GII THIU CHUNG

t nc Vit Nam tri di t Bc n Nam vi din tch khong 330.000km2. L t nc c ti nguyn thin nhin phong ph, t ai mu m, a hnh a dng, c tim nng kinh t bin. Cng vi truyn thng ngi dn bao i cn c lao ng, t nc Vit Nam ang tng ngy tng gi thay da i tht. Hin nay Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc c tc tng trng kinh t kh cao trn th gii. Tuy nhin, vi dn s khong 80 triu ngi, Vit Nam ang ng trc nhng thch thc to ln v ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng, cc h sinh thi ang suy thoi mc nghim trng. Chnh sch i mi em li b mt mi cho nn kinh t Vit Nam . Tuy nhin, vi tin trnh gia tng dn s, thm canh nng nghip, cng nghip ho, hin i ho, th ho ang nh hng ln i vi mi trng, vi khai thc ti nguyn t, ti nguyn khong sn, ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn bin v cc dng ti nguyn khc. Lm th no pht trin bn vng, n nh ti a ngun ti nguyn, bo v mi trng, bo v thin nhin v a dng sinh hc, ang l vn cp thit t ra. Trong vn rc thi v x l rc thi, c bit l cht thi rn, sao cho hiu qu chnh l mt trong nhng vn c nhiu ngi quan tm nht hin nay. Trong phm vi nh hp ca bi tiu lun ny, chng ti xin c tm tt s lc v tnh hnh rc thi Vit Nam, ng thi nu ln mt s gii php kh thi gii quyt vn ny. Trong cc gii php m chng ti nu ra, c mt phn l kinh nghim x l rc thi ti cc nc pht trin nh: Australia, Singapore, ; mt phn l s tng hp ca chng ti v cc gii php c p dng v mang li thnh cng nc ta, v phn cn li l nhng xut ca bn thn gp phn gii quyt vn ny. Trong gii php c chng ti xoy su nht l vic nng cao nhn thc trong dn chng v vn hn ch nhim mi trng, c bit l cng tc phn loi rc thi ti ngun. Bi vit gm 2 phn chnh: Phn 1 ni v thc trng rc thi Vit Nam, nguyn nhn cng nh hu qu ca vn ny Phn 2 cp n cc bin php tng i kh thi v ph hp vi tnh hnh ca Vit Nam. Mong rng bi tiu lun s gip cho chng ta c ci nhn tng i r hn v vn rc thi ca Vit Nam hin nay.

Trang 1

PHN I: THC TRNG V VN RC THI VIT NAM

Vn nhim mi trng l mt thch thc ngy cng to ln khng ch vi Vit Nam m cn vi c nhn loi. Vit Nam vn tip cn chm i vi vn x l nhim mi trng ni chung v x l rc thi, cht thi rn ni ring. Tuy Chnh ph v cc b, ngnh ngy cng quan tm nhiu hn v tng cng u t trong lnh vc x l rc thi nhng vn cha p ng yu cu.Theo nhng bo co gn y ca cc c quan chc nng th mi nm Vit Nam sn sinh trn 15 triu tn cht thi rn, tc l trung bnh mi ngi x ra gn 2 t rc, trong phn ln khng c tiu hy an ton. Cht thi rn tp chung ch yu cc th. Vng ny c dn s ch chim 24% dn s ca c nc, nhng li pht sinh n hn 6 triu tn rc mi nm, bng mt na tng lng cht thi sinh hot ca c nc. ng thi, cc cht thi y cng c thnh phn nguy hi hn, nh pin, dung mi, nha, kim loi, thu tinh..., l nhng th c hi v kh phn hu. D bo n nm 2010, s c thm khong 10 triu c dn sng trong cc vng th, ko theo s gia tng 60% cht thi sinh hot, cn cht thi nguy hi (nh cht thi bnh vin, cng nghip v s dng thuc tr su) tng ln 3 ln. Lng rc thi pht sinh khng ngng tng ln, song vic thu gom vn cha c thc hin hon ton, khi lng x l th hu nh khng ng k. Theo s liu ca Ngn hng th gii, ch c gn 3/4 lng rc thi cc th c thu gom, v 1/5 nng thn. Trong s 91 im tiu hy rc ca c nc, ch c 17 bi rc l hp v sinh, s cn li thng l l thin, gy nhim nghim trng t, nc mt v nc ngm. Cc l t rc thi y t c cng sut tiu hu khong mt na s rc thi y t nguy hi trn c nc, song do thiu kinh ph vn hnh v bo dng, cc l t ny c hot ng khng ng quy trnh, lm tng nguy c pht thi cc kh dioxin v furan c hi.ng rc khng l ny ang l nguy c e da ln vi sc kho cng ng v mi trng. Khng nhng vy, vi pht trin nhanh ca nn kinh t nc ta nh trong thi gian va qua m chng ta khng nhanh chng a ra c nhng gii php hp l, th c th tin chc rng trong thi gian khng xa, Vit Nam s tr thnh mt bi rc ln. Mi ngnh, mi nh thi ra cht c u tin l cc c s cng nghip ho cht, sn xut thuc tr su, phn bn v khai thc ch bin khong sn thi ra cyanua vt qu tiu chun cho php hn 80 ln cn H2S gp 4 ln. Tip n l cc c s dt may, c s cng nghip giy, vi nc thi c kim cao ( PH 9 11), cha nhiu kim loi nng, cht hu c a vng thm cha Clo c hi rt kh phn hu trong mi trng t nhin. Loi nc thi ny c ch s nhu cu xy sinh ho (BOD) c th ln ti 700 mg/l v nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) cao ti 2.500 mg/l, c th gp 17 ln tiu chun cho php, thng khng c x l trc khi vo sng. pht trin kinh t cha dung ho vi bo v mi trng. ng Phng Vn Vui, Chnh Thanh tra Cc Bo v Mi trng c th ho rng: C 4 n v sn xut th c 1 c s vi phm. Theo ng lut th nhiu nh my s phi ng ca t lu, v d nh Gang thp Thi Nguyn. Nc thi ca nh Trang 2

