Tóm tắt lý thuyết & các dạng toán - Vật lý 12 (Đây mới hoàn chỉnh) .13931

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 1 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com

sin
3
3
2
4
3
6
5
6
5
2
3
2
4
3
2
3
A
2
2
A
2
1
A
2 2 A
2
1
A
2 3 A
2 2 A -
2
1
A -
2 3 A -
2
3 A
2
2
A -
2
1
A -
A
0
-A
0
W
=3W
t
W
=3W
t
W
=W
t
W
t
=3W
=W
t
2 / 2 v v
max
=
2 3 v v
max
=
2 / v v
max
=
2 / v v
max
=
2 2 v v
max
=
v < 0
2 3 v v
max
=
x
V > 0
W
t
=3W
+
cos
Tha s Tn tin t K hiu Tha s Tn tin t K hiu
10
12
Tera T 10
-1
dexi d
10
9
Giga G 10
-2
centi c
10
6
Mega M 10
-3
mili m
10
3
Kilo K 10
-6
micro
10
2
Hecto H 10
-9
nano n
10
1
Deca D 10
-12
pico p
CH 1: C HC VT RN
VN 1. NG HC VT RN QUAY QUANH MT TRC C NH
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Quay u Quay bin i u Ghi ch
1. Gia tc gc (rad/s
2
,vng/s
2
)
0 = const =
2. Tc gc
e (rad/s, vng/s)

e = = =
2
2 f const
T 0
t e e = +
Phng trnh
vn tc
3. Ta gc (rad)
t e + =
0
2
0 0
1
2
t t e = + +
Phng trnh
chuyn ng
4. Gc quay A (rad)
, )
e
e
A = = A
=
0
0
t
t t
e e

A = =
2 2
0
0
2
Thng chn
t
0
= 0
Xt mt im M trn vt rn cch trc quay mt khong R
5. Tc di v (m/s) const R v = = e t a v R v
t
+ = =
0
e
6. Gia tc
hng tm a
n
(m/s
2
)
R
v
R a
n
2
2
= = e
R
v
R a
n
2
2
= = e
Gia tc php
tuyn
7. Gia tc
tip tuyn a
t
(m/s
2
) 0 =
t
a
t
a R =
8. Gia tc
Ton phn a (m/s
2
)
n
a a =
2 2
2 4
n t
a a a
r e
= +
= +
t n
a a

Ch :
Mi im ca vt rn u chuyn ng trn trong mt phng vung gc vi trc quay, tm nm
trn trc quay, bn knh bng khong cch t im xt n trc quay.
Cc i lng , e, c gi tr i s, ph thuc vo chiu dng c chn
( thng chn chiu dng l chiu quay ca vt).
i n v: 1 vng = 360
0
= 2t rad
|e>0: chuyn ng quay nhanh dn.
|e<0: chuyn ng quay chm dn.
Gia tc gc:
2
2
' "
e
e = = = =
d d
dt dt
Gia tc di:
2
2
' "
dv d x
a v x
dt dt
= = = =
Qung ng quay c: . .2 s r n R = A =
n: s vng quay c.
A (rad)
VN 2. NG LC HC VT RN QUAY QUANH MT TRC C NH
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Biu thc Ghi ch
1. Mmen qun
tnh
I (kg.m
2
)
2
mr I =
ca cht im i vi mt trc
_
=
2
i i
r m I
ca vt rn i vi mt trc
a. Thanh mnh
2
12
1
mL I = Cc vt ng cht, c dng hnh hc i xng.
L: chiu di thanh.
b. Vnh trn ( hnh tr rng)
2
mR I =
c. a trn( hnh tr c)
2
2
1
mR I =
d. Hnh cu c
2
5
2
mR I =
2. Mmen ng
lng
L (kg.m
2
.s
-1
) mrv I L = = e
3. Mmen lc M (N.m) Fd M =
d: khong cch t trc quay n gi ca lc
(cnh tay n ca lc)
2
M mr I = =
_
Phng trnh LH ca vt rn quay quanh mt
trc c nh (dng khc ca L II Newton)
Dng khc
dt
dL
M =
_
Ch :
Cng thc Stenner:
2
md I I
G O
+ = dng khi i trc quay.
d = OG : khong cch gia hai trc quay.
0
F
M =
: nu F
c gi ct hoc song song vi trc quay.

nh l bin thin mmen ng lng:
e e = = A = = A =
_ 2 1 2 2 1 1
0 M M L L L M t I I
VN 3. NH LUT BO TON MMEN NG LNG
Ni dung:
1 1 2 2
0 M L const I I e e = = =
_
I
1
, e
1
: mmen qun tnh v tc gc ca vt lc u.
I
2
, e
2
: mmen qun tnh v tc gc ca vt lc sau.
Ch :
p dng nh lut cho h vt rn c cng trc quay:
_
= const L i vi trc quay .
Khi I = const e = 0 : vt rn khng quay.
hoc e = const: vt rn quay u.
VN 4. KHI TM. NG NNG CA VT RN
1. Ta khi tm:
_
_
=
i
i i
C
m
x m
x
_
_
=
i
i i
C
m
y m
y
_
_
=
i
i i
C
m
z m
z
2. Chuyn ng ca khi tm: F a m
c
=
( F
: tng hnh hc cc vect lc tc dng ln vt rn.)

3. ng nng: ( J )
Chuyn ng tnh tin Chuyn ng quay Chuyn ng song phng
2
2
1
W
C
mv =
2
2
1
W e I =
2 2
2
1
2
1
W e I mv
C
+ =
N
A
L,R
0
R
C
B
A
X
R
A
Ch :
Xem khi tm trng vi trng tm G. Khi mt trng lng, trng tm khng cn nhng khi tm
lun tn ti.
Vt rn ln khng trt: e R v
C
=
Mi lc tc dng vo vt :
+) c gi i qua trng tm lm vt chuyn ng tnh tin.
+) c gi khng i qua trng tm lm vt va quay va chuyn ng tnh tin.
nh l ng nng:
1 2
W
ngoailc
W W A = A =
Th nng trng trng:
t
W mgh =
h: cao tnh t mc khng th nng.
nh lut bo ton c nng: Khi vt ch chu tc dng ca lc th:
+ =
t
W=W W onst c
* S tng t gia cc i lng gc v i lng di trong chuyn ng quay v chuyn ng
thng
Chuyn ng quay
(trc quay c nh, chiu quay khng i)
Chuyn ng thng
(chiu chuyn ng khng i)
To gc
Tc gc e
Gia tc gc
Mmen lc M
Mmen qun tnh I
Mmen ng lng L = Ie
ng nng quay
2
1
W
2
Ie =
rad
To x
Tc v
Gia tc a
Lc F
Khi lng m
ng lng p = mv
ng nng
2
1
W
2
mv =
m
rad/s m/s
rad/s
2
m/s
2
Nm N
kgm
2
kg
kgm
2
/s kgm/s
J J
Chuyn ng quay u:
e = const; = 0; =
0
+ et
Chuyn ng quay bin i u:
= const
e = e
0
+ t
2
0
1
2
t t e = + +
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) e e =
Phng trnh ng lc hc
M
I
=
o Dng khc
dL
M
dt
=
nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng
1 1 2 2 i
I I hay L const e e = =
_
nh l v ng nng
2 2
2 1
1 1
W
2 2
I I A e e A = = (cng ca ngoi lc)
Chuyn ng thng u:
v = const; a = 0; x = x
0
+ at
Chuyn ng thng bin i u:
a = const
v = v
0
+ at
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
2
1
2
at
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) v v a x x =
Phng trnh ng lc hc
F
a
m
=
o Dng khc
dp
F
dt
=
nh lut bo ton ng lng
i i i
p mv const = =
_ _
nh l v ng nng
2 2
2 1
1 1
W
2 2
mv mv A A = = (cng ca ngoi lc)
CH 2: DAO NG C HC
VN 1. DAO NG IU HA
Cc nh ngha
1. Dao ng
L mt chuyn ng qua li v c gii hn quanh mt v tr cn bng (v tr m
vt ng yn).
2. Dao ng tun
hon
L dao ng m trng thi chuyn ng ca vt c lp li nh c sau nhng
khong thi gian bng nhau.
3. Mt dao ng ton
phn (chu trnh)
L giai on nh nht c lp li trong dao ng tun hon.
4. Chu k
Thi gian thc hin mt dao ng ton phn (khong thi gian ngn nht gia
hai ln vt i qua mt v tr xc nh vi cng chiu chuyn ng).
5. Tn s S dao ng ton phn thc hin trong mt giy.
6. Dao ng iu ha
L dao ng tun hon c m t bng mt nh lut dng cosin (hay sin) theo
thi gian.
7. Dao ng t do
(dao ng ring)
L dao ng ca h xy ra ch di tc dng ca ni lc, mi h dao ng t do
u c mt tn s gc ring e
0
nht nh.
8.Dao ng tt dn
-L dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian; dao ng tt dn khng c
tnh tun hon; s tt dn cng nhanh nu lc cn ca mi trng cng ln.
-Khi ma st nh, dao ng tt dn c th coi gn ng l tun hon vi tn s
gc bng tn s gc ring e
0
ca h.
9.Dao ng duy tr
L dao ng c c khi cung cp thm nng lng b li s tiu hao do ma st
m khng lm thay i tn s gc ring ca h.
10.Dao ng cng
bc
-L dao ng c to ra di tc dng ca mt ngoi lc tun hon
0
os t F F c = O
-Dao ng cng bc l iu ha; c tn s gc bng tn s gc O ca ngoi
lc; bin t l vi F
0
v ph thuc vo O
-Khi O =e
0
th bin ca dao ng cng bc t gi tr cc i: ta c hin
tng cng hng.
i lng vt l
K hiu
(n v)
Cng thc Ghi ch
1.Li
( lch khi VTCB)
x (m;
cm)
cos( )
sin
2
x A t
A t
e
e
= +
| |
= + +
|
\ .
Phng trnh dao ng iu ha
A, e, l hng s
a. Bin dao ng
A(m;
cm)
A = x
max
A>0, ph thuc vo cch kch
thch dao ng
b. Pha ca dao ng
(t)
o (rad) o =( ) t e + Xc nh trng thi dao ng
c. Pha ban u (t=0) (rad)
C gi tr ty theo iu kin ban
u
d. Tn s gc
e (rad/s)
2
2 f
T
e = =
T: chu k (s)
f: tn s (s
-1
; Hz)
2.Vn tc v (m/s)
, ) '( ) Asin t+
os t+ +
2
v x t
Ac
e e
e e
= =
| |
=
|
\ .
Vn tc sm pha hn li gc
2
3. Gia tc: a (m/s

2
)
, )
2 2
'( ) "( )
os t+
a v t x t
Ac x e e e
= =
= =
Gia tc ngc pha vi li
4. Chu k T (s)
2 1 t
T
f N
e
A
= = =
N: S dao ng thc hin trong
khong thi gian At
5. Tc trung bnh v (m/s)
s
v
t
=
A
s: Qung ng vt i c
trong khong thi gian At
6. Vn tc trung bnh v
tb
(m/s)
2 1
tb
x x x
v
t t
A
= =
A A
Ax: di vt thc hin c
trong khong thi gian At
Ch :
Ti v tr cn bng:
x = 0
v = v
max
= eA (hoc bng -eA)
a = 0
Ti hai bin:
x = A
v = 0
a = a
max
= e
2
A (hoc bng -e
2
A)
Vn tc trung bnh ca vt dao ng iu ha trong mt chu k bng 0.
VN 2. TNG HP DAO NG
1. Biu din dao ng iu ha bng vect
quay
Mi dao ng iu ha:
, ) x=Acos t+ e
c biu din bng mt vect quay OM
(tm quay O):

OM = A
Tc gc = Tn s gc
thi im t=0:
, )
,Ox OM =
2. Tng hp hai dao ng cng phng, cng tn s:

, )
, )
1 1 1
2 2 2
os t+
os t+
x Ac
x A c
e
e
=
=
*Dao ng tng hp: , )
1 2
os x x x Ac t e = + = +
cng phng, cng tn s vi hai dao ng thnh phn.
a.Bin dao ng
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 os A A A AA c = + + A
b. lch pha
2 1
A =
c.Pha ban u
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c

+
=
+
Ch :
2 1
0: : A > > x
2
sm pha hn x
1
mt gc A (x
1
tr pha hn x
2
mt gc A).
2 1
0: : A < < x
2
tr pha hn x
1
mt gc A (x
1
sm pha hn x
2
mt gc A).
2 1
0: : A = = hai dao ng cng pha (hoc 2n A = ):
ax 1 2 m
A A A A = = +
: A = hai dao ng ngc pha {hoc (2 1) n A = + }:
min 1 2
A A A A = =
1 2 1 2
A A A A A s s +
so snh pha dao ng, phi chuyn cc phng trnh dao ng v cng mt hm s lng gic :
cos sin
2
x x
| |
= +
|
\ .
v sin os x-
2
x c
| |
=
|
\ .
VN 3. MT S H DAO NG
i lng vt l Con lc l xo Con lc n Con lc vt l
1.Cu trc
Vt c khi lng m (kg),
gn vo l xo c cng k
(
N
m
)
Vt c khi lng m (kg),
treo u si dy nh,
khng dn, chiu di l (m)
Vt rn khi lng m
(kg), quay quanh mt
trc nm ngang khng
qua trng tm
O

x
M
2.Phng trnh
ng lc hc
2
x"+ 0 x e =
x: li thng
2
s"+ 0 s e =
s: li cong
2
"+ 0 o e o =
o: li gc
3.Tn s gc ring
k
m
e =
g
l
e =
d
I
mg
e =
4.Chu k
2
m
T
k
= 2
l
T
g
= 2
d
I
T
mg
=
4.Phng trnh dao
ng
, ) x=Acos t+ e
, )
0
s=s cos t+ e
, )
0
= cos t+ o o e
0 0 0
, S l S lo << =
, )
0
= cos t+ o o e
1 o < rad
5.Nng lng
a.ng nng
W
2
1
=
2
mv W
2
1
=
2
mv
Bin thin tun hon
vi chu k T=
2
T
; tn
s gc e=2e; tn s
f=2f
b.Th nng
W
h
2
1
x
2
k =
W
t
z mg =
c.C nng
2
1
W=
2
kA const =
, )
2
0
0
1
W=
2
1 cos
g
m s const
l
mgl o
=
=
Ch :
Ti v tr cn bng:
ax m
v v = : W
t
= 0; W = (W
)
max
Ti hai bin: W
= 0; W = (W
t
)
max
d : khong cch t trc quay n trng tm vt rn (m)
I: momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay (kg.m
2
)
VN 4. MT S DNG TON
Chn h quy chiu:
Trc Ox...
Gc to ti VTCB
Chiu dng...
Gc thi gian (t=0): thng chn lc vt bt u dao ng hoc lc vt qua VTCB theo
chiu (+)
Phng trnh dao ng c dng: x = Acos(et + )
Phng trnh vn tc: v = -Aesin(et + )
1. Xc nh tn s gc : (>0)
Khi cho dn ca l xo VTCB
0
A :
0
0
A = =
A
k g
k mg
m
0
e =
A
g
2 2
v
A x
e =
Dng 1
Vit phng trnh dao ng diu ho.Xc nh cc c trng ca mt dao ng iu ho
m
1
2. Xc nh bin dao ng A:(A>0)
cho Cng thc
Chiu di qu o d ca vt dao
ng
2
d
A=
Chiu di ln nht v nh nht
ca l xo
min
2
max
A

=

Li x v vn tc v ti cng mt
thi im
2
2
2
e
= +
v
A x
(nu bung nh v = 0)
Vn tc v gia tc ti cng mt
thi im
2 2
2 4
v a
A
e e
= +
Vn tc cc i v
max
e
=
max
v
A
Gia tc cc i a
max
2
e
=
max
a
A
Lc hi phc cc i F
max
ax
k
m
F
A=
Nng lng ca dao ng
2W
A
k
=
Mt s ch v iu kin ca bin
Vt m
1
c t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ho theo phng thng ng. (Hnh 1)
m
1
lun nm yn trn m
2
trong qu trnh dao ng th: A
max
= =
Hnh 1 Hnh 2 Hnh 3
Vt m
1
v m
2
c gn vo hai u l xo t thng ng, m
1
dao ng iu ho.(Hnh 2)
m
2
lun nm yn trn mt sn trong qu trnh m
1
dao ng th: A
max
=
Vt m
1
t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ho theo phng ngang. H s ma st gia m
1
v m
2
l ,
b qua ma st gia m
2
v mt sn. (Hnh 3)
m
1
khng trt trn m
2
trong qu trnh dao ng th: A
max
= =
3. Xc nh pha ban u : ( s s )
Da vo cch chn gc thi gian xc nh
Khi t=0 :
0 0
0 0
o s = x
As i n = v
e
=

=

x x A c
v v
Nu lc vt i qua VTCB :
0
0
os =0
0
v
0
sin

e
e
=

= > =

c
Acos
A A sin v A
Nu lc bung nh vt:
0
0
e
=
Acos x
A sin
0
0
cos
sin 0
= >
x
A

A
Ch :
Khi th nh, bung nh vt v
0
=0 , A=x
0
Khi vt i theo chiu dng th v>0, theo chiu m th v<0
Pha dao ng l: (et + )
sinx=cos x-
2
| |
|
\ .
; , ) cos os x+ x c =
osx=cos x= +2n c o o
x= +2n
sinx=sin
x= - +2n
o
o
o
Cc trng hp c bit :
Trng thi dao ng ban u (t=0) x v (rad)
Vt qua VTCB theo chiu dng 0 + /2
Vt qua VTCB theo chiu m 0 - /2
Vt qua bin dng A 0 0
Vt qua bin m -A 0
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu dng
A
2
+
3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu m
A
2
-
3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A
2
theo chiu dng -
A
2
+
2
3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A
2
theo chiu m -
A
2
- 2
3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu dng
A 2
2
+
4
t
.
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu m
A 2
2
-
4
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 2
2
theo chiu dng -
A 2
2
+
3
4
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 2
2
theo chiu m -
A 2
2
- 3
4
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu dng
A 3
2
+
6
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu m
A 3
2
-
6
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 3
2
theo chiu dng -
A 3
2
+
5
6
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 3
2
theo chiu m -
A 3
2
- 5
6
t
x = a Asin(et + ) vi a, A, e v l hng s.
x l ta , x
0
= Asin(et + ) l li .
Ta v tr cn bng x = a, ta v tr bin x = a A.
Vn tc v = x = x
0
; gia tc a = v = x = x
0
H thc c lp: a = - e
2
x
0
v A
2
=
Khi x = a Asin
2
(et + ) th ta h bc.
Dng 2
Dao ng iu ha c phng trnh c bit
Bin A/2; tn s gc 2e, pha ban u 2.
Phng trnh dao ng c dng: x = Acos(et + )
Phng trnh vn tc: v = -Aesin(et + )
1.Khi vt i qua li x
0
:
x
0
= Acos(et + ) cos(et + ) =
0
x
A
= coso ( ) 2 e o + = + t n
2 o o
e e e

