t tm thi Thi gian sng Giao thc d liu ngi dng Thi gian truyn dn mong i tch ly ti Mng cc b khng dy Mng khng dy th Mng mt li khng dy Mng khng dy c nhn Mng khng dy din rng

CHNG I :TNG QUAN V MNG AD-HOC

Chng ny cp n cc vn : + Tng quan v mng Ad-Hoc + c im ca mng Ad-Hoc + Cc ng dng ca mng Ad-Hoc + Vn an ninh mng Ad-Hoc

1.1. Tng quan v mng Ad-Hoc

Vo nhng nm 1970, mng khng dy tr nn ngy cng ph bin trong ngnh cng nghip my tnh. iu ny c bit ng trong thp k va qua c thy mng khng dy ang c thch nghi cho php di ng. Hin ti c hai dng mng di ng khng dy. Mng u tin c bit n nh mng c s h tng, l cc mng c nh v c cng dy . Cu cho cc mng ny c gi l trm c s . n v di ng trong mng ny c kt ni v giao tip vi trm c s gn l trong giao tip bn knh ca n. Khi di ng trn phm vi ca mt trm c s v vo trong phm vi khc, chuyn giao xy ra t trm c s c n trm c s mi v l in thoi di ng c th tip tc lin lc lin tc trong sut mng. ng dng in hnh ca kiu mng ny bao gm cc l mng khng dy cc b WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network ). Loi th hai ca mng di ng khng dy l mng di ng khng c c s h tng, thng c gi l mng ty bin. Mng khng c c s h tng l mng khng nh tuyn; tt c cc nt c kh nng chuyn ng v c th c kt ni mt cch ngu nhin. Cc nt ca cc mng ny c chc nng nh router m n pht hin ra v duy tr cc router n cc nt khc trong mng. Vi tin b gn y v lnh vc my tnh v cng ngh truyn thng, ng dng ca cng ngh di ng khng dy s ngy cng c s dng rng ri, nhiu trong s s lin quan n vic s dng b giao thc mng ( IP ). Kh nng ca mng di ng ty bin khng dy l h tr mnh m cc hot ng c hiu qu trong mng di ng khng dy bng cch kt hp cc chc nng

nh tuyn vo cc nt di ng. Mng ny c nhn nh c nhiu kh nng pht trin, i khi c th thay i nhanh chng, ngu nhin. Trong Internet, hin nay giao thc nh tuyn h tr cho my ch tr thnh cng ngh IP di ng . y l cng ngh h tr my ch lu ng, ni my ch di chuyn c th kt ni ti Internet thng qua cc phng tin khc ngoi a ch c inh tn min khng gian ca n. My ch c th kt ni trc tip vi mng c nh trn mt subnet ngoi hoc c th kt ni thng qua ng dn khng dy, dng a ch v.vH tr di hnh thc my ch di ng ( di chuyn ) yu cu qun l a ch. Giao thc ci tin kh nng tng tc v thch nghi, nhng cc chng trnh ct li ca mng nh nh tuyn hop-by-hop hin gi vn da vo cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng trong mng c nh. Ngc li, mc tiu ca Ad-Hoc l m rng tnh di ng vo cc lnh vc c lp, di ng, lnh vc khng dy, ni ci t cc nt - ni c th kt hp routers v my ch-- t to thnh mng li c s h tng trong mng ty bin khng dy. Trong th h tip theo ca h thng truyn thng khng dy ,s trin khai nhanh chng c lp vi ngi dng di ng thc s cn thit. Nhng v d quan trng bao gm thit lp s tn ti ,hiu qu, truyn thng linh ng i vi cc hot ng khn cp ,cc n lc cu nguy cc thm ha v cc mng qun i. Hu ht cc kch bn mng khng th da trn kt ni c sp xp v kim sot iu ny c th tng tng nh cc ng dng ca mng Ad-Hoc. Cc mng Ad-Hoc (Mobile ad-hoc network) hay cc mng tn ti ngn hot ng m khng cn c s h tng c nh. Chng cung cp s trin khai nhanh chng v d dng cho mng trong nhng tnh hung khng th thc hin theo cch no khc. Ad-Hoc l mt t latinh c ngha l dnh cho hoc ch dnh cho. Ad-Hoc l mt h t qun bao gm mt tp cc ngi dng di ng truyn thng vi nhau qua bng thng c rng buc bi cc lin kt khng dy. Khi cc nt (my tnh hoc thit b tham gia vo mng) mng di chuyn, hnh trng mng (topo) c th thay i mt cch nhanh chng v khng th on trc c. Mng b phn chuyn trong tt c phm vi hot ng bao gm vic tm ra hnh

trng mng v nhn cc thng ip phi c thc hin bi chnh cc nt mng. Chc nng nh tuyn s c kt hp cht ch vi cc nt di ng

Hnh 1-1 . Mt mng AD-HOC gm 7 nt. Hnh trn biu din phm vi hot ng ca mi nt Cc nt trong mng Ad-Hoc t do di chuyn v t t chc theo mt cch ty tin.Mi ngi dng t do di chuyn trong khi truyn thng vi nhng ngi khc. ng truyn gia mi cp s dng c th c nhiu lin kt v song radio gia chng c th khng ng nht ,iu ny cho php mt s kt hp ca nhiu lin kt khc nhau. Cc mng Ad-Hoc c th hot ng mt cch c lp hoc c th c kt ni vi mt mng ln hn nh Internet.

1.2 c im ca mng Ad-Hoc

Mng Ad-Hoc gm nhng nn tng di ng ( v d mt router vi nhiu my ch v thit b lin lc khng dy) -- y gi l cc nt m chng c th t do di chuyn. Cc nt c th trong hoc trn my bay, tu, xe ti, xe hi, thm ch trn ngi hoc nhng thit b rt nh, v c th c nhiu my ch trn mi router. Mng Ad-Hoc l mt h thng t ng ca cc nt di ng. H thng c th hot ng c lp hoc c th c cng vo ra v giao din vi mt mng c nh. Trong ch hot ng sau, n c hnh dung nh mt ci mng gc kt ni vi mt mng c nh.

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Cc nt trong mng Ad-Hoc c trang b truyn thng khng dy v thu nhn s dng ng-ten c th pht sng theo mi hng, hng cao (im ti im), hay mt s s kt hp. Ti mt im c a ra trong mt thi gian, ty thuc vo v tr ca cc nt truyn v nhn an ton. Topo trong mng Ad-Hoc c th thay i theo thi gian nh cc nt di chuyn hoc iu chnh s truyn dn v tip nhn cc thng s ca chng. Mt s dc im ni bt ca Ad-Hocs: 1. Chc nng ca topo: Cc nt di chuyn t do, do cc topo mng thng l multihop c th thay i ngu nhin v nhanh chng vo cc thi im khng th on trc, c th bao gm cc lin kt hai chiu v theo ng dn duy nht. 2. Bng thng hn ch, kh nng thay i lin kt: Lin kt khng dy s tip tc c cng sut thp hn cc loi khc . Ngoi ra, thng qua vic thc hin cc giao tip khng dy sau khi tnh ton nh hng ca ngi truy cp, s nhiu sng, ting n v s can thip c iu kin v.v. thng nh hn rt nhiu so vi kh nng truyn ti a ca sng v tuyn. Mt trong nhng nh hng tng i thp n kh nng lin kt trung bnh l tnh trng tc nghn chun ch khng phi l ngoi l, l tng hp cc ng dng c kh nng tip cn vt qu cng sut mng thng xuyn. Khi cc mng di ng thng ch n gin l mt phn m rng ca c s h tng mng c nh, mng di ng ty bin ca ngi dng s yu cu cc dich v tng t. Nhng yu cu ny s tip tc tng ln nh my tnh a phng tin v cc ng dng mng cng gia tng. 3. Hn ch nng lng hot ng: Mt vi hoc tt c cc nt trong mng ADHOC c th da vo nng lng yu hoc cn kit. i vi cc nt, qua trng nht khi thit k h thng l tiu ch ti u ha c th bo tn c nng lng. 4. Gii hn an ninh vt l: Mng di ng khng dy thng d b e da v an ninh vt l hn l cp c nh. Kh nng nghe trm, gi mo v t chi cc cuc truy nhp ca dch v nn c xem xt cn thn. K thut lin kt bo

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mt thng c p dng gia cc mng khng dy gim thiu ti a e da v an ninh mng. Nh l mt li ch, s phn cp kim sot trong mng Ad-Hoc cung cp mnh m cc b sung chng li im li duy nht hn l phng php tp trung. c im chnh ca mng Ad-Hoc l: S dng phn quyn cho cc nt mng. Cc nt mng t n sp xp tuyn v t n trin khai tuyn, mng AdHoc l mt mng c cu trc mng ng. Mng Ad-Hoc khng c ng truyn chuyn dng (specialized routers), Ngoi ra n khng dng cc ng truyn c nh (fixed routers ) hay cc ng truyn vt l (dy dn). Mng Ad-Hoc c cu trc v bin i cu trc mt cch thng xuyn, cu trc mng c tnh cht tm thi, cc nt lin kt vi nhau theo kiu mng ngang hng, cc nt c vai tr nh nhau v c chc nng tm kim, duy tr v nh tuyn. Mng Ad-Hoc dng mt s k thut lin quan n cc vn k thut dng truyn thng v tuyn v n c nhng c tnh: - Tnh khng ng nht gia cc thit b. - c trng lu lng mng. - Di chuyn ca cc nt trong mt tuyn. u im ca mng Ad-Hoc Trong mng c bn th c s h tng, cc trm trung gian, thu pht sng l yu t quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca mng, cn trong mng Ad-Hoc cc nt mng kt ni thng qua cc nt mng ( khng cn n cc trm thu pht), cc nt mng c th di chuyn t do trong cu trc mng do n c tnh cht c ng cao v do lm gim bt s ph thuc vo c s h tng, lm cho mng d pht trin d dng, tc pht trin ca mng nhanh. Nhng thch thc i vi mng Ad-Hoc: - Chi ph cho vic s dng ph tn s. - Vic nh tuyn. - Hiu qu s dng ngun in.

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- Giao thc iu khin truyn. - nh v cung cp v truy nhp dch v.

1.3 Cc ng dng ca mng Ad-Hoc

Cc cng ngh ca mng khng dy kiu khng cu trc em li rt nhiu li ch so vi cc mng truyn thng (c khng dy v c dy) trong nhng ng cnh kh c th trin khai c mt c s h tng mng c nh hoc vic trin khai l khng kh thi do nhng l do v mt thc hnh (a hnh,) hoc do nhng l do v kinh t (chi ph cp trong mt khng gian ln, chi ph thit lp nhiu im truy cp). Cng ngh ca mng Ad-Hoc ging nh mt gi mng pht sng di ng. Mng li di ng( mt thut ng xut hin trong tc phm ECONOMIST v cu trc ca cc mang trong tng lai) v di ng, Multihop, mng khng dy ( c l l thut ng chnh xc nht mc d hi rm r ). l hin ti v tng lai cho mng Ad-Hoc. Mt lnh vc mi ni ca my tnh v in thoi di ng vi tnh nhn mnh hin thi v IP di ng, dn dn s m rng v i hi cng ngh mng di ng cao qun l hiu qu Multihop, mng ty bin khng dy c th hot ng t ng hoc hn th c km theo mt s im ti mng c nh. Mt s ng dng ca cng ngh mng Ad-Hoc c th bao gm cc ng dng cng nghip v thng mi lin quan n trao i d liu trn in thoi di ng. Ngoi ra, da trn mng li in thoi di ng c th hot ng mnh m, thay th cc phng php r tin hoc ci tin cc thit b da trn c s h tng mng. Phn di y s gii thiu cc ng dng ca mng Ad-Hoc.

1.3.1 ng dng trong qun i

Nhng thnh tu mi ca cng ngh thng tin thng c p dng trong qun s u tin, v mng khng dy kiu khng cu trc cng khng phi l mt ngoi l. Nhiu nm nay, qun i s dng cc mng packet radios mt nguyn mu u tin ca mng chuyn mch gi khng dy ngy nay.

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Mng Ad-Hoc thun ty Mng Ad-Hoc dng cho qun Hnh 1-2: M hnh di ng ca mng Ad-Hoc thun ty v gii php dng trong qun i Gii php mng Ad-Hoc cho qun i c nhng c im khc so vi mng Ad-Hoc thun ty. Mng Ad-Hoc thun ty thng tun theo mt m hnh im ngu nhin, cc nt t do di chuyn theo bt c hng no, vi bt c tc no. Trong m hnh mng Ad-Hoc cho qun i, cc nt phn nhm theo bn cht t nhin ca chng khi chng cng thc hin mt nhim v c th. Xu hng di ng y l theo nhm (group mobility). Do , nu a ra c mt m hnh chuyn ng theo nhm, cc vn ca mng Ad-Hoc s tr nn c th hn (v d: nh tuyn, s dng cc ng dng thi gian thc nh ting ni, video,), cho php pht trin mt gii php ti u.

1.3.2 Cc ng dng trong cuc sng

Mng Ad-Hoc l rt l tng trong cc trng hp khng c sn mt c s h tng thng tin, tuy nhin li cn phi thnh lp mt mng tm thi nhm trao i thng tin v hp tc cng lm vic. Cu h Ti cc vng b thin tai, thm ha, kh c th c c mt c s h tng v thng tin vng chc. H thng c trc rt c th b hng hoc b ph hy hon ton.

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Ti vng c thm ha, tt c cc phng tin v h thng truyn thng u b ph hy hon ton. Mi chic xe ca cnh st, cu ha, cu thng, u c trang b nh mt thit b u cui di ng l mt phn ca mng ad-hoc. Mi nhn vin cng mang theo mt thit b u cui di ng. Cc thit b u cui ny u lin kt vi nhau, hnh thnh nn mt mng tm thi nhm trao i thng tin. Cu hnh mng thay i theo nhng thi im khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cc thit b u cui di ng khng ch cung cp chc nng gi v nhn thng tin m cn c th chuyn tip thng tin ng vai tr nh router trn Internet . Hi tho Khc vi cch lm truyn thng khi nhng ngi tham gia hi tho mun chia s ti liu cho nhau l gi file nh km qua email hoc sao chp qua cc thit b lu tr th cp c kh nng di ng, tt c nhng ngi tham d hi tho u c th s dng thit b di ng to thnh mt mng ad-hoc trong sut thi gian . Cc thit b c th truyn thng vi nhau, truyn/nhn cc ti liu c s dng trong hi tho. Khi hi tho kt thc, cc thit b c tt ngun, mng t b hy b. i sng hng ngy Gi s mt em hc sinh s dng thit b cm tay di ng i hc hng ngy bng xe bus. Khi ln xe bus, thit b u cui ca em chuyn sang ch ad-hoc. Em gp bn v mun trao i file so snh kt qu bi tp ton v nh. Sau , hai em mun chi tr chi in t. c th chi vi nhng ngi chi khc, hai em phi kim tra xem trn xe but hoc trong cc t xung quanh c mt mng chi tr chi in t no hay cha. Em chy mt ng dng ngang hng v tm mt tr chi no c th chi trong lc i trn xe but. Rt may, mt ai trn xe but chia s cc tr chi v cho php ngi khc ti v t thit b u cui ca anh ta. Em chn mt tr chi. Tr chi c t ng ti v, ci t v cu hnh trn thit b u cui ca em. Em c th chi in t ngay sau . Bn em cng c th tham gia vo tr chi nu mun, ngay trn my ca em.

