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B BU CHNH, VIN THNG

TCN

tiu chun ngnh

TCN 68-174: 2006

QUY PHM CHNG ST V TIP T CHO CC CNG TRNH


VIN THNG
(Sot xt ln 1)

Code of Practice
for Lightning protection and Earthing for
Telecommunication Plants

H NI - 2006
mc lc

li ni u.............................................................................................4

Chng I: Cc quy nh chung........................................15


1.1 Phm vi p dng.......................................................15
1.3 Thut ng, nh ngha v gii thch......................15
1.3.1 Ca bin thit b in t...................................................15
1.3.2 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t...................15
1.3.3 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t t ni trn
mt t.................................................................................. 16
1.3.4 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t t ngm di
mt t.................................................................................. 16
1.3.5 Ca s im ni n...................................................16
1.3.6Cc tip t....................................................................16
1.3.7 Dy (cp) dn t ........................................................16
1.3.8 Dy dn lin kt............................................................. 16
1.3.9 Din tch ri ro............................................................... 17
1.3.10 Dng st nh trc tip gy h hng cho cp treo (J)...17
1.3.11 t.................................................................................17
1.3.12 in cc tip t t nhin............................................17
1.3.13 in cc tip t nhn to..........................................17
1.3.14 im ni n...............................................................17
1.3.15 in li...........................................................................17
1.3.16 ng dn kt ni...........................................................18
1.3.17 H s phm cht ca cp c v kim loi........................18
1.3.18 H s che chn ca v cp kim loi..............................18
1.3.19 H thng tip t........................................................18
1.3.20 Hiu qu bo v (ca h thng chng st nh trc
tip)......................................................................................... 18
1.3.21 Khi h thng...............................................................19
1.3.22 Mng lin kt.................................................................19
1.3.23 Mng lin kt chung......................................................19
1.3.24 Mng lin kt dng mt li.............................................19
1.3.25 Mng lin kt cch ly.....................................................19
1.3.26 Mng lin kt cch ly mt li..........................................19
1.3.27 Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao.....................................19
1.3.28 Mng TN........................................................................20
1.3.29 Mng TN-C.....................................................................20
1.3.30 Mng TN-S.....................................................................20
1.3.31 Mng TN-C-S..................................................................20
1.3.32 Mng TT.........................................................................20
1.3.33 Mng IT .........................................................................20
2

1.3.34 Mng tip t...............................................................20


1.3.35 Mt st...................................................................21
1.3.36 Ngy dng..................................................................... 21
1.3.37 Nh trm vin thng.....................................................21
1.3.38 Nh thu bao.................................................................21
1.3.39 Ngun mt chiu ng v cch ly...............................21
1.3.40 Ngun mt chiu ng v chung................................22
1.3.41 Tm tip t chnh.....................................................22
1.3.42 Thit b chng st.......................................................22
1.3.43 Trm in t xa.........................................................22
1.3.44 Vng kt ni.................................................................22
1.3.45 Vng chng st..............................................................22
Chng II: yu cu trang thit b chng st, cu hnh u
ni v tip t.............................................................23
2.1 H thng chng st nh trc tip .........................23
2.1.1 H thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc
Franklin.................................................................................... 23
2.1.1.1.in cc thu st........................................................23
2.1.1.2 Dy thot st...........................................................24
2.1.1.3 H thng in cc tip t....................................26
2.1.2 H thng chng st nh trc tip pht tin o sm....26
2.1.2.1 in cc thu st pht tin o sm............................26
2.1.2.2 Dy thot st...........................................................27
2.1.2.3 H thng in cc tip t....................................27
2.1.3 H thng phn tn nng lng st...................................27
2.1.3.1 H thng phn tn nng lng st phi bao gm cc
thnh phn sau:....................................................................27
2.1.3.2 H thng phn tn nng lng st phi m bo kh
nng ngn cn s hnh thnh tia st nh xung i tng
cn bo v...........................................................................28
2.2 Thit b chng st (SPD)........................................28
2.2.1 Nguyn tc la chn.......................................................28
2.2.2 Yu cu k thut.............................................................29
2.3 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin
thng...........................................................................29
2.3.1 Quy nh chung.............................................................29
2.3.2 Cu hnh u ni v tip t chun cho nh trm vin
thng.......................................................................................30
2.3.2.1 Mng lin kt chung (CBN)........................................30
2.3.2.2 Mng lin kt BN.......................................................30
2.3.2.3 Cu hnh h thng cung cp ngun in...............31
2.3.3 Cu hnh tip t chun cho nh thu bao...................32
3

2.3.4 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm in t xa


................................................................................................33
Chng III: kho st v o c........................................34
3.1 Quy nh chung.....................................................34
3.2 Nhim v kho st...................................................34
3.2.1 Ni dung kho st...........................................................34
3.2.1.1 Kho st cng trnh dng tuyn (ng dy thng tin
cp kim loi, cp si quang) ...................................................34
3.2.1.2 Cng trnh dng im (nh trm hoc ct ng ten
vin thng) ..........................................................................35
3.2.2 Ni dung bo co kho st...............................................35
3.3 o in tr sut ca t.........................................36
3.3.1 Xc nh in tr sut ca t theo phng php thm
d in cc tip t mu......................................................36
3.3.2 Xc nh in tr sut ca t theo phng php o
su thm d i xng (phng php o in vt l).............37
3.3.2.1 Phng php Wenner ................................................37
3.3.2.2 Phng php Schlumberger .......................................37
Chng IV: Thit k chng st v tip t.....................39
4.1 Nguyn tc chung...................................................39
4.1.1 Vic thit k chng st v tip t c tin hnh sau
khi d n kh thi c cc cp c thm quyn ph duyt (d n
kh thi, d n u t)...............................................................39
4.1.2 Thit k ch c thc hin sau khi c y vn
bn, ti liu, s liu kho st o c thc a......................39
4.1.3 Thit k chng st v tip t cho nh trm, ct cao ng
ten v ng dy thng tin c tin hnh theo trnh t c bn
sau:.......................................................................................... 39
4.2 Thit k chng st bo v nh trm vin thng.......39
4.2.1 Chng st nh trc tip cho nh trm vin thng........39
4.2.1.1 Chn mc bo v......................................................39
4.2.1.2 Thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip...........40
4.2.2 Chng st lan truyn t bn ngoi nh trm...................40
4.2.2.1 Chng st lan truyn t ng dy thng tin i vo
nh trm................................................................................40
4.2.2.2 Chng st lan truyn t ng dy in lc i vo
nh trm................................................................................41
4.2.3 Chng st lan truyn v cm ng in t bn trong nh
trm.......................................................................................... 41
4.3 Thit k chng st bo v ct ng ten vin thng....42
4.4 Thit k chng st bo v ng dy thng tin........42
4.4.1 La chn mi trng lp t .........................................42
4

4.4.2 La chn cp c gi tr dng gy h hng ln..................42


4.4.3 Thc hin tip t cho tuyn cp..................................43
4.4.4 Trang b dy chng st ngm cho cp chn.................43
4.4.5 Lp t thit b chng st .........................................43
4.5 Thit k h thng tip t.....................................43
4.5.1 Nguyn tc thit k.......................................................44
4.5.1 Xc nh in tr sut ca t....................................44
4.5.2 Chn vt liu lm in cc tip t.............................45
4.5.3 La chn loi h thng tip t.....................................45
4.5.4 Tnh ton h thng tip t..........................................46
4.5.5 S dng ho cht ci to t..........................................47
Chng V: Thi cng lp t trang thit b chng st v
h thng tip t........................................................48
5.1 Nguyn tc chung...................................................48
5.2 Thi cng lp t h thng chng st nh trc tip
....................................................................................48
5.3 Lp t thit b chng st lan truyn...................48
5.4 Thi cng lp t chng st bo v ng dy thng
tin................................................................................49
5.4.1 Cp quang c thnh phn kim loi...................................49
5.4.2 Cp kim loi.....................................................................51
5.5 Thi cng h thng tip t.....................................52
5.5.1 Thi cng h thng tip t............................................52
5.5.2 Thc hin lin kt cc h thng tip t ......................52
5.5.2.1 Phng php 1: Thc hin lin kt bng li san bng
in th .............................................................................52
5.5.2.2 Phng php 2: Lin kt bng phng php ni trc tip
.............................................................................................53
Chng VI: Kim tra, nghim thu cc h thng tip t v
chng st.....................................................................54
6.1 Thnh phn nghim thu .........................................54
6.2 Nghim thu cc h thng, thit b chng st..........54
6.2.1 Ni dung nghim thu......................................................54
6.2.2 H s nghim thu.......................................................54
6.3 Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t.................55
6.3.1 Quy nh v th tc nghim thu:..................................55
6.3.2 Quy nh v ni dung kim tra, nghim thu h thng
tip t................................................................................... 55
1) Kim tra vic thi cng dn tip t (phn chn di t).
.............................................................................................55
2) o th nghim thu ton b h thng tip t.................56
6.3.3 H s nghim thu lp t cc h thng tip t.......56
5

1) H s v thit k;...........................................................56
6.3.4 Kt lun, bn giao..........................................................56
Chng VII: Quy nh v qun l v bo dng.................57
7.1 Trong qu trnh qun l v khai thc h thng tip
t v chng st, phi thc hin kim tra, bo dng cc
trang, thit b theo nhng quy nh sau:....................57
7.2 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra nh k.................57
7.3 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra t xut................57
7.4 Ni dung kim tra nh k v t xut...................58
7.5 Sau khi kim tra nu pht hin ch h hng phi sa
cha ngay:...................................................................58
7.6 Mi ni dung kim tra sa cha nh k hoc t
xut u phi ghi vo l lch k thut v lu h s.........58
Cu
hnh
u
ni
v
tip
t
trong cc nh trm vin thng.......................................59
A.1 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin
thng...........................................................................59
A.1.1 Xy dng mng lin kt chung cho nh trm vin thng59
A.1.1.1 Trnh t xy dng mng lin kt chung (CBN)........59
A.1.1.2 Mt s quy nh km theo khi xy dng mng CBN 61
A.1.2 Thc hin u ni mng lin kt chung vi mng tip t
ca nh trm vin thng. ........................................................62
A.1.2.1 Thc hin u ni mng CBN vi mng tip t ca
nh trm thng qua tm tip t chnh. Gia mng CBN v
tm tip t chnh cng nhiu ng lin kt cng tt......62
A.1.2.2 Quy nh i vi tm tip t chnh ....................62
A.1.3 Xy dng mng lin kt cho cc khi thit b trong nh
trm vin thng v thc hin u ni vi mng CBN...............62
A.1.3.1. Xy dng mng lin kt mt li (M- BN).................63
A.1.3.2 Xy dng mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN)......66
A.1.3.3 Xy dng mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN). 69
A.2 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm in t xa
....................................................................................71
A.2.1 Nguyn tc chung ........................................................71
A.2.2 Cc thnh phn ca mt cu trc che chn bo v thit
b in t (EEE) hoc cabin thit b in t (EEC)..............72
A.2.3 Nguyn tc thc hin....................................................72
A.2.3.1 Trm in t xa phi c trang b mt tm tip
t chnh bng ng. Phng php thi cng tm tip t
chnh c trnh by trong Ph lc D...................................72
A.2.3.2 Trm in t xa phi xy dng mt mng lin kt
chung (CBN)..........................................................................73
6

A.2.3.3 Vic b tr cng vo ca cp ngoi vi phi bo m


cc nguyn tc sau:..............................................................73
A.2.3.4 Khong cch gia cp thng tin chy song song vi cp
in lc khng c mn chn tnh in t nht l 10 cm.. 73
A.2.3.5 Thc hin ni cc thnh phn kim loi ca cp ngoi vi
vi vng kt ni (vi mng CBN).............................................73
A.2.3.6 Tt c cc khung, gi, v bc bng kim loi ca thit
b bn trong 1 EEE v tt c cc thnh phn kim loi khc di
vo EEE (ng dn nc, ng dn kh...) phi c ni n vng
kt ni bn trong (ni n mng CBN).................................74
A.2.3.7 Nu s dng cc b bo v trn cc i dy thng
tin th cc cc chung (cc tip t) ca cc b bo v phi
c ni n tm tip t chnh (MET)...............................75
B.1 Vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip
dng in cc Franklin..................................................76
B.2 Vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip
pht tin o sm...........................................................79
C.1 Tnh ton in tr tip t trong t ng nht. . .80
C.1.1 in tr tip t ca mt in cc trong t ng nht
................................................................................................80
C.1.1.1 in tr tip t ca mt ng kim loi chn thng
ng trong t ng nht c xc nh bng cng thc:.80
C.1.1.2 Khi thit k cc h thng tip t dng cc ng kim
loi chn thng ng trong t, hp l nht khi chn chiu
di ca ng l = (1,5 3) m; khong cch t mt t n
nh ca ng chn khng nh hn 0,7 m; ng knh d, ca
ng chn theo loi t nh sau:.............................................80
C.1.1.3 in tr tip t ca mt di kim loi dt, di, t
nm ngang su h trong t ng nht, c xc nh
bng cng thc:.......................................................................81
C.1.1.4 in tr tip t ca mt dy kim loi tit din trn,
ng knh d, t nm ngang su, h trong t ng
nht, c xc nh bng cng thc:....................................81
C.1.1.5 Khi thit k cc h thng tip t, dng cc dy kim
loi di, hp l nht chn dy c ng knh d = (2 6) mm,
su t dy hoc di tip t khng nh hn 0,7 m.
Chiu di ca dy hoc di tip t chn ti u theo in
tr sut ca t, nh trnh by trn hnh C.1......................81
C.1.1.6 Ni c din tch t hp c th dng in cc tip
t loi dy trn hoc dt, t di dng mt vng trn.. . .82

C.1.1.7 in tr tip t ca in cc bng kim loi dng


tm trn hoc ch nht c xc nh bng cng thc:......83
C.1.1.8 Vic s dng in cc tip t dng tm phng
t trong t theo phng nm ngang hoc thng ng
rt kh do th tch o h tip t ln, c th dng cc di
kim loi xon thnh dng l xo, to ra mt ng c chiu di l
= 1,42 m vi ng knh d = 0,2 m hoc chiu di l = 0,71 m
vi ng knh d = 0,4 m, khi tnh ton in tr tip t
theo cng thc nh i vi in cc tip t dng ng........84
C.1.2 Tnh ton in tr tip t c nhiu in cc trong
t ng nht........................................................................84
C.1.2.1 nhn c tr s in tr tip t yu cu, ta cn
ni song song mt s cc in cc tip t n vi nhau.
H thng tip t ny c gi l h thng tip t c nhiu
in cc. Trn hnh C.3 trnh by mt h thng tip t
gm nhiu ng v trn hnh C.4 trnh by mt h thng
tip t gm nhiu tia di...................................................84
C.1.2.2 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm n ng kim
loi ging nhau, chn thng ng trong t ng nht, khi
b qua nh hng ca dy ni cc in cc (dy ni cch
in vi t) do tc dng che chn ln nhau ca cc in
cc, c xc nh bng cng thc:......................................85
C.1.2.3 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm nhiu ng
kim loi ging nhau chn thng ng trong t ng nht,
c xt n in tr tip t ca dy (di) ni cc in
cc tip t vi nhau, c xc nh bng cng thc:..........85
C.1.2.4 Tr s h s s dng ph thuc vo kch thc cc
in cc tip t, khong cch gia cc in cc v s b
tr cc in cc. .................................................................86
C.1.2.5 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm cc thanh
(ng) b tr trn din tch S trong t ng nht, c th c xc nh bng cng thc:................................................86
C.1.2.6 in tr ca mt h thng tip t c dng bt k
gm cc thanh hoc ng chn thng ng trong t ng
nht c th c xc nh bng cng thc:..........................87
C.1.2.7 in tr ca mt h thng tip t c dng bt k
gm cc dy hoc di t nm ngang trong t ng
nht c th c xc nh bng cng thc sau:...................89
C.1.2.9 in tr tip t ca h thng gm n tm kim loi
ging nhau ni song song vi nhau bng dy cch in, c
xc nh bng cng thc:....................................................91
8

C.2 Tnh ton in tr tip t trong t khng ng


nht.............................................................................91
C.2.1 Tnh ton in tr tip t ca cc tip t n trong
t khng ng nht.............................................................91
C.2.1.1 Trong thc t t c kt cu khng ng nht. Thng t c nhiu lp c xc nh bi kt cu a cht ca
t. Gi tr in tr sut ca cc lp t pha trn thay i
theo ma...............................................................................91
C.2.1.2 in tr tip t ca mt ng chn thng ng
trong t khng ng nht gm hai lp (xem hnh C.6) c
xc nh bng cng thc:....................................................92
C.2.1.3 in tr tip t ca mt dy (hoc di) di nm
ngang trong t khng ng nht gm hai lp, c xc nh
bng cng thc:....................................................................92
C.2.1.4 in tr tip t ca in cc di dng vng trn
trong t c hai lp, khi mt phng ngn cch gia hai lp
trng vi mt ng th, c xc nh bng cng thc:......93
C.2.1.5 in tr tip t ca in cc dng tm trong t
khng ng nht, gm hai lp khi mt ngn cch trng vi
mt ng th tip t, c xc nh bng cng thc:....93
C.2.1.6 in tr tip t ca in cc dng li t trong
t khng ng nht gm hai lp, c xc nh bng cng
thc:.....................................................................................93
C.2.1.7 Trong trng hp lp t pha trn c in tr sut ln,
m bo tiu chun in tr tip t khng th tng s
lng in cc tip t, ta c th dng mt hoc hai tip t
chn su. Cc tip t chn su l cc tip t chn
thng ng c chiu di ln hoc ngn c t mt
su ln, ni t c dn in tt. Dng tip t c la
chn khc nhau theo iu kin c th. thun tin ta chn
in cc tip t l cc thanh di ng nht c tit din
khng i............................................................................95
C.2.1.8 xc nh chiu di ca tip t chn su theo
cc s liu in tr tip t yu cu v cc gi tr chiu
dy ca lp t pha trn h, in tr sut ca cc lp t
1, 2 bit trc ta c th dng ton hnh C.8..........96
C.3 Tnh ton h thng tip t khi c ci to t.........97
C.3.1 Khi cc h thng tip t t trong t c in tr
sut ca t cao, lp t gn vi in cc tip t ng vai
tr chnh to ra in tr i vi dng t tip t chy vo
t..........................................................................................97
9

C.3.3 in tr tip t ca mt tip t di nm ngang hoc


di ni h thng tip t gm nhiu in cc chn thng
ng trong bt than cc c xc nh bng cng thc:.........98
C.3.4 i vi h thng tip t thc hin ci to t bng mui
v t mn, khi tnh in tr tip t ca mt in cc, vn
dng cc cng thc tnh nh trong trng hp khng ci to t,
vi lu :.....................................................................................99
C.4. c tnh xung ca in tr tip t......................99
C.4.1 H s xung ....................................................................99
C.4.2 in tr tip t xung i vi h thng tip t c mt
in cc c xc nh bng cng thc:.................................99
C.4.2.1 H s xung i vi in cc tip t dng ng
(cc) c xc nh bng cng thc:...................................100
C.4.2.2 H s xung i vi di (dy) tip t nm ngang
c xc nh bng cng thc:...........................................100
C.4.3 H s xung ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t, cng dng xung, thi gian xc lp sn trc ca xung v
dng kt cu ca h thng tip t. H s xung dng
tnh ton tip t chng st bo v thit b thng tin c
trnh by cc bng C.6 v C.7.........................................100
C.4.4 Do c tnh xung ca in tr tip t, cn phi
chn di hoc dy tip t c chiu di thch hp. Cch
chn chiu di ca di hoc dy tip t ti u theo in
tr sut ca t nh trnh by trn hnh C.1.....................101
C.4.5 in tr tip t xung i vi h thng tip t c
nhiu in cc.....................................................................101
C.4.5.1 in tr tip t xung ca h thng tip t gm
nhiu ng c ni vi nhau bng dy hoc di cch ly vi
t, c xc nh bng cng thc:...................................101
C.4.5.2. in tr tip t xung ca h thng tip t gm
nhiu ng c ni vi nhau bng dy (di) khng cch ly
(tip xc trc tip) vi t, c xc nh bng cng thc:
...........................................................................................102
C.4.6 Tip t dng li...........................................................102
C.5 Gi tr trung bnh in tr sut ca t...............103
D.1 Cng tc chun b.................................................103
D.1.1 Tip nhn v nghin cu h s thit k h thng tip
t........................................................................................104
D.1.2 Chun b my o in tr sut ca t v in tr
tip t sau khi thi cng.......................................................104
D.1.3 Chun b cc dng c v phng tin thi cng.............104
10

D.2 Trnh t thi cng..................................................105


D.2.1 o rnh, h, khoan l tip t.....................................105
D.2.2 Chn cc in cc xung t.....................................105
D.2.3 Hn ni cc in cc vi nhau .....................................107
D.2.3.1 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t thng
ng..................................................................................107
D.2.3.2 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t nm
ngang.................................................................................108
D.2.3.3 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t lin kt
mt li (xem hnh D.2)......................................................109
D.2.3.4 H thng tip t chn su.................................110
D.2.4 Hn ni u cp dn t vi dn tip t.................110
D.2.5 Bo v cc mi hn......................................................111
D.2.6 Lp t v nn cht..................................................112
D.2.7 Thi cng tm tip t chnh.......................................112
D.2.8 Thi cng cp (dy) dn t.........................................113
D.3 Thi cng h thng tip t c ci to t..............113
D.3.1 Thi cng cc th thng tip t c ci to t bng mui
n........................................................................................... 113
D.3.2 Thi cng cc h thng tip t c ci to t bng t
mn......................................................................................... 114
D.3.3 Thi cng h thng tip t c ci to t bng cc hot
cht ho hc........................................................................... 115
D.3.3.1 Thi cng cc h thng tip t c ci to t bng
bt than cc........................................................................115
D.3.3.2 S dng hp cht RES-LO ci to t................116
D.3.3.3 Ci to t bng hot ho GAF (Grounding
Augumentaiton Fill).............................................................117
D.4 Phng php o in tr tip t.........................118
D.5 Mu bin bn kim tra o th v nghim thu h
thng tip t............................................................120
D.5.1.1 Thnh phn:...........................................................120
D.5.1.2 Ni dung, kt qu o th kim tra nh bng D.1. 121
D.5.2 Bin bn nghim thu h thng tip t......................121
D.5.2.1 Thnh phn:...........................................................121
D.5.2.2 Ni dung o th, nghim thu................................122
E.1 Cc c im kh tng Vit Nam..........................123
E.1.1 Cc vng hot ng dng st Vit Nam.....................123
E.1.2 T cc ngun s liu khc nhau v ngy dng, gi dng,
s ln st nh xung cc khu vc, ngy gi xut hin v kt
thc dng hng nm, qua x l, tnh ton ton lnh th Vit
11

Nam c phn ra 5 vng c trng v cng hot ng


dng st l:...........................................................................123
E.1.3 c tnh hot ng dng st ti cc khu vc ca Vit
Nam c trnh by trong bng E.1.......................................123
E.1.4 St l mt hin tng kh tng rt phc tp xy ra trong
thin nhin. Cng hot ng ca dng st thay i t vng
ny sang vng khc................................................................124
E.1.5 Theo mc nguy him, ngi ta c th phn ra 2 vng
st l: ...................................................................................124
Hnh E.2 - Bn phn vng mt st ca Vit Nam
..................................................................................132
E.2 c im a cht ca Vit Nam..........................134
E.2.3 S ph thuc in tr sut ca t vo nhit c
xc nh bng biu thc sau:...............................................135
E.2.4 Trong nhng trng hp khng th tin hnh o t gi
tr in tr sut ca t ti khu vc t trm c th ly gi
tr in tr sut t bn phn vng in tr sut ca t
Vit Nam, nh trnh by trn hnh E.5...............................135
F.1 Tc dng che chn ca dy chng st ngm ph thuc
vo v tr lp t ca dy chng st ngm v c nh
gi bng h s che chn ..........................................137
F.2 H s che chn ca mt dy chng st ngm (xem
hnh F. a)...................................................................137
F.2. H s che chn ca nhiu dy chng st ngm c
b tr trn mt ng trn xung quanh cp ..................138
F.2.1 Trng hp dng hai dy chng st ngm (xem hnh F.b)
..............................................................................................138
F.2.2 Trng hp dng ba dy chng st ngm, vi khong cch x
= 0,25 m (xem hnh F.c).......................................................138
F.2.3 Trng hp dng n dy chng st ngm b tr i xng
xung quanh cp, vi khong cch x = 0,25 m (xem hnh F.d,
F.e, F.f)................................................................................... 138

12

Li ni u
Tiu chun Ngnh TCN 68-174: 2006 "Quy phm chng st v
tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng (Sot xt ln 1)" c
xy dng trn c s cc quy nh, hng dn v khuyn ngh ca
Lin minh Vin thng quc t (ITU), Vin Tiu chun Vin thng
chu u (ETSI) p ng cc yu cu k thut theo cc tiu chun
Ngnh v chng st v tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng, c
tham kho cc tiu chun v cng ngh chng st ca mt s quc
gia trn th gii.
Tiu chun Ngnh TCN 68-174: 2006 do Vin Khoa hc K thut
Bu in (RIPT) bin son theo ngh ca V Khoa hc - Cng
ngh v c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 28/2006/Q-BBCVT
ngy 25 thng 7 nm 2006 ca B trng B Bu chnh, Vin thng.

