Ky Thuat Lo Hoi - GSTS Pham Xuan Vuong

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI
GS.TS. PHM XUN VNG (CH BIN) PSG.TS. NGUYN VN MUN
GIO TRNH
K THUT L HI
H NI 2007
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Trang Chng I. Khi nim v l hi 1. Nhim v, yu cu k thut, phn loi 1.1. Nhim v 1.2. Yu cu k thut 1.3. Phn loi 2. Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic 2.1. Cu to lin hp l hi 2.2. Cc b phn ca lin hp ni hi 2.3. B phn qu nhit 2.4. B phn hm nng nc 2.5. B phn hm nng khng kh 2.6. Nguyn tc lm vic ca l hi 3. Nhin liu v sn phm ca nhin liu 3.1. Thnh phn ca nhin liu 3.2. S chy ca nhin liu 3.3. Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn cho qu trnh chy 4. Phng trnh cn bng nhit v hiu sut thit b 4.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit 4.2. Thit b nhit Chng II. Qu trnh chy v ch to l t 1. Qu trnh chy 1.1. Cc giai on ca qu trnh t chy nhin liu trong l t 1.2. Giai on sy kh v lm nng nhin liu 1.3. Giai on chy 1.4. Phn ng chy 1.5. Giai on to x 2. Phn loi v cu to l t 2.1. Yu cu k thut i vi bung la 2.2. Phn loi bung la (l t) Chng III. Qu trnh sinh hi, cc b mt truyn nhit 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 6 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 14 17 17 20 21 21 21 21 21 23 24 26 26 26 43
1. B mt sinh hi v cch b tr 2. Tnh nhit thit b sinh hi 2.1. Phng trnh truyn nhit 2.2. Tnh nhit cc b mt truyn nhit i lu 2.3. H s truyn nhit 3. Ch nc v cht lng hi 3.1. Khi nim chung 3.2. Ch tiu cht lng nc 3.3. Cc bin php x l nc Chng IV. H thng thng gi 1. Nhim v ca h thng thng gi 2. Gii php thng gi Chng V. Vn hnh v bo dng 1. Mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut 1.1. Ch tiu kinh t 1.2. Ch tiu v ch vn hnh 2. Chn s lng ni hi v phn b ph ti gia cc l Ti liu tham kho
43 51 51 53 54 58 58 59 60 66 66 66 82 82 82 83 83 101
Chng I : KHI NIM V L HI

1 - NHIM V, YU CU K THT, PHN LOI 1.1. Nhim v: Nhim v ca l hi l chuyn ho nng lng t cc dng khc nhau khi b t chy thnh dng nng lng khc: nc nng, nc bo ho hoc hi qu nhit. Hi qu nhit l hi nhit v p sut cao. 1.2. Yu cu k thut. - Thit b sinh hi phi c nng sut hi cao (Tn/gi), hiu sut sinh hi ln. - Cht lng sn phm phi p ng yu cu sn xut: cht lng nc nng, hi bo ho hoc hi qu nhit. - Cu to ca thit b khng qu phc tp, s dng, bo dng v sa cha d dng. - Chi ph nhin liu ring thp, hiu sut l t cao. 1.3. Phn loi l hi. + L hi hin nay chia thnh hai loi chnh: loi sinh hi v loi sn xut nc nng. Tuy nhin cng c mt s l hi kim c hai chc nng ny. L hi loi sinh hi, th hin bng tn hi trong mt gi. Mt s l hi dng chuyn ho nng lng nhit thnh th nng ca hi, nn c th c trng bng cng sut (KW, MW). + Nng sut ca l hi phn thnh ba loi: loi nh ( 15 20 T/h); loi trung (160 220T/h) v loi ln (220 250T/h). Tuy nhin vic phn loi ny cng ch l qui uc, v gii hn gia cc loi cng cha tht chnh xc. p sut o bng tmtphe (atm).Trong h SI, n v o l Niutn trn mt vung (N/m2). H s chuyn i 1bar = 1.105N/m2 = 1,0196atm. + Nu phn loi theo p lc chia ra l hi p thp (< 9 atm); l hi p trung bnh (14 40 atm); l hi p cao (100 140 atm) v p sut tiu chun (255atm). Gii hn gia l hi p thp v l hi trung bnh ch l qui c. V nhit hi, biu din bng 0C (h SI) hoc 0K. Hi bo ho b t nng ti nhit 570 0C v cao hn na. L hi dng trong cng nghip, trong ngnh nng lng,... + Theo kiu l hi ngi ta c th phn ra: kiu tr ng, kiu ng nc ng c b mt bc hi c t nng v loi mn chn. Sau y gii thiu tm tt mt vi kiu l hi:
a/ - L hi kiu tr ng: c v tr ngoi 2, thn tr bn trong 3, pha y c th lin kt qua tm m hoc gp mp tr bn trong. Pha trn c c 4, 5 dng hnh cu; lin
vi bung khi 6 hoc h ng ng; qua kh v khi t bung la 1 vo ng khi 7. Nc a vo khong khng gian gia 2 v 3. Ti y nc bc hi di tc dng ca nhit, tp trung gia 4 v 5; thot qua ng dn hi. Trong qu trnh lm vic nc c cp lin tc vo bnh. Loi thit b ny c nng sut hi t 0,2 1 T/h; sn xut hi bo ho c p sut ti 9 atm.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1.2. S cc kiu lin hp l hi. a L hi tr - ng b Loi ng nc thng ng c Kiu mn chn - L hi kiu ng nc ng (Hnh 1.2b). Gm hai trng ngang 1, 4 t pha trn nhau; lin kt vi ng nc si 2, 3 ng knh 51 60 mm. Bao ph bn ngoi h theo chiu dc, ngang dng kh khi, truyn nhit vo nc bng i lu. Nc cung cp vo phn trn trng 1 l hi. T y nc c un nng ng i xung 3 ca h thng l hi, v hng v trng di 4. Ra khi trng nc c hm nng mnh, nh ng 2 quay tr v trng trn. Di tc dng ca nhit, truyn qua thnh ng, lm nc bc hi. Lc kch thch gy ra chuyn ng ca nc theo chu k tun hon l do s sai khc v mt ca nc trn v di. Hn hp nc np y ng ln. Ti trng trn ca l hi, hi tch khi nc i ra khi trng, nc quay tr li ng xung. L hi kiu ng nc ng c nng sut hi 2,5 50 T/h, p sut hi 14 40 atm. Hi bo ho hoc hi qu nhit ti 250, 370, 425 v 440 0C. b/ L hi kiu mn chn (Hnh 1.2c). Khc nhau ch yu l b mt hm nng kiu mn chn 1, lin hp vi bung l t, v nhin liu rn chy dng bt. Loi hnh ny, khi lm vic nc c bc hi ng thi lm gim b mt trao i nhit. Loi ny dng cho cc trm in. Nng sut hi t 35 2500 T/h sn xut hi qu nhit c p sut t 40 255 atm, nhit 440 585 0C. Trong l hi c chu trnh t nhin, nc c cung cp bi bm 1, qua b hm nng nc 2 vo trng trn 3, nc c bc hi trong chu trnh 4, 5 (Hnh 1.3a). Hi to ra trng 3 i vo b qa nhit 6, v ti ni tiu th.
Tiu th
Nc cung cp
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1.3. S chuyn ng ca nc, hn hp hi v hi ca lin hp l hi. a - Chu trnh t nhin b - Chu trnh cng bc nhiu ln c - Kiu thng L c chu trnh cng bc nhiu ln (Hnh 1.3b), tng t loi chu trnh t nhin, nc cp vo trng 3, chuyn ng ca nc theo chu trnh khp kn 4, 5, nh bm 7. Tip theo hi t trng vo b qu nhit, sau i ti ni tiu th. Trong chu trnh thng (Hnh 1.3c), nc cung cp qua b hm nng nc, ging s trc, nhng chu trnh bc hi khp kn khng c. B mt t nng bc hi 4, 5 l b mt ko di b hm nng nc 2 v cng trc tip vo b mt t nng b qu nhit 6. Nh vy, qu trnh bc hi ca nc ch mt ln trong b mt bc hi nng. Bng 1.1. Kiu l hi Nng sut hi (T/h) 0,2; 0,4; 0,7; 1,0 2,5 4,0; 6,5; 10 E - Chu trnh t nhin vi b qu nhit, nhng hi khng qu nhit 15; 20 4,0; 6,5; 10; 15; 20 6,5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 35; 50; 75 60; 90; 120; 160; 220 160; 210; 320; 420; 480 320; 500; 640 250; 320; 500; 610 150; 1600; 2500 24 40 100 140 p sut tuyt i ca hi (atm) 9 14 Nhit hi (0C) Hi bo ho Hi bo ho Hi bo ho hoc qu nhit 250 Hi bo ho hoc qu nhit 370; 425 440 540 570 Nhit hi sau khi qua b qu nhit (0C) Nhit nc cung cp (0C) 50 80 100 100 145 215 230
EP - Chu trnh t nhin vi b qu nhit v hi c qu nhit trung gian PP - Chu trnh thng vi b qu nhit v hi c qu nhit trung gian
140 140 255
570 570 585
570 570 570
230 230 260
2 - CU TO V NGUYN TC LM VIC. 2.1. Cu to lin hp l hi. Hin nay, lin hp l hi l loi thit b tng i phc tp, ngoi phn to hi, cn c kh nhiu b phn ph tr. a/ - L hi t th cng. y l loi l hi n gin gm cc b phn chnh: Trng (bao hi) 1 cha nc hi v cng l b mt truyn nhit; van hi chnh 2 iu chnh lng hi cung cp. Van cp nc 3 cp nc vo ni hi; ghi l 4 c nh, nhin liu chy, ng thi c khe h khng kh cp vo t chy nhin liu v thi tro, x ; ca gi 7 v ca cp nhin liu 8; ng khi 9. - L hi t phun. y l loi ni hi c th dng nhin liu lng (mazt), nhin liu kh (kh thin nhin, kh l cc,...) nhin liu rn nghin thnh bt. L hi t phun gm cc b phn: trng 1, van hi chnh 2, ng nc cp 3, vi phun 4, bung la 5, phu tro lnh 6 dng lm ngui cc ht tro x khi thi ra ngoi trng hp thi x kh, ging x 7, bm nc cp 8, ng khi 9, b sy khng kh 10, qut gi 11, b hm nc 13, dn ng nc xung 14, dn ng nc ln 15, dy phestn 17, b qu nhit 18 (Hnh 1.5.a)
Hnh 1.4. S l t th cng. b/ - L hi ghi xch (Hnh 1.5b). Thuc loi l hi cng sut nh hoc trung bnh. Cu to gm: trng 1, van hi chnh 2, ng cp nc 3, ghi l dng xch 4, bung la 5, hp tro x 6, hp gi 7 cp gi cp 1 qua ghi cho lp nhin liu trn ghi, phu than 8, ng khi 9, b sy khng kh 10, qut 11, qut khi 12, b hm nc 13, dn ng nc xung 14, ng gp di 15, dn ng nc ln 16, dy phestn 17 v b qu nhit 18. 2.2. Cc b phn ca lin hp ni hi - B mt bc hi c t nng.
H thng b mt bc hi c t nng xc nh theo kiu lin hp l hi. H thng bc hi ca l hi c chu trnh t nhin. (Hnh 1.6 v 1.7) + B mt bc hi c hm nng ca l hi ng nc thng ng bao gm: chm ng nc si 2, trng trn 1 v trng di 3, mn chn la 6. Nc t trng qua ng i xung 7, vo ng gp 5, v h thng ng ni 4. Trng ch to bng thp ng knh 1000 1500 mm. L hi loi ny lm vic p sut 14 40 atm. ng gp c ng knh ti 219 mm.
a)
b) Hnh 1.5. S l hi. a/ Loi t than phun. b/ L hi ghi xch. + B mt bc hi hm nng ca l hi kiu mn chn gm: trng 2, h ng c mn chn 6, 7 vi ng gp mn chn 9, 10 di v 4, 5 trn; H thng ng xung 8 v h thng ng lin kt 3.
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Trng ch to bng phng php hn, y dp. ng knh trng 1200 1800 mm, chiu di gn 18 m. Chiu dy thnh trng khi p sut hi 100 atm l 90 100 mm; khi p sut hi 140 atm th chiu dy trng ln hn. Chu trnh tun hon t nhin trong ng nc si v mn chn l do tc dng ca lc trng trng; do sai khc mt nc v hn hp hi nc trong mi trng hp dn. Nu trong vng khp kn, xy ra hin tng, mt h thng ng ny nng hn h thng ng kia, hoc mt h thng ng nng, mt h thng ng khng nng, s lm cho nc chuyn ng.Nc trong ng nng dng ln, trong ng ngui h xung. Nguyn nhn do mt nc trong ng nng gim v nhit tng. Kt qu l p sut ca nc phn di vng tun hon khng nh nhau, pht sinh chuyn ng. + H thng bc hi ca l hi kiu chu trnh cng bc nhiu ln. ng knh ng khng ln, khong 42 32 mm. Chu trnh cng bc do tc dng ca ngoi lc l bm. S ln trong l hi kiu ny khong 5 10 ln. c im lm vic ca l hi loi ny l phn phi nc khng u cho cc ng song song. + L hi c chu trnh thng, chuyn ng ca nc v hn hp hi tng t loi l hi cng bc nhiu ln. Tuy nhin, y nc v hn hp hi ch i qua b phn bc hi mt ln. 2.3. B phn qu nhit B phn qu nhit thng khng c trn l hi cng nghip, v ch dng vi hi khng qu nng. B phn ny dng trong l hi nng lng, cn hi c nhit cao v p sut ln. Tng nhit hi lm tng entalpi; nng cao p sut hi li lm gim entalpi. Hin nay c hai loi b qa nhit: loi i lu v loi phi hp. Loi i lu thng c mt s hng ng t tch ring khi l. Loi phi hp cng tng t trn, nhng li c phn chu tc ng ca bc x nhit hoc na bc x t trong l. B qu nhit lm bng cc ng thp c ng knh ngoi 28 42 mm. Tc hi trong ng chn t iu kin ch nhit n nh ca n. Thng tc khi i vi b qu nhit th nht 500 1200 Kg/m2.h. Khi chn tc chuyn ng ca hi, cn lu sc cn thu lc ca b qu nhit khng c vt qu 10% p sut lm vic ca hi. 2.4. B phn hm nng nc B phn hm nng nc nhn 12 18% lng nhit chung. B phn hm nng nc c hai kiu: kiu ng gang c g v kiu ng thp nhn. Kiu ng gang c g thng b tr l hi nng sut hi khng ln v c p sut ti 24 atm. Loi ng thp c th b tr trn l hi vi bt k nng sut hi v p sut no (40 atm hoc cao hn).
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Kiu ng gang gm h thng ng gang c g v mt s hng ngang. S lng ng trong hng ngang xut pht t yu cu i hi tc chuyn ng ca sn phm chy (6 9 m/s trong ti trng tiu chun). S hng ngang xut pht t yu cu din tch b mt hm nng ca thit b. Nhit ca nc vo b phn hm nng cn vt qu nhit ng sng ca khi, nhng khng nh hn 100C, loi tr kh nng ngng t hi nc trong thnh phn ca khi v kt ta m trn ng. Nhit cui cng ca nc c hm nng trong ng gang c g, vi l cung cp nc lin tc, l c th tch nc trong trng nh, khi c b phn iu chnh t ng, cn thp hn nhit bo ho p sut cho v khng c nh hn 200C. 2.5. B phn hm nng khng kh B phn hm nng khng kh nhn c gn 7 15% nhit hu ch t l hi. B phn hm nng khng kh chia lm hai loi: loi thu hi nhit v loi hon nhit. Loi thu nhit t khi vo khng kh khng i qua thnh phn chia khi v khng kh. Loi hon nhit, nhit truyn t gch l hon nhit bng kim loi, c t nng theo chu k bi kh nng, tch t v truyn cho khng kh lnh. B phn hm nng khng kh loi thu hi nhit l mt h ng thp mng t song song hn vo tm bn. ng ng knh 25 51 mm, thnh dy 1,25 1,5 mm. ng sp t theo hnh bn c. Khong cch gia cc cnh ngoi ng k nhau 9 15 mm. Khi i trong ng. t nng khng kh bn ngoi ng theo chiu ngang ng. Tc khi 10 14 m/s. Tc khng kh nh hn hai ln tc khi.
Hnh 1.6. S nguyn l lm vic v cu to ca l bao hi.
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1-bao hi; 2-phn cha nc ca bao hi; 3-phn cha hi ca bao hi; 4-bung la; 5vi phun; 6-ng nhin liu ti; 7-cc ng dn t xung quanh bung la sinh hi; 8-ng phestn; 9-ng xung; 10-ng gp di ca dn ng; 11-cp mt ca b hm nc; 12-cp hai ca b hm nc; 13-ng dn a nc t b hm nc vo bao hi; 14-ng dn hi bo ho t bao hi ti b qu nhit; 15-cp mt ca b qu nhit; 16-b gim n iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit; 17-cp hai ca b qu nhit; 18-cp mt ca b sy khng kh; 19-cp hai ca b sy khng kh; 20-ng dn khng kh vo bung la; 21-ng dn khng kh nng ti my nghin; 22-tng bo n ca l; 23-bung qut i chiu dng khi; 24-phn ng khi t cc b mt t i lu; 25-ging thi x; 27-ht khng kh nng t nh l; 28-qut gi; 29-kh bi; 30-qut khi; 31-ng khi. 2.6. Nguyn tc lm vic ca l hi Khng kh nng cng bt than phun vo bung la qua vi phun 5 v chy, truyn nhit lng cho cc dn ng b tr xung quanh bung la. Nc trong ng c t nng, si v sinh hi. Hn hp hi nc sinh ra c a ln bao hi. Bao hi dng tch hi ra khi nc. Phn nc cha bc hi c trong bao hi c a tr li dn ng, qua cc ng xung b tr ngoi tng l, c trng lng ring ln hn hn hp hi nc trong cc dn (v khng c hp thu nhit) to nn chnh trng lng ct nc. Do mi cht chuyn ng tun hon t nhin trong mt chu trnh kn. Hi ra khi bao hi c chuyn ti b phn qu nhit to thnh hi qu nhit, c nhit cao. Khi thot khi b phn qu nhit, nhit cn cao, do b tr b phn hm nc v b phn sy khng kh tn dng nhit tha ca khi. Nhit khi thi ra khi l ch cn 120 1800C. Qut khi ht khi x ra ngoi ng khi. trnh bi cho mi trng xung quanh, khi trc khi thi ra c qua b phn tch bi. 3 - NHIN LIU V SN PHM CHY CA NHIN LIU Nhin liu s dng ph bin hin nay gm: Nhin liu rn: than , than nu, than bn, g, ... Nhin liu lng: du th, mazt, xng, ... Nhin liu kh: kh l cao, kh l cc, kh ga, kh t nhin, ... Than (than m, than gy, than ngtraxt) cht bc thay i t 2 55%. Than bn l dng ban u ca thc vt chuyn ho thnh than , m 30 90%, tro 7 15%, cht bc 70%. Nng sut to nhit 8500 12000 KJ/Kg. Than nu l dng tip theo ca than bn, m 18 60%, tro 10 50%, cht bc 30 55%, nng sut to nhit 12000 16000 KJ/Kg.
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G l nhin liu hu c tr nht, thnh phn gm ccbon chim 50%, Hyr khong 6%, xy khong 43%, Nit khong 0,5 1%, tro 0,5 2%, cht bc 85%, m thay i trong phm vi rng. Du mazt c thnh phn ccbon 80 85%, hyr t 8 10%, nhit tr khong 39000 40000 KJ/Kg. Du l nhin liu d bt la, d chy, nhit tr cao, t tro (0,1%). Kh t gm kh thin nhin v kh ga (nhn to). Kh thin nhin ch yu l kh mtan (CH4), nhit tr khong 35000 KJ/m3 tiu chun. Kh ga gm kh l cc, kh l cao, kh l ga. 3.1. Thnh phn ca nhin liu Trong nhin liu ni chung bao gm cc cht: ccbon, Hyr, lu hunh, xy, tro v m. Ccbon l thnh phn chy ch yu trong nhin liu. Nhit tr ca ccbon khong 34150 KJ/Kg. Lng ccbon trong nhin liu cng cao th nhit tr ca n cng cng cao. Hyr l thnh phn chy quan trng ca nhin liu. Nhit tr khong 144500 KJ/Kg. Lng hyr trong nhin liu rt t. Lu hunh l thnh phn chy trong nhin liu. Trong than lu hunh tn ti di ba dng: Dng lin kt hu c, khong cht v dng lin kt sunfat. Hai dng u c th tham gia qu trnh chy. Dng th ba (lu hunh sunfat) khng tham gia qu trnh chy m chuyn thnh tro ca nhin liu. Nhit tr ca lu hunh khong 1/3 nhit tr ca ccbon. Khi chy, lu hunh to thnh kh SO2 hoc SO3. Kh SO3 gp hi nc to thnh axt H2SO4. Kh SO2 thi ra ngoi l kh c, do lu hunh l thnh phn c hi ca nhin liu. Bng 1.2 l bng thnh phn ca mt s loi nhin liu. 3.2. S chy ca nhin liu Chy l phn ng ho hc gia cc thnh phn chy c c trong nhinliu vi xy cha trong khng kh. Trc khi bt u chy, nhin liu phi t ti nhit bt la: than l 400 5000C, than nu l 250 4500C, g 3000C, than bn 2250C, than cc 7000C, kh ga 700 8000C, kh l cao 700 8000C, du m 5800C, hyr khong 6000C. Khi nhin liu chy hon ton, hyr t do kt hp trc tip vi ccbon cho ta hyrccbua nh (CH2) hoc nng (C2H4). Hai kh ny d dng bt la v chy vi xy ca kh chy cho ta kh CO2 v hi nc. Khi nhin liu chy khng hon ton, kh cha chy v kh x t l hi l xtccbon (CO) v hyrccbua. Nghin cu kh x cho php nh gi cht lng ca s chy. Mun chy hon ton, cn phi cung cp mt lng khng kh ln, c ngha l xy. Hn hp gia khng kh v nhin liu rt kh hon ho, v th cn phi cp tha
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mt lng khng kh cao hn l thuyt. Ngi ta gi l tha khng kh. Mt tha khng kh qu ln, li l iu bt li, v n lm gim nhit ca l. Khi tnh nhit cn phi xc nh th tch lng khng kh l thuyt cn cho qa trnh chy, thnh phn v s lng sn phm chy. Nhng s liu ny c th xc nh nh cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc ( ng vi 1 kg nhin liu rn , lng hoc 1Nm3 nhin liu iu kin tiu chun). Phng trnh chy hon ton C: C + O2 = CO2 (1) 1mol C + 1 mol O2 = 1 mol CO2 12kg C + 32kg O2 = 44kg CO2 1 kg C + 2,67kg O2 = 3,67kg CO2 Nh th, t chy hon ton 1 kg C cn 2,67kg O2 v to thnh 3,67kg CO2.
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Bng 1.2. Thnh phn nhin liu rn. Nhin liu C H2 O2 + N2 (1) S H2O S
Nng sut to nhit thp Kcal/Kg (2)
A1 (2)
G1 (2)
G2 (2)
G3 = G1 + G2 (2)
Kmax
Than 79 4,5 7 1 2,5 6 7500 8,13 7,93 0,54 8,47 18,6 Westphalie Than Sarre 74 4,5 10 1 3,5 7 700 7,58 7,4 0,55 7,95 18,65 Than Anh 75 4,5 8 1 5,5 6 7100 7,73 7,54 0,57 8,11 18,5 Bnh than 8,2 4,2 3,7 1,2 1,7 7,2 7750 8,44 8,23 0,49 8,72 18,6 Westphalie Than cc 84 0,8 3,4 1 1,8 9 7000 7,72 7,7 0,11 7,81 20,35 Than nu th 23,06 1,87 12,07 1 59,28 2,72 1940 2,24 2,16 0,45 3,11 20,00 Bas-Rhin Than nu th 37,05 2,88 4,86 1 42,31 6,9 3275 3,83 3,74 0,85 4,59 18,5 Bohme Than bn nn 44 4,5 25 0,5 20 6 3800 4,38 4,3 0,75 5,05 19,7 G kh 40 4,5 37 0,5 16 1,5 3500 3,6 3,61 0,7 4,31 20,7 83,5 14 2,5 0,5 16 1,5 10000 11,17 10,41 1,57 11,98 15,00 Du = 0,87 89 7 2,8 0,2 0,2 0,1 8875 9,8 9,46 0,79 10,25 17,50 Hc n = 1,05 Ch dn: (1) Chp nhn N2 = 1%; (2) Trng hp t 00C v 1,012 bar, ngha l bng (Nm3); A1 Lng khng kh cn thit ( bng N.m3/Kg nhin liu); G1 Lng khng kh kh l thuyt ( bng N.m3/Kg nhin liu); G2 Lng hi nc ( bng N.m3/Kg nhin liu); G3 Lng kh l thuyt ( bng N.m3/Kg nhin liu); Kmax Hm lng kh CO2 l thuyt ( bng N.m3/Kg nhin liu); N - iu kin tiu chun; Khi gi u h s tha khng kh th: Lng khng kh thc l: A = u.A1 (Nm3); Lng kh thc : G = G3 + A A1 (Nm3) K K Hm lng thc ca kh CO2. H s tha khng kh u = max K
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Bng 1.3 Nhin liu H2 CH4 C2H4 CO H2O N2 CO2 O2 Nng sut to nhit thp Kcal/N.m3
Kh ga ca than nu th - Trch t 10 2 0,5 22 57 8,3 0,2 1170 nhin - Vi thi 15 2 0,5 24 51 7,3 0,2 1355 Ca bnh than nu - Trch t 10 2,5 0,5 27 55 4,8 0,2 1360 nhin - Vi thi 15 2,5 0,6 31 47 3,7 0,2 1600 Ca than - Trch t 8 1,5 0,2 24 59 7,1 0,2 1093 nhin - Thi 12 2,0 0,2 28 53,6 4,0 0,2 1365 Kh l cao 3 27,5 5 54,5 10 8501150 Kh l cc 55 32 2,3 7 1 1,5 10 35004500 Kh t nhin 88,9 1,3 9478 Nhn xt: Thnh phn cc cht ny rt bin ng, c bit kh l cao v kh ga. Kh t nhin thnh phn chnh l mtan (CH4). Ta bit khi lng ring ca xy o2 = 1,428 kg/Nm3, ca kh ccbnic l = 1,964kg/Nm3. Thay vo phng trnh trn (1) ta c: 1kgC + 1,866Nm3O2 = 1,866Nm3CO2 Phng trnh chy ccbon khng hon ton : 1 O2 = C + CO 2 Tng t trn ta c 1kg C + 0,933 Nm3O2 = 1,866Nm3 CO Phn ng chy ca S v H2 nh sau: 1 O2 = H2O H2 + 2 1kg H2 + 5,6Nm3 O2 = 11,2Nm3H2O (2) SO2 S + O2 = 3 3 1kg S + 0,7Nm O2 = 0,7Nm SO2 i vi nhin liu kh n v o lng l Nm3. 1 O2 = H2O H2 + 2 22,4Nm3 H2 + 11,2Nm3 O2 = 22,4Nm3 H2O
17
1Nm3H2 + i vi CO ta c :
0,5Nm3O2 = CO +
1Nm3H2O
1 O2 = CO2 2 1Nm3 CO + 0,5Nm3 O2 = 1Nm3 CO2 Vi lu hunh S 1Nm S