15

Hnh v 1-3: Mng ad-hoc thun ty (mi trng trn xe but) Mi trng mng y l mt mng khng dy kiu khng cu trc thun ty, tc l khng c c s h tng v cp, cc thit b u cui t cu hnh thnh lp mng, m khng c s qun l tp trung. Mng ny c th t chia nh thnh cc mng con: mt mng ring gia em hc sinh v bn ca em, mt mng chung c khi to bi ngi mun chia s cc chng trnh tr chi in t trn my ca anh ta. Hai mng ny c trn ln vo nhau mt cch ng.

1.4 Vn an ninh
Mng di ng khng dy ni chung u d b e da v an ninh hn mng c nh. Mt s cp bo mt thng c p dng gia cc mng khng dy gim bt cc mi e da. Khng c lin kt m ha ti cc tng mng,vn bc xc nht l mt trong cc route cc thc trc khi trao i iu khin thng tin mng. Mt s cp xc thc khc nhau, t khng c an ninh v chia s nhng phng php tip cn n gin v y . h tr cc phng thc lm vic nhm, mt s ch xc thc ty chn c chun ha s dng trong Ad-Hocs.

Tng kt chng I
Chng ny cp n nhng vn d tng qut nht trong mng AdHoc t lch s hnh thnh ,khi nim. c bit trong chng ny cp v gii thiu mt s cng ngh c s dng trong mng Ad-Hoc t cng ngh ph bin l Bluetooth n cc cng ngh v s c trin khai trong tng lai nh UWB,FSO ha hn s em li mt tng lai ti sng nht cho mng khng dy ni chung v mng Ad-Hoc ni ring.

16

CHNG II : HOT NG CA CC GIAO THC PROACTIVE TRONG MNG AD-HOC

Chng ny cp n cc ch + Tng quan v nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc. + Vn nh tuyn v s phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc. + Hot ng ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn Proactive trong mng Ad-Hoc.

2.1 Tng quan v nh tuyn

Vn nh tuyn v c bn chnh l vn tm ng i ngn nht cho mt gi tin c gi t mt nt mng ti nt ch ca n. Mi gi tin cha ID ca nt ch trong header ca n. Khi mt nt nhn mt gi tin n s kim tra ID trong header ca gi tin nu khng phi l gi cho n n s chuyn tip gi tin ti nt k tip gn n nht. Qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin tip din cho n khi n ti c nt ch. V l do ny cc phng php nh tuyn c a ra vi mt mc tiu chung l nh ra cho mi gi tin c truyn i mt ng i ti u. Vn nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc l mt thch thc do cc nt mng lun c xu hng t do chuyn ng. Cc lin kt c th b ph v hoc khi phc bt c lc no v c nhng c im khc hn vi nhng l do khc. Ngoi ra, di thng trong mng khng dy l thp, cc nt b hn ch bi ngun nui nn tng lu lng dnh cho nh tuyn cn phi nh. T khi xut hn gi DARPA ca mng Radio vo u nhng nm 1970, nhiu giao thc c pht trin cho mng Ad-Hoc. Cc giao thc phi i mt vi nhiu hn ch ca mng ny, trong bao gm c thiu th cng sut cao, ng truyn thp v t l li cao. Nh trong hnh 1, giao thc nh tuyn c phn loi thnh: (a) iu khin theo bng v (b) Phng php nh tuyn theo yu cu khi pht t ngun. ng nt lin trong hnh ny m t trc tip cc lp con. Mc d c thit k cho cc mng cng loi lp di, nhng c

17

trng ca mi giao thc thc ny kh r rng. Nhng phn sau m t c im ca cc giao thc v phn loi theo c im ca chng.

Hnh 2-1 : Cc dng nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc Cc giao thc nh tuyn iu khin theo bng ( Proactive) c gng duy tr thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc t mi nt n mi nt khc trong mng. Cc giao thc ny yu cu mi nt duy tr mt hoc nhiu bng ghi lu tr thng tin nh tuyn, v chng p ng nhng thay i trong topo mng bng cch pht qung b rng ri cc thng tin cp nht tuyn qua mng duy tr tm kim sot mng mt cch lin tc. Nhng vng no khc nhau v s cc bng ghi lin quan n nh tuyn cn thit v cc phng thc thay i cu trc mng s c pht qung b cho tt c mi nt u c th bit c. Cc giao thc nh tuyn proactive s dng phng php trn lt (Floading) qung b thng tin ti cc thit b. Phng php ny cho php thi gian thit lp ng nhanh da trn cc tham s gi ti thit b sn sng cho kt ni. Tuy nhin, vic lu lng thng tin tiu tng ln chnh l nhc im ca phng php ny. Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ti u OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) [RFC 3626], giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch tun t ch DSDV (Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing) [IBM,1996], giao thc Clusterhead Gateway Routing Switch (CGSR), giao thc Wireless Routing Protocol ( WRP ) l mt s v d ca giao thc nh tuyn proactive. 18

2.2 Giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch theo yu cu AODV

AODV l mt giao thc nh tuyn phn ng c pht trin c bit cho Ad-Hoc. Trong AODV khi mt nt cn gi d liu cho nt khc m ng i cha c xc nh trc, n s c tm mt ng i mi bng cch s dng bn tin yu cu tm ng RREQ, bn tin RREQ ny c qung b trong mng, cha a ch IP ca nt ngun v nt ch m n cn tm. Bn tin RREQ s c broadcast trn ton mng cho n khi no c mt nt bit c ng ti nt ch hoc chnh nt ch p ng li vi bn tin phn hi RREP. Bn tin RREP c gi tr li nt ngun v nt ngun s s dng thng tin ng i ca bn tin ny thit lp ng lin kt end to end t nt khi u n nt ch. Giao thc nh tuyn AODV s thc hin mt s qu trnh x l nh sau.

2.2.1 Tm ng
Qu trnh tm ng c khi to bt c khi no mt nt cn truyn thng tin vi nt khc m ng lin kt gia chng khng c tm thy trong bng nh tuyn. Mi nt duy tr hai b m ring bit: mt s th t nt v mt ID qung b. Nt ngun bt u tm ng bng vic qung b mt gi tin yu cu ng RREQ (Route REQuest) ti cc nt ln cn ca n. Gi tin RREQ cha mt s trng sau: <source_addr source sequence# Broadcast ID dest_addr dest_sequence# hop cnt> <a ch ngun, th t ngun#, ID qung b, a ch ch, th t ch#, hop count> Cp <source_addr, broadcast_id> xc nh n nht mt RREQ, broadcast_id c tng ln mi khi ngun pht ra mt gi tin RREQ mi. Mi nt ln cn s gi li mt bn tin tr li RREP (Route REPly) nu tha mn yu cu ca gi RREQ hoc s qung b gi tin RREQ sau khi tng gi tr ca trng hop_cnt. Mt nt c th nhn nhiu bn sao ca cng mt gi tin RREQ t cc nt khc nhau. Khi mt nt trung gian nhn nhn c mt RREQ, nu n nhn c mt RREQ vi cng broadcast_id v a ch ch, n s loi b gi tin RREQ n sau. Nu mt nt khng tha mn RREQ, n gi li cc thng

19

tin cn thit thit lp ng chuyn tip o chiu cho gi tin RREP, cc thng tin ny bao gm: a ch IP ch a ch IP ngun ID qung b Thi gian sng cho ng o chiu S th t ca nt ngun

2.2.2 Thit lp ng o chiu

C hai s th t (ngoi tr s th t ca broadcast_id) trong mt RREQ l: S th t ngun v s th t ch mi nht. S th t ngun c s dng duy tr thng tin v mi ca tuyn ng o chiu n ngun, s th t ch ch r tuyn ng ti ch phi mi nh th no mi c nt ngun chp nhn. RREQ i t mt ngun n nhiu ch khc nhau, cc ng o chiu v nt ngun s c thit lp t ng ti tt c cc nt m n i qua. thit lp ng o chiu, mt nt ghi li a ch ca nt ln cn t bn sao RREQ u tin m n nhn c. Tuyn ng o chiu ny c duy tr trong khong thi gian t nht cho gi tin RREQ i qua mng v to c mt phn hi v cho bn gi.

2.2.3 Thit lp ng chuyn tip

Khi mt nt trung gian nhn c bn tin RREQ, nu n c cha tuyn ng n ch mong mun trong bng nh tuyn, n s kim tra tnh kh dng ca tuyn ng bng cch so snh s th t ch tng ng vi tuyn ng c trong bng nh tuyn ca n vi s th t ch trong gi tin RREQ m n nhn c. Nu s th t ch ca RREQ ln hn s th t ch c lu gi bi nt trung gian th nt khng c s dng thng tin v tuyn ng n ch trong bng nh tuyn tr li cho gi tin RREQ. Thay vo n s phi tip tc qung b gi tin RREQ. Nt trung gian ch c th phn hi khi n c mt tuyn ng n ch vi s th t ch tng ng ln hn hoc bng s th t ch cha trong RREQ. Khi nt trung gian c mt tuyn n ch kh

20

dng v gi tin RREQ cha c x l trc , th n s tr li bng mt gi tin RREP theo ng truyn n hng ngc li nt m n nhn RREQ trc . Mt RREP cha cc thng tin sau: <source_addr, dest_addr, dest_sequence#, hop_cnt, lifetime> <a ch ngun, a ch ch, s th t ch, hop count, thi gian sng> Khi RREQ c qung b n mt nt c th cung cp tuyn ng n ch mong mun, mt ng o chiu ti nt ngun ca RREQ s c thit lp. Mi nt dc theo tuyn o chiu m RREP quay li ngun s ng vai tr l mt nt chuyn tip, cc nt ny s cp nht li ton b thng tin v tuyn ng gia ngun v ch ng thi ghi li s th t ch gn nht ca nt ch. Tuyn ng m RREP quay li ngun c gi l ng chuyn tip. Cc nt khng nm trn tuyn chuyn tip s xa cc tuyn ngc chiu m chng thit lp trc khi khong thi gian ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT kt thc (3000 mili giy). Mt nt s truyn gi tin RREP u tin v ngun ngay khi n nhn c. Nu n nhn nhiu gi tin RREP, cp nht thng tin nh tuyn v truyn bn tin RREP ch c thc hin khi RREP cha s th t ch ln hn so vi gi tr s th t ch trong RREP trc hoc bng nhng tuyn ng mi c s hopcount nh hn. Vic tng s lng RREP gi v ngun m bo thng tin c cp nht nhanh v nhiu nht. Nt ngun c th thc hin truyn d liu sm nht c th khi n hon thnh qu trnh cp nht thng tin t RREP u tin m n nhn c v c th tip tc cp nht thng tin nh tuyn nu n hc c mt tuyn ng tt hn.

2.2.4 Qun l bng nh tuyn

Ngoi cc s th t ngun v ch, c thng tin hu dng khc cng c lu trong cc mc ca bng nh tuyn gi l trng thi mm v c lin kt vi cc mc. Lin kt vi cc mc nh tuyn ng o chiu l mt b m thi gian c gi l b m thi gian gii hn yu cu ng. Vi cc nt khng nm trn tuyn ng t ngun n ch, thng tin v cc ng o

21

chiu s c xa khi thi gian gii hn kt thc. Thi gian gii hn ny ph thuc vo ln ca mng. Mt tham s quan trng khc lin quan n cc mc nh tuyn l gii hn thi gian lu tr cho cc tuyn ng, sau khong thi gian ny tuyn ng c xem nh khng hp l. Trong mi mc ca bng ch tuyn, a ch hot ng ca cc ln cn thng qua cc gi tin nh tuyn cng c duy tr. Mt nt ln cn c xem l lin kt vi ngun nu n khi to hoc chuyn tip t nht mt gi tin cho ngun trong ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT gn nht. Thng tin nh tuyn ny c duy tr tt c cc nt ngun hot ng c th c thng bo khi mt lin kt dc theo ng ti ch b ph v. Mt mc tuyn ng c xem l hiu dng nu n c s dng bi bt k nt ln cn no. Ging vi DSDV, tt c cc tuyn trong bng nh tuyn c xc nh vi cc s th t ch m bo khng xy ra hin tng lp vng trong qu trnh nh tuyn. Mt nt c th duy tr mc bng nh tuyn cho mi ngun quan tm. Mi mc bng nh tuyn cha cc thng tin sau: ch Next hop S hop (gi hay chi ph ca tuyn ng) Cc nt ln cn hiu dng cho tuyn ng Thi gian gii hn cho bng mc tuyn ng Trong khong thi gian hiu dng, tuyn ng s c s dng cho truyn d liu t ngun n ch, thi im ht hn s c cp nht li bng cch cng thi im thc hin truyn dn vi khong thi gian gii hn. Nu mt tuyn mi c yu cu cho mt nt, n s so snh s th t ch ca tuyn ng mi vi s th t ch ca tuyn ng hin ti. Tuyn ng vi s th t ch ln hn s c chn. Nu cc s th t l nh nhau, tuyn mi ch c chn khi n c chi ph nh hn (s hop-cont nh hn) n ch.

2.2.5 Duy tr tuyn

Di chuyn ca cc nt khng nm trn tuyn ng ngun - ch th khng nh hng n hot ng lin kt gia hai nt ny. Nu nt ngun di

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chuyn, n c th khi to li th tc tm ng thit lp mt tuyn ng mi ti ch. Khi ch hoc mt s nt trung gian di chuyn, mt gi tin RREP c bit s c gi t cc nt chu nh hng. Cc bn tin Hello (hello periodic) theo chu k c th c s dng m bo cc lin kt i xng, cng nh hng li lin kt. Theo cch khc, li c th c pht hin bng s dng cc bo nhn lp lin kt LLACK (Link-Layer-ACKnowleddgments). Mt tuyn li cng c ch ra nu n lc chuyn tip mt gi tin n nt k tip tht bi. Khi mt nt khng th vn ti nt k tip, n s truyn ngc li mt gi tin RREP khng lin kt vi s th t mi ln hn s th t c bit trc v hop-count ca ca tt c cc nt ln cn hot ng ngc chiu. Cc nt ny tip tc chuyn tip gi tin cho n khi no tt c cc nt ngun hot ng c thng bo. N s kt thc do AODV ch duy tr cc tuyn ng khng lp v ch c mt s lng nt hu hn trong mng. Khi nhn cc thng bo v mt lin kt b ph v nt ngun c th khi ng li qu trnh tm ng nu n vn yu cu mt tuyn ng n ch. xc nh mt tuyn ng nh vy trc tin n kim tra xem c tuyn ng no c s dng gn y hay khng, cng nh kim tra cc khi iu khin giao thc lp trn bit c c kt ni no ang hot ng vi ch hay khng. Khi mt nt quyt nh cn xy dng li tuyn ng n ch, n s gi mt gi tin RREQ vi mt s th t ch ln hn s th t ch c bit trc m bo tuyn ng ang xy dng l hon ton mi, v s khng c nt no tr li nu chng vn xem tuyn ng trc l hp l.

2.2.6 X l li, ht hn v xa b tuyn

Thng thng, vic x l RERR v lin kt gy cn n cc bc sau y: Lm mt hiu lc cc tuyn hin ti. Lit k cc ch b nh hng. Xc nh r nu c bt k nt ln cn no c th b nh hng. Thc hin mt RERR ti cc nt ln cn.