= + = +
n
t nT (s)
vi neN khi o >0
neN* khi o <0
Khi c iu kin ca vt th ta loi bt mt nghim t
2. Khi vt t vn tc v
0
:
v
0
= -Aesin(et + ) sin(et + ) =
0
v
Ae
= sin|
( ) 2
( ) 2
e |
e |
+ = +

+ = +
t n
t n
|
e
|
e

= +
= +
t nT
t nT
vi neN khi
0
0
|
|
>
>
v neN* khi
0
0
|
|
<
<
3. Tm li vt khi vn tc c gi tr v
1
: Ta dng
2
2 2 1
v
A x
e
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2 1
v
x A
e
| |
=
|
\ .
4. Tm vn tc khi i qua li x
1
:
2 2
1
e = v A x ( khi vt i theo chiu dng th v>0 )
Cch 1 :
Tnh s chu k dao ng t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
2 1
t t m
N n
T T
= = + , vi
2
T

e
=
Trong mt chu k :
* vt i c qung ng s
T
= 4A
* vt i qua li bt k 2 ln
* Nu m= 0 th:
Qung ng i c: s = n.s
T
= n.4A
S ln vt i qua x
0
l m = n.m
T
= 2n
* Nu m 0 = th:
Khi t = t
1
ta tnh x
1
= Acos(et
1
+ ) v v
1
dng hay m (khng tnh v
1
)
Khi t = t
2
ta tnh x
2
= Acos(et
2
+ ) v v
2
dng hay m (khng tnh v
2
)
Dng 3
Xc nh thi im vt i qua li x
0
, vn tc vt t gi tr v
0
Dng 4
Xc nh qung ng v s ln vt i qua li x
0
t thi im t
1
n t
2
Sau v hnh ca vt trong phn l
m
T
chu k ri da vo hnh v tnh s
l
v s ln
m
l
vt i qua x
0
tng ng.
Khi :
Qung ng vt i c l: s = n.4A + s
l
S ln vt i qua x
0
l: m = 2n + m
l
* V d:
1 0 2
1 2
0, 0
x x x
v v
> >
> >
ta c hnh v:
Khi + S ln vt i qua x
0
l m
l
= 1
+ Qung ng i c: s
l , ) , )
1 2 1 2
2 4 A A x A x A x x = + + =
Cch 2 :
Bc 1 : Xc nh :
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
x Acos( t ) x Acos( t )
v
v Asin( t ) v Asin( t )
= e + = e +

= e e + = e e +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
Bc 2 : Phn tch : t
2
t
1
= nT + At (n eN; 0 At < T) . (Nu
2
T
2A t S
2
= A =
)
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S
1
= 4nA, trong thi gian At l S
2
.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S
1
+ S
2
:
* Nu v
1
v
2
0
2 2 1
2
2 2 1
T
t S x x
2
T
2A t S
2
T
t S 4A x x
2
A < =
= A =
A > =
* Nu v
1
v
2
< 0
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
v 0 S 2A x x
v 0 S 2A x x
> =
< = + +
bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt VTCB:

mg
l
k
A = 2
l
T
g
A
=
bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB vi con lc l xo
nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing :
sin mg
l
k
o
A = 2
sin
l
T
g
o
A
=
+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: l
CB
= l
0
+ Al
(l
0
l chiu di t nhin)
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht):
l
Min
= l
0
+ Al A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht):
l
Max
= l
0
+ Al + A
l
CB
= (l
Min
+ l
Max
)/2
+ Khi A >Al (Vi Ox hng xung):
- Thi gian l xo nn 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -Al n x
2
= -A; (t = vi cos = )
- Thi gian l xo gin 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -Al n x
2
= A ; (T/2 t)
-A
A
O x
2
x
1
x
0
x
Dng 5
Tnh thi gian l xo gin v nn trong mt chu k
x
A
-A
Al
Nn
0
Gin
Hnh v th hin thi gian l xo nn v
gin trong 1 chu k (Ox hng xung)
Lu : Trong mt dao ng (mt chu k) l xo nn 2 ln v gin 2 ln
1. Lc hi phc( lc tc dng ln vt):
F kx ma = =

: lun hng v v tr cn bng
ln: F = k|x| = me
2
|x|
Lc hi phc t gi tr cc i F
max
= kA khi vt i qua cc v tr bin (x = A)
Lc hi phc c gi tr cc tiu F
min
= 0 khi vt i qua v tr cn bng (x = 0)
2. Lc n hi v lc tc dng ln im treo l xo:
Lc tc dng ln im treo l xo l lc n hi:
o
0
F k | x | = A + khi chn chiu dng hng xung.
o
0
F k | x | = A khi chn chiu dng hng ln.
+ Khi con lc l xo nm ngang: A
0
= 0
+ Khi con lc l xo treo thng ng:
0 2
k
mg g
l
e
A = =
+ Khi con lc nm nghing 1 gc o:
0
sin
k
mg
l
o
A =
Lc cc i tc dng ln im treo l:
max 0
F k( A) = A +
Lc cc tiu tc dng ln im treo l:
+ khi con lc nm ngang: F
min
= 0
+ khi con lc treo thng ng hoc nm nghing 1 gc o
Nu
0
l A A > th
min 0
F k( A) = A
Nu
0
A A s th F
min
= 0
3. Chiu di l xo:
l
0
: l chiu di t nhin ca l xo:
Khi con lc l xo nm ngang:
+ Chiu di cc i ca l xo :
ax 0 m
l l A = +
+ Chiu di cc tiu ca l xo:
min 0
l l A =
Khi con lc l xo treo thng ng hoc nm nghing 1 gc :
+ Chiu di l xo khi vt VTCB:
0 0 cb
l l l = + A
+ Chiu di cc i ca l xo:
ax 0 0 m
l l l A = + A +
+ Chiu di cc tiu ca l xo:
ax 0 0 m
l l l A = + A
+ Chiu di li x:
0 0
l l l x = + A +
1. Th nng
W
t
=
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
k A
2
cos
2
(et + ) =
, )
2 2
1 1
os 2
4 4
kA kA c t e + + (

2. ng nng
W
=
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
sin
2
(et + ) =
, )
2 2
1 1
os 2
4 4
kA kA c t e + (

vi k = me
2
3. C nng
W = W
t
+ W
=
2
1
k A
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
= const
Dng 6
Xc nh lc tc dng cc i v cc tiu tc dng ln vt v im treo l xo - Chiu di l xo
khi vt dao ng
Dng 7
Xc nh nng lng ca dao ng iu ho
Ch :
Khi tnh nng lng phi i khi lng v kg, vn tc v m/s, li v m.
Khi W
=nW
t
hoc W
t
= nW
Trng thi Ta Vn tc
ng nng bng th nng
2
A
x =
2
A
x
e
=
ng nng bng hai ln th nng
3
A
x =
2
3
x A e =
ng nng bng ba ln th nng
2
A
x =
3
2
A
x
e
=
Th nng bng hai ln ng nng
2
3
x A =
3
A
x
e
=
Th nng bng ba ln ng nng
3
2
A
x =
2
A
x
e
=
Th nng v ng nng ca vt bin thin tun hon vi cng tn s gc e = 2e, tn s
dao ng f =2f v chu k T =
2
T
.
Ta dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u tnh.
Vt chuyn ng trn u t M n N, hnh chiu ca vt ln trc Ox dao ng iu ho t x
1
n x
2
.
Thi gian ngn nht vt dao ng i t x
1
n x
2
bng thi gian vt chuyn ng trn u t M
n N.
2 1
A
A = = t

e e
vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A
v (
1 2
0 , s s )
Vt xut pht t VTCB:(x=0)
+ Khi vt i t: x = 0
2
A
x = th
12
T
t A = : S = A/2
+ Khi vt i t: x=0
2
2
A
x = th
8
T
t A = : S =
2
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x=0
3
2
=
A
x th
6
A =
T
t : S =
3
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x=0 = x A th
4
A =
T
t : S = A
Vt xut pht t v tr bin:( = x A)
+ Khi vt i t: x= A
3
2
=
A
x th
12
A =
T
t : S = A-
3
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x= A
2
2
A
x = th
8
T
t A = : S = A-
2
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x = A
2
A
x = th
6
A =
T
t : S = A/2
Dng 8
Xc nh thi gian ngn nht vt i qua li x
1
n x
2
M
N
x
O
A x
1
x
2
-A
+ Khi vt i t: x= A x= 0 th
4
A =
T
t : S = A
1. L xo ghp ni tip:
cng k ca h :
Hai l xo c cng k
1
v k
2
ghp ni tip c th xem nh
mt l xo c cng k tho mn biu thc:
2 1
1 1 1
k k k
+ =
Chu k dao ng:
2 2 2
1 2
T T T = +
2. L xo ghp song song:
cng k ca h :
Hai l xo c cng k
1
v k
2
ghp song song c th xem nh
mt l xo c cng k tho mn biu thc: k = k
1
+ k
2
Chu k dao ng:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
T T T
= +
3. Khi ghp xung i cng thc ging ghp song song
Lu :
Khi gii cc bi ton dng ny, nu gp trng hp mt l xo c di

t nhin l
0
( cng k
0
) c ct thnh hai l xo c chiu di ln lt l l
1
( cng k
1
) v l
2
( cng k
2
) th ta c: k
0
l
0
= k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
Trong k
0
=
0
ES
E: sut Young (N/m
2
); S: tit din ngang (m
2
)
Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m
1
c chu k T
1
; vo vt khi lng m
2
c chu k T
2
; vo
vt khi lng (m
1
+m
2
) c chu k T
3
; vo vt khi lng (m
1
m
2
) (m
1
> m
2
) c chu k T
4
. Th
ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong
thi gian At qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn
v tr bin.
S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u:
Gc qut A = eAt.
Qung ng ln nht khi vt i
t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc sin
(hnh 1)
ax
2Asin
2
m
S
A
=
Qung ng nh nht khi vt
i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc
cos (hnh 2) 2 (1 os )
2
min
S A c
A
=
Lu :
Dng 9
H l xo ghp ni tip - ghp song song v xung i
Dng 10
Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0<t< T/2
m
k
1
k
2
l
1
, k
1
l
2
, k
2
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A
P
2
1
P
P
2
A
2
A
H1
H2
o Trong trng hp At > T/2
- Tch '
2
T
t n t A = + A trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t e < A <
- Trong thi gian
2
T
n qung ng lun l 2nA
- Trong thi gian At th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn.
o Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian At:
ax
ax
m
tbm
S
v
t
=
A
v
min
tbmin
S
v
t
=
A
vi S
max
; S
min
tnh nh trn.
1. Nng lng con lc n
Chn gc th nng ti v tr cn bng O
+ ng nng: W
=
2
1
mv
2
+ Th nng hp dn ly o :
, )
t
W 1 os mgl c o =
+ C nng: W= W
t
+W
=
2 2
1
m A
2
e
*Khi gc nh:
2
t
1
W mg (1 cos ) mg
2
o o = =
2
0
1
W= mg
2
o
2. Vn tc ca vt khi i qua li o (i qua A)
A 0
v 2g (cos cos ) o o =
3. Lc cng dy (phn lc ca dy treo) treo khi i qua li o (i qua A)
Theo nh lut II Newtn: P
=ma
chiu ln
ta c
2
A
ht
v
mgcos ma m t o = =

2
A
0
v
m mgcos m2g(cos cos ) mgcos t o o o o = + = +
Vy:
0
= mg(3cos - 2cos )
4. Ch
Ti VTCB:
o = 0
, )
ax 0
2 1 os
m
v v gl c o = =
, )
ax 0
3 2cos
m
mg t t o = =
Ti hai bin:
v = 0; o = o
0
min 0
os mgc t t o = =
Khi thay i cao, su v nhit thay i th chu k ca con lc n cng thay i.
1. Gia tc trng trng cao h
Dng 12
S thay i chu k ca con lc n theo cao, su v nhit
N
O
A
0
o
o
P
Dng 11
Nng lng con lc n - Xc nh vn tc ca vt Lc cng dy treo khi vt i qua li gc o
2
h 0 0
R
g g g
R h
| |
= <
|
+
\ .
Gia tc trng trng mt t: g
0
=
2
R
GM
R: bn knh tri t R=6400km
Khi a ln cao chu k dao ng ca con lc n tng ln.
2. Gia tc trng trng su d
0 0
1
d
d
g g g
R
| |
= <
|
\ .
Khi a xung su chu k dao ng ca con lc n cng tng ln.
3. Chiu di ca dy kim loi nhit t
, )
0 0
1 l l t t o = + (

o: l h s n di ca kim loi lm dy treo con lc.
l, l
0
: chiu di ng vi nhit t, t
0
.
Khi nhit tng th chu k dao ng ca con lc n tng.
Khi nhit gim th chu k dao ng ca con lc n gim.
Ch : Mt s cng thc gn ng
Khi
1 c <<
, ) 1 1
n
n c c =
, ) , )
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 c c c c + = +
1
1 2
2
1
1
1
c
c c
c
+
= +
+
Vit cng thc tnh chu k ca con lc ng h trong trng hp chy ng (T
1
) v chy sai (T
2
)
Lp t s
1
2
T
T
(ri dng cng thc gn ng nu cn) hoc lp hiu
2 1
T T T A =
1
2
1
T
T
< : ng h chy chm ( 0 T A > )
1
2
1
T
T
> : ng h chy nhanh ( 0 T A < )
S dao ng con lc ng h chy sai trong khong thi gian t:
2
t
N
T
=
Thi gian ng h chy sai ch:
1
1
2
'
T
t NT t
T
= =
Thi gian ng h chy sai: A = = = A = A
1
2 2
' 1
T t
t t t t T N T
T T
Ch :
o Ch c l thay i:
, )
, )
1 1 1
2 1
2 2 1 2 1
T l l 1
1 t t
T l 2 l 1 t t
o
o
= = =
+ (

Dng 13
Thi gian con lc ng h chy sai trong khong thi gian t
o Ch c g thay i:
1
2 0
h
g T R
T g R h
= =
+
o Khi c l v g thay i:
1 1
2 2 0
h
g T l
T l g
=
Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
; con lc n chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
;
con lc n chiu di (l
1
+ l
2
) c chu k T
3
; con lc n chiu di (l
1
- l
2
) (l
1
>l
2
) c chu k
T
4
. Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
1) Chu k con lc:
* Chu k cn lc trc khi vp inh:
1
1
T 2
g
=

,
1
: chiu di con lc trc khi vp inh

* Chu k con lc sau khi vp inh:
2
2
T 2
g
=

,
2
: chiu di con lc
sau khi vp inh
* Chu k ca con lc:
1 2
1
T (T T )
2
= +
2) Bin gc sau khi vp inh
0
:
Chn mc th nng ti O. Ta c: W
A
=W
N
W
tA
=W
tN
2 0 1 0
mg (1 cos ) mg (1 cos ) | o =
2 0 1 0
(1 cos ) (1 cos ) | o =
v gc nh nn
2 2
2 0 1 0
1 1
(1 (1 )) (1 (1 )
2 2
| o =

1
0 0
2
=

: bin gc sau khi vp inh.