3
SO2 + O2 = 3 3 + 1Nm O2 = 1Nm SO2
Vi mtan (CH4) 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O CH4 + 3 3 1Nm CH4 + 2Nm O2 = 1Nm CO2 + 2Nm3 H2O
3
Vi ccbuahyr
n n CmHn + m + O2 = mCO2 + H2O 2 4 n n 1Nm3CmHn + m + Nm3O2 = mNm3O2 + Nm3 H2O 4 2
Vi hyrsunfua H2S + 1 Nm3 H2S + 3 O2 = SO2 + H2O 2
3 Nm3 O2 = 1Nm3SO2 + 1 Nm3H2O 2 3.3 Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn cho qu trnh chy Cn c vo cc phng trnh chy trn, ta c th xc nh c lng xy cn thit cho qu trnh chy:
C lv S lv H lv O lv Nm3/Kg 0,93 VO2 = + 0,7 + 5,6 100 100 100 100 1,428 Trong khng kh, xy chim 21%, Nit chim 79%. Do th tch khng kh cn thit t chy 1Kg nhin liu (rn, lng) l:
1 1 C lv S lv H lv O lv VO2 = 0, 933. + 0, 7 + 5, 6 21 0, 21 100 100 100 100 1, 428
Vkk =
Hoc
Vkk = 0,0889 C lv + 0,375 S lv + 0,265 H lv 0,0333 O lv i vi nhin liu kh:
Nm3/Kg.
18
n Vkk = 0,04760,5CO + 0,5H 2 + 2CH 4 + 1,5H 2 S + m + C m H n O2 Nm3/Kg 4 Th tch sn phm chy: Trong khi ca qu trnh chy nhin liu hu nh lun c sn phm chy hon ton v sn phm chy khng hon ton. gim bt nh hng ca chy khng hon ton, thng khng kh c cung cp vi tha nht nh. Ngi ta gi l h s khng kh tha: Nhin liu kh:
1 79 O ( 0,5CO + 0,5 H 2 + 2CH 4 ) 1 2 21 100 RO2 O2 H 2 CH 4

t Vkk = >1 Vkk
Nhin liu rn: =
t 0, 79 Vkk = 0, 79 Vkk
1 O2 0,5CO 79 1 21 100 RO2 O2 CO
Trong : Vkkt l th tch khng kh thc t (Nm3/Kg) t chy 1Kg nhin liu. Trong chy l thuyt ( = 1) trong sn phm chy tn ti CO2, SO2, N2 v hi nc. i vi khi kh ta c: VKKh = (Vco2 + Vso2 + VN2) Nm3/Kg. Thng khi phn tch khi CO2 v SO2 thng c xc nh chung, nn k hiu chng bng RO2. VRO2 = Vco2 + Vso2 VRO2 = 1,866 C lv + 0,375 S lv 100
Nit khng tham gia qu trnh chy, v th trong khi lun tn ti. Ta cn bit rng nit trong nhin liu khi chy chuyn vo khi di dng t do, mt khc nit li c mt trong khng kh i vo l hi. Th tch nit ng vi lng khng kh l thuyt a vo bng 0,79Vkk v theo nhin liu l Kg/Nm3) Th tch l thuyt ca nit trong khi l:
N lv 1 , (N2l khi lng ring ca nit = 1,251 100 N2
19
N lv 1 VN 2 = + 0, 79Vkk Nm3/kg 100 1, 251
VN2 = 0, 008 N lv + 0, 79Vkk
Hm lng nit trong nhin liu rt nh, c th b qua: v vy th tch l thuyt ca nit trong khi bng VN2 = 0, 79Vkk . Th tch khi kh l thuyt:
VKKh = 0, 01866 ( C lv + 0,375S lv ) + 0, 79Vkk Lng hi nc c trong khi gm: do xy ho hyr, do m ca nhin liu, m khng kh, do hi nc dng phun du mazt khi t n . Vy th tch l thuyt ca hi nc l:
VH 2O = 0,112 H lv + 0,124W lv + 0, 0161VKK + 1, 24G
(Nm3)/kg;
Trong G l lu lng nc phun mazt thnh bi (0,3 0,35 kg hi nc /kg mazt). i vi nhin liu kh, th tch l thuyt cc sn phm chy:
VRO2 = 0, 01( CO2 + CO + CH 4 + H 2 S + ( Cm H n ) ) VN 2 = 0, 79Vkk + 0, 01N 2 n VH 2 0 = 0, 01 H 2 + 2CH 4 + Cm H n +0,124d + 0,0161 Vkk 2 Trong CO2, CO, CH4, H2S, CmHn , H2, N2 tnh theo phn trm so vi th tch cc kh trong nhin liu; d m ca nhin liu kh (g/Nm3).
t VH 2O = VH 2O + 0, 79 ( 1) Vkk t VH 2O = 0,112 H lv + 0, 0124W lv + 1, 24G + 0, 0161Vkk
Th tch hi nc thc t
Th tch khi thc t:
Vk t = VKKh + V t H 2O
Entalpi ca khng kh v sn phm chy . Entalpi ca khi thc t ng vi mt 1kg hoc 1Nm3 nhin liu:
20
I k t = I k + ( 1) I kk + I H 2O + I tro
(KJ/Kg hay KJ/Nm3)
y:
I kk - entalpi khng kh l thuyt Ikk = Vkk.Ckk.t

I H 2O - entalpi ca phn hi m do khng kh a vo I H 2O = 0, 0161( 1) Vkk CH 2O t
Itro Entalpi ca tro: I tro y: A ab Alv = ab Ctro t 100
- tro ca nhin liu - T l tro ca nhin liu phn phi theo khi .
C tro - T nhit ca tro nhit t. (Bng 1.4)

Bng 1.4. Entalpi ca Nm3 cc kh v ca 1kg tro. (C.t) co2, Nhit , (C.t) N2, (C.t) kk , 0 3 3 kJ/ m tc kJ /m3tc C kJ/m tc
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 129,95 261,24 394,89 531,20 670,90 813,36 958,86 1090,56 1256,94 1408,70 1562,55 1718,16 1874,86 2032,52 2191,50 2351,68 2512,26 2674,26 2836,32 3000,00 3163,02 3327,50 3492,32 3658,08 3823,00 170,03 357,46 558,81 771,88 994,35 1224,66 1431,07 1704,88 1952,28 2203,50 2458,39 2716,56 2976,74 3239,04 3503,10 3768,80 4035,31 4304,70 4573,98 4844,20 5115,39 5386,48 5658,46 5930,40 6202,75 129,58 259,92 392,01 526,52 683,80 804,12 947,52 1093,60 1239,84 1391,70 1543,74 1697,16 1852,76 2028,72 2166,00 2324,48 2484,04 2643,66 2804,02 2965,00 3127,32 3289,22 3452,30 3615,36 3778,50
(C.t) H20, kJ / m3tc