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Mt bn tin RERR c th l broadcast, unicast hay multicast. Ngay c khi bn tin RERR l mt unicast lp li ti mt s chng trc, n c xem l mt bn tin iu khin n. Vi cch hiu , mt nt khng nn khi to nhiu hn mt lng RERR_RATELIMIT bn tin RERR trn mt giy. Mt nt bt u x l cho mt RERR trong ba hon cnh sau: i. Nu n pht hin mt lin kt gy cho chng ti ca mt tuyn

hot ng trong bng nh tuyn ca n trong khi truyn d liu. ii. Nu c c mt gi d liu i n mt nt m n khng c mt

tuyn hot ng v khng c sa cha. iii. Nu n nhn mt RERR t mt nt ln cn cho mt hoc nhiu

tuyn hot ng. i vi trng hp (i), u tin nt to mt danh sch cc nt khng ti c cha cc nt ln cn khng ti c v b sung bt k ch no trong bng nh tuyn ni vng ci m s dng cc nt ln cn khng th ti c nh cc chng tip theo. Trong trng hp ny, nu mt tuyn mng con c tm thy l khng th ti c, mt a ch IP ch cho mng con ny c thit lp bng vic chn cc s 0 vo tin t mng con nh c ch ra trong mc bng nh tuyn. i vi trng hp (ii), ch c mt ch khng th ti c, ci m l ch ca gi d liu m khng th c phn pht. Trong trng hp (iii), danh sch nn bao gm cc ch ny trong RERR. Mt vi ch khng ti c trong danh sch c th c s dng bi cc nt nt ln cn, v v th n c th cn thit cho vic gi mt RERR. RERR nn cha cc ch l mt phn danh sch c to ra ca cc ch khng n c v c mt danh sch cch chng trc khng trng rng. Cc nt lng ging m c th nhn RERR l tt c cc nt thuc v mt danh sch chng trc ca t nht mt ch khng th ti c trong RERR mi c to. Trong trng hp c duy nht mt nt ln cn m cn nhn RERR, RERR nn c truyn unicast theo hng nt ln cn . Nu khng RERR c gi qung b cc a ch ni vng ( IP ch l 255.255.255.255 v TTL =1)

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vi cc ch khng th n c, v ch s th t ch tng ng ca cc ch , c cha trong gi tin. Trng DestCount ca gi RER xc nh s lng cc ch khng ti c bao gm tron gi tin. Ngay trc khi truyn RERR, nhng cp nht chc chn c to trn bng nh tuyn m c th nh hng ti ch s th t cho cc ch khng th n c. i vi mi mt ch ny, cc mc bng nh tuyn tng ng c cp nht nh sau: Ch s th t ch ca mc nh tuyn ny, nu hin ti n l hp l, c tng trong cc trng hp (i) v (ii) trn, v c sao chp t RERR n trong trng hp (iii) trn. Mc c cho l khng hp l bi s nh du ca mc tuyn khi khng hp l. Trng Lifetime c cp nht bng thi gian hin ti cng vi thi gian DELETE_PERIOD. Trc thi gian ny, mc khng nn c xa. Trng Lifetime trong bng nh tuyn ng hai vai tr: i vi mt tuyn hot ng n l thi gian ht hn, v i vi mt tuyn khng hp l n l thi gian xa. Nu mt gi d liu c nhn mt tuyn khng hp l, trng Lifetime c cp nht bng thi gian hin ti cng vi thi gian DELETE_PERIOD.

2.2.7 Qun l kt ni ni vng

Cc nt c th hc thng tin t nt ln cn ca chng bng mt hoc nhiu cch khc nhau. Bt c khi no mt nt nhn c qung b t mt nt ln cn, n cp nht thng tin kt ni ni b m bo ang lin kt vi nt ln cn ny. Khi mt nt cha gi gi tin no cho cc nt ln cn trong khong thi gian Hello, n qung b ti cc nt ln cn mt bn tin Hello, mt bn tin RREP c bit cha nhn dng v s th t ca n. S th t ca nt khng c thay i khi truyn dn bn tin Hello. Bn tin Hello ny khng c qung b ra ngoi vng ln cn do gi tr thi gian sng Time-To-Live (TTL) l 1. Cc nt ln cn nhn gi tin ny s cp nht thng tin kt ni ni b cha trong gi tin. Nhn mt qung b hoc mt bn tin Hello t mt nt ln cn mi hoc mt lin

25

tc cc gi tin Hello t mt nt ln cn trc trong vng ln cn c ngm hiu l kt ni ni b b thay i. Nu cc bn tin Hello khng c nhn t nt k tip dc theo tuyn ng hiu dng, cc nt ln cn hot ng s da vo nt k tip gi thng bo li kt ni. S ln mt Hello cho php l tng l hai. Qun l kt ni ni b vi cc bn tin Hello c th c s dng m bo ch cc nt c kt ni song hng mi c xem l ln cn ca nhau. Vi mc ch ny, mi Hello c gi bi mt nt lit k danh sch cc nt m n nghe c. Mi nt kim tra m bo n ch s dng cc tuyn ng n cc nt ln cn m n nghe c qua bn tin Hello.

2.2.8 Sa cha ni vng

Khi t lin kt xy ra cc nt trong mng s c gng sa cha ni b lin kt nu ng ti ch khng di hn s bc nhy c ch r. sa lin kt cc nt tng s th t ch v qung b bn tin RREQ ti cc nt khc. TTL cho tiu IP phi c tnh sao cho qu trnh sa ni vng khng tri rng ra mng. Trng TTL ca RREQ nn c thit lp ban u bng gi tr nh sau: TTL = max (MIN_REPAIR_TTL, 0.5 x #hops) + LOCAL_ADD_TTL. Vi #hops l s lng cc chng ti nt khi u ca gi tin khng phn pht c hin ti. Nh vy, sa cha ni vng c gng s thng xuyn n ti nt khi u v s lun c TTL >= MIN_REPAIR_TTL + LOCAL_ADD_TTL. Nt khi u sa cha sau i trong khong thi gian khm ph nhn cc RREP hi p ti RREQ. Trong sut thi gian sa cha ni vng, cc gi d liuk nn c nh m. Nu, ti thi im cui cng ca mt thi gian khm ph, nt sa cha khng nhn c mt RREP cho ch , n s gi mt bn tin RERR i vi ch . Mt khc, nu nt nhn mt hay nhiu RREP trong sut thi gian khm ph, u tin n s so snh gi tr hop count ca tuyn mi vi gi tr trong trng hop count ca mc bng nh tuyn khng hp l cho ch . Nu gi tr hop count ca tuyn c xc nh mi nht ti ch ln hn hop count ca tuyn c bit trc , nt nn pht ra mt bn tin RERR cho ch vi bit N c thit lp. Sau n cp nhn mc bng nh tuyn cho ch .

26

Mt nt nhn bn tin RERR vi c N c thit lp khng c xa b tuyn ti ch . Ch nn thc hin hnh ng truyn li gi tin, nu RERR c nhn t chng tip theo dc tuyn , v nu c mt hoc nhiu cc nt chng trc cho tuyn ti ch. Khi nt khi u nhn mt RERR vi c N c thit lp, nu bn tin ny n t chng tip theo ca n dc them tuyn ca n ti ch th nt khi u nn chn khi u li khm ph tuyn. Sa cha ni cng ca cc lin kt gy trong cc tuyn i khi cho kt qu l tng di tuyn ti cc ch . S sa cha lin kt ni vng c kh nng tng s lng cc gi d liu m c th c phn pht ti cc ch, v cc gi s khng b hy b khi RERR di chuyn ti nt khi u. Vic gi mt RERR ti nt khi u sau khi sa cha ni vng lin kt gy c th cho php nt khi u tm c mt tuyn mi ti ch m tt hn da trn v tr nt hin ti. Tuy nhin, n khng yu cu nt khi u xy dng li tuyn. Khi mt lin kt gy dc mt tuyn hot ng, thng xuyn c nhiu ch m tr nn khng ti c. Nt m l lung ln ca lin kt b mt lp tc th mt sa cha ni vng cho ch mt ch theo hng m gi d liu c di chuyn. Cc tuyn khc s dng cng lin kt phi c nh du l khng hp l, nhng nt iu khin sa cha ni vng phi bo hiu mi tuyn mt mi nht khi sa cha ni vng; c sa cha ni vng ny trong bng nh tuyn phi c t li khi tuyn ht hn. Trc khi thi gian ht hn xy ra, cc tuyn khc ny s c sa cha khi cn thit khi cc gi n cc ch khc. Do , cc tuyn ny c sa cha khi cn; nu mt gi d liu khng n tuyn no, th tuyn s khng c sa cha. Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo s tc nghn ni vng, nt c th bt u x l thit lp cc sa cha ni vng cho cc tuyn khc, m khng i gi tin mi n. Bng vic sa cha tin phong cc tuyn m gy do mt lin kt, cc gi d liu n cho cc tuyn s phi chu s tr hon sa cha tuyn v c th ngay lp tc c chuyn tip. Tuy nhin vic sa cha tuyn ng trc khi mt gi d liu c nhn c th gp phi ri ro v vic cc ng sa cha khng cn tn ti na. V vy ty thuc vo lu lng ni vng trong mng v s tc nghn ang c tri

27

qua, nt c th quyt nh sa cha tin phong cc tuyn hay khng trc khi mt gi d liu c nhn; nu khng, n c th i cho n khi mt gi d liu c nhn, v sau bt u sa cha tuyn.

2.3 Clusterhead Gateway Routing Switch (CGSR) 2.3.1 Tng quan v giao thc CGSR
Clusterhead Gateway Routing Switch (CGSR) l mt giao thc khc t cc giao thc trc trong cc loi a ch v mng li lm vic. Thay th mt tng mng, CGSR l mt nhm cc bc nhy ca mng di ng khng dy vi chng trnh ci t nh tuyn da trn thut ton Heuristic [4]. Mt nhm tc gi cho rng bng vic c mt cluster head kim sot mt nhm ca nt Ad-hoc, mt khung cho s tch m, truy cp tn s, tuyn ng v phn b bng thng c th t c. Mt cluster head chn mt gii thut cho nt nh cluster head s dng thut ton phn phi bn trong cluster. Hn ch ca vic c mt cluster head l thay i cluster head thng xuyn c th nh hng n giao thc inh tuyn t nt ang bn trong cluster head c chn hn l gi chuyn tip. CGSR s dng mt a Least Cluster Change (LCC). Mt s thay i clusterhead ch xy ra khi hai clusterheads i vo mt nhm hay mt trong cc nt di chuyn ra khi phm vi ca tt c cc clusterheads.

2.3.2 Kin trc ca giao thc CGSR

Hnh 2-2: CGSR: nh tuyn t node 1 n node 12. CGSR s dng DSDV nh h thng nh tuyn bn di v t y c nhiu DSDV ging nh ban u. Tuy nhin, n thay i DSDV bng cch s

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dng mt cluster head c s sp xp n nh tuyn gateway t ngun n ch. Nt Gateway l nhng nt m bn trong phm vi truyn ca hai hay nhiu cluster heads. Nu c mt nt nh tuyn mt gi tin, n tm thy cc clusterhead gn nht dc theo tuyn ng n ch theo bng thnh vin nhm v bng nh tuyn ny. Sau , n s tham kho bng nh tuyn ca n tm bc k tip tip cn cc clusterhead chn trn v truyn cc gi d liu n nt . Hnh 2 l mt v d v nh tuyn ny. Tt c cc nt trong phm vi giao tip ca cc clusterhead thuc nhm ca n. Mt nt l trong phm vi giao tip ca hai hay nhiu clusterheads c gi l gateway. S dng phng php ny, mi nt phi gi mt nhm cluster heads , u s lu tr ch n ca cc cluster heads cho mi nt mng khc nhau. Bng thnh vin cluster ny c pht sng theo nh k bi mi nt s dng gii thut DSDV. Nhng nt ny s cp nht cc mc trong bng thnh vin cluster heads ca chng trn mt bng mi t mt lng ging. Nu c mt nt nh tuyn mt gi tin, n tm thy cc clusterhead gn nht dc theo tuyn ng n ch theo bng thnh vin nhm v bng nh tuyn ny. Sau , n s tham kho bng nh tuyn ca n tm bc k tip tip cn cc clusterhead chn trn v truyn cc gi d liu n nt . V vy, nguyn tc nh tuyn trng nh sau: 1. Tra cu ca clusterhead ca nt ch 2. Tra cu ca hop k tip 3. Gi gi n ch 4. im n clusterhead cung cp gi Trc tin, ngun c truyn cc gi d liu clusterhead ca n. Sau , clusterhead ny s gi gi sang nt cng kt ni ny clusterhead v clusterhead k tip dc theo tuyn ng n ch n. Gateway s gi gi n clusterhead tip theo. iu ny s i vo cho n khi clusterhead ch l t. Cc clusterhead ch sau truyn ti cc gi d liu n nt ch.

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2.4 Giao thc OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) 2.4.1 Khi qut giao thc OLSR
Nh c gii thiu, OLSR l mt giao thc nh tuyn khi to theo chu k c ti u cc mng ty bin. Giao thc ny tha k tnh n nh ca thut ton trng thi lin kt v lun sn sng cc tuyn ng khi cn thit. Vi mc ch gim thiu chi ph cho cng vic trn lt lu lng iu khin OLSR ch s dng cc nt MPR c chn truyn dn cc bn tin ny. K thut ny lm gim ng k s lng yu cu truyn li trn lt mt bn tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng. OLSR ch s dng mt phn thng tin trng thi lin kt c trn lt la chn tuyn ng ngn nht. C mt yu cu cho tt c MPR l phi thng bo cc lin kt ti cc nt la chn chng. Ngoi ra thng tin cu hnh mng c th c s dng cho mc ch d phng. OLSR c th ti u cc phn ng khi cu hnh mng thay i bng cch gim thi gian gia hai ln truyn bn tin iu khin. Hn th na, n lun duy tr cc tuyn n tt c cc ch trong mng. V th OLSR rt ph hp cho truyn thng gia cc tp hp nhiu nt mng vi nhau hoc cho cc cp ngun - ch thay i theo thi gian. Giao thc ny c bit ph hp vi cc mng ln v giy c. Cc li th ny c mang li nh s dng k thut chuyn tip a im cng nh cc li th ca nh tuyn khi to theo chu k. OLSR c thit k lm vic trong cc mng phn tn v khng ph thuc vo bt k mt thc th trung tm no. Giao thc ny khng yu cu truyn dn tin cy cho cc bn tin iu khin. Mi nt gi cc bn tin iu khin theo chu k v c th duy tr mt t l mt gi hp l. Hin tng mt gi ny xy ra thng xuyn trong mng v tuyn do xung t hoc cc vn v truyn dn. OLSR khng yu cu chuyn tip tun t cc bn tin. Mi bn tin iu khin cha mt s th t v c t tng dn cho mi bn tin. V vy bn nhn s d dng xc nh c bn tin no mi hn thm ch i vi cc bn tin c sp xp li trong qu trnh truyn dn. Hn th OLSR cn c cc h tr h xung nh hot ng trong ch ng v nh tuyn a phng (multicast). Cc h tr xung ny hon ton tng thch vi cc phin bn khc nhau ca giao thc.

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OLSR khng yu cu bt k thay i no v khun dng ca gi tin IP v th n hon ton ph hp vi chng giao thc IP hin ti.