Bin dao ng sau khi vp inh:
0 2
A' =
.
Cho hai con lc n: Con lc 1 chu k

1
T
bit
Con lc 2 chu k
2
T
cha bit
2 1
T T ~
Cho hai con lc dao ng trong mt phng thng ng song song trc mt mt ngi quan st.
Ngi quan st ghi li nhng ln chng i qua v tr cn bng cng lc cng chiu(trng phng).
Gi
0
l thi gian hai ln trng phng lin tip nhau
a) Nu
1
T
>
2
T
: con lc
2
T
thc hin nhiu hn con lc
1
T
mt dao ng
ta c
1 2
( 1) nT n T 0 = = +

2
1
1
T
n
n
T
0
0

2
1
1
T
T
0
0
=
+
2
1
1
1 1
T
T 0
=
+
2 1
1 1 1
= +
T T
b) Nu
1
T
<
2
T
: con lc
1
T
thc hin nhiu hn con lc
2
T
mt dao ng
N
O
0
o
A 0
|
Dng 14
Xc nh chu k con lc vp (vng) inh bin sau khi vp inh
Dng 15
Xc nh chu k con lc bng phng php trng phng
ta c
2 1
( 1) nT n T 0 = = +

2
1
1
T
n
n
T
0
0

2
1
1
T
T
0
0
=
2
1
1
1 1
T
T 0
=

2 1
1 1 1
= -
T T
Khi con lc chu tc dng thm ca ngoi lc khng i

n
F
:
Trng lc hiu dng (trng lc biu kin):
hd n
P P F = +

n
hd n hd
F
mg mg F g g
m
= + = +

Khi con lc n s dao ng quanh v tr cn bng mi vi chu k:
2
hg
l
T
g
=
Khi
n
F P ||

:
n
hd
F
g g
m
= +
Khi
n
F P |+

:
n
hd
F
g g
m
=
Khi
n
F P

:
2
2 n
hd
F
g g
m
| |
= +
|
\ .
Khi (
n
F
, P
) =o :
2
2 n n
hd
F F
g g 2g cos
m m
o
| |
= + +
|
\ .
V tr cn bng mi :
n
0
F
tan
P
o =
Cc loi lc thng gp:
o Lc tnh in:
9 1 2
2
| q q |
F 9.10
r c
=
Hai in tch cng du th y nhau; hai in tch tri du th ht nhau.
r: khong cch gia hai in tch.
o Lc in trng: F=|q|E
F E ||

khi q>0; F E |+

khi q<0
U
E
d
=
(V/m)
o Lc y Acsimet: F
A
= Vg
: khi lng ring ca cht lng, kh (kg/m
3
)
V: th tch cht lng hoc cht kh m vt chim ch.
o Lc qun tnh:
qt
F ma =

a: gia tc ca h qui chiu gn con lc i vi h qui chiu qun tnh.
Dng 16
Chu k con lc n khi chu tc dng thm ca ngoi lc khng i
n
F
Dng 17
Bi ton con lc t dy - va chm
1) Bi ton t dy:
Khi con lc t dy vt bay theo phng tip tuyn vi qu o ti
im t.
+ Khi vt i qua v tr cn bng th t dy lc vt chuyn ng
nn ngang vi vn tc u l vn tc lc t dy.
Vn tc lc t dy:
0 0
v 2g (1 cos ) o =
Phng trnh theo cc trc to :
0
2
theo ox : x v .t
1
theo oy : y gt
2
=
phng trnh qu o:
2
2
2
0 0
1 x 1
y g x
2 v 4 (1 cos ) o
= =

+ Khi vt t ly
o
th vt s chuyn ng nm xin vi vn
tc ban u l vn tc lc t dy.
Vn tc vt lc t dy:
0 0
v 2g (cos cos ) o o =
Phng trnh theo cc trc to :
0
2
0
theo ox : x (v cos ).t
1
theo oy : y (v sin ).t gt
2
o
o
=
Khi phng trnh qu o l:

2
2
0
1 g
y (tan ).x x
2 (v .cos )
o
o
=
Hay:
2 2
2
0
1 g
y (tan ).x (1 tan )x
2 v
o o = +
Ch : Khi vt t dy v tr bin th vt s ri t do theo phng trnh:
2
1
y gt
2
=
2) Bi ton va chm:
+ Trng hp va chm mm: sau khi va chm h chuyn ng cng vn tc
Theo LBT ng lng:
A B AB A A B B A B
P P P m v m v (m m )V + = + = +

Chiu phng trnh ny suy ra vn tc sau va chm V
+ Trng hp va chm n hi: sau va chm hai vt chuyn ng vi cc vn tc khc
nhau
A2
v
v
B2
v
.
Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng v ng nng ta c
A B A2 B2
dA dB dA2 dB2
P P P P
W W =W +W
+ = +
A A B B A A2 B A2
2 2 2 2
A A B B A A2 B B2
m v m v m v m v
1 1 1 1
m v m v m v m v
2 2 2 2
+ = +

+ = +

t y suy ra cc gi tr vn tc sau khi va chm
A2
v
v
B2
v
.
- Khi con lc gn vo h chuyn ng tnh tin vi gia tc
a
th vt chu tc dng thm ca lc

qun tnh
qt
F
=-m
a
(ngc chiu vi
a
)
Trng lc hiu dng(trng lc biu kin):
hd qt
P F P = +

N
O
0
o
0
v
X
Y
N
O
0
o
0
v
X
Y
Dng 18
Xc nh chu k con lc khi gn vo h chuyn ng tnh tin vi gia tc

a
hd hd
mg mg ma g g a = =

+ Khi h chuyn ng nhanh dn u th
a
cng chiu vi
v
(chiu chuyn ng) khi

qt
F
ngc chiu chuyn ng

+ Khi h chuyn ng chm dn u th
a
ngc chiu vi
v
(chiu chuyn ng) khi

qt
F
cng chiu chuyn ng

1) Khi
qt
F P ||

(cng hng) th
hd
g g a = +
khi T
2
<T
1:
chu k gim
2) Khi
qt
F P |+

(ngc hng) th
hd
g g a =
khi T
2
>T
1:
chu k tng
3) Khi
qt
F P

(vung gc) th
2 2
hd
g g a = +
khi T
2
<T
1:
chu k gim
V tr cn bng mi
qt
0
F
tan
P
o =
4) Khi
qt
F
hp vi P
mt gc
o
th:
2 2 2
hd
g g a 2ga.coso = + +
cho h dao ng vi bin cc i hoc rung mnh hoc nc sng snh mnh nht th
xy ra cng hng dao ng.
Khi
0 0
( ) f f e e = = T=T
0
Vn tc khi xy ra cng hng l:
s
v
T
=
Con lc l xo Con lc n Con lc vt l
0
k
m
e =
0
g
e =
0
mgd
I
e =
1. gim bin sau mi chu k:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

e
A = =
2. Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l :
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g
e

= =
3. gim bin sau N chu k dao ng:
2
4 4 4
mst
n n
F mg g
A A A N N N
k k

e
A = = = =
4. Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li :
.
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g
e

A = = =
5. S chu k dao ng cho n lc dng li
Khi dng li A
n
= 0 s chu k :
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g
e

= = =
A
* duy tr dao ng:
Nng lng cung cp = Nng lng mt i trong mt chu k = Cng ca lc ma st
Dng 19
Bi ton v s cng hng dao ng
Dng 20
Bi ton v dao ng tt dn
a. C s l thuyt: Nh ta bit mt dao ng iu ho x = Acos(t + )
+ C th c biu din bng mt vect quay

A c di t l vi bin A v to vi trc honh mt
gc bng gc pha ban u .
+ Mt khc cng c th c biu din bng s phc di dng: z = a + bi
+Trong ta cc: z =A(sin +i cos) (vi mun: A=
2 2
a b + ) Hay Z = Ae
j(et + ).
+V cc dao ng cng tn s gc e c tr s xc nh nn ngi ta thng vit vi quy c z = Ae
J
,
trong my tnh CASIO fx- 570ES k hiu di dng l: r (ta hiu l: A ) .
+ c bit gic s c hin th trong phm vi : -180
0
< < 180
0
hay -t< < t rt ph hp vi
bi ton tng hp dao ng iu ho.
Vy tng hp cc dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s bng phng php Frexnen ng
ngha vi vic cng cc s phc biu din ca cc dao ng .
b.Chn ch mc nh ca my tnh: CASIO fx 570ES
My CASIO fx570ES bm SHIFT MODE 1hin th1 dng (MthIO) Mn hnh xut hin Math.
+ thc hin php tnh v s phc th bm my : MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch CMPLX
+ tnh dng to cc : A , Bm my : SHIFT MODE 3 2
+ tnh dng to cc: a + ib. Bm my :SHIFT MODE 3 1
+ ci t n v o gc (Deg, Rad ):
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm my : SHIFT MODE 3 trn mn hnh hin th ch D
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm my: SHIFT MODE 4 trn mn hnh hin th ch R
+ nhp k hiu gc ca s phc ta n SHIFT (-).
V d: Cch nhp: My tnh CASIO fx 570ES
Cho: x= 8cos(t+ /3) s c biu din vi s phc 8 60
0
hay 8/3 ta lm nh sau:
-Chn mode: Bm my: MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch CMPLX
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 3 trn mn hnh hin th ch D
-Nhp my: 8 SHIFT (-) 60 s hin th l: 8 60
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 4 trn mn hnh hin th ch R
-Nhp my: 8 SHIFT (-) (t:3 s hin th l: 8
1
3
Kinh nghim cho thy: nhp vi n v nhanh hn n v rad nhng kt qu sau cng cn phi
chuyn sang n v rad cho nhng bi ton theo n v rad. (v nhp theo n v rad phi c du
ngoc n ( ) nn thao tc nhp lu hn, v d: nhp 90 th nhanh hn nhp (t/2)
c.Lu :Khi thc hin php tnh kt qu c hin th dng i s: a +bi (hoc dng cc: A ).
-Chuyn t dng : a + bi sang dng A , ta bm SHIFT 2 3 =
V d:Nhp: 8 SHIFT (-) (t:3 ->Nu hin th: 4+ 4 3 i , mun chuyn sang dng cc A :
- Bm phm SHIFT 2 3 = kt qu: 8/3
-Chuyn t dng A sang dng : a + bi : bm SHIFT 2 4 =
V d:Nhp: 8 SHIFT (-) (t:3 -> Nu hin th: 8/3, mun chuyn sang dng phc a+bi :
- Bm phm SHIFT 2 4 = kt qu :4+4 3 i
d. Xc nh A v
bng cch bm my tnh:

+Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
-Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1;
bm + , Nhp A
2
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn = hin th kt
Dng 21
Dng my tnh CASIO fx 570ES hoc CASIO fx 570MS kim tra nhanh kt qu bi ton
tng hp dao ng
qu.
(Nu hin th s phc dng: a+bi th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu l: A )
+Gi tr ca dng ( nu my ci ch l D:)
+Gi tr ca dng rad ( nu my ci ch l R: Radian)
+Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
;bm + ,Nhp A
2
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn =
Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A. SHIFT = hin th kt qu l:
+Lu Ch hin th mn hnh kt qu:
Sau khi nhp ta n du = c th hin th kt qu di dng s v t, mun kt qu di dng thp
phn ta n SHIFT = ( hoc dng phm SD) chuyn i kt qu Hin th.
e. Nu cho x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) v x = x
1
+ x
2
= Acos(t + ) .
Tm dao ng thnh phn x
2
: x
2
=x - x
1
vi: x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
)
Xc nh A
2
v
2
nh bm my tnh:
*Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp A , bm SHIFT (-) nhp
;
bm - (tr); Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
nhn = kt qu.
(Nu hin th s phc th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu trn mn hnh l: A
2

2
+Ta c s u l A
2
v sau du Z l gi tr ca
2
dng ( nu my ci n v l D:)
+Ta c s u l A
2
v sau du Z l gi tr ca
2
dng rad ( nu my ci n v l R: Radian)
*Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp A , bm SHIFT (-) nhp ;bm - (tr); Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp 1 nhn =
Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A
2.
bm SHIFT = hin th kt qu l:
2
CH 3: SNG C HC
VN 1. SNG C HC
1. Sng c
L nhng dao ng c hc lan truyn theo thi gian trong mi trng vt cht lin
tc (rn, lng, kh).
a. Sng ngang
-Cc phn t c phng dao ng vung gc vi phng truyn sng.
-Truyn c trong mi trng xut hin lc n hi khi c bin dng lch: mt cht
lng, cht rn.
b. Sng dc
-Cc phn t c phng dao ng trng vi phng truyn sng.
-Truyn c trong mi trng xut hin lc n hi khi c bin dng nn-dn: rn,
lng, kh.
Cc i lng c trng cho sng
i lng vt l Cng thc Ghi ch
1. Chu k, tn s
1
T
f
=
Bng chu k, tn s ca ngun to ra sng.
2. Bc sng
v
vT
f
= = (m)
Qung ng sng truyn i trong mt chu k dao
ng (khong cch gn nhau nht ca hai im trn
phng truyn sng dao ng cng pha).
3. Tc sng v f
T
= = (m/s) L tc truyn mt pha dao ng nht nh.

4.Li ca mt
im bt k trn
phng truyn
sng
e

( | |
= +
|
\ .
( | |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
0
0
0
( ) cos
cos 2
2
cos 2
M
M
M
M
x
u t A t
v
x t
A
T
x
A ft
x
M
:Ta ca M trn phng truyn sng.Dao
ng ti im chn lm gc:
, )
0
cos
O
u A t e = +
iu kin ti M c dao ng :
M
x
t
v
>
5. lch pha ca
hai im trn
phng truyn
sng
1 2
2 2
d d d

A = = d: khong cch gia hai im

6. Bin ca
sng mt im
L bin dao ng ca phn t vt cht ti im .
Ch :
Ch c pha dao ng truyn i, cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng ti ch quanh v tr cn
bng. Cc phn t xa tm pht sng dao ng tr pha hn.
Sng c khng truyn c trong chn khng.
2
2
d n n
= = : hai im dao ng cng pha

(khong cch gia hai im trn phng truyn sng bng mt s nguyn ln bc sng hoc bng
mt s chn ln na bc sng)
, )
1
2 1
2 2
d n n

| |
= + = +
|
\ .
: hai im dao ng ngc pha.
(khong cch gia hai im trn phng truyn sng bng mt s bn nguyn ln bc sng hoc
bng mt s l ln na bc sng)
Qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh truyn nng lng, cng ra xa tm pht sng nng lng
cng gim lm bin sng cng gim.
VN 2. GIAO THOA SNG
1. Giao thoa
-L s tng hp ca hai (hay nhiu) sng kt hp trong khng gian.
-Trong vng giao thoa xut hin nhng vn giao thoa cc i v cc tiu xen k cch
u nhau.
*Sng kt
hp
Do hai ngun kt hp pht ra: hai ngun dao ng c cng tn s, cng phng dao
ng v hiu s pha khng i theo thi gian.
2. lch pha ca hai sng thnh phn ti mt im
a. Hai ngun S
1
, S
2
cng pha b. Hai ngun S
1
, S
2
ngc pha
2 1
2 2
d d d

A = = 2
d

A = +
o 2 2
2
n d n n
A = = =
dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i.
o
, ) , )
1
2 1 2 1
2 2
n d n n

| |
A = + = + = +
|
\ .
dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu.
o
, )
1
2 2 1
2 2
n d n n

| |
A = = =
|
\ .
dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i.
o
, ) 2 1 2
2
n d n n
A = + = =
dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu.
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:
1 2 1 2
SS SS
n

< <
n e Z
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:
1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2
SS SS
n

< <
n e Z
* S vn cc i l, s vn cc tiu chn.
* ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
l vn cc i.
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:
1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2
SS SS
n

+ < < +
n e Z
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:
1 2 1 2
SS SS
n

< <
n e Z
* S vn cc i chn, s vn cc tiu l.
* ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
l vn cc tiu.
Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft o
= + v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft o
= +
Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M
2 1 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u Ac c ft
o o o

+ + A ( (
= + +

Bin dao ng ti M:
2 1
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c
o
A | |
= +
|
\ .
vi
1 2
o o o A =
Ch : * S cc i: (k Z)
2 2
l l
k
o o

A A
+ < < + + e
* S cc tiu:
1 1
(k Z)
2 2 2 2
l l
k
o o

A A
+ < < + + e
VN 3. SNG M (Sng m l nhng sng c lan truyn trong mi trng rn, lng, kh.)
1. Cc c trng ca m
a. cao
Ph thuc vo tn s ca m. m cng cao th tn s cng ln.
b. m sc Ph thuc vo dng th dao ng ca m.
c. to Cm gic m nghe to hay nh, ph thuc vo cng m v tn s m.
d. Cng m
Nng lng sng m truyn qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng
truyn sng trong mt n v thi gian.
e. Mc cng
m
0
( ) 10lg
I
L dB
I
=
Ch :
I: cng m (W/m
2
).
12
0
10 I

= W/m
2
: cng m chun (cng m nh nht m tai ngi c th nghe c ng
vi L=0dB)
Cng m cc i m tai ngi nghe c: I
max
=10W/m
2
(ngng au, ng vi L=130dB)
3.Sng dng
-L sng c nhng im nt (im ng yn) v im bng (im dao ng vi bin
cc i) c nh trong khng gian.
-L hin tng giao thoa ca hai sng kt hp c cng phng truyn nhng ngc chiu
nhau.
* iu kin c sng dng
a. Hai u dy c nh
(hai u l nt sng)
b. Mt u c nh, mt u t do
(u t do l bng sng)
Chiu di si dy: 2
2 4
l n n

= =
n=1,2,3: s b sng
S im bng: N
bng
= n
S im nt: N
nt
= n+1
Chiu di si dy:
, )
1
2 1
2 2 4
l n n
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
n=1,2,3: s b sng
N
bng
= N
nt
= n + 1
Ch :
Cc im bng v im nt nm xen k cch u nhau.
Khong cch gia hai im bng k nhau hoc hai im nt k nhau bng
2
.
Khong cch gia mt im nt v mt im bng k nhau bng
4
.
f(Hz)
16
20 000
Tai ngi
cm nhn c
Siu m
H m
Ngng nghe l mc cng m nh nht gy c cm gic m cho tai ngi, thay i
theo tn s ca m.
Gii hn nghe ca tai ngi: t ngng nghe n ngng au.
Khi cng m tng 10
n
ln th cm gic v to tng n ln (L tng 10n dB).
Sng m trong khng kh c dng hnh cu:
2
4
P P
I
S R
= =
P: cng sut ca ngun pht m.
Tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh n hi v khi lng ring ca mi trng (mt mi trng):
v
cht rn
> v
cht lng
> v
cht kh
2. Ngun nhc m
a. Dy n c hai u c nh
*Tc truyn sng:
v
t
= t : lc cng (N); : mt di (khi lng trn mt n v chiu di kg/m)

*Khi xy ra sng dng:
2
v v
f n
l
= = n=1:
1
2
v
f
l
= : ha m c bn (ha m bc 1)
n=2: f
2
=2f
1
: ha m bc 2
b. ng so mt u kn, mt u h
*Khi xy ra sng dng: , ) 2 1
4
v
f n
l
= + ch c th pht ra nhng ha m bc l.
c. Hp cng hng
-Hp rng c mt u h, c tc dng khuch i m.
-Hp n c tc dng va khuch i m, va to m sc ring cho mi loi
nhc c.
3. Hiu ng p-ple
Khi c s chuyn ng tng i ca ngun m v my thu m th m thu c c tn s khc
vi tn s m pht ra. '
M
M
v v
f f
v v
v: tc truyn m trong mi trng.