V khoa hc - cng ngh

13

Tiu chun ngnh


TCN 68-174: 2006
Quy phm Chng st v tip t cho cc cng trnh vin
thng
(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 28/2006/Q-BBCVT ngy
25/7/2006
ca B trng B Bu chnh, Vin thng)
Chng I: Cc quy nh chung
1.1 Phm vi p dng
Quy phm ny p dng kho st, thit k, thi cng,
nghim thu, qun l cc h thng chng st v tip t cng
nh vic la chn cc trang thit b chng st bo v cc cng
trnh vin thng, bao gm:
1) Nh trm v ct ng ten vin thng;
2) Thit b v ng dy thng tin;
3) ng in li phc v nh trm.
1.2 Mc ch p dng
Quy phm ny p dng nhm mc ch:
1) Bo v cc cng trnh vin thng, trnh nguy him cho
con ngi v hn ch thit hi do st gy ra;
2) Thng nht cc nguyn tc v ni dung trong cng tc
kho st, thit k, thi cng, qun l h thng chng st v
tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng.
1.3 Thut ng, nh ngha v gii thch
1.3.1 Ca bin thit b in t
A. Electronic equipment cabinet (EEC)
L mt cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t, m tt c
thit b c lp t trong c th tip cn t pha ngoi v
khng phi i vo bn trong.
1.3.2 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t
A. Electronic Equipment Enclosure (EEE)
14

L mt cu hnh bo m an ton v mt vt l v mi trng cho cc thit b in t.


1.3.3 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t t ni
trn mt t
A. Above ground EEE (AG/ EEE)
L mt cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t m i b
phn hoc ton b c t ni trn mt t.
1.3.4 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t t
ngm di mt t
A. Below ground EEE (BG/ EEE)
L mt cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t nm ton
b di mt t, tr cng vo, ngun cung cp xoay chiu v
thit b iu ho.
1.3.5 Ca s im ni n
A. SPC Window (SPCW)
L giao din hoc l vng chuyn tip gia mt mng lin
kt cch ly v mng lin kt chung. Kch thc ln nht ca chng
l 2 m.
1.3.6 Cc tip t
A. Ground pole
L mt vt th bng kim loi, c t trong t hoc tip
xc trc tip vi t, dng ni t cc trang, thit b.
1.3.7 Dy (cp) dn t
A. Earthing conductor
L dy (cp) ni tm tip t chnh vi cc tip t.
1.3.8 Dy dn lin kt
A. Bonding conductor
L nhng dy ni cc thnh phn kim loi khng c cch
in trong nh trm v nhng thnh phn kim loi t ngoi dn
vo vi cc mng lin kt m bo cho s lin kt ng th.

15

1.3.9 Din tch ri ro


A. Risk Area
L din tch ca min bao quanh cng trnh vin thng, khi
st nh vo din tch ny c th gy nguy him cho cng
trnh vin thng.
1.3.10 Dng st nh trc tip gy h hng cho cp treo
(J)
A. Direct lightning current to aerial cables (J)
L dng st nh nht gy ra h hng cho cp treo khi st
nh xung t.
1.3.11 t
A. Earth
L mt vt th dn in, c in th c quy c bng 0.
1.3.12 in cc tip t t nhin
A. Natural Earth Electrode
L cc b phn bng kim loi ca cc cng trnh c tip xc
trc tip vi t v c s dng cho mc ch tip t.
1.3.13 in cc tip t nhn to
A. Artificial Earth Electrode
L nhng in cc c s dng ring cho mc ch tip
t. N l mt vt dn in c dng bt k (ng, cc, tm, tia
nm ngang...) khng bc cch in bn ngoi v c chn trc
tip trong t hoc tip xc trc tip vi t.
1.3.14 im ni n
A. Single Point Connection (SPC)
L v tr duy nht trong mt mng lin kt cch ly m
thc hin ni vi mng lin kt chung. im ni n phi c kch
thc thch hp ni cc ng dn. im ni n thng l mt
thanh dn ng, mt s trng hp s dng lp v kim loi ca cp.
1.3.15 in li
A. Public power
16

L ngun in h th, nhn t mng in ca a phng


t trm vin thng.
1.3.16 ng dn kt ni
A. Bonding - bus
L mt dy dn hoc mt nhm dy dn kt ni tm
tip t chnh vi cc thnh phn kim loi trong nh trm vin
thng.
1.3.17 H s phm cht ca cp c v kim loi
A. Quality factor of a metal - sheathed cable
L t s in p xung cho php ln nht i vi cht cch
in gia cc si li cp v v kim loi ca n vi tr khng truyn
t ca v. T s ny c biu din bng kA.km.
1.3.18 H s che chn ca v cp kim loi
A. Screen factor of a metal cable sheath
L t s gia tr khng truyn t v tr khng ca mch c to bi v cp v t. N cng c th c xc nh nh t s
gia in p st trn vch trong ca v cp kim loi v st p trn
mch ngoi c to bi v cp v t i vi mt dng in trn
v ngoi. Bit h s che chn ca cp ta c th dng tnh
in p xung thay cho tr khng truyn t.
1.3.19 H thng tip t
A. Grounding system
H thng tip t bao gm dn tip t v cp (dy) dn
t.
1.3.20 Hiu qu bo v (ca h thng chng st nh
trc tip)
A. Protection efficiency (of external lightning protection
system)
Hiu qu bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip c
th hin bng t l gia s ln st nh hng nm khng gy
h hng cho cng trnh v tng s ln st nh vo cng trnh.

17

1.3.21 Khi h thng


A. System block
L ton b cc thit b m khung ca chng v cc phn dn
kt hp to thnh mt mng lin kt nht nh.
1.3.22 Mng lin kt
A. Bonding Network (BN)
Mng lin kt l mt tp hp cc phn t dn in c ni vi
nhau nhm che chn nh hng in t cho cc h thng thit
b in t v con ngi.
1.3.23 Mng lin kt chung
A. Common Bonding Network (CBN)
L mt tp hp cc phn t kim loi lin kt vi nhau mt cch
ngu nhin hoc c ch nh to thnh mt mng lin kt
chnh bn trong nh trm vin thng.
1.3.24 Mng lin kt dng mt li
A. Mesh Bonding Network (MBN)
L mng lin kt m tt c cc khung thit b, cc gi , cc
ca bin, dy dng ca ngun mt chiu c u ni vi mng lin
kt chung (CBN) ti nhiu im.
1.3.25 Mng lin kt cch ly
A. Isolated Bonding Network (IBN)
L mng lin kt c mt im ni n n mng lin kt
chung hoc mt mng lin kt cch ly khc. Tt c cc mng lin
kt cch ly u c 1 ng ni ti t qua im ni n.
1.3.26 Mng lin kt cch ly mt li
A. Mesh - Isolated Bonding Network (M-IBN)
L mng lin kt cch ly m trong cc thnh phn ca n
c ni vi nhau to thnh mt cu trc dng mt li.
1.3.27 Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao
A. Star - Isolated Bonding Network (S-IBN)

18

L mng lin kt cch ly m trong cc thnh phn ca n


c ni vi nhau to thnh mt cu trc dng hnh sao.
1.3.28 Mng TN
A. Terrestrial Neutral
L mng in h p c im trung tnh trc tip ni t.
1.3.29 Mng TN-C
A. Terrestrial Neutral Combined
L mng TN c dy bo v v dy trung tnh (dy PEN)
chung. Cc b phn dn in b h (v ca thit b in) c
ni vi dy ca mng tip t bo v (PEN).
1.3.30 Mng TN-S
A. Terrestrial neutral separated
L mng TN c dy bo v v dy trung tnh ring bit. Cc
b phn dn in b h (v ca thit b in) c ni vi dy
tip t bo v (PE). Dy bo v (PE) c th l v kim loi ca
cp in lc hoc mt dy dn ring.
1.3.31 Mng TN-C-S
A. Terrestrial Neutral Combined and Separated
L mng TN trong c phn u ca mng c dy bo v
v dy trung tnh chung cn phn sau ca mng c dy bo
v v dy trung tnh ring bit.
1.3.32 Mng TT
A. Terrestriated Terrestrial
L mng in h p c im trung tnh trc tip ni t
cn v thit b in c ni vi tip t bo v c lp.
1.3.33 Mng IT
A. Insulation Terrestrial
L mng in h p c im trung tnh cch ly vi t cn
v thit b in c ni vi tip t bo v c lp.
1.3.34 Mng tip t
A. Earthing Network
19

L mt dn tip t hoc lin kt nhiu dn tip t c


chc nng khc nhau trong mt khu vc a l.
1.3.35 Mt st
A. Lightning Density
L s ln st nh xung mt km vung din tch mt t
trong mt nm.
1.3.36 Ngy dng
A. Thunderstorm day
L ngy c c trng kh tng m ngi quan st trc nghim
nghe r ting sm.
1.3.37 Nh trm vin thng
A. Telecommunication Building
L nh trm trong vn hnh h thng thit b vin thng,
nhm mc ch khai thc cc dch v vin thng.
1.3.38 Nh thu bao
A. Subscribers Building
L nhng ngi nh ca cc c quan, cc hng hoc nh m
ti s dng cc dch v vin thng.
Nh thu bao c chia lm 2 loi:
a. Nh thu bao dng kinh doanh cc dch v vin thng.
l nhng nh thu bao ln cha cc thit b chuyn mch,
thit b truyn dn, thit b vi ba...
b. Nh thu bao s dng trc tip cc dch v vin thng:
- Nh thu bao s dng trc tip a dch v vin thng (gm
thoi, fax, truyn s liu...).
- Nh thu bao s dng trc tip mt dch v vin thng, nh
my fax, hoc my in thoi.
1.3.39 Ngun mt chiu ng v cch ly
A. Isolated d.c return (d.c - I)
L h thng ngun mt chiu trong dy dn v c mt
im ni duy nht vi mng lin kt.
20

1.3.40 Ngun mt chiu ng v chung


A. Common d.c return (d.c - C)
L h thng ngun mt chiu trong dy dn v c ni
vi mng lin kt.
1.3.41 Tm tip t chnh
A. Main Earthing Terminal (MET)
L mt tm ng m niken c khoan l, bt vo bn baklit
v bt cht vo tng u ni cc ng dn bo v, cc ng dn kt ni ng th v cc ng dn t chc nng vi
mng tip t.
1.3.42 Thit b chng st
A. Surge Protective Device (SPD)
Thit b chng st l thit b hn ch qu p t bin v r
dng st, bo v cc h thng vin thng. SPD cha t nht mt
phn t phi tuyn.
1.3.43 Trm in t xa
A. Remote Electronic Station
L trm hoc ca bin trong cha cc thit b vin thng,
bao gm thit b chuyn mch, thit b truyn dn, c t xa
trung tm, ch c mt tng, tng din tch mt sn khng ln
hn 100 m2, khng c ng ten trn nc v bn cnh trm, c nhu
cu ngun in xoay chiu.
1.3.44 Vng kt ni
A. Ring bonding - Bus
L ng dy dn kt ni c dng vng khp kn.
1.3.45 Vng chng st
A. Lightning Protection Zone (LPZ)
L vng c phn chia trong mt khu vc trm vin thng, c c trng bi mc khc nghit ca trng in t v nh
hng do st gy nn.

21

Chng II: yu cu trang thit b chng st, cu hnh u


ni v tip t
2.1 H thng chng st nh trc tip
2.1.1 H thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc
Franklin
H thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc Franklin
phi bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
- in cc thu st;
- Dy thot st (dy dn st);
- H thng in cc tip t.
2.1.1.1.in cc thu st
a.
in cc thu st phi c dng thch hp (dng thanh,
dng dy, dng li) c b tr sao cho to ra vng bo v
che ph hon ton cng trnh cn bo v. Phng php
xc nh vng bo v ca in cc thu st c trnh
by trong Ph lc B.
b.

Vt liu v kch thc vt liu c la chn lm in


cc thu st phi m bo khng b h hng do nh hng
in, in t ca dng st, nh hng ca hin tng n
mn v cc lc c hc khc. in cc thu st c th bng
cc vt liu: ng, nhm, thp v phi c tit din ti
thiu tu theo vt liu c quy nh trong bng 2.1 nh
sau:
Bng 2.1: Tit din ti thiu ca in cc thu st
Vt liu lm in cc
ng
Nhm
Thp

Tit din nh nht (mm2)


35
70
50

Ch : C th dng cc loi vt liu khc nu chng m bo


cc iu kin tng ng.
c. C th dng cc b phn bng kim loi ca cng trnh (ng
mng, ro chn, cc thnh phn ca cu trc mi, ng
ng...) lm in cc thu st t nhin nu chng khng b
22

che ph bi cc vt liu cch in v tho mn iu kin


v tit din ti thiu i vi in cc thu st.
d. in cc thu st phi c ni vi dy thot st theo ng
thng nht, bng cch hn hoc bt vt, m bo in
tr mi ni khng ln hn 0,05 .
e. Cc in cc thu st c th c kt cu l bn thn
i tng cn bo v. Nu dng kt cu bng ct, phi
lm bng vt liu m bo bn c hc, ph hp vi
iu kin kh hu.
f. Dng in cc thu st c la chn tu theo cu trc ca
nh trm. in cc thu st dng thanh thch hp vi cc cu
trc nh v nn hn ch cao t 0,2 m n 3 m. in
cc thu st dng dy thch hp vi mi cu trc, c bit
vi cc cu trc thp v di. in cc thu st dng li thch
hp vi mi cu trc.
Ch : in cc dng thanh khng ph hp vi cu trc c
cao ln hn bn knh qu cu ln vi mc bo v tng ng (xem
Ph lc B).
2.1.1.2 Dy thot st
a. Dy thot st phi c b tr theo cc ng thng v
ngn nht t in cc thu st v m bo tnh dn
in lin tc. Bn knh cong ca dy thot st khng c
nh hn 20 cm.
b. Vt liu v kch thc vt liu c la chn lm dy thot
st phi m bo khng b h hng do nh hng in,
in t ca dng st, nh hng ca hin tng n mn v
cc lc c hc khc. Dy thot st c th bng cc vt
liu: ng, nhm, thp v phi c tit din ti thiu tu
theo vt liu c quy nh trong bng 2.2 nh sau:
Bng 2.2: Tit din ti thiu ca dy thot st
Vt liu lm dy thot st
ng
Nhm
Thp

Tit din nh nht (mm2)


16
25
50

23

Ch : C th dng cc loi vt liu khc nu chng m bo


cc iu kin tng ng.
c. Cc dy thot st phi c b tr xung quanh chu vi ca
cng trnh cn bo v sao cho khong cch trung bnh
gia chng khng vt qu gi tr quy nh trong bng 2.3.
Cn t nht 2 dy thot st trong mi trng hp.
Bng 2.3: Khong cch trung bnh gia cc dy thot st
Mc bo v
I
II
III
IV

Khong cch trung bnh


(m)
10
15
20
25

d. Cc dy thot st phi c lin kt vi nhau bng cc vng


dy dn nm ngang cch nhau 20 m, trong c mt
vng dy nm gn mt t.
e. C th s dng cc b phn sau ca cng trnh lm dy
thot st t nhin nu chng m bo tnh dn in lin
tc v kch thc quy nh trong mc b.
- Khung kim loi ca cng trnh;
- Ct thp lin kt ca cng trnh;
- Cc b mt bng kim loi c dy t nht l 0,5 mm;
Ch : Khng cn trang b cc vng dy dn nm ngang nu
dng khung kim loi hoc ct thp lin kt ca cng trnh lm
dy thot st.
g. Ti v tr ni vi in cc tip t ca mi dy thot st,
phi lp mt khp ni phc v o th (tr trng hp dy
thot st t nhin). Khp ni ny phi c ng kn trong
iu kin bnh thng v c th m ra bng dng c
trong trng hp cn o th in tr tip t.
h. S lng dy thot st ph thuc vo in cc thu st:
- Nu h thng in cc thu st gm cc thanh thu st,
cn t nht mt dy thot st cho mi thanh thu st;

24

- Nu h thng in cc thu st gm cc dy thu st,


cn t nht 1 dy thot st cho mi u dy thu st;
- Nu h thng in cc thu st c dng li, cn t nht 2
dy thot st phn b u xung quanh chu vi cu trc
cn bo v.
2.1.1.3 H thng in cc tip t
a. H thng in cc tip t phi c ni vi cc dy
thot st m bo tn nhanh nng lng st xung
t v lm cn bng in th gia cc dy thot st.
b. in cc tip t phi lm bng vt liu khng b n mn
in ho.
c. Tr s in tr tip t ca h thng in cc tip t
phi m bo khng ln hn 10 .
d. H thng in cc tip t gm cc in cc thng
ng v nm ngang thch hp vi trng hp dng in cc
thu st dng thanh hoc dy.
e. H thng in cc tip t dng vng ring thch hp vi
h thng chng st dng in cc thu st dng li vi
nhiu dy thot st v trong trng hp vng t rn,
i trc. Vi in cc tip t dng vng, phi m bo
t nht 80% chiu di vng ring c chn trong t.
f. Cc in cc tip t chn su c hiu qu trong trng
hp in tr sut ca t gim theo su hoc in
tr sut ca tng t pha di nh hn so vi tng t
su ca cc tip t thng thng.
2.1.2 H thng chng st nh trc tip pht tin o sm
H thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc pht tin
o sm phi bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
-

in cc thu st pht tin o sm;

Dy thot st (dy dn st);

H thng in cc tip t.
2.1.2.1 in cc thu st pht tin o sm
25

a. in cc thu st pht tin o sm phi bao gm mt kim


thu st c u nhn, mt b phn khi to tia tin o v
mt ct ni vi h thng dy thot st. H thng
in cc thu st pht tin o sm phi c vng bo v che
ph ton b cu trc cn bo v. Phng php xc nh
vng bo v ca h thng in cc thu st pht tin o
sm c trnh by trong Ph lc B.
b. Kim thu st pht tin o sm phi lm bng ng, hp kim
ng hoc thp khng g v phi c tit din ngang ln
hn 120 mm2.
c. Kim thu st pht tin o sm phi cao hn cu trc cn
bo v t nht l 2 m.
d. in cc thu st c ni vi dy thot st bng mt h
thng lin kt ti ct . H thng lin kt ny phi bo
m bn c kh v tip xc in.
2.1.2.2 Dy thot st
Dy thot st ca h thng chng st pht tin o sm
tun theo cc quy nh trong mc 2.1.1.2.
S lng dy thot st ph thuc vo in cc thu st:
- Cn t nht mt dy thot st cho mi in cc thu st
pht tin o sm.
- Cn hai dy thot st tr ln nu cu trc cn bo v cao
hn 28 m v/hoc phn nm ngang ca dy thot st ln
hn phn thng ng. Cc dy thot st phi c phn
b u xung quanh chu vi cu trc cn bo v.
2.1.2.3 H thng in cc tip t
H thng in cc tip t ca h thng chng st pht
tin o sm tun theo cc quy nh trong mc 2.1.1.3.
2.1.3 H thng phn tn nng lng st
2.1.3.1 H thng phn tn nng lng st phi bao gm cc thnh
phn sau:
- H thng in cc to ion trung ho;
26

- H thng dy dn in tch ln in cc;


- H thng tp trung in tch cm ng trong t.
2.1.3.2 H thng phn tn nng lng st phi m bo kh nng
ngn cn s hnh thnh tia st nh xung i tng cn bo
v.
2.2 Thit b chng st (SPD)
2.2.1 Nguyn tc la chn
chng st lan truyn trn ng dy in lc h p v ng dy tn hiu, phi la chn thit b chng st tu theo
in p yu cu bo v ca i tng cn bo v v dng xung
st yu cu bo v.
- in p yu cu bo v c la chn ph thuc vo loi ng dy v thit b vin thng, theo TCN 68 - 140: 1995 Chng
qu p, qu dng bo v ng dy v thit b vin thng.
- Dng xung st yu cu bo v ph thuc vo mc khc
nghit ca trng in t do st ti vng chng st (LPZ) ca v
tr lp t thit b bo v.
Ghi ch:
- LPZ 0: L vng cha cc i tng khng c che chn, cc trng
in t do st gy ra vng ny khng b suy hao. LPZ 0 c chia
thnh LPZ 0A v LPZ 0B:
LPZ 0A : Cc i tng trong vng ny chu st nh trc tip v
bi vy c th phi chu hon ton dng in st.
LPZ 0B : Cc i tng trong vng ny khng chu st nh trc
tip nhng trng in t do st gy ra khng b yu i.
- LPZ 1: L vng cha cc i tng khng b st nh trc tip.
Dng in trong tt c cc thnh phn kim loi trong vng ny c
gim i so vi vng LPZ 0. Trng in t trong vng ny c th yu i
ph thuc vo cc bin php che chn.
- LPZ 2, ...: L cc vng c thit lp khi c yu cu c bit gim
nh dng dn cng nh cng trng in t bo v thit b.