151,02 304,46 462,72 626,16 794,85 968,88 1148,84 1334,40 1526,13 1722,90 1925,11 2132,28 2343,64 2559,20 2779,05 3001,76 3229,32 3458,34 3690,57 3925,60 4163,04 4401,98 4643,47 4887,60 5132,00
(C.t) r , kJ/ kg
81,0 169,8 264 360 458 560 662,5 768 825 985 1092 1212 1360 1585 1758 1880 2065 2185 2385 2514 2640 2762
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4 PHNG TRNH CN BNG NHIT V HIU SUT THIT B

4.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit
Quan h gia lng nhit thu vo v lng nhit chi ph gi l s cn bng nhit. Trong tnh ton nhit, s cn bng nhit s dng cc s liu nh mc xc nh chi ph gi tnh ton ca nhin liu i vi lin hp l hi thit k. Lng nhit sinh ra khi t chy nhin liu gm hai phn: Phn hu ch v phn tn tht. Phn hu ch s dng t nng nc sinh thnh hi vi cc thng s cho.Phn tn tht l phn mt i trong qu trnh lm vic ca l. ng vi 1 kg nhin liu rn, lng hoc 1Nm3 nhin liu kh chy trong l iu kin n nh, ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut: Qcc = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 (kJ/kg) y: Qcc - lng nhit cung cp (kJ/kg) Q1 - lng nhit hu ch (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) Q2 - tn tht nhit do khi thi ra ngoi
Q3 - tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ho hc (kJ/kg) Q4 - tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v c hc Q5 - tn tht nhit ra mi trng do to nhit Q6 - tn tht nhit do x mang ra ngoi Theo phn trm ta c:
Q Q Q Q1 Q Q 100 + 2 100 + 3 100 + 4 100 + 5 100 + 6 100 = 100 % Qcc Qcc Qcc Qcc Qcc Qcc
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg)
+ Lng nhit cung cp: Qcc = Qtlv + Qnl + Qkkn + QP (kJ/kg) , (kJ/Nm3) y: Qtlv nhit tr thp ca nhin liu Qnl - nhit vt l ca nhin liu Qnl = Cnl.tnl Cnl t nhit ca nhin liu (KJ/Kg0C)
22
Cnl = C k nl
100 W lv W lv + 4,184 100 100
(KJ/Kg0C)
Cknl t nhit ca nhin liu kh. Nhit lng do khng kh c sy nng nh ngun nhit ngoi:
n ' Qkk = kk Vkk ( Ckk Tkk )n ( Ckk Tkk )l
kk - H s khng kh tha u vo b sy khng kh
( Ckk Tkk ) n
v u lnh.
v (Ckk.Tkk)l nhit v t nhit ca khng kh u nng
Lng nhit do hi phun vo l hi: y
Q p = G p (i p 2500)
GP lng hi tiu hao ng vi 1 kg nhin liu iP - entalpi ca hi. 2500 entalpi ca hi trong khi.
+ Lng nhit hu ch khi khng dng hi bo ho, khng c b qu nhit trung gian Q1 = y : D B sn lng hi ca l (Kg/h) - lng nhin liu tiu hao (Kg/h) D (iqn inc ) B
iqn, iqc - entalpi ca hi qu nhit v ca nc cp . +Tn tht nhit do khi mang i:

q Q2 = ( I th I kkl ) 1 4 100 y: Ith entalpi ca khi thi . Ith=Vth.Cth.trh Ikkl entalpi ca khng kh lnh a vo l . Ikkl = th.VKK.CKK.tkkl
23
q4 tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v c hc (%) + Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ho hc. Cng thc gn ng Q3 =3,2.CO y: - h s khng kh tha ti im xc nh CO. + Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon thon v c hc.
Q4 = 32600 kx kb A lv ax + ab 100 100 k x 100 k b
y: kx, kb- t l phn trm thnh phn cht chy trong x, trong tro bay ax, ab t l tro ca nhin liu phn phi theo ng x v theo khi. + Tn tht nhit do to nhit ra mi trng xung quanh. Mt ngoi l c nhit cao hn mi trng, do lng nhit to ra bng i lu Q5. X c nh theo h s to nhit i lu v din tch mt ngoi l, chnh nhit . + Tn tht nhit do x mang ra. X thi ra thng c nhit cn kh cao do gy tn tht nhit do x mang ra. Q6 = ax vi l ghi
4.2 Hiu sut thit b
Alv CX t X 100
tx 600 0C
Q1 100 0 0 . Qcc
=
t Ta c:
q1 =
(a)
Q Q1 100 0 0 , q 2 = 2 100 0 0 L Qcc Qcc
= q1 100 (q 2 + q3 + q 4 + q5 + q6 ) 0 0
(b)
Xc nh theo phng trnh (a)gi l phng php cn bng thun. Phng php xc nh theo phng trnh (b) l phng php nghch . Xc nh l hi theo phng php thun kh khn v kh xc nh chnh xc lng nhin liu tiu hao ca l. Cc l hi ln thng dng phng php nghch
24
xc nh hiu sut l. Khi xc nh c , ta c th xc nh c lng nhin liu tiu hao: B= Q1 100 Qcc (Kg/h)
Cu hi n tp chng 1:
1. Phn bit c im cu to cc loi l hi s dng trong thc t? 2. c im cu to v nguyn tc lm vic ca l hi? 3. Trnh by cc phn ng chy ca nhin liu: Chy hon ton v chy khng hon ton? 4. Trnh by phng trnh cn bng nhit v hiu sut nhit ca thit b?
25
Chng II : QA TRNH CHY V CU TO L T

1 QU TRNH CHY Chy l mt qu trnh xy ho hon ton v nhanh chng cht t, din ra nhit cao ng thi sinh nhit. c tnh chy ca nhin liu trong tng trng hp ph thuc nhiu yu t: Loi nhin liu t, phng php t, c tnh kh ng ca qu trnh, ....vv
1.1. Cc giai on ca qu trnh t chy nhin liu trong l t
Qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong bung la xy ra rt phc tp, n gin ho chng ta c th chia ra lm 4 giai on: i vi nhin liu rn : - Giai on sy kh v lm nng nhin liu - Giai on thot cht v to cc - Giai on chy cht bc v cc - Giai on to x ,tro i vi nhin liu lng khng c giai on to cc v to x. i vi nhin liu kh ch c giai on sy nng v chy. Ta nghin cu di y tng giai on ca qu trnh chy .
1.2. + Giai on sy kh v lm nng nhin liu
Trong khi vn hnh, nhin liu c cung cp lin tc vo l t, xy ra qu trnh trao i nhit gia nhin liu vi ngn la; vi kh nng t sn phm chy,vi vch l nng bng i lu v bc x nhit. Nhin liu c hm nng, m gim dn, nhit tng dn ti 1000C th m thot ht khi nhin liu, nhin liu kh hon ton. Nhit tip tc tng v ti giai on thot cht bc. Thi gian sy ph thuc nhit v m ban u ca nhin liu. Cn hiu rng khng kh giai on ny ch l tc nhn sy ch khng phi l cp xy cho qu trnh chy. + Giai on thot cht bc v to cc. Mi loi nhin liu thot cht bc nhng nhit khc nhau: than ngtraxt 380 400 0C hoc cao hn, than nu 130o 170oC.
o
Qu trnh t nng, ccbuahyr phn hu thnh cc nguyn t n gin C v H2. Mtan (CH4) kh nhit phn, phi trn 600oC mi phn hu, nhng li to thnh nhng ccbon th rn rt kh chy (mui than hoc m hng).
1.3. + Giai on chy
Chy l qu trnh phn ng ho hc gia xy v cc cht chy c ca nhin liu, to nhit v nh sng. Tc chy ph thuc vo nhit v nng cht chy
26
c. Nng thp, tc chy chm, ko di. nh hng ca nhit ti tc chy mnh hn nhiu so vi nng . Nhit bt la ca nhin liu khc nhau th cng khc nhau. Sau khi bt la, tc chy tng mnh mc du nng chy c gim dn. Khi chy ht khong 80 90% cht chy c th tc cui gim. Sau y ta kho st chi tit hn giai on chy cc cht bc, tc cc cht kh chy c nh hyr, xt ccbon.... v giai on chy cc. Chy phn t nhin liu rn, cc cht bc lan to trn b mt phn t. xy cn cho s chy xm nhp vo b mt phn t bng khuch tn phn t qua lp kh gii hn bao quanh n. Sn phm chy thot khi b mt phn t vo mi trng xung quanh cng bng khuch tn qua lp gii hn ny.
a) b) Hnh 2.1. S chy phn t nhin liu rn v git nhin liu lng. a phn t nhin liu rn b git nhiu liu lng 1 b mt phn t nng hoc git nhin liu lng 2. lp kh gii hn bao quanh 3 - mt ngoi lp gii hn 4. vng to thnh hn hp t khi chy git nhin liu 5 vng chy ca hn hp t , O2 - dng khuch tn ca xy, CO2 - dng khuch tn ca axt ccbonc. K hiu trn mt phn t hoc git, mi trng bn ngoi. Nhit trn b mt phn t cao hn nhit mi trng, to thnh graien nhit . Kt qu truyn bng dn nhit v bc x vo mi trng. Qu trnh chy cng nhanh khi kch thc phn t cng nh v nhit mi trng, mt xy cng cao.
Thi gian chy hon ton phn t nhin liu rn, gn ng theo cng thc:
27
t= y:
02
T O2
- hng s vt l, tu thuc loi nhin liu
0 - kch thc ban u ca phn t

T vO2 - nhit tuyt i ca mi trng v nng xy trong mi trng. C cu chy i vi git nhin liu lng khc vi phn t nhin liu rn. Qu trnh chy khng xy ra trn b mt ca n, m xy ra trong khng gian bao quanh lp kh gii hn. Nhit trn b mt git nhin liu lng bng nhit si ca chnh phn nhin liu ny. Trong lp gii hn c graien nhit , xut hin dng nhit truyn ti b mt phn t, nh vy xy ra bc hi. Dng hi nhin liu truyn qua lp gii hn bng khuch tn phn t vo mi trng xung quanh . Hi ny trn vi xy vi t l thch hp bao quanh git nhin liu bc chy.
1.4 Phn ng chy
Trong l t ca lin hp l hi xy ra phn ng chy nhiu pha ccbon v lu hunh, phn ng chy ng nht ca hir, xt ccbon , v cc hyr ccbua khc . Phn ng chy ca ccbon l phn ng ho hc tng i phc tp. Qu trnh chy ca ccbon ng thi to thnh axtccbonc v xt ccbon: xC + yO2 = mCO2 + nCO. y: x, y - l s phn t C v O2 tham gia phn ng m,n l s phn t xt to thnh Trong trng hp c lng xy cn thit, phn ng th hai gia xt ccbon vi xy to thnh axt ccbonc, din ra nhanh hn nhiu ln so vi phn ng u. Trong thc t khi cp lng xy, ta c phn ng chy hon ton: C + 1 mol + 12phn + khi lng S 1mol lng + + O2 1mol 32phn khi lng O2 1mol lng = = = = = CO2 1mol 44phn khi lng SO2 1mol 64phn khi lng (4) (3)
Phn ng chy ca S to thnh anhyrtsunfua:
32phn khi +
32phn khi =
Phn ng ca hyr, xt ccbon v hyr ccbua cng l phn ng phc tp v n l phn ng dy chuyn. Khi nhit tng cao, phn ng chy tng ln rt nhiu,
28
gp hng trm ln so vi phn ng ho thng thng. khng phi ch do nhit cao m ch yu l phn ng dy chuyn nh c trung gian gc hyrxt v alht RCHO. y gc R c th l H, CH3 , CH3CH2,, CH3CH2CH2, ... Phn ng chy dy truyn ca hyr, xt ccbon v hyrccbon dn ti hon thnh tc thi cho php s dng tnh ton thc t phng trnh ca cc phn ng ny. Phng trnh chy hyr. 2H2 2mol 4phn khi lng 2CO 2mol lng n m + O2 4 n m + mol 4 + O2 = = = = = 2H2O 2mol 36 phn khi lng 2CO2 2mol 88 phn khi lng n + H2O 2 n + mol 2 (6) (5) + 1mol +32phn khi lng + O2 + 1mol lng
56phn khi + 32 phn khi = Phng trnh chy hyrccbon CmHn 1mol + + = CO2 = m mol
(12m + n ) phn khi