v
M
: tc ca my thu i vi mi trng.
v
S
: tc ca ngun pht i vi mi trng.
o Khi ngun v my thu chuyn ng li gn nhau: ,
M S
v v + : f > f.
o Khi ngun v my thu chuyn ng ra xa nhau: ,
M S
v v + : f > f.
CH IV: DAO NG V SNG IN T
VN 1. MCH DAO NG LC (MCH DAO NG IN T)
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Cng thc Ghi ch
1. in tch trn
hai bn t in
q (C)
0
0
cos( )
sin
2
q q t
q t
e
e
= +
| |
= + +
|
\ .
0 0
q CU =
2. Dng in
trong mch
i (A)
, )
0
0
'( ) q sin t+
os t+ +
2
i q t
I c
e e
e
= =
| |
=
|
\ .
- i sm pha hn q gc
2
-
0 0
I q e =
3. in p trn
hai bn t
u (V)
, )
0
os t +
'( ) "
q
u U c
c
Li t Lq
e = =
= =
- u tr pha hn i gc
2
- u cng pha vi q
-
0
0
q
U
C
=
4. Tn s gc e (rad/s)
1
LC
e =
- t cm L (H)
- in dung C (F)
5. Nng lng in t
a. Nng lng
in trng (tp
trung t in)
W
C
(J)
2
2 2 0
C
1
W os ( )
2 2
q
Cu c t
C
e = = +
Bin thin tun hon vi
chu k T=
2
T
; tn s gc
e=2e; tn s f=2f
b. Nng lng
t trng (tp
trung cun
cm)
W
L
(J)
2
2 2 0
L
1
W sin ( )
2 2
q
Li t
C
e = = +
c. Nng lng
in t ton
phn
W (J)
W = W
+ W
t
=
2
2
o
q
C
= const
=
C(max) L(max)
W W = =
2 2
0 0
q LI
2C 2
=
Trong qu trnh dao ng
ca mch, nng lng t
trng v nng lng
in trng lun chuyn
ha cho nhau
Ch :
Cm ng t:
0
cos( )
2
B B t

e = + + cng pha vi i
(
7
0 0
4 .10 B nI

=
;
N
n
l
= : s vng dy trn mt n v chiu di cun cm)
o
0 0
0 0 0
q I L
U LI I
C C C
e
e
= = = =
o Mch dao ng c in tr thun R = 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung
cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
C U U RC
P I R R
L
e
= = =
Mi lin h gia cc gi tr u, i, U
0
v I
0
:
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
0
L
u + i = U
C
C
u + i = I
L
Cng thc x in dung ca t in phng :
9
.S
C
4 .9.10 .d
c
=
t
Khi ghp t :
Nu mch c L v
1
C
pht ra tn s
1
f
Nu mch c L v
2
C
pht ra tn s
2
f
o Khi mc
1
C
ni tip
2
C
:
2 2 2
1 2 nt
f f f = +
o Khi mc
1
C
song song
2
C
:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
ss
f f f
= +
* S tng t gia dao ng in v dao ng c
i lng c i lng in Dao ng c Dao ng in
x q x + e
2
x = 0 q + e
2
q = 0
v i
k
m
e =
1
LC
e =
m L x = Acos(et + ) q = q
0
cos(et + )
k
1
C
v = x
= -eAsin(et + )
i = q
= -eq
0
sin(et + )
F u
2 2 2
( )
v
A x
e
= +
2 2 2
0
( )
i
q q
e
= +
R F = -kx = -me
2
x
2
q
u L q
C
e = =
W
W
t
(W
L
) W
=
1
2
mv
2
W
t
=
1
2
Li
2
W
t
W
(W
C
) W
t
=
1
2
kx
2
W
=
2
2
q
C
VN 2. SNG IN T
1. nh ngha: Sng in t l qu trnh lan truyn ca in t trng trong khng gian.
2. c im:
Tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10
8
m/s
Sng in t l sng ngang:
, E B

phng truyn sng (E, B u bin thin tun hon v
lun cng pha vi nhau)
Sng in t truyn trong mi mi trng, k c chn khng (khc bit vi sng c)
Trong chn khng: Bc sng ca sng in t:
c
cT
f
= =
Trong qu trnh lan truyn c mang theo nng lng
Tun theo cc quy lut truyn thng, phn x, khc x, giao thoa, nhiu x
3. Ngun pht:
Chn t (thng bng kim loi, bn trong c dng in bin thin)
Bt c vt th no to ra in trng hoc t trng bin thin: tia la in, dy dn in
xoay chiu, cu dao ng ngt mch in
VN 3. TRUYN THNG BNG SNG IN T
Vic pht v thu s Vic pht v thu sng in t ng in t
A. Pht sng Pht sng: :
Dao ng in t trong my pht dao ng s cmng qua anten
(mch dao ng h) ri bc x ra khng gian.
Tn s cng cao th nng lng sng cng ln v sng lan truyn cng
xa.
B. Thu sng:
iu chnh sao cho f
0
= f th trong mch chn sng s c cng hng,
sng cn thu s c bin cc i.
My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc
thu c bng tn s ring ca mch.
Bc sng ca sng in t:
8
3.10 .2 ( )
c
LC m
f
= =
Ch :
o Mch dao ng c L bin i t L
min
L
max
v C bin i t C
min
C
max
th bc sng ca
sng in t pht (hoc thu)
+
min
tng ng vi L
min
v C
min
+
max
tng ng vi L
max
v C
max
o Gc quay ca t xoay:
+ Khi t quay t o
min
n o ( in dung t C
min
n C) th gc xoay ca t l:
min
min max min
max min
C C
.( )
C C
Ao = o o = o o
+ Khi t quay t v tr o
max
v v tr o ( in dung t C n C
max
) th gc xoay ca t l:
max
max max min
max min
C C
.( )
C C
Ao = o o = o o
Tn sng Bc sng ng dng Tnh cht

Sng di > 3000m Thng tin di nc B tng in li phn x
vi mc khc nhau Sng trung 3000 m 200 m Thng tin, truyn thanh,
truyn hnh trn mt t
Sng ngn 1 200 m 50 m
Sng ngn 2 50 m 10 m
Sng cc ngn 10 m 0.01 m Truyn thng qua v tinh
i xuyn qua tng in li
f
f
0
= f
L
A
L
C
Tch
sng
Chn
sng
Khuch
i m
tn
L
o
a
ng
ni
Bin iu
Dao ng
cao tn
Khuch
i cao
tn
CH V: DNG IN XOAY CHIU
VN 1. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Cng thc Ghi ch
1. Cng
dng in
i (A)
, )
e

e
= +
= +
| |
= + +
|
\ .
0
0
0
cos( )
cos 2
sin
2
i
i
i
i I t
I ft
I t
- Mi giy i chiu 2f
ln.
- Nu pha ban u
i
=
2
hoc
i
=
2
th ch giy u tin i
chiu (2f-1) ln.
- i,u: gi tr tc thi
- I
0
, U
0
: gi tr cc i
2. in p u (V)
e
e
= +
| |
= + +
|
\ .
0
0
cos( )
sin
2
u
u
u U t
U t
3. lch pha
gia u v i

u-i
(rad)

=
u i u i
+A
u-I
>0: u sm pha hn i
+A
u-I
>0: u tr pha hn i
2 2
u i

s s
4. Cc gi tr hiu dng
Cng dng in in p Sut in ng ca ngun in
0
2
I
I =
0
2
U
U =
0
2
E
E =
Ch :
Cc thit b o lng in (ampe k, vn k..) ch gi tr hiu dng ca i lng cn o. o
cng dng in, mc ampe k ni tip vi mch in; mc vn k song song vi mch in o
in p gia hai u on mch.
0 ax
E
m
NBSe e| = =
N: s vng ca cun dy
B: cm ng t (T)
S: din tch gii hn bi mt phng khung dy (m
2
)
e: tc gc ca cun dy (m
2
)
VN 2. NH LUT M CHO CC ON MCH IN
1. on mch RLC khng phn nhnh (mc ni tip)
Xt on mch gm c in tr thun R, cun cm
thun L (c r=0) v t in C
0
cos
R L C
i i i i I t e = = = =
, )
0
cos
R L C u i
u u u u U t e

= + + = +
0 0 0 0 R L C
U U U U = + +

in p cc i
, )
2
2
0 0 0 0 R L C
U U U U = +
- in p hiu dng
, )
2
2 0
2
R L C
U
U U U U = = +
Gin vect
Tng tr
, )
2
2
L C
Z R Z Z = +
- n v O
- Cm khng: 2
L
Z L fL e = = (O)
- Dung khng:
1 1
2
C
Z
C fC e
= = (O)
nh lut m
U
I
Z
=
0
0
U
I
Z
=
tan
u-i
0 0
0
tan
L C
u i
L C L C
R R
Z Z
R
U U U U
U U

=

= =
+ Z
L
>Z
C
: >0: u sm pha hn i (on
mch c tnh cm khng)
+ Z
L
<Z
C
: <0: u tr pha hn i (on
mch c tnh dung khng)
+ Z
L
=Z
C
: =0: u cng pha vi i (xy ra
hin tng cng hng in)
Ch :
Khi xy ra hin tng cng hng in:
o
2
min
1
1
L C
Z Z Z Z LC
LC
e e = = = =
o u, i cng pha ( =
u

i
= 0
u
=
i
)
o Z
min
= R
L C
U U = ;
R
U U =
o Vi mt gi tr U xc nh :
max
U
I = I =
R
R
U
R
=
o Cng sut cc i : P
max
= UI =
2
U
R
o H s cng sut :
os 1
R
c
Z
= =
o in tr ca on mch nh, im cc i cng hng cao hn (cng hng nhn)
sin
L C L C
u i
Z Z U U
Z U

= =
Nu on mch cho cun dy c in tr r th xemin tr ca ton mch l (R+r) mc ni tip
vi cun thun cm L v t in C.
Nu trong on mch khng c phn t no th cho cc i lng lin quan n phn t (U, Z
) bng 0 thay vo cc cng thc trn khi tnh ton.
2. on mch ch c in tr thun R
U
I
R
= v
0
0
U
I
R
=
u
R
, i cng pha ( =
u

i
= 0
u
=
i
)
Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c
U
I
R
=
Nhit lng ta ra trn in tr R trong thi gian t:
2
2
U
Q RI t UIt t
R
= = = (J)
3. on mch ch c cun thun cm L
L
U
I
Z
= v
0
0
L
U
I
Z
=
Cm khng: Z
L
= eL = 2tfL c trng cho kh nng cn tr dng in xoay chiu ca cun cm
u
L
nhanh pha hn i gc t/2 (
u-i
=
u

i
= t/2)
Lu : Cun thun cm khng cn tr dng in 1 chiu nhng c tc dng cn tr dng in xoay
chiu: dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng nh (chu k cng ln) th cng d qua cun cm.
4. on mch ch c t in C
C
U
I
Z
= v
0
0
C
U
I
Z
=
Dung khng:
1 1
2
C
Z
C fC e
= = c trng cho kh nng cn tr dng in xoay chiu ca t in.
u
C
tr pha hn i gc t/2 (
u-i
=
u

i
= - t/2)
Lu : T in khng cho dng in 1 chiu i qua nhng cho dng in xoay chiu i qua v c tc
dng cn tr dng in xoay chiu: dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng ln (chu k cng nh) th cng
d qua t in.
5 . on mch RLC khng phn nhnh
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
L C R L C R L C
Z R Z Z U U U U U U U U = + = + = +
tan ;sin ; os
L C L C
Z Z Z Z R
c
R Z Z

= = = vi
2 2

s s
Khi Z
L
> Z
C
hay
1
LC
e > > 0 th u nhanh pha hn i
Khi Z
L
< Z
C
hay
1
LC
e < < 0 th u chm pha hn i
Khi Z
L
= Z
C
hay
1
LC
e = = 0 th u cng pha vi i.
Lc
Max
U
I =
R
gi l hin tng cng hng dng in
Cng thc ghp 2 t in, ghp 2 cun dy , ghp 2 in tr
o
Ghp song song C = C
1
+ C
2
; C > C
1
, C
2
o
Ghp ni tip
1 2
1 1 1
C C C
= + ; C < C
1
, C
2
Trng hp ngc li cho t cm L v in tr R
VN 3. CNG SUT CA DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Cng sut tc thi
, ) cos cos 2
u i
p ui
UI UI t e
=
= + +
- Bin i tun hon vi tn s bng
hai ln tn s dng in
Cng sut tiu th
(cng sut tc dng)
2
cos
u i R
P UI RI U I

= = =
- n v W
- Cng sut tiu th in trung bnh
trong mt chu k
Cng sut biu kin P
bk
= UI
- n v VA
- Cho bit kh nng cung cp in
nng ca on mch.
Cng sut phn
khng
u-i
UIsin
pk
P =
- c trng cho s trao i nng
lng gia cc b phn trong mch
in.
H s cng sut
u-i
os
R
U R
k c
U Z
= = =
- on mch ch c cun cm thun
v t in (k=0) th khng tiu thu
in nng.
- on mch ch c in tr thun
hoc xy ra cng hng in (k=1)
VN 4. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU. MY BIN P.TRUYN TI IN NNG
1. My pht in xoay chiu
Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng cm ng in t
Hai b phn chnh:
o Phn ng: gm cc cun dy trong sut hin sut in ng.
o Phn cm: to ra t trng, thng l nam chm in.
o Mt trong hai phn t c nh (Stato), phn cn li quay (Rto).
Tn s dng in xoay chiu do my pht ra:
o My c rto l phn ng: f = n (Hz)
n (vng/s) l tc quay u ca rto
o My c rto l phn cm: f = np (Hz)
P l s cp cc t ca rto
2. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha
Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy bi ba sut in ng
xoay chiu c cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha nhau tng i mt l 2t/3.
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
os t ; e =E os( ); os( )
3 3
e E c c t e E c t

e e e = = +
Trong trng hp ti i xng:
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
os t ; i =I os( ); os( )
3 3
i I c c t i I c t

e e e = = +
Cch mc mch in ba pha: my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi
nhau.
o Mc hnh sao: 3
d p
U U = ;
d p
I I =
- U
d
: in p gia hai dy pha
- U
p
: in p gia hai u mi cun dy
- Nu cc ti i xng th dng in trong dy trung ha bng khng.
o Mc tam gic:
d p
U U = ; 3
d p
I I =
- Khng c dy trung ha nn i hi ti tiu th phi rt i xng.
ng c khng ng b 3 pha :
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
os t ; B =B os( ); os( )
3 3
B B c c t B B c t

e e e = = +
Cm ng t tng hp ti tm O :
0
1, 5 B B =
vi B l t trng tng hp ti tm O . T trng quay
ny s tc dng vo khung dy lm khung quay vi tc nh hn tc quay ca t trng . Chuyn
ng quay ca rto (khung quay) c s dng lm quay cc my khc
3. My bin p. Truyn ti in nng
My bin p l thit b lm vic da trn hin tng cm ng in t, dng bin i in p
xoay chiu (tng hoc gim) m khng lm thay i tn s ca n.
Cng thc: (b qua s mt mt t thng v in tr cc cun dy)
1 1 1
2 2 2
E U N
k
E U N
= = = : h s bin p
N
1
: s vng dy ca cun s cp (ni vi ngun in xoay chiu)
N
2
: s vng dy ca cun th cp (ni vi ti tiu th)
k<1 (U
1
<U
2
): my tng p
k>1 (U
1
>U
2
): my h p
B qua mi hao ph trn my bin p:
1 2
2 1
I U
I U
=
Nu tnh n hao ph ta c hiu sut ca my bin p:
1 1 1
2 2 2
P U I
P
P U I
= =
Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
2
2
2 2
os
RI R
U c
A = =
P
P
P : cng sut truyn i ni cung cp
U : in p ni cung cp
cos : l h s cng sut ca dy ti in
l
R
S
= l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (Ch : dn in bng 2 dy)
Ch cn tng in p u dy ti in ln k ln th c th gim hao ph i k
2
ln
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: AU = IR
Hiu sut ti in: .100% H
A
=
P P
P
VN 5. MT S DNG TON
1. Cng thc tnh thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t in p u = U
0
cos(et +
u
) vo hai u bng n,
bit n ch sng ln khi u U
1
4
t

e
A
A =
Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U
A = ; (0 < A < t/2)
2. on mch RLC c R thay i
Khi R=Z
L
-Z
C
th
2 2
ax
2 2
M
L C
U U
Z Z R
= =
P ;
2
cos
2
=
Khi R=R
1
hoc R=R
2
th P c cng gi tr. Ta c
2
2
1 2 1 2
; ( )
L C
U
R R R R Z Z + = =
P
V khi
1 2
R R R = th
2
ax
1 2
2
M
U
R R
= P
Trng hp cun dy c in tr R
0
(hnh v)
Khi
2 2
0 ax
0
2 2( )
L C M
L C
U U
R Z Z R
Z Z R R
= = =
+
P
Khi
2 2
2 2
0 ax
2 2
0
0 0
( )
2( )
2 ( ) 2
L C RM
L C
U U
R R Z Z
R R
R Z Z R
= + = =
+
+ +
P
3. on mch RLC c L thay i
Khi
2
1
L
C e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
Khi
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+
= th
2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+
= v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U U U U = + + =
Vi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
th U
L
c cng gi tr th U
Lmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
L L
L
Z Z Z L L
= + =
+
Khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau
4. on mch RLC c C thay i
U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sng Sng
Tt
Tt
A
B
R
L, R
0
C
Khi
2
1
C
L e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Khi
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+
= th
2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+
= v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U = + + =
Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr th U
Cmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
+
= + =
Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau
5. Mch RLC c thay i:
Khi
1
LC
e = th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C
e =
th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C
=
Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
e = th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C
=
Vi e = e
1
hoc e = e
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng mt gi tr th I
Max
hoc P
Max
hoc U
RMax
khi
:
1 2
e ee = tn s
1 2
f f f =
6 . Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip v on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc ni tip vi nhau
c U
AB
= U
AM
+ U
MB
u
AB
; u
AM
v u
MB
cng pha tanu
AB
= tanu
AM
= tanu
MB
7 . Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
v R
2
L
2
C
2
cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau A
Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R