27

2.2.2 Yu cu k thut

LPZ 0A
LPZ 1
Li chn 2 cho
phng my

LPZ 2

Thanh lin
kt 2 ti
ranh gii
LPZ 1v
LPZ 2

Phng my
Lin kt cc li chn 1
v 2
Li chn 1 cho cng
trnh xy dng

Hnh 2.1: Minh ha phn vng chng


vin thng
- Thit b chng st trn ng in lc h p v ng dy
tn hiu phi c hp chun theo cc yu cu k thut quy nh
trong TCN 68 - 167: 1997 Thit b chng qu p, qu dng do
nh hng ca st v ng dy ti in - Yu cu k thut.
- Thit b chng st phi c trang b b phn hin th
hoc cnh bo trng thi lm vic.
2.3 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin
thng
2.3.1 Quy nh chung
Cu hnh u ni v tip t cho cc h thng thit b ti
cc nh trm vin thng, cc nh thu bao, cc trm in t xa
phi m bo:
- Nh trm c trang b mt mng lin kt chung (CBN). Mng
CBN phi c u ni vi mng tip t ca khu vc nh
trm.
28

- Mng tip t trong khu vc nh trm phi l mt mng


tip t duy nht hoc thng nht v ng th.
- Tng h thng thit b trong nh trm vin thng phi c
u ni vi mng CBN qua mt mng lin kt M-BN, M-IBN
hoc S-IBN.
2.3.2 Cu hnh u ni v tip t chun cho nh trm
vin thng
2.3.2.1 Mng lin kt chung (CBN)
- Nh trm vin thng phi c trang b mt mng lin kt
chung (CBN) theo hng dn trong Ph lc A.
- Mng lin kt chung phi c ni ti mng tip t ca nh
trm thng qua tm tip t chnh.
- Nh trm vin thng phi c trang b mt tm tip t
chnh. Tm tip t chnh phi c t gn ngun cung cp
xoay chiu, cc ng vo ca cp vin thng (cng gn cng
tt) v phi c cc v tr ring cho kt ni trc tip n cc b
phn sau:
+ Mng tip t ca nh trm thng qua ng cp dn
t;
+ ng dn bo v (PE);
+ V kim loi ca tt c cp nhp trm;
+ Mng CBN;
+ Cc dng ca ngun 1 chiu;
+ My o (khi thc hin o th).
- Thi cng tm tip t chnh c thc hin nh trong Ph lc
D.
2.3.2.2 Mng lin kt BN
- Cc thit b in t trong tng h thng thit b trong nh
trm vin thng phi c lin kt vi nhau bng mt mng lin kt
BN. Trong mt nh trm c th c nhiu loi cu hnh mng lin
kt, tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng h thng thit b. Mng lin
kt BN c th l mt trong ba dng sau:
29

+ Mng lin kt mt li (M-BN);


+ Mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN);
+ Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN).
Cc mng lin kt c thc hin theo hng dn trong Ph lc
A.
- Mng lin kt mt li (M-BN) c th p dng vi hu ht cc
h thng thit b, khi thit b khng c yu cu c bit v
vic hn ch dng r t mng CBN chy vo khi h thng thit
b v thit b dng ngun mt chiu d.c - C.
- Mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) c p dng khi c yu
cu c bit v hn ch dng r t mng CBN chy vo khi h
thng thit b v thit b dng ngun mt chiu d.c - C.
- Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN) c p dng khi c
yu cu c bit v hn ch dng r t mng CBN chy vo khi
h thng thit b v thit b dng ngun mt chiu d.c - I.
2.3.2.3 Cu hnh h thng cung cp ngun in
a) H thng cung cp ngun xoay chiu:
- Trong nh trm, phi dng loi TN-S (trong nh trm khng
c im ni chung dy bo v PE v dy trung tnh N).
- ng cp ngun xoay chiu phi t cch cp tn hiu t
nht l 100 mm, tr trng hp c bin php che chn thch
hp.
b) H thng cung cp ngun mt chiu
- Dy (+) v (-) ngun mt chiu phi i gn nhau.
- in p mt chiu ri trn mi dy dn v mt chiu phi
m bo nh hn 1 V. Gi tr ny c tnh ton vi dng
ti ln nht trn dy cp ngun i km trong iu kin
lm vic bnh thng.
- Dy (+) ngun mt chiu c ni vi CBN ti nhiu im
(ngun d.c - C). Trong trng hp c bit, yu cu hn ch
dng r t CBN chy vo thit b (thit b nhy cm vi cc
t bin trong trng hp ngn mch), dng ngun mt
30

chiu d.c- I (dy (+) ngun mt chiu c ni vi CBN ti


duy nht mt im).
2.3.3 Cu hnh tip t chun cho nh thu bao
- Cc nh thu bao ln, c quy m v chng loi thit b nh
mt trm vin thng, phi p dng cc quy nh v cu hnh
u
ni
v
tip
t
chun
nh
trong 2.3.2.
- Nh thu bao c quy m nh hn (s dng trc tip cc
dch v vin thng), phi thc hin cu hnh u ni v tip
t theo nhng quy nh sau:
a. Trang b mt tm tip t chnh (MET). Tm tip t
chnh ny t cng gn li vo ca cp ngun v cp vin
thng cng tt;
b. Phi thit lp mng CBN bn trong nh thu bao bng cch
lin kt tt c cc phn t kim loi trong nh thu bao vi
nhau v vi tm tip t chnh (MET).
c. Phi trang b mt mng tip t (h thng tip t). Mng
tip t ny phi tha mn in tr tip t m cc thit
b trong nh thu bao yu cu.
d. Dy bo v PE ca h thng ngun phi c ni n tm
tip t chnh;
e. Cp ngun xoay chiu v cp vin thng phi cch nhau t
nht l 100 mm tr trng hp c che chn hp l;
f. V che chn ca tt c cc cp i vo nh thu bao phi
c ni trc tip vi tm tip t chnh;
g. V tr lp t cc thit b chng st trn ng dy
thng tin, ngun h p phi c b tr cng vo nh thu
bao. di dy t t thit b bo v n MET cng
ngn cng tt;
h. Trong mt s trng hp, tu theo yu cu ca thit b u
cui vin thng, phi lp t nhng b bo v ph ti
thit b u cui vin thng hn ch xung to ra do
ghp in t bn trong nh thu bao.
31

i. Trng hp nhiu nh thu bao c ng cp vin thng dn


t mng cng cng vo ln lt tng nh, phi thc hin tip
t v bo v cho thit b vin thng t trong mi nh
nh trng hp nh c lp.
Ring trong trng hp cp i bn trong nh khng tip xc
vi ng in lc cao p, khong cch gia cc ngi nh
nh hn 50 m, cp gia cc nh c mn chn kim loi v
cc mn chn ny c ni vi cc tip t ca mi nh th
ch lp b bo v nh th nht, khng cn lp b bo
v nh th hai.
2.3.4 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm in t
xa
- Phi thc hin cu hnh u ni v tip t trong cc trm
in t xa theo dng cu trc che chn bo v thit b in
t (EEE) hoc dng ca bin thit b in t (EEC).
- Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t (EEE) hoc ca
bin thit b in t (EEC) phi bao gm nhng thnh phn sau:
a. Mng lin kt chung CBN to bi s lin kt tt c nhng
thnh phn cu trc kim loi sn c ca nh trm vi ng
dn kt ni (vng kt ni) c xy dng b sung;
b. Tm tip t chnh;
c. Dy dn t thc hin ni mng tip t vi tm tip t
chnh;
d. Dy dn t bo v v dy dn lin kt.
- Phi thc hin mng lin kt M-BN i vi cc khi h thng
thit b v thc hin kt ni gia mng M-BN v CBN theo hng
dn trong Ph lc A.

32

Chng III: kho st v o c


3.1 Quy nh chung
- Nhim v kho st l phi nm c cc s liu cn thit
cho vic thit k chng st. Kho st c tin hnh sau
khi c nhim v thit k chng st.
- Ch nhim n thit k chng st phi ph trch nhm
kho st v vic kho st phi c s tham gia ca i din
c quan qun l cng trnh vin thng cn thit k chng
st.
- Ty thuc vo tm quan trng, quy m, kch thc cng
trnh cn thit k chng st t chc mt hoc vi
nhm kho st.
- Tuyt i bo m an ton lao ng trong cng tc kho
st chng st. Khi kho st phi tun th theo cc quy
nh v an ton lao ng ca Nh nc v ca Ngnh
ban hnh.
- Cng tc kho st chng st c tin hnh i vi cc cng
trnh xy dng mi hoc cc cng trnh b st nh
hng hoc cng trnh cn ci to nng cp chng st do
c nhiu nguy c st nh.
3.2 Nhim v kho st
3.2.1 Ni dung kho st
3.2.1.1 Kho st cng trnh dng tuyn (ng dy thng tin cp
kim loi, cp si quang)
Khi kho st cng trnh dng tuyn, cn quan tm:
- c im kh tng (s ngy hoc gi dng) trong nhng
vng ng dy i qua;
- c im in tr sut ca t trong nhng vng m ng dy i qua;
- c im lp t (treo hay chn ngm);
33

- c im ca mi on ng dy i qua cc vng c
c im kh tng v a cht khc nhau (chiu di,
cao treo cp hoc dy trn, chn su v in tr
sut ca t trong mi on...).
3.2.1.2 Cng trnh dng im (nh trm hoc ct ng ten vin
thng)
Khi kho st cng trnh dng tuyn, cn quan tm:
- c im kh tng (s ngy hoc gi dng) trong nhng
vng cng trnh c xy dng;
- c im in tr sut ca t trong vng;
- c im nh trm vin thng (kch thc, kt cu nh
hoc cha lp h thng chng st nh trc tip bo v,
cc h thng tip t trong khu vc trm vin thng...);
- c im ca cc cng trnh lin quan khc nh nh my
n, trm bin th in AC (kch thc, kt cu nh);
- c im ct ng ten vin thng (kch thc ct, khong
cch t ct ng ten n nh trm vin thng, c im
cp ng ten phi...);
- c im cc loi ng dy vo trm (chiu di, cch
lp t ca cc ng in li, ng dy thng tin
hoc cha lp thit b chng st....);
- c im cc cng trnh bng kim loi dn vo khu vc
trm (cc ng ng nc, ng kh t...);
- c im ca a hnh xung quanh cng trnh cn
chng st (cc cng trnh xy dng k bn, ng bng
hay trn ni, chnh lch im lp t cng trnh so
vi mc trung bnh ca a hnh xung quanh...).
3.2.2 Ni dung bo co kho st
- Bn v s mt bng khu vc trm hoc mt bng
tuyn ng dy;
- Cc s liu kho st, o c (c im nh trm vin
thng, trm bin th, ct ng ten, my n, ng dy vin
34

thng, ng in li, in tr sut ca t trong khu


vc...);
- Cc kh khn cha c gii quyt;
- D kin cc bin php gii quyt...
3.3 o in tr sut ca t
Cc phng php trong thc t xc nh gi tr in tr
sut ca t gm c: o thm d in cc tip t mu; o
su thm d i xng (phng php 4 in cc).
3.3.1 Xc nh in tr sut ca t theo phng php
thm d in cc tip t mu
Phng php thm d in cc tip t mu ch xc nh
c gi tr in tr sut ca t n su chn in cc
v s dng trong trng hp khng c loi my o 4 in cc
tin hnh theo phng php o su thm d i xng. Mch o
c quy nh nh trong hnh 3.1.
T kt qu o in tr R ca in cc tip t mu, tnh
ra gi tr in tr sut ca t su chn cc bng cng
thc:

2 l R
ln(4l / d )

(3.1)

Trong :
- in tr sut ca t, .m;
l- chiu di phn chn su ca in cc tip t mu, m;
d
- ng knh ngoi ca in cc tip t mu dng
tr trn, m (nu in cc tip t c dng thp gc, vi cnh l
b th d = 0,95b).
E
C

E
l

P
C
D2 =
0,62.D1

D1

2,2.t
l
Hnh 3.1: o in tr sut ca
theo phng php thm d
35

in cc mu

3.3.2 Xc nh in tr sut ca t theo phng php


o su thm d i xng (phng php o in vt l)
3.3.2.1 Phng php Wenner
Mch o theo phng php Wenner c trnh by trn hnh
3.2.
in tr sut ca t c tnh bng cng thc:
= 2 aR, ( .m)

(3.2)

- gi tr in tr o c, ;

Trong : R

a - khong cch gia cc in cc, m;


C1 P1 P2
C2
C1
C2

P1

P2

l
Ghi ch:
a/20
- su
a chn inacc l phi nh hn a
- Chnal a/20 v l < 1 m.

Hnh 3.2 - o in tr sut ca t theo phng


php Wenner
3.3.2.2 Phng php Schlumberger
Mchl o
theo phng php Schlumberger c trnh by trn
a/20
hnh 3.3. in tr sut ca t c tnh bng cng thc:
=

R(2 d2 )
,(.m)
2d

(3.3)

Trong :
l- khong cch t cc in cc dng n tm thm d O, m;
d

- khong cch t cc in cc p n tm thm d O,

m;
C1 P1 P2

R- gi tr in tr cC2c trn my o, ;

C1

36

P1
d
d

P2

C2

Hnh 3.3: o in ltr sut ca t theo phng php


l
Schlumberger

37

Chng IV: Thit k chng st v tip t


4.1 Nguyn tc chung
4.1.1 Vic thit k chng st v tip t c tin hnh
sau khi d n kh thi c cc cp c thm quyn ph duyt
(d n kh thi, d n u t).
4.1.2 Thit k ch c thc hin sau khi c y
vn bn, ti liu, s liu kho st o c thc a.
4.1.3 Thit k chng st v tip t cho nh trm, ct
cao ng ten v ng dy thng tin c tin hnh theo
trnh t c bn sau:
- Tnh ton tn sut thit hi do st gy ra i vi cng
trnh vin thng khi cha c trang b bo v, phng php
c nu trong TCN 68 - 135: 2001 "Chng st bo v cc
cng trnh vin thng - Yu cu k thut";
- So snh vi gii hn tn sut thit hi cho php c quy
nh trong TCN 68 - 135: 2001;
- Nu tn sut thit hi vt qu gii hn cho php, phi la
chn cc bin php bo v thch hp sao cho tn sut thit
hi do st tho mn yu cu trong TCN 68 - 135: 2001.
4.2 Thit k chng st bo v nh trm vin thng
4.2.1 Chng st nh trc tip cho nh trm vin thng
4.2.1.1 Chn mc bo v
Thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip cho nh trm
vin thng phi m bo sao cho hiu qu bo v ca h thng
p ng c yu cu bo v ca nh trm. Hiu qu bo v E
ca h thng chng st c xc nh nh sau:
E 1 - Fd/ Fd;

(4.1)

Trong :
Fd - tn sut thit hi do st nh trc tip ln nh trm vin
thng;
38

Fd - tn sut thit hi do st nh trc tip c th chp nhn


c.
Ch : Cc gi tr Fd, Fd c xc nh theo TCN 68 - 135:
2001.

Bng 4.1: Mc bo v ca h thng chng st tng ng vi hiu


qu bo v
Mc bo v
I
II
III
IV

Hiu qu bo v E
0,98
0,95
0,90
0,80

4.2.1.2 Thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip


H thng chng st nh trc tip phi c thit k
m bo hiu qu bo v la chn theo 4.2.1.1.
Vic thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip phi m
bo cc yu cu c quy nh trong mc 2.1, tu theo loi h
thng chng st c la chn.
4.2.2 Chng st lan truyn t bn ngoi nh trm
4.2.2.1 Chng st lan truyn t ng dy thng tin i vo nh
trm
a. La chn loi cp c v che chn vi tr khng truyn t
nh.
b. Thc hin tip t v lin kt ng th cho v cp theo
quy nh trong Tiu chun Ngnh TCN 68 - 141: 1999 Tip
t cho cc cng trnh vin thng - Yu cu k thut. Cp
ng trc dn t ng ten xung phi c t trong lng
ct thp v tip t v tr t ct thp sang cu cp v v
tr i vo nh trm.
c. Lp t thit b chng st ti v tr cp i vo nh trm.
Thit b bo v phi c la chn theo quy nh trong
mc 2.2.1 v phi hp tt vi kh nng chu ng ca thit
b cn bo v.
39

4.2.2.2 Chng st lan truyn t ng dy in lc i vo nh


trm
a. La chn loi cp c v che chn vi tr khng truyn t
nh.
b. Thc hin tip t v lin kt ng th cho v cp theo
quy nh trong Tiu chun Ngnh TCN 68 - 141: 1999.
c. Lp t thit b chng st ti v tr cp i vo nh trm.
Thit b bo v phi c la chn theo quy nh trong
mc 2.2.1 v phi hp tt vi kh nng chu ng ca thit
b.
d. Dng my bin th h p ring cung cp ngun in
cho nh trm. Trong trng hp ny, phi lp t thit b
chng st trn ng dy trung v cao p trc khi vo trm
bin th. Thit b chng st c la chn phi hp tt vi
kh nng chu ng ca ng dy v chu c dng
xung st xut hin ti v tr lp t.
4.2.3 Chng st lan truyn v cm ng in t bn trong
nh trm
a. Thc hin lin kt ng th ti ranh gii gia cc vng
chng st (LPZ) i vi cc thnh phn v h thng kim loi
(cc ng ng dn kim loi, cc khung gi cp, khung gi
thit b).
b. Thc hin cc bin php che chn in t:
- Lin kt cc thnh phn kim loi ca to nh vi nhau v vi
h thng chng st nh trc tip, v d mi nh, b mt
bng kim loi, ct thp v cc khung ca bng kim loi ca
ta nh.
- Dng cc loi cp c mn chn kim loi hoc dn cp trong
ng kim loi c tr khng thp. V che chn hoc ng dn
bng kim loi phi c lin kt ng th hai u v ti
ranh gii gia cc vng chng st (LPZ). ng dn cp phi
c chia lm hai phn bng vch ngn bng kim loi, mt

40

phn cha cp thng tin, mt phn cha cp in lc v


cc dy dn lin kt.
c. Lp t cc thit b chng st ti giao din dy - my (ti
ranh gii LPZ1 v LPZ2). Thit b chng st c la chn
phi hp tt vi kh nng chu ng ca thit b cn bo
v v chu c dng xung st xut hin ti v tr lp
t.
d. Thc hin cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm
vin thng theo quy nh trong mc 2.3.
4.3 Thit k chng st bo v ct ng ten vin thng
gim nh tn sut thit hi do st gy ra i vi ct ng
ten vin thng, phi trang b h thng chng st nh trc tip
cho ct ng ten. Thit k chng st nh trc tip cho ct ng
ten c p dng theo mc 4.2.3.
Ch :
- Vi ct cao ng ten bng kim loi, khng cn trang b dy
thot st m dng thn ct thc hin chc nng ny,
vi iu kin phi hn ni v mt in kh cc t ct
vi nhau qua tt c cc mt bch ct.
- Cc thnh phn kim loi ca ct ng ten vin thng phi c lin kt in lin tc vi nhau v vi cc thnh phn v
kim loi ca thit b k thut.
4.4 Thit k chng st bo v ng dy thng tin
4.4.1 La chn mi trng lp t
Khi thit k tuyn cp, phi ch xem xt, la chn mi trng lp t sao cho c th li dng c yu t che chn sn
c ca mi trng xung quanh.
4.4.2 La chn cp c gi tr dng gy h hng ln
i vi cp nm trong vng nguy him v hay b st nh,
phi la chn cp c gi tr dng gy h hng ln gim tn
sut gy thit hi.

41

4.4.3 Thc hin tip t cho tuyn cp


- Phi thc hin tip t mn chn kim loi ca cp treo ti
hai u tuyn cp v dc theo tuyn cp theo quy nh
trong TCN 68-141: 1999 "Tip t cho cc cng trnh vin
thng.
- C th tng s ln tip t dy treo cp (gim nh
khong cch gia cc im tip t) nhng vng hay b
st nh.
4.4.4 Trang b dy chng st ngm cho cp chn
gim nh dng st nh vo cp chn, dng dy chng
st ngm bng kim loi chn pha trn, dc theo tuyn cp
thu ht mt phn dng st (xem ph lc F). Dy chng st
ngm phi bng ng hay lng kim c ng knh khng nh
hn 4 mm, hoc nhiu si dy thp m km c tng tit din
khng nh hn 38 mm2. Dy chng st ngm phi c b tr
dc theo ton b chiu di on cp cn c bo v v ko di
thm mt on Y, vi Y c tnh bng cng thc:
Y 5 . ( ) 1/2, (m)

(4.2)

Trong :
= in tr sut ca t, .m.
4.4.5 Lp t thit b chng st
Lp t thit b chng st ti cc im cp nhp trm
lm gim tn sut thit hi cho cp do st nh trc tip vo
trm. Thit b chng st phi c la chn phi hp tt vi kh
nng chu ng ca cp. Thit b chng st phi c ni gia
cc dy dn kim loi ca cp vi thanh tip t chnh ca nh
trm. Ti di cp chn Lp = 5.

1/2

(vi l in tr sut ca

t, .m) tnh t nh trm, phi lp thm cc thit b chng


st gia cc dy dn kim loi ca cp v v cp (hoc ng kim
loi).
4.5 Thit k h thng tip t

42

4.5.1 Nguyn tc thit k


- Tt nht, nn dng mt h thng tip t dng chung cho
cc chc nng tip t chng st, tip t cng tc v
bo v trong mt khu vc nh trm vin thng.
- Trong trng hp c sn h thng tip t chng st
cho nh trm, khi thit k h thng tip t cng tc v
bo v cho thit b, phi thc hin lin kt ng th hai
h thng tip t trn.
- H thng tip t dng chung phi c gi tr in tr nh
hn gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun thp nht.
- H thng tip t chung phi c thi cng v tr thch
hp nht (trung tm) sao cho chiu di cp dn t l
ngn nht.
- Phi lin kt ng th gia h thng tip t ca khu
vc nh trm vi h thng tip t chng st ca ct cao
ng ten k bn.
4.5.1 Xc nh in tr sut ca t
- Trc khi thit k cc h thng tip t, phi o in tr
sut ca t ti khu vc d kin trang b tip t. Phng
php o v s mch o c quy nh trong mc 3.3,
chng III.
- in tr sut ca t dng trong tnh ton h thng tip
t c xc nh bng cng thc:

tt

=k

, ( .m)

(4.3)

Trong :

tt

- in tr sut ca t dng trong thit k chng

- in tr sut ca t o c;

st;
k - h s ma, k =1,6 1,8.

