Re: Khi lng mol phn t trung bnh

by kongming on Sat Mar 27, 2010 3:18 pm

V d 1. Ha tan 4,68 gam hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A,B k tip nhau
trong nhm II A vo dung dch HCl d thu c 1,12 l CO2 (ktc). Xc nh A,B.
Gii
t M l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca A,B:
MCO3 + 2HCl ---> MCl2 + CO2 + H2O
---> nMCO3 = nCO2 = 1,12/22,4 = 0,05 mol
--->MCO3 = 4,68/0,05 = 93,6 --> M = 33,6
Bin lun A < M = 33,6 < B --> A = 24, B = 40 : Mg,Ca
V d 2. t chy hon ton a gam hn hp 2 ru no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng thu c 3,584 l CO2 v 3,96 g H2O. Tnh a v CTPT ca hai ru.
Gii
Gi n l s C trung bnh v x l tng s mol. T PU t chy :
nCO2 = nx = 3,584/22,4 = 0,16 mol
nH2O = (n+1)x = 3,96/18 = 0,22 mol
---> x = 0,06 v n = 2,67
---> a = (14n+18).x = 3,32 g
Hai ru l:C2H5OH v C3H7OH
Phng php tng, gim khi lng:
- Khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc, khi lng c th tng hoc gim do cc cht
khc nhau c khi lng mol phn t khc nhau. Da vo tng quan t l thun ca s
tng, gim khi lng vi s mol cht m ta gii bi ton.
-Cc v d:
V d 1. Nhng thanh kim loi A ha tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO4 mt thi gian thy khi
lng thanh gim 0,05% , cng nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dd Pb(NO3)2 th khi
lng thanh tng 7,1%. Xc nh M bit s mol CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 pu l nh nhau.
Gii
Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, A l nguyn t khi, x l s mol mui p
M + CuSO4 ----> MSO4 + Cu

A(g)--> 1 mol -----------------> 64 (g). Gim : A-64 (g)

------- x mol -------------------------> Gim : 0,0005m (g)
---> x = 0,0005m/(A-64) (1)
M + Pb(NO3)2 ----> M(NO3)2 + Pb
A(g)---> 1 mol ---------------------> 207 (g). Tng: 207-A (g)
-------- x mol ------------------------------> Tng: 0,071m (g)
---> x = 0,071m/(207-A) (2)
Kt hp 1,2 ---> A = 65, M l Zn
V d 2. Nung 100 gam hh Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 n khi lng khng i dc 69 gam
cht rn. Xc nh % tng cht trong hh.
Gii
Bi ton c th gii theo PP i s. y l PP khc.
2NaHCO3 ---> Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
......2.84 (g) ----------> Gim: 44 + 18 = 62 g
........x (g) ----------> Gim: 100 - 69 = 31 g
---> x = 84 g ---> %NaHCO3 = 84%, %Na2CO3 = 16%
V d 3. Ha tan 23,8 g mui M2CO3, RCO3 vo HCl thy thot ra 0,2 mol kh. C cn
dd thu c bao nhiu g mui khan.
Gii
M2CO3 + 2HCl ----> 2MCl + CO2 + H2O
2M+60----------->2(m+35,5) tng 11 g
x ---------------------------> 11x
RCO3 + 2HCl ----> RCl2 + CO2 + H2O
R+60-----------> R+71 tng 11g
y -----------------------> 11y
m nCO2 = x + y = 0,2 mol
--> Khi lng mui tng : 11x + 11y = 2,2 g
Khi lng mui clorua: 23,8 + 2,2 = 26 g
CHC-CH2OH v C3H7OH
Bo ton electron
V d 6: Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt S ri un nng trong iu kin khng c
khng kh thu c cht rn A. Ha tan A bng HCl d thu c hn hp kh B. t
chy hon ton B cn bao nhiu lit ktc.
Gii
Ta thy nFe = 60/56 > nS = 30/32 nn Fe d, S ht.
Kh B l hn hp H2, H2S. t B thu c SO2, H2O
Phn tch:
-S nhn mt phn e ca Fe to S2- (FeS) v khng thay i trong PU vi HCl (vn l
S2- trong H2S), cui cng n nhng li ton b e do Fe cho v e do n vn c to
SO2 trong PU vi O2.
-Fe nhng mt phn e cho S to Fe2+ (FeS) v cui cng lng e ny li y sang

cho O2 (theo trn). Phn Fe d cn li nhng e cho H+ to H2, sau H2 li tr s e

ny cho O2 trong PU chy to H2O
---> Nh vy, mt cch gin tip th ton b e do Fe nhng v S nhng c O2 thu
nhn.
Vy: ne cho = 2nFe + 4nS = 5,89 mol.
---> nO2 = 5,89/4 = 1,47 mol
V O2 = 1,47.22,4 = 32,928 lit.
V d 7: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A,B c ha tr khng i, chng u khng PU vi
nc v mnh hn Cu. Ch X tc dng hon ton vi CuSO4 d, ly Cu thu c cho PU
hon ton vi HNO3 d thy thot ra 1,12 lit NO ktc. Nu cho lng X trn PU hon
ton vi HNO3 th thu c bao nhiu lit N2 ktc.
Gii
Phn tch: Cu2+ nhn a mol e ca A,B to Cu, Cu li nhng li a mol e cho N5+
to NO.
N5+ + 3e ---> N2+--->nNO = a/3 = 1,12/22,4 = 0,05 mol --> a = 0,15 mol
th nghim sau, A,B nhng a mol e cho N5+ to N2:
2N5+ 2.5e ---> N2
---> nN2 = 0,15/10 = 0,015 mol
--> V N2 = 0,015.22.4 = 0,336 lit
V d 8. Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu,Mg,Al tc dng ht vi HNO3 thu c 0,01 mol NO
v 0,04 mol NO2. Tnh khi lng mui to ra?
Gii
t s mol Mg,Al,Cu ln lt l a,b,c
--->S mol e nhng = 2a + 3b + 2c = nNO3- trong mui.
S mol e nhn = 3nNO + nNO2 = 0,07 mol = 2a + 3b + 2c
Vy: m = 1,35 + 0,07.62 = 5,69 gam
Ch : S mol HNO3 lm mi trng = s mol HNO3 to mui = s mol e cho = s mol
e nhn. S mol HNO3 oxi ha tnh c theo s mol cc SP kh, t ta tnh c s
mol HNO3 phn ng.