my ny cha nhiu phenon, kim loi nng, NH4 (30 mg/l), cc hp cht hu c (120 mg/l), lm nhim sng Cu nghim trng, nht l vo lc khng phi l ma l trong nm. Nc thi bn vo sng l tnh trng ph bin cc th, nghim trng nht l H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Mt s c s ch bin thc phm v git m gia sc khng m bo tiu chun v sinh li b qu ti lu nay. H Ni, 62 c s git m gia sc (37 c s git m ln, cn li l git m tru, b) th c 6 c s t nhn, tt c s ny d c u t nng cp nh xng, b cha v ng ng nc, nhng vn khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm v u git m th cng. Ch c mt c s duy nht ti Cng ty ch bin thc phm Lng Yn l c h thng nh xng my mc git m hon chnh. Cht thi t qu trnh git m cc c s t nhn u chy thng ra cng thot nc thnh ph, b pht l th him hoi cc l m ny. V th, d c nhn vin th y kim nh, khng th m bo tht a ra th trng tiu chun an ton v sinh thc phm. Thc cht cc l m ny hin nay ch l im thu gom cc l m t pht, nh l c quan th y d kim dch hn m thi. B ra hn 5 t ng u t cho mi l m hin i c c gii ho l iu mi nm trong trong k hoch". L m t pht ti nng thn th sao? Lng no cng c vi h gia nh lm ngh hng dt. Tt nhin, cht thi t git m thng chy xung ao, cng nh mi loi cht thi sinh hot khc. Ao vn l ni ra bt, ra rau, git chn chiu nhiu vng nng thn. Thuc tr su b s dng ba bi, cc loi bao ti ng thuc tr su vng vi bn b rung, cnh ng lng... nhiu ni. V c, tm di ao nc bn cng s b nhim bn. Cn ti H Ni, ni ao b lp hu ht, cc h u l ni cha tm nc cng v chng ngp lt cho thnh ph. Nhng c nui H Ty (h t nhim nht) bn vn rt chy, x nghip nui c H Ty n nn lm ra, ng thi dn quanh h khng t ngi ang kim sng bng cch cu c trm. Trai, c ti cc h ao nhim ca H Ni cng tiu th tt. Dch bnh tm nui ti cc a phng r ln gn y nh Long An v nhiu tnh min Trung c nguyn nhn mu cht l mi trng ni nui tm b nhim. Cc loi ngh th cng va pht t li nhim, c th k n lng gm s Bt Trng, cc lng sn mi H Ty, g ng K, lng rn Vn Chng... Bt cp ngay t cch thc thu gom rc Th cng l t c th dng khi qut hot ng thu gom rc H Ni. By gi ra ng ai ny u s gp cng nhn qut rc ang lm vic. Nht l vo gi tan tm, nhng chic chi c lia trn ng, khuy ng mt lng bi khng nh vo khng kh. C l ngi ta qun mt khu quan trng l phun nc trc v sau khi qut. S lng xe phun nc qu t i, ch hot ng ch yu vo nhng ngy l ln, dp tt... Bi, rc qu nhiu, vic ch qut ng, thu gom rc vo m khuya hay sng sm nh nhng nm trc nay khng cn thch hp. H Ni by gi c nhiu con ng m mi khi c gi to l ngi dn ht bi. Cc ng vnh ai nh Minh Khai, u C, ng ni vi quc l nh ng Nguyn Khoi - Hu Hng lun c bi m mt do nhiu t qua li. tng xy dng cc trm kim tra ti trng xe, kt hp vi lm v sinh v ra xe trc khi vo thnh ph khng c c quan qun l th quan tm. V khi ra ng vi nm nay, iu ngi quan tm nht l eo khu trang.

Trang 3

Hin nay H Ni ch c cch dng chi, xng gom rc ln xe ri a n im tp kt. T y rc s ln nhng chic t tng tng chy ra cc bi rc ngoi i chn lp. Rc thnh thong ri t nhng chic t chuyn dng ra ng. Cc nh my t thu gom rc thi cng nghip ca mnh ri vn chuyn ra bi chn tp trung. Hin rt t nh my c h thng x l rc thi ring. Cn ngoi thnh, ngi dn rc ba bi mi ni c th: bn ng i, b rung, xung ao h. Khong 80% s h dn H Ni hin nay s dng h x t hoi, s cn li s dng nhng loi c in hn v tt nhin l gy nhim hn. Hin ti cng ty Mi trng th ch thu gom c 250/350 tn cht thi c bit ny mi ngy, chuyn n nh my ch bin phn vi sinh Cu Din thnh 700 tn phn compost/nm. Cch x l rc ph bin hin nay Trn th gii c 3 phng php x l rc ch yu l: thiu t, sinh hc v chn lp. Tuy m bo v sinh, gn nh nhng chi ph li cao, trang thit b rt t tin nn phng php thiu t khng thch hp vi vic p dng i tr Vit Nam. Phng php sinh hc chi ph u t ban u thp, nhng nhc im l quy trnh ko di 3 4 thng, x l bi ni chn lp rc kh lm trit nn d gy thit hi ti mi trng. Ci cng ch c cch chn lp l c s dng nhiu nht. Cch ny va d lm, va tn km nhng li c nhc im l khng v sinh, lm nhim ngun nc, cc loi kh sn sinh khi rc phn hu gy nhim khng kh v chy n. 90% lng rc thu gom H Ni s c x l chn lp. Hin nay hu ht rc thi ca H Ni c x l khu x l rc Nam Sn (huyn Sc Sn) v X nghip ch bin rc Cu Din vi phng php vi sinh c cng sut 30.000 m3/nm. Rc t 36 bnh vin chuyn khoa, bnh vin cp trung ng v thnh ph hin nay c x l bng phng php t. Khong 2/3 rc y t c Cng ty Mi trng th thu gom v x l theo hp ng (gm c cht thi rn y t thng thng). Lng rc y t cn li c cng ty ngha trang x l mt phn, cn th cc bnh vin x l nt ti ch. Nm 1999 thnh ph u t xy dng mt xng t rc y t (cng sut 3,2 tn/ngy) nhng cha lc no p ng ni nhu cu. Gn y mt s a phng quan tm hn n vic x l trit rc thi y t, nh tnh H Ty mi y quyt nh u t 1,6 t ng xy dng mi 4 l t cht thi rn y t, th H Ni vn cn dm chn ti ch mt s l t rc y t trong cc bnh vin nu c th b h hng, hoc to ra kh c hi nn phi ngng vn hnh lu nay. nhim cc bi cha rc Thc t cho thy cc bi cha rc H Ni hu ht nm gn khu dn c, thng l nhng bi rc thin to - cc ao h b hoang c s dng lm ni cha rc, khng theo quy hoch hay da trn mt kt qu iu tra x hi no, v khng c qun l hiu qu. V vy cc bi ny gy nhim n i sng dn c, thm ch l nhng dch bnh. S liu thng k thnh phn rc c a n bi chn lp cho thy 50% tng s rc l rc hu c, t l nc trong rc loi ny l 60-70%. Cc bi rc khng c lp t thng xuyn, khng c x l, nn bi l nguyn nhn chnh lm nhim, nc rc ho vi nc ma thm xung mch nc ngm. y bi rc ca H Ni cn l ni kim sng ca nhiu ngi tht nghip, tr lang thang, khng ai dm bo m l sau vi ting bi rc kim sng y, ngi bi rc mang nhng th kim c n bn li cho cc ch u mi ph liu li khng nhn tin m pht tn lun loi bnh dch no .