43

4.5.2 Chn vt liu lm in cc tip t


Vt liu lm in cc tip t s lm nh hng n tui
th ca h thng tip t. V vy, vic chn vt liu lm in
cc tip t ph thuc vo chc nng ca h thng tip t.
1) H thng tip t cng tc:
H thng tip t cng tc c thi hn khai thc l 15 nm.
Vt liu lm in cc tip t cng tc phi bng ng hoc
bng thp m km.
Phng php tnh ton c nu trong ph lc C.
2) H thng tip t bo v c thi hn khai thc l 30 nm.
in cc tip t ch cn lm bng thp m km.
3) H thng tip t dng chung cho cc chc nng tip t
cng tc v tip t bo v phi c xem xt nh i vi h
thng tip t cng tc.
4.5.3 La chn loi h thng tip t
Vic la chn loi h thng tip t ph thuc vo 3 iu
kin sau:
- iu kin mt bng ni s thi cng h thng tip t;
- in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng;
- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun.
H thng tip t thng c xy dng theo cc loi sau:
1) H thng tip t dng hn hp (gm cc in cc thng
ng v cc di nm ngang)
H thng tip t dng hn hp c s dng trong nhng
iu kin sau:
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng h thng
tip t khng ln hn 100 .m v tng i ng nht
su t 1 n 5 m;
- Mt bng thi cng khng b hn ch;
- in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu nh (thng thng l
h thng tip t cng tc).
2) H thng tip t l nhng di st hoc ng nm ngang
44

H thng tip t l nhng di st hoc ng nm ngang


c s dng trong nhng iu kin sau:
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng h thng
tip t khng ln hn 100 .m v tng i ng nht
su t 1 n 2 m;
- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu ln t 5 n
10 (thng thng c dng i vi cc h thng tip t
bo v c lp xa trung tm);
- Mt bng thi cng khng b hn ch.
3) H thng tip t chn su
H thng tip t chn su c s dng trong nhng iu
kin sau:
-

Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng rt nh cc


lp t di su;

- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu nh (thng thng l h thng tip t cng tc);


- Mt bng thi cng cht hp.
4) H thng tip t bao gm nhng tm thp hoc ng chn
dng ng
H thng tip t bao gm nhng tm thp hoc ng
chn dng ng c s dng trong nhng iu kin sau:
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng h thng
tip t khng ln hn 100 .m v tng i ng nht
su t 1 n 5 m;
- Mt bng thi cng qu cht hp;
- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu trong phm vi
t 3 n 5 .
4.5.4 Tnh ton h thng tip t
Cc h thng tip t phi c tnh ton, thit k m
bo thi hn khai thc nh sau:
1) H thng tip t bo v: 30 nm;
2) H thng tip t cng tc: 15 nm.
45

Cc cng thc tnh ton h thng tip t c nu trong Ph


lc C.
4.5.5 S dng ho cht ci to t
Tu theo yu cu thc t, c th s dng cc loi ha cht ci
to t nh sau:
1) Dng ho cht ci to t dng ho tan nhm mc ch
gim nh in tr sut ca t.
2) Dng ho cht ci to t dng ng cng nhm mc
ch:
- Gim nh in tr tip t;
- Tng n nh ca in tr tip t;
- Chng n mn cho cc in cc tip t;
- Tng kh nng tip xc vi t trong trng hp dng in
cc tip t chn su.

46

Chng V: Thi cng lp t trang thit b chng st v


h thng tip t
5.1 Nguyn tc chung
- Tt c cc trang thit b chng st v tip t, trc khi
lp t phi c kim nh theo ng n thit k
c ph chun.
- n v thi cng phi thc hin thi cng theo ng thit k
v khng c t sa cha thit k v bn thi cng.
- Vic thi cng lp t cc h thng chng st v tip t
khng c gy nh hng, lm gin on thng tin lin lc.
- Trong qu trnh thi cng, n v thi cng phi tuyt i
tun th cc quy nh v an ton in v an ton lao
ng ca nh nc, ca ngnh v ca n v thi cng
ra. Khi c dng st, nguy him, tuyt i khng c php
thi cng.
5.2 Thi cng lp t h thng chng st nh trc tip
- in cc thu st v dy thot st phi c lp t theo
ng cng ngn cng tt.
- Tt c cc thnh phn trong h thng chng st nh trc
tip phi c lp t m bo chc chn v mt c
kh chu c cc tc ng do gi, cc iu kin thi
tit v cc tc ng c hc khc.
- Dy thot st phi c gn cht vo tng v c lp
t ni an ton, trnh gy nguy him cho con ngi.
- Dy thot st trong h thng chng st nh trc tip
bo v ct cao ng ten phi c lp t trong lng ct
thp v c c nh chc chn vo thn thp.
- Cc h thng chng st pht tin o sm v phn tn
nng lng st phi c lp t theo ng quy nh ca
nh sn xut.
5.3 Lp t thit b chng st lan truyn
47

- Nu ng dy in h p vo nh trm vin thng qua


nh my n, phi lp t thit b bo v s cp ngay ti
nh my n hoc trm bin th. Nh my n phi c
trang b tip t ni t cho my n, bin th v
thit b chng st.
- Thit b chng st c lp t ti nh trm vin thng
phi t trc t phn phi in chnh AC.
- Lp t thit b chng st trn ng dy tn hiu ti v
tr ng dy i vo nh trm v ti giao din gia ng
dy v thit b ng theo thit k.
- Vic thc hin lp t chi tit cn tun th hng dn ca
nh sn xut thit b.
- Khi ct in li thi cng lp t thit b chng st,
phi c cc bin php thch hp nh s dng in my n,
c quy khng lm gin on thng tin lin lc.
5.4 Thi cng lp t chng st bo v ng dy thng
tin
5.4.1 Cp quang c thnh phn kim loi
- Vi tuyn cp quang c thnh phn kim loi, phi m bo
tnh lin tc ca thnh phn kim loi theo chiu di ca
cp, k c cc ch ni v cc b ti to. Phi ni cc thnh
phn kim loi vi thanh lin kt cn bng th (e.p.b.b) (ni
trc tip hoc qua thit b chng st) ti hai u tuyn
cp. Nu khng c thanh lin kt cn bng th, phi ni
cc thnh phn kim loi ny vi thanh lin kt cn bng th
dng ring bn trong kt cui mng quang.

48

Cp
tc

lin

Mt bch hoc
hp ni

Mng ngn
m
Phn t
chu lc

i dy
ng

Nh

e.p.b.b

Hnh 5.1 - Ni cc phn t bng kim loi trong cp


si quang

Khi thc hin tip t dy treo cp hoc dy t treo cp,


dy ni t phi c t trong ng nha bo v v c buc
c nh, chc chn vo thn ct. Ch thc hin tip t v
bc kim loi ti cc hp cp.
- Khng thc hin tip t cho v kim loi ca cp quang
ngm c lp v bc cch in.
- Khng lp t cp quang vi cp in lc trong cng mt
ng.
- Khi lp t dy chng st ngm, phi bo m tnh
dn in lin tc dc theo chiu di dy chng st ngm.
- Lp t thit b chng st ti cc im cp vo nh trm
theo yu cu thit k v hng dn lp t chi tit ca
nh sn xut thit b.
5.4.2 Cp kim loi
- Khi lp t, phi ch duy tr tnh lin tc cc thnh
phn kim loi (mn chn in t, dy treo cp, cc thnh
phn gia cng...) ti cc mi ni, b cp, t cp v hp cp
dc tuyn. Phi ni cc thnh phn kim loi ca cp (ni
trc tip hoc qua thit b chng st) vi thanh lin kt
cn bng th ca nh trm ti hai u tuyn cp.
- Khi thc hin tip t dy treo cp hoc dy t treo cp,
dy ni t phi c t trong ng nha bo v v c
49

buc c nh, chc chn vo thn ct. Ch thc hin


tip t v bc kim loi ti cc hp cp.
- Ch thc hin tip t v cp ngm ti cc hp cp.
- Khi lp t dy chng st ngm, phi bo m tnh
dn in lin tc dc theo chiu di dy chng st ngm.
- Lp t thit b chng st ti cc im cp vo nh trm
theo yu cu thit k v hng dn lp t chi tit ca
nh sn xut thit b.
5.5 Thi cng h thng tip t
5.5.1 Thi cng h thng tip t
n v thi cng h thng tip t phi thc hin thi cng
theo ng thit k v theo trnh t c trnh by chi tit trong
Ph lc D.
5.5.2 Thc hin lin kt cc h thng tip t
Khi c nhiu h thng tip t dng cho cc chc nng khc
nhau, phi thc hin lin kt cc h thng tip t c chc nng
khc nhau trong mt khu vc nh trm vi nhau m bo s
cn bng in th bng cc phng php sau:
5.5.2.1 Phng php 1: Thc hin lin kt bng li san bng in
th
Li san bng in th l li kim loi chn di t. Din tch
mt bng thi cng li san bng in th ty thuc vo a hnh
ca cc h thng tip t nhng phi m bo li san bng in
th cch cc h thng tip t khng ln hn 5 m.
Ch : Nn thc hin thi cng li san bng in th cng thi
im thi cng cc h thng tip t.
Li thi cng c thc hin theo trnh t sau:
- o t trn din tch mt bng cn thit vi su t
0,5 n 0,7 m;
- Trn mt bng ( c o t), t dy ng hay
dy thp m km c ng knh t 3 mm n 5 mm hoc
nhng di ng hay nhng di st c kch thc 15 mm x
50

1 mm hay 10 mm x 2 mm to thnh hnh li c kch thc 30


cm x 30 cm hoc 50 cm x 50 cm;
- Phi hn tt c cc mt li to thnh 1 li dn in lin
tc;
- Thc hin lin kt (hn ni) li san bng vi cc h thng
tip t ti nhng v tr thch hp (dy dn l ngn nht,
khng ln hn 5 m) bng dy ng trn vi tit din ln
hn hoc bng 14 mm2;
- Lp t nn cht.
5.5.2.2 Phng php 2: Lin kt bng phng php ni trc tip
Cc h thng tip t c lin kt vi nhau bng cp ng
hoc thanh ng trn c tit din ln hn hoc bng 50 mm2
chn su di mt t khong t 0,5 n 0,7 m
Trong trng hp dng cp ng nhiu si, ng knh mt si
khng nh hn 1 mm.

51

Chng VI: Kim tra, nghim thu cc h thng tip t v


chng st
6.1 Thnh phn nghim thu
Ch u t ra quyt nh thnh lp Hi ng (Ban) nghim
thu. Thnh phn tham gia nghim thu phi c i din cc bn
nh sau:
1. i din ch u t;
2. i din thit k;
3. i din thi cng;
4. i din qun l khai thc cng trnh vin thng.
Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu c nhim v lp bin ban
nghim thu. Bin bn phi c xc nhn ca cc i din ni trn.
6.2 Nghim thu cc h thng, thit b chng st
6.2.1 Ni dung nghim thu
Thc hin nghim thu theo cc ni dung sau:
1. Nghim thu theo thit k k thut thi cng;
2. Nghim thu v c hc. H thng phi c lp t chc
chn;
3. Nghim thu v thm m. H thng lp t phi m
bo m quan;
4. Nghim thu v an ton cho con ngi. H thng c lp
t phi bo m an ton cho con ngi khi lm vic
gn;
5. o gi tr in tr tip t ca h thng hay thit b
chng st (khi dng ring h thng tip t). So snh gi
tr in tr tip t o c vi tiu chun thit k yu
cu;
6. Xem xt h s kim nh cc thit b chng st trc khi
lp t.
6.2.2 H s nghim thu
52

H s nghim thu cc h thng, thit b chng st gm c:


1. Cc h s thit k;
2. Bin bn o kim c tnh k thut ca cc h thng,
thit b chng st trc khi lp t;
3. Bin bn nghim thu cc h thng chng st nh trc
tip, nghim thu lp t thit b chng st trn cc ng dy thng tin v trn cc ng in li;
4. Cc h s cung cp thit b;
5. L lch xc nhn ngun gc ca h thng hay thit b
chng st c lp t;
6. Bin bn bn giao thit b chng st.
6.3 Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t
6.3.1 Quy nh v th tc nghim thu:
1) Nghim thu lp t h thng tip t phi l hng mc
c nghim thu u tin ca ton b cng trnh vin thng c
xy dng.
2) Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t phi thc hin
theo hai giai on:
a. Giai on 1: Kim tra, nghim thu cc b phn chn di
t (phi nghim thu trc khi lp kn t);
b. Giai on 2: Kim tra, nghim thu ton b h thng tip
t.
6.3.2 Quy nh v ni dung kim tra, nghim thu h
thng tip t
Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t gm c:
1) Kim tra vic thi cng dn tip t (phn chn di t).
a. Kim tra chung vic lp t so vi thit k;
b. Kim tra s ph hp vic s dng vt liu, kch thc ca cc
in cc tip t vi thit k;
c. Kim tra bn c hc v dn in ca cc mi hn,
mi ni;
53

d. Kim tra vic lp t cho cc in cc tip t.


Kt qu kim tra c a vo bin bn theo mu quy nh
trong ph lc D.
2) o th nghim thu ton b h thng tip t.
Sau khi kt thc bc thi cng cp dn t s tin hnh
nghim thu h thng tip t. o in tr tip t ti tm tip
t chnh. Phng php o v mu ghi bin bn c trnh by
Ph lc D.
6.3.3 H s nghim thu lp t cc h thng tip t
1) H s v thit k;
1. Vn bn ngh thay i thit k (nu c) hoc
ngh thay i vt liu xy dng dng cho h thng tip
t (nu c) c cc bn ch u t, thit k tho
thun;
2. Cc bin bn kt qu o lng kim tra ca h thng tip
t c hai giai on;
3. Cc vn bn nh gi ca Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu cc
b phn chn di t v ton b h thng tip t;
4. S hon cng h thng tip t (ghi r v tr h
thng tip t v s cp dn t).
6.3.4 Kt lun, bn giao
Sau khi kim tra o th, Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu phi c
kt lun nh gi trn c s so snh vi tiu chun.
Nu cha t, Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu phi xc nh
trch nhim thuc v n v thi cng hay n v thit k. Ch
u t yu cu n v chu trch nhim tip tc b sung hay
sa cha h thng tip t v phi quy nh thi hn hon
thnh. Sau khi b sung, sa cha xong phi kim tra nghim
thu li.
Ton b h s nghim thu phi bn giao cho n v qun
l.

54

Chng VII: Quy nh v qun l v bo dng


7.1 Trong qu trnh qun l v khai thc h thng tip
t v chng st, phi thc hin kim tra, bo dng cc
trang, thit b theo nhng quy nh sau:
1. Kim tra nh k
2. Kim tra t xut
3. Trong 1 nm u sau khi xy dng cng trnh, cn thng
xuyn theo di ni t h thng tip t sau cc trn ma
ln, nu thy ln phi lp thm t ngay.
4. Vic bo dng, sa cha phi c thc hin tng phn, sao
cho m bo thng tin lin lc 24/24 gi trong ngy.
7.2 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra nh k
1. Mt thng mt ln kim tra cc mi ni, lin kt. Sit cht
li c vt ni dy dn ti tm tip t chnh v tm tip
t ca tng tng, tm tip t ca gi my, gi phi
tuyn...
2. Su thng mt ln phi o kim tra cc t tip t.
3. Su thng mt ln phi kim tra cu hnh u ni v tip
t bn trong nh trm.
4. Su thng mt ln phi kim tra h thng chng st trc
tip (c phn thu st v dn st).
5. Su thng mt ln phi kim tra cc thit b bo v chng
st lp t trn ng dy thng tin v ng in li.
6. Kim tra nh k c thc hin vo thi im lu lng
thng tin thp nht.
7. Khi thc hin kim tra nh k, khng thc hin vo thi
im c ma, dng.
7.3 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra t xut
Kim tra t xut khi c nhng s kin sau y:
55

- Sau khi b st nh;


- Sau cc trn bo;
- Sau khi sa cha cng trnh hoc thay i thit b;
- Khi c s thay i lin quan n mt bng c h thng
tip t (o bi, lp t ng ng, trng cy, trng
ct, lm nh...).
7.4 Ni dung kim tra nh k v t xut
- Kim tra gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun ti tm tip
t chnh.
- Kim tra cc mi hn, mi ni ca cp (dy) dn t v
cc dy dn lin kt thc hin tip t.
- Kim tra ton b thit b chng st.
- Kim tra ton b h thng chng st nh trc tip.
- Kim tra cc chi tit c nh thit b chng st, lp t
ng dy thng tin v ng in li.
- Kim tra trng thi lm vic ca cc thit b bo v chng
st thng qua h thng n hin th.
- Kim tra cc mi ni ca mng lin kt vi mng lin kt
chung.
7.5 Sau khi kim tra nu pht hin ch h hng phi sa
cha ngay:
- i vi h thng tip t: Nu tr s in tr tip t ln
hn so vi tiu chun phi c bin php x l;
- Vic kim tra v sa cha nh k phi kt thc trc ma
dng st ca a phng.
7.6 Mi ni dung kim tra sa cha nh k hoc t
xut u phi ghi vo l lch k thut v lu h s.

56

Ph lc A
Cu hnh u ni v tip t
trong cc nh trm vin thng
A.1 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin
thng
Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong cc nh trm vin thng
c thc hin theo trnh t sau:
1. Xy dng mng lin kt chung (CBN) cho nh trm vin
thng.
2. Thc hin u ni mng lin kt chung (CBN) vi mng tip
t ca khu vc nh trm.
3. Xy dng mng lin kt cho cc khi h thng thit b
trong nh trm vin thng, ng thi thc hin u ni
cc mng lin kt vi mng lin kt chung (CBN).
A.1.1 Xy dng mng lin kt chung cho nh trm vin
thng
A.1.1.1 Trnh t xy dng mng lin kt chung (CBN)
Mng lin kt chung ca nh trm vin thng c dng tng
qut nh trong s hnh A.1.
1. Trnh t xy dng mng CBN i vi nh trm vin thng
xy dng mi hon ton
a. Xy dng ng dn kt ni:
- Ti mi tng ca nh trm vin thng xy dng mt vng
kt ni khp kn quanh sn nh ( su t 0,5 n 0,7
m di nn nh), hoc thc hin vng kt ni khp kn
xung quanh tng nh. Vng kt ni c thc hin bng cp
ng hoc nhng di ng hay thp m km c tit din
ti thiu khng nh hn 100 mm2.
- Thc hin lin kt cc vng kt ni ca mi tng bng cc
dy lin kt thng ng ta nh mt lng Faraday, khong
cch gia cc dy thng ng khng ln hn 5 m. Dy
57

lin kt thng ng l thanh ng hoc thp m c thit


din khng nh hn 100 mm2.
- Xy dng tm li trn ton b nn nh trm su t
0,5 n 0,7 m bng nhng di thp m km hoc ng
tit din ln hn 14 mm2, vi kch thc mt li 30 cm x 30
cm hoc 50 cm x 50 cm (phi thc hin hn tt c cc
im giao nhau ca li).
- Thc hin hn ni tm li vi vng kt ni xung quanh sn
nh hoc xung quanh tng.
b. Thc hin lin kt khung b tng ct thp ca kt cu nh
trm.
- Trong trng hp s dng khung b tng ct thp lm
dy dn st, phi thc hin hn ton b khung b tng ct
thp ca kt cu nh trm ti cc im ni v giao nhau.
c. Thc hin u ni ng dn kt ni vi cc thnh phn kim
loi trong nh trm:
- Vi dy dn st ca nh trm (nu c);
- Vi ton b khung b tng ct thp ca kt cu nh trm;
- Vi khung gi cp nhp trm;
- Vi cc ng dn nc, cc ng dn cp bng kim loi.
2. Trnh t xy dng mng CBN i vi nh trm vin thng
c sn
a. Xy dng ng dn kt ni:
- Ti mi tng ca nh trm vin thng xy dng mt vng
kt ni khp kn xung quanh tng nh. Vng kt ni c
thc hin bng cp ng hoc nhng thanh ng, hay
thp m km c tit din ti thiu khng nh hn 100
mm2.
b. Thc hin u ni vng kt ni vi cc thnh phn kim loi
trong nh trm:
- Vi tt c cc dy dn st ca nh trm v tng phn
khung b tng ct thp v mt s dm b tng c th
thm nhp c;
58

- Vi khung gi cp nhp trm;


- Vi cc ng dn nc, cc ng dn cp bng kim loi.
A.1.1.2 Mt s quy nh km theo khi xy dng mng CBN
1) Tt c cc ng cp i vo trm (nhp trm) phi t gn
nhau:
- ng vo cp dn in xoay chiu ca cc thit b;
- ng vo cp vin thng ca cc thit b;
- ng vo ca cp dn t.
2) Khi thc hin ko cp ngoi vi nh trm phi bao bc cp
bng ng dn kim loi hoc ng nha c tui th cao 50 nm
(cp c lun trong ng kim loi hoc ng nha).
3) Trong cc nh trm cao tng c khung thp phi ch nhng
im sau:
- Cp ko gia cc tng phi t gn trung tm ca nh
trm;
- Nu cp c bao bc bng ng dn kim loi c th t
bt k v tr no.
4) Nu thit b vin thng c trang b thit b bo v qu p
s cp trn cc ng dy vin thng, thit b bo v
phi c ni ti v cp v vi mng CBN xung quanh.
5) Nu ti li vo ca ng in xoay chiu c t cc thit b
bo v chng qu p, nhng thit b bo v ny phi c ni
ti mng CBN.
6) Mng lin kt CBN phi cung cp 1 ng dn vi tr khng thp
song song hoc gn vi v cp hay cc dy dn bn ngoi ca
cp ng trc.
7) H thng cp trong nh trm phi b tr theo tuyn ngn nht
v phi t st mng CBN v v cp c lin kt trc tip vi
mng CBN.
8) Cc h thng thit b phi c c nh cht vo sn hoc tng gim in dung k sinh.