2.4.2 Chuyn tip a im

tng ca nhng chuyn tip a im s ti thiu ha th tc b sung ca vic bao ph nhng thng tin trong mng bng vic gim s truyn li khng cn thit trong cng min. Mi mt nt mng la chn mt tp hp nhng nt trong 1-hop lng ging i xng, ci c th truyn li thng tin ca n. B nhng nt lng ging c chn c gi l b MPR ca nt . Nhng nt lng ging ca nt N khng c trong b MPR nhn v x l nhng thng tin pht sng nhng khng truyn li nhng thng tin c nhn t nt N. Mi nt la chn b MPR ca n t trong s nhng 1-hop lng ging i xng ca n. B ny c la chn nh n bao gm (k hn ca trm pht sng ) tt c cc nt 2-hop i xng . B MPR ca nt N c k hiu nh MPR{N}, sau mt tp hp ty ca 1-hop ln cn i xng ca N tha mn iu kin tip theo: mi nt trong 2-hop ln cn i xng ca N phi c mt lin kt i xng hng v MPR{N}. Mt b MPR nh hn, kt qu thng tin b sung t lu lng iu kin t giao thc nh tuyn. [2] mt v d v phn tch thut ton la chn MPR. Mi mt nt duy tr thng tin v tp hp nhng nt lng ging la chn n nh MPR. B ny c gi l chuyn tip a im ca mt nt. Mt nt cha nhng thng tin ny t nhng thng tin HELLO nh k nhn c t cc nt lng ging. Thng tin pht sng c mc ch truyn vo ton b mng, n n t bt k b chn MPR ca nt N c truyn li bi nt N nu N vn cha nhn c. B ci t c th thay i theo thi gian ( v d nh khi mt nt la chn mt b ci t MPR khc) v c ch ra bi nhng nt c la chn trong bn tin HELLO ca chng. OLSR c pht trin cho mng AD-HOC. N hot ng nh mt bng iu khin, loi giao thc proactive l trao i thng tin poto vi cc nt khc ca mng theo quy tc. Mi mt nt s la chn nhng nt lng ging ca n

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nh chuyn tip a im ( MPR ). Trong OLSR ch nhng nt c chn nh MPR s chu trch nhim cho vic tng cng kim sot lu thng, dng cho vic khuych tn vo ton b mng. MPR cung cp mt ch ch hiu qu cho vic kim sot lu thng bng vic gim s lng cn truyn. Nhng nt c chn nh MPR cng c trch nhim c bit khi khai bo thng tin trng thi lin kt trong mng. Nh vy, ch mt yu cu cho OLSR cung cp nhng ng truyn nhn nht ti tt c cc im ch l nhng nt MPR do khai bo thng tin trng thi lin kt cho b chn MPR ca chng. Thm vo thng tin trng thi lin kt c sn c th c dng cho trng thi d tha. Nhng nt c chn nh MPR bi vi nt lng ging s thng bo thng tin ny theo chu k trong thng tin iu khin ca chng. V vy mt nt thng bo n mng th l n c th n vi nhng nt la chn n nh mt MPR. Theo s hoch nh ng truyn, nhng MPR c s dng to ln ng truyn t mt nt nh ti bt k im ch no trong mng. Hn na, giao thc s dng MPR lm tng hiu qu ca thng tin iu khin trong mng. Mt nt c la chn nhng MPR t mt trong s cc nt lng ging ca n vi "symetric" nh hai chiu, s lin kt. Do , vic la chn ng truyn thng qua MPR t ng trnh nhng vn kt hp vi gi d liu dch chuyn qua s lin kt mt chiu ( nh vn ca vic khng tha nhn lp lin kt cho nhng g d liu ti mi hop, vi nhng tng lin kt p dng cng ngh ny cho lu lng unicast. OLSR c pht trin lm vic c lp t nhng giao thc khc. Cng nh vy, OLSR khng to ra nhng gi thit v tng lin kt c bn. OLSR tha hng khi nim ca vic vn chuyn v vic chuyn tip t HIPERLAN ( mt giao thc tng MAC ) c tiu chun ha bi ETSI [3]. Giao thc c pht trin trong d n IPANEMA ( mt phn ca chng trnh Euclid ) v trong d n PRIMA ( mt phn ca chng trnh RNRT ).

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2.4.3 Nguyn tc trao i bn tin

Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng lin kt, cc nt truyn danh sch qung b ng nh tuyn cho cc nt ln cn trc tip vi n. Cc bn tin qung b ny c gi l qung b trng thi lin kt (LSA), n c broadcast trn ton mng. Khi cc mng Ad-Hoc b gii hn bi bng thng ng truyn. OLSR kt hp mt khi nim gi trn lt cc bn tin nh tuyn qua mng da trn nguyn tc chuyn tip a im (MPRs). Mc ch ca MPR l ti u ha trong vic gi trn lt cc bn tin cp nht trng thi. Mi nt s nhn cc bn tin trn lt t tt c cc hng (t bt c nt no nm trong gii truyn dn). Hnh 2.6 m t mt nt A khi to v gi trn lt cc gi tin qua mng.

Hnh 2.3: Cc gi tin nh tuyn trn lt trong mng

C ch gi trn lt khng my hiu qu do cc nt khc nhau c th nhn cng mt bn tin cc thi gian khc nhau. Trong OLSR, mt c ch nhiu hiu qu hn c s dng cho qu trnh truyn dn thng tin nh tuyn l mi nt ch c nhim v truyn thng tin trng thi lin kt LSA ca n cho mt s cc nt ln cn i xng mt bc (one-hop) ca n. Cc nt c bit ny c chn sao cho cc bn tin qung b trng thi ng lin kt LSA s ti c tt c cc nt ln cn hai bc (two-hop) ca n. Cc nt ny c chn chuyn tip cc bn tin qung b trng thi ng lin kt c gi l MPRs. Hnh 2.7 m t qu trnh mt nt A truyn mt bn tin cp nht nh tuyn, n s broadcast bn tin ny. Tt c cc nt trong gii truyn pht u nhn v x l bn tin ny nhng ch c cc nt l MPRs ca A mi tip tc gi bn tin ny.

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Vi c ch ny OLSR c th gim c bng thng tiu tn cho vic qung b trng thi ng lin kt. Trong OLSR, mi nt truyn cc bn tin Hello theo chu k trn cc giao din ca nt vi mc ch duy tr lin kt vi cc nt ln cn trc tip (one-hop) ca n. Cc bn tin Helloch broadcast ti cc nt ln cn mt bc (one-hop) vi ni dung cha tn ca nt khi to, ca cc nt ln cn mt bc c chn t trc. Cc nt khi to c th chn cc MPRs cho n. Mt nt lng nghe bn tin hello v kim tra xem bn tin no c pht ra t mt nt ln cn mi hay khng, nu c nt s cp nht vo danh sch nt ln cn mt bc ca n. ng thi s kim tra xem n c c nt ln cn chn lm MPR hay khng. Nu c chn n tip tc gi trn lt thng tin cp nht nh tuyn v ch cc nt ln cn l MRP ca n mi tip tc chuyn tip thng tin cp nht nh tuyn ny. Cc nt u c th tm ra c cc nt ln cn hai bc (two-hop) ca n thng qua danh sch cc nt ln cn mt bc trong cc bn tin Hello m n nhn c t cc nt ln cn mt bc (one-hop). Mi nt chn cc MRPs da trn khu vc ln cn nt ln cn hai bc do ng ti cc nt ln cn hai bc c th i qua cc MPR.

Hnh 2.4: Trao i thng tin trong OLSR

Cp nht trng thi ng lin kt c truyn qua mng thng qua mt bn tin c gi l bn tin iu khin topo mng (TC-topology control message). Cc bn tin TC c trn lt qua mng v tt c cc nt u c th tnh ton li bng nh tuyn ca n thng qua thng tin cha trong bn tin ny. Qu trnh trn lt c thc hin bi cc MRPs c m t nh trong hnh 2.7. OLSR

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khng yu cu mt nt phi qung b cho tt c cc nt ln cn ca n m ch cho cc nt c chn lm MPR ca n. OLSR cng bao gm hai loi bn tin: Cc bn tin lin kt host v mng c cc tuyn b a giao din (MID-multiple interface declaration) ch c dng bi cc nt c nhiu giao din s dng OLSR, do cc nt khc c th lin kt vi cc giao din khc nhau trn cng mt nt.

2.4.4 Kh nng p dng

OLSR l mt giao thc nh tuyn tin phong cho mng AD-HOCs[1][2]. N kh ph hp vi nhng mng di ng ln v dy c cng nh s ti u ha hon thnh vic dng MPR lm vic n trong hnh thc ny. Vi mng ln v dy c hn h s ti u ha hn c th c hon thnh cng nh so snh c vi thut ton trng thi lin kt in hnh. OLSR dng nh tuyn hop-byhop, v d nh mi nt s dng thng tin ca n ti cc gi nh tuyn. OLSR kh ph hp vi mng m lu lng l ngu nhin v bt inh gia mt tp hp nhng nt ln hn v gn nh tr thnh duy nht gia mt tp hp nhng nt c bit. Cng nh mt giao thc tin phong, OLSR cng ph hp cho nhng kch bn ni nhng cp truyn thng thay i qua thi gian: thm vo , lu lng khng iu khin c to thnh trong hon cnh ny t khi nhng nh tuyn c sa cha cho tt c nhng im ich ti cng mt thi im.

2.5 Giao thc nh tuyn khng dy ( WRP )

The Wireless Routing Protocol ( WRP ) thuc lp thut ton tm ng dn. trnh bi ton phi tnh n v cng phi cng bc mi nt thc hin nh tuyn lin tc kim tra thng tin trc c tt c cc nt ln cn bo co v. iu ny loi b vic lp li khng xc nh v cho hi t tuyn nhanh hn khi xy ra s c trn ng thng . Trong WRP, cc nt cn bit v s tn ti ca cc nt ln cn t mt s bn tin c bit. Nu mt nt khng phi ang gi gi, n phi gi mt bn tin HELLO trong mt khong thi gian xc nh m bo thng tin kt ni c

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phn nh mt cch chnh xc. Ngc li, vic thiu thiu cc bn tin t nt c th xc nh s c ng thng v tuyn v gy nn cnh bo sai. Khi mt nt thu c bn tin HELLO t mt nt mi, thng tin nt mi c thm vo bng nh tuyn ca n, v n s gi n nt mi mt bn sao thng tin bng nh tuyn ca n. WRP phi duy tr 4 bng, l: Bng c ly, Bng nh tuyn, Bng chi ph ng truyn, v Bng ghi danh sch pht li bn tin (MRL). Bng ghi c ly cho bit s chng gia mt nt v nt ch ca n. Bng ghi nh tuyn cho bit nt chng k tip. Bng ghi chi ph ng thng phn nh tr theo tng ng thng c th. MRL cha s th t ca bn tin cp nht, b m s bn tin truyn li, vic nhn bit vector c cn thit, v danh sch thng tin cp nht c gi trong bn tin cp nht. Cc bn tin MRL cp nht bn tin cn c pht li v cc nt ln cn phi bit v iu ny. m bo rng thng tin nh tuyn chnh xc, cc nt phi gi bn tin cp nht nh k n cc nt ln cn ca n. Bn tin cp nht cha thng tin cp nht (danh sch nt ch, khong cch n ch, cc nt trc nt ch) cng nh danh sch cc p ng m nt xc nh c phi nhn bit cp nht. Mt nt gi cc bn tin cp nht sau khi x l thng tin cp nht t cc nt ln cn hay khi pht hin c s thay i ng truyn. Khi s c ng thng xy ra, cc nt pht hin s c s gi cc bn tin cp nht n cc nt ln cn ca chng, v cc nt ny s hiu chnh cc thc th trong Bng ghi c ly, ng thi kim tra cc ng dn mi kh thi thng qua cc nt khc.

2.6 nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR)

Giao thc DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu t nt ngun. Trong , cc nt di ng cn duy tr b nh m v tuyn cha cc tuyn ngun m nt di ng nhn bit c. Cc thc th trong b nh m tuyn c cp nht lin tc.

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Hnh 2-5: nh tuyn ngun ng DSR Giao thc ny bao gm 2 giai on chnh: a) Khm ph tuyn, b) Duy tr tuyn (Hnh 3). Khi mt nt di ng gi mt gi n mt nt ch no , trc ht n phi tham vn b nh m tuyn xc nh l n c mt tuyn n ch cha. Nu n c mt tuyn cha ht hiu lc n ch, n s s dng tuyn ny gi gi i. Tri li, nu khng c mt tuyn nh th, n phi khi u mt qu trnh khm ph tuyn bng cch pht qung b mt gi yu cu tuyn. Bn tin yu cu ny cha a ch ch, cng vi a ch nt ngun v s nhn dng duy nht. Mi nt nhn c gi ny s tin hnh kim tra l n c bit mt tuyn no n ch khng. Nu khng, n thm a ch ca n vo Bng ghi nh tuyn ca gi v sau chuyn tip gi trn cc ng truyn ng ra. gii hn s yu cu tuyn pht trn cc ng truyn ng ra ca nt, mt nt ch chuyn tip yu cu tuyn nu n cha bit yu cu v nu a ch ca nt di ng cha xut hin trong Bng ghi tuyn. Mt p ng tuyn c to ra khi hoc l yu cu tuyn t n ch hoc l khi n t n mt nt trung gian cha trong b nh m tuyn ca n mt tuyn n ch cha ht hiu lc. n lc gi c th t n ch hay n mt nt trung gian nh th, n cha mt Bng ghi tuyn cho bit s tun t chng tri qua.

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Nu nt to ra p ng tuyn l ch th n t Bng ghi tuyn cha trong yu cu tuyn vo p ng tuyn. Nu nt tng ng l mt nt trung gian, n gn thm tuyn trong b nh m ca n vo Bng ghi tuyn v sau to ra mt p ng tuyn. tr v p ng tuyn, nt tng ng phi c mt tuyn khi u. Nu n c mt tuyn khi u trong b nh m tuyn ca n, n c th s dng tuyn . Tri li, nu cc ng truyn i xng c h tr, nt c th khi u mt qu trnh khm ph tuyn ca n v tip tc gi i p ng tuyn trn mt yu cu tuyn mi. Vic duy tr tuyn c hon thnh thng qua s dng cc gi li tuyn v cc bn tin xc nhn. Cc gi li tuyn c to ra mt nt khi lp lin kt d liu gp s c ng truyn. Nt ngun lun lun b dng khi mt tuyn b ct xn. Khi nhn c mt gi li tuyn, chng b li s b loi b khi b nh m tuyn ca nt v tt c cc tuyn cha chng ny u b ct im . Ngoi cc bn tin li tuyn, cc bn tin xc nhn c s dng xc minh s hot ng chnh xc ca cc ng thng tuyn. Cc bn tin xc nhn nh th bao gm c xc nhn th ng (khi nt di ng c th nghe vic chuyn tip gi chng k tip trn tuyn).