= v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R

= (gi s
1
>
2
)
C
1

2
= A
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

= A
+
Trng hp c bit A = t/2 (vung pha nhau) th tan
1
tan
2
= -1.
8. Bi ton hp en X :
I. Ch :
1. Mch in n gin ( X ch cha 1 phn t ):
a. Nu
NB
U cng pha vi i suy ra X ch cha
0
R
b. Nu
NB
U sm pha vi i gc
2
suy ra X ch cha
0
L
c. Nu
NB
U tr pha vi i gc
2
suy ra X ch cha
0
C
2. Mch in phc tp:
a. Mch 1
Nu
AB
U cng pha vi i , suy ra X ch cha
0
L
Nu
AN
U v
NB
U to vi nhau gc
2
suy ra X cha (
0 0
, L R )
R
C

X
A N B
b. Mch 2
Nu
AB
U cng pha vi i suy ra X ch cha
0
C
Nu
AN
U v
NB
U to vi nhau gc
2
suy ra X cha (
0 0
, C R )
II. Phng php: gii mt bi ton v hp kn ta thng s dng hai phng php sau:
1. Phng php i s
B
1
: Cn c u vo ca bai ton t ra cc gi thit c th xy ra.
B
2
: Cn c u ra ca bi ton loi b cc gi thit khng ph hp.
B
3
: Gi thit c chn l gi thit ph hp vi tt c cc d kin u vo v u ra ca bi ton.
2. Phng php s dng gin vc t trt.
B
1
: V gin vc t (trt) cho phn bit ca on mch.
B
2
: Cn c vo d kin bi ton v phn cn li ca gin .
B
3
: Da vo gin vc t tnh cc i lng cha bit, t lm sng to hp kn.
a. Gin vc t
* C s: + Hiu in th tc thi hai u on mch: u
AB
= u
R
+ u
L
+ u
C
Ta biu din: + t ti O
R
R
u u
+ Cng hng
I
+ ln U
R
+ t ti O
L
L
u u
+ Sm pha so
I
1 gc
2
+ ln U
L
+ t ti O
C
C
u u
+ Tr pha so
I
1 gc
2
+ ln U
C
* Cch v gin vc t
V i khng i nn ta chn trc cng dng in
lm trc gc, gc ti im O, chiu dng l chiu
quay lng gic.
UL
UR
UA B
O
U + L UC
UC
i
+
R L
X
A N B
* Cch v gin vc t trt
Bc 1: Chn trc nm ngang l trc dng in ,
im u mch lm gc ( l im A).
Bc 2: Biu din ln lt hiu in th qua mi phn
bng cc vc t
NB ; MN ; AM ni ui nhau theo nguyn tc: R - i ngang; L - i ln; C - i xung.
Bc 3: Ni A vi B th vc t AB chnh l biu din u
AB
Nhn xt:
+ Cc in p trn cc phn t c biu din bi cc vc t m ln t l vi in p dng ca n.
+ lch pha gia cc hiu in th l gc hp bi gia cc vc t tng ng biu din chng.
+ lch pha gia hiu in th v cng dng in l gc hp bi vc t biu din n vi trc i.
+ Vic gii bi ton l xc nh ln cc cnh v gc ca tam gic da vo cc nh l hm s sin, hm
s cosin v cc cng thc ton hc:

a b C
SinB SinA SinC
= =
Trong ton hc mt tam gic s gii c
nu bit trc ba (hai cnh 1 gc, hai gc
mt cnh, ba cnh) trong su yu t (3 gc
v 3 cnh).
+ a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
- 2bccos
A
.
; b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
- 2accos
B
.
; c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
- 2abcos
C
.
III. Cc cng thc:
+ Cm khng: Z
L
= eL + Dung khng: Z
C
=
C
1
e
+ Tng tr Z =
2
C L
2
) Z Z ( R + + nh lut m: I =
Z
U
I
Z
U
0
0
=
+ lch pha gia u v i: tan =
R
Z Z
C L

+ Cng sut to nhit: P = UIcos = I
2
R
+ H s cng sut: K = cos =
Z
R
UI
P
=
9. Dng my tnh FX-570ES: u
AB
=u
AM
+u
MB
xc nh U
0AB
v .
a.Chn ch mc nh ca my tnh: CASIO fx 570ES
+My CASIO fx570ES bm SHIFT MODE 1 hin th 1 dng (MthIO) Mn hnh xut hin Math.
+ thc hin php tnh v s phc th bm my : MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin CMPLX
+ tnh dng to cc : r (ta hiu l A) , Bm my tnh: SHIFT MODE 3 2
+ tnh dng to cc: a + ib. Bm my tnh :SHIFT MODE 3 1
U
A
B
i
+
U
A
N
UL
UC
UR
A
M
B
N
A
B C
b
a
c
+ ci t n v o gc (Deg, Rad):
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm my : SHIFT MODE 3 mn hnh hin th ch D
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm my: SHIFT MODE 4 mn hnh hin th ch R
+ nhp k hiu gc ta bm my: SHIFT (-).
b.V d: Cho: u
AM
= 100 2s os(100 )
3
c t

(V) s biu din 100 2 -60
0
hay 100 2 -/3
Hng dn nhp My tnh CASIO fx 570ES
-Chn MODE: Bm my: MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch CMPLX
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 3 trn mn hnh hin th ch D
Nhp my: 100 2 SHIFT (-) -60 hin th : 100 2 -60
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 4 trn mn hnh hin th ch R
Nhp my: 100 2 SHIFT (-) (-t:3 hin th : 100 2 -
1
3
Kinh nghim: Nhp vi n v nhanh hn n v rad. (v nhp theo n v rad phi c du ngoc n
(, ) nn thao tc nhp lu hn, v d: nhp 90 th nhanh hn l nhp (t/2)
Cn chn ch mc nh theo dng to cc r (ta hiu l A
- Chuyn t dng : a + bi sang dng A , ta bm SHIFT 2 3 =
- Chuyn t dng A sang dng : a + bi , ta bm SHIFT 2 4 =
c. Xc nh U
0
v

bng cch bm my tnh:
+Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
-Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1;
bm +, Nhp U
02
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn = kt qu.
(Nu hin th s phc dng: a+bi th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu l: A
+Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
;bm + ,Nhp U
02
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn =
Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A. SHIFT = hin th kt qu l:
+Lu Ch hin th kt qu trn mn hnh:
Sau khi nhp, n du = c th hin th kt qu di dng s v t, mun kt qu di dng thp phn ta
n SHIFT = ( hoc dng phm SD ) chuyn i kt qu Hin th.
V d 1 trn : Tm u
AB
= ? vi: u
AM
= 100 2 os(100 )
3
c t

(V)
0
1 100 2( ),
3
AM U V

= =
u
MB
= 100 2 os(100 )
6
c t

+ (V) -> U
0MB
= 100 2 (V) , 2
6
=
Gii 1: Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX
Chn ch my tnh theo D(): SHIFT MODE 3
Tmu
AB
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z (-60) + 100 2 SHIFT (-) Z 30 =
Hin th kt qu : 200-15 . Vy u
AB
= 200
0
os( 15 ) c t e (V) => u
AB
= 200 os(100 )
12
c t

(V)
Gii 2: Chn ch my tnh theo R (Radian): SHIFT MODE 4
Tmu
AB
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z (-(t/3)) + 100 2 SHIFT (-) Z(t/6 =
Hin th kt qu: 200-/12 . Vy u
AB
= 200 os(100 )
12
c t

(V)
d. Nu cho u
1
= U
01
cos(t +
1
) v u = u
1
+ u
2
= U
0
cos(t + ) .
Tm dao ng thnh phn u
2
: (V d hnh minh ha bn)
u
2
= u - u
1 .
vi: u
2
= U
02
cos(t +
2
). Xc nh U
02
v
2
*Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp U
0
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
;
bm - (tr); Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
nhn = kt qu.
(Nu hin th s phc th bm SHIFT 2 3 = kt qu trn mn hnh l: U
02

2
Hnh
u
1
B
A
X Y
u
2
M
*Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp U
0
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp ;bm - (tr); Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
nhn =
bm SHIFT (+) = , ta c U
02
; bm SHIFT (=) ; ta c
2
V d 2: Nu t vo hai u mt mch in cha mt in tr thun v mt cun cm thun mc ni
tip mt in p xoay chiu c biu thc u = 100 2 cos(e t +
4
) (V), th khi in p hai u in tr

thun c biu thc u
R
=100cos( e t) (V). Biu thc in p gia hai u cun cm thun s l
A. u
L
= 100 cos( e t +
2
)(V). B. u
L
= 100 2 cos(e t +
4
)(V).
C. u
L
= 100 cos( et +
4
)(V). D. u
L
= 100 2 cos(et +
2
)(V).
Gii 1: Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX
Chn ch my tnh theo : SHIFT MODE 3
Tmu
L
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z (45) - 100 SHIFT (-). Z 0 =
Hin th kt qu : 10090 . Vy u
L
= 100 os( )
2
c t

e + (V) Chn A
Gii 2: Chn ch my tnh theo R (Radian): SHIFT MODE 4
Tmu
L
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z ((t/4)) - 100 SHIFT (-). Z 0 =
Hin th kt qu: 100/2 . Vy u
L
= 100 os( )
2
c t

e + (V) Chn A
CH VI: SNG NH SNG
VN 1: TN SC NH SNG
1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng:
L hin tng nh sng phc tp b phn tch thnh cc chm sng n sc khc nhau khi i qua
mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut.
Nguyn nhn: do chit sut ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng (tn s) ca nh sng:
2
B
n A
= +
2. nh sng n sc:
Khng b tn sc khi i qua lng knh; mi chm sng (bc x) n sc c mt bc sng v tn
s xc nh.
Bc sng nh sng trong chn khng:
8
0
3.10
( )
c
m
f f
= =
Bc sng nh sng trong mi trng c chit sut n:
0
v c
f nf n
= = =
n
kk
~n
ck
=1; n 1
3. nh sng trng:
L hn hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc: , cam, vng, lc, lam, chm,
tm (nh sng a sc).
Trong min nh sng nhn thy (quang ph kh kin)
0.38 0.76 m m s s
(Tm) ()
Gc lch ca tia sng khi qua lng knh: (A, i nh)
(do hin tng khc x nh sng)
=(n-1)A A
A: gc chit quang ca lng knh
n: chit sut ca mi trng i vi nh sng n sc
A
< A
cam
<< A
tm
4. Mt s cng thc:
Hin tng khc x:
1 2
sin sin n i n r =
Lng knh:
1 2
1 2
A r r
i i A
= +
A = +
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
sin sin
sinr sini
n i n r
n n
=
=
Thu knh:
1 2
1 1 1
1
TK
MT
n
D
f n R R
| || |
= = +
| |
\ .\ .
D: t (dp)
f: tiu c (m)
R: bn knh cc mt thu knh
+ mt cu li: R>0
+ mt cu lm: R<0
+ mt phng: R=
n
TK
: chit sut ca cht lm thu knh i vi nh sng n sc
n
MT
: chit sut ca mi trng t thu knh.
Ch :
- Tiu im ca thu knh i vi chm tia mu tm gn thu knh nht, tiu im ca thu knh i
vi chm tia mu xa thu knh nht.
Khong cch gia tiu im ca thu knh i vi tia mu v tia mu tm:Af = f
- f
t
5. Cc loi quang ph :
Quang ph nh ngha Ngun pht c im ng dng
Lin tc
L mt di sng
c mu bin i
lin tc
Cc cht rn , cht
lng , cht kh p
sut ln khi b nung
nng pht ra quang
ph lin tc
- Khng ph thuc vo
bn cht ca vt pht
sng , m ch ph thuc
vo nhit
- Nhit ca vt cang
cao , min pht sng
cng ln dn v pha nh
sng c bc sng ngn
o nhit ca
cc vt pht
sng (c im
ca cc vt
rt xa)
Vch pht
x
Gm cc vch
mu ring l ,
ngn cch nhau
bng nhng
khong ti
Cc cht kh hay hi
p sut thp b
kch thch (t nng
hay phng in qua)
Quang ph vch ca cc
nguyn t khc nhau th
khc nhau v s lng
vch , v tr , mu sc v
cng sng
Xc nh thnh
phn cu to
ca cc nguyn
t c trong hp
cht
Vch hp
th
L h thng cc
vch ti ring
r nm trn mt
nn quang ph
lin tc
- Chiu nh sng
trng qua m kh
hay hi nng sng
p sut thp
- Nhit ca m
hi phi thp hn
nhit ca ngun
sng
- Chiu nh sng trng
qua m hi nung nng
thu c vch ti trn
nn quang ph lin tc
- Tt ngun sng , c
nhng vch mu nm
trn nn ti trng vi cc
vch ti trn
Bit c thnh
phn ca hp
cht
6. Tia hng ngoi , tia t ngoi v tia X
Tia hng ngoi Tia t ngoi Tia X
nh
ngha
Bc x in t khng
nhn thy , c bc sng
ln hn bc sng ca
nh sng
Bc x in t khng nhn
thy , c bc sng ngn hn
bc sng ca nh sng tm
Sng in t c bc sng
ngn t 10
-12
-10
-8
m
Ngun Mi vt nung nng u Cc vt c nhit trn ng tia rghen
pht pht ra tia hng ngoi 2000
0
C
Tnh cht
, tc dng
- tc dng ni bt l tc
dng nhit
- tc dng ln knh nh
hng ngoi
- trong cng nghip dng
sy kh cc sn phm
sn
- trong y hc dng n
hng ngoi si m
ngoi da cho mu lu
thng
- dng trong cc thit b
iu khin t xa
- tc dng mnh ln knh nh
- lm ion ha cht kh
- kch pht quang nhiu cht
- c tc dng sinh l : hy
dit t bo , dit khun , nm
mc
- c th gy ra hin tng
quang in
- trong cng nghip : pht
hin vt nt , xc trn b
mt sn phm
- trong y hc : cha ci
xng , dit vi khun
- c kh nng m xuyn
mnh (tnh cht ng ch
nht)
- tc dng mnh ln phim
nh , lm ion ha khng kh
- c tc dng lm pht quang
nhiu cht
- c tc dng gy ra hin
tng quang in hu ht
kim loi
- c tc dng sinh l mnh :
hy dit t bo , dit vi
khun
ng dng
- sy kh , si m
- s dng trong b iu
khin t xa
- chp nh hng ngoi
- trong qun s ng dng
lmng nhm hng ngoi
, quay phim ban m
- kh trng , dit khun
- cha bn ci xng
- tm vt nt trn b mt kim
loi
- y hc : chp chiu in ,
cha ung th
- cng nghip : d tm khuyt
tt trong sn phm c
- khoa hc : nghin cu cu
trc tinh th
- giao thng : kim tra hnh
l ca hnh khch
7. Thang sng in t :
Loi sng Bc sng
Tia gamma Di 10
-12
m
Tia X 10
-12
m n 10
-9
Tia t ngoi 10
-9
m n 3,8.10
-7
m
nh sng nhn thy 3,8.10
-7
m n 7,6.10
-7
m
Tia hng ngoi 7,6.10
-7
m n 10
-3
m
Sng v tuyn 10
-3
m tr ln
Sng v tuyn , tia hng ngoi , nh sng kh kin (nhn thy) , tia t ngoi , tia X v tia gamma u c
bn cht l sng in t nhng c bc sng khc nhau nn c tnh cht , tc dng khc nhau v ngun
pht , cch thu chng cng khc nhau
Vng : 0, 640 0, 760 m m
Vng cam : 0, 590 0, 650 m m
Vng vng : 0, 570 0, 600 m m
Vng lc : 0, 500 0, 575 m m
Vng lam : 0, 450 0, 510 m m
Vng chm : 0, 440 0, 460 m m
Vng tm : 0, 38 0, 440 m m
VN 2: GIAO THOA NH SNG
1. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng:
L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp (pht ra t hai ngun kt hp: cng
phng, cng tn s v lch pha khng i theo thi gian).
Trong vng giao thoa xut hin nhng vch sng, ti xen k cch u nhau gi l nhng vn giao
thoa.
2. Cc i lng vt l:
a. Hiu quang trnh:
2 1
ax
D
d d d A = =
d
1
, d
2
: ng i ca hai sng t hai ngun n im xt
a: khong cch gia hai ngun
x: v tr im xt (chn giao im O ca ng trung trc on thng ni hai ngun S
1
S
2
vi mn
t song song vi S
1
S
2
lm gc, chiu dng hng ln)
D: khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st
b. Khong vn:
Khong cch gia hai vn sng (hoc hai vn ti) cnh nhau
D
i
a
=
: bc sng nh sng n sc lm th nghim
c. V tr vn sng: Khong cch t vn trung tm (O) n im xt
2 1
2
2
2
2
d d k k
D i
x k ki k
a
= =
= = =
Hiu ng i ca hai sng bng mt s nguyn ln bc sng (hay bng mt s chn ln na
bc sng)
Khong cch t vn trung tm n im xt bng mt s nguyn ln khong vn (hay bng mt
s chn ln na khong vn)
0; 1; 2..... k = : bc ca vn sng
k = 0: x=0 (ti O): vn sng trung tm
k = 1: vn sng bc 1 (th nht).....
d. V tr vn ti: Khong cch t vn trung tm (O) n im xt
, )
, )
2 1
1
2 1
2 2
1 1
2 1
2 2 2
d d k k
D i
x k k i k
a
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| | | |
= + = + = +
| |
\ . \ .
Hiu ng i ca hai sng bng mt s bn nguyn ln bc sng (hay bng mt s l ln na
bc sng)
Khong cch t vn trung tm n im xt bng mt s bn nguyn ln khong vn (hay bng
mt s l ln na khong vn)
0; 1; 2..... k = : khng c khi nim bc ca vn ti
k = 0: vn ti th nht pha trn (+)
k = 1: vn ti th hai pha trn
k = -1: vn ti th nht pha di (-)
3. Mt s dng ton
a. Xc nh i trong khong c b rng l, c n vn sng:
Hai u l hai vn sng:
1
l
i
n
=
Hai u l hai vn ti:

l
i
n
=
Mt u l vn sng, mt u l vn ti:
0.5
l
i
n
=
b. Xc nh tnh cht vn giao thoa:

Lp t s
x
n
i
=
- n = k (l s nguyn): ti v tr xt l vn sng bc k
- n = k +
1
2
(l s bn nguyn):
+ n>0: ti v tr xt l vn ti th (k+1)
+ n<0: ti v tr xt l vn ti th k
c. Xc nh s vn trong trng giao thoa: (C hai gii hn i xng nhau qua vn sng
trung tm)
Tng s vn: 1
L
N
i
(
= +

L: b rng trng giao thoa
j ... : phn nguyn j 2, 9 2 =
S vn sng: 2 1
2
s
L
N
i
(
= +

: lun l s nguyn l
S vn ti: 2 0, 5
2
T
L
N
i
(
= +

: lun l s nguyn chn
Ch :
- S vn sng v vn ti c th hn, km nhau mt n v
- Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c ta x
1
<x
2
:
+ Vn sng: x
1
< ki < x
2
+ Vn ti: x
1
< (k+0,5)i < x
2
S gi tr k e Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
M, N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
cng du.
M, N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
khc du.
d. V tr trng nhau ca cc bc x n sc:
Cho
1 2
...
n
x x x = = = :
- Vn sng:
1 1 2 2
...
n n
k k k = = =
- Vn ti:
1 1 2 2
1 1 1
...
2 2 2
n n
k k k
| | | | | |
+ = + = = +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
Ch :
- V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca
cc bc x n sc.
- Khi tm s vn sng (vn ti) trn mn th tnh s vn sng (vn ti) ca mi bc x, sau tr
i nhng v tr trng nhau.
e. Giao thoa vi nh sng trng:
Vn sng trung tm c mu trng (v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc bc x). Cc vn sng
hai bn vn trung tm l quang ph lin tc, mu tm gn vn trung tm nht, mu xa vn
trung tm nht.
B rng ca vn giao thoa: , )
d t d t
D
x x x k
a
A = =
Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh (
bit x):
- Vn sng:
ax D
x k
a kD
= =
- Vn ti:
ax
( 0, 5)
( 0, 5)
D
x k
a k D
= + =
+
Vi 0,38 ms s 0,76 mcc gi tr ca k
f. Thc hin th nghim trong mi trng trong sut, chit sut n:
Khong vn gim i n ln:
0
n
i
i
n
=
g. Ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
:
i khng i, h vn dch chuyn ngc chiu mt on:
0
yD
x
d
=
D: khong cch t hai khe n mn
d: khong cch t ngun S n hai khe
y: dch chuyn ca ngun
h. Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t S
1
(S
2
) t mt bn mng c b dy e, chit sut n:
h vn dch chuyn v pha S
1
(S
2
) mt on:
, )
0
1 n eD
x
a
=
Ch :
- t hai bn nh nhau trn ng truyn ca S
1
, S
2
:
h vn khng dch chuyn.
- t hai bn khc nhau: dch chuyn
01 02
x x =
4. Mt s phng php to giao thoa
a. Lng lng knh Fresnel:
Khong cch gia hai ngun: 2 ( 1) a d n A =
d: khong cch t ngun S n lng lng knh
A: gc chit quang (rad):
0
1 ( )
180
rad
=
Khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st: ' D d d = +
d: khong cch t lng lng knh n mn quan st
B rng trng giao thoa: 2( 1). . ' L n Ad =
b. Bn thu knh Billet:
Khong cch gia hai ngun:
' d d
a e
d
+
=
d: khong cch t ngun S n thu knh
d: khong cch t nh n thu knh:
df
d'=
d-f
e: khong cch gia hai na thu knh
Khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st: ' D l d =
l: khong cch t thu knh n mn quan st
S
2
S
1
S
A
2
d
I
P
2
O
A
E
d'
A
1
A
P
1
S
d d
/
O
2
S
1
S
2
O
1
D
2
P
1
P
S
1
S
2
S
S
O
O
x
0
y
D d
S
1
S
2
M
O
e
B rng trng giao thoa:
l d
L e
d
+
=
iu kin quan st c vn giao thoa: '
e
l d
e a
o
o
+
>
+
o: ng knh khu (ng knh vnh)
c. Gng Fresnel:
Khong cch gia hai ngun:
2 a ro =
r: khong cch t ngun S n giao tuyn ca hai gng.
o: gc nghing gia hai gng (rad)
Khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st:
D r d = +
d: khong cch t giao tuyn hai gng n mn quan st
B rng trng giao thoa:
2 L do =
* Cch gii bi ton ging nh trong th nghim Young.
CH VII: LNG T NH SNG
VN 1: HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI
1. Hin tng quang in ngoi:
L hin tng nh sng lm bt cc electron ra khi b mt kim loi.
2. Cc nh lut quang in:
a. nh lut 1:
hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi
0
s hay
0
f f >
0
: gii hn quang in ca kim loi (ph thuc bn cht kim loi)
b. nh lut 2:
khi
0
s th I
bh
~ cng chm sng kch thch.
c. nh lut 3:
W
0max
ph thuc bc sng ca nh sng kch thch v bn cht kim loi; khng ph thuc vo
cng chm sng kch thch.
3. Hiu in th hm v ng nng ban u cc i:
2
0max
1
.
2
h
eU mv = (J)
e = -1,6.10
-19
C
m = 9,1.10
-31
Kg
U
h
: hiu in th hm (U
h
<0). trit tiu dng quang in: U
AK
sU
h
. i vi mt kim loi,
kch thch cng ngn (f cng ln) th
h
U cng ln.
v
0max
: vn tc ban u cc i ca quang e
-
(m/s)
M
1
S
1
S
2
r
E
M
2
2
o
S
H
I
d
P
1
P
2
0
VN 2: THUYT LNG T NH SNG
1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn):
hc
hf c
= = (J)
h=6,625.10
-34
Js: hng s Plank
c=3.10
8
m/s: tc nh sng trong chn khng
f: tn s (Hz)
: bc sng (m)
1eV=1,6.10
-19
J
2. Cng thc Einstein v hin tng quang in:
2
0max
1
2
A mv c = + (J)
A: cng thot (J): ph thuc bn cht kim loi.
0
hc
A
= hay
0
A hf =
3. Mt s dng ton
a. Tm vn tc ban u cc i ca quang e:
0max
0
2 1 1 hc
v
m
| |
=
|
\ .
b. Hin tng quang in vi vt c lp v in:
2
ax 0max
1
2
m
e V mv =
V
max
: in th cc i ca vt
c. Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut ca hin tng quang in): %
e
p
n
H
n
=
bh
e
I
n t
e
= : s e bt ra khi b mt kim loi trong thi gian t
p
P
n t
c
= : s phtn p vo kim loi trong thi gian t
P: cng sut chiu sng
d. Tia Rnghen (tia X):
Nng lng ln nht ca phtn tia X c th pht ra:
2 2
ax ax 0
min
1 1
2 2
m m AK
hc
hf mv e U mv c
= = = = +
f
max
,
min
: tn s ln nht, bc sng nh nht m tia X c th pht ra.
2
1
2
mv : ng nng ca e khi p vo i K
v: vn tc ca e khi p vo i K
v
0
: vn tc ca e khi ri K (thng v
0
=0)
e. Quang e chuyn ng trong t trng u:
Chu tc dng ca lc Lorentz:
, )
sin , f e vB B v =

v B

: qu o l ng trn bn knh:
mv
R
e B
=
- Chu k:
1 2 2 R
T
f v

e
= = =
f. Nhit lng cung cp cho vt: Q mc t = A (J)
m=V: khi lng ca vt (kg)
: khi lng ring (kg/m
3
)
V: th tch (m
3
)
c: nhit dung ring (J/kg.K)
At=t
2
-t
1
: bin thin nhit
VN 3: QUANG PH NGUYN T HIR
1. Trng thi dng ca nguyn t:
c nng lng xc nh, gin on v khng bc x nng lng.
a. Bn knh qu o dng:
2
0 n
r n r =
r
0
=5,3.10
-11
m=0,53A
0
: bn knh Bo
(bn knh nh nht ng vi trng thi c bn n=1)
b. Nng lng trng thi dng:
0
2 2
13, 6
n
E
E eV
n n
= =
2. Tin Bo:
nm n m
nm
hc
hf E E c
= = =
Ch : khi nguyn t chuyn trng thi dng th e cng chuyn
qu o dng v ngc li.
3. Quang ph nguyn t Hir:
a. S chuyn mc nng lng:
Dy Lai-man: Nm trong vng t ngoi
- ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn
ngoi v qu o K
- Vch di nht
21
khi e chuyn t L
K
- Vch ngn nht
1
khi e chuyn t
K.
Dy Ban-me: Mt phn nm trong vng t
ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn
thy
- ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn
ngoi v qu o L
- Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H
o
ng vi e: M L
Vch lam H
|
ng vi e: N L
Vch chm H
ng vi e: O L
Vch tm H
o
ng vi e: P L
- Vch di nht
32
(Vch H
o
)
- Vch ngn nht
2
khi e chuyn t L.
Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
- ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M
- Vch di nht
43
khi e chuyn t N M.
- Vch ngn nht
3
khi e chuyn t M.
hf
nm hf
nm
nhn phtn
pht phtn
E
n
E
m
E
n
> E
m
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
o
H
|
H
H
o
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
n=
b. Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

= +
v f
13
= f
12
+f
23
CH VIII: THUYT TNG I HP (Nghin cu cc h quy chiu qun tnh)
VN 1: CC TIN CA ANH-XTANH
Nguyn l tng i: Cc nh lut vt l c cng mt dng nh nhau trong mi h quy chiu qun
tnh.
Nguyn l v s bt bin ca tc nh sng: Tc nh sng trong chn khng c cng ln
c (gii hn ca cc tc vt l) trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh, khng ph thuc phng
truyn v tc ca ngun sng hay my thu.
* H qu:
o S co di: (tnh tng i ca khng gian)
di ca mt thanh co li theo phng chuyn ng ca n:
2
0 0 2
1
v
l l l
c
= <
o S chm li ca ng h chuyn ng: (tnh tng i ca thi gian)
ng h gn vi quan st vin chuyn ng chy chm hn ng h gn vi quan st vin
ng yn:
2
0 0 2
1
v
t t t
c
A = A < A
l: chiu di ca thanh chuyn ng vi tc v
l
0
: di ring ca thanh (khi v=0)
c ~ 3.10
8
m/s: tc nh sng trong chn khng
At
0
: thi gian o trong h quy chiu ng yn
At: thi gian o trong h quy chiu chuyn ng
Ch :
K hiu At, At
0
ngc li vi sch gio khoa, khi lm bi tp phi ch .
VN 2: H THC ANH-XTANH GIA NNG LNG V KHI LNG
1. Khi lng tng i tnh:
0
0
2
2
1
m
m m
v
c
= >
m: khi lng ca vt chuyn ng vi tc v

m
0
: khi lng ngh ca vt (khi v=0)
2. H thc gia nng lng v khi lng:
Mt vt c khi lng th cng c nng lng tng ng v ngc li:
2
E mc =
3. H thc lin h gia nng lng v ng lng:
2 4 2 2
0
E m c p c = +
4. Nng lng ton phn ca vt:
2
0 0
0 d
2 2
2 2
W
1 1
m c E
E E
v v
c c
= = = +

E
0
: nng lng ngh ca vt (khi v=0)
W
: ng nng ca vt
Ch :
i vi h kn, khi lng ngh v nng lng ngh khng nht thit c bo ton, nhng nng
lng ton phn c bo ton.
C hc c in l trng hp ring ca c hc tng i tnh khi v c .
CH IX: HT NHN NGUYN T
VN 1: HT NHN NGUYN T
1. Cu to:
Ht nhn c to thnh t cc nucln:
o Prtn:
1 1
1 1
( ) p H : q
p
= +e =1,6.10
-19
C
o Ntron:
1
0
n : q
n
=0
S nucln: A (s khi)
S prtn: Z (nguyn t s)
S ntron: N=A-Z
Kch thc: xem ht nhn l qu cu
o Bn knh:
1
15
3
1, 2.10 R A
=
o Th tch:
3
4
3
V R =
2. ng v: L nhng nguyn t m ht nhn ca chng c cng s prtn Z, nhng s nucln A khc
nhau.
3. ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X : . ( ).
p n hn
m Z m A Z m m A = +
4. Lc ht nhn: l lc ht gia cc nucln
c im:
o C bn knh tc dng ngn: 10
-15
m
o Khng phi l lc tnh in hay lc hp dn
o C tnh bo ha (mi nucln ch tng tc vi mt s nucln ln cn)
o L lc trao i (thc hin bng cch trao i ht mzn )
5. Nng lng lin kt:
L nng lng cn thit cung cp cho ht nhn tch n thnh cc nucln ring r (nng
lng ta ra khi h cc nucln kt hp to thnh ht nhn).
2
.
lk
W mc = A
* Nng lng lin kt ring:
lk
W
A
MeV
nucl n
| |
|
\ .
Ch :
Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.
1u=1,66.10
-27
kg =931,5
2
MeV
c
| |
|
\ .
1uc
2
= 931,5 MeV
1 eV = 1,6.10
-19
J
VN 2: S PHNG X
1. Hin tng:
Ht nhn khng bn vng (ht nhn m) t pht phn r, pht ra cc tia phng x (cc bc x
khng nhn thy) v bin i thnh ht nhn khc (ht nhn con).
c im: c tnh t pht v khng iu khin c, khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi
(p sut, nhit )
2. Cc loi tia phng x:
Phng x o: l dng cc ht nhn
4
2
He
Phng x |:
o |
-
: l dng cc electron
0
1
e
, pht ra phn ht ntrin

0
0v
o |
+
: l dng cc pzitron
0
1
e , pht ra ht ntrin
0
0
v
Phng x : l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn (<10
-11
m), cng l ht phtn c nng lng
cao, khng b lch trong in trng v t trng.
Ch :
Mi cht phng x ch phng ra mt trong ba tia o, |
-
, |
+
(c th km theo tia )
Tia Tia Tia
Tia
+
Tia
-
Bn
cht Ht nhn nguyn t
4
2
He
Pzitron hay
electron dng , k
hiu
0
1
e hay e
+
. Thc
cht ca phng x |
+
l mt ht prton
bin thnh mt ht
ntron , mt ht
pzitron v mt
ntrin
p n + e
+
+ v
e
cc electron , k hiu
0
1
e
hay e
-
. Thc cht
ca phng x |
-
l
mt ht ntron bin
thnh mt ht prton
, mt ht electron v
mt phn ht ntrin
n p + e
-
+
~
e
v
L sng in t c bc
sng rt ngn , cng l
ht phtn c nng
lng cao . Ht nhn con
sinh ra trng thi kch
thch c mc nng lng
cao E
1
chuyn xung
mc nng lng thp E
2
ng thi phng ra mt
phtn c nng lng
1 2
hc
hf E E e = = = -
l
in
tch
+2e +e -e 0
Tc 2.10
7
m/s Gn bng tc nh sng Bng tc nh sng
Kh
nng
ion
ha
Ion ha mi trng
mnh
C kh nng ion ha mi trng nhng yu
hn tia Kh nng ion ha yu
Kh
nng
m
xuyn
Kh nng m xuyn
km , qung ng i
c trong khng kh
c 8cm
Kh nng m xuyn mnh , i c vi
mt trong khng kh vi mm trong kim loi
C kh nng m xuyn
ln , i c vi mt
trong b tng v
centimet trong ch v rt
nguy him
Quy
tc
dch
chuyn
X
A
Z
He
4
2
+ Y
A
z
4
2
So vi ht nhn m ,
ht nhn con li 2
trong bng tun hon
v c s khi gim 4
n v
X
A
Z
e
0
1 +
+
+ Y
A
Z 1
So vi ht nhn m ,
ht nhn con li 1
trong bng tun hon
v c cng s khi
X
A
Z
e
0
1
-
+ Y
A
Z 1 +
So vi ht nhn m ,
ht nhn con tin 1
trong bng tun hon
v c cng s khi
Trong phng x khng
c s bin i ht nhn
phng x thng i
km theo phng x v
3. nh lut phng x
a. S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
0
0
.
2
t
k
N
N N e

= =
b. S nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con v bng s ht ( hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c to thnh:
, )
0 0 0
1 2 (1 )
k t
N N N N N e

A = = =
o Nu
t T <<
: p dng cng thc gn ng:
0
N N t A = ( 1: 1
x
x e x + = )
c. Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
0
0
.
2
t
k
m
m m e

= =
o Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
k
m
m
-
=
d. Khi lng cht phng x b phn r sau thi gian t:
, )
0 0 0
1 2 (1 )
k t
m m m m m e

A = = =
o Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1 2 1
k t
m
e
m

A
= =
e. Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t:
1 1
1 1 0
0 0
(1 )
t
A
A A N
m A m e m
N A A

A
= = = A
o N
0
, m
0
: s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x lc u
o T: chu k bn r
o
t
k
T
= : s chu k bn r trong thi gian t
o
ln 2 0, 693
T T
= = : hng s phng x
o A
0
, A
1
: s khi ca cht phng x ban u v cht mi c to thnh.
o N
A
=6,023.10
23
mol
-1
Ch :
Trng hp phng x |
+
, |
-
th A
1
=A
0
m
1
= Am
Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
Bng quy lut phn r
t T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
S ht cn li N
0
/2 N
0
/4 N
0
/8 N
0
/16 N
0
/32 N
0
/64
S ht phn r N
0
/2 3 N
0
/4 7 N
0
/8 15 N
0
/16 31 N
0
/32 63 N
0
/64
T l % phn r 50% 75% 87,5% 93,75% 96,875% 98,4375%
T l r v cn li 1 3 7 15 31 63
4. phng x (hot phng x)
L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s
phn r trong 1 giy.
0 0
2
k t
H H H e N

= = =
H
0
= N
0
: phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq) : 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy
Curi (Ci) : 1Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Ch :
Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
VN 3: PHN NG HT NHN
1. nh ngha:
L mi qu trnh dn n s bin i ht nhn
o Phn ng tng tc gia cc ht nhn: a+bc+d
o Phn ng t phn r (s phng x): a (ht nhn m)b (ht nhn con)+c(ht o hoc |)
2. Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn: a+bc+d
a. nh lut bo ton s khi: A
a
+ A
b
= A
c
+ A
d
b. nh lut bo ton in tch: Z
a
+ Z
b
= Z
c
+ Z
d
c. nh lut bo ton ng lng:
a b c d mv mv mv mv