Trang 4

 Tin chi nhiu nhng mi trng vn nhim Theo s liu t S Giao thng Cng chnh, lng rc thu gom thnh ph H Ch Minh bnh qun ngy c trn 6.010 tn, trong rc sinh hot l 4.936 tn, rc xy dng l 1.069 tn v rc y t l 5,5 tn. Trong s ny cha c s chnh thc v rc cng nghip, nhng tnh s b cng phi 1.000 tn ngy, trong c khong 20% rc c tnh cht c hi. Lng rc trong thnh ph hng ngy c gii quyt nh lc lng qut dn v sinh gm 7.350 ngi, trong c 2950 ngi thuc lc lng t nhn. Rc t khu ph c chuyn ra n im hn bng xe y tay, cc xe c gii n ly rc chuyn v trm trung chuyn ri mi a n khu x l rc. Vn au u nht ca thnh ph l lm th no c ch x l rc cho hp v sinh, khng nh hng n khu vc dn c ang sinh sng. Hin nay thnh ph ang s dng cc bi rc sau: bi rc ng Thnh (huyn Hc Mn) rng 40 ha, cch trung tm thnh ph 26 km. Ni y x l ton b lng x bn pht sinh ca thnh ph; bi rc G Ct (huyn Bnh Chnh) rng 25 ha, cch trung tm thnh ph 16,4 km, x l rc sinh hot vi cng sut 2.000 tn/ngy; bi chn rc Phc Hip (huyn C Chi) rng 43,3 ha, cch trung tm thnh ph 45 km, hng ngy x l 3.000 tn rc sinh hot. Ngoi ra cn c 3 bi rc nh trn a bn huyn Bnh Chnh, Cn Gi, C Chi. Ring s rc y t c 9 xe chuyn dng, hng ngy ch rc ra l gas trung tm Bnh Hng Ho t. Phn rc trn kinh rch do cng ty mi trng th v cng ty dch v cng ch qun 8 thc hin. Thi gian qua bng nhiu ngun kinh ph, thnh ph u t hng trm t ng cho cc d n x l rc nh: khu lin hp x l cht rn Ty Bc thnh ph chn rc, d n ny c thnh ph u t 215 t ng; d n nng cp Cng trng x l rc G Ct: 261,4 t ng, trong ngn sch thnh ph chim 40%, ngun ODA H Lan 60%. Ngoi ra ti y cn chun b hng ngn t ng hnh thnh cc khu lin hp x l cht rn x Phc Hip, x a Phc (231,8 t ng) x Tn Thnh, Long An; xy dng 2 nh my x l rc thnh phn hu c vi sinh x Phc Hip, 2 d n ny do 2 cng ty t nhn u t. V cng tc qut dn, thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi, hin nay ngn sch thnh ph thanh ton ton b. Tng kinh ph cho hot ng qun l cht thi nm 2002 l 235,3 t ng, trong kinh ph x l rc l 37,9 t ng. Vic thu ph thu gom rc l do cng nhn v sinh qun, huyn v lc lng qut rc t nhn thc hin. Khon thu ny ch trang tri chi ph thu gom rc t h dn chuyn n im tp kt rc chuyn sang xe c gii ca ngnh v sinh, khng np vo ngn sch thnh ph. Tuy nhin, theo nh gi ca S Giao thng Cng chnh thnh ph th tnh hnh cht lng v sinh th cha tt, vic xy dng cc hng mc ca bi rc cha ng b, nc r rc cn lu li nhiu trong cc bi chn rc, nh hng n sinh hot dn c khu vc gn bi rc. B Nguyn Th Bch Vn Vin Kinh t thnh ph cho rng, tnh hnh rc gy nhim nh hin nay l do cng ngh chn lp rc hin nay qu lc hu. X l rc nh trn va mt v sinh va lng ph khi lng rc ln c th ti ch thnh sn phm phc v nng nghip hoc trong sinh hot nh phn bn, gas, bao b nha... nn c nhiu nh my sn xut sn phm t 98% lng rc c chn, gii quyt c mi trng v em li hiu qu kinh t. gii quyt tt vn rc, S Giao thng thnh ph ngh sm hon tt cc d n ang d dang, chn la cng ngh x l nc r rc thch hp u t cho cc bi chn rc, UBND thnh