59

A.1.2 Thc hin u ni mng lin kt chung vi mng tip


t ca nh trm vin thng.
A.1.2.1 Thc hin u ni mng CBN vi mng tip t ca nh
trm thng qua tm tip t chnh. Gia mng CBN v tm tip
t chnh cng nhiu ng lin kt cng tt.
Trng hp mng tip t ca nh trm vin thng ngay di
sn nh hoc xung quanh nh trm, phi thc hin ni mng CBN
vi mng tip t thng qua tm tip t chnh bng nhng di
ng hoc thp m km c tit din t 50 mm2 n 100 mm2.
A.1.2.2 Quy nh i vi tm tip t chnh
1) Mi nh trm vin thng c trang b mt tm tip t
chnh
- Tm tip t chnh phi c t gn ngun cung cp
xoay chiu v cc ng vo ca cp vin thng (cng gn
cng tt).
2) Tm tip t chnh c ni trc tip n cc b phn sau:
- Mng tip t ca nh trm thng qua ng cp dn t;
- ng dn bo v (PE);
- V bo v (v kim loi) ca tt c cp nhp trm;
- Mng CBN;
- Cc dng ca ngun 1 chiu.
3) Thi cng tm tip t chnh c thc hin nh mc 2.7
trong Ph lc D.
A.1.3 Xy dng mng lin kt cho cc khi thit b trong
nh trm vin thng v thc hin u ni vi mng CBN

60

Vng kt
ni

Cc
dy
lin

Khun
g
b
tng
ct
thp

Tm tip t
chnh
Mng tip
t
Hnh A.1: Mng lin kt chung

B
tng
mng

A.1.3.1. Xy dng mng lin kt mt li (M- BN)


1) Trnh t xy dng mng M-BN
a. Xy dng tm m mt li
- Tm m mt li c tin hnh xy dng theo yu cu
ca cc nh thit k v qun l khai thc thit b. Tm
m mt li c kch thc ln cha ng c
cc thit b v gi cp nm trong khi h thng M-BN.
- Tm m c lm bng dy (di) ng trn hoc bng
dy (di) thp m km c tit din ln hn 14 mm2 hn
thnh li t di sn t thit b.
- Kch thc mt li thng nm trong phm vi:
20 cm x 20 cm,
30 cm x 30 cm,
61

40 cm x 40 cm,
50 cm x 50 cm.
b. Thc hin ni (hn) tm m mt li vi mng CBN ti
nhiu im (cng nhiu im ni vi mng CBN cng tt)
bng di ng trn hoc thp m km c tit din ln hn
14 mm2.
c. Thc hin ni phn dn ca khi h thng thit b vin
thng vi tm m mt li.
- Thit b vin thng vi nhng mch in t c cung cp
chung mt lp bc kim loi c gi l "in th chun" ph
khp trn b mt cc bng mch in.
- Tt c cc b mt "in th chun" c ni vi nhau
ng thi c ni vi khung gi thit b hoc vi v kim loi
cp ca h thng cp ln cn (nm trong khi M-BN) bng
nhng dy ng c tit din ln hn 14 mm2.
- Thc hin ni cc ca bin, cc khung gi thit b, v kim loi
cp vi tm m mt li bng dy (di) ng theo ng
ngn nht c kch thc nh trong bng A.1 (cng nhiu ng ni cng tt).
Bng A.1: Quy nh kch thc ca dy dn lin kt
TT

Tn dy dn lin kt

Tit din
ti thiu (mm2)

Dy n lin kt v kim loi ca cp thu bao (chn)

14

Dy dn lin kt cho v kim loi ca cp thu bao (treo)

14

Dy dn lin kt cho cc b bo v thu bao trn gi


phi tuyn MDF

14

Dy dn lin kt cho thit b bo v ngun 220V (thit b


bo v s cp)

100 (L> 50 m)

Dy dn lin kt cho ngun c quy

Dy dn lin kt cho phn kim loi khung gi b nn

Dy dn lin kt cho phn khung gi b i in

14

Dy dn lin kt cho cc phn kim loi khung gi tng i

14

Dy dn lin kt cho cc phn kim loi khung gi phi tuyn

14

Dy dn lin kt cho cc gi cp

14

10

62

14
100 300

63

Hnh A.2: Mng M-BN trong nh trm vin thng


A.1.3.2 Xy dng mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN)
Mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) trong nh trm vin
thng c m t trong s hnh A.3.
1) iu kin thc hin mng lin kt cch ly mt li
- Cc khi h thng thit b vin thng trong nh trm vin
thng c thc hin ni vi mng lin kt chung (CBN) bng
mng lin kt cch ly mt li khi chng c nhng yu cu
sau:
+ Yu cu che chn cao;
+ Dng r 1 chiu, xoay chiu... trong CBN khng c chy
vo khi h thng thit b vin thng.
- Khng thc hin mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) i
vi khi h thng thit b khng phi l thit b vin thng
nh: Thit b ngun, iu ha khng kh, nh sng...
2) Trnh t xy dng mng lin kt cch ly mt li:
Thc hin mng lin kt cch ly mt li theo trnh t sau:
a. Xy dng tm m mt li cch ly hon ton vi CBN xung
quanh. Tm m c kch thc ln cha ng c
cc thit b v cc gi cp nm trong khi h thng MIBN.
- Tm li m c lm bng dy (di) ng hoc bng
nhng dy (di) st m km c tit din phi ln hn 14
mm2.
- Cc mt li phi hn vi nhau.
- Kch thc mt li cng nh cng tt, trong phm vi:
- 20 cm x 20 cm ; 30 cm x 30 cm ; 40 cm x 40 cm ; 50 cm x
50 cm.
b. Thc hin ni khung gi cp, khung gi thit b vi
tm m mt li.
Cc khung gi cp, cc khung v gi ca thit b nm
trong khi h thng M-IBN phi c ni vi tm m mt l-

64

i ti nhiu im bng dy dn lin kt c kch thc nh


trong bng A.1.
c. Thc hin u ni mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) vi
mng lin kt chung (CBN).
- Thc hin u ni mng M-IBN vi mng CBN phi c thc
hin trong phm vi im ni n (SPC).
- im ni n (SPC) phi t vng ln cn ca khi h
thng M-IBN.
- im ni n trong trng hp ny l di ng dc theo
cnh ca tm m mt li c kch thc 2000 mm x 20 mm
x 2 mm. Di ng c hn vi cnh tm m mt li.
- Thc hin ni cc ng kt ni ca mng CBN ti SPC bng
dy ng c tit din ln hn 14 mm2.
3) Mt s quy nh km theo khi xy dng mng lin kt cch
ly mt li
a.Nu cp i t CBN vo M-IBN l cp c v bc kim loi
hoc l ng dn cp bng kim loi th phi ni mi u v
bc cp hoc ng dn vi khung thit b v vi im ni
n (SPC).
b.V kim loi ca cp xon ti u kt cui ca mng M-IBN
h mch (khng ni vi M-IBN) cn u kia ni vi mng
CBN.
c. Cc phn kim loi ln cn khi h thng M-IBN phi c
lin kt vi SPC trnh hin tng sc in hoc nh
thng lp cch in ca v cp.

65

ng cp tr khng thp (phn


t CBN)
Cc khung gi ca khi h
thng 1 c ni bng tm
m mt li

Ni gia SPC1 v
ng cp

sn
SPC
1

Khuyn ngh ni
mn chn cp vi
gi cp

Ct thp
sn

SPC
2@

SPC

66

Tm m
mt li

Cch ly gia tm m
mt li v CBN ngn
dng ngoi lai

Khi h
thng 3

SPC
3

Khi h
thng
Ca
s2kt ni mt im

Dy dn lin kt ng th
Ct thp lin kt
Cp nhp hoc cp ni b khng che chn
Cp nhp hoc cp ni b c che chn
Cc chm (
) dc theo cnh tm m mt li biu
th SPC ca n
Cp ni b h thng i vo khi h thng phi i st SPC

Mng A.3 - Mng M-IBN trong nh trm vin

A.1.3.3 Xy dng mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN)


Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao trong nh trm vin thng c
m t nh trong s hnh A.4.
1) iu kin thc hin mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao
Cc khi h thng vin thng trong nh trm vin thng c
thc hin ni vi CBN bng S-IBN vi nhng iu kin sau:
- Yu cu che chn in t trng cao.
- Dng r mt chiu v xoay chiu trong CBN khng c
chy vo khi h thng thit b vin thng.
- Yu cu thi cng n gin, tit kim kinh ph.
2) Trnh t xy dng mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao:
a. Thc hin lin kt cc thnh phn kim loi ca khi h thng
S-IBN.
- Cc gi cp trong khi h thng S-IBN c ni vi nhau v
ni vi CBN ti thanh dn ni n (SPCB) bng dy dn lin
kt c tit din ln hn 14 mm2 (bng cp nhiu si c v
bc).
- Cc ca bin, khung gi thit b trong khi h thng S-IBN
cch ly hon ton vi CBN ; v chng c ni vi nhau v ni
vi CBN ti thanh dn ni n bng dy dn lin kt c tit
din ln hn 14 mm2 (bng cp nhiu si c v bc).
b. Thc hin u ni mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN) vi
mng lin kt chung (CBN) ti thanh dn ni n (SPCB).
67

- Thanh dn ni n l mt thanh ng c kch thc trong


phm vi sau: Chiu di khng c ln hn 2000 mm, chiu
rng t 50 n 100 mm; b dy khng nh hn 3 mm c
gn cht vo 1 v tr thch hp chiu di ca dy lin
kt l nh nht.
Ct
3) Mt s quy nh khi thc hinThit
mng
lin
cch ly hnh
b BN
mtkt
li( c

th
cch
SPCB
nhiu
hn
sao.
1 tng)
a.V che chn caFGB
cp i vo khi h thng S-IBN
cv ni vi
IBN (khng
dy
mng S-IBN ti SPCB, phn bn ngoi khi h
thng s c
dn v + 48V)
Tng n
ni vi CBN.
+1
b.

H thng con l mt phn ca khi h thng chnh c


trong 1 tng vi h thng chnh v phi dng
chung
Cch
in
im ni n (SPC) vi h thng chnh ( trnh s
chnh lch in p qu mc gia gii hn ca CBN v IBN
i dy xon khng
ln cn).
SPC

Thp xy
dng t
(CBN)

FG

c che

B
chn
dn n
chuyn
c.Cc h thng khung
thit b, cc
thnh
phn
kt
cu kim
B
Gi phi
mch
Tng
SPC
tuync lin
nh hn 2 m phi
n loi trong MBN t cch S-IBN W
(thit b
kt vi thanh dn SPCB v l do an ton con ngi.
BN mt li)

d.
Khi thc hin lin kt mng S-IBN phi thc hin kim
Thit b BN tra bo dng thng xuyn m bo s cch ly tuyt
mt li
(khng v
i.
ng +48V) dc

i dy xon khng
chn
dn n thit b
nhp
Ghpcp
st
Busbar +48V
dc
cch ly

Tng 1
(c th cch
SPCB hn 1
tng)

n in
cc
tip
t

68

Khung gi
b
ngun
chnh
dng

Ct thp lin kt v thp xy


Dy dn lin kt
Dy dn +48V dc (khng v dy - 48V i song
song
Cp nhp trm hoc cp ni b h thng
FGB Thanh t tng (mt phn ca CBN)
SPCB Busbar lin kt n im
SPCW Ca s lin kt n im

Hnh A.4; Mng lin kt S-IBN trong nh trm vin

A.2 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm in t xa


A.2.1 Nguyn tc chung
Trong ccDy
trmlin
in
t xa c thc hin cu hnh u ni
kt
Vng kt
v tip t dng
v thit b in t
ph cu trc che chn bo ni
(EEE) hoc cabin thit b in t (EEC) c ch ra hnh A.5.
Dy lin
kt

MET
PE

Dy dn
t
Mng tip
t

Khung thit
b
Dy dn
t

V thit b cp ngun
A.C

Hnh A.5: Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm

69

A.2.2 Cc thnh phn ca mt cu trc che chn bo v


thit b in t (EEE) hoc cabin thit b in t (EEC)
Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t hoc nhng
cabin thit b in t, bao gm nhng thnh phn sau:
1) Mng lin kt chung CBN to ra bi s lin kt tt c nhng
thnh phn cu trc kim loi sn c ca trm vi ng dn
kt ni (vng kt ni) c xy dng b sung.
2) Tm tip t chnh.
3) Dy dn t thc hin ni mng tip t vi tm tip t
chnh.
4) Dy dn bo v v dy dn lin kt.
Thc hin ni cc khung gi kim loi ca cc khi h thng
thit b trong EEE hoc EEC vi mng CBN theo cu hnh mng
lin kt mt li (MBN).
A.2.3 Nguyn tc thc hin
A.2.3.1 Trm in t xa phi c trang b mt tm tip t
chnh bng ng. Phng php thi cng tm tip t chnh c
trnh by trong Ph lc D.
1) Tm tip t chnh phi c t gn ngun cung cp
xoay chiu v cc ng vo ca cp vin thng.
2) Tm tip t chnh phi c ni n:
- Dy t bo v PE;
- H thng tip t ca trm in t xa;
- Mng lin kt chung CBN.
70

A.2.3.2 Trm in t xa phi xy dng mt mng lin kt


chung (CBN)
1) Xy dng mng CBN i vi trng hp trm in t xa c
dng cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t (dng EEE).
a. Xy dng ng kt ni bn trong phi c dng vng khp
kn c gi l vng kt ni. Mi EEE xy dng 2 vng kt
ni: 1 vng kt ni gn trn, 1 vng kt ni gn sn.
Vng kt ni phi c gn vo tng hoc dc theo pha
ngoi cc gi cp gn tng v phi cao thch hp
thun li cho vic ni cc khung gi thit b.
b. Thc hin ni vng kt ni vi cc thnh phn kim loi ca
trm nh: khung b tng ct thp ca trm.
c. Thc hin ni vng kt ni vi tm tip t chnh.
d. Phi c 1 thanh ni ph bc cu qua vng kt ni thc
hin u ni khung gi thit b lp t cch xa cc bc tng vi CBN c thun li.
2) Xy dng mng CBN i vi trng hp trm in t xa c
dng cabin thit b in t (dng EEC).
a. i vi cabin thit b in t mng CBN c to nn bi
nhng thnh phn kt cu xy dng v nhng bc tng
chn bng kim loi c hn ni vi nhau.
b. Mng CBN phi ni n tm tip t chnh MET.
A.2.3.3 Vic b tr cng vo ca cp ngoi vi phi bo m cc
nguyn tc sau:
- Khong cch gia cng vo cp thng tin trong EEE v
cng vo ca cp ngun phi cng nh cng tt v khng
c ln hn 4 m.
- Khong cch gia cc cng vo cp thng tin v MET cng
phi nh hn 4 m (o dc theo tng).
A.2.3.4 Khong cch gia cp thng tin chy song song vi cp
in lc khng c mn chn tnh in t nht l 10 cm.
A.2.3.5 Thc hin ni cc thnh phn kim loi ca cp ngoi vi vi
vng kt ni (vi mng CBN)
71

a. Cc mn chn bng kim loi hoc cc thnh phn cu trc


bng kim loi ca cp ngoi vi phi c ni vi vng kt ni
hoc ni trc tip vi tm tip t chnh. im ni cng
gn cng vo cp cng tt. Vi khong cch khng ln hn 2
m.
b. Nu cc cp ngoi vi pht trin su vo bn trong EEE v
t xa ch ni th mi ni th hai n vng kt ni phi
u cui ca cc cp ti ni chng c ni vi cp
bn trong.
c. Nu khng th b tr c cng vo cc cp ngoi vi cch
tm tip t chnh (MET) nh hn 4 m (o dc theo tng)
th phi c thm t nht 1 trong cc mi ni ph gia v
kim loi cp ngoi vi n cc phn t sau:
- n vnh ai ngoi ca h thng tip t ca trm;
- n in cc tip t ch yu hoc cc thnh phn
thp gia cng;
- n vng lin kt th hai (gn sn nh).
Mi ni thm n cp ngoi vi cng gn cng vo cng tt
v khng c vt qu 2 m.
d. Cc thnh phn kim loi lin tc v in ca cc cp si
quang ngoi vi khng c i vo trong EEE qu ch ni n
vng kt ni. Nu cc phn t l gin on th c i
vo trong EEE chng phi c ni n vng kt ni ti thit
b u cui.
- Trong mt EEC, mi ni gia cc phn t kim loi ca cp
ngoi vi v bus kt ni phi cng gn cng vo cng tt.
e. Trong cabin thit b in t (EEC) mi ni gia cc thnh
phn kim loi ca cp ngoi vi v vng kt ni phi cng gn
cng vo cng tt.
A.2.3.6 Tt c cc khung, gi, v bc bng kim loi ca thit b
bn trong 1 EEE v tt c cc thnh phn kim loi khc di vo EEE
(ng dn nc, ng dn kh...) phi c ni n vng kt ni bn
trong (ni n mng CBN).
72

A.2.3.7 Nu s dng cc b bo v trn cc i dy thng tin


th cc cc chung (cc tip t) ca cc b bo v phi c ni
n tm tip t chnh (MET).

73

Ph lc B
Xc nh vng bo v ca h thng chng st
nh trc tip

B.1 Vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip


dng in cc Franklin
Vng bo v ca in cc thu st ca h thng chng st
nh trc tip dng in cc Franklin c xc nh bng cc phng php sau:
- Phng php gc bo v;
- Phng php qu cu ln.
C th dng mt phng php hoc kt hp hai phng php
trn xc nh v tr ca cc in cc thu st cho mt cng
trnh, sao cho vng bo v ca cc in cc thu st giao nhau
v che ph hon ton cng trnh cn bo v.
a) Phng php gc bo v
Phng php gc bo v thch hp vi cc cng trnh c cu
trc n gin hoc vi mt phn nh ca cng trnh ln.
Theo phng php ny, vng bo v to bi mt in cc thu
st c xc nh bng hnh nn c nh l in cc thu st
(c cao h) v gc sinh (xem hnh B.1). Gc c xc
nh ph thuc vo mc bo v v cao ca in cc thu
st so vi b mt c bo v (xem bng B.1).
Bng B.1; Xc nh vng bo v ca in cc thu st
Mc bo v

h (m)
R (m)

20

30

45

60

20

25

II

30

35

25

III

45

45

35

25

IV

60

60

45

35

25

* Khng p dng phng php gc bo v cho cc trng hp ny


(ch p dng phng php qu cu ln).

74

Vng bo v
Hnh B.1: Xc nh vng bo v ca mt
in cc thu st
Khng p dng phng php gc bo v trong trng hp
cao h ln hn bn knh qu cu ln R xc nh trong bng B.2.
Hnh B.2 v B.3 minh ho vng bo v ca mt in cc thu
st thng ng v mt in cc thu st dng dy dn nm
ngang.
A

h
t

A
B
OC
ht

nh ca in cc
mt phng chun
bn knh ca vng c bo v
cao ca in cc so vi mt phng chun

gc bo v theo bng B.1

Hnh B.2: Vng bo v ca mt in cc thu st thng


ng

75

ht

ht

C
O
Hnh B.3: Vng bo v ca mt in cc thu st dng dy
dn nm ngang

b) Phng php qu cu ln
Trong trng hp khng s dng c phng php gc bo v,
c th dng phng php qu cu ln xc nh v tr ca ca
in cc thu st. Phng php ny thch hp vi cng trnh c
cu trc phc tp.
Theo phng php ny, in cc thu st s c lp t
cc v tr sao cho khng c im no ca cng trnh cn bo
v chm vo mt qu cu tng tng bn knh R ln trn t, xung
thu
quanh ton bin
b cc
mt
cng trnh v ln trn nh ca cng
st
trnh theo tt c cc hng (xem hnh B.4). Nh vy, qu cu ln s
ch chm mt t v/hoc in cc thu st. Bn knh ca cu
ln c xc nh theo mc bo v ca h thng chng st (xem
R
R
bng B.1).
R

76

R: Bn knh qu cu ln (theo bng B.1)

Hnh B.4: Xc nh in cc thu st theo phng php


qu cu ln

B.2 Vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip


pht tin o sm
Vng bo v ca h thng chng st pht tin o sm c
xc nh bng bn knh bo v tng ng vi cc cao khc
nhau.
Bn knh bo v c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
R p = h(2R h) + L (2R + L )

Trong :
R - bn knh qu cu ln, c xc nh theo mc bo v, m
(xem bng B.1);
h - cao ca kim thu st so vi mt phng i qua v tr
cn bo v ang xt, m;
L - li v chiu di tia tin o ca in cc pht tin
o sm so vi in cc Franklin, m.
li L c tnh nh sau:
L(m) = v(m/ s). T( s)
Trong :
T ( s) - li v thi gian ca s hnh thnh tia tin o
ca in cc pht tia tin o sm so vi in cc Franklin, c
trng cho tnh hiu qu ca h thng pht tin o sm;
Ghi ch: Gi tr T do nh sn xut cung cp.
v (m/ s) = 1 m/ s - vn tc tia tin o.

77

Ph lc C
Tnh ton tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng
C.1 Tnh ton in tr tip t trong t ng nht
C.1.1 in tr tip t ca mt in cc trong t ng
nht
C.1.1.1 in tr tip t ca mt ng kim loi chn thng ng
trong t ng nht c xc nh bng cng thc:
1. Khi nh ca ng ngay trn mt t:
Rd =

4
ln
, ;
2
d

(C.1)

Trong :

- in tr sut ca t, .m;

- chiu di ca ng, m;

- ng knh ngoi ca ng, m.

2. Khi nh ca ng su trong t:
Rd =

4( + 2h )
ln
, ;
2
d ( + 4h )

(C.2)

Trong :
h - khong cch t mt t n nh ca ng, m.
Ch : Nu thanh tip t bng thp gc, thay d = 0,95a; vi
a l chiu rng pha ngoi ca thanh thp gc.
C.1.1.2 Khi thit k cc h thng tip t dng cc ng kim loi
chn thng ng trong t, hp l nht khi chn chiu di ca
ng l = (1,5 3) m; khong cch t mt t n nh ca
ng chn khng nh hn 0,7 m; ng knh d, ca ng chn theo
loi t nh sau:
1. t c ln cht trung bnh d = (2,5 4) cm;
78

2. t rn, chn loi ng c d = (4 6) cm.


C.1.1.3 in tr tip t ca mt di kim loi dt, di,
t nm ngang su h trong t ng nht, c xc
nh bng cng thc:

1,5l
Rd = .ln(
),
(C.3)
l
bh
Trong :
b

- chiu rng ca di, m;

- chiu di ca di, m;

- su chn di, m;

- in tr sut ca t, .m.

C.1.1.4 in tr tip t ca mt dy kim loi tit din trn, ng knh d, t nm ngang su, h trong t ng nht,
c xc nh bng cng thc:

l
Rd =
ln(
),
(C.4)
l
dh
Trong :
d

- ng knh ca dy, m.