2.7 Giao thc nh tuyn tun t tm thi TORA

TORA l giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin cho cc mng v tuyn di ng a bc, n s dng khun dng gi tin IP trong mt h thng t tr. TORA khng hon ton l mt loi giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch m cng khng phi l mt giao thc trng thi ng lin kt m nod l mt b cc thut ton theo kiu thut ton o ngc lin kt - link-reveral. Phn ng ca giao thc c thc hin nh mt th t sp xp tm thi cc tnh ton qu trnh lan truyn. Mi tnh ton bao gm th t ca cc o ngc lin kt trc tip. Giao thc ny c kh nng tng thch cao v n nh vi cc mng di ng ln v mt cao. Trong cc mng ny, phn ng ca giao thc i vi li lin kt ch lin quan n mt thng qua n - single pass ni b ca thut ton phn tn. Thc thi mong mun c th t c thng qua vic s dng mt ng h logic hoc vt l thit lp th t tm thi ca s kin thay i cu hnh mng. Hot ng ca TORA ph hp trong cc iu kin ny nh cc c im sau:

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 Thc thi phn tn. Mc ch cung cp cc ng truyn khng lp. Cung cp nhiu ng truyn nhm mc ch gim tn s phn ng cc thay i mng hoc kh nng nghn v xung t. Thit lp ng truyn nhanh chng. Gim thiu chi ph nh tuyn bng cch s dng thut ton nh v khi i vi cc trng hp thay i cu hnh trong iu kin c th. Vic ny c th tit kim bng thng v tng n nh ca giao thc . i vi TORA, xc nh ng i ngn nht l khng quan trong v n cng khng cn thit phai duy tr cc tuyn ng gia mi cp ngun ch ti tt c cc thi im (ging nh OLSR). Chi ph pht sinh thit lp mt tuyn gia mt cp ngun - ch s l lng ph nu ngun khng yu. TORA c thit k gim thiu phn ng i vi cc thay i ca cu hnh mng. Cc bn tin iu khin c trao i trong mt b rt nh gn nhau v mang tnh ni b m khng tp trung n mt chc nng c th no. TORA bao gm c ch th hai cho php lan truyn cc bn tin iu khin c tc ng su rng trong mt s t trng hp nhm ti u ha tuyn ng v xc nhn cc trng thi mm. Lan truyn ny din ra theo chu k vi t l rt t ph thuc vo linh ng ca cu hnh mng. TORA ch yu cu cc nt duy tr thng tin v cc nt ln cn mt bc. N m bo tt c cc tuyn l khng lp v cung cp kh nng duy tr nhiu tuyn ng gia cc cp ngun - ch bt k c yu cu lin kt cho truyn thng ca chng. TORA l mt giao thc kiu khi to ngun v nhanh chng thit lp c cc tuyn ng khi c yu cu. Khi c thay i cu hnh mng giao thc nhanh chng thit lp li cc tuyn ng. Kh nng khi to v phn ng vi thay i trong mng l khng thng xuyn nhm gim chi ph nh tuyn ca giao thc. Khi giao thc pht hin c s c trong mt phn mng n s xa tt c cc tuyn ng li.

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2.7.1 Chc nng giao thc

TORA c thit k lm vic da trn cc c ch hot ng ca lp thp hn l cc giao thc cung cp mt s thng tin c bn gia cc router ln cn sau y: C ch cm nhn trng thi lin kt v tm kim nt ln cn. Kh nng tin cy, chuyn tip cc gi tin iu khin theo yu cu. C ch nh x v phn gii a ch lp mng v lp lin kt d liu. Nhn thc bo mt. TORA gn hng cho cc lin kt gi cc router nhm thc hin cu trc nh tuyn c s dng chuyn tip cc gi d liu ti ch. Mt router gn mt hng lung ln hoc lung xung cho lin kt vi mi router ln cn da trn cc gi tr ca mt thng s lin kt vi mi router. Thng s ny c duy tr bi mt router c th nhn bit thng qua cao ca router (v d cc lin kt c hng t router cao hn n router thp hn). ngha ca cao v gn hng lin kt l cc router ch c th chuyn tip cc gi d liu theo ng xung (downstream). Nu lin kt t gia hai router ln cn nhau khng c nh ngha cao v gn hng lin kt th xem nh khng th dng chuyn tip thng tin. cao ca cc router v gn hng lin kt thc hin mt kin trc nh tuyn a ng v khng lp trong tt c cc ng t ngun ti ch c truyn theo ng xung. Hnh 2.5 miu t tng quan cao gia cc router trong mng. Ta thy rng, C gn vi ch hn B khi nhng thng s cao ca C li ln hn so vi B. Nhn vo hnh ta c tng quan cao gia cc router nh sau: HC > HB > HE > HDEST; HD > HA > HB > HE > HDEST.

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Hnh 2.6: Tng quan cao ca cc router trong mng

TORA c th chia thnh bn chc nng chnh bao gm: to ng, duy tr ng, xa ng v ti u ng. To ng tng ng vi vic la chn cc cao xc nh hng tun t ca cc lin kt ti ch trong mng hoc mt phn mng cha c nh hng trc . Duy tr ng lin quan n vic thch ng c ch nh tuyn khi cu hnh mng thay i. V d, do li mt s lin kt ng xung hay mt vi hng lin kt tm thi khng cn dn ti ch c na. S kin ny khi to mt qu trnh o ngc lin kt c hng (do phi la chn li cao ca cc router) thc hin nh hng li kin trc nh tuyn tt c cc ng lin kt c hng li c th dn ti ch. Trong trng hp mng b phn chia, cc lin kt b ct t s phi gn mc v hng thc hin xa cc tuyn li. Trong qu trnh xa dng ny, cc router thit lp cao ca chng ti khng v cc lin kt k cn s tr thnh v hng. Ngoi ra TORA cng c c ch ti u cc tuyn ng trong cc router s chn li cao ca chng theo th t ci thin kin trc nh tuyn. TORA t c b chc nhng ny thng qua s dng bn gi tin iu khin khc nhau bao gm: truy vn (QRY), cp nht (UPD), xa (CLR) v ti u ha (OPT).

2.7.2 To ng trong TORA

Vic to cc tuyn ng ti ch c th c thc hin theo yu cu hoc theo chu k. Trong mi trng hp, cc router la chn cao v gn hng cho cc lin kt gia cc router ln cn. Trong ch thc hin theo yu cu, vic to ng t c thng qua mt c ch truy vn - phn hi s dng cc gi tin QRY v UPD. Mt ngun

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khi to qu trnh bng vic gi mt gi QRY ti cc ln cn ca n nh ngha ch cho tuyn ng c yu cu. Gi tin QRY c lan truyn (c x l v chuyn tip bi cc router ln cn) cho ti khi n c nhn bi mt hoc nhiu router c tuyn ng ti ch. Khi gi tin QRY c chuyn i, cc router s xa tt c cc gi tin QRY c nhn sau c cng ch. Cc router c ng ti ch phn hi QRY bng cch gi gi tin UPD ti cc router ln cn nh ngha ch lin quan v cao ca router gi gi tin UPD. Cc router duy tr thi im gi tin UPD c gi gn nht v thi im ng lin kt ti cc router ln cn i vo hot ng gim cc phn hi tha cho mt yu cu ng. Khi mt router nhn c gi tin UPD n thit lp cao ca n v gi mt gi UPD ti cc ln cn ca n nh ngha ch lin quan v cao mi ca n. T , cc router trong mng la chn cao cho ch c yu cu. Vic hc cao ca cc router ln cn cho ch yu cu v gn cc hng cho lin kt da trn cc cao ny. Trong ch thc hin theo chu k, router ngun khi to qu trnh to ng bng cch gi mt gi tin OPT s c x l v chuyn tip bi cc bi cc router ln cn. Gi tin OPT nh ngha ch n, ch hot ng cho ch v cao ca router gi gi tin OPT. Gi tin ny cng cha s th t c s dng xc nh tnh duy nht ca gi tin v m bo rng mi router x l v chuyn tip gi tin OPT cho mt ngun nhiu nht mt ln. Khi gi tin OPT c chuyn i, router thit lp ch hot ng tng ng, chn li cao ca n v gi mt gi OPT ti cc ln cn nh ngha ch lin quan v cao mi ca router gi gi tin.

Tng kt chng II
Chng ny cp mt cch tng qut nht n vn nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc,s phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad-Hoc v gii thiu mt s giao thc nh tuyn Proactive trong mng Ad-Hoc .

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CHNG III: GII THIU PHN MM NS2 V NG DNG XY DNG CC KCH BN M PHNG GIAO THC MNG
Chng ny cp n cc vn | + Tng quan v phn mm NS + Kin trc chung ca NS + Lp trnh trn phn mm NS m phng mt s giao thc nh tuyn .

3.1 Tng quan

Ngy nay cng vi xu hng pht trin chung mng khng dy v ang c ng dng rng ri trong cuc sng bi nhng li ch m n mang li nh c trnh by trong chng I.S lng cc thit b dng cho mng khng dy s sm vt qua s lng cc thit b dnh cho mng c dy, iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic s nghin cu v mng khng dy cng c s tng trng tng t. Thng thng nghin cu mng khng dy bao gm kim tra s thc thi v s nghin cu m phng. Vn m phng mng l mt vn rt thit thc v ang c s quan tm v u t thch ng ca cc nh cung cp dch v v thit b mng bi nhng li ch to ln m n em li. c rt nhiu phn mm m phng hot ng mng v cc thit b mng ra i nhm phc v cho vic m phng nh gi v nghin cu mng. Phn mm m phng mng l mt cng c quan trng pht trin ,kim tra v nh gi cc giao thc mng. S m phng c th c s dng m khng dng ti cc thit b phn cng ,iu ny em li hiu qu tit kim m vn thc hin c i vi hu ht cc kch c ca topo mng v cc thit t ca chng. N c th m phng mt kt ni vi bt k bng thng v tr no thm ch ngay c vi mt kt ni khng th tn ti trong th gii thc. Vi phn mm m phng mng c th thit t mi nt c m phng s dng bt k phn mm mong mun no. iu ny c ngha l s trin khai phn mm khng cn l mt vn . Cc kt qu thu c cng d dng hn cho vic phn tch bi s c c thng tin chnh xc t cc im quan trng ca mng c m phng n gin bi s phn tch cc file trace c to ra.

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Hnh 3.1 cho ta mt ci nhn tng quan v cc phn mm ang c s dng hin nay trong vn m phng v nghin cu cc mng

Hnh 3.1.Cc phn mm m phng mng hin nay Hnh 3.1 Kt qu m phng thng thng t nhng kho st m phng da trn ti liu ca hi ngh quc t ACM v Mobile ad-hoc networking and computing (Mobihoc) t nm 2000 n 2004. Trong chng ny s i su nghin cu v phn mm NS-2 Network Simulator -2(NS-2) l mt mi trng m phng mnh v ph bin.S lng ngi dng NS-2 ang tng ln mnh m trong nhng nm gn y. Mc d ban u NS-2 c thit k l dng m phng hot ng cho cc mng c dy ,song gi y NS-2 c m rng dng cho c cc mng khng dy bao gm WLAN ,Mobile ad-hoc networking (AD-HOCs),cc mng cm bin v c mng v tinh

3.2 i cng v NS 3.2.1 Cc chc nng ca NS

i vi mng c dy : + nh tuyn: Vector khong cch (DV),trng thi lin kt (LS),multicast. + Cc giao thc chuyn vn :TCP,UDP,RTP v SCTP + Cc ngun lu lng :Web,FTP,TELNET,CBR,STOCHASTIC + Cc qui tc hng i :Drop-tail,RED,FQ,SFQ,DRR + Cht lng dch v QoS :IntServ v Differv

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+ So snh trng thi i vi mng khng dy: + nh tuyn cho mng ad-hoc (AODV,DSDV) v IP di ng + Truyn theo hng trc tip ,cm bin MAC Hnh nh v cc tin ch minh ha khc

3.2.2 Cc thnh phn ca NS

Cc thnh phn ca NS bao gm : NS phn mm m phng NAM :Netwok animator minh ha cho cc kt qu u ra ca NS ,giao din GUI to kch bn cho NS Tin x l :Khi to topo mng v lu lng Qu trnh x l :Phn tch file trace vi cc cng c ca UNIX hoc GNU/LINUX nh AWK,Perl,Tcl,minh ha bng hnh nh vi Xgraph Cc thnh phn chnh ca NS-2 : + Tcl/TK8.x(thng l 8.3.5) :C th tham kho ti a ch http://resource.tcl.tk/resource/sofware/tcltk/ + OTcl v Tclcl tclcl.sourceforge.net + NS-2 v NAM-1 C th tham kho ti http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/dist + Cc tin ch khc xem ti http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-build.html + Tcl-debug,GT-ITM,Xgraph v.v. :C th tham kho ti a ch http://otcl-

3.2.3 Kin trc ca NS

NS l mt phn mm hng i tng s dng hai ngn ng C++ v OTcl.Phn d liu v phn iu khin c tch bit + C++ cho phn d liu :X l mi gi tin ,thc thi nhanh chng ,chi tit ha ,b sung y cho vic iu khin ,cc thut ton i vi b d liu ln + OTcl cho phn iu khin : -M phng cc cu hnh cho kch bn -Thc thi nhanh chng ,d dng cu hnh li

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-Thao tc vi cc i tng C++ hin ti -Vit m nhanh chng v thay i d dng

Hnh 3.2 n gin ho cch nhn ca ngi s dng NS khng nhng c vit bi OTcl m cn c vit bi C++. V l do hiu qu NS phn ra s thc thi ng dn d liu t nhng s thc thi ng dn iu khin. gim bt thi gian x l gi v s kin (khng phi l thi gian m phng )lch biu s kin v cc i tng thnh phn c bn ca mng trong phn d liu c vit v bin dch s dng C++.Nhng i tng c bin dch ny c lm sn cho trnh bin dch OTcl qua mt lien kt OTcl to ra mt i tng OTcl thch hp vi mi i tng C++ v thc hin cc chc nng iu khin ,cc bin cu hnh c cung cp bi i tng C++ hot ng nh cc hm thnh vin v cc bin thnh vin ca i tng OTcl tng ng.

Hnh 3.3 Tnh i ngu ca C++ v OTcl Hnh 3.3 cho thy mt v d phn cp i tng trong C++ v OTcl. Mt iu cn lu trong hnh l cc i tng C++ cho php mt s kt ni OTcl

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hnh thnh mt s phn cp. S phn cp i tng OTcl rt ging vi s phn cp i tng C++ Hnh 3.3 cho thy kin trc chung ca NS

Hnh 3.4 Kin trc chung ca NS Trong hnh ny mt ngi dung chung (khng phi l ngi pht trin NS) c th ng gc y tri thit k v thc thi nhng s m phng trong Tcl s dng cc i tng m phng trong th vin OTcl. Cc lch biu s kin v hu ht cc thnh phn ca mng c thc hin trong C++ v a n OTcl qua mt lien kt OTcl c thc hin bi s s dng Tclcl. Ton b nhng ci to nn NS l trnh bin dch Tcl hng i tng m rng v cc th vin m phng mng. Cc thnh phn ca mng Nh ni nhiu n trong phn trn. Mc ny s trnh by v cc thnh phn ca NS ,hu ht l cc thnh phn cu thnh mng .