Trang 5

ph nn ban hnh quy nh v x pht vi phm v v sinh mi trng, thc hin thng tin v cng khai cc d n x l rc ngi dn tham gia ng gp kin. Tuy nhin, theo ng Trng ban kinh t ngn sch HND thnh ph th vn gii quyt tt vic x l rc khng phi l vn ti chnh, chi nhiu tin nhng t chc thu gom, x l khng tt th vic nhim mi trng vn cn tip tc. Theo ng, lc lng thu gom rc t nhn c nhng mt tch c m cc cng ty mi trng th kh m ng c, ng thi cng c nhng tiu cc i vi ngi dn. Vn l lm th no hn ch c hin tng tiu cc lc lng ny, pht huy c tnh tch cc th vic gii quyt rc khng cn l ni lo u ca cc cp lnh o v ngi dn thnh ph. NGUYN NHN CA THC TRNG NY Chng ta c th d dng nhn thy, nguyn nhn chnh dn n hin trng trn ch yu l

do: Nguyn nhn khch quan: Vit Nam l mt nc ngho, xut pht im v kinh t rt thp so vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Do , mun vn ln, ui kp cc nc pht trin, i hi chng ta phi tp trung m ca nhanh nn kinh t, y nhanh cng tc sn xut. V n ng ngha vi vic chng ta phi hy sinh rt nhiu trong c vn ti nguyn v mi trng. Mt khc l mt nc lc hu, trnh cng ngh nhn chung rt thp km, v th hin nhin, cc cng ngh x l rc thi Vit Nam cng khng th gii qyt c vn rc thi ngy cng gia tng. Nguyn nhn ch quan: u tin l s thiu thc ca ngi dn: a s chng ta cha c thc bo v mi trng, tnh trng x rc ba bi xy ra thng xuyn. mi ni, t ng x, sng, h, knh, rch, u u cng c th bt gp rc thi sinh hot trn lan. Ngoi ra, vic cc h gia nh khng phn loi rc trc ti nh cng gy nhiu kh khn v tn km cho cng tc x l rc thi Trch nhim tip theo thuc v cc doanh nghip. V qu t cao vn li nhun, nhiu doanh nghip khng ngi y mnh sn xut v cng khng ngi hy hoi mi trng xung quanh, t bit l vn cht thi c hi cha qua ch bin c thi y ra khu vc xung quanh gy nn nhng hu qu v cng to ln cho mi trng xung quanh. Trch nhim ca Nh Nc v cc c quan hu quan: rt t thy trng hp cc c quan hu quan pht hin v x l cc n v vi phm trong lnh vc nhim mi trng (hu ht l do ngi dn phn nh); vic x l cng cha tht s nghim khc nhng ngi vi phm thc c vic lm ca mnh. Ngoi ra, cc vn bn php quy ca Nh nc cng cn nhiu bt cp m kh nng pht huy tc dng cng rt thp

HU QU CA VN :

Nhng con s ng s Mt kt qu phn tch gn y ca Trung tm phn tch th nghim TP.HCM cho thy lng benzen trong khng kh ti cc trc giao thng chnh ca thnh ph ln n mc bo Trang 6

ng vi nng benzen trung bnh l 33,6 micro gam/m3, cao gp 6,72 ln tiu chun ca T chc Y t th gii l 5 micro gam/m3. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng nu da vo kt qu ny th nguy c mc bnh bch cu i vi nhng ngi lun ht th khng kh ti TP.HCM c th cao gp 5,4 ln so vi nhng khu vc khc. iu cng gii thch v sao ti cc bnh vin chuyn ngnh, s ngi mc cc loi bnh ung th lun tng cp s cng. Nhng cht nguy hi n sc khe ca con ngi ny ang ngy cng nhiu thm. Cc nh khoa hc cng dn ra mt v d: do vic x thi v trch nhim cc dn xut phenol c trong du ht iu, 20 cng nhn ngnh v sinh mi trng b bng khi no vt khai thng lung lch thot nc mt tuyn knh h thuc a bn huyn Bnh Chnh - TP.HCM. Ngoi ra, cc nh khoa hc cng nhn nh rng: "Trn lu vc h thng sng ng Nai c rt nhiu dng thi m trong thnh phn ca chng c cha cc cht nguy hi nh cc a-xt, ba-z, cc kim loi nng nh Hg, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni..., thuc bo v thc vt, du m khong, vi trng gy bnh... Nu cc dng thi ny khng c kim sot v qun l tt th kh nng gy nhim, hy hoi mi trng v ngun nc l rt ln". .V nhng nguy hi t n ln cng ng: Cht thi y t bao gm mt lng ln cht thi ni chung v mt lng nh hn cc cht thi c tnh nguy c cao. Cht thi y t c th to nn nhng mi nguy c cho sc khe con ngi. Vic tip xc vi cc cht thi y t c th gy nn bnh tt hoc tn thng. l do trong cht thi y t c th cha ng cc yu t truyn nhim, cht c hi, cc loi ha cht v dc phm nguy him, cc cht thi phng x, cc vt sc nhn...

Cc nguy c t cht thi truyn nhim v cc vt sc nhn:

Cc vt th trong thnh phn ca cht thi rn y t c th cha ng mt lng rt ln bt k tc nhn vi sinh vt bnh truyn nhim no. Cc tc nhn gy bnh ny c th xm nhp vo c th ngi thng qua: da (qua mt vt thng, try sc hoc vt ct trn da), cc nim mc (mng nhy), ng h hp (do xng, ht phi), ng tiu ha... C mt mi lin quan c bit gia s nhim khun do HIV v virut vim gan B, C, l nhng bng chng ca vic lan truyn cc bnh truyn nhim qua ng rc thi y t. Nhng virut ny thng lan truyn qua vt tim hoc cc tn thng do kim tim c nhim mu ngi bnh. Trong cc c s y t, tnh khng ca vi khun i vi cc loi thuc khng sinh v cc ha cht st khun cng c th gp phn to ra nhng mi nguy c do s qun l yu km cc cht thi y t. iu ny c minh chng, chng hn cc plasmit t cc ng vt th nghim c trong cht thi y t c truyn cho vi khun gc qua h thung x l cht thi. Hn na, vi khun E. Coli khng thuc cho thy n vn cn sng trong mi trng bn hot mc d c v nh khng phi l mi trung thun li cho loi vi sinh vt ny trong iu kin thng thng ca h thng thi b v x l rc, nc. tp trung ca cc tc nhn gy bnh v cc vt sc nhn b nhim cc vi sinh vt gy bnh (c bit l nhng mi kim tim qua da) hu nh l nhng mi nguy c tim n su sc Trang 7