C.1.1.5 Khi thit k cc h thng tip t, dng cc dy kim loi


di, hp l nht chn dy c ng knh d = (2 6) mm, su
t dy hoc di tip t khng nh hn 0,7 m. Chiu di
ca dy hoc di tip t chn ti u theo in tr sut ca
t, nh trnh by trn hnh C.1.
l, m
80

60

40

20

79

10 200

400
600
10000 , m

1000

2000

5000

Hnh C.1: Chn chiu di ca dy hoc di tip t theo in


tr sut ca t
C.1.1.6 Ni c din tch t hp c th dng in cc tip t
loi dy trn hoc dt, t di dng mt vng trn.
1. in tr tip t ca mt dy dt, t di dng mt vng
trn trong t ng nht, xem hnh C.2a, c xc nh bng
cng thc:
Rd =

7D
.ln(
),
2D
bh

(C.5)

Trong :
- in tr sut ca t, .m;
D- ng knh ca vng trn tip t, m;
b - chiu rng ca di dt, m;
h - chn su ca tip t, m.
2. in tr tip t ca mt dy tit din trn, t di dng
mt vng trn trong t ng nht, xem hnh C.2, c xc
nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

5D
.ln(
),
2
D
dh

(C.6)

hoc bng cng thc:


Rd =

1,27l
.ln(
),
l
dh

(C.7)

Trong :
d - ng knh ca dy, m;
l = .D - chu vi ca vng trn (chiu di tip t dng
vng trn), m.
80

a) Dng dy dt
h
D

b. Dng dy trn
h
d
D
Hnh C.2: in cc tip t dng vng trn
C.1.1.7 in tr tip t ca in cc bng kim loi dng tm
trn hoc ch nht c xc nh bng cng thc:
1. Tm kim loi dng trn t trn b mt t ng nht
Rd =

, ;
2D

(C.8)

2. Tm kim loi dng trn t su h trong t ng


nht, vi h >0,5D
Rd =

2
1
+
, ;
8 D h

(C.9)

Trong :
h- su chn tm kim loi, m;
- in tr sut ca t, .m;
D- ng knh ca tm trn hoc ng knh tng ng
ca cc tm dng ch nht hoc vung, cm;
Ch thch: ng knh tng ng ca mt tm kim loi dng
ch nht hoc vung l ng knh ca ng trn c din tch
bng din tch ca tm xem xt.
81

C.1.1.8 Vic s dng in cc tip t dng tm phng t


trong t theo phng nm ngang hoc thng ng rt kh do
th tch o h tip t ln, c th dng cc di kim loi xon
thnh dng l xo, to ra mt ng c chiu di l = 1,42 m vi ng
knh d = 0,2 m hoc chiu di l = 0,71 m vi ng knh d = 0,4
m, khi tnh ton in tr tip t theo cng thc nh i vi
in cc tip t dng ng.
C.1.2 Tnh ton in tr tip t c nhiu in cc
trong t ng nht
C.1.2.1 nhn c tr s in tr tip t yu cu, ta cn ni
song song mt s cc in cc tip t n vi nhau. H thng
tip t ny c gi l h thng tip t c nhiu in cc.
Trn hnh C.3 trnh by mt h thng tip t gm nhiu ng
v trn hnh C.4 trnh by mt h thng tip t gm nhiu
tia di.
h

a
Hnh C.3: H thng tip t gm
nhiu ng

82

a) Hai tia

b) Ba tia
c) Bn tia

Hnh C.4: H thng tip t gm nhiu tia di


C.1.2.2 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm n ng kim loi
ging nhau, chn thng ng trong t ng nht, khi b qua
nh hng ca dy ni cc in cc (dy ni cch in vi t)
do tc dng che chn ln nhau ca cc in cc, c xc nh
bng cng thc:
Rd =

R0
, ;
n

(C.10)

Trong :
R0- in tr tip t ca mt in cc n c lp, ;
n- s in cc trong h thng;
- h s s dng in cc tip t (gi tr trung bnh t
tr s o thc nghim, ly ging nhau cho tt c cc in cc
trong h thng).
C.1.2.3 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm nhiu ng kim
loi ging nhau chn thng ng trong t ng nht, c xt
n in tr tip t ca dy (di) ni cc in cc tip t
vi nhau, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

R 1R 2
, ;
n2 R 1 + 1 R 2

(C.11)

Trong :

83

R1- in tr tip t ca cc dy (di) ni cc in cc


tip t, ;
R2- in tr tip t ca mt ng (thp gc) chn thng
ng, ;
1- h s s dng ca dy (di) ni;
2- h s s dng ca in cc chn thng ng;
n

- s in cc chn thng ng.

Ghi ch: y l trng hp cho cc ng tip t chn theo mt hng.

C.1.2.4 Tr s h s s dng ph thuc vo kch thc cc in


cc tip t, khong cch gia cc in cc v s b tr cc
in cc.
H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc) t
thnh hng c trnh by trong bng C.1.
H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc) t thnh
khung kn c trnh by trong bng C.2.
Bng C.1: H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc)
t thnh hng
T s khong cch gia cc
ng vi chiu di ca ng,
a/l
2
3

4
0,89
0,92

H s s dng theo s ng trong n hng


5
8
10
20
30
50
65
0,86
0,90

0,79
0,85

0,75
0,82

0,56
0,68

0,46
0,58

0,36
0,49

0,34
0,47

Bng C.2: H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc)


t thnh khung kn
T s khong cch gia cc
ng vi chiu di ca ng,
a/l
2
3

H s s dng, khi s ng trong khung, n


4
6
8
10
20
30
50
70

100

0,55
0,70

0,24
0,33

0,48
0,64

0,43
0,60

0,40
0,56

0,32
0,45

0,30
0,42

0,28
0,37

0,26
0,35

C.1.2.5 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm cc thanh (ng)


b tr trn din tch S trong t ng nht, c th c xc
nh bng cng thc:
R=

8l
2K l

. ln( ) 1 + (
)( n 1) 2 ,
2 l n d
S

Trong :
84

(C.12)

- in tr sut ca t, .m;
l- chiu di ca thanh (ng), m;
d- ng knh ca thanh (ng), m;
S- din tch ca h thng tip t, m2;
n- s in cc (thanh, ng);
K- h s, c gi tr trnh by trn hnh C.5.
C.1.2.6 in tr ca mt h thng tip t c dng bt k gm
cc thanh hoc ng chn thng ng trong t ng nht c
th c xc nh bng cng thc:
R=

.
2 l n

4l +7t
2l

+ A , ;
ln( ) + 0,5ln
l +t
d

(C.13)

Trong :
d- ng knh ca ng tip t, m;
t- su chn ng tip t, m;
n- s lng cc ng tip t;
A- tr s xt n s che chn ln nhau ca cc thanh
1,40 t.
hoc ng tip
K

Cc gi tr ca A i vi mt s cc trng hp tip t c
1,35
trnh by trong bng C.3.
1,30
Vi su
chn ng tip
t t = 0

1,25
1,20
Vi

1,15
1,10
1,05
1,00

Vi
0,95
0,90

1
8

T s chiu di v chiu rng ca din tch

85

Hnh C.5: Gi tr h s K i vi h thng tip t gm cc


thanh (ng) ph thuc vo t s chiu di v chiu rng ca
din tch tip t

86

Bng C.3: Cc gi tr ca A cho mt s trng hp tip t


gm cc ng chn thng ng
Dng h thng tip t

S in cc

R.2. .l/

3,07

1,34

10

3,18

0,82

21

4,30

0,445

40

7,33

0,385

80

8,98

0,175

69

9,95

0,212

98

11,30

0,165

21

6,27

C.1.2.7 in tr ca mt h thng tip t c dng bt k gm


cc dy hoc di t nm ngang trong t ng nht c th
c xc nh bng cng thc sau:

L2
R=
. ln( ) + A , ;
2 L dt

(C.14)

Trong :
L- tng chiu di ca tip t, m;
- in tr sut ca t, .m;
d- ng knh ca dy lm tip t, m;
t- su chn tip t, m;
A- tr s xt n s nh hng ln nhau ca cc b phn
tip t ring r, c gi tr i vi mt s dng tip t c
trnh by trong bng C.4.

87

Bng C.4: Cc gi tr ca A cho mt s trng hp tip t nm


ngang
Dng tip t

Dng tip t

Gi tr ca A khi t s cc cnh
1
1,5
2
3
4

0,48

1,69

1,76

1,86

2,10

2,34

0,36

3,67

3,41

3,31

3,29

3,35

0,87

4,95

5,16

5,44

6,00

6,52

2,13

5,61

5,04

4,73

4,43

4,33

5,27

8,55

8,24

9,40

10,3

11,11

8,81

9,02

7,20

22,73

l/D=3/
C.1.2.8 in tr ca h thng tip t gm n dy (di) t
nm ngang trong t ng nht di dng bc x (cc di c cng
mt im ni) c tnh bng cng thc:
Rd =

ln
1 + N(n ), ;

n d

Trong :
l- chiu di ca tia, m;
d- ng knh ca dy, m;
n- s tia;
- in tr sut ca t, .m;
n 1

N (n) = ln
k =1

88

l + sin( k / n)
sin( k / n)

(C.15)

Vi n > 6; N(n) (n-1) ln(2.1,707) - ln(n)


Mt s cc gi tr ca N(n) c trnh by trong bng C.5.
Bng C.5: Mt s cc gi tr ca N(n)
n
N(n)

2
0,7

3
1,53

4
2,45

6
4,42

8
6,5

12
11,0

100
11,6

C.1.2.9 in tr tip t ca h thng gm n tm kim loi ging


nhau ni song song vi nhau bng dy cch in, c xc nh
bng cng thc:
Rd =

R
,
n

Trong :
n- s tm;
R- in tr tip t ca mt tm, ;
- h s s dng tip t, ph thuc vo s tm v s b
tr ca cc tm, c gi tr thay i trong phm vi t 0,25
n 0,7.
C.2 Tnh ton in tr tip t trong t khng ng
nht
C.2.1 Tnh ton in tr tip t ca cc tip t n
trong t khng ng nht
C.2.1.1 Trong thc t t c kt cu khng ng nht. Thng
t c nhiu lp c xc nh bi kt cu a cht ca t.
Gi tr in tr sut ca cc lp t pha trn thay i theo
ma.
Vic tnh ton in tr tip t trong trng hp ny theo
dng kt cu t ng nht s c sai s ln.
tnh ton in tr tip t trong trng hp t c nhiu
lp c th s dng h s ma. Nhng kt qu nghin cu thc
nghim h s ma cho thy rng h s ma l khng ging nhau
khng nhng ch cc ch khc nhau m cn thay i mnh
trong phm vi ca mt vng khng ln lm, ph thuc vo v tr
c th b tr tip t.
89

c kt qu tnh ton chnh xc hn cn phi xt n cc


lp t c dn khc nhau. Mc d trong trng hp tng qut
t c kt cu nhiu lp, nhng tuyt i a s cc trng hp
chnh xc ta c th thay bng cu hnh t hai lp, trong lp
trn c chiu dy h v c in tr sut

cn lp di dy v cng

c in tr sut 2.
C.2.1.2 in tr tip t ca mt ng chn thng ng trong
t khng ng nht gm hai lp (xem hnh C.6) c xc nh
bng cng thc:
1 h l -h 4l
R= +
ln( ), ;
2

d
1
2

(C.16)

Trong :
d - ng knh ca ng, m;
l - chiu di ca ng, m;
h - chiu dy ca lp t pha trn, m;
1, 2- in tr sut tng ng ca cc lp t pha trn v
pha di, .m.

h
l

Hnh C.6: in cc tip t chn thng ng trong


t c hai lp
C.2.1.3 in tr tip t ca mt dy (hoc di) di nm ngang
trong t khng ng nht gm hai lp, c xc nh bng
cng thc:
1. Khi dy (hoc di) tip t di nm trong lp t pha
trn (t < h)
l
0,25l
0,25l
1 l 2 n
R=
l ln + K 2arsh
+
arsh
+
arsh

4
hn
(
hn
+
t
)
(
hn

t
)

2 dt n=1

(C.17)
2. Khi dy (hoc di) tip t di nm trong lp t pha di
(t>h)
90


R= 2
2

2
0,25l
0,25l
l n
l ln + K arsh
+
arsh

,
(
hn
+
t
)
(
n

2)
h
+
t
dt n=1

(C.18)

Trong :
l- chiu di ca dy (hoc di), m;
K = ( 2- 1)/( 2+ 1) - h s khng ng nht ca t;
d- ng knh ca dy, m; (nu l di, th ng knh tng ng ca mt di c chiu rng b c ly bng d = b/2).
C.2.1.4 in tr tip t ca in cc di dng vng trn trong
t c hai lp, khi mt phng ngn cch gia hai lp trng vi
mt ng th, c xc nh bng cng thc:

1
1 2
4 D 2 + h2
8D
R = 2 .ln
.ln
, ;

D d 2 D 2 + h2
h

(C.19)

Trong :
D- ng knh ca vng trn tip t, m;
d- ng knh (hoc ng knh tng ng) ca dy
(hoc di), m;
1,

- in tr sut tng ng ca cc lp t trn v di,

.m;
h - chiu dy ca lp t pha trn, m.
C.2.1.5 in tr tip t ca in cc dng tm trong t
khng ng nht, gm hai lp khi mt ngn cch trng vi mt
ng th tip t, c xc nh bng cng thc:
R=

1 2(1 - 2 )
d
. 1.arctg , ;
2D
1
2h

(C.20)

Trong :
D- ng knh (hoc ng knh tng ng) ca tm, m.
C.2.1.6 in tr tip t ca in cc dng li t trong t
khng ng nht gm hai lp, c xc nh bng cng thc:

1 +( 2 -1 ).e- h 1
R=
+ , ;
2D
L

(C.21)

91

Trong :
L- tng chiu di cc dy (hoc di) di, m;
D- ng knh din tch ca li, m;
- tham s (1/m) khi xt n s phn b khng ng
nht ca theo su ca t. Gi tr ca c trnh by
trn hnh C.7.

92


(1/m)
1,0

K=
0,333

0,9
0,8

h=1m

K=

0,500

K=

-0,333

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

K=

-0,500

0,2
0,1
0,0
-0,1

5
5
90 100

40

50

60

70

80

,m

-0,2

C.2.1.7 Trong trng hp lp t pha trn c in tr sut ln,


1
m
bo tiu chun in tr tip t khng th tng s lng
-0,3
in 1cc tip t, ta c th dng mt hoc hai tip t chn
-0,4
su.
chn
l s
cctip
chn thng ng
Hnh
C.7Cc
- Stip
pht
thuc
casu
tham
vot
din
c chiu di ln tch
hocb
ngn
tr c t mt su ln, ni t
h dn
thng
tiptt.
tDng
v
chn
c
in
tip
tsu
c la chn khc nhau theo
iu kin c th. thun tin ta chn in cc tip t l
cc thanh di ng nht c tit din khng i.

93

in tr tip t ca h thng tip t chn su c xc


nh gn ng bng cng thc nh trong C.2.1.2.
C.2.1.8 xc nh chiu di ca tip t chn su theo cc
s liu in tr tip t yu cu v cc gi tr chiu dy ca lp
t pha trn h, in tr sut ca cc lp t 1, 2 bit trc
ta c th dng ton hnh C.8.
Trnh t xc nh chiu di ca tip t chn su nh sau:
T mt im pha bn phi ca trc honh tng ng vi
chiu dy ca lp t pha trn h, ta k mt ng thng gc vi
trc honh n ct mt ng ca th tng ng vi t s
2/ 1. T im ct ta k mt ng song song vi trc honh
n ct mt ng ca th nhnh bn tri tng ng vi t s
2/R. T im ct mi nhn c ta tip tc k mt ng thng
vung gc vi trc honh, im ct ca ng thng vung gc
ny vi trc honh cho ta gi tr chiu di ca tip t chn
su.
Trn hnh
0,001 C.8 minh ha cho trng hp h = 15 m,

= 500

.m, 2 = 100 .m, R = 20 50


. Gi tr chiu di ca tip t
0,01
chn su tm c l l = 18,5 m.
0,1
2/R=50
0,2

30
0,3
2,
0 1,
0

10

30
0,1

0,5
15
2/ 1=0,75
l, m 50
40
20
40
50 h, m

30

0,01
18,5
20
10

15
0

10

20

30

10di ca tip t
Hnh 25
C.8 - Ton xc nh chiu
chn su
94
30

C.3 Tnh ton h thng tip t khi c ci to t


C.3.1 Khi cc h thng tip t t trong t c in
tr sut ca t cao, lp t gn vi in cc tip t
ng vai tr chnh to ra in tr i vi dng t tip
t chy vo t.
Vy gim nh in tr tip t, ta ch cn gim in
tr sut ca t xung quanh in cc vi khong cch khng
ln lm (1,5 2,5) m.
S dng bt than cc cho php gim nh in tr tip t,
nng cao n nh lm vic ca tip t trong nhng iu
kin khc nhau ca t v kh hu. Mc gim nh in tr tip
t v nng cao n nh c xc nh tu thuc vo
chiu dy (ng knh) ca lp trung gian bng bt than cc.
C.3.2 in tr ca mt in cc tip t dng thanh (hoc ng)
chn thng ng trong t c cht hot ho c xc nh bng
cng thc:
Rhhd = 0,37 K1

d
lb

2l b
4hb + 3l b hh d hh
ln
ln
+ 0,5ln
+
, ;
d
4
h
+
l

d
b
b
d
b
hh

(C.22)
Trong :
K1- h s nhit ca t thay i theo ma, i vi in
cc dng thanh (ng) ly bng 1,3;
d- in tr sut ca t, .m;
lb- chiu di ca in cc, m;
hb- khong cch t mt t n gia in cc, m;
db- ng knh ngoi ca in cc, m;

hh

- in tr sut ca bt than cc, .m;

dhh- ng knh ca cht hot ho - lp trung gian bng bt


than cc bao quanh thanh (ng) thp, m.
Ch thch:
95

- i vi cc in cc bng thp gc, thay db bng ng


knh tng ng ca ng, c ngha l db = 0,95.a (a l
chiu rng ca thanh thp gc).
- in tr sut ca bt than cc hh, gm cc ht c ng
knh khng ln hn 10-15 mm, dao ng t 0,22 n 2,5
.m. Trong tnh ton ly bng 2,5 .m.
C.3.3 in tr tip t ca mt tip t di nm ngang
hoc di ni h thng tip t gm nhiu in cc chn
thng ng trong bt than cc c xc nh bng cng
thc:
Rhhn = 0,37 K 2

d
ln

2l n
tn hh dhh
ln
+
ln
+
ln

, ;
2t d
dn
dn

(C.23)

Vi iu kin : ln >> dn v tn << ln/4


Trong :
K2- h s nhit ca t thay i theo ma, i vi tip
t nm ngang ly bng 1,8;

- in tr sut ca t, .m;

ld - chiu di ca tip t nm ngang, m;


dd - ng knh ngoi ca in cc tip t nm ngang, m;
tn - chn su ca in cc tip t nm ngang, m;

hh

- in tr sut ca bt than cc (cht hot ho), ly bng

2,5 .m;
dhh- ng knh ca lp trung gian bng bt than cc, m.
Ch thch:
- i vi cc in cc bng thp gc hoc thp dt thay dn=
0,95.a (a l chiu rng ca thp gc hoc thp dt);
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t trong cc cng thc tnh ton
cc im 4.5 v 4.6 c xc nh bng cng thc:

.k, .m; vi
- gi tr in tr sut ca t o t c, .m;
k - h s xt n s thay i m ca t theo ma.
96

C.3.4 i vi h thng tip t thc hin ci to t bng


mui v t mn, khi tnh in tr tip t ca mt
in cc, vn dng cc cng thc tnh nh trong trng hp
khng ci to t, vi lu :
Khi ci to bng t mn: gi tr c ly bng in tr
sut ca t c thay th vo.
C.4. c tnh xung ca in tr tip t
C.4.1 H s xung
c im lm vic ca h thng tip t i vi dng st
(dng xung) khc vi dng mt chiu v dng c tn s thp (tn
s cng nghip, m thanh...).
Nu tr s dng xung ln s lm xut hin cng in trng gy nh xuyn cc phn ring l trong t. Khi xut hin
s nh xuyn, in tr sut ca t gim, din tch tip xc
ca in cc tip t tng, do in tr tip t gim. i
vi h thng tip t chng st phi xt n hin tng ny.
c tnh xung ca in tr tip t c m t qua h s
xung .
H s xung l t s gia in tr tip t xung Rx v
in tr tip t i vi dng in cng nghip tn s 50 Hz
(R50).

Rx
R 50

(C.24)

C.4.2 in tr tip t xung i vi h thng tip t c


mt in cc c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rx = .R50

(C.25)

Trong :
R50 - in tr tip t i vi dng in tn s cng nghip
50 Hz;
Rx - in tr tip t i vi dng xung.

97

C.4.2.1 H s xung i vi in cc tip t dng ng (cc)


c xc nh bng cng thc:
ln
=

42 E 0
Ix
4
ln
d

(C.26)

Trong :
l - chiu di ca ng (cc), m;
Ix- bin dng st, A;
d - ng knh ca ng, m (Nu l thp gc thay d = 0,95a
vi a l chiu rng thp gc);
E0 = (6-12) kV/cm - gi tr trung bnh cng in trng
nh xuyn trong t.
C.4.2.2 H s xung i vi di (dy) tip t nm ngang c
xc nh bng cng thc:

= 1+

L 0l
T1R 50

(C.27)

Trong :
L0 - in cm mt n v chiu di ca dy (di) tip t
nm ngang, c xc nh nh sau:
l

L0 = 0,2 ln +1,2 , H/m ;


b

b - chiu rng ca di;


l - chiu di ca di hoc dy;
T1 - thi gian xc lp sn trc ca dng xung st, s;
R50- in tr tip t ca di hoc dy tn s cng
nghip 50 Hz, .
C.4.3 H s xung ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t, cng
dng xung, thi gian xc lp sn trc ca xung v dng kt
cu ca h thng tip t. H s xung dng tnh ton tip
t chng st bo v thit b thng tin c trnh by cc
bng C.6 v C.7.
98

Bng C.6 - H s xung ca mt ng hoc cc tip t di (2-3)


m
in tr sut
ca t,
.m
100
500
1000

H s khi dng in qua thit b tip t c gi tr, kA


5
10
20
40
0,85 0,90
0,6 0,7
0,45 0,55

0,75 0,855
0,5 0,60
0,35 0,45

0,6 0,75
0,35 0,45
0,25 0,30

0,50 0,60
0,25 0,30

Bng C.7: H s xung ca mt di (hoc dy) tip t nm


ngang c chiu rng (20-40)mm, vi sn trc ca sng xung T1 =
(3-6) s
in tr sut
ca t,
.m
100
500
1000

Chiu di
tip t,
m
5
20
5
30
10
60

H s xung khi dng in qua thit b tip t


c gi tr, kA
10
20
40
0,75
0,65
0,40
1,15
1,05
0,95
0,55
0,45
0,30
1,00
0,90
0,80
0,55
0,45
0,35
1,15
1,10
0,95

C.4.4 Do c tnh xung ca in tr tip t, cn phi chn


di hoc dy tip t c chiu di thch hp. Cch chn chiu
di ca di hoc dy tip t ti u theo in tr sut ca t
nh trnh by trn hnh C.1.
C.4.5 in tr tip t xung i vi h thng tip t c
nhiu in cc
C.4.5.1 in tr tip t xung ca h thng tip t gm nhiu
ng c ni vi nhau bng dy hoc di cch ly vi t, c xc
nh bng cng thc:
Rx =

R o1
;
n1

(C.28)

Trong
Rx - in tr tip t tng i vi dng xung;
Ro - in tr tip t ca mt ng;

- h s xung i vi ng tip t;

1- h s s dng i vi ng tip t.
99

C.4.5.2. in tr tip t xung ca h thng tip t gm


nhiu ng c ni vi nhau bng dy (di) khng cch ly (tip
xc trc tip) vi t, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rx =

R o Rd1 2
;
1Ro2 + 1Rd1n

(C.28)

Cc h s xung ca ng (cc)
trnh by trong bng C.8.