+ = +
d. nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn (tng nng lng ngh v ng nng)
3. Nng lng trong phn ng ht nhn:W = (M
0
- M)c
2
0 a b
M m m = + : tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.
c d
M m m = + : tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Ch :
W>0 : phn ng to nng lng W di dng ng nng ca cc ht c, d hoc phtn . Nu cc
ht a, b ban u ng yn thi ng nng ca c,d l:
dC dD
W W; W W
d c
c d c d
m m
m m m m
= =
+ +
o Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
W<0 : phn ng thu nng lng ,W, di dng ng nng ca cc ht a, b hoc phtn .
o Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
o Nng lng cn thit phn ng xy ra l , W,
o Nng lng cung cp:
2
0 d cc hat sau phan ng
W=(M-M ) W c +
Nu tnh theo ht khi: , ) A A
2
0
W= M M c
AM
0
, AM: ht khi ca cc ht trc v sau phn ng.
+ W>0: phn ng thu nng lng
+ W<0: phn ng ta nng lng
4. Hai loi phn ng ta nng lng
a. Phn ng phn hch:
Ht nhn nng hp th ntron nhit (ntron chm) v thnh hai ht nhn c s khi trung bnh
(80 n 160). Sau mi phn ng u c hn hai ntron c phng ra.
k: s ntron trung bnh cn li sau mi phn hch:
o k<1: phn ng dy chuyn khng xy ra.
o k=1: phn ng dy chuyn kim sot c (trong l phn ng ht nhn_nh cc thanh
iu khin cha Bo hay Caimi hp th ntron).
o k>1: phn ng dy chuyn khng kim sot c (Bom A hay bom nguyn t)
m bo k1 th khi lng ht nhn phi t mt gi tr ti thiu gi l khi lng ti hn
b. Phn ng nhit hch:
Cc ht nhn nh tng thnh ht nhn nng hn
iu kin:
o Nhit cao: 10
7
10
8
K
o Mt ht nhn n ln
o Thi gian At duy tr nhit cao di: nAt 10
14
s/cm
3
Phn ng nhit hch khng kim sot c: bom H (Bom Hir hay bom khinh kh)
Ch :
Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
Mi quan h gia ng lng v ng:
2
d
2 W p m =
Khi tnh tc hay ng nng thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh cho cc vect ng lng, p
dng nh l hm s cosin:
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os( , ) p p p p p c p p

= + +
p
ur
1
p
u ur
2
p
u ur

CH X: T VI M N V M
VN 1: CC HT S CP
1. Th gii vi m, v m c sp xp theo kch thc ln dn: Ht s cp, ht nhn nguyn t, nguyn
t, phn t, hnh tinh, h Mt Tri, thin h ...
2. Ht s cp: L ht c kch thc v khi lng nh hn ht nhn nguyn t.
- Cc ht s cp c chia lm ba loi:
+ phtn c m
0
= 0
+ Cc leptn: C khi lng t 0 n 200 m
e
. Bao gm: ntrin v, electron e
-
, pzitron e
+
,
+ Cc harn: C khi lng trn 200m
e
. c chia thnh ba nhm con:
- Mzn t, K: C khi lng trn 200m
e
nhng nh hn khi lng nucln.
- Nucln p, n.
- Hipron: C khi lng ln hn khi lng cc nucln.
Nhm cc nucln v hipron cn c gi l barion.
- Tt c cc harn u c cu to t cc ht nh hn, gi l quac. C 6 loi quac (k hiu l: u, d,
s, c, b, t) cng vi 6 phn quac tng ng. Cc quac c mang in phn s:
e
3
,
2e
3
. Mt trong cc
thnh cng v gi thuyt v quac l d on v ht mga tr O
-
.
- Phn ln cc ht s cp u to thnh cp gm ht v phn ht. Phn ht c cng khi lng ngh v
spin nh ht nhng cc c trng khc c tr s bng v ln v tri du.
- Lu :
+ Sp xp theo th t tng dn v khi lng ca cc ht s cp bit: Phtn, leptn, mzn v
barion.
+ Theo quan nim hin nay v cc ht thc s l s cp gm: Cc quac, cc leptn v cc ht truyn
tng tc l glun, phtn, W
, Z
0
v gravitn.
+ Ht prton c cu to bi cc quac nn prton c th b ph v.
3. Bn loi tng tc c bn trong v tr: mnh, in t, yu, hp dn.
- Tng tc hp dn: L tng tc gia cc ht (cc vt) c khi lng khc khng. Bn knh ln v
cng, lc tng tc nh.Vd: Trng lc, lc ht ca T v mt trng...
- Tng tc in t: l tng tc gia cc ht mang in v gia cc vt tip tip xc gy nn ma st.
Bn knh ln v hn, lc tng tc mnh hn tng tc hp dn c 10
38
ln.
Tng tc in t l bn cht ca cc lc Culng, lc in t, lc Lo ren, lc ma st, lc lin kt ha
hc...
- Tng tc yu cc leptn: l tng tc gia cc leptn. Bn knh tc dng rt nh c 10
-18
m, lc
tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c 10
11
ln. V d: cc qu trnh phn r |
:
p n + e
+
+ v
e
; n p + e
-
+
~
e
v
-Tng tc mnh: L tng tc gia cc hadrn; khng k cc qu trnh phn r ca chng. Bn knh tc
dng rt nh c 10
-15
m, lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c 10
2
ln.
Mt trng hp ring ca tng tc mnh l lc ht nhn.
4. Kch thc ca nguyn t, ht nhn, prton ln lt l: 10
-10
m, 10
-14
m, 10
-15
m.
- Theo th t kch thc gim dn: Phn t > nguyn t > ht nhn > nucln > quac.
VN 2 : MT TRI H MT TRI
1. H mt tri: Gm Mt Tri v 8 hnh tinh, cc tiu hnh tinh v cc v tinh, cc sao chi v thin
thch.
- Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi
Vng tinh.
- o n v gia cc hnh tinh ngi ta dng n v thin vn: 1vtv = 150.10
6
km.
- Nm nh sng: l qung ng m as i c trong 1 nm: 1 nm nh sng = 9,46.10
12
km
- Cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mt tri theo chiu thun trong cng mt phng, Mt Tri v cc hnh
tinh t quay quanh n v u quay theo chiu thun tr Kim tinh.
2. Mt tri:
- L thin th trung tmca h mt tri. C bn knh >109 ln bk tri t; khi lng =333000 ln kl T.
- C khi lng ln, lc hp dn ca Mt Tri c vai tr quyt nh s hnh thnh, pht trin v chuyn
ng ca h.
- L mt qu cu kh nng sng, khong 75% l hir v 23% l heli. Nhit b mt 6000K, trong lng
n hng chc triu . Trong lng mt tri lun xy ra p. nht hch l p. tng hp ht nhn hir
thnh hn heli.
-Cu trc ca mt tri: Nhn tng qut, Mt tri c cu to gm hai phn l quang cu v kh cu.
+Quang cu. Nhn t Tri t ta thy Mt tri c dng mt a sng trn v bn knh gc 16 pht. khi
cu nng sng nhn thy ny c gi l quang cu (cn gi l quang quyn, c bn knh khong 7.10
5
km).
+Kh quyn Mt tri (kh cu). Bao quanh quang cu c kh quyn Mt tri. Kh quyn Mt tri c
cu to ch yu bi hir, heli v c nhit rt cao nn kh quyn c c tnh rt phc tp. Kh quyn
c phn ra hai lp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau l sc cu v nht hoa.
Sc cu l lp kh nm st mt quang cu c dy trn 10 000 km v c nhit khong 4500K.
Pha ngoi sc cu l nht hoa. Vt cht cu to nht hoa trng thi ion ho mnh (gi l trng
thi plaxma). Nhit khong 1 triu . Nht hoa c hnh dng thay i theo thi gian.
- Cng sut pht x Mt Tri l P=3,9.10
26
W.
Lu : Cng sut bc x ca mt tri P = 3,9.10
26
W, M P =
A
t
=
E
t
==> E = P.t
==> Khi Lng mt tri gim i l : m= E/c
2
= Pt/c
2
3. Tri t:
a) Cu to: Tri t c dng hnh phng cu, bn knh xch o bng 6378km, bn knh hai cc bng
6357km, khi lng ring trung bnh 5515kg/m
3
.
+ Li Tri t: bn knh 3000km; ch yu l st, niken; nhit khong 3000-4000
0
C.
+ V Tri t: dy khong 35km; ch yu l granit; khi lng ring 3300kg/m
3
.
- 1 vi s liu v T: BK = 6400km, KL = 5,98.10
24
kg, BK qu o quanh mt tri 150.10
6
km. Chu k
quay quanh trc 23
h
56
ph
004
giy
. Chu k quay quanh mt tri 365,2422 ngy. Gc nghing 23
0
27
b) Mt Trng- v tinh ca Tri t
- Mt trng cch Tri t 384 000 km c bn knh 1738 km, c khi lng 7, 35.10
22
kg. Gia tc trng
trng ca Mt trng l 1,63 m/s
2
. Mt trng chuyn ng quanh Tri t vi chu k 27,32 ngy. Trong
khi chuyn ng caTri t, Mt Trng cn quay quanh trc ca n vi chu k ng bng chu k chuyn
ng quanh Tri t. Hn na, do chiu t quay cng chiu vi chiu quay quanh Tri t, nn Mt
Trng lun hng mt na nht nh ca n v pha Tri t.
- Do lc hp dn b nn Mt Trng khng gi c kh quyn. Ni cc khc, Mt Trng khng c kh
quyn.
- B mt Mt trng c ph mt lp vt cht xp. Trn b mt Mt Trng c cc dy ni cao, c cc
vng bng phng c gi l bin (bin , khng phi l bin nc), c bit l c rt nhiu l trn
trn cc nh ni (c th l ming ni la tt, hoc vt tch va chm ca cc thin thch).
- Nhit trong mt ngy m trn Mt Trng chnh lch nhau rt ln ; vng xch o ca mt Mt
Trng, nhit lc gia tra l trn 100
0
C nhng lc na m li l -150
0
C .
- Mt Trng c nhiu nh hng n Tri t, m r rt nht l gy ra hin tng thu triu. Cn lu
rng kh quyn Tri t cng b tc dng ca lc triu (triu), dng ln v h xung vi bin ln hn
bin ca thu triu rt nhiu ln.
4. Hnh tinh chuyn ng xung quanh Mt Tri theo mt qu o xc nh.
- Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi
Vng tinh.
- Cc hnh tinh c kch thc nh c vi trm km hoc nh hn gi l cc tiu hnh tinh.
- V tinh chuyn ng quanh hnh tinh.
- Nhng hnh tinh thuc nhm Tri t l: Thu tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t v Ho tinh. l cc hnh
tinh nh, rn, c khi lng ring tng i ln. Nhit b mt tng i cao.
- Nhng hnh tinh thuc nhm Mc tinh l: Mc tinh, Th tinh, Hi vng tinh v Thin vng tinh.
Chng l cc hnh tinh ln, c th l khi kh hoc nhn rn v xung quanh l cht lng. Nhit b mt
tng di thp.
- Cc c trng c bn ca cc hnh tinh
Thin th
Khong
cch n
Mt Tri
(vtv)
Bn
knh
(km)
Khi lng
(so vi Tri
t)
Khi lng
ring
(10
3
kg/m
3
)
Chu k
t quay
Chu k
chuyn ng
quanh Mt
Tri
S v
tinh
bit
Thy tinh 0,39 2440 0,055 5,4 59 ngy 87,9 ngy 0
Kim tinh 0,72 6056 0,81 5,3
243
ngy
224,7 ngy 0
Tri t 1 6375 1 5,5 23g56ph
365,25 ngy
(1 nm)
1
Ha tinh 1,52 3395 0,11 3,9 24g37ph 1,88 nm 2
Mc tinh 5,2 71490 318 1,3 9g50ph 11,86 nm 63
Th tinh 9,54 60270 95 0,7 14g14ph 29,46 nm 34
Thin
Vng
tinh
19,19 25760 15 1,2 17g14ph 84,00 nm 27
Hi
Vng
tinh
30,07 25270 17 1,7 16g11ph 164,80 nm 13
5. Sao chi v thin thch:
- Sao chi: L nhng khi kh ng bng ln vi , c ng knh vi km, chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri
theo qu o elp rt dt m mt tri l 1 tiu im. Khi sao chi c trn qu o gn mt tri vt cht
trong sao b nng sng v bay hi thnh m kh v bi quanh sao. m kh v bi bao quanh sao b p
sut do as mt tri gy ra y dt v pha i din vi mt tri to thnh ci ui sao chi. ng trn T
ta nhn thy c u v ui sao chi: u sao chi gn mt tri, ui sao chi xa MT hn.
- Thin thch: L nhng tng chuyn ng quanh mt tri. Trng hp thin thch bay v bu kh
quyn ca tri t th n b ma st mnh nu nng sng v bc chy, li mt vt di m ta gi l sao
bng.
VN 3 : CC SAO V THIN H
1. Sao:
- Sao l mt thin th nng sng ging nh Mt Tri. Cc sao rt xa, hin nay bit ngi sao gn
nht cch chng ta n hng chc t km (trn 4 nm as); cn ngi sao xa nht cch xa n 14 t nm nh
sng (1 nm nh sng = 9,46.10
12
km).
- Xung quanh mt s sao cn c cc hnh tinh chuyn ng, ging nh h Mt Tri. Khi lng ca cc
sao c gi tr nm trong khong t 0,1 ln khi lng Mt Tri n vi chc ln (a s khong 5 ln )
khi lng Mt Tri. Bn knh ca cc sao c gi tr nm trong mt khong rt rng, t khong mt phn
nghn ln bn knh Mt Tri ( sao cht) n gp hng ngn ln bk mt tri ( sao knh).
2. Cc loi sao:
- a s cc sao tn ti trong trng thi n nh; c kch thc, nhit , khng i trong mt thi gian
di.
- Ngoi ra; ngi ta pht hin thy c mt s sao c bit nh sao bin quang, sao mi, sao ntron,
+ Sao bin quang c sng thay i, c hai loi:
- Sao bin quang do che khut l mt h sao i (gm sao chnh v sao v tinh), sng tng hp
m ta thu c s bin thin c chu k.
- Sao bin quang do nn dn c sng thay i thc s theo mt chu k xc nh.
+ Sao mi c sng tng t ngt ln hng ngn, hng vn ln ri sau t t gim. L thuyt cho rng
sao mi l mt pha t bin trong qu tnh bin ha ca mt h sao.
+ Punxa, sao ntron ngoi s bc x nng lng cn c phn bc x nng lng thnh xung sng v
tuyn.
- Sao ntron c cu to bi cc ht ntron vi mt cc k ln 10
14
g/cm
3
.
- Punxa (pulsar) l li sao ntron vi bn knh 10km t quay vi tc gc 640 vng/s v pht ra
sng v tuyn. Bc x thu c trn Tri t c dng tng xung sng ging nh ng sng ngn hi
ng m tu bin nhn c.
- Ngoi ra, trong h thng cc thin th trong v tr c cc l en v cc tinh vn.
+ L en l mt thin th c tin on bi l thuyt, cng c cu tao bi cc ntron, c
trng hp dn ln n ni thu ht mi vt th, k c nh sng. V vy, thin th ny ti en khng pht
bt k sng in t no.Ngi ta ch pht hin c mt l en nh tia X pht ra, khi l en ht mt
thin th gn .
+ Tinh vn ta cn thy nhng m my sng, gi l. l cc m bi khng l c ri sng
bi cc ngi sao gn , hoc l cc m kh b ion ho c phng ra t mt sao mi hay sao siu
mi.
3. Khi qut v s tin ho ca cc sao
Khi nhin liu trong sao cn kit, sao bin thnh cc thin th khc. L thuyt cho thy cc sao c khi
lng c Mt Tri c th sng ti 10 t nm, sau bin thnh sao cht trng (hay sao ln ), l sao c
bn knh ch bng mt phn trm hay mt phn nghn bn knh Mt Tri nhng li c nhit b mt ti
50 000 K. Cn cc sao c khi lng ln hn mt tri (t nm ln tr ln) th ch sng c khong
100 triu nm, nhit ca sao gim dn v sao tr thnh sao knh , sau li tip tc tin ho v tr
thnh mt sao ntron (punxa), hoc mt l en.
4. Thin h:
- Cc sao tn ti trong v tr thnh nhng h thng tng i c lp i vi nhau. H thng sao gm
nhiu loi sao v tinh vn gi l thin h.
a. Cc loi thin h:
- Thin h xon c c hnh dng dt nh cc a, c nhng cnh tay xon c, cha nhiu kh.
- Thin h elip c hnh elip, cha t kh v c khi lng tri ra trn mt di rng. C mt loi
thin h elip l ngun pht sng v tuyn in rt mnh.
- Thin h khng nh hnh trng nh nhng m my (thin h Ma gien-lng).
- ng knh ca cc thin h vo khong 100000 nm nh sng .
- Ton b cc sao trong mi thin h u quay xung quanh trung tm thin h.
b. Thin H ca chng ta. Ngn h:
- Thin h ca chng ta l loi thin h xon c, c ng knh khong 100 nghn nm nh sng v c
khi lng bng khong 150 t ln khi lng Mt Tri. N l mt h phng ging nh mt ci a, dy
khong 330 nm nh sng, cha vi trm t ngi sao. H Mt Tri nm trong mt cnh tay xon ra
thin h, cch trung tm trn 30 nghn nm nh sng v quay quanh tm thin h vi tc khong 250
km/s. Gia cc sao c bi v kh. Phn trung tm thin h c dng mt hnh cu dp, gi l vng li
trung tm (dy khong 15000 nm nh sng ), c to bi cc sao gi kh v bi. Ngay trung tm
thin h c mt ngun pht x hng ngoi v cng l ngun pht x sng v tuyn in ; ngun ny pht
ra nng lng tng ng vi sng ca chng 20 triu ngi sao nh mt tri v phng ra mt lung
gi mnh.
- T Tri t, Chng ta ch nhn c hnh chiu ca Thin H trn vm tri, nh mt di sng tri ra
trn bu tri m, c gi l di Ngn H. Mt phng trung tm ca di Ngn H tr nn ti do mt ln
bi di. Vo u m ma h, ta thy di Ngn H nm trn nn tri sao theo hng ng Bc- Ty
Nam .
c. Nhm thin h. Siu nhm thin h:
- V tr c hng trm t thin h, cc thin h thng cch nhau khong mi ln kch thc Thin H
ca chng ta. Cc thin h c xu hng hp li vi nhau thnh tng nhm t vi chc n vi nghn
thin h.
- Thin H ca chng ta v cc thin h ln ln thuc v Nhm thin h a phng, gm khong 20
thnh vin, chim mt th tch khng gian c ng knh gn mt triu nm nh sng. Nhm ny b chi
phi ch yu bi ba thin h xon c ln: Tinh vn Tin N (thin h Tin N M31 hay NGC224);
Thin H ca chng ta; Thin h Tam gic, cc thnh vin cn li l Nhm cc thin h elip v cc thin
h khng nh hnh t hon.
- khong cch c khong 50 triu nm nh sng l Nhm Trinh N cha hng nghn thin h tri rng
trn bu tri trong chm sao Trinh N.
- Cc nhm thin h tp hp li thnh Siu nhm thin h hay i thin h. Siu nhm thin h a
phng c tm nm trong Nhm Trinh N v cha tt c cc nhm bao quanh n, trong c nhm
thin h a phng ca chng ta.
VN 4 : THUYT V N LN (BIG BANG)
1. Cc s kin thin vn quan trng
a) V tr dn n:
Cc thin h dch chuyn ra xa nhau, l bng chng ca s kin thin vn quan trng : v tr ang
dn n.
b) Bc x v tr
Bc x ny c pht ng u t pha trong khng trung v tng ng vi bc x pht ra t vt c nhit
khong 3K (chnh xc l 2,735K); bc x ny c gi l bc x 3K. Kt qu thu c chng t bc
x l bc x c pht ra t mi pha trong v tr (nay ngui) v c gi l bc x nn v tr.
2. nh lut Hp-bn:
- Tc li ra xa ca thin h t l vi khong cch gia thin h v chng ta: v = H.d
Vi: v l tc chy xa ca thin h
d l k/c t thin h ang xt n thin h ca chng ta
H=1,7.10
-2
m/s nm nh sng gi l hs Hp - bn
1 nmnh sng = 9,46.10
12
km
3. Thuyt v n ln (Big Bang):
- Theo thuyt v n ln, v tr bt u dn n t mt im k d. tnh tui v bn knh v tr, ta
chn im k d lm mc (gi l im zr Big Bang).
- Ti thi im ny cc nh lut vt l bit v thuyt tng i rng khng p dng c. Vt l hc
hin i da vo vt l ht s cp d on cc hin tng xy ra bt u t thi im t
p
= 10
-43
s sau
V n ln gi l thi im Planck.
- thi im Planck, kch thc v tr l
35
10 m
, nhit l
32
10 K v mt l
91 3
10 kg/cm . Cc tr
s cc ln cc nh ny gi l tr s Planck. T thi im ny V tr dn n rt nhanh, nhit ca V
tr gim dn. Ti thi im Planck, V tr b trn ngp bi cc ht c nng lng cao nh electron,
notrino v quark, nng lng t nht bng
15
10 GeV .
- Ti thi imt = 10
-6
s, chuyn ng cc quark v phn quark chm cc lc tng tc mnh
gom chng li v gn kt chng li to thnh cc prtn v ntrn, nng lng trung bnh ca cc ht
trong v tr lc ny ch cn 1GeV .
- Ti thi im = t 3 phut , cc ht nhn Heli c to thnh. Trc , prtn v ntrn kt hp
vi nhau to thnh ht nhn teri
2
1
H . Khi , xut hin cc ht nhn teri
2
1
H , triti
3
1
H , heli
4
2
He bn. Cc ht nhn hir v hli chim 98% khi lng cc sao v cc thin h, khi lng cc ht
nhn nng hn ch chim 2%. mi thin th, c
1
4
khi lng l hli v c
3
4
khi lng l hir.
iu chng t, mi thin th, mi thin h c cng chung ngun gc.
- Ti thi imt=300000nm, cc loi ht nhn khc c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v
tr l tng tc in t. Cc lc in t gn cc electron vi cc ht nhn, to thnh cc nguyn t H v
He.
- Ti thi imt=10
6
nm, cc nguyn t c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v tr l tng
tc hp dn. Cc lc hp dn thu gom cc nguyn t li, to thnh cc thin h v ngn cn cc thin h
tip tc n ra. Trong cc thin h, lc hp dn nn cc m nguyn t li to thnh cc sao. Ch c
khong cch gia cc thin h tip tc tng ln.
- Ti thi imt=14.10
9
nm, v tr trng thi nh hin nay vi nhit trung bnh = T 2, 7K .
Lu :
- Theo hiu ng p-le vi sng as th nu 1 ngun ng yn pht ra 1 bc x n sc bc sng
0
, khi
ngun chuyn ng vi tc v i vi my thu th bc sng ca bc x m my thu nhn c l .
- dch chuyn bc sng ca bc x l : = -
0
=
0
v
c
+ Nu ngun ra xa my thu th v > 0 ==> A = -