i vi sc khe trong cc loi cht thi bnh vin. Cc vt sc nhn c th khng ch l nhng nguyn nhn gy ra cc vt ct, vt m thng m cn gy nhim trng cc vt thng nu n b nhim cc tc nhn gy bnh. Nh vy, nhng vt sc nhn c coi l mt loi rc thi rt nguy him bi n gy nhng tn thng kp: va gy tn thng li va ly truyn cc bnh truyn nhim. Nhng vn ng lu tm l s nhim trng c th c ly truyn bi s xm nhp qua da ca cc tc nhn gy bnh, v d nh nhim khun huyt do virut. Cc loi kim tim tim qua da l mt phn quan trng ca loi hnh cht thi sc nhn v l mi nguy him c bit bi chng thng b dnh mu bnh nhn. Nhiu loi ha cht v dc phm c s dng trong cc c s y t l nhng mi nguy c e da sc khe con ngi (cc c dc, cc cht gy c gen, cht n mn, cht d chy, cc cht gy phn ng, gy n, gy shock phn v...). Cc loi cht ny thng chim s lng nh trong cht thi y t, vi s lng ln hn c th tm thy khi chng qu hn, d tha hoc ht tc dng cn vt b. Chng c th gy nhim c do tip xc cp tnh v mn tnh, gy ra cc tn thng nh bng. S nhim c ny c th l kt qu ca qu trnh hp th ha cht hoc dc phm qua da, qua nim mc, qua ng h hp hoc ng tiu ha. Vic tip xc vi cc cht d chy, cht n mn, cc ha cht gy phn ng (formaldehyd v cc cht d bay hi khc) c th gy nn nhng tn thng ti da, mt hoc nim mc ng h hp. Cc tn thng ph bin hay gp nht l cc vt bng. Cc cht kh trng l nhng thnh phn c bit quan trng ca nhm ny, chng thng c s dng vi s lng ln v thng l nhng cht n mn. Cng cn phi lu rng nhng loi ha cht gy phn ng c th hnh thnh nn cc hn hp th cp c c tnh cao. Cc sn phm ha cht c thi thng vo h thng cng thi c th gy nn cc nh hng bt li ti hot ng ca h thng x l nc thi sinh hc hoc gy nh hng c hi ti h sinh thi t nhin nhn c s ti tiu bng ngun nc ny,. Nhng vn tng t nh vy cng c th b gy ra do cc sn phm ca qu trnh bo ch dc phm bao gm cc khng sinh v cc loi thuc khc, do cc kim loi nng nh thy ngn, phenol v cc dn xut, cc cht kh trng v ty u.

Nhng nguy c t cht thi gy c gen (genotoxic):

i vi cc nhn vin y t chu trch nhim tip xc v x l loi cht thi gy c gen, mc nh hng ca nhng mi nguy c b chi phi bi s kt hp gia bn cht ca cht c v phm vi, khong thi gian tip xc vi cht c . Nhng phng thc tip xc chnh l ht phi dng bi hoc dng phun sng qua ng h hp; hp th qua da; qua ng tiu ha do n phi thc phm nhim thuc, ha cht hoc cht bn c tnh c. Vic nhim c qua ng tiu ha l kt qu ca nhng thi quen xu chng hn nh dng ming ht ng pipet trong khi nh lng dung dch. Mi nguy him cng c th xy ra khi tip xc vi cc loi dch th v cc cht tit ca nhng bnh nhn ang c iu tr bng ha tr liu. Nhiu loi thuc c c tnh gy kch thch cao v gy nn nhng hu qu hy hoi cc b sau khi tip xc trc tip vi da hoc mt. Chng cng c th gy chng mt, bun nn, au u hoc vim da.

Nhng nguy c t cc cht thi phng x:

Trang 8

Loi bnh gy ra do cht thi phng x c xc nh bi loi cht thi v phm vi tip xc. N c th l au u, hoa mt chng mt v nn nhiu bt thng. Bi cht thi phng x, cng nh loi cht thi dc phm, l mt loi c hi gen, n cng c th nh hng n cc yu t di truyn. Tip xc vi cc ngun phng x c hot tnh cao, v d nh cc ngun phng x ca cc phng tin chn on (my Xquang, my chp ct lp...), c th gy ra mt lot cc tn thng (chng hn nh ph hy cc m, t i hi phi dn n vic x l loi b hoc ct ct cc phn c th). Cc nguy c t nhng loi cht thi c hot tnh thp c th pht sinh do vic nhim x trn phm vi b mt ca cc vt cha, do phng thc hoc khong thi gian lu gi loi cht thi ny. Cc nhn vin y t hoc nhng ngi lm nhim v thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi tip xc vi loi cht thi phng x ny l nhng ngi thuc nhm nguy c cao.

nh hng ca cht thi ha cht v dc phm:

Trong khi khng c ti liu khoa hc no cho thy mc ph bin ca bnh tt gy ra do cht thi ha cht hoc dc phm t cc bnh vin i vi cng ng, th nhiu trng hp nhim c quy m ln do cht thi ha cht cng nghip xy ra. Ngoi ra c nhiu v tn thng hoc nhim c do vic vn chuyn ha cht v dc phm trong bnh vin khng bo m. Cc dc s, bc s gy m, y t, k thut vin, cn b hnh chnh c th c nguy c mc cc bnh ng h hp, bnh ngoi da do tip xc vi cc loi ha cht dng cht lng bay hi, dng phun sng v cc dung dch khc.