Bng C.8: H s xung ca ng


Loi
tip t
ng (cc)
Dy
(di)
ni cc ng

Chiu
di
tip t,
m
2 3
5 10

H
s
xung

v ca dy ni

v dy ni

H s xung vi in tr sut ca t, .m

50

50 100

100 300

300 500

500
1000

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,35

0,9

0,7

0,5

0,4

C.4.6 Tip t dng li


Trong bng C.9 trnh by cc s liu h s xung dng
tnh ton tip t dng li c cc mt li [(5 x 5) (15 x 15)] m2
vi bin dng st ln hn 10 kA.
Trong bng C.10 trnh by cc s liu ca h thng tip
t dng li, c cc mt li khc nhau, vi bin dng st nh
hn 10 kA v dng st i vo li tip t nhng ch khc
nhau.

Bng C.9 - Cc s liu ca h thng tip t dng li


,m
100
1000
2000
5000

H s xung , vi ng knh ca vng trn (m) c din tch tng ng vi li tip t v ch dng in vo thit b tip t
20
40
60
80
Tm
Mp
Tm
Mp
Tm
Mp
Tm
Mp
0,7
1,30
1,45
2,70
1,80
3,5
0,5
0,55
0,65
0,85
0,80
1,0
0,75
1,3
0,75
0,9
0,80
1,2
0,70
0,9
0,75
1,2

Bng C.10 - Cc s liu ca h thng tip t dng li


100

C ca h thng
tip t, m2

, .m

100

Li 20 x 20
Mt li 10 x 10

1500

Li 40 x 20
Mt li 10 x 10
Li 30 x 30
Mt li 10 x 10

1500
1500
100

Li 40 x 40
Mt li 10 x 10

1500

V tr dng
st
vo li
Gc
Tm
Gc
Tm
Gia ca cnh
di pha ngoi

Ix,
(kA)

Rx,
( )

R50,
( )

9,7
8,8
4,2
4,3

2,74
1,47
15,2
14,1

2,1
2,1
28,2
28,2

1,30
0,70
0,54
0,50

4,6

14,2

24,8

0,57

Gc

4,7

10,8

18,6

0,58

Gc
Tm
Gc
Tm
Gc
Tm

10,5
9,8
4,8
4,9
10,0
9,8

2,6
1,5
11,3
8,1
3,12
1,6

0,91
0,91
13,1
13,1
0,8
0,8

2,85
1,65
0,86
0,62
3,9
2,0

Li 60 x 60
100
Mt li 10 x 10
Ch thch:
Rx l in tr tip t tng i vi dng xung;
R50 l in tr tip t tn s 50 Hz.

C.5 Gi tr trung bnh in tr sut ca t


Trong trng hp khng o c gi tr in tr sut ca t,
c th ly gi tr in tr sut trung bnh ca t nh trnh by
trong bng C.11.
Bng C.11: in tr sut trung bnh ca mt s loi t
Loi t
Than bn
t en, t mu
t st
t st pha

in tr sut
trung bnh ca
t ( m)
m 15 20%
25
50
60
80

Loi t
Ct pha (3 10% st)
Ct m
t

in tr sut
trung bnh ca
t ( m)
m 15 20%
300
500
1000

Ph lc D
Trnh t thi cng h thng tip t
D.1 Cng tc chun b

101

D.1.1 Tip nhn v nghin cu h s thit k h thng


tip t
Sau khi nhn c h s thit k h thng tip t, ngi ph
trch thi cng phi xc nh c cc ni dung:
1) Dng ca h thng tip t theo cc phn loi sau:
- H thng tip t gm nhiu in cc chn thng
ng;
- H thng tip t gm nhiu tia nm ngang;
- H thng tip t hn hp dng li;
- H thng tip t chn su.
2) Xc nh vt liu lm in cc tip t.
3) H thng tip t c thc hin cc bin php ci to khng.
4) Xc nh loi cp hoc thanh dn ng dng lm cp dn

t.
D.1.2 Chun b my o in tr sut ca t v in tr
tip t sau khi thi cng.
- Kim tra s hot ng ca my o;
- Kim tra cc thang o, chnh xc ca cc thang o
xem c p ng c yu cu o in tr sut ca t ti
vng chun b thi cng v in tr tip t sau khi thi
cng.
D.1.3 Chun b cc dng c v phng tin thi cng
Cn c vo bn thit k h thng tip t chun b mt s
trong nhng dng c phng tin sau:
- Cuc xng o rnh;
- Ba ng in cc tip t dng thng ng;
- Khoan tay cho php khoan su vo t t 1,5 n 3 m
thi cng dn tip t thng ng;
- Dn khoan cho php khoan su vo t t 10 n 30 m
thi cng dn tip t chn su;
- My hn in hn ni cc in cc tip t vi nhau
bng thanh st dt;
102

- My hn hi hn in cc tip t v dy ni bng
ng;
- M hn thic hn cp dn t vi dn tip t;
- Km, c l, m lt bt cht cc in cc tip t vi
dy ni;
- Chi qut nha ng;
- Chi qut sn;
- Mt s dng c phng tin khc.
D.2 Trnh t thi cng
D.2.1 o rnh, h, khoan l tip t
1) H thng tip t gm nhiu in cc chn thng ng

o rnh su t 800 n 1000 mm, rng t 400 n 500


mm c chiu di v hnh dng theo bn v thit k.
2) H thng tip t gm nhiu tia nm ngang

o rnh su t 700 n 1000 mm, rng t 250 n 400


mm, c chiu di v hnh dng theo bn thit k.
3) H thng tip t hn hp

Thc hin kt hp mc 1 v 2 vi lu sau:


C th thay th vic o rnh bng cch o ton b nn
t khu vc nh thi cng su t 700 n 1000 mm.
4) H thng tip t chn su.

i vi h thng tip t chn su ta phi s dng phng


php khoan l:
- ng knh l khoan cho php ln hn ng knh ca mt
in cc hoc mt chm in cc t 10 n 15 mm.
- Chiu su ca l khoan bng chiu di ca in cc tip
t.
- Khong cch gia cc l khoan phi bo m theo ng
thit k.
D.2.2 Chn cc in cc xung t
1) H thng tip t thng ng
103

Chn cc in cc tip t c p dng bng 3 phng php:


Phng php 1: ng trc tip cc in cc xung t.
- nh du cc v tr c in cc trn rnh o theo
ng bn thit k;
- t np chp bng thp ln u trn ca in cc sau
ng tng in cc ring r ti cc v tr nh du
cho n khi u trn ca in cc cao hn mt y
rnh t 100 n 150 mm.
Phng php 2: o cc h chn in cc.
- Ti cc v tr nh du (c cc in cc) o cc h vi
kch thc 800 mm x 800 mm c chiu su nh hn chiu
di in cc 150 mm;
- t cc in cc xung h ti v tr trung tm;
- Lp t nn cht cc in cc.
Phng php 3: Dng my khoan.
- Ti cc v tr nh du (c cc in cc) khoan su
xung t, chiu su ca l khoan nh hn chiu di
in cc 150 mm. ng knh l khoan ln hn ng knh
in cc 50 mm, cho php ng knh l khoan ti a l
150 mm;
- t cc in cc xung cc l khoan;
- Lp t v nn cht khong trng cn li gia in cc
v l khoan.
2) H thng tip t dng tia nm ngang

t di st vo cc rnh o, trng hp cn hn ni gia


cc on in cc chiu di mi hn phi khng nh hn
hai ln b rng thanh in cc.
3) H thng tip t lin kt mt li

Phi hp cc bin php p dng cho tip t thng ng v


tip t dng tia nm ngang.
4) H thng tip t chn su.

- Trng hp in cc l ng thp, ni cc on ng vi nhau


bng hn in. Trc khi hn ch lp 2 on ng kht vi
104

nhau. Sau khi hn phi cch in nhng mi hn theo hng


dn mc D.2.5.
- Trng hp in cc l ng ng, thc hin ni cc on vi
nhau bng ai, bu lng, ecu, vng m bng ng m
niken. Khi ni ch lp cc u ng kht vi nhau.
D.2.3 Hn ni cc in cc vi nhau
Cc phng php hn ni cc in cc tip t: Hn in,
hn hi hoc hn ho nhit.
D.2.3.1 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t thng
ng
1) Hn ni cc in cc tip t bng st (xem hnh D.1)
- Hn cc thanh st dt vo cc in cc tip t ti v tr
cch u trn ca in cc 30 mm;
- Phi dng cc vng m i vi trng hp in cc tip
t l ng;
- Phi thc hin lm sch nhng v tr cn hn khi cc lp
sn, g, hc n;
- Mi hn phi m bo ph kn chu vi phn tip xc v
chiu cao ca mi hn phi ln hn 2 ln b dy ca thanh
ni st dt;
- m bo mi hn khng b xp rng bn trong.
2) Hn ni cc in cc tip t l nhng ng ng
C th thc hin bng 2 phng php sau:
Phng php hn hi:
- G thanh ng vo cc in cc tip t ti cc v tr
cn hn,
- Thc hin hn hi.
Phng php ni bng bu lng, cu, vng m ng m
niken.
- Dp hoc kp cht ct ng vo hai u ca nhng
on cp c chiu di quy nh theo thit k.
- Dng c l vn cht nhng ct ng vo in cc tip
t thng qua ai, bu lng, cu bng ng m niken.
105

D.2.3.2 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t nm ngang


Hn ni chm tia tip t bng phng php hn in.
- Hn cc tia tip t vi nhau ti v tr trung tm. Trc khi
hn phi nh sch cc u thanh st.
- Chiu di mi hn phi m bo ln hn 2 ln b dy
thanh st dt. Phi hn cho chn, mi hn khng c xp,
rng. Mi hn phi m bo ph kn chu vi phn tip xc.

106

Thp
ng

30

Thanh
ni

Tm p
a) in cc thp ng
30
Hn
in
Thp
gc

Thanh
ni

b) in cc thp gc
Hnh D.1 - Phng php ni cc in cc thng
ng
D.2.3.3 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t lin kt
mt li (xem hnh D.2)
- Thc hin hn ni cc in cc tip t thng ng vi
cc di tip t nm ngang (di st hoc ng).
- Thc hin hn cc di st hoc ng vi nhau to thnh
mt li.
- Nu trong thit k yu cu tm m li th phi thc hin
hn tm m li bng dy st (ng) c ng knh t 3
mm n 5 mm vi kch thc mt li 20 cm x 20 cm hoc

107

30 cm x 30 cm vi dn tip t hn hp (cc im giao


nhau ca tm m phi hn).
D.2.3.4 H thng tip t chn su
- Trng hp in cc l ng hoc thanh ng trn, vic ni
cc in cc vi nhau cng c thc hin nh ai, bu lng,
cu, vng m bng ng m niken.
- Trng hp in cc l ng hoc thanh thp trn tin hnh
ni bng cch hn thanh st dt c kch thc ng nh
thit k vo cc in cc tip t chn su (phi c
vng m) ti v tr cch u trn ca in cc 30 mm.
Di nm ngang

in cc thng
ng

Mi hn tm li
Hnh D.2 - H thng
tip t lin kt dng
m
mt li
D.2.4 Hn ni u cp dn t vi dn tip t
Trc khi hn cp dn t phi thc hin:
- Chn in cc tip t v tr trung tm ( hn cp
dn t);
- Nu in cc tip t bng st (thp) th phi hn 1
tm thp c 50 mm x 200 mm x 5 mm c mt mt trng
ng vo in cc tip t c chn (ti v tr s hn
cp dn t).
Phng php 1: Thc hin hn hi.
108

- u cp (dy) dn t c thc hin hn hi vi in cc


tip t v tr c chn.
Phng php 2: Thc hin bng ai, bu lng, ecu.
- Nu in cc tip t bng thp: Dng ai, bu lng, ecu
bng ng m niken kp cht u cp dn t vo tm
thp trng ng (tm thp c hn in cc tip
t v tr trung tm c chn) nh hnh D.4.
- Khi u cp dn t c qun xung quanh bng
dy ng mm trng thic ng knh 1 mm vi di ln
hn 100 mm.
- Nu in cc bng ng, ni u cp dn t vi dn
tip t ti v tr in cc tip t trung tm bng cch
kp cht u cp vo in cc chn nh hnh D.3.
Khi u cp dn t c qun xung quanh bng
dy ng mm 1 mm trng thic di khng nh hn
100 mm.
M ng
cc

Trng
thic
Dy ng 1 mm
trng thic
ai p

C
p

ng
dn

y
rnh
Hnh D.3 - Phng php ni cp dn t vi dn
tip t
D.2.5 Bo v cc mi hn
Ph cch in cn thn cc mi hn theo trnh t sau:
109

- Qut hc n ln th nht;
- Qun hai lp bng dnh cch in PVC hoc bao gai
- Qut hc n ln th hai.
D.2.6 Lp t v nn cht
- Kim tra ln cui (v tr ca cc in cc cng nh cc mi
hn...).
- Lp t vo khong trng gia l khoan v in cc tip
t, nn cht.
- Lp t vo rnh, c mi lp dy 150 mm n 300 mm nn
cht mt ln cho n lc y rnh.
D.2.7 Thi cng tm tip t chnh
Khi thi cng tm tip t chnh phi tun theo nhng quy
nh sau:
- Tm tip t chnh phi c kch thc ng yu cu thit
k. Chng c th c nhng kch thc sau:
700 mm x 120 mm x 10 mm.
400 mm x 120 mm x 10 mm.
200 mm x 120 mm x 10 mm.
- Tm tip t chn phi c lm bng ng.
- Ton b bu lng, cu, vng m dng kt cui cp
phi bng ng m niken.
- Tm tip t chnh phi c t v tr thch hp: gn
ngun cung cp v cp nhp trm.
- Tm tip t chnh c bt vo tng bng inh vt nhng
phi cch in hon ton vi tng.
- Phi thc hin hn cp (dy) dn t vi tm tip t
chnh.
- Tm tip t chnh c bt vo tng phi cao thch
hp tin cho vic kim tra in tr tip t thng k.

110

D.2.8 Thi cng cp (dy) dn t


Khi thi cng cp dn t phi tun theo nhng quy nh
sau:
- Cp dn t phi l loi cp gm nhiu si bng ng c
ng knh 1,4 n 1,6 mm, tit din t 100 mm2 n
300 mm2 c v cch in hoc l nhng di ng vi kch
thc 30 mm x 2 mm (dy dn t bng 1 hoc nhiu di
30 mm x 2 mm);
- Cp (dy) dn t phi chy theo ng ngn nht t dn
tip t ti tm tip t v cng t mi ni cng tt;
- ngoi nh trm (ngoi tri) cp dn t phi i ngm di
mt t su t 300 n 500 mm;
- Ti nhng ch d b va p lm hng cp nh: qua ng,
qua tng, ca... phi lun cp vo ng st.
D.3 Thi cng h thng tip t c ci to t
D.3.1 Thi cng cc th thng tip
b) t c ci to t bng
400
a)
mui
n.
700
Trn hnh D.5 trnh by mt200
ct dc h thng tip t
800
200
200
thng ng dng di c ci to
t bng
mui n. Thc hin ci
to t nh sau:
800
200
l
- i vi tip t dng thng ng: lm y h o c 200
ng knh trung bnh 0,8 m xung quan thanh tip t
200
bng mt hn hp (hoc thnh lp) t nghin nh v mui
n. Lng mui tnh ton cho mi mt chiu di ca thanh
tip t l 8 kg n 10 kg.
- i vi tip t dng di: lm y dc theo rnh o gn
bn tm tip t dng di mt hn hp t vi mui n,
theo tnh ton cho mi mt chiu di ca tip t l 16 kg
(8 kg cho mt mt chiu di mi bn rnh o).
Vic ci to bng mui n gim nh in tr tip t vi
ln. C cch 2 hoc 3 nm, phi ci to li t.
800
200
111
Hnh D.5 - H thng tip t c ci to bng

D.3.2 Thi cng cc h thng tip t c ci to t bng


t mn
Nu cc lp t khng c dn in cao hoc c dn
cao nhng chiu dy khng ln lm (20 cm), th vic gim nh
in tr tip t ta c th thc hin nh sau:
- Ta o cho tng thanh (ng) tip t mt h c bn knh
(1,5 2,5) m, vi su bng chiu di ca thanh (ng)
cng vi 0,8 m (xem hnh D.6);
- Sau khi t tip t, ngi ta lm y h bng loi t c
in tr sut khng ln lm v m cht t;

112

- Vi h thng tip t gm nhiu thanh, ta tin hnh ni


cc thanh sau khi h cha c lp t;
- Ta c th dng loi t lp y h loi bt k c in tr
sut nh hn in tr sut ca t gc ni trang b tip
t t 5 n 10 ln.
aM

700 mm
t mn
Tip t

t gc

100 mm
Hnh D.6 - Ci to tip t bng phng php
t mn
D.3.3 Thi cng h thng tip t c ci to t bng cc
hot cht ho hc
D.3.3.1 Thi cng cc h thng tip t c ci to t bng bt
than cc.
Trn hnh D.7 trnh by trang b cc tip t trong t c
lp trung gian bng bt than cc.
Hiu qu lm gim nh qu trnh n mn cc in cc khi
c lp trung gian bng bt than cc ph thuc vo kch thc ht
than cc v xm thc ca t. Vi kch thc ht than cc
trung bnh (ng knh khng ln hn 10 15 mm) tc n
mn cc in cc bng thp t trong t c lp trung gian
113

bng bt than cc c ng knh khng nh hn (0,25 0,30) m


gim i 10 ln so vi tc n mn cc in cc bng thp
t trong t thng thng.
a) Tip t dng thanh chn thng
ng trong t
0,7 m
0,1 m

0,1 m

V tr cch
in

Cp

0,15
m
in cc chn thng
ng
Bt than

2,5 m

cc

0,15
m
0,25
m

b) Tip t dng dy nm ngang

1,2 m
Ch cch
in

0,1 m
0,25
m

0,15
m

0,25
m

0,7 m
Cp

Bt than
0,25
cc in cc nm m
ngang

Hnh D.7 - Trang b tip t trong t c lp trung gian bng


bt than cc
D.3.3.2 S dng hp cht RES-LO ci to t.
S dng RES-LO c th lm gim tc thi v d dng in
tr sut ca t v gi n nh theo cc ma trong nm. Vic
s dng RES-LO khng cn yu cu thit b c bit. RES-LO c pha vi nc v rt ln mng hoc h thng dy t, c 20 kg
RES-LO c pha trn vi 40 lt nc. Hiu qu ci thin in tr
114

sut ca t bng RES-LO t n 90 %. Trong nhng iu


kin a cht kh khn, lng RES-LO cn thit cho h thng tip
t c th c la chn theo biu hnh D.8.
Biu hnh D.8 hng dn la chn RES-LO cn thit
t c in tr tip t tho ng theo loi t bit. Vi
loi t no , theo ng cong tng ng, d tm lng RES-LO
cn thit (trn trc honh) t c gi tr in tr tip t
yu cu (trn trc tung).
Khi gi tr in tr sut ban u ca t cng cao th
c tnh ca RES-LO th hin cng tt.

120
110
100
90

t st pha, st

80

t phin st, dip


thch

70
in tr
60
(Ohm)

t st / t phin
st
t st

50
40

D.3.3.3 Ci to t bng hot ho GAF (Grounding Augumentaiton


30 Fill).
20
10

5
30 (kg)

10

15

20

25

115

Trn hnh D.9 th hin mt in cc tip t c x l


bng GAF v bn cu giao din ca n.
in tr ca mt in cc tip t c xc nh bi t
bao quanh in cc (nm trong bn cu giao din vi bn knh
bng 1,1 ln chiu di in cc), v vy h c x l bng GAF
s nm trong bn cu giao din. ng knh D ca h s c quyt
nh do yu cu gim in tr tip t.
V d: D = 15 cm khi yu cu gim in tr tip t l 34 %.
D = 90 cm khi yu cu gim in tr tip t l 63 %.
in cc tip
t

R = 1,1 L

H c x l bng
GAF

Bn cu giao
din

Hnh D.9 - Bn cu giao din v h c x l


bng GAF
D.4 Phng php o in tr tip t
1) o in tr tip t phi tun theo quy nh trong tiu

chun ngnh TCN 68-141:1999.


2) m bo kt qu o in tr tip t chnh xc cn

thit phi b tr cc in cc o th (cc in cc p v


in cc dng) ngoi vng nh hng ca tip t v phi
bo m khong cch t tip t cn o n in cc
p bng 62 % khong cch t tip t n in cc dng
(cho trng hp b tr cc in cc theo mt ng thng).

116

nh hng n kt qu o in tr tip t do b tr in
cc p v in cc dng c trnh by trn hnh D.10.
Cch b tr cc in cc o th cho trng hp tip t l
mt in cc thng ng c trnh by trn hnh D.11 v cho
tip t di dng li hoc ca nhiu in cc tip t c trnh
by trn hnh D.12.

D2 = 62% D1

in tr
o c

in tr chnh xc
(nu C2 ngoi vng bn cu
giao din)
D2
Ghi ch:

- C2 l in cc dng;
- D1 l khong cch t tip t cn o n in cc dng

C2;
- D2 l khong cch t tip t cn o n in cc p P2.