lng
n + 32 m + phn khi = 44m phn khi + 9n phn khi 4 lng lng lng
Tc phn ng chy ph thuc vo nhit , dn ti tp trung xy trong khng kh, s dng chy, c phn ng ng nht, cng nh s tp trung kh chy trong hn hp kh chy
1.5.Giai on to x
Sau qu trnh chy nhng cht rn khng chy c to thnh tro x. Tro l nhng cht rn khng chy c nhng khng b nng chy. X l tro nng chy to thnh. Trong qu trnh chy, di tc ng ca nhit, thnh phn nhin liu s c thay i tnh cht l ho. Cc tinh th ngm nc nh (CaSO4.2H2O); Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O s bc hi nc nhit 500 0C . nhit cao, s c phn ng phn hu:
29
FeCO3 FeO + CO2 (7) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 MgCO3 MgO + CO2 Tip tc tng nhit , cc thnh phn tro nng chy. Kim loi kim v hp cht ca chng (K2O, Na2O nng chy 800 1000 0C. FeS2 nng chy 800 0C 1070 0C. Nhng trung tm hot tnh nh cc nguyn t t do hyr, xy hoc gc OH.... Trong qu trnh chy dy truyn li c th to ra nhiu trung tm hot tnh mi na. Nghin cu s chy ca hyr ch ra n c trng cho nhiu phn ng ng thi, phc tp. Phn t hyr va chm vi phn t M bt k vi tc vt qu gii hn bit, tch thnh hai nguyn t hyr theo phng trnh . H2 + M H + H + M (a) Mi phn t H phn ng vi xy (O2) theo phng trnh H + O2 OH + O (b) Kt qu l sinh ra hai gc phn t OH v hai nguyn t xy (O)
Hnh 2.2. S phn ng
dy chuyn chy ca Hyr
Phn t OH tc dng vi hyr theo phng trnh . OH + H2 H2O + H (c)
Xut hin hai sn phm cui cng: hi nc v hai nguyn t hyr, a vo phn ng (a), bt u hai chu k song song mi.Nguyn t xy phn ng vi phn t hyr theo phng trnh : O + H2 OH + H Hai phn t to thnh a vo phn ng (c), s c hai nguyn t H to thnh a vo phn ng (b), bt u bn chu k mi. (Hnh 2.2) Phn ng chy dy truyn ca xtccbon ch xy ra khi trong hn hp xtccbon vi khng kh cha mt s lng no H2 v H2O. Nguyn t hyr mi
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trong phn ng (a) a vo phn ng (b). Kt qu l to thnh phn t OH v nguyn t xy.Cui cng c phn ng: H2O + O 2OH To thnh hai phn t hyrxt. Ba phn t hyrxt a vo phn ng: OH + CO CO2 + H To ra ba phn t cui cng CO2 v ba nguyn t hyr, cho mt dy truyn mi. Ngoi ra, nguyn t xy to nn t phn ng (4.7) c th a vo phn ng vi CO to, thnh CO2. R rng thy rng, tc chung ca phn ng chy CO tng khi hm lng hi nc trong hn hp chy tng. Phn ng dy chuyn ca hyrccbon phc tp hn so vi phn ng dy chuyn ca hyr v xtccbon. Chng dn ti vic to thnh cc sn phm. Thnh phn nng chy th lng, ho tan mt s thnh phn khc vn kh chy, to thnh cc cht c nhit chy thp. Tro c nhiu SiO2 th d nng chy. Cn c vo tnh cht v nhit nng chy ca tro, ta c th la chn phng php thi tro thch hp,thi 850 0C, thi x kh nhit cao.... 5 - PHN LOI V CU TO L T
5.1. Yu cu k thut i vi bung la
Bung la l h thng thit b v khng gian tin hnh t chy nhin liu. m bo hiu sut lm vic tt, cn phi p ng cc yu cu k thut sau: - C kh nng t chy cc loi nhin liu khc nhau vi h s tha khng kh thp; tn tht nhit t nht khi ph ti thay i ln. - Kch thc nh, tit kim nhin liu. Nng cao cng chy v cng truyn nhit. Tng cng chy, phi to hn hp nhin liu v xy hp l. Mun tng kh nng truyn nhit, phi tng din tch b mt truyn nhit bc x; la chn phng php chuyn ng ca mi cht thch hp. - Cu to n gin, chc chn, tit kim. - Vn hnh v bo dng d dng.
5.2. Phn loi bung la (l t)
Phn loi bung la theo dng nguyn liu c: bung la t nhin liu rn, bung la t nhin liu lng v bung la t nhin liu kh. Bung la t chy nhin liu theo lp hin nay l ph bin nht. Loi bung la ny chia lm ba loi: - Bung la c ghi c nh, lp nhin liu nm trn n c nh. - Bung la c ghi c nh, lp nhin liu nm trn n di ng.
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- Bung la c ghi chuyn ng, lp nhin liu nm trn n chuyn ng. n gin nht l loi bung la c ghi nm ngang thao tc th cng (Hnh 2.3 a). Bung la loi ny dng cho l hi c nng sut hi rt nh (1 2Tn/h). Cu to bung la gm: ghi, bung chy v bung dn khng kh. Nhin liu da vo qua ca l 1. Ca l bnh thng ng kn hn ch tht thot nhit v ngn nga khng kh lnh vo l. Gi cung cp t gm ghi xuyn qua lp nhin liu c th iu chnh c. Trang b quan trng, nh hng ti qu trnh lm vic v hiu xut ca bung la l ghi l. Ghi ch to bng gang v nm c nh (Hnh 2.3b) thng c hai loi: ghi thanh v ghi tm. Cc thanh ghi sau khi ghp c nhiu k h cho gi i qua.
+ Qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trn ghi c nh
Qu trnh chy nhin liu rn gm cc pha sau: sy kh nhin liu, tch v lm chy cc cht bc, bt la v t chy cc ca nhiin liu v pha cui l tro, x. Qu trnh chy bao gi cng gm hai phn: chy cht bc lp trn nhin liu v chy cc phn chnh ca nhin liu. i vi lp nhin liu c dy ln nm trn ghi c nh, s to nn nhiu lp v vng ngang.(Hnh 2.4) Trong lp, nhin liu chy thng tch ra: phn trn - vng nhin liu mi, c sy, kh ho v bt la. Phn gia gm ba vng chy cc. Phn di vng tro x. Nh vy, cc giai on ca qu trnh chy t sy, sinh cht bc, cht bc chy xy ra vng t trn xung. Kch thc mi vng ph thuc vo chiu cao lp nhin liu. Nhin liu cng c nhiu cht bc th nhit lng sinh ra trong bung la cng ln, nhit lng sinh ra trn ghi cng b, do cht bc sau khi thot ra s chy trong khng gian bung la . i vi than ngtraxt t cht bc, nn nhit lng sinh ra s thc hin trong lp nhin liu nm trn mt ghi. Lng xy cung cp t di ln lm cho cc trong x cha chy ht s tip tc chy. Khng kh nng s cung cp cho lp ang chy v lng xy gim dn cho ti ht. Vng xy ho l vng xy dng xy ho ccbon. Trn mt gii hn lp oxy ho, tr s CO2 t gi tr cc i, nhit cao nht, nng xy gim cn t 12%. Tip tc i ln l lp hon nguyn, thiu xy nn ccbon hon nguyn thnh CO di nhit cao. iu ny c ngha l lng CO2 gim dn, lng CO tng dn. Ta bit rng phn ng hon nguyn thu nhit, do nhit gim dn theo chiu cao. Kch thc vng xy ho v vng hon nguyn ph thuc vo c im ca nhin liu (cht bc, c ht, tro...) vo chiu dy lp than v nhit bung la. t hiu sut nhit cao, cn gim ti mc ti thiu thnh phn CO trong sn phm chy (tc gim chiu dy lp hon nguyn).
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Lp nhin liu cng dy th lp hon nguyn cng ln, tn tht nhit cng nhiu. Lp nhin liu qu mng, iu kin bc chy ca nhin liu xu i. Chiu dy ca lp nhin liu ph thuc vo chiu dy ca lp xy ho. Chiu dy ca lp xy ho ph thuc vo kch thc ht than, hm lng cht bc, tro... V th vi mi loi nhin liu c mt chiu dy thch hp.
a)
c)
b) d)
e) nhin liu khng kh x kh khi
h)
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g) Hnh 2.3. L t nhin liu rn theo lp
a Ghi ngang th cng; b L c lp nhin liu di ng kiu ht; c L ghi xch; d L ghi xch chuyn ng ngc c c cu ht nhin liu; e L c thanh ci la; g L ghi nghing; h L t chy
Kh nh nhin liu ti
Chiu di lp nhin liu
Vng hon nguyn CO
Vng cc chy
Kh chy Nhin liu ti
Tro x ghi l
Chy cc Tro x ghi l Khng kh Nng Nhit 0C Khng kh
a)
b)
Hnh 2.4. S qu trnh chy nhin liu rn trong lp c nh a Qu trnh sinh kh b Qu trnh trong l Bng 2.1. Chiu dy hp l ca lp nhin liu trn ghi l Chiu dy lp nhin liu (mm) Nhin liu
Bung la ghi th cng ngtraxt c c ht 2 5 mm ngtraxt c c ht 2 3 mm ngtraxt c ht ln Than bn cc Than bn ht nh

Than 60 80 100 120 200 300 900 400 200
Bung la ghi xch 200 200

200 700 900 700 900 8 120
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Lp nhin liu
600 1500
8 120
+ Loi l c ghi chuyn ng: Nhin liu cng chuyn ng trn n, c nhiu kiu khc nhau. Nhin liu c cp lin tc t b phn cp liu 1 vo bng ghi xch chuyn ng rt chm (thay i tc t 2 30 m/h). bo m cho ng c in khi b nh hng trc tip vng nhit cao, ngi ta b tr ng c v b gim tc pha trc bung la. Lng cung cp nhin liu thay i bng iu chnh khe h ca ra. Khng kh cung cp cho qu trnh chy c qut thi t di ln thng qua cc hc gi c th iu chnh c.
a)
b) Hnh 2.5. Bung la ghi xch. a Bung la b Cc kiu ghi xch Hai pha bn bung la do tip xc trc tip vi nhin liu chy nn rt nng. Ngi ta b tr hp lm mt ghi b tr hai tng bn bung la. Mi cht lm mt l nc. s dng nc lm mt hp th nhit, cc hp lm mt ghi c ni vi vng tun ca l. Hp lm mt ghi tr thnh nhng ng gp tng bn.
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Chiu rng ca ghi 1,4 4,5 m. Bung la rng hn 2 m phi lm ca trang than hai bn tng l. Chiu di lm vic ca ghi t 5,5 8 m. Do din tch ln nht ca mt ghi cng ch l 36 m2,chnh v th cng sut bung la ghi xch b hn ch. + Qu trnh chy trong bung la ghi xch Trong qu trnh lm vic, lp nhin liu chuyn ng ng thi vi ghi; qu trnh xy ra theo chiu di ghi cc giai on t sy nhin liu ti to x, ngha l qu trnh xy ra ng thi v lin tc trn ghi. V tr cc giai on ny gi c nh trn ghi, khi tc ghi khng thay i.
Ngn la chy
Vng chy kit
Nhin liu mi
Vng chun b Vng xy ho Vng chy
Khng kh
Hnh 2.6. S pht trin cc giai on chy nhin liu trn ghi xch. vng sy nhin liu, cht bc sinh ra v bc chy. Ngun gia nhit l bc x ca bung la, ngoi ra cn dn nhit t vng chy cc bn v gi nng thi t di ln. Qu trnh sy v chy nhin liu xy ra t trn xung. Mt khc do lp nhin liu chuyn ng t trc ra sau lm qu trnh chy xy ra theo chiu xin trn ghi.
nghing ng xin ph thuc tc ghi. Tc chuyn ng ca ghi cng ln, th cc vng chy cng ko di (gc nghing cng nh). Phn b cc vng trn ghi ch trn hnh v. (Hnh 2.6) c im ca vng chy cc l phn ng xy ra c t trn xung v t di ln; do ng ranh gii gia vng chy cc v chy x c nghing t di ln. Trong vng chy cc, cc t chy khi tip xc vi khng kh thi t di ln, t c nhit kh cao. Lng tiu th xy tng dn ln qua cc vng v cc i trong vng chy cc. Hm lng CO2 t ti cc i, hm lng xy cungcp cng ln cao cng t, gy ra hin tng thiu xy. Cc ht cc trn hon nguyn CO2 sinh ra t lp di nhit kh cao. Lng CO cng t cc i ti vng chy cc do lng CO2 sinh ra c gim i vng chy cc (ng vi vng hon nguyn ). Ti vng chy kit x, thnh phn cc kh chy gim xung bng khng; t l xy tngdn bng t l xy trong khng kh (21%) cui ghi.
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T nhn xt trn ta thy vng u v cui ghi qu trnh chy xy ra hon ton; phn gia ghi cn chy cha hon ton. Nhit lng cung cp do nhin liu chy trn ghi chim 50 60%; s cn li do chy nt cc sn phm chy khng hon ton trong bung la. qu trnh chy nt thc hin tt cn c h thng cung cp gi cp 2 pha trn bung la. B tr s hc gi cng ln th lng khng kh a vo s gn vi lng khng kh cung cp l thuyt. Thng dng bung la c 4 hc gi. Khng kh cung cp cho l c p sut khong 600 1000 N/m2, tc khong 5 7 m/s.
Bng 2.2. Cc c tnh tnh ton bung la ghi xch Than n v Cc c tnh Khng Thiu kt thiu kt Nhit th in din w/m2 1160 1000 tch trn ghi Nhit th th tch W/m3 220 280 220 280 bung la Tn tht do chy % 1 1 khng hon ton v ho hc Tn tht do chy % 6 5 khng hon ton v c hc T l cht chy % 12 20 trong x v lt T l tro trong x v % 0,8 0,8 lt T l cht chy % 30 35 trong tro bay T l tro bay % 0,2 0,2 2 N/m 800 800 p sut khng kh di ghi 0 Nhit khng kh C 25 200 25 200 + u im ca bung la ghi xch:
ngtraxt Don Cm 1160 280 330 0 7 20 0,75 50 0,25 1000