Trang 9

PHN II: CC GII PHP KH THI CHO VN RC THI VIT NAM

T vic phn tch v thc trng tnh hnh mi trng ni chung v tnh hnh rc thi ni ring nc ta hin nay. C th thy r nhng nguy c tim tng ca vic ph hy mi trng ang dn dn bc l nhng nguy hi ca n i vi nn kinh t v i vi sc kho cng ng. V vy n lc chng ta phi hnh ng v y mnh v nhanh hn na cc bin php khc phc cng nh gii quyt vn mi trng ca chng ta, m trc ht l vn rc thi. Thc t cho thy ci thin vn rc thi Vit Nam, bn cnh vic nng cao nhn thc cng ng v p dng sn xut sch hn, Vit Nam cn m rng vic p dng cc bin php khuyn khch v kinh t, da trn nguyn tc "ngi gy nhim phi tr tin", t s tit kim ng k ngun kinh ph. c tnh, nu gim c 10% lng cht thi pht sinh, mi nm chng ta s tit kim c 200 t ng cho hot ng x l rc thi sinh hot v 130 t ng cho x l rc y t. gii quyt c lng rc khng l nh hin nay, cn thc hin ng b 3 bin php: gim thiu vic to ra cht thi cng nhiu cng tt, gia tng tnh hiu qu ca vic qun l v x l rc, ti s dng cht thi v ti ch cht thi. 1. NHM BIN PHP GIM CHT THI: THU CACBON Qua nghin cu kinh nghim ca cc nc trn th gii cho th y h phi s dng mt h thng tng th cc chnh sch, bin php v cc cng c rt a dng thc hin x l rc thi bo v mi trng, nhng nhn chung c phn thnh cc nhm: Nhm cc bin php hnh chnh kt hp vi gio dc v truyn thng mi trng; Nhm cc bin php kinh t-ti chnh. Trong , thu v ph l hai cng c quan trng.

Ph bo v mi trng nhm to ngun thu b p mt phn chi ph x l cc cht

thi, khi phc, ci thin cht lng mi trng. Nhng nhn chung, cc khon ph bo v mi trng rt a dng v gn vi cc hot ng ca cc c quan qun l v s nghip thuc lnh vc mi trng. Chng hn cc khon ph bo v mi trng gm ph nc thi; ph v sinh (thu gom v x l cht thi rn), thc t hin nay do mc thu ph cn tng i thp, nn t c tc dng ngn nga v hn ch vic pht thi cc cht nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin, vic thu ph to ngun thu b p mt phn chi ph c tc ng nht nh n thc ca i tng pht thi cc cht gy nhim mi trng.

Thu bo v mi trng c tc dng kch thch v iu chnh sn xut v tiu dng theo hng bo v mi trng, thc y vic nghin cu tm ra cc ngun nng lng sch nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi hoc c th dn ti vic ra i ca cc cng ngh, chu trnh sn xut v sn phm mi gim thiu tiu hao nguyn nhin vt liu v cc rc thi ph liu t qu trnh sn xut lm nhim mi trng. To ngun thu cho ngn sch. Tuy nhin, kh nng pht huy tc dng ca thu v ph trong bo v mi trng cng c mc khc nhau. Trong , cng c ph ch yu nhm to ngun thu trang tri chi ph cng tc x l nhim mi trng, tc dng iu chnh hnh vi i tng gy nhim cha
Trang 10

c mnh. Cng c thu thng c mc thu cao, tnh php l v cng ch thc hin c tc ng rt mnh m ti i tng gy nhim nhm ngn nga v gim thiu lng pht thi nhim mi trng. V vy, vic nghin cu v p dng ph hp cng c thu hay ph bo v mi trng i vi tng i tng cht thi gy nhim mi trng l cn thit. Kinh nghim thc tin p dng thu, ph bo v mi trng ca cc nc trn th gii, ch ra rng khng c ring mt loi thu bo v mi trng p dng chung i vi tt c cc loi cht thi (rn, lng, kh). x l i vi tng loi cht thi, cn s dng cc cng c ph hp, c th nh sau: i vi cc cht thi rn v cht thi lng, thng l d xc nh i tng pht thi (t chc, h gia nh, c nhn), a im pht thi v thu gom. Bng cc quy nh hnh chnh, buc cc i tng pht thi phi x l cht thi trc khi thi ra mi trng. V th, i vi cc cht thi rn, cht thi lng, hin nay cc nc trn th gii u p dng thu ph nhm b p trc tip chi ph. i vi cht thi kh do c im cc ngun pht thi di ng hoc kh xc nh c lng kh thi, nng cc cht c hi, v th vic xc nh c th cc i tng v cn c thu ph l rt kh. Hin nay, cha th tnh ton xc nh c cc chi ph cho vic x l khc phc cc cht thi kh, c bit l cc vn lin quan n khc phc cc tc hi ca kh thi ti mi trng v sc kho con ngi. V vy, khng th quy nh mc thu ph b p chi ph x l i vi kh thi, m ch c th p dng thu thu nhm tc ng n thc v hnh vi ca i tng pht thi, t ngn nga v hn ch lng kh thi nhim mi trng khng kh. Hn na, phm vi tc ng lm nhim mi trng ca cc kh thi l rng ln t phm vi mt thnh ph, vng, quc gia n ton cu. V th, cng ng quc t v ang tm kim cc chnh sch v gii php nhm x l vn ny, trong c cc Cng c Quc t Kyoto, Cng c Montreal, Cng c Bonn v chng trnh hn ch v ct gim lng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh vi s cam kt tham gia ca nhiu nc trn th gii. Cc nc pht trin thuc khi OECD ang nghin cu xy dng thu bo v mi trng khng kh i vi kh thi v c gi l Thu cc bon, nhm tc ng vo thc v hnh vi ca cc i tng pht thi. Thu bo v mi trng khng kh Thu cc bon, c p dng gim thiu lng kh thi CO2, cc loi kh thi t s dng cc thit b in lnh (nh iu ho, t lnh....) v cc cht bi khng kh gy hiu ng nh knh, lm tri t nng ln. Thu cc bon l mt b phn cu thnh ln gi bn nhin liu xng du, than, cc nhin liu cht t khc, cc thit b in lnh nn c tc dng ngn nga v hn ch lng kh thi vo mi trng khng kh, thng qua vic khuyn khch ng dng cng ngh hin i nhm s dng tit kim v hiu qu cc nhin liu cht t, s dng cc dng nng lng sch khc nh thu in, nng lng mt tri, nng lng gi t nhin, nng lng nguyn t B- NHM GII PHP TI S DNG V TI CH RC THI: Trn th gii ngy nay c rt nhiu phng php nhm ti ch v tn dng rc thi. Do khun kh nh gn ca bi vit, chng ti ch xin trnh by ba phng php ph bin nht hin nay: 1. BIN RC THNH NGUYN LIU: Trang 11