Hnh D.10 - nh hng ca cch b tr in cc o


n kt qu o in tr tip t
in cc tip t cn
o

My o in tr
tip t
C1 P1 P2
C2

P2

L
Vng nh hng
ca in cc
tip t

in
cc
p

C2

C
2
in
cc
dng

D2=0,62D
1
D1 2,2L

Hnh D.11 - B tr o in tr ca in cc tip t 117


thng ng

My o in tr
tip t
ng cho ca li tip
t
D

C1 P1 P2
C2

C
2

in
P2
cc
D2=0,62D
p
1
D1 5D

Vng nh h
ng ca li
tip t

C2

in
cc
dng

Hnh D.12 - o in tr ca li tip t hoc ca nhiu


in cc tip t
D.5 Mu bin bn kim tra o th v nghim thu h
thng tip t
D.5.1.1 Thnh phn:
1) i din ca c quan qun l, s dng h thng tip t.
- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

2) i din cho n v thi cng h thng tip t.

- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

3) Ngi o th kim tra.

- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh
118

D.5.1.2 Ni dung, kt qu o th kim tra nh bng D.1.


Bng D.1: Kt qu kim tra thi cng dn tip t
TT
1

3
4

Cc bc kim tra

Tiu chun

Kim tra vic lp t c


ph hp vi thit k quy nh
khng.
Kim tra vic s dng vt
liu (cht liu, kch thc ca
cc in cc tip t)

Theo ng s
ca bn thit k

Kt qu
kim tra

Theo
ng
quy
nh
trong
bn
thit k v vt liu
v kch thc ca cc
in cc tip t
Quy nh trong ph
lc D
C mi lp dy 150
n 300 mm nn
cht 1 ln cho n
lc y rnh.
Gi tr in tr tip
t tiu chun (theo
thit k).

Kim tra tt c cc mi hn,


mi ni.
Kim tra vic lp t cho
cc in cc tip t.

o th in tr tip t ca
dn tip t

nh gi

Khng ln hn
tiu chun cho
php.

D.5.2 Bin bn nghim thu h thng tip t


D.5.2.1 Thnh phn:
1) i din ca c quan qun l, s dng h thng tip t.
- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

2) i din cho n v thi cng h thng tip t.

- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

3) Ngi o th kim tra.

- H v tn

- C quan

:
119

- Chc v
- Chc danh

:
:

D.5.2.2 Ni dung o th, nghim thu


1) o th in tr tip t ca h thng tip t.
- o th in tr tip t ca h thng tip t phi c
tin hnh ti tm tip t.
- o in tr tip t theo quy nh phn D.4.
2) Kim tra cp dn t.

120

Ph lc E
Cc c im kh tng v a cht ca vit nam
E.1 Cc c im kh tng Vit Nam
E.1.1 Cc vng hot ng dng st Vit Nam
Cc vng lnh th vi iu kin kh hu, thi tit v a
hnh khc nhau th c im v hot ng dng st khc
nhau; mt khc iu kin trang b k thut khc nhau th mc
thit hi do st gy ra cng khc nhau. V vy mi vng cn
phi t tin hnh iu tra, nghin cu v c tnh hot ng
dng st v cc thng s phng in st a phng ca
mnh t ra nhng bin php phng chng st thch
hp c hiu qu.
E.1.2 T cc ngun s liu khc nhau v ngy dng, gi
dng, s ln st nh xung cc khu vc, ngy gi xut
hin v kt thc dng hng nm, qua x l, tnh ton
ton lnh th Vit Nam c phn ra 5 vng c trng v
cng hot ng dng st l:
1.

Khu vc ng bng ven bin min Bc (Khu vc A);

2.

Khu vc min ni trung du min Bc (Khu vc B);

3.

Khu vc min ni trung du min Trung (Khu vc C);

4.

Khu vc ven bin min Trung (Khu vc D);

5.

Khu vc ng bng min Nam (Khu vc E).

E.1.3 c tnh hot ng dng st ti cc khu vc ca


Vit Nam c trnh by trong bng E.1.

121

Bng E.1: c tnh dng st ti cc khu vc ca Vit Nam


c tnh
dng st

Thi gian ko di
trung bnh ca
ngy dng, (gi)
Mt st, Ng
(ln/km2.nm)
Quan h hi quy
ngy gi dng
trong nm

Khu vc
ng bng
ven bin
min Bc
(A)

Khu vc
min ni
trung du
min Bc
(B)

Khu vc
cao nguyn
min
Trung
(C)

Khu vc
ven bin
min
Trung
(D)

Khu vc
ng bng
min Nam
(E)

4,05

3,5

2,03

2,1

0,1215.Td

0,105.Td

0,06.Td

0,0609.Td

0,063.Td

GA =
5,18.N86,48

GB =
5,6.N-85,25

GC =
3,75.N41,53

GD =
2,39.N16,71

GE =
3,5.N - 70

Ch thch :
G - s gi dng trong nm ca khu vc;
N - s ngy dng trong nm ca khu vc;
Td - s ngy dng trung bnh trong nm ca khu vc.

E.1.4 St l mt hin tng kh tng rt phc tp xy ra


trong thin nhin. Cng hot ng ca dng st thay
i t vng ny sang vng khc.
St nh xung t c th gy ra thit hi nghim trng
cho cc phng tin v tuyn in t, mc nguy him do st
gy ra ph thuc vo cc yu t chnh nh sau:
- Cng hot ng ca dng st trong vng;
- c im a cht (gi tr in tr sut ca t ) trong
vng;
- c im a hnh, a l...
E.1.5 Theo mc nguy him, ngi ta c th phn ra 2
vng st l:
- Vng st nguy him t;
- Vng st nguy him cao.
Cch phn vng nh vy c minh ha trn hnh E.1. Trong
cc vng c mc Keraunic (s ngy dng) cao v c in tr

122

sut ca t ln l cc vng st nguy him cao v ngc li l cc


vng st nguy him t.

100

2
50
Mc
Keraunic
(D)
20
1
10
102
10 104
Vng st nguy him t
him cao

103

Vng st nguy

Hnh E.1- Phn vng st theo mc


nguy him
Bng E.2 trnh by s ngy dng trung bnh trong nm
mt s a phng ca Vit Nam. Cc kt qu do Trung tm Vt
l a cu ng dng (Vin KHVN) x l s liu, theo s liu ca
Tng cc kh tng thu vn 1976 - 1980 v c ban hnh trong
Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam - Tp III, Nh xut bn xy
dng, 1997.
Trn hnh E.2 trnh by bn phn vng mt st ca
Vit Nam.
Trn hnh E.3 trnh by ng phn b xc sut bin
dng st o c trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc
Vit Nam.

123

Trn hnh E.4 trnh by ng phn b xc sut dc


dng st o c trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc
Vit Nam.

124

Bng E.2: S gi v ngy dng trung bnh trong nm


mt s a phng ca Vit Nam
TT

Tn i trm

Tnh, thnh ph

Gi dng
TB nm

Ngy
dng TB

Min Bc
Bc Kn

Bc Kn

369

89

4,14

Bc H

Lo Cai

272

79

5,43

Bch Long V

Hi Phng

181

56

3,23

Bc M

H Giang

213

60

3,55

Bc Sn

Lng Sn

173

60

2,88

Bi Thng

Thanh Ho

268

74

3,62

Bi chy

Qung Ninh

248

92

2,69

Bo H

Lo Cai

317

74

4,28

Bo Lc

Cao Bng

143

53

2,69

Cao Bng

Cao Bng

265

91

2,91

Ch R

Bc Kn

288

75

3,84

C Ni

Sn La

334

89

3,75

Con Cung

Ngh An

298

95

4,18

Ca Ro

Ngh An

248

82

3,02

i T

Thi Nguyn

318

85

3,73

in Bin

Lai Chu

285

96

2,79

ng Hi

Qung Bnh

222

73

3,04

H Giang

H Giang

417

101

4,13

H Nam

H Nam

322

86

3,74

nh Lp

Lng Sn

182

67

2,71

H Tnh

H Tnh

281

91

3,08

Hm Yn

Tuyn Quang

290

84

3,45

Hi Dng

Hi Dng

233

71

3,35

Hong Su Ph

H Giang

214

70

3,06

Hi Xun

Thanh Ho

383

103

3,38

Hn Du

Hi Phng

275

65

4,23

Hng Yn

Hng Yn

287

83

3,45

Hng Kh

H Tnh

355

102

3,48

Kim Cng

H Tnh

251

84

2,98

K Anh

H Tnh

220

70

3,15

Lc Sn

Ho Bnh

368

103

3,57

Lai Chu

Lai Chu

223

106

2,10

Lng

H Ni

262

89

2,94

Lng Sn

Lng Sn

276

80

3,10

Lo Cai

Lo Cai

302

118

2,55

125

TT

126

Lc Ngn

Bc Giang

293

84

3,48

Mai Chu

Ho Bnh

380

102

3,72

Mc Chu

Sn La

278

90

3,18

Mng Ci

Qung Ninh

436

83

3,25

M Cng Chi

Yn Bi

255

87

2,3

Mng Khng

Lo Cai

148

48

3,08

Ngy
dng TB
93

3,95

Mng T

Lai Chu

Gi dng
TB nm
368

Nam nh

Nam nh

190

72

2,64

Ngn Sn

Bc Cn

255

69

3,70

Nho Quan

Ninh Bnh

281

100

2,81

Ninh Bnh

Ninh Bnh

171

68

2,52

Ph Bng

H Giang

248

72

3,44

Phong Th

Lai Chu

320

84

3,81

Ph Lin

Hi Phng

360

83

4,34

Ph Yn

Sn La

328

88

3,73

Ph H

Ph Th

315

92

3,42

Qunh Chu

Ngh An

409

112

3,65

Qunh Lu

Ngh An

323

91

3,54

Qunh Nhai

Sn La

171

66

2,59

Sa Pa

Lo Cai

204

74

2,76

Sng M

Sn La

199

74

2,69

Sn ng

Bc Giang

311

79

3,93

Sn La

Sn La

304

97

3,13

Sn Ty

Sn Ty

326

72

3,13

Snh H

Lai Chu

219

80

2,73

Tam o

Vnh Ph

217

74

2,93

Tam ng

Lo Cai

193

64

3,01

Ty Hiu

Ngh An

269

81

3,31

Thi Bnh

Thi Bnh

150

88

1,70

Thi Nguyn

Thi Nguyn

329

87

3,78

Thanh Ho

Thanh Ho

298

89

3,35

Tht Kh

Lng Sn

166

59

2,81

Thun Chu

Sn La

161

66

2,43

Tin Yn

Qung Ninh

355

84

4,22

Trng Khnh

Cao Bng

282

84

3,36

Tun Gio

in Bin

255

91

2,80

Ta Cha

in Bin

64

35

1,82

Tuyn Quang

Tuyn Quang

307

96

3,20

Vn Chn

Yn Bi

399

90

3,77

Tn i trm

Tnh, thnh ph

Vn L

Nam nh

333

76

4,38

Vinh

Ngh An

221

83

2,90

Vnh Yn

Vnh Phc

207

78

2,65

Vit Tr

Ph Th

285

89

3,20

Yn Bi

Yn Bi

251

80

3,13

Yn Chu

Sn La

177

76

2,32

Ca ng

Qung Ninh

151

50

3,02

A Li

Tha Thin Hu

489

125

3,91

Bo Lc

Lm ng

95

Bn Tre

Bn Tre

Ngy
dng TB
44

Min Nam

TT

Bin Ho

ng Nai

Gi dng
TB nm
-

Bun M Thut

c Lc

260

116

2,24

C Mu

C Mu

256

123

2,08

Cam Ranh

Khnh Ho

55

40

1,38

Cng Long

Tr Vinh

289

135

2,14

ng Thp

ng Thp

397

111

3,58

Cn Th

Cn Th

207

90

2,30

Cn o

B Ra - Vng Tu

231

78

2,96

Lt

Lm ng

90

Nng

Nng

144

73

2,25

Hu

Tha Thin Hu

200

87

2,29

Kon Tum

KonTum

163

70

2,32

M Rc

c Lc

214

94

2,27

Min Ty

Ph Yn

191

91

2,10

M Tho

Tin Giang

309

118

2,62

Nam ng

Tha Thin Hu

430

141

3,04

Nha Trang

Khnh Ho

86,75

55

1,57

Phan Thit

Bnh Thun

154,75

71

2,17

Ph Quc

Kin Giang

234,50

107

2,19

Phc Long

Bnh Phc

261,50

116

2,25

Plyku

Gia Lai

206

94

2,19

Qung Ninh

Qung Ngi

166,75

102

1,63

Quy Nhn

Bnh nh

101,25

57

1,77

Rch Gi

Kin Giang

212,50

119

1,78

Sc Trng

Sc Trng

196,50

98

2,00

Tn Sn Nht

TP. H Ch Minh

192,50

122

1,57

Ty Ninh

Ty Ninh

263,25

105

2,50

Tn i trm

Tnh, thnh ph

K
-

127

Tr Mi

Qung Nam

Tuy Ho

Ph Yn

Vng Tu

B Ra - Vng Tu

325

131

2,48

77,75

57

1,36

312

93

2,27

Ghi ch: K l t s gia s gi dng trung bnh nm v s ngy dng


trung bnh nm

128

Hnh E.2 - Bn phn vng mt st ca Vit Nam


129

%
100
95,5
98
95
2
90
1

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
4
3
2
1
0,5

0,1 2

3
70 80

4
100

5 6 7 8 9 10

20

30 40 50 60

Ghi ch:
(1) o ti Gia Sng, Thi Nguyn.
(2) o trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam.

Hnh E.3 - ng phn b xc sut bin dng st o


c trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam

130

%
100
95,5
98
95
90
80

2
1

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
4
3
2
1
0,5
2
3
4
0,1 70 80 100

5 6 7 8 9 10

20

30 40 50 60

Ghi ch:
(1) o ti Gia Sng, Thi Nguyn.
(2) o trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam.

Hnh E.4 - ng phn b xc sut dc dng st o


c trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam
E.2 c im a cht ca Vit Nam
E.2.1 Nguy him do st gy ra i vi cc phng tin v
tuyn in t trn mt t c lin quan n cc c im
a hnh, a l, kh tng v a cht. Bin dng st nh
131

xung t c khuynh hng gim n mt gi tr khng i khi


in tr sut ca t ln. Hai yu t c bn khi phn vng st
nguy him phi quan tm l mc Keraunic v gi tr in tr
sut ca t.
E.2.2 xc nh gi tr in tr sut ca t ti khu vc
t trm vin thng ta phi tin hnh o t nh quy nh
mc 3.3.
in tr sut ca t ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to,
m, lng mui v nhit ca t. Cc gi tr in tr sut v
in dn sut ca mt s loi t v nc c trnh by trong
bng E.3.
Bng E.3: in tr sut v in dn sut ca t v nc
c im ca vng

in tr sut,
( .m)

Vng ven bin ct kh


Vng ng bng, m ly, rng
Vng t trng trt, t en
Vng t c
Vng ni
Nc sng v h
Nc bin

(5,0 10).103
(1,2 3,0).102
(1,0 2,0).102
(0,5 1,0).103
(1,0 2,0).103
(0,04 1,0).103
(0,25 1,0)

in dn sut, =
1/
(S/m)
(0,1 2,0).10-3
(3,0 8,0).10-3
(5,0 10).10-3
(1,0 2,0).10-3
(0,5 1,0).10-3
(1,0 24).10-3
(1,0 4,0)

E.2.3 S ph thuc in tr sut ca t vo nhit


c xc nh bng biu thc sau:

18

/ [1 + (t0 - 180)];

Trong :
t- in tr sut ca t nhit t0C;

- in tr sut ca t nhit 180C;

18

- h s nhit ca dn in, trong gii nhit (180C


500C) c gi tr bng 0,026.
E.2.4 Trong nhng trng hp khng th tin hnh o t
gi tr in tr sut ca t ti khu vc t trm c th
ly gi tr in tr sut t bn phn vng in tr
sut ca t Vit Nam, nh trnh by trn hnh E.5.
132

133

Hnh E.5 - Bn phn vng in tr sut ca t


Vit Nam
Ph lc F
Tnh ton h s che chn ca dy chng st ngm
F.1 Tc dng che chn ca dy chng st ngm ph thuc
vo v tr lp t ca dy chng st ngm v c nh
gi bng h s che chn .
H s che chn c xc nh bng t s cc dng in
trn v cp khi c (Ish) v khng c (Ish) dy chng st ngm
nh sau:
= Ish / Ish
F.2 H s che chn ca mt dy chng st ngm (xem
hnh F. a).
H s che chn ca mt dy chng st ngm c xc nh
bng biu thc:
= ln(x/s) / ln(x2/s.r)
Trong :
r - bn knh trung bnh ca v cp;
s - bn knh ca dy chng st ngm;
x - khong cch gia cc trc ca cp v dy chng st
ngm
Bng F.1 v F.2 cho cc gi tr h s che chn i vi mt s
kch thc dy dn v khong cch gia dy dn v dy chng
st ngm khc nhau.
Bng F.1 - H s che chn vi r = 10 mm
x(m)
0,15
0,25
0,50
1,00

s = 2 mm
0,61
0,60
0,59
0,57

s = 3 mm
0,59
0,58
0,57
0,.56

s = 5 mm
0,56
0,55
0,54
0,53

s = 8 mm
0,52
0,52
0,51
0,51

s = 12 mm
0,48
0,49
0,49
0,49

Bng F.2 - H s che chn vi r = 20 mm


134

x(m)

s = 2 mm

s = 3 mm

s = 5 mm

s = 8 mm

s = 12 mm

0,15
0,25
0,50
1,00

0,68
0,65
0,63
0,61

0,65
0,63
0,61
0,60

0,62
0,60
0,59
0,58

0,59
0,57
0,56
0,55

0,55
0,54
0,54
0,53

F.2. H s che chn ca nhiu dy chng st ngm c


b tr trn mt ng trn xung quanh cp
F.2.1 Trng hp dng hai dy chng st ngm (xem hnh
F.b)

Bng F.3 - H s che chn ca 2 dy chng st ngm


x(m)
0,15

g = 30
0,38

g = 45
0,36

g = 60
0,34

g = 90
0,33

0,25
0,50
1,00

0,38
0,37
0,37

0,35
0,35
0,35

0,34
0,34
0,34

0,33
0,33
0,33

F.2.2 Trng hp dng ba dy chng st ngm, vi khong


cch x = 0,25 m (xem hnh F.c)
Bng F.4 - H s che chn ca 3 dy chng st ngm (x = 0,25
m)
g = 30
0.33

g = 60
0.26

g = 90
0.23

g = 120
0.22

F.2.3 Trng hp dng n dy chng st ngm b tr i


xng xung quanh cp, vi khong cch x = 0,25 m (xem
hnh F.d, F.e, F.f).
Bng F.5 - H s che chn ca n dy chng st ngm
b tr i xng xung quanh cp (vi x = 0,25 m)
n=4
0.16

n=6
0.09

n=8
0.06

135

shield

cable

(a)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(c)

(f)
T0508870-99

Hnh F: B tr dy chng st ngm xung quanh cp

136

Bng t vit tt
Ch vit
tt
EEC
EEE

Electronic Equipment Cabinet


Electronic Equipment Enclosure

AG/EEE

Above Ground EEE

BG/EEE

Below Ground EEE

BN
CBN
MBN
IBN
M-IBN
S -IBN
SPC
SPCW
LPZ
IT
TN
TN- C
TN- S
TN-C-S

Bonding Network
Common Bonding Network
Mesh Bonding Network
Isolated Bonding Network
Mesh- Isolated Bonding Network
Star - Isolated Bonding Network
Single Point Connection
Single Point Connection Window
Lightning Protection Zone
Insulation Terrestrial
Terrestrial Neutral
Terrestrial neutral combined
Terrestrial neutral separated
Terrestrial neutral combined and
separated
Terrestriated Terrestrial

TT

Ting Anh

Ting Vit
Cabin thit b in t
Cu trc che chn bo v thit b
in t
Cu trc che chn bo v thit b
in t t ni trn mt t
Cu trc che chn bo v thit b
in t t ngm di mt t
Mng lin kt
Mng lin kt chung
Mng lin kt mt li
Mng lin kt cch ly
Mng lin kt cch ly mt li
Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao
im ni n
Ca s im ni n
Vng bo v chng st
Mng IT
Mng TN
Mng TN- C
Mng TN- S
Mng TN-C-S
Mng TT

137

ti liu tham kho


1.
2.

3.

IEC 1024-1: Protection of structures against lightning. Part


1: General principles 03/1990
IEC 1024-1-1: Protection of structures against lightning.
Part 1: General principles. Section 1: Guide A - Selection
of protection levels for lightning protection systems,
08/1993
IEC 61024-1-2: Protection of structures against lightning
Part 1-2: General principles

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.

10.
11.

12.
138

Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance and inspection


of lightning protetion systems. 05/1998
IEC 61643-1: Surge protective devices connected to low voltage power distribution systems. Part 1: Performance
requirements and testing methods, 02/1998
ITU-T Directives: The protection of telecomunication and
equipment against lightning discharges, ITU, 1974 and
1978
ITU-T Recommendation K.39, Risk assessment of damages
to telecommunication sites due to lightning discharges,
10/ 1996
ITU-T Recommendation K.40. Protection against LEMP in
telecommunication centers, 10/ 1996
ITU-T Recommendation K.25, Protection of optical fibre
cables, 11/ 2000
ITU-T
Recommendation
K.47,
Protection
of
telecommunication lines using metallic conductors against
direct lightning discharges, 09/ 2000
ITU-T Recommendation K.27, Bonding configurations and
earthing inside a telecommunication building, 1996
ITU-T Recommendation K31, Bonding configurations and
earthing of Telecommunication installations inside
a
Subseriber's building, 1993.
ITU-T Recommendation K35, Bonding configurations and

13.
14.

16.

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

earthing at remote electronic sites, 1996.


NZS/ AS 17681991: New Zeland/Australian Standard
Lightning Protection.
ETSI EN 30 253: Enviroment Engineering (EE); Earthing
and bonding configuration inside telecommunications
centres, 12/ 2001
NFC 17-102: 1995/French Standard Lightning protection.
Protection of structure and open areas against lightning
using early streamer emission air terminals, 07/ 1995
UL 1449 Standard for Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressors, 08/1996
TCN 68-141: 1999: Tip t cho cc cng trnh vin
thng, Tng cc Bu in, 1999.
TCN 68-135: 2000: Chng st bo v cc cng trnh vin
thng, Tng cc Bu in, 2000.
TCN 68-167: 1997: Thit b chng qu p, qu dng bo
v cc thit b vin thng, Tng cc Bu in, 1997
TCN 68-174: 1998: Quy phm chng st v tip t cho
cc cng trnh vin thng, Tng cc Bu in, 1998

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