0
> 0 ==> >
0
, bc sng ca bc x d/c v pha
, bs di hn.
+ Nu ngun li gn my thu th v < 0 ==> A = -
0
< 0 ==> <
0
, bc sng ca bc x d/c v
pha tm, bs ngn hn.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
MT S TH THUT KHI LM BI TRC NGHIM VT L
Chiu th 1. Khi trong 4 phng n tr li, c 2 phng n l ph nh ca nhau, th cu tr li ng
chc chn phi l mt trong hai phng n ny.
V d: Khi vt dao ng iu ha i t v tr bin v v tr cn bng :
A. Vt tc ca vt tng B. Lc hi phc gim
C. Gia tc ca vt gim D. Gia tc ca vt khng i
Chn p n SAI.
R rng vi trng hp cu hi ny, ta khng cn quan tm n hai phng n A v B, v C v D
khng th cng ng hoc cng sai c. Nu vo thi m gp cu hi nh th ny th coi nh bn may
mn, v bn c tr gip 50 - 50 ri !
Chiu th 2. Khi 4 p s nu ra ca i lng cn tm c ti 3, 4 n v khc nhau th hy khoan tnh
ton , c th ngi ta mun kim tra kin thc v th nguyn (n v ca i lng vt l) y.
V d: Mt con lc l xo gm vt nng c khi lng 100g dao ng vi tn s 5Hz v vi bin 5cm
th s c c nng l :
A. 25W. B. 0,025J. C. 0,25kg.m/s. D. 2,5J.s.
Vi bi ton ny, sau mt lot tnh ton, bn s thu c p s l 0,025J. Tuy nhin, ch cn nhanh
tr mt cht th vic chn p s 0,025J phi l hin nhin, khng cn lm ton.
Chiu th 3. ng vi vng t vng trn khi con s bn tnh c trng khp vi con s ca mt
phng n tr li no y. Mi i lng vt l cn cn c n v o ph hp na.
V d: t vo hai u on mch RLC vi R=100O mt hiu in th xoay chiu c gi tri hiu dng
200V. in nng cc i m on mch tiu th trong 2,5 giy l :
A. 400 J; B. 400 W; C. 1000 W; D. 1 kJ.
Gii bi ton ny, bn thu c con s 1000. Nhng p n ng li l 1 c. Hy can thn vi
nhng bi ton dng ny, giang h him c bn nh.
Chiu th 4. Phi cn nhc cc con s thu c t bi ton c ph hp vi nhng kin thc bit
khng. Chng hn tm bc sng ca nh sng kh kin th gi tr phi trong khong 0,400 n 0,760
m. Hay tnh gi tr lc ma st trt th hy nh l lc ma st trt lun vo khong trn di chc phn
trm ca p lc. Trong v d sau , hai con s 0,5 N v 6,48 N r rng l khng th chp nhn c.
Mt t c khi lng 2 tn ang chuyn ng vi vn tc 36 km/h th tt my, sau khi i c on
ng 200m th dng hn. Lc ma st trung bnh tc dng ln t trong qu trnh ny c ln
A. 500 N; B. 0,5 N; C. 6,48 N; D. 6480 N.
Bao gi cng vy, trong 4 phng n tr li, vi mt cht tinh v c phn on nhanh, trn c s
kin thc hc, bn lun lun c th loi tr ngay 2 phng n khng hp l.
Chiu th 5. Lun lun cn thn vi nhng t ph nh trong cu hi, c trong phn dn ln trong
cc phng n tr li. Khng phi ngi ra thi no cng nhn t m in m, in nghing, vit hoa
cc t ph nh cho bn u. Hy nh du cc t ph nh nhc nh bn thn khng phm sai lm.
V d: Tn s dao ng ca con lc l xo khng ph thuc vo :
A. cng ca l xo B. Khi lng ca vt nng
C. Cch kch thichs ban u D. Cc cu trn u ng
Hy nh l mi k thi c khng t s t trn vong ch v nhng ch khng cht ngi nh trn y !
Chiu th 6. Tng t, bn phi cnh gic vi nhng cu hi yu cu nhn nh pht bieu l ng hay
sai. Lm n c cho ht cu hi. Thc t c bn chang c ht cu vi tr li ri.
V d: Chn cu pht biu NG.
A. Khi a ng qu lc ln cao th ng h chy nhanh hn
B. khi nhit gim th ng h qu lc chy chm hn
C. Chu k dao ng ca con lc l xo ph thuc gia tc trng trng
D. Chu k dao ng ca con lc l xo khng ph thuc nhit
Cho nh cu ny l nhn o lm ! S t c th cht bt c k t v nhng cu thng pha sau nh
cu sau y, m khng hiu sao, c nhiu bn khng thm c n khi lm bi !
Khi mt vt dao ng iu ha th :
A. ng lng ca vt bin thin;
B. Th nng ca vt bin thin;
C. ng nng ca vt bin thin;
D. C nng ca vt bin thin.
Chn p n SAI.
Chiu th 7. c imca bi kim tra trc nghim l phm vi bao qut kin thc rng, c khi ch
nhng ch , lu , nhn xt nh li gip ch cho bn rt nhiu khi la chn phng n tr li.
Nm chc kin thc v t tin vi kin thc m mnh c, khng b nhiu v nhng d kin cho khng
cn thit.
V d: Cho on mch xoay chiu RLC trong R=80O, cun dy c in tr thun r = 30O, c t
cmL=
2
H v t in c in dung C thay i c . t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th xoay
chiu u = 220
2
sin(100tt -
6
) (V). iu chnh in dung ca t in cng dng in trong

mch t gi tri cc i khi cng sut tiu th trong mch l :
A. 440W. B. 484W. C. 220W. D. 242W.
y ta khng cn quan tm n gi tr ca t cm L, in dung C ca t in , tn s gc e
hay pha ban u ca hiu in th , nhng gi tri ny a vo ch gy nhiu , iu quan trng l ta
phi bit tnh gi tr ca cng dng in cc i v cng sut tiu th trn mch khi .
Trn y l mt s th thut lm bi kim tra trc nghim vt l. Hi vng l my chiu thc n s
ny c th gip ch cho bn phn no khi bc vo phng thi. Tuy nhin, c mt iu chng ti mun
nhn mnh vi bn rng: Cho d hnh thc kim tra, nh gi c thay i nh th no i na th hc cho
chc v bnh tnh, t tin khi lm bi vn l hai yu t then cht quyt nh cho s thnh cng ca bn.
Chc may mn.
15 IU CN LU KHI LM BI TRC NGHIM
T, bi xa khng ng cch, b lm nhng cu khng tm ra phng n... l nhng li th sinh (TS)
thng gp khi lm bi thi trc nghim. iu ng quan tm l t l cc sai st trn kh cao, khin im
s bi thi b nh thp mt cch oan ung. Cc Kho th v Kim nh cht lng gio dc B GD-T
va ban hnh ti liu hng dn thi trc nghim. Theo , khi lm bi thi trc nghim, TS cn lu :
1. Ngoi nhng vt dng c mang vo phng thi nh quy nh trong quy ch thi, lm bi trc
nghim, TS cn mang theo bt ch en (loi mm: 2B, 6B), dng c gt bt ch, ty ch, bt mc hoc
bt bi (mc khc mu ). Nn mang theo ng h theo di gi lm bi.
2. Ngay sau khi nhn c phiu tr li trc nghim, TS dng bt mc hoc bt bi in y bng ch
vo cc mc trng t s 1 n s 8; ghi s bo danh vi y cc ch s k c nhng s 0 u s
bo danh (nu c) vo cc vung nh trn u cc ct ca khung s bo danh (mc 9).Sau , ch dng
bt ch, ln lt theo tng ct t kn c ch s tng ng vi ch s u ct.Lu cha ghi m
thi(mc 10).
3. Khi nhn c thi, TS ghi tn v s bo danh ca mnh vo thi. Phi kim tra bo m rng
tt c cc trang ca thi u ghi cng mt m thi ( cui trang). thi c m s ring. TS xem m
thi (in trn u thi) v dng bt mc hoc bt bi ghi ngay 3 ch s ca m thi vo 3 vung
nh u cc ct ca khung ch nht (mc s 10 trn phiu tr li trc nghim); sau ch dng bt ch
ln lt theo tng ct t kn c ch s tng ng vi ch s u mi ct.
4. Khi tr li tng cu trc nghim, TS ch dng bt ch t kn tng ng vi ch ci A hoc B, C, D
trong phiu tr li trc nghim. Chng hn, TS ang lm cu 5, chn C l phng n ng th TS t en
c ch C trn dng c s 5 ca phiu tr li trc nghim.
5. Lm n cu trc nghim no TS dng bt ch t ngay tr li trn phiu tr li trc nghim, ng vi
cu trc nghim . Trnh lm ton b cc cu ca thi trn giy nhp hoc trn thi ri mi t vo
phiu tr li trc nghim, v d b thiu thi gian.
6. Ch t cc bng bt ch. Trong trng hp t nhm hoc mun thay i cu tr li, TS dng ty xa
tht sch ch c, ri t khc m mnh mi la chn.
7. Trnh vic t 2 tr ln cho mt cu trc nghim (v cu trc nghim ch c mt phng n tr li).
8. Khng nn dng li qu lu trc mt cu trc nghim no ; nu khng lm c cu ny TS nn
tm thi b qua lm cu khc; cui gi c th quay tr li lm cu trc nghim b qua, nu cn
thi gian.
9. Ch c phiu tr li trc nghim mi c coi l bi lm ca TS.Bi lm phi c 2 ch k ca 2 gim
th.
10. Trn phiu tr li trc nghim ch c vit mt th mc khng phi l mc v t ch en tr
li; khng c t bt c no trn phiu tr li trc nghim bng bt mc, bt bi. Khi t cc bng bt
ch, phi t m v lp kn din tch c ; khng gch cho hoc ch nh du vo c chn.
11. TS tuyt i khng c vit g thm hoc li du hiu ring trn phiu tr li trc nghim. Bi c
du ring s b coi l phm quy v khng c chm im.
12. TS cn lu l thi cho chng trnh phn ban c phn chung cho c 2 ban khoa hc t nhin v
khoa hc x hi v c phn ring ca tng ban. phn ring, TS ch c chn mt trong hai lm,
nu TS lm c hai phn l phm quy (nm ngoi, TS l lm c hai phn th ch chm phn u).
13. TS lm xong bi phi ngi ti ch, khng np bi trc nghim trc khi ht gi lm bi. Khi np
phiu tr li trc nghim, TS phi k tn vo danh sch TS np bi.
14. TS ch c ri khi ch ca mnh sau khi gim th kim s phiu tr li trc nghim ca c
phng thi v cho php TS ra v.
15. TS c ngh phc kho bi thi trc nghim ca mnh; c phc kho, TS lm cc th tc
theo quy ch.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Chc cc em HC SINH thnh cng trong hc tp !

Tóm tắt lý thuyết & các dạng toán - Vật lý 12 (Đây mới hoàn chỉnh) .13931

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tóm tắt lý thuyết & các dạng toán - Vật lý 12 (Đây mới hoàn chỉnh) .13931

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 1 -

GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com

c gi ct hoc song song vi trc quay.

: tng hnh hc cc vect lc tc dng ln vt rn.)

3. Gia tc: a (m/s

(tm quay O):

2. Tng hp hai dao ng cng phng, cng tn s:

bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt VTCB:

Khi gii cc bi ton dng ny, nu gp trng hp mt l xo c di

: chiu di con lc trc khi vp inh

: bin gc sau khi vp inh.

Cho hai con lc n: Con lc 1 chu k

Khi con lc chu tc dng thm ca ngoi lc khng i

Khi phng trnh qu o l:

th vt chu tc dng thm ca lc

(chiu chuyn ng) khi

ngc chiu chuyn ng

(chiu chuyn ng) khi

cng chiu chuyn ng

bng cch bm my tnh:

= = (m/s) L tc truyn mt pha dao ng nht nh.

A = = d: khong cch gia hai im

= = : hai im dao ng cng pha

= t : lc cng (N); : mt di (khi lng trn mt n v chiu di kg/m)

v: tc truyn m trong mi trng.

Tn sng Bc sng ng dng Tnh cht

) (V), th khi in p hai u in tr

Hai u l hai vn ti:

b. Xc nh tnh cht vn giao thoa:

m: khi lng ca vt chuyn ng vi tc v

, pht ra phn ht ntrin

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 52 -

+ Nu ngun ra xa my thu th v > 0 ==> A = -

) (V). iu chnh in dung ca t in cng dng in trong

You might also like