Loi rc chim t chn lp ln nht hin nay l rc thc phm t cc h gia nh, ch, siu th, chim n 65%-90%. c mt thi ngi ta t vn x l s rc ny lm phn hu c, th nhng mt nghin cu khoa hc ca thnh ph chng minh loi rc y cha rt nhiu vn thy tinh, mnh nha, t, khng sch lm phn. Cch i x duy nht hin nay i vi loi rc c nhiu tp cht nh vy l , to kh pht in v tham gia chng trnh mua bn kh CO2. Rc thc phm s c , to kh v pht in nh loi rc hn tp hin nay thnh ph. Tuy nhin, sau khi ht kh, thay v c chn lp, rc thc phm s c a i ch bin thnh phn hu c dng ci to t. iu ny c ngha l s khng mt th g b b i v thnh ph s khng tn t chn lp rc. Cc loi rc cn li cng s c phn loi v ti ch. Nu d n phn loi rc t ngun c thc hin nghim tc, th s gim c ti 50% lng rc phi chn lp. 2. BIN RC THNH IN: M hnh x l rc thi thnh in sinh hot ln u tin trn c nc c ng dng thnh cng ti bi rc G Ct (TP.HCM) v pht in c sn xut t rc ln li in quc gia. y c th coi l mt bc tin quan trng trong vic x l rc thi th v m ra hng i mi cho cng ngh x l rc ca Vit Nam D n ny ng dng cng ngh x l chn lp rc hp v sinh, theo cng ngh v thit b ca Hng Balast Nedam Vit Nam (H Lan) ti bi G Ct. Theo , rc thi s c chn trong cc chn lp c chiu su hn 7m so vi mt t, c lt vt liu chng thm HDPEmt loi nha c bn hn 50 nm v khng nh hng ti mi trng. Nc r rc trong chn c thu gom bng h thng ng thu t di y v bm v trm x l nc trc khi thi ra mi trng t nhin. Kh gas sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy rc c thu gom bng cc ging thu ng, dn v trm thu gas v qua mt cng on tch nc v gas sinh ra t rc thi sinh hot c lng hi nc rt cao. Mt h thng x l dy chuyn khp kn, hin i. Thm ch, ngay trong bi cha rc thi m khng h c mi hi nh cc bi rc thng gp, d y l mt trong nhng bi rc ln ca thnh ph. Gas sch sau khi thu c s c dn n my chit xut v my thi kh nn trc khi c bm vo h thng ng c n chy my pht in. in sinh ra c a qua my bin th tng p v ho vo li in quc gia. Do lng gas sinh ra cn t nn hin thi ch c mt t my pht c cng sut 750 KW hot ng trong 3 t my ca h thng. Trong thi gian ti, sau khi a vo s dng c 3 t my, tng cng sut in thu c s hn 2.430 KW/h, mi nm s thu c gn 21.287 ngn KW, tng ng vi s tin hn 13 t ng/nm. Trm pht in t rc c u t s vn hn 3 triu USD, vi cng ngh ca hng Balast Nedam. Ton b khi my pht in c thit k theo khi container c th d dng di chuyn. Sau khi lng gas ti y c t ht, bi rc c a vo s dng cho mc ch khc th cc t my ny c th di chuyn n cc a im khc s dng. c bit cc d n pht in t rc thi c xy dng v hot ng thnh cng ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii.

Trang 12

D kin sau khi dng vic tip nhn rc v ng bi vo nm 2006, cc t my s bt u i vo hot ng ht cng sut lin tc trong vng khong 15 nm. Rc sau khi c phn hu hon ton s c dng lm phn bn hu c cho nng nghip v mt bng ca bi rc s c xy dng thnh cng vin, khu vui chi 3. PHN LOI RC TI NGUN Hin nay, theo tnh ton th lng rc thc phm (c xut x t nh dn v cc ch, siu th) chim t 65 n 90% tng khi lng rc ti cc bi chn lp. Nu c phn loi ngay t u th lng rc ny l ngun nguyn liu v tn cho cng ngh x l rc. Nhng trn thc t, i vi loi rc "hm b lng" th khng th s dng vo bt c mc ch g. Nu lm phn th khng sch, v ln nhiu tp cht. Cn nu a vo ti ch th khng c th my mc no c th phn loi i vi loi rc hn hp ny. Ch cn mt cch duy nht x l l chn. Vi chng trnh phn loi rc ti ngun, phn rc c th ti ch c mt lc lng ng o cc c s thu mua ph liu bao tiu, m khng cn n vai tr ca Nh nc. Cn li rc hu c, loi rc ny s c a vo chn ti cc bi rc, sau thu hi kh pht in (cch lm hin nay bi rc Phc Hip). Sau khi thu hi ht kh, rc thi cng hoai mc hon ton, s c dng ch bin thnh phn vi sinh (compost). Nh vy, t nhng loi rc thi thng thng, nu c phn loi ngay t u c th tn dng v bin rc thnh mt loi ti nguyn v tn.

Mc tiu: Tch rc ra lm hai thnh phn ring bit nhm nng cao hiu qu ca cc
hot ng x l tip theo.