25 150
800 900 220 280 0 14 25 0,7 55 0,3 1000

25 150
- C th c gii ho ton b cc khu. - C th phn vng cp khng kh ph hp vi yu cu ca cc giai on qu trnh chy, chy tt m h s tha khng kh khng qu ln. - Lm vic n nh, kh b tt l. - Tui th l ghi cao.
+ Nhc im:
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- Cng sut b hn ch (65 100T/h) do kch thc ghi, chiu dy lp nhin liu, tc ghi hn ch. - Yu cu v nhin liu cao.
+ Bung la c ghi c nh, lp nhin liu dch chuyn trn ghi.
- Bung la ghi nghing.
Trong bung la ghi nghing, ghi l c b tr nghing, nh trng lng nhin liu c chuyn dn xung cui ghi trong qu trnh chy. Nhin liu t chy t phu than vo bung la. Cu to bung la ghi nghing ch trn (Hnh 2.7) gm ba b phn chnh: B phn cha nhin liu, ghi t nghing gi lp nhin liu chy, ghi t ngang chy kit s.
b)
a)
c)
Hnh 2.7. Cu to bung la ghi nghing a/ Kiu ging b/ Kiu bc thang c/ Qu trnh chy trong bung la Bung la bc thang dng t nhin liu c nhiu cht bc, c ht nh, hoc dng t than bn. Nhin liu trong qu trnh chy chy t trn xung di, nn qu trnh chy cng xy ra dn dn t trn xung. Tc di chuyn ca lp nhin liu trn ghi khong
38
(1 2 m/h); tc phn b ngn la i vi cc loi than d chy cng ch ti 0,2 m/h. Do than ngtraxt rt kh chy. Qu trnh chy xy ra theo tng vng. Vic cung cp khng kh cn iu chnh c th tho mn cc giai on chy. Vng u tha khng kh, vng cui thiu khng kh.
- Bung la c tm ci la.
Bung la loi ny cng thuc bung la c lp nhin liu di chuyn. Cu to bung la c tm ci la (Hnh 2.8a). Bao gm: ghi c nh, gia c rnh rng khong 20 mm t xch vn chuyn tm ci la. Tm ci la c chiu rng bng chiu rng bung la. (Hnh 2.8b) Khi chuyn ng, tm ci la ti than t phu than ti cui ghi; kt hp ci lp nhin liu ang chy, phn b u lp nhin liu trn mt ghi. Cui ghi, tm ci gt x xung phu. Khi chuyn ng t sau ra trc, n ch c nhim v ci la. Tm ci la lm vic theo chu k vi tc 15 m/ph (chim khong 15% thi gian lm vic ca bung la). Khi ngng lm vic, tm ci la a v pha di phu than v c lm ngui. Do tm ci la lm vic theo chu k, nn vic cp nhin liu cng theo chu k v do lng nhit sinh ra trong bung la cng theo chu k. y l nhc im ca phng php ny. Loi cu trc ny dng cho cc l hi c cng sut nh (2 12 Tn/h).
Mt trc l
a)
Chy v sau Tin v trc
b)
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Hnh 2.8. Bung la c tm ci la. + c tnh k thut ca bung la t nhin liu theo lp.
Yu t chnh quyt nh hiu qu lm vic ca l t nhin liu theo lp l nhit th din tch trn ghi.
Q B Qtlv = R R
Trong : B Lng nhin liu t chy trong l 1 gi (Kg/h) R Din tch ghi l H n v dng i vi nhit th din tch ghi trong h c l Kcal/m2.h; trong h SI l KW/m2 (1 Kcal/m2.h = 1,163 W/m2). Gi tr ti u ca nhit th l (700 1400).103 Kcal/m2.h ph thuc kiu l v c tnh nhin liu. m bo hiu qu chy cht bc trch ra t nhin liu, cn thit phi c th tch khng gian l v chiu cao l y . ln th tch l cn thit chy cht bc c hiu qu xc nh bi nhit th th tch bung la.
Q B Qtlv = Vbl v
y: Vbl Th tch khng gian bung la. Gi tr ti u ca nhit th th tch bung la ph thuc loi nhin liu, kiu l (200 300).103 Kcal/m3.h. Chiu cao khng gian l i vi l hi nng sut 4 10 T/h l 2,5 4 m. i vi l hi nng sut 20 T/h hoc cao hn, th khng nh hn 4 m
Bng 2.3
H s khng kh tha trong l Nhit khng kh cung cp vo l 0C
Chy khng hon ton v ho hc
Kiu l
Tn nhin liu
C kh ho cung cp nhin liu
Than xu Than (V2 25%)
1,4 1,4
900 900 250
0,5 0,5
Chy khng hon ton v c hc
7 8
30 - 200 30
100 60
40
p lc kh di ghi
Nhit th din tch 103 Kcal/m3.h
Nhit th th tch 103 Kcal/m3.h
Tn tht nhit %
thnh lp c nh Ghi xch dng thng Bn c Xch bn c
ngtraxt ngtraxt
Than bn cc Wp = 40 - 50% Than bn cc Wp = 40 - 50%
1,6 1,6
1,4 1,3
1100
1000 1100 1500
300
250 - 300 200 - 250 200 - 250
0,5
0,5 2 1
14
10 2 2
30
30 - 150 30 - 200 30 - 250
60
100 40 40
+ L t nhin liu dng bt. Bung la phun l loi bung la hon thin nht. Bung la loi ny c th t bt k loi nhin liu no (rn, lng, kh). S khc bit gia bung la phun v bung la ghi l n khng c ghi l. i vi bung la phun, than cn phi c chun b trc (nghin thnh bt, hoc ch bin thnh dng nh tng). Nhin liu hn hp vi khng kh, tin hnh cc giai on ca qu trnh chy ngay trong bung la, ri thi ra ngoi di dng tro x. Do trong bung la phun qu trnh chy xy ra theo dng ngn la, nn nhin liu kh v lng ch c th t trong bung la phun. Bung la phun dng cho l hi c cng sut t 20 T/h tr ln (nhin liu rn). i vi nhin liu lng v kh th khng c gii hn. Tro sinh ra trong bung la phi thi nhanh ra khi bung la v khng bm ln mt t bc x. Cu trc ph bin nht hin nay l kiu l t phun nhin liu bt, dng hnh hp ch nht, chiu di t thng ng. Phn trn b tr h thng ng nc si 6; kh thot khi h thng qu nhit 5. Thnh thng ng t vi phun 12. Bn trong thnh l 9, lp h thng ng 10, 11 ng knh 51 76 mm; to thnh tp hp mn chn gm vng tun hon 2 7 (8) 14 10 2 (mn trc v sau) v 2 3 13 11 4 1 2 (mn bn). Bt than c hm nng do phn nhit chy, phun qua vi phun vo l phi hp vi khng kh nng, bc chy. Khng kh nng v sn phm chy di chuyn t ca vo bung la ti khi thot khi bung la vo feston. (Hnh 2.10) Hn hp kh chy, khng kh to thnh ngn la, nhit c th t ti 1300 1500 C. Khi ra khi bung la cn 900 1100 0C. Cc mn chn ca bung la s tip nhn nng lng bc x ny v truyn cho mi cht.
0
- Qu trnh chy trong bung la t than bt. Qu trnh chy ca bt than (ng knh trung bnh ht bt than 40 m, ng knh di 90 m chim khong 80 90%) theo cc giai on: sy, sinh v chy cht bc, chy cc v to x. Ht than c kch thc qu nh nn qu trnh chy din ra rt nhanh (1 2 giy). Bt than kt hp vi khng kh chy thnh ngn la. Vng trung tm chy c nhit cao nht (ngang mc t vi phun). Xa vng trung tm chy nhit gim. Ngun nhit sy nhin liu do bc x ngn la v do tip xc vi nhng ht nng hn. Gi cp 1 chim khong 11 45% c th sy nng trc ti 100 400 0C, thi bt than vo vi tc 12 26 m/s. Gi cp 2 thi vo vi tc 18 32 m/s. Nhit gi
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cp 1 nh hng ln ti qu trnh chy. Nu sy ti 900 0C, khi tip xc vi than bt chy tc khc. 100 0C phi sau 1,6 giy mi chy. Trung tm ngn la, nhit t ti 1500 1600 0C, cng gn dn ng, nhit cng gim. Kinh nghim cho thy, tc pht trin ca ngn la ph thuc vo nng bt than trong hn hp bt than khng kh. Nhit ca hn hp nhin liu nh hng ln ti qu trnh chy. Nhit cao, bt la sm, chy nhanh, chy kit. Ni chung nhit khng nn qu 400 0C. - Ming phun bt than. Cu to ming phun v b tr trong bung la phi t ba yu cu: + C kh nng lm dng hn hp bc chy nhanh. + Hiu sut qu trnh chy cao. + Bung la vn hnh n nh.
a)
Mi hn
Khe nhit
Ni ng
b)
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Hnh 2.9. Cc kiu mn chn
a Dng ngng
b Dng tm
lm cho hn hp bc chy nhanh phi to vng xoy mnh trc ming phun, hng vo tm ngn la, khuch tn dng bt than tng cng truyn nhit gia cc lp ca ngn la.
Hi t trng vo b qu nhit bo ho
Kh khi v vng kh nh
khng kh th cp Hn hp bi Nc t trng l hi
Hnh 2.10. S l t nhin kiu dng bt
tng hiu sut qu trnh chy phi phn b ngn la ng u trong bung la chy kit v khng tn tht.
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B phn quan trng nht ca bung la phun l vi phun. Vi phun hin nay
chia lm hai loi: vi phun trn v vi phun dt. Vi phun trn li chia lm hai loi: loi i thng v loi xoy (Hnh 2.11a, b i thng v c-xoy). Loi i thng c loi gi cp 1 i trong hoc i ngoi. Hai loi ny chy khng nhanh, nng nhin liu phn b khng u. Loi vi trn c ming loe, chnh gia c chp hnh nn (Hnh 2.11c), hn hp c nng u hn, to vng xoy chnh gia, vi phun dt (H2.11 d) tit din ch nht, gi cp 1 c th bn trong hoc ngoi; quay ln xung khong 150 so vi phng ngang.
b)
c)
a) d) Hnh 2.11. Cu to cc loi vi phun
T l gi cp 1, cp 2 tu thuc loi nhin liu. Than ngtraxt gi cp 1 chim 11% 20%, than gy 15 20%, than 20 45%. Tc gi ph thuc loi nhin liu v vi phun. Vi phun trn, tc gi cp 1 khong 12 16 m/s. S liu trn ng vi l c ph ti nh mc. Khi ph ti thay i, tc gi cp 1 khng i, tc gi cp 2 iu chnh cho ph hp. Vi phun dt gi cp 1 v cp 2 chuyn ng qua cc rnh hp
+ Cch t vi phun trn bung la.
Tu thuc nhiu yu t: loi nhin liu, cng sut l hi, vi phun v bung la c th t vi phun trn tng bung la v tr khc nhau. Hin nay c 4 loi b tr
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nh sau: t tng trc, t tng bn, t gc v t trn nh l. Mi cch vi phun cn c th b tr nhiu tng (H 2.12) t nh l, dng bt than ra khi vi ng u. Trong bung la khng c dng xoy v dng ngc. Trng nhit ng u, dng khi nh km hm chuyn ng i xung, nn c thi gian lm lnh dng ny. Hin tng ng x ln tng t. Cui dng vng thi x c nhit thp, do bung la lm vic tt khi thi x kh. Dng vi phun thch hp l vi phun dt. Nhit th th tch ca bung la (100 120).103W/m3.. Ngn la ch U, vi phun chc xung y l, sau dng chy i qut ln trn, ko di ng bt than chy, chy kit than; lm vic tt vi thi x lng. Ngn la hnh ch L, ngn la phn b u; chiu su bung phi ln ngn la ti c tng i din. Ngn la hnh ch L c nhit th tch vi nhin liu t cht bc 150.103w/m3, khi nhin liu nhiu cht bc (200- 220).103 W/m3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
g) e)
h)
i)
Hnh 2.12. S t vi phun trn tng bung la.
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a/ t nh l; b/ t tng trc ngn la ch U; c/ t tng trc 1 tng ngn la hnh ch L. d/ t tng trc 2 tng ngn la hnh ch L, e/ t tng bn ,g/t gc phun tip tuyn, h/ gc phun cho , i/ t gc theo tng khi. Vi phun t hai pha tng l, c ngn la chon nhiu hn
+ Bung la t nhin liu lng v kh
Bung la t nhin liu kh. Nhin liu kh dng cho l hi chia lm hai loi: kh thin nhin v kh nhn to( kh ga). Kh thin nhin cha t cht khong nn khng c tro, bung la n gin. Kh nhn to cha 1 t khong cht, s c tch ra khi lc bi. Nhin liu kh chy qua 3 giai on: giai on to hn hp gia nhin liu v khng kh to nn hn hp chy. Giai on t nng nhin liu v giai on chy. Loi vi phun hn hp trc th khng kh v nhin liu trn vi nhau vi h s khng kh tha nh ( = 1,05 1,1) trc khi vo vi phun.
Kh Khng kh
Hnh 2.13. Vi phun rnh
Vi phun rnh l vi phun hn hp trc. N gm mt h cc rnh hp lt vt liu chu la. Trong qu trnh lm vic tng rnh b t nng lm nhin liu bc chy. Nhit th th tch kh cao 60.106W/m3. Loi vi phun ny gi l vi phun khng c ngn la. Qu trnh chy ch yu trong vi phun, nn khng i hi bung la c th tch ln. Vi phun loi ny ch yu dng cho cc loi kh nhn to. Vic hn hp nhin liu kh v khng kh xy ra phn cui vi phun v mt phn bung la gn vi phun. Nhng l hi ln hin nay thng phi hp gia nhin liu kh, lng(mazt) hay bt than. Vit Nam thng s dng nhin liu kh c nhit tr thp li phi hp vi bt than kh chy (ngtraxt), do nhin liu kh h tr km, nn thng s dng thm mazt.
46
+ Bung la t nhin liu lng.
Nhin liu kh qua ng vo bung. T bung qua l vo vng iu tit, cc cnh b tr nghing 450 so vi trc vi phun. Ti y kh trn vi khng kh th cp vo vi phun qua ng, to thnh chuyn ng xoy lc trong bung la. Vi phun nhin liu mazt thnh dng sng; chy qua ng lc vi phun vo bung xoy, gp dng khng kh th cp, a vo bung la v chy mnh ti y. Khng kh th cp trong vi phun cp t qut thi c p lc 100 150 KG/m2. Khng kh lm nhin liu mazt tan nh thnh bi sng cung cp bi qut c p lc gn 400 KG/m2. Vi phun c sn xut vi 4 loi kch thc, nng sut nhit t 1.106 5,5.106 KCal/h, p sut khng qu 250 300 KG/m2. + Vn khi ng bung la t bt than. khi ng bung la t bt than c th dng vi phun kh, du hay bung la ph. Cc loi thit b ny duy tr lm vic ti khi bung la duy tr s chy ca bt than. Ta thng dng bung la ph. Bung la ph thc cht l bung ghi thu nh li. Nhin liu thng l ci. Ngn la v khi t bung la ph c a vo bung la chnh t chy bt than. Bung la ph t bn cnh bung la chnh.
Hnh 2.14. Vi phun mazt thi bng hi c rnh trn. 1 V; 2 ng phun; 3 - u ni; 4 ng ni ming phun; 5 ng ngoi; 6 Loe khuch tn; 7 ng trong
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Hnh 2.15. Cu to bung la ph khi ng bung la t bt than.
Cng sut bung la ph nh nn ch thch hp vi nhin liu d chy.

Cu hi n tp chng2: Qu trnh chy v cu to bung t
1. Gii thch cc giai on trong qu trnh chy: Giai on sy kh, giai on thot cht bc v to lc, giai on chy? 2. Trnh by phn ng chy trong l t, qu trnh to x? 3. Qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trn ghi c nh? 4. c im ca bung t nhin liu dng bt?
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Chng III : QU TRNH SINH HI, CC B MT TRUYN NHIT

1.B MT SINH HI V CCH B TR C rt nhiu b mt sinh hi, thc t c th cn c v s tip xc gia mt truyn nhit vi nc v sn phm chy ta chia ra: loi ng nc (khi ngoi nc bn trong), l hi ng la (khi trong nc ngoi). Theo s chuyn ng ca nc trong mt sinh hi, c loi i lu t nhin (a), tun hon t nhin (b), tun hon cng bc (c).
Hnh 3.1. S chuyn ng ca mi cht qua cc b mt truyn nhit:
1. Balng; 2. Bm nc; 3. Hm nc; 4. Dn ng ln; 5. ng xung; 6. ng gp; 7. B qu nhit; 8. Van hi; 9. Balng hn hp
Sau y gii thiu mt s loi b mt sinh hi thng gp.

+ B mt sinh hi loi ng nc thng ng (Hnh 3.2)
Gm chm ng 2, trng trn 1 v trng di 3, vch l hi 6. Nc cung cp t trng l hi qua ng xung 7 v ng ni ca b gp 5. Cc ng nc thng ng ch to bng thp tm hn li, ng knh 1000 1500 mm; chu p lc 14 40 atm. Chiu dy thnh ng khng ln lm. V d ng ng knh 1000 mm, chu p lc 14 atm c chiu dy 13 mm. Khi p lc 20 atm, cng ng knh trn nhng chiu dy l 20 mm.
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ng gp dng ng ng knh ti 219 mm. B mt sinh hi ca lin hp l hi kiu vch, gm trng 2; h ng vch 6 v 7 vi ng di 9, 10 v ng di 4, 5 ca vch gp; h ng dn nc xung 8 v ng ni 3 (Hnh 3.3)
A B C
A AA
B BB
C CC
Hnh 3.2. Mt sinh hi, l hi ng nc ng.
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Trng ch to bng phng php hn, y bng phng php dp. ng knh trng ph thuc nng sut sinh hi ca l v p lc hi t 1200 1800 mm; di c th ti 18m. Chiu dy thnh trng 90 100 mm khi p lc hi 100 atm. bo m l hi lm vic n nh v t nng sut hi tnh ton cn phi lu ti s chuyn ng ca nc trong b mt sinh hi nng. Nc chuyn ng trong ng nc si v ng vch nhit cao, nhng kim loi lm ng li phi nhit thp, m bo an ton v bn c hc ca ng. Chu trnh t nhin ca nc trong ng si v ng vch sinh ra di tc dng ca lc hp dn, do sai khc mt hn hp hi v mt nc t trong trng hp dn. c th to nn chu trnh t nhin th cn chu trnh khp kn, bao gm hai ng ng hoc ng nghing, ni lin tip v np y nc. Khi c chnh nhit ca hai ng, nc trong ng chuyn ng. Nc ng nng hn dng ln, ng c nhit thp hn nc h xung. Nguyn nhn l thay i mt nc.
Nc vo
Hi ra
Hnh 3.3. Mt sinh hi l hi kiu vch
ng xung
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ng ln
S chnh lch nhit trong dng mt pha do nhit to nn. Trong dng hai pha c s chnh lch mt rt ln gia pha lng v pha hi. p sut cng cao th chnh lch mt gia hai pha gim dn, ti trng thi ti hn th mt hn. Do p sut bng v trn ti hn, khng th c tun hon t nhin. S lng tun hon t nhin c trng bi phng trnh chuyn ng lin tc ca cht lng mt pha hoc hai pha. Ml = Mx (Kg/s) V phng trnh nng lng
P = P (N/m2)
y: Ml, Mx P - lng cht lng chuyn ng trong ng ln v xung ca mch; - p lc chuyn ng hon ton ca chu trnh (cn gi l lc chuyn ng) do chnh mt ln v xung ca cht lng trong mch; - tn tht thu lc hon ton (tng tr lc trong ng ln v ng xung);
Dng hin ca phng trnh nng lng:
P = h.g x l
(N/m2)
Trong : h - Chiu cao vng chu trnh tun hon (khong cch thng ng t trc ng gp di n mc nc trung bnh trong bnh hoc n ca vo bnh ca ng ln);
x , l - Khi lng ring ca nc trong ng xung, ng ln;

x x l l h.g ( x l ) = Pms + Pcb + Pms + Pcb + Pgt (N/m2)
x l y: Pms , Pms - Tn tht p lc thng lc ma st trong ng;
x l Pcb , Pcb - Tn tht p lc thng sc cn cc b p lc trong ng;
Pg .t
- Tn tht p lc to nn chuyn ng c gia tc ca hn hp.
Trong k thut, thng dng h n v KG/m2, nn ta c th vit phng trnh sau:

h.
x x l l g ( x l ) = Pms + ,Pcb + Pms + ,Pcb + Pg .t (KG/m2) 9,81 9,81 9 81 9,81 9 81 9,81
y: 9,81 - h s chuyn i n v p sut t N/m2 ra KG/m2. ln l nh hng nhiu ti ti trng nhit ca nc trong ng ln, cng nh tc tng i ca hi i vi nc trong ng ny. Gi tr ca l rt kh tnh ton chnh xc, v th trong l thuyt tun hon t nhin a vo khi nim p lc chuyn ng c ch, biu din di dng:
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P l = h.
l g ( x l ) Pms Pg .t (KG/m2) 9,81 9,81 9,81
Rt ra phng trnh tnh ton:

x x l Pms Pcb Pcb + + (KG/m2) P = 9,81 9,81 9,81 l
p lc chuyn ng hu ch l mt phn ca p lc chuyn ng hon ton P dng thng lc cn ma st trong ng xung v sc cn cc b trong ton mch. Ta bit rng, sc cn ma st v sc cn cc b hoc cc phn t khc ca h thu ng t l vi ln ca p lc ng trong phn t ny, ngha l:
Pms = ms .
u . u. (N/m2); Pcb = M (N/m2); 2 2
Trong : ms , cb - h s t l, hoc h s cn ma st v h s cn cc b; u v Cui cng ta c: - tc chuyn ng ca mi trng v khi lng ring;
l ux P = d 2 . 9 ,81
l
( )
x cbi
(u )
x i
2 . 9 ,81
l cbj
(u )
l j
2 l K
2 . 9 ,81
Trong : l, d,
x cbi ; u ix
- chiu di, ng knh v h s ma st ca ng xung. - h s cn cc b ca (phn nhnh, khp ch T, ca vo b gp,
ca ra khi b gp) phn i xung ca mch tun hon v tc chuyn ng ca cht lng trong n;
l cbj ; u lj
l K
- tng t nh trn nhng ng ln; - mt hn hp hi khi ra khi vng nng ca phn i ln ca
mch tun hon; Qua phng trnh ny cho thy, p lc chuyn ng hu ch i hi cn to nn s tun hon vng chc. Tc nc trong mch cng cao, cng lm p lc hi trong l cng cao. Biu thc trn l phng trnh tnh ton s tun hon t nhin trong l hi. ln p lc chuyn ng hu ch ng vi 1m chiu cao ng phn ln ca mch. iu kin khc, c th xc nh bng th. + B mt truyn nhit ph - Trong cc l hi cng sut ln v trung bnh, bn cnh b mt sinh hi chnh, thng c thm b mt truyn nhit ph nh b hm nc, b qu nhit v b sy khng kh. - B qa nhit
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Dng sn xut hi qu nhit, lm tng hiu sut nhit. qu nhit ca hi kh cao, ln ti vi trm . C nhiu loi b qu nhit, da vo cch truyn nhit vo mt ng: b qu nhit bc x t trong bung la, trc tip nhn nhit bc x. B qu nhit i lu, t trn ng khi x. B qu nhit na bc x, t ca ra bung la. B qu nhit i lu thng t trong l hi p sut thp, trung bnh v i khi p sut cao nhng nhit hi qu nhit khng vt qu 4400 5100C. B qu nhit ch to bng thp ng; ng knh ngoi 28 42 mm. Tc hi trong ng phi bo m ch nhit n nh trong ng. Tc khi i vi hi qu nhit dn u l 500 1200 Kg/m2.h. Khi chn tc chuyn ng ca hi, coi sc cn thu lc b hi qu nhit khng vt qu 10% p lc lm vic ca hi. Phn ln thit b l hi, c b phn iu chnh nhit hi. B qu nhit i lu ca l hi DKBP (Hnh 3.4) ch to bng ng thp ko 3 ng knh 32 3 mm. u vo ng b qu nhit nng vo pha trn trng 1 ca l hi. u ra hn vo bung hi qu nhit 2, c p lc 14 v 24 atm, ng ng knh 133 5 mm. B qu nhit c thng nht ho theo pr-phin ca ni hi p lc 14 v 24 atm, v 40 atm. ng thi cng thng nht theo ng knh ng v bung. B qu nhit phi hp ni hi cao p gm i lu, bc x v na bc x (s trn hnh 3.5). Hi t trng 1 i vo phn bc x 2 t trn trn bung la; sau vo phn bn bc x 3 dng bnh phong, b tr ca ra khi l, tip theo ng 4 vo nc u b qu nhit i lu 5; qua b lm lnh hi 6, vo nc hai b qu nhit i lu 7, thot ra l hi qu nhit. - B hm nc. Nhm tn dng nhit d ca khi thi gia nhit cho nc gn n nhit si; nhm gim tn tht nhit do khi l thi ra mi trng. Nh vy tng c hiu sut nhit, trnh hin tng nc lnh phun thng vo b mt truyn nhit c nhit cao, to ng sut nhit. Da vo kim loi ch to chia ra: b hm nc bng gang v bng thp nhn. B hm nc bng gang c cnh tn nhit pha khi, ng knh 76 -120 mm, gi thnh h. Gang chu un, ko km nn khng cho php gia nhit nc n nhit si. B hm nc bng thp cho php gia nhit n nhit si v bc hi khng qu 10%. Thng b tr cho nc trong b hm i t di ln, mt mt l nc nng nh hn, thun chiu t di i ln d ko theo bt kh; ngoi ra cn l bin php t iu chnh s phn phi khng ng u v lu lng nc gia cc ng vi nhau.
+ B sy khng kh
Nhm tn dng nhit khi thi sy nng khng kh trc khi cp vo bung la, gim nhit khi thi, tng hiu sut nhit. Cn c vo cch truyn nhit gia khi v khng kh c loi ngn cch v loi hi nhit.
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Loi ngn cch gp nhiu trong thc t. Cc ng thp trn c ng knh 25 51 mm, dy 1,25 1,5 mm, hn vo mt sn phng. Cc ng t theo kiu bn c, khong cch mt ngoi hai ng k nhau 9 15 mm. Khi nng chuyn ng trong ng. Khng kh thi ngang qua ng. Tc khi 10 14 m/s, tc khng kh nh hn 2 ln tc khi.
Ra hi qu nhit
Hnh 3.4. B qu nhit ca lin hp l hi kiu DKBP

Ra hi qu nhit
Hnh 3.5. B qu nhit i lu Bc x
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Khi l vo
Nc ra
Nc vo
Hnh 3.6. B hm nc bng gang
Hnh 3.7. B hm nc bng thp nhn
56
+ B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit
B sy kiu ny l trng tr thng ng; trong b tr cc tm thp quay tc 2 5 vng/pht l nhng l thp dy 0,5 1,25 mm. Nhng l thp gn trn thng quay ln lt tip xc vi khi nng v khng kh lnh i hai na thng quay. Tip xc vi khi nng, l thp nhn nhit v truyn cho khng kh lnh (Hnh 3.8). B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit c u im nh, gn, tuy nhin cu to phc tp, d h hng.
Khi vo Khi ra
Khng kh vo Khng kh ra
Hnh 3.8. B hm nng khng kh bng ng thp nhn, l hi cng sut nh 2.TNH NHIT THIT B SINH HI
Tnh nhit l bi ton c bn, quan trng nht khi thit k, ch to v kim tra cc thit b sinh hi. Tu theo mc ch tnh nhit c th l tnh ton thit k hoc tnh ton kim tra thit b.
2.1. Phng trnh truyn nhit
Truyn nhit trong bung la l truyn nhit bc x, sau bung la l truyn nhit i lu.
+ Phng trnh truyn nhit bc x
Nng lng bc x ring tng qut i vi vt en tuyt i biu din bi nh lut Stphan Boz-man. T ET = E ,T d = 4,9 100 0
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Trong cng thc ny E,T l nng lng bc x ring ca vt en tuyt i, c chiu di bc sng T0K. Theo nh lut Planck th:
E ,T = 2 .h .c 2
1
hc KT
Trong : c - tc nh sng bng 2,99776.1010 cm/s K - hng s Bozman bng 1,38047.10-16; h - hng s Plank bng 6,624.10-27; Cc cng thc trn y hon ton l thuyt i vi vt en tuyt i. Thc t khng c vt en tuyt i m ch c vt xm. Ngoi ra hin tng trao i nhit trong l phc tp hn nhiu. Nhit cc vng khc nhau ca ngn la cng khc nhau. Tm l nhit 1300 15000C, cn ch ra 900 10000C. iu ny nh hng ti s phn b trao i nhit bc x theo chiu di ngn la. Ta cn lu l cng bc x t l bc 4 vi nhit . tnh ton ta dng l thuyt bn thc nghim ca A.M.Guc - bi t. ng biu din nhit khi cui l ph thuc ln b mt t nng.
T" =
4 ,9 . . H t .a t ( a + 273 )3 M 10 8 B p Vc tb
a + 273
+1
273 0 C
ln b mt t nng bi bc x, cn nhn c nhit khi cui l c dng:
Ht =
Trong :
4,9.M . .aT ( + 273) ( a + 273)

" T
108 B Qbx
1 a + 273 1 M 2 . 2 " M T + 273
T" - nhit khi l ca ra ca l (0C); a - nhit chy l thuyt (0C);

M - h s, tnh ti nh hng ti qu trnh bc x tm chy (vng l c nhit cc i);
- h s tnh ti bn b mt tip nhn bc x;

Ht - b mt nng tip nhn bc x (m2); - h s bo ton nhit; B - chi ph nhin liu tnh ton (Kg/h hoc m3/h) ;
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Vctb - nhit dung tng trung bnh ca sn phm chy 1 n v khi lng nhin liu trong khong nhit (a-T) (Kcal/Kg) (Kcal/m3.) Qbx - nhit bc x trong l; aT - en bung la Trong Vc tb =
" Ia IT a T"
[Kcal/Kg];
Ia, IT - entalpi chy l thuyt v entalpi sn phm chy (khi l) ra khi l; Ht = Ft.x Ft x - din tch b mt vch tng c t dn ng (m2); - h s gc ca tng c t dn ng;
2.2. Tnh nhit cc b mt truyn nhit i lu
Trong bung la, trao i nhit bc x l ch yu. B mt truyn nhit sau bung la th truyn nhit i lu l quan trng nht, nhng cn tnh ti nh hng ca bc x ca cc kh ba nguyn t, trong sn phm. Khi thit k ch to, ta bit nhit ca sn phm chy v mi cht, xc nh c nhit lng trao i. T s liu ny xc nh c din tch b mt truyn nhit. Tnh ton kim tra, thng gi thit cho nhit sn phm ra khi b mt truyn nhit, tnh Qb.xa v Ql ri so snh. Nu sai khc nhit khi ra khi b mt 100C v nhit khng kh nng 400C th coi l cho php. Lng nhit truyn bng i lu qua b mt cho trong mt n v thi gian ( ln dng nhit): Q = k.t.H Trong : k - h s truyn nhit qua b mt t nng cho. t - gi tr trung bnh chnh nhit ca b mt t nng (0C) H - din tch mt t nng (m2); Ch n v o: dng nhit tnh bng Kcal/h, h s quc t SI, s dng h n v c bn Joul/s = 1Watt = 0,860 Kcal/h.
q= Q = K .t H
L lng nhit tuyn qua 1m2 b mt t nng trong 1 gi, gi l mt dng nhit. l mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca b mt t nng, v cn c tn gi l ng sut nhit ca b mt t nng. K = const, do q l hm bc nht ca t.
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Trong thc t, nhit khi l cng bin ng trong phm vi no ; nhit ca mi trng hp th nhit cng thay i. Chnh v th phng trnh tnh nhit trao i i lu phi c dng l 1 phng trnh vi phn: dQ = k( - t )dH y: v t - nhit kh khi v nhit mi trng nhn nhit v c hai pha b mt t nng dH xc nh lng nhit trao i hon ton truyn qua cc mt hm nng, ta tch phn phng trnh trn v kt qu l: Q = k.H.
t max t min =k.H. t tb t max ln . t min
y: t max , t min - hiu nhit gia hai mi cht pha c chnh nhit ln nht v b nht (0C) Trong trng hp ny khi
t max 1,7 ta c tnh theo cng thc t min
t max + t min ' + '' t ' + t '' t = = 2 2 2

2.3.H s truyn nhit
H s truyn nhit cc b mt truyn nhit u c th tnh theo cng thc chung nh sau: k=
1 1 +
1
y:
t b c 1 + + + t b c 2
1 , 2 - h s trao i nhit gia khi v thnh ng, gia thnh ng v hn hp hi, nc trong ng
t , b , c - chiu dy lp tro, b hng bn bn ngoi ng v cn mt trong ng

(m)
t , b , c - h s dn nhit tng ng tro, b hng v cn

Cc i lng trong phng trnh trn c tm quan trng khc nhau, nn khi tnh ton ta c th gin c i nhiu. V d nu trn thit b hin i, khng c b hng hoc mui than bn ngoi ng v cn bn mt trong ng th t s b b , c c s b qua trong tnh ton. Thng ln 1=20 50 Kcal/m2.h., ln 2 thay i trong gii hn ln hn nhiu 2=500 3000 Kcal/m2.h. (t thnh vo hi nc); 5000 15000
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Kcal/m2.h. (t thnh vo nc khng si); t 10.000 100.000 Kcal/m2.h., hoc 1 1 cao hn na t thnh vo nc si. Do tr s ch chim 5 0,1% ca , nn
thng b qua. i vi ng nc si v ng nc b hm nng, ta c th dng cng thc n gin. k= 1 1
t t
1 1
1 (Kcal/m2.h.) 1 + 1
y: =
t - l h s bn ca mt ngoi ng( m2.h./Kcal) t

1
i vi b qu nhit, t s b qua thnh phn 1
bt u nh hng ti k, nn khi tnh ton khng nn
v c cng thc: k =
1 1 =
1 + ( + 1
t 1 + t 2
) 1
i vi b hm nng khng kh ta s dng cng thc: k= .
1 . 2 1 + 2
y: - h s s dng b mt t nng b hm nng khng kh 0,65 0,85 ph thuc loi nhin liu v kiu b hm nng. Trong trng hp chung, h s trao i nhit t khi l vo thnh ng xc nh theo cng thc bao gm i lu v bc x:
1 = . dl + bx ( Kcal/m2.h.)
y: l, bx - h s trao i nhit i lu v bc x; - h s bao ph b mt t nng bi kh khi 0,9 0,95; ln bx tng khi nhit kh tng, nhit b mt tip nhn gim. Khi tng hm lng kh CO2 v hi nc lm tng chiu dy lp kh bc x. ln dl , ng nhn, kh truyn ngang ng (Hnh 3.9)
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dl = 0,177C 3 .
y :
k d 0.64 .( ) d k
C3 - h s tnh ti s hng ng trong chm k - h s dn nhit ca khi hoc khng kh nhit trung bnh ca dng kh (Kcal/m..h) k - h s nht ng hc ca khi (m2/s) - tc chuyn ng trung bnh ca khi trong ng (m/s) d - ng knh ng (m)
Hnh 3.9. c im chuyn ng ca kh ngang ng. a - Theo hng dc b - Kiu so le. S ( 1 1) Trng hp ng b tr kiu so le v khi d 0,7 th S ( c 1) d
k .d 0, 6 ( ) d k Cn khi ln > 0,7 th s dng cng thc dl = 0,270.C z .
dl = 0,295 .C z .
k .d 0 , 6 S 1 d 1 0 , 25 ( ) .( ) d k Sc d 1
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Trong : S1- bc ngang ca ng (m) Sc- bc cho ca ng, xc nh theo:

Sc = d 1 S1 S 2 + 4 d d
2 2
S2- bc dc ng (m) Gi tr ca k , k ph thuc vo bn cht cht mang nhit v nhit ca n. i vi kh khi, cho trong bng: Bng 3.1. Nhit (0C) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 H s dn nhit k.102 (Kcal/m.h.) 1,96 2,69 3,45 4,16 4,90 5,64 6,38 7,11 7,87 8,61 9,37 10,1 10,8 H s nht ng hc k.106 (m2/s) 12,2 21,5 32,8 45,8 60,4 76,3 93,6 112 132 152 174 197 221 (m2) Chun Prandl (Pk) 0,72 0,69 0,67 0,65 0,64 0,63 0,62 0,61 0,60 0,59 0,58 0,57 0,56
Tc trung bnh ca khi trong nhm ng. B p .Vk tb + 273 = . (m/s); 3600.Fk tb y: Bp Fk
Fk=a.(b-zd)
- chi ph nhin liu tnh ton gi cho l hi (Kg/h, m3/h) - din tch tit din ngang ng hi (m2) '+ ' ' tb - nhit trung bnh ca khi(0C) = 2 ' , '' - nhit khi vo, ra b mt hm nng.
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a,b - kch thc dng hi theo hng ng v hng thng gc ng; d - ng knh ng. 3- CH NC V CHT LNG HI
3.1. Khi nim chung
Nc t nhin thng ln tp cht th rn, th lng hoc th kh. Do nc th dng cho ni hi l khng tt v cha nhiu hn hp khong nng d ng cn v gy r. Nc tt nht l nc do ngng t hi trn cc b mt trao i nhit. Trong loi nc ny hm lng hn hp khong rt nh v trong qu trnh bc hi trong l hi, khng ko theo hn hp khong. Tuy nhin khng th c nc ngng t cung cp cho l hi; nn cn nc b xung. Nc b xung l nc th sau khi x l ho v nhit cn thn trong cc thit b chuyn dng. Ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nc, nng sut l hi v p lc hi, thit b c th n gin hay phc tp. Thng lm sch nc th v loi b hn hp keo, cc cht c th ng cn. (Hnh 3.10) l s nguyn tc chun b nc b xung c dng phn t lc catint. Nc th theo ng 1 vo b phn phn phi 2. Ti y chia lm 2 ng: mt ng vo b phn hm nng nc 3, c hi cung cp theo ng 4, vo b phn lng 6. ng kia qua b lc cn 5 v cng dn ti b lng 6. Ti b lng s tch tp cht c hc v keo, sau vo thng trung gian 7, nh bm 8 y vo phn t lc c hc 9, cui cng c lm trong. Phn t lc catint 10 lm mn nc v vo ct kh kh 11. Trong nc th cn ho tan xy, CO2, H2S ... c tc dng kch thch n mn ho hc v in ha cc b mt kim loi. Thng thng phi kh bt cc cht kh bng phng php gia nhit. Khi gia nhit nc trong b kh kh th cc cht kh b tch ra khi nc v thi ra ngoi.
Hnh 3.10. S nguyn tc thit b b xung nc c dng phn t lc catint.
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Bng 3.2.Hm lng cc cht kh ho tan mg/kg Nhit 0C O2
CO2 3350 1690 970 580
H2S 7070 3850 2360 1480 765 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
3.2. Ch tiu cht lng nc
69,5 43,4 30,8 22,8 13,8 0
Ch tiu chnh c trng cho cht lng nc l: cht kh, hm lng mui tng, cng, kim, hm lng axt Silicic, nng ion nc, hm lng kh gy r. Di y ta kho st mt s ch tiu chnh: + cng: L ch tiu ht sc quan trng, c trng hm lng mui canxi v magi trong nc. cng chia ra: cng vnh vin v cng tm thi. cng chung l tng cng tm thi v cng vnh vin; c trng bi hm lng tng ca mui canxi v mui magi trong nc: Sulft - CaSO4 v MgSO4, clorit- CaCl2 v MgCl2; Ca(NO3)2 v Mg(NO3)2; CaSiO3 v MgSiO3; Ca3(PO4)2 v Mg3(PO4)2; Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2. cng tm thi c trng bi Bicacbonat v magi Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2 trong nc. cng vnh cu c trng bi hm lng cao ca mui canxi v mui magi. cng chung ca nc:
Ca 2+ Mg 2+ + Co = 20,04 12,16
(mg ng lng/Kg)
y: - Ca2+ v Mg2+ - cantion Canxi v Mgi trong nc (mg/Kg) - 20,04 v 12,16 - Khi lng ng lng ca chng; cng cacbnat, bng nng n v Bicacbnt Canxi v Mgi. Cc = y: - HCO3 - l nng ca aning bicacbont Canxi v Mg trong nc - 61,02 - khi lng tng ng ca n
HCO3 61,02
ng lng trong nc ca
65
C0 = Cc+ Cv 10H = 10 mg CaO/lt
Cv cng vnh cu.
Ngi ta cng thng dng n v o l cng c:
i cng c ra cng mg ng lng cn nhn vi 0,35663 hoc chia cho 2,804. Da theo cng c th chia nc thnh cc loi: - Nc rt mm, c cng < 40H - Nc mm, c cng 4 80H - Nc bnh thng, c cng 8 160H - Nc cng, c cng bng 16 300H - Nc rt cng, c cng > 300H + kim: kim ca nc c trng bng hm lng cc hyrt, ccbont, bicacbont phospht v gc mui ca cc axt yu khc. kim nh hng xu ti cht lng hi v tui th cc b mt truyn nhit. + pH: Nng ion nc l mt c tnh quan trng ca nc. Trong nc lin tc xy ra qu trnh thun nghch, phn ly phn t nc thnh ion H+ v ion OHH2O H+ + OH-
Trong nc nguyn cht 220C, ta lun c (H+) = (OH-) = 10-7 (g/lt). Ta nh ngha pH = -lg(H+). i vi nc trung ho pH = -lg(10-7) = +7 i vi nc c tnh axt, pH < 7; nc c tnh kim pH > 7.
3.3. Cc bin php x l nc
phng nga vic bm cu cn trong nc vo cc b mt truyn nhit, ngi ta quy nh cht lng nc cho php nh sau: i vi l hi ng l v ng la H 0 0,5 mg l/l H0 < 0,3
i vi l hi ng nc p < 16 bar,
p = 16 32 bar, H0 0,2 p = 32 100 bar, H0 0,01
66
p > 100 bar, i vi l hi trc lu
H0 0,005 H0 0,001
Lng xy trong nc < 0,03 mg/l khi p 32 bar v < 0,02 mg/l khi p > 32 bar. Cc tp cht khc cho trong bng.
Bng 3.3. Hm lng cc tp cht cho php. Hm lng max cho php (mg/l) p sut trong bnh hi (bar) < 40 40 100 >100 SiO230,1 0,05 Fe2+ 70 35 20 Cu2+ 20 10 Du 3 1 0,5
- X l bng phng php ho hc: Ngi ta c th s dng vi thc hin cc phn ng: Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
2Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4 Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4 Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
Vi ch kh c cng ccbnt bng cch lng lc cc kt ta. cng khng ccbnt ch thay i v tr gia Ca v Mg. tip tc kh: Khi dng xt NaOH, c cc phn ng: 2NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + MgCO3 Mg(OH)2 + Na2CO3 2NaOH + MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl 2NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O
Sa Na2CO3 sinh ra c th phn ng: Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 + CaSO4 CaCO3 + Na2SO4 C tc dng lm mm cng canxi.
- X l nc bng phng php cation
67
Phn t lc cationit (Hnh 3.11) l thp tr ng knh 1000 3000mm chiu cao 3500 6500mm. Ht cationit y 2/3 thng. Nc chy qua khe h cc ht v cui cng thot ra, ta c nc lm mm. Trong qu trnh lm mm nc, Cationit dn b tiu hao; s trao i cation gia nc v cationit s ngng. khi phc kh nng lm mm nc, cn ti sinh kh nng ca cationit. Ngi ta c th s dng c mt s nm. Dung dch mui l dung dch ti sinh. Cho nc i qua bnh ng cc cationit nh NaR, HR, NH4R... Trong R l gc ca cationit, khng ho tan trong nc, ng vai tr anion i vi cationit Na. Khi lm mm nc, din ra cc phn ng chnh nh sau: Na2R + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR + 2NaHCO3 Na2R + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR + 2NaHCO3 Na2R + CaSO4 CaR + Na2SO4 Na2R + CaCl2 CaR + 2 NaCl Na2R + MgSiO3 MgR + Na2SiO3 Na2R + MgSO4 MgR + Na2SO4 Na2R + MgCl2 MgR + 2NaCl Na2R + CaSiO3 CaR + Na2SiO3. Trong qu trnh cationit, cng thng c loi b khi nc. cng ca nc mm t ti 0,02 0,01 mgl/Kg (khi dng cationit Natri). kim v cc thnh phn anion khc khng thay i. hon nguyn cc cationit Na, thng dng dung dch mui 5 8% theo phn ng: CaR + 2NaCl Na2R + CaCl2 MgR + 2NaCl Na2R + MgCl2 Clorit CaCl2 v MgCl2 ho tan tt trong nc, s b x ra khi ra phn t lc. - i vi cationit Hyr. Dng lm mm nc c cng cacbnt ln: 2HR + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2H2O + 2CO2. 2HR + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2H2O + 2CO2 2HR + MgSO4 MgR2 + H2SO4. 2HR + CaSO4 CaR2 + H2SO4. 2HR + MgCl2 MgR2 + 2HCl 2HR + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2HCl 2HR + CaSiO3 CaR2 + H2SiO3.
68
2HR + MgSiO3 MgR2 + H2SiO3 2HR + Na2SO4 2NaR + H2SO4 2HR + 2NaCl 2NaR + 2HCl.
Nc mm
vt liu ion
nc th
a)
Phu cp liu Nc vo
Nc ra
ng ra dung dch mui
Lp thch anh Lp thch anh Lp thch anh
b) Hnh 3.11. Phn t lc Cationit Natri v bnh dung dch mui.
69
Axt CO2, H2SO4, HCl, H2SiO3 cn li trong nc di dng ho tan. Cc hp cht CaR2, MgR2, NaR a vo thnh phn ca vt liu cationit. cng cacbnt trong nc loi b hon ton, do lm gim hm lng mui ca nc. hon nguyn cationit hyr, ngi ta a vo 1 1,5% dung dch ho tan axit - lu hunh. Khi xy ra phn ng sau: CaR + H2SO4 2HR + CaSO4 MgR2 + H2SO4 2HR + MgSO4 2NaR + H2SO4 2HR + Na2SO4
+ i vi cationit amn (NH4 - Cationt)
Qu trnh trao i theo cc phn ng: 2NH4R + CaS CaR2 + (NH4)2S 2NH4R + MgS MgR2 + (NH4)2S 2NH4R + Na2S 2NaR + (NH4)2S y: S l k hiu ca (HCO3), So4, Cl2, SiO3. Nh vy trong nc mm xut hin mui amn v n khng tr thnh axt; do khng i hi phi s dng vt liu chu axt trong ch to. y l u im ca cationit amn so vi cationit hyr. Khi trao i cation amn, cng cng gim i nhiu, nhng cc mui amn to thnh s b phn hu nhit khi a vo l theo phn ng: NH4Cl = NH3 + HCl (NH4)2SO4 = 2NH3 + H2SO4 NH4HCO3 = NH3 + CO2 + H2O. NH3 v axt ccbnc, to thnh kh a vo hi nc bo ho, H2SO4 v HCl trong nc l hi, tc dng lm r kim loi. Do thng dng phi hp cationit amn vi cationit Natri. hon nguyn cationit amn, dng cc mui amn (2 3% Sulphat amn (NH)2SO4).
+ X l nc bng trao i anion.
Tng t nh phng php trao i cation. Ti y cho nc i qua cc anionit nh RaOH c phn ng: 2RaOH + H2SO4 = Ra2SO4 + H2O RaOH + HCl = RaCl + H2O
70
Phng php ny kh c axt trong nc.

- Lm sch b mt truyn nhit
Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc b mt l hi thng bm cu bn, lm gim kh nng truyn nhit ca n. Thnh phn cu bn th Ca v Mg chim a s. Hin nay lm sch ta c th dng phng php c kh, ho hc hoc kt hp. Lm sch bng ho cht kh ph bin hin nay. Dung dch kim 2% c un si p sut 1 3 bar trong khong 12 24 gi, cu bn s b loi b. Ra l bng axt, tc dng nhanh hn nhng li n mn kim loi. Mi ln dng axt HCl, H2SO4 thi gian khng nn qu 5 6 gi, khi nhit dung dch 50 700C hoc khng qu 12 15 gi khi nhit di 500C. Sau khi ra bng axt, cn kim ho l trung ho axt bng NaOH 1%. Ngi ta c th s dng cht lm chm n mn nh Phocmalin (40% HCO4); hn hp 25% amnic...
- Cht lng hi
+ Yu cu cht lng hi: sch ca hi phi c kim tra cht ch. Nng kh CO2 v tp cht rn c trong hi phi nm trong gii hn cho php. S d nh vy v CO2 thc y qu trnh n mn ng hi. Cc tp cht rn s ng li trong b qu nhit, trn cnh tuabin. Qu trnh ngng kt ny lm tng nhit tr, gim hiu sut trao i nhit. Nguyn nhn chnh l do hi bo ho t bnh vo b qu nhit mang theo nhng git nc c nng tp cht cao. Khi qua b qu nhit nc bay i, tp cht bm li trn b mt ng qu nhit. Ngoi ra, l hi cao p c th ho tan mui Natri Silict; loi l hi siu cao p cn ho tan NaCl, NaOH... Do vn chnh l phi tng kh ca hi ra khi bnh hi. + Cc bin php thu hi sch Bin php thng dng l phn ly hi, x cn nc l, bc hi theo cp, ra hi ... c th phn ly hi (tch ht nc khi hi), v ht nc c khi lng, nn c th dng phng php gim ng nng dng hi m, thay t ngt hng chuyn ng dng hi. X cn lin tc hc nh k l phng php n gin v hiu qu. Bc hi theo cp l chia nc trong bnh hi lm vic theo mt s vng tun hon ni tip nhau. Vng tun hon cui cng ta thu c nc bn nht, tp trung x cn ngn ny l hiu qu nht.
71
Cu hi n tp chng 3: Qu trnh sinh hi, cc b mt truyn nhit
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Trnh by cc c im cc dng b mt sinh hi? Trnh by c s tnh ton qu trnh tun hon t nhin tronng l hi? Cc bc tnh ton b mt truyn nhit i lu? Trnh by cc ch tiu c bn ca cht lng nc? Cc bin php x l nc?
72
Chng IV : H THNG THNG GI

NHIM V V CC GII PHP THNG GI 1. Nhim v ca h thng thng gi
Nhim v c bn ca h thng gi l cp khng kh cho qu trnh chy nhin liu v x kh chy lm vic ra khi thit b vo mi trng.
2. Gii php thng gi
l t ca lin hp ni hi, c th thc hin s chy ca nhin liu; cn phi cung cp mt lng khng kh y . loi b khi l t cc sn phm chy v di chuyn chng qua cc mt trao i nhit ca thit b cn phi thc hin thng gi nh sc ht ca ng khi. Ta gi l thng gi t nhin. Thng gi cng bc l c s tham gia ca qut y v qut ht. (Hnh 4.1) S kh ng ca thit b l hi Nhim v bi ton thng gi l xc nh tng lc cn t khng kh vo ti khi khi thi ra ngoi vi tc cn thit. T s liu xc nh kch thc ng khi bo m thng gi t nhin hoc tnh ton, chn qut khi thng gi cng bc. S phc tp ca s l hi lm tng lc cn kh ng chung, lm gim nhit kh thot dn ti lm gim lc thng gi. ng khi c nhim v thot khi vo lp kh quyn trn cao. Phn tn chng c hiu qu vo khng kh; c bt c ngha quan trng khi trong khi c hm lng cao ca SO2 v tro nh. Khi v khng kh l nhng kh c nht, chuyn ng ca chng trong ng dn kh ca thit b ng thi vi tn tht nng lng, chi ph thng lc mast khi chy ri, c biu hin hai kha cnh: pht sinh mast khi chuyn ng ca kh vi b mt vt cng v s thay i hng chuyn ng ca n do ni lc mast trong dng. thng lc mast, cn c p sut d ca kh. - Tnh ton thng gi: Tr lc ca vng bt k ca dng kh khi thng gi bng gim p lc ton phn trong hai tit din ca dng kh. h = h1 h2 hc N/m2 p lc hon ton bng tng p sut tnh v p sut ng.
h = ht +
2
2
. = ht + hd
73
Hnh 4.1. S kh ng thit b kh l hi: Ch s di: h s cn mp ma st; M v tr; Mv v tr vo; MR v tr ra
Ch s trn: K hiu bung kh ca l hi
ne b qu nhit; Te Hm nng nc;
TK - t nng khng kh; Kx - ng i ca kh; zy Kh tro; - ng tht; K ng khi; q quay vng Thng gi t nhin hC = (z2 - z1).g.(kk - k) (N/m2) y: (z2- z1) - l hiu s cao trc a ca hai tit din, ngha l chiu cao dng kh.
kk k
- mt khng kh (Kg/m3) - mt kh (sn phm chy) Kg/m3
Khi tnh ton kh ng, tr lc ca vng no dng kh, c xc nh bng tng tr lc mast v cc b:
h = hms + hcb hc (N/m2)

Trong iu kin b mt tri t khi t = 4oC, 1mm ct nc = 9,81 N/m2. Th nguyn ca tr lc bng mm ct nc, ta ly biu thc vi th nguyn N/m2 chia cho 9,81.
74
+ Xc nh tr lc kh ng ca l hi theo dng kh (sn phm chy).
Tr lc ca thit b l tng tr lc l t, ni hi, b qu nhit, b hm nng nc, hm nng khng kh, ca l, b iu chnh thng gi, b kh tro ng khi, vi d phng 20%.
htb = (hl + hn + hqn + hhn + hhk + hcl + htg + hkb + hok ).1,2
mm
ct nc.
+ Xc nh tr lc trong iu kin ti trng hon ton ca thit b.
- Tr lc ca l t: Khi chy nhin liu to x, cn phi thng gi cng bc. Chy nhin liu lng (mazt) to s h p ca kh trong l hl = 3mm ct nc. Thng gi t nhin tr lc ca l c th tnh theo cng thc thc nghim. - Tr lc l hi: xc nh tr lc l hi cn phi bit chi ph nhin liu cho l, vi tc ca sn phm chy (m/s), v nhit trung bnh ca n gi l nhit ca dng:
k 0C = d 0C
Chi ph nhin liu cc i cho mt l:
Bk = Qmax K .Qcc .
y:
Qmax - ti trng nhit cc i cho ca thit b (Kcal/h); K - s lng l hi; - hiu sut thit b.
Khi cn thit c th tnh c p lc ng i vi sn phm chy, tm mt ca dng kh theo cng thc:

d =
H
273 (Kg/m3) 273 + k
p sut ng
h =
2
2
. d (N/m2)
(kg/m3)
H =
VH
Mk V kH
y: Mk(Kg/Kg) - Khi lng sn phm chy ng vi 1 Kg nhin liu. - Th tch sn phm chy ng vi 1 Kg nhin liu.
75
Tr lc ca l l tng cc tr lc tt c cc dng kh v tr lc cc b. Tr lc dc chm ng l tr lc mast. Tr lc ngang chm ng, l loi tr lc c bit v n khng phi l mast v cng khng phi l tr lc cc b. Tr lc cc b l tr lc khi dng kh i hng v khi thay i tit din. - Tr lc dc chm ng: Tr lc dc chm ng vi iu kin trao i nhit xc nh theo:
2 2 l h = . . . . dt 2 Tt T
2
N/m2;
y: T v Tt - nhit tuyt i trung bnh ca vng cho ca mi trng v
2 c 0 nhit ca thnh ( K). Trong tnh ton thng thng h s hiu chnh T t T th b qua; l - chiu di dng kh; - h s tr lc do mast, ph thuc vo nhm tng i ca thnh .d dt/k v s Ry-nol Re =
dt k
- ng knh tng ng; - nhm ca thnh, ngha l cao cc mp m; - tc sn phm chy (m/s); - h s nht ng hc (m2/s);
c im vt l chn nhit trung bnh dng kh. Trng hp chy trong ng, ng knh tng ng bng ng knh trong ca ng. Trng hp dng kh chy theo tit din ch nht gia ng v dc theo n.
d2 4 ab z. 4 dtd = 2 ( a + b ) + z d
y: a,b - cnh ca rnh (dng kh) (m) z - s ng trong dng kh
76
d - ng knh ngoi ca ng (m) Khi dng chy theo tit din bt k: y: F - tit din sng ca rnh (m2) U - chu vi t ca tit din (m) nhm tuyt i ca thnh ng ko lin, mt l hi, b hm nng khng kh kiu ng v kiu tm c K = 0,2 mm. H s cn ph thuc vo s Re, mc nhm ca thnh ng v rnh. xc nh gi tr , c nhiu dng cng thc, nhng ph bin hin nay l dng cng thc ca Blazius. d td = 4F (m) U
0,316 Re0, 25
i vi thnh c nhm khng ln trong gii hn ca ch s Reynol 3000 < R < 100.000. Gi tr gn ng i vi chuyn ng dng kh dc ng = 0,03. ln p lc ng theo mm ct nc ph thuc vo tc v nhit trung bnh ca dng tra theo th. - Tr lc ngang ng Tr lc ngang chm ng xc nh theo
h = .
2
2
. (N/m2)
y: - h s cn ph thuc vo s hng v cch b tr ng trong chm; cng nh vo s Re
- tc dng kh (m/s)
- Chm ng bn: H s cn ca chm ng bn.
= 0 .Z 2
y:
- h s cn i vi mt hng ca chm
77
Z2 - s hng ng theo su ca chm.
0 - h s cn cho mt hng ng ph thuc bc ng theo chiu rng v chiu su ca chm ng S1, S2 v ng knh ngoi ca chm
H s Re
kh t dng Nhit
Re = WR'.10n
d td =
t = 6000
Th d: Xc nh Re khi W = 18m/s, d=120mm
d 10 n
d td =
Re = 18.12,2.102 = 22.103
120 = 1,2 mm. 10 2 Re' = 12,2
dnp - ng knh qui dn