Hnh 3.5 S phn cp lp i tng OTcl

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Hnh 3.5 cho thy mt s phn cp lp OTcl b phn ca NS iu ny s gip cho ta hiu r cc thnh phn ca mng. Gc ca s phn cp l lp TclObject l lp gc ca tt c cc i tng th vin OTcl (lch biu,cc thnh phn mng,b nh gi v cc i tng khc bao gm c NAM).Tng t nh lp gc OTcl NsObject l lp gc ca tt c cc i tng thnh phn mng c bn iu khin cc gi tin m c th to ra cc i tng cu thnh mng c bn nh l cc nt v cc lin kt. Cc thnh phn mng c bn li c chia ra thnh hai lp con gm c Connector v Classifier da vo s ng dn d liu u ra. Cc i tng c bn c bn ca mng c th c duy nht mt ng dn d liu u ra i vi lp Connector ,cc i tng chuyn i c th c nhiu ng dn d liu u ra i vi lp Classifier + Nt v s nh tuyn : Mt nt l mt i tng hn hp bao gm ton b i tng nt v cc i tng phn loi nh trong hnh 3.6

Hnh 3.6 Nt (Unicast v Multicast) C hai loi nt trong NS. Mt l nt Unicast c mt b phn loi a ch thc hin vic nh tuyn Unicast v mt b phn loi cng. Mt nut Multicast b sung thm mt b phn loi phn loi cc gi tin Multicast t cc gi tin Unicast v b phn loi Multicast thc hin nh tuyn Multicast. Trong NS cc nt Unicast l cc nt c mc nh. to ra cc nt Multicast ngi dung phi khai bo r rang trong kch bn OTcl u vo ngay sau khi to ra mt i tng lch biu. Khi tt c cc nt s c to ra l cc nt Multicast. Sau

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khi ch r kiu nt ngi dng cng c th la chn mt giao thc nh tuyn c bit khc hn l s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn mc nh + Lin kt Mt lin kt l mt i tng cu thnh chnh khc trong NS. Khi mt ngi dung to ra mt lin kt s dng mt hm thnh vin duplex-link ca i tng m phng. Hai lin kt Simplex theo c hai hng c to ra :

Hnh 3.7 Lin kt Mt iu cn lu l mt hng i u ra ca mt nt c thc hin thc s nh mt phn ca i tng lin kt duplex-link. Cc gi tin c ly ra t mt hang i c a ti i tng Delay ng vai tr tr ca mi lin kt ,cc gi tin b th ti hang i c gi ti i tng NullAgent v c gii phng . Cui cng i tng TTL tnh ton cc thng s time to live cho mi gi tin nhn c v cp nht trng TTL ca gi tin - Tracing: Trong NS cc hot ng ca mng c m t xung quanh cc lin kt Simplex. Nu s m phng c nh hng m t cc hot ng ca mng (S dng $ns trace-allfile hoc $ns namtrace allfile )Cc lin kt c to ra sau dng lnh ny s c chn cc i tng trace nh trong hnh 3.8

Hnh 3.8 Chn cc i tng Trace

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Ngi dng cng c th to ra mt i tng trace c bit gia nt ngun v nt ch khi s dng cu lnh creat-trace(type file src dst). Khi mi i tng trace c chn (V d EnqT,DeqT,DrpT,v RecvT)nhn mt gi tin n ghi vo mt file trace c bit m khng tiu th bt k thi gian m phng no v gi gi tin n i tng mng k tip - Queue monitor (gim st hng i) V c bn cc i tng tracing c to ra ghi li thi gian chuyn n ca gi tin ti ni m chng c nh v. Mc d mt ngi dung c thng tin t trace ,anh ta c th quan tm n nhng g ang din ra bn trong mt hang i u ra c bit. V d mt ngi dung quan tm n hnh vi ca hng i RED c th mun o kch thc ng trung bnh ca hng i v kch thc hin thi ca hang i RED(cn thit cho s gim st hang i ).Vic gim st hang i c th t c nh s dng cc i tng monitor queue v cc i tng snoop queue nh trong hnh 3.9

Hnh 3.9 Gim st hng i Khi mt gi tin c chuyn n mt i tng snoop queue thong bo cho i tng queue monitor s dng thong tin ny theo di hang i. Lu rng i tng snoop queue c th c s dng song song vi cc i tng tracing mc d n khng c ch ra trong hnh 3.9 3.3 S dng phn mm NS-2 m phng mng

3.3.1 C bn v Tcl
s dng c kch bn Tcl ti du nhc ca dng lnh ta g tclsh. thot khi ch son tho Tcl ta g exit + Khai bo bin

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+ khai bo cc bin trong Tcl ta s dng cu lnh set va khai bo va gn gi tr cho cc bin V d :set x 10 iu ny c ngha l khai bo bin x vi gi tr khi to x=10 K t $c s dng cha gi tr ca bin V d :set x2 $x1 c ngha l ly gi tr ca x1 gn cho x2 Lu rng ta khng s dng $ khi bin c gn mt gi tr c th + Biu thc ton hc Set value [expr $x1 +($x2*3)] V d set c [expr $a +$b] Trong v d trn t kho expr thng bo rng sau n s l mt biu thc ton hc (c th y l php cng ca hai gi tr ca cc bin a v b ) ch ra rng tt c cc php ton cha trong n s c tnh ton trc . Nh vy v d trn c ngha l khai bo mt bin c vi gi tr khi to c=a+b. In chui ra mn hnh Puts chui cn in ra V d :puts thuc thi kich ban tcl don gian .Cc cu trc iu khin : If {iu kin} then {} for {set i 0} {$i <10}{incr i}{..} Khai bo th tc Proc tn th tc {arg1 arg2}{} Lm vic vi file + M mt file ghi Set f1 [open try w] + Ghi d liu ln file v ng file Puts $f1 ghi mot cau len file Close $f1 + c d liu t file Set f1 [open try r]

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Set l1 [gets $f1] Puts doc tai dong : $l1 3.3.2 C bn v OTcl lm vic vi OTcl ti du nhc ca shell ta g lnh OTclsh v thot ra ta g lnh exit. Khi to mt lp Class ten_lop Class ten_lop superclass ten_lop_dan _xuat nh ngha cc th tc instance Ten_lop instproc ten_thu_tuc {args}{.} nh ngha cc bin instance $self instvar ten_bien Khi to mt instance Set new_inst [new ten_lop] Lu :-$self tng ng vi bin this trong C++.N nhc n instance hin ti trong phm vi hm ang thc thi,ngha l n nhc n chnh n - instvar c s dng khai bo mt bin thnh vin v cng theo mt cch tng t instproc c dung khai bo mt hm thnh vin. C php ca mt th tc cng tng t nh trong Tcl ngoi tr tn lp phi khai bo trc v t kho proc c thay th bi instproc. - Lu rng bin trong NS c gn [Simulator instance] Simulator l tn lp instance l mt hm tnh trong lp tr v instance ca lp Simulator. - C php truy nhp hm thnh vin l $obj member-func parameters Ta c th thy iu ny khi hm duplex-link c gi to lin kt gia cc nt. By gi khi c nhng khi nim c bn v Tcl v OTcl. Trc khi bt tay vo nghin cu NS-2 hot ng ra sao hy xem mt chng trnh nh vi Tcl. Tcl c hai ch lm vic l interative mode v batch mode .

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+ Chng trnh Hello World trong ch Interative mode . Dinh_lam >ns % set ns [new Simulator] %$ns at 1 puts\Hello World !\ %$ns at 1.5 exit %$ns run Kt qu Hello World ! + Chng trnh Hello World trong ch batch mode. Simple.tcl Set ns [new Simulator] $ns at 1 puts\Hello World !\ $ns at 1.5 exit $ns run Dinh_lam > ns Simple.tcl Kt qu Hello World ! 3.3.3 Cc bc c bn ca mt kch bn m phng NS-2 Mt kch bn m phng ca NS-2 thng thng bao gm cc bc sau : + Khi to lch biu s kin + Bt ch tracing nu cn + Khi to topo mng + Thit t cc giao thc nh tuyn + Khi to cc tc nhn vn chuyn + Khi to cc lu lng source/sink + Chn cc thng bo li nu cn Khi to lch biu s kin C php :Set ns [new Simulator] -Lch biu cc s kin :$ns at <time><event> -Bt u lch biu :$ns run M mt file cho trace data Set nf [open out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $nf 53

hoc $ns namtrace-all-wireless $nf -Bt tracing trn cc lin kt c bit $ns namtrace-queue $n0 $n1 -Th tc ng file v bt u phn mm NAM Proc finish{}{ Global ns nf $ns flush-trace Close $nf Exec nam out.nam & Exit 0 } Khi to topo mng + Nt :set n0 [$ns node] Set n1 [$ns node] + Cc lin kt v hng i $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 <bng thng>< tr><kiu hng i> Kiu hang i c th :DropTail,RED,CBQ,FQ,SFQ,DRR + Khi to mt tc nhn UDP v gn n vi nt n0 Set udp [new agent/udp] $ns attach-agent $n0 $udp + Khi to mt ngun lu lng CBR v gn n vi udp0 Set cbr [new application/traffic/cbr] $cbr attach-agent $udp + Khi to mt tc nhn rng lm suy gim lu lng Set null [new agent/null] $ns attach-agent $n2 $null + Kt ni chng $ns connect $udp $null + Thc thi lch biu s kin $ns at 0.5 $cbr start $ns at 3.5 $cbr stop

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+ Khi to mt tc nhn TCP v gn n vi nt n0 Set tcp [new agent/tcp] $ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp + Khi to mt ngun lu lng FTP v gn n vi tcp0 Set ftp [new application/traffic/ftp] $ftp attach-agent $tcp + Khi to mt TCPSink lm suy gim lu lng Set sink [new agent/tcpsink] $ns attach-agent $n2 $sink + Thc thi lch biu s kin $ns at 0.5 $FTP start $ns at 3.5 $FTP stop Thit t s nh tuyn + Unicast : $ns rtproto <kiu> Kiu :Static,Session,DV,cost ,multi-path + Multicast: $ns multicast (ngay sau khi [new Simulator]) hoc set ns [new Simulator-multicast on] $ns mrtproto <kiu > Kiu CtrMcast,DM,ST,BST Chn cc thng bo li + Khi to modul li Set loss_module [new errrormodel] $loss_module set rate_0.01 $loss_module unit pkt $loss_module ranvar[new random variable/uniform] $loss_module drop-target[new agent/null] + Chn module li $ns lossmodel $loss_module $n0 $n1

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3.3.4 Thc hin m phng mng khng dy trong NS

Trong mc ny s trnh by cch s dng m hnh m phng mng khng dy di ng trong NS. Mc ny gm hai phn, trong phn u tin s tho lun xem lm th no to ra v m phng mng khng dy n gin vi hai nt mng, trong phn th s m rng v dng trong phn mt to ra mt s m phng mng khng dy phc tp hn. To mt kch bn m phng mng khng dy n gin Phn ny m phng mt kch bn mng khng dy rt n gin gm hai nt mng. Topo mng bao gm hai nt di ng node_(0) v node_(1). Cc nt di ng ny di chuyn trong mt phm vi c xc nh l 500m x 500m. Ban u cc nt bt u ti hai v tr i din nhau ngoi cng ca ng bin. tip chng di chuyn hng v nhau trong na u tin ca m phng v ri li tip tc di chuyn ra xa trong phn th hai ca s m phng. Mt kt ni TCP c thit lp gia hai nt di ng. cc gi tin c trao i gia cc nt khi chng n trong phm vi cm nhn cua mt nt khc. Khi chng di chuyn ra xa cc gi tin s bt u b loi b. Ging nh bt k s m phng no khc ca NS trc tin s bt u bng vic to ra mt kch bn TCL cho s m phng mang khng dy. File ny c gi l simple-wereless.tcl. Mt nt di ng bao gm cc thnh phn ca mng nh: Link Layer( LL tng kt ni) Interface Queue (giao din hng i IFQ) ,MAC layer (lp MAC) cc knh khng dy truyn v nhn tn hiu Khi bt u m phng mng khng dy cn nh ngha kiu cho mi thnh phn ca mng. ngoi ra cn nh ngha cc thng s khc nh kiu antenna, m hnh truyn sng radio, kiu giao thc nh tuyn ca mng AD- HOC c s dng bi cc nt di ng.. Xem cc ch thch trong on m i vi nhng m t ngn gn ca mi bin c nh ngha. Mng c s dng nh ngha nhng bin ny nh val() khng phi l mt bin ton cc khi n c s dng trong cc kch bn c m t trc y.

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Kch bn simple- wireless. tcl bt u vi mt danh sch ca nhng thng s khc nhau c m t di y nh sau: # ========================================================= ============= # Define options # ========================================================= ============= set val(chan) set val(prop) set val(ant) set val(ll) set val(ifq) set val(ifqlen) set val(netif) set val(mac) set val(rp) set val(nn) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# channel type Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# radio-propagation model Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Antenna type LL ;# Link layer type Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Interface queue type 50 ;# max packet in ifq Phy/WirelessPhy ;# network interface type Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type DSDV ;# ad-hoc routing protocol 2 ;# number of mobilenodes

Tip theo i vo phn chnh ca chng trnh v bt u to ra mt trng hp ca s m phng. : set ns_ [new Simulator]

ri ci t s h tr trace bi vic m file simple.tr v gi th tc trace-all {} nh sau: set tracefd [open simple.tr w]

$ns_ trace-all $tracefd Tip n to mt i tng topology tun theo ng i ca (s di chuyn) cc nt di ng trong ng bin ca topo mng : set topo [new Topography] Nh cp n trc y cc nt di ng ch di chuyn trong phm vi mt topo 500m x 500m. Cn cung cp cho i tng topography vi bin ca to x,y (x=500, y=500): $topo load_flatgrid 500 500

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Topography c chia thnh tng v gi tr mc nh ca phn gii l 1. Mt gi tr khc c th c s dng nh mt thng s th 3 vi hm loadflatgrid{}. K n to i tng god nh sau: create-god $val(nn) Tip theo cn to ra cc nt di ng: Cc nt API c to ra c sa li cn y cc API mi c s dng to ra cc nt di ng. Trc tin cn cu hnh cc nt trc khi to ra chng. Cu hinh nt API c th bao gm nh ngha kiu a ch (flat,hierachical v.v.) kiu giao thc nh tuyn ca ad-hoc link layer ,Mac layer , IfQ v.v..Cu hnh API c th c nh ngha nh sau : (parameter examples) # $ns_ node-config -addressingType flat or hierarchical or expanded # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # -adhocRouting DSDV or DSR or TORA -llType LL -macType Mac/802_11 -propType "Propagation/TwoRayGround" -ifqType "Queue/DropTail/PriQueue" -ifqLen 50 -phyType "Phy/WirelessPhy" -antType "Antenna/OmniAntenna" -channelType "Channel/WirelessChannel" -topoInstance $topo -energyModel "EnergyModel" -initialEnergy (in Joules) -rxPower (in W) -txPower (in W) -agentTrace ON or OFF -routerTrace ON or OFF -macTrace ON or OFF -movementTrace ON or OFF Tt c cc gi tr mc nh cho cc tu chn ny l NULL ngoi tr

addressingtype :flat

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 y s dng gi tr mc nh ca flat addressing.Ngoi ra hy ch bt duy nht AgentTrace v RouterTrace. C th th vi tt c cc trace bng cch bt tt c chng ln. Tt c cc AgentTrace c nh du vi AGT,RouterTrace vi RTR , MacTrace vi MAC trong trng th 5 ca chng. MovementTrace khi c bt ln cho thy cc hot ng ca nt di ng v trace c nh du vi M trong trng th hai ca chng. S cu hnh API cho cc nt di ng nh sau : # Configure nodes $ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \ -llType $val(ll) \ -macType $val(mac) \ -ifqType $val(ifq) \ -ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \ -antType $val(ant) \ -propType $val(prop) \ -phyType $val(netif) \ -topoInstance $topo \ -channelType $val(chan) \ -agentTrace ON \ -routerTrace ON \ -macTrace OFF \ -movementTrace OFF Tip theo to ra hai nt di ng nh sau : for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } {incr i} { set node_($i) [$ns_ node ] $node_($i) random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion } y s di ng ngu nhin ca cc nt c v hiu ho v chng cn cung cp v tr nt v hot ng (tc v hng ) trong cc ch th tip theo.By gi cc nt di ng c to ra, cn cung cp cho chng mt v tr bt u # Provide initial (X,Y, for now Z=0) co-ordinates for node_(0) and node_(1)