Bin php thc hin

- Cc h dn t phn rc ti h gia nh theo 2 loi: + Rc hu c v rc ti sinh c ng trong hai loi ti xp khc nhau nhm d phn bit cho ngi thu gom rc. V d: Ti xp mu en c s dng rc hu c, rc ti sinh c s dng trong ti xp khc mu vi mu en nhm d phn bit. Hin ti ti xp ny ang c bn rng ri trn th trng hoc nhn dn c th tn dng ti rc sau mi ln i ch. - Cc cng ty dch v mi trng b tr 2 xe ly rc ring bit thu 2 loi rc, thu gom ng gi qui nh, rc sau khi thu gom c vn chuyn v bi rc x l. Thnh lp t chuyn trch ti cc phng qun l, gim st, hng dn, theo di, n c m hnh hot ng. Tuy nhin, m bo hiu qu cng tc qun l v x l rc, cn phi thc hin ng b t khu thu gom, vn chuyn cho n x l rc. Do , vic phn loi rc ti ngun mang li li ch to ln cho x hi cng nh i vi cc h dn, tuy nhin y l cng vic mi m, cn tuyn truyn rng ri nhn dn c th hiu v thc hin. Thc hin cng tc gio dc cng ng nh: tuyn truyn, vn ng cht ch, pht huy vai tr ca mt trn, cc on th c bit l hi ph n phng. ng thi gn vi phong tro xy dng khu ph vn ho a phng.

Trang 13

Ban ch o, ban chuyn trch thc hin m hnh l lc lng nng ct lm cng tc vn ng tuyn truyn, kim tra, hng dn cho cc h dn thc cng tc thu gom v phn loi rc.

Li ch:

Mi ngy c thm 1 t ng Thc ra, gii php ny t lu c nhiu nc trn th gii p dng. Mt trong nhng ngha quan trng ca vic phn loi rc t ngun chnh l y mnh cng tc ti sinh, ti ch nhm hn ch ti a lng rc phi chn xung lng t, ko gim c nhng tc hi mi trng. Theo iu tra ca S TN-MT, lng cht hu c trong rc sinh hot dao ng t l 65% n 90%, vn l ngun nguyn liu qu cho vic sn xut phn bn. Ch cn lm mt php tnh nh, mi tn cht hu c c bn cho cc nh my phn bn vi gi t 300.000 ng n 400.000 ng th t nht mi ngy ngn sch TP c thm 1 t ng. Mt khc, khng ch c rc hu c mi mang li li ch kinh t m cc loi rc cn li cng c phn loi thc hin vic ti ch. Theo tnh ton, nu d n hot ng hon thin th ch khong 5% lng rc khng th ti ch hoc c hi mi cn n cng ngh chn lp, t... y chnh l con s c ngha rt ln v hin nay, mi tn rc tn t 220.000 ng n 330.000 ng x l. Ngoi ra ch vi hnh thc n gin l phn loi rc ti ngun, theo tnh ton ca cc chuyn gia trong chng trnh, nu thc hin trit th c th tit kim ti 50% din tch t quy hoch lm cc bi chn lp rc. V nhng li ch khc ca vic phn loi rc t ngun Gp phn ci thin mi trng th. Gip cho vic qun l rc tt hn, hn ch s nhim mi trng do rc. Tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin, ti nguyn nc. Tit kim nng lng. Gim thiu nhim mi trng nh gim lng kh metan v CO2 pht sinh t cc bi chn lp vn l nhng kh gy hiu ng nh knh. Gim ti a khi lng nc rc r r ng thi nc r r c x l d dng hn. Gim gnh nng ngn sch chi cho cng tc v sinh ng ph, vn chuyn v x l em li hiu qu rt ln v mt kinh t x hi. Mc d u t mt h thng phn loi rc ti ngun n ni n chn s rt tn km, v vn ban u l rt ln v cn mt s kh khn nht nh. (Trang thit b tn tr v phn loi trong nh t nht phi c mt thng cha hu c, 1 thng cha v c, bao PE. l cha k n chi ph tuyn truyn rt cao thay i thi quen ca cng ng dn c). Song vi mt li ch to ln v mt kinh t x hi nh vy, tin rng y s l mt trong nhng gii php kh thi gii quyt vn rc thi ca nc ta trong thi gian sp ti. IV. KT LUN

Trang 14

Vit Nam ang ng trc mt c hi rt ln c th ui kp cc nc pht trin trong khu vc v trn th gii; Nht l khi chng ta ang c kh nng rt ln gia nhp WTO vo cui nm nay (mc d i km vi n cng c khng t nhng thch thc). Tuy nhin, song hnh vi vic y mnh pht trin kinh t s lun lun tim n nhng nguy c v hu hoi mi trng sng, m vn rc thi (gm c cht thi sinh hot v c cht thi cng nghip,..) l mt trong nhng vn ni cm nht. cc nc c mnh danh l Quc gia xanh ca th gii nh Singapore, Australia, cng tc bo v mi trng c ch trng t rt nhiu nm trc y. c bit, h gii quyt rt tt vn rc thi v thc v bo v mi trng ca cng dn nc h cng rt cao cho nn cng cuc pht trin kinh t ca h cng thun li hn rt nhiu. Trong khi Vit Nam, vn ny ch mi c t ra trong nhng nm gn y v hiu qu ca cc chnh sch gii quyt mi trng cng cha cao. Nu nh chng ta khng c chnh sch pht trin kinh t hp l gn vi vic bo v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng, th cho d chng ta c th pht trin nhanh, chng ta cng s khng th thot khi nguy c tt hu xa hn so vi cc nc khc. Bi l khng nhng chng ta phi i mt vi vic thiu nghim trng ngun ti nguyn sn xut, m vi vic hy hoi mi trng v khng ngn chn c him ha rc thi, khng sm th mun, Vit Nam s tr thnh Bi rc ln vi nguy c ca rt nhiu loi bnh dch nguy him v gy ra nhiu vn kinh t x hi khc. Chnh v th, ngay t by gi chng ta cn nhanh chng tm ra cc gii php gii quyt vn nhim mi trng ni chung v vn rc thi ni ring. gii quyt c bi ton ny, VN cn hc tp kinh nghim t cc nc tin tin trn th gii, ng thi y nhanh hn na nhng gii php hu hiu vi tnh hnh ring ca t nc. C nh vy, chng ta mi c th pht trin bn vng v VN mi c th vn ln ngang tm vi cc nc pht trin trn th gii./.

Trang 15