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$node_(0) set X_ 5.0 $node_(0) set Y_ 2.0 $node_(0) set Z_ 0.0 $node_(1) set X_ 390.0 $node_(1) set Y_ 385.0 $node_(1) set Z_ 0.0 .Node0 c mt v tr bt u (5,2) trong khi node1 bt u bng v tr (390,385) K n a ra mt s hot ng ca nt # Node_(1) starts to move towards node_(0) $ns_ at 50.0 "$node_(1) setdest 25.0 20.0 15.0" $ns_ at 10.0 "$node_(0) setdest 20.0 18.0 1.0" # Node_(1) then starts to move away from node_(0) $ns_ at 100.0 "$node_(1) setdest 390.0 380.0 15.0" $ns_ at 50.0 "$node_(1) setdest 25.0 20.0 15.0" c ngha l ti thi im 50.0s node1 bt u di chuyn hng ti to (x=25,y=20) vi tc 15m/s.API ny c s dng hng v tc hot ng ca cc nt di ng Tip theo thit lp lung lu lng gia hai nt nh sau : # TCP connections between node_(0) and node_(1) set tcp [new Agent/TCP] $tcp set class_ 2 set sink [new Agent/TCPSink] $ns_ attach-agent $node_(0) $tcp $ns_ attach-agent $node_(1) $sink $ns_ connect $tcp $sink set ftp [new Application/FTP] $ftp attach-agent $tcp $ns_ at 10.0 "$ftp start" Thit lp mt kt ni TCP gia hai nt vi mt TCP ngun trn node0. Cn nh ngha thi gian cho m phng kt thc v thong tin cho cc nt di ng xc lp li cc thnh phn mng ni b ca chng # Tell nodes when the simulation ends for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } {incr i} { $ns_ at 150.0 "$node_($i) reset"; }

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$ns_ at 150.0001 "stop" $ns_ at 150.0002 "puts \"NS EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt" proc stop {} { global ns_ tracefd close $tracefd } Ti thi im 105.0s s m phng s dng.Cc nt xc lp li ti thi gian v $ns_halt c gi ti 150.0002s mt cht ngay sau khi xc lp li cc nt. Th tc stop{}dduwowcj gi xo cc trace v xo cc file trace V cui cng dng lnh bt u m phng puts "Starting Simulation..." $ns_ run Lu file Simple-wireless.tcl Ti thi im kt thc s thc thi m phng file trace-output Simple.tr c to ra.Khi bt AgentTrace v RouterTrace hy quan st cc thng ip nh tuyn DSDV v cc gi tin TCP s c nhn v gi bi cc i tng Router v Agent trong cc node0 v 1. Lu rng tt c cc trace khng dy bt u vi WL trong trng u tin ca chng. Quan st lung TCP bt u t 10.0s ti node0 Bt u c hai nt u cch xa nhau v nh th cc gi tin TCP b loi b bi node0 bi v n khng th nhn c t node1. Trong vng 81.0s thng tin nh tuyn bt u c trao i gia hai nt v trong vng 100s s quan st thy gi tin TCP u tin s c nhn bi Agent node1 v ri node1 gi mt ACK tr li node0 v kt ni TCP c thit lp. D sao khi node1 bt u di chuyn ra xa node0 kt ni li b b gy trong khong thi gian 116.0s.Cc gi tin bt u b hu khi cc nt di chuyn ra xa nhau .

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CHNG IV: M PHNG V NH GI HIU NNG CC GIAO THC NH TUYN PROACTIVE TRONG AD-HOC 4.1 Mt s o nh gi hiu nng. 4.1.1 Cc o nh tnh
nh gi cht lng ca mt giao thc nh tuyn, cn cc o c v mt nh tnh ln nh lng o ph hp v hiu nng ca cc giao thc. Cc o ny l c lp vi bt k mt giao thc no. Danh sch sau l danh sch cc o nh tnh i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn ca mng Ad-Hoc: Hot ng phn b: y l mt tnh cht thit yu tuy nhin n c th l trng thi. Trnh hin tng lp vng: Khng yu cu phi nh lng nhng thng c a ra trnh khi cc vn xy ra trong trng hp ti nht. V d nh mt phn nh ca gi tin chy vng trn trong mng vi thi gian ty . Cc gii php trong mng ad hoc chng hn nh cc gi tr TTL c th gii hn vn ny, nhng vic tip cn mt cch chun ha v c cu trc hn l mt vic lm cn thit t c mt hiu nng tng th ca h thng tt hn. Hot ng trn c s yu cu: Thay v vic gi nh mt phn b lu lng ng b trong mng (v duy tr thng tin nh tuyn gia cc nt mng mi thi im), cc thut ton nh tuyn c th hot ng ph hp vi dng lu lng trong mng theo nhu cu hoc yu cu c bn. Nu iu ny c thc hin mt cch thng minh, ngun ti nguyn nng lng v bng thng ca mng s c s dng mt cch hiu qu hn cng vi vic tng gi ca thi gian tr khi tm ng. Hot ng thng xuyn: y l hot ng ngc li vi kiu hot ng trn c s yu cu. Trong mt vi hon cnh no , thi gian tr ca hot ng trn c s yu cu c kh nng khng th chp nhn c. Nu cc

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ngun ti nguyn v bng thng v nng lng cho php, hot ng theo kiu thng xuyn l ph hp vi cc hon cnh ny. Bo mt: Mt giao thc nh tuyn cho mng Ad-Hoc s l mt giao thc d b tn cng theo mt s dng no nu khng c s bo mt tng mng hoc tng lin kt d liu. Cc kiu tn cng c th thc hin mt cch kh n gin c trm d liu trn mng, truyn li d liu, sa i phn header ca cc gi d liu v nh hng sai lch cc thng ip nh tuyn. Trong khi nhng mi quan tm ny tn ti trong c cc c s h tng mng c dy cng nh vi cc giao thc nh tuyn, vn bo mt mi trng truyn vt l trong mng Ad-Hoc s tr nn kh khn hn rt nhiu so vi vn ny trong mng c dy. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c s bo mt cn thit ngn chn nhng thay i khng hp l l cc giao thc nh tuyn c yu cu. Hot ng ng theo chu k: Vi mc tiu bo tn nng lng hoc cn thit phi a mt nt vo tnh trng khng hot ng, cc nt trong mt mng Ad-Hoc c th ngng truyn hoc ngng nhn trong cc khong thi gian ty . Mt giao thc nh tuyn phi c kh nng ph hp vi cc chu k ng ca cc nt ny m khng lm kt qu o ngc li hon ton. Tnh cht ny c th yu cu ng s kt ni gia vi giao thc tng lin kt d liu qua mt giao tip c chun ha. Kh nng h tr lin kt mt chiu: Khi thit k cc thut ton nh tuyn, ngi ta thng gi s c cc lin kt hai chiu v nhiu thut ton khng c kh nng hot ng mt cch hon ho qua cc lin kt mt chiu. Tuy nhin, cc lin kt mt chiu hon ton c th tn ti trong mng khng dy. Thng thng s lng cc lin kt song cng ang tn ti vic s dng cc lin kt mt chiu khng c ngha nhiu lm. Tuy nhin trong tnh hung mt cp lin kt mt chiu ( hai chiu ngc nhau) ch hnh thnh mt lin kt hai chiu gia hai vng ca mng ad hoc th kh nng cc giao thc nh tuyn c th hot ng tt c li c gi tr rt ln.

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4.1.2 Cc o nh lng
Cc o nh lng c s dng khi nh gi hiu nng ca mt giao thc nh tuyn no bao gm: Thng lng d liu u cui v tr: Cc o thng k v hiu nng nh tuyn d liu chng hn nh gi tr trung bnh, phng sai, kh nng phn b l rt quan trng. y l cc o tnh hiu qu ca mt phng php nh tuyn. Ni cch khc, cc o ny s o xem mt giao thc nh tuyn tc hin cng vic ca n tt n mc no. Thi gian tm ng: y l mt dng o thi gian tr u cui c p dng khi nh gi hiu nng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng theo yu cu. Thi gian tm ng l thi gian cn thit thit lp mt con ng khi c yu cu. Phn trm truyn khng theo th t: Mt o ngoi khi nh gi hiu nng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn dng khng kt ni lin quan n ton b cc giao thc tng chuyn vn chng hn nh TCP (yu cu truyn theo th t). hiu qu: Nu tnh hiu qu nh tuyn d liu l mt o ngoi v hiu nng mt chnh sch nh tuyn th hiu qu l o trong ca tnh hiu qu ca cc chnh sch nh tuyn. t c mt cp v hiu nng nh tuyn d liu cho trc no , hai chnh sch nh tuyn khc nhau c th s dng lng thng tin iu khin khc nhau ph thuc vo hiu qu trong ca chng. hiu qu ca giao thc c th hoc khng c th nh hng trc tip n hiu nng nh tuyn d liu. Nu vic truyn d liu v thng tin iu khin phi chia s chung mt knh truyn v dung lng ca knh truyn b gii hn th vic i hi truyn thng tin iu khin qu nhiu s lm gim hiu nng nh tuyn d liu. lm r hn hiu qu trong ca mt giao thc, c mt s thng s sau c a ra: Gi tr trung bnh ca s lng bit d liu phi truyn chia cho s lng bit cn truyn. y l mt o hiu qu ca vic truyn

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d liu trong mng. Ni mt cch gin tip, n cung cp s chng trung bnh m cc gi d liu phi vt qua. Gi tr trung bnh ca s bit iu khin phi truyn chia cho s bit d liu cn truyn. o ny l o tnh hiu qu ca giao thc v kh nng s dng dung lng ng truyn d liu truyn cc thng tin iu khin. Thng tin iu khin y khng ch l cc bit trong cc gi tin iu khin nh tuyn v cn l cc bit trong phn header ca cc gi tin d liu. Ni cch khc, nhng g khng phi l d liu trong cc gi tin s l thng tin iu khin v n s c tnh l phn iu khin ca mt giao thc. Gi tr trung bnh ca s lng gi tin d liu v gi tin iu khin chia c truyn chia cho s lng gi tin d liu cn truyn. Thay v vic o hiu qu ca thut ton theo dng tnh bng bit, o ny s o hiu qu ca vic truy nhp knh truyn ca mt giao thc. Mt s tham s sau cn phi quan tm ti l ng cnh ca mng khi ta thc hin vic nh gi hiu nng ca mt giao thc: Kch thc mng c o bng s lng cc nt. Kt ni mng s lng cc nt hng xm trung bnh quanh mi nt. Tc thay i hnh trng mng Dung lng ca lin kt tc lin kt c tht c o bng s bit/giy Phn cc lin kt mt chiu lin quan n tnh hiu qu ca mt giao thc thc hin khi c mt cc lin kt mt chiu. Dng truyn lin quan n tnh hiu qu ca mt giao thc trong vic thch nghi vi cc dng thc truyn khc nhau. Tnh di ng hnh trng mng bin i theo thi gian v khng gian u nh hng n hiu nng ca mt giao thc nh tuyn no .

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 S lng v tn s xut hin cc nt khng hot ng - lin quan n cch thc hin ca mt giao thc khi c mt c cc nt ang hot ng v nt khng hot ng. Mt giao thc trong mng Ad-Hoc c th hot ng mt cch c hiu qu qua nhiu hon cnh mng khc nhau t mng nh, mng trong phng th nghim, nhm mng ad hoc n cc mng di ng ln v nhiu chng. Cc c tnh v o nh gi hiu nng trong mng Ad-Hoc i khi hi khc bit so vi cc mng c dy v a chng truyn thng. Mi trng mng khng dy lun l mt mi trng khan him v bng thng v nng lng ca cc nt mng. Tm li, vic a mng Ad-Hoc vo th trng thng mi cn rt nhiu thch thc v cc c hi nghin cu v mng Ad-Hoc cn rt nhiu. Mt s thit lp khc i v hiu nng a ra yu cu v cc giao thc nh tuyn mi iu khin mng. Mt cu hi c th ny sinh l tt ca mt giao thc c th c o nh th no. Cc o v hiu nng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn c th gip ta tr li c cu hi ny v chng rt c ngha khi so snh v nh gi hiu nng ca cc giao thc. C th nhn ra rng mt giao thc nh tuyn c khuynh hng ph hp vi mt dng mng c bit no nhng li khng thch hp vi cc dng mng khc. Cc c tnh ca cc giao thc c v u im ln s hn ch cn phi c ch n xem chng c ph hp vi ng cnh ca mng nh p dng hay khng. Cc thuc tnh ny ca mt giao thc thng c th tnh ton c mt cch nh tnh, v d nh mt giao thc c th h tr hay khng th h tr c ch nh tuyn theo con ng ngn nht. Cc m t nh lng cho php nh gi nh lng mt cch chi tit hn v hiu nng ca cc giao thc.

4.2 nh gi hiu nng da trn cc thng s

Bng 4-1 a ra s so snh v hiu sut ca cc giao thc AODV, DSR, TORA, ABR v SSR. Giao thc AODV trin khai mt th tc tm ng tng t nh DSR tuy nhin gia hai giao thc ny c mt s im khc bit. iu ch nht y l phn thng tin iu khin ca DSR thng c kh nng ln

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hn phn thng tin iu khin ca AODV bi v mi mt gi tin ca DSR phi phi cha y mi thng tin nh tuyn trong khi cc gi tin ca AODV ch yu cu cha a ch ch. Tng t nh vy, cc thng ip tr li ng ca DSR cng cha phn thng tin iu khin ln hn ca AODV bi v mi gi tin tr li ca DSR phi cha y a ch ca cc nt trong ng i quay ngc li m n i qua trong khi cc gi tin ca AODV ch cha a ch IP ch v s th t. B nh yu cu khi x l cc thng ip ca DSR l ln hn so vi b nh yu cu i vi thng ip AODV bi v DSR yu cu phi nh ton b cc con ng trong khi AODV ch yu cu nh thng tin v chng tip theo. Mt u im na ca AODV l n h tr kiu truyn multicast [18] trong khi rt t giao thc a ra y h tr kiu truyn thng ny. Mt khc, AODV li yu cu cc lin kt ng b gia cc nt v khng th s dng cc con ng c cc lin kt khng ng b. Theo kha cnh ny th DSR l u vit hn bi v n khng yu cu cc lin kt ng b. Cc tham s hiu nng
phc tp v thi gian khi to phc tp v thi gian khi c s thay i phc tp truyn thng khi khi to phc tp truyn thng khi li xy ra Dng a ch nh tuyn Trnh nh tuyn lp Kh nng truyn multicast Thng ip Hello Kh nng a ng Ni lu tr ng Thi gian timeout khi lu tr ng i

AODV
O(2d) O(2d) O(2N) O(2N) Phng C C Khng Khng Bng nh tuyn C

DSR
O(2d) O(2d) O(2N) O(2N) Phng C Khng Khng C B nh ng Khng

TORA
O(2d) O(2d) O(2N) O(2x) Phng C Khng Khng C Bng nh tuyn Khng

ABR
O(d+z) O(l+z) O(N+y) O(x+y) Phng C Khng C Khng Bng nh tuyn Khng

SSR
O(d+z) O(l+z) O(N+y) O(x+y) Phng C Khng C Khng Bng nh tuyn Khng

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Cu hnh li ng i

Xa v thng bo Mi nht v ngn nht

Xa v thng bo Ngn nht

Sa cha

Qung b ni b lin kt v ngn nht

Xa v thng bo lin kt v tnh bn vng

o ng

Ngn nht

Ghi ch: d=ng knh mng; N=S nt mng; l=Bn knh on b nh hng; x=S nt trc tip nhn gi REPLY; y=Bn knh truyn trc tip gi REPLY

Bng 4-1: So snh hiu nng cc giao thc nh tuyn dng on-demand Thut ton DSR l thut ton thch hp ng dng vo cc mng c cc nt di chuyn vi tc trung bnh theo kha cnh tr khi truyn gi tin [10]. Cc gi thit a ra khi thc hin thut ton ny l ng knh mng tng i nh v cc nt mng c th hot ng ch nhn hn hp, trong mi gi tin nhn c c truyn ti cc driver mng m khng c c ch lc a ch. u im ln nht ca DSR l n tit kim bng thng mng v nng lng ca nt mng bi v n l kiu giao thc hot ng theo yu cu ngha l n khng truyn cc gi tin nh tuyn theo chu k qung b. Do khi khng c s thay i hnh trng mng, giao thc DSR khng phi chu ti ca vic truyn cc thng tin iu khin. Thm vo , DSR cho php cc nt lu tr ng thi nhiu con ng n mt ch trong b nh ng ca n. Do , khi mt lin kt trn mt con ng b ph v, mt nt ngun c th s dng ngay mt con ng khc nu con ng ny c trong b nh ng ca n v n s khng phi khi to mt th tc tm ng. Trong trng hp ny, thi gian tm ng s nhanh hn cc giao thc nh tuyn dng on-demand khc. Tuy nhin, nu trong b nh ng khng c con ng no khc n ch, DSR phi khi to li mt th tc tm ng cng ging nh AODV. Mt khc, v ng knh mng c gi nh l nh v v yu cu nh tuyn ngun, DSR l giao thc t c kh nng co gin trong cc mng ln. TORA l mt giao thc nh tuyn rt ph hp vi cc mng ln c mt cc nt ln [16]. Tnh cht mi l ca TORA bt ngun t vic to ra cc gi tin DAG thnh lp ng. Mt trong nhng u im ca TORA l n h tr nhiu ng. TORA v DSR l cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu c duy tr nhiu con ng n mt nt ch. Vic xy dng li mt con ng l khng 68

cn thit cho n khi tt c mi con ng bit u ri vo tnh trng khng hp l v do c th tit kim bng thng mng hn cc giao thc khc khng h tr vn ny. Mt u im khc ca TORA l h tr multicast mc d kiu multicast ca n khc vi AODV. Giao thc ABR l mt giao thc kt hp gia giao thc nh tuyn kiu broadcast v nh tuyn kiu im-im v n s dng cch tip cn chuyn tip gi tin dng hng kt ni. Vic chn ng l mt thao tc chnh da trn s kt hp cc nt nm trn mt con ng. Do , mc d con ng kt qu khng cn thit phi cha mt s lng nh nht cc nt nhng con ng kt qu ca ABR thng c thi gian sng di hn con ng kt qu ca cc giao thc khc. Mt con ng c thi gian sng di hn s yu cu s ln xy dng li con ng t hn v do thng lng ca mng c th cao hn. Mt u im khc ca ABR l n m bo khng c hin tng lp gi d liu bi v ch c mt con ng tt nht c nh du l con ng hp l trong khi mi con ng c th khc vn l dng b ng. Tuy nhin giao thc ABR li yu cu mi nt phi nh k gi thng tin bo hiu. Khong thi gian gia hai ln gi thng tin bo hiu nh k phi ngn m bo chnh xc theo khng gian, thi gian ca hnh trng mng. Vic gi thng tin bo hiu nh k ny yu cu tng thm kh nng v nng lng v chim thm bng thng ca mng. Khng ging nh DSR, giao thc ABR khng thc hin vic lu tr ng. Thut ton SSR l mt thut ton c pht trin t thut ton ABR. N thc hin mt k thut chn ng mi trn c s mnh ca tn hiu v tnh n nh theo khu vc ca cc nt dc theo mt con ng. Trong ABR, trong khi cc con ng c la chn khng cn phi l con ng ngn nht tnh theo s chng nn con ng c n nh v thi gian sng kh cao. Mt nhc im chnh ca SSR l khng ging nh AODV v DSR, cc nt trung gian khng th tr li mt yu cu ng ti mt nt ngun. Thm vo , khi mt lin kt trn mt con ng b ph v, thut ton tm ng ny phi c kch hot li t nt ngun tm ra mt con ng mi ti nt ch. Trong SSR,

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khng c c ch cho php cc nt trung gian c th t xy dng li cc con ng ca chng.

4.3 nh gi hiu nng da trn kt qu m phng 4.3.1 M hnh ha cc kch bn m phng

Hnh 4.1 m t mt trong s cc kch bn m phng, gm 9 nt di chuyn vi vn tc 20 m/s. Tm kch bn c m phng v thi gian chy mi kch bn l 900 giy (simulation time). Cc kch bn m phng c thc hin lp li nhiu ln vi mc ch xc thc tin cy ca kt qu. Mi loi kch bn s m phng bn giao thc AODV, DSR, TORA, v DSDV. Vic phn loi cc kch bn m phng nhm mc ch kim tra tc ng ca ti v tc di chuyn ti kt qu cui cng. Qu trnh thu thp cc thng s thng k s kin ring l s cho php kim tra cc thng s nh gi hiu nng cn thit nh kh nng truyn, t l chuyn tip gi tin v ti u v ng i.

Hnh 4-1 : Mt m hnh kch bn m phng

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Cc kch bn c xy dng trn quy m mng trng hc tri rng trn din tch 1000m x 500m. Cc nt mng l cc u cui v tuyn v server phn b ngu nhin trn vng a l ny. Trong cc kch bn, cc nt di ng s trao i lu lng d liu vi cng mt server. Di chuyn ca cc nt c cu hnh vi cng mt mobility config vi ch di chuyn ngu nhin nhm m t s di chuyn ging nh trn thc t. cc nt di chuyn vi vn tc ti a l 20m/s ty theo cc kch bn khc nhau. Di chuyn ca cc nt c thc hin da trn c ch gi ngu nhin. Vi c ch ny, mt nt s chn cho n mt ch bm theo, khi n c ch, n s tm dng 30 giy hoc hn tnh ton trng thi tng quan v sau chn cho n mt nt ch ngu nhin khc ri tip tc di chuyn. C ch ny c cu hnh vi mc ch so snh cc thng s thng k trong cc khong thi gian dng v di chuyn trong cng mt kch bn.

4.3.2 Kho st v phn tch kt qu

Trong mc ny s thc hin phn tch cc kt qu m phng thu c ng thi nh gi hiu nng ca cc giao thc AODV, DSDV, TORA, DSR thng qua cc thng s u vo. Mng gm 9 nt di ng. Phm vi trng hc, din tch 1000m x 500m. Thi gian m phng 900 giy. Thi gian khng di chuyn (Pause Time) gm 7 mc: 0,30,60,120,300,600, v 900 Tc di chuyn ti a l 20 m/s

4.3.2.1 T l chuyn tip gi tin

T l chuyn tip gi tin (PDR - Packet Delivery Ratio) l t s gia s gi tin c pht v s gi tin nhn c trong mng. Thng s ny nh gi t l mt d liu cng nh chnh xc v hiu qu ca giao thc nh tuyn. Hnh 4-2 biu din t l chuyn tip gi tin ca cc giao thc AODV, DSDV, TORA, DSR ti vn tc 20m/s.

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Hnh 4-2. T l chuyn tip gi tin ca cc giao thc T l ny kh cao vi cc giao thc DSR, AODV, TORA ngoi tr giao thc DSDV ti thi im 300 giy u tin, sau t l ny li tng ln kh cao. Do bn cht, DSDV l mt giao thc nh tuyn sa i t thut ton nh tuyn Bellman-Ford. N mt thi gian cho vic to v cp nht bng nh tuyn ti mi nt. Tuy nhin DSDV l mt giao thc khng hiu qu bi v n yu cu truyn cc gi tin cp nht mt cch nh k m khng cn n s ln thay i hnh trng mng. Sau t l ny cao hn rt nhiu vo cc giai on sau . DSR c t l chuyn tip gi tin cao nht trong ton b thi gian hot ng v kh n nh, thp hn l AODV. Hu ht cc giao thc u c t l khng n nh ti ba chng u tin ca qu trnh. TORA cng ging nh vy nhng thp hn v ch cao hn DSDV. Nhn chung giao thc DSR v AODV thc thi vic truyn nhn gi tin tt hn hai giao thc cn li v DSDV hot ng km hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin khi hnh trng mng kh n nh th cc giao thc hot ng tt hn.

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4.3.2.2 Kh nng truyn gi tin

Hnh 4-2 biu din kh nng truyn gi tin ca cc giao thc.

Hnh 4-3: Kh nng truyn gi tin ca cc giao thc. C s khc bit r rng v kh nng truyn gi tin gia cc giao thc. Nhn thy rng giao thc TORA c kh nng truyn gi tin t hiu qu cao nht, tuy c s suy gim ng k v giao on cui nhng vn l giao thc t hiu qu cao. iu ny chng t TORA hot ng tt hn khi c vn tc di chuyn ln. nh cao lu lng ti thi im bt u m phng cho thy c nhiu lu lng nh tuyn c a vo mng ti thi im thit lp ban u. Tip sau l AODV, giao thc ny lun chng t c kh nng truyn tin kh n nh trong cc mi trng khc nhau. DSDV t hiu qu khng cao nhng li kh n nh. Kh nng truyn gi tin thp nht l giao thc DSR, c th vn tc di chuyn cao lm tng kh nng gy lin kt dn n DSR phi phn ng vi tn s cao hn, tc ng ca n th hin r rt.

4.3.2.3 ti u v ng i

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Hnh 4-4: ti u v ng i D dng nhn thy ti thi im ban u, s lng gi tin gi i l rt cao, sau s lng ny gim dn theo cc chng ng i. n nh nht l giao thc AODV, sau l TORA. Giao thc nh tuyn AODV c th iu chnh cc thay i trong thi gian tm dng v khi ng ti cc vn tc thp nhng khi di chuyn vi vn tc cao cc nt mt thi gian iu chnh v do mt dn s ti u. nh cao lu lng ti thi im bt u m phng cho thy c nhiu lu lng nh tuyn c a vo mng ti thi im thit lp ban u. ti u ca TORA tng theo s lng nt trong mng. Lc u s lng gi tin gi i ca DSR l cao nht nhng sau th gim mnh, do s t gy lin kt nn nh hng r rt. Vn tc di chuyn cao lm tng kh nng gy lin kt dn n DSR phi phn ng vi tn s cao hn; tc ng ca n th hin r rt khi cc nt bt u dng v di chuyn tr li sau chu k u ca n nh tng i. DSDV l giao thc mt n nh nht, l mt giao thc khng hiu qu bi v n yu cu truyn cc gi tin cp nht mt cch nh k m khng cn n s ln thay i hnh trng mng. iu ny gii hn mt cch c hiu qu s lng cc nt c th kt ni vo mng khi thng tin iu khin tng.

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KT LUN
nh gi hiu sut ca cc giao thc nh tuyn cn phi c cc tiu ch v o nh gi. Cc o nh gi c chia thnh hai nhm l cc o nh tnh v cc o nh lng. n a ra cc tiu ch nh gi hiu nng ca mt giao thc trong mng Ad-Hoc. C th l t l chuyn tip gi tin, kh nng truyn gi tin v ti u v ng i. Trong t l chuyn tip gi tin v kh nng truyn gi tin tc ng trc tip n tin cy ca giao thc, cn ti u v ng i th hin hiu nng s dng ti nguyn ca giao thc. Hot ng hiu qu v tin cy l iu mong mun ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng. Trong qu trnh nghin cu ng dng TCP (truyn file FTP) c s dng vi tt c ngun ti cng mt ch. Do c ch hot ng ca TCP, t l chuyn tip gi tin cho tt c giao thc trong cc kch bn ch t cha qu 50%. iu ny chng minh TCP khng ph hp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn ty bin hin ti. S dng cc lu lng UDP s cho kt qu t l chuyn tip gi tin cao hn. Giao thc DSR thch hp ng dng vo cc mng c cc nt di chuyn vi tc trung bnh. Cc gi thit a ra khi thc hin thut ton ny l ng knh mng tng i nh v cc nt mng c th hot ng ch nhn hn hp, trong mi gi tin nhn c c truyn ti cc driver mng m khng c c ch lc a ch. u im ln nht ca DSR l n tit kim bng thng mng v nng lng ca nt mng bi v n l kiu giao thc hot ng theo yu cu ngha l n khng truyn cc gi tin nh tuyn theo chu k qung b. Do khi khng c s thay i hnh trng mng, giao thc DSR khng phi chu ti ca vic truyn cc thng tin iu khin. TORA l mt giao thc nh tuyn rt ph hp vi cc mng ln c mt cc nt ln. Tnh cht mi l ca TORA bt ngun t vic to ra cc gi tin DAG thnh lp ng.

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AODV hot ng tt hn DSR v DSDV trong cc mng ti trung bnh v thp vi tc di chuyn ca cc nt thp. N cng hot ng tt hn DSR v DSDV mng ti ln v tc di chuyn cao. DSDV l giao thc hot ng km hiu qu nht, tn nhiu thi gian v nng lng hot ng do cc nt lun phi cp nht bng nh tuyn. DSDV ph hp vi nhng mng c kch thc nh. Trong cc giao thc c nghin cu khng c mt giao thc no c hiu nng vt tri hon ton trong tt c cc iu kin mng. Vic la chn cc giao thc ph thuc vo hon cnh c th ca mng. Mi mt chin lc nh tuyn c nhng u im v nhc im khc nhau. Trong mng khng dy kiu khng cu trc, ty theo hon cnh, yu cu v cc c tnh ca tng mng c th m mi mt giao thc nh tuyn th hin cc u, nhc im ca mnh theo cc cp khc nhau. Trong tng lai c th thc hin dnh gi hiu nng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn ty bin hin ti v cc giao thc c thit k c bit theo chun IEEE 802.16 cho WiMAX di ng. Hng nghin cu ny c th cung cp cc thng tin v nhng tn thnh v phn i ca cc chun c pht trin trong lnh vc ny. Trong nghin cu ny thc hin nh gi hiu nng cc giao thc nh tuyn trong Ad-Hoc.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Subir Kumar Sarkar, T G Basavaraju, C Puttamadappa, Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Principles, Protocols, and Applications, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2008. [2]. Bained Nyirenda, Jason Mwanza, Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), Blekinge Institute of Technology, January 2009 [3]. Dmitri D. Perkins, Herman D. Hughes, and Charles B. Owen, Factors Affecting the Performance of Ad Hoc Networks, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488241226. [4]. Anipakala Suresh, Bremen Institute of Technology, Performance Analysis of Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) using OPNET Simulator, 11th April 2005. [5]. RFC4728 - The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR), IETF. [6]. RFC3561 - Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, IETF. [7]. RFC3626 - Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), IETF. [8]. Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1 Functional Specification, IETF. [9]. Edit by Mohammad Ilyas, florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, The Handbook of Ad hoc Wireless Networks, CRC Press LLC, 2003. [10]. Farooq Anjum and Petros Mouchtaris, Security for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, John Wiley and Sons, Feb 2007. [11]. Amitabh Mhra, Security and Quality of Service in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Cambridge Press, Mar 2008 [12]. Uyen Trang Nguyen and Xing Xiong, Rate-adaptive Multicast in Mobile Ad hoc Networks, IEEE International Conference on Ad hoc and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, WiMob, Montreal, Canada, 2005. [13]. Mohammad Naserian, Kemal E. Tepe and Mohammed Tarique, Routing overhead analysis for reactive routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks, IEEE Conference on Wireless And Mobile Computing, Networking And Communications, WiMob, 2005, pp. 87 92.

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[14]. Ad Hoc Networks Technologies And Protocols, Springer Science + Business Media, 2005. [15]. Nguyn Quang Huy, D04VT2, n tt nghip: nh tuyn trong mng Mesh. [16]. Phm c Ha, L Vn Duy, Nguyn Hong Cng, Sand Sakda, D05VT2, chuyn k thut chuyn mch: Bo mt nh tuyn trong MANETs. [17]. http://www.vntelecom.org/

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Ch k ca gio vin hng dn

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