Hnh 4.2. th xc nh s Re
78
Khi S1 S2:
S 0 = 1,52 1 1 d
p sut ng
0 , 5
S1 d S d 2
0 , 2
.Re0, 2
hgKg/m2
p lc ng khi 760 mm pm cm
Khi S1>S2:
H s cn ca chm ng t so le, kh thi ngang:
H s cn mt hng ng si:
Trong CS h s ph thuc S1, d v
W2m/s Tc khng
Cng thc chuyn i hg2=hg1(W2/W1)2KG/m2
Hnh 4.3. th p sut ng ca khng kh

0, 2 S1 d S d 2
2
S 0 = 0,32 1 1 d
= 0 (Z 2 + 1)
0,5
S1 d 0,9 S d 2
0 , 68
Re
0 = C S .Re0, 27
SC = 1 2 2 S1 + S 2 4
79
Khi 0,14
S1 d S < 1,7, vi chm ng 1 < 2 SC d d S d S 2 1 C S = 3,2 + 4,6 2,7 1 S C d d
Chm ng c
S1 2 d
CS = 3,2 Khi 1,7

s1 d 5,2 SC d
S d CS = 0,44 1 + 1 S d C - Sc cn cc b
Sc cn cc b gy ra do i dng kh trong l t, i vo v i ra ca kh trong l. (Dng kh co hp khi i vo v dn khi i ra). Trng hp chy ngang khng tnh sc cn cc b, m ch tnh lc cn ca chm .
Ton b lc cn cc b xc nh theo cng thc:
h cb = cb .
2
2
(N/m2)
H s cn cc b ph thuc vo kiu cn. quay vng trong chm: i 1800 i 900 i 450 cb = 2 cb = 1 cb = 0,5
Cng gi tr nh trn khi quay vng dng kh khng b ng chn. Tc ti v tr quay vng xc nh theo
=
y:
Vk .B (273 + k ) 273 .3600 . f
Vk - th tch sn phm chy ng vi h s tha khng kh; B - chi ph nhin liu cho mt l hi; k - nhit sn phm chy ti v tr quay vng(0C); f - din tch tit din sng (m2);
Khi quay vng 900 th:
80
f =
2 1 1 + f1 f 2
(m2)
Vi: f1, f2 - din tch tit din quay vng u v cui Khi quay vng 1800 th:
f =
3 1 1 1 + + f1 f 2 f 2
Tng sc cn dng kh v sc cn cc b, a vo h s hiu chnh, ta c sc cn chung ca l hi. hcb = ( h + hms ).k . Trong : k - h s hiu chnh tnh sc cn; i vi l hi cng sut nh vi s quay vng kh trong mt phng ngang k =1. Cng l hi loi ny vi bung t trc chm ng th nht k = 1,5. L hi nhiu phn k = 0,9. i vi chm ng rut g: - hiu chnh mt kh, v cc th u thnh lp vi khng kh kh 1,293 iu kin tiu chun. 760 hc (mm ct nc) 1,293 hb .
760 - hiu chnh p sut barmt (Phong v biu) hb

Nu cao ca a hnh trn mc bin khng qu 200 mm th hb = 760 mmHg; Khi cao 1500m th hb = 630 mmHg v khi cao 3000m th mmHg; Hiu chnh bi ca sn phm chy khng a vo v ngi ta ch tnh khi chy nhin liu rn. i vi l hi nh v trung bnh thnh phn hb= 530
b qua.
Trong trng hp gn ng, ta c th tnh sc cn ca khng kh bng cng thc thc nghim
H s cn
81
i vi ng la v l hi ng nc ngang:
T s gia tit din nh v tit din ln
D hl = 0,005 H mm ct nc l
Hnh 4.4. H s tr lc cc b
khi tit din thay i t ngt i vi l hi ng ng kiu Xy - Khp
D hl = 0,004 H l
3 mm ct nc.
Trng hp lm vic vi ti trng khc so vi nh mc, sc cn tnh bng cch nhn thm vi bnh phng t s gia ti trng mi v ti trng nh mc - Sc cn ca b qu nhit. B qu nhit dng ng rut g cng tnh tng t nh i v dng kh l hi vi cc hiu chnh ni phn trn. - Sc cn b hm nng nc bng gang c g:
2 H 760 (N/m2) hhn = . . + hcb . 2 1,293 . h b
y : = 0,5n; n - s hng ng theo ng i ca kh;
2
2 H
= hd .9,81 - p sut ng;

cb
- sc cn cc b khi quay vng; - mt trung bnh;

2 H 760 hhk = h + ( v + r ) . + hqv K . 1,293 . h 2 b
- Sc cn b hm nng khng kh. (N/m2)
Khi dng sn phm chy lu thng trong ng v tm nhm b hm nng khng kh, h c xc nh nh th:
h = h ' .C a .l mm ct nc
h' - ph thuc nhit trung bnh v tc dng kh. Ca - h s hiu chnh nhm, ph thuc vo
d td , K
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- chiu di chung ca ng;
Ngoi tn tht do ma st, cn tnh tn tht cc b ca vo v ra, quay vng dng kh.
v , r xc nh theo th ph thuc t s tit din nh nht v tit din ln

nht. i vi b hm kiu ng, gn ng ta c:
2 FM d Hn = Fb 4 S1 S 2
Trong : S1, S2 - khong cch gia cc trc ng dHn

htb
- ng knh ng b hm nng khng kh
Tn tht p sut trong ng b phn hm nng khng kh kiu ng v kiu tm h = h.Ca.l KG/m2
ng knh ng (mm)
Nhit khng kh 0C
Hnh 4.5. Tn tht p sut trong ng (mt nhm) b hm nng khng kh
Tc trong ng v nhit dng kh nhn t tnh ton nhit.
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- Sc cn quay vng ca l hoc tm chn. Sc cn ca l hcl = 1 2 mm ct nc Sc cn dng kh chy trong ng thp ra ng khi:
h kc =
( h
ms
h ). 1, 293
cb
H 760
hb
(N/m2)
ng dn kh thng c tit din trn (tc kh lu chuyn 8 10 m/s) hoc ch nht: f = ab (m2) y: a,b - chiu rng, chiu cao ( thng chn) i vi ng ln v trung bnh: a = 0,8 1,5m b = 1 2m. ng knh tng ng:
dt =
Chiu di vng l o theo bn v.
2a b a+b
H s ma st vi ng thp khng lt = 0,02 ng thp c lt v gch khi d t 0,9; = 0,03 khi d td < 0,9, = 0,04. - Kch thc v sc cn ca ng khi: i vi l hi cn thng gi cng bc, chiu cao ng khi H ph thuc vo nng sut nhit ca l hi v cng trnh k bn, thng dao ng trong khong 30 45m. Trong trng hp cn thit c th ln hn. Thng gi t nhin chiu cao H, s b cng gii hn nh trn. Sau y s c tnh ton chnh xc. ng knh ng khi ly theo gi tr trung bnh:
dtd =
Trong :
2d1 d 2 d1 + d 2
d1, d2 (m) - ng knh ca vo v ra ca ng khi. Tc dng kh (m/s) ly theo gi tr trung bnh:

tb =
Vk 2 2 8 3 0 d tb
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Vk - lu lng th tch ca khi (m3/s) theo nhit trung bnh ca khi;
tb = 1 H (0C)
1 - nhit khi khi i vo ng khi (0C) - mc gim nhit ca khi qua 1m chiu cao ng. Vi ng thp khng lt: = ng gch nh: = ng gch ln: = 0,2 D grad/m 0,4 D grad/m 0,8 D grad/m
1 2
y: D - nng sut gi cc i ca l hi (Tn) Tc khi ra khi ng khi thng gi cng bc r = 8 15 m/s. Khi thng gi t nhin r = 6 8 m/s. ng knh bn trong i vi: ng thp Sc cn mast trong ng: dH = dt ng gch xy dH = dt + 0,02H (m)
2 H tb = dk (N/m2); d tb 2
h ms
Trong : = 0,04;
dk- mt dng kh (khi chy):
dk = H
273
.H 273 + ms 2
Tn tht khi ra: hr = y: =1
r2
2
dk (N/m2);
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H dk = H
273 273 + ( ms .H )
760 (N/m2); hb
Sc cn ng khi: hok = (hms + hr )
trnh xut hin ng thi h p ca kh vng t bm y ti ng khi, sc cn ca ng khng c vt qu ln to nn s thng gi ca n (cng thc di). - S thng kh bng ng khi. Nu k hiu p sut gia khng kh bn ngoi v sn phm chy trong ng qua p. hms = p = H.g(kk - k) (N/m2); y l phng trnh th hin s thng gi l thuyt ca khi (khng tnh ti sc cn).
H kk = kk
273 273 + t kk
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
k = kH
273 273 + k
H Trong iu kin tiu chun (00C v 760 mmHg), mt khng kh kk = 1,293
v mt khi kH = 1,26 1,31.

H Nu coi kk = kH =1,3, c tnh ti p sut baromet v s lm ngui kh trong
ng. Ta c cng thc tnh ton:

T p = hms
1 1 = H .g .273.1,3. 273 + t k 273 + .H ms 2
h b 760
(N/m2)
- Xc nh nng sut v p lc ca bm khi.
+ Nng sut: nhng l hi c nng sut t 2T tr ln, khuyn nn dng bm ht khi cng bc. Nng sut bm ht khi: y: B - chi ph nhin liu (kg/h); 1,1 - h s d tr. + p lc bm khi: V HK = VKH .B(273 + ms )1,1 (m3/h) 273
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Phn p sut ca bm ht khi thng cc tr lc. HK = htb - hms mm ct nc Chn qut ht khi theo Catal v nng sut, ct p, s vng quay, hiu sut v kch thc ta c p lc thc:
cat HK = HK .
273 + 20 ct nc v p sut qut 273 + ms
Trong : hl - sc cn lp nhin liu trn ghi l v hKK tr lc ca kh m. y 20 C l nhit mi trng t qut.

0
cat H K - ct p qut chn theo Catal
+ Cng sut cho qut ht khi:

N
K
V HK . H K . 1,1 102 . 3600 . K . d
Trong hiu sut b truyn ai = 0,95. T y chn ng c in theo Catal. + Chiu cao ng khi khi thng gi t nhin. Sau khi xc nh tng tr lc ca thit b vi ti trng cc i, ta c:
H= htb 1 1 273.1,3 273 + t k 273 + .H ms 2 h b 760
(m)
Cng thc ny tnh chiu cao ng khi khi nhit mi trng 100C.
- Xc nh nng sut v ct p qut thi kh.
Nng sut qut thi: Vtk = 1,1.Vo . .B. 273 + t k 273 q 1 4 100 (m3/h) khng kh cc gi tr
Vo, , tB, q4 chn t tnh ton nhit ni hi. p lc qut: Ht.k = hl + hk mm ct nc Trong : hl - sc cn lp nhin liu trn ghi bng 80 mm ct nc hk - sc cn khng kh m; Khi khng c b hm khng kh, th tc khng kh 5 8 m/s, sc cn 20 mm ct nc.
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Khi c b hm nng kh, sc cn ch l do khng kh. Khi cp khng kh cho hn hp ngn la chy p sut thp th hl =80 mm ct nc. Khi cp khng kh cho vi phun mazt th hl = 200 - 300 mm ct nc. Qut thi thng dng qut p lc thp: Cng sut cho qut:
Nq = Vdk .H dk .1,1 102.3600. K . d
Trong : Hk - p sut hon ton ca qut (mm ct nc) = 0,95.
Cu hi n tp chng 4: H thng thng gi. 1. Nhim v v cc gii php thng gi? 2. Trnh by phng php tnh ton sc cn trong iu kin ti trng hon ton ca thit b? 3. Tnh ton sc cn cc b trong h thng? 4. xc nh kch thc v sc cn ca ng khi?
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Chng 5 : VN HNH V BO DNG

1. MT S CH TIU KINH T K THUT nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca l hi, ngi ta a ra mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut chnh. 1.1. Ch tiu kinh t nh gi mc s dng cng sut ca l hi Dtb so vi nhu cu s dng ng thi nhit hoc hi cc i Dmax, ngi ta gi l h s ti trng hoc h s d tr ca l hi. D K l = max Dtb
nh gi thi gian s dng l hi trong nm, ngi ta dng khi nim v h s s dng ca thit b:
Qn m Ksd = 8760 Dtb

Trong : Qnm - lng nhit hoc hi sn xut trong nm; 8760 - l s gi trong nm = 24 gi 365 ngy. Ngi ta cng dng ch tiu khc: s gi lm vic ca thit b trong nm.
hnam
Qn m (gi) = Dtb
Hiu sut l hi l t l gia nng lng c ch s dng c vi tng nng lng a vo. Nng lng c ch y l nng lng dng sn xut nc nng, nc si hoc hi nc. Nhit a vo l nhit chy nhin liu. Ta thng dng khi nim: hiu sut th v hiu sut tinh.
th
tinh
Qn m = n lv B .Qt
Q n m qtd = 100% B n .Qtlv
Trong : qtd - lng nhit t dng cho bn thn l hi. Trong cc l hi hin dng, hiu sut th c th t 93 99%
+ Ch tiu v tiu hao nhin liu: Chi ph nhin liu ring cho mt n v sn phm, ngha l:
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Bn b= n Q
+ Gi thnh sn xut hi
(g/g)
y l ch tiu tng hp, l t s gia gi thnh v lng hi sn xut ra.
g=
G (/T) D
G - gi thnh, gm gi thnh c nh v gi thnh thay thay i. G = Gc + G t Gi thnh c nh gm: lng, vn u t thit b, bo dng v sa cha.... Gi thnh thay i gm: chi ph v nhin liu, nc, in, nguyn vt liu ph....
1.2. Ch tiu v ch vn hnh.
- H s s dng thi gian sn sng:
K ss =
z lv z ss
Trong : zlv - l s gi trong mt nm = 8760 gi; zss - tng thi gian lm vic v thi gian d phng. Thi gian lm vic ca l hi trong mt nm c th t 8550 gi, thi gian sn sng 7700 8300 gi. Gi tr ca Kss c th t 91 99%.
- H s khai thc cng sut nh mc.
K cs =
Dn Dm .Z n
Trong : Dn - lng hi sn xut trong mt nm (T/nm) = Dtb. zlv; Dtb - sn lng hi trung bnh sn xut trong 1 gi (T/h); Dm - sn lng hi nh mc (T/h); Zn - s gi trong mt nm = 8760 gi.
2. CHN S LNG NI HI V PHN B PH TI GIA CC L.
Trng hp lp t nhiu ni hi vi nhng c tnh k thut khc nhau, cn s dng bao nhiu ni hi vi nng sut hi bao nhiu; ph ti phn b th no cho hp l. Thng c cc cch sau: - Chn ni hi c hiu sut cao nht gnh ph ti gc. L hi c nng sut thp gnh ph ti ngn. - Phn phi ph ti t l vi hiu sut cc l;
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- Phn phi ph ti t l vi nng sut cc l; - Phn phi ph ti sao cho tiu hao nhin liu thp nht. y l bin php c hiu qu cao nht, trong thc t cn c s dng.
+ Vn hnh l hi:
Nhim v ca cng vic vn hnh l hi l phi p ng y yu cu ca c s s dng, p ng c yu cu k thut v cht lng hi, nc nng, hi qu nhit, ng thi m bo cc ch tiu kinh t: gi thnh mt n v hi, ch tiu chi ph nhin liu ... Theo tiu chun Vit Nam qui nh v quy trnh vn hnh l hi, nhng quy nh v m bo an ton thit b v an ton cho ngi s dng. Nhng quy nh v kim tra nh k tnh trng k thut ca thit b. C s s dng l hi xy dng quy trnh cng ngh vn hnh t khu u ti khu cui cng trc khi s dng cho my v thit b cng tc. Phn ny ch nhm gii thiu mt s cng on trong quy trnh cng ngh vn hnh l hi.
- Khi ng l:
Trc khi khi ng l hi cn kim tra trng thi k thut ca tt c cc b phn quan trng ca l hi: thit b chnh v ph, bnh cha hi cao p, cc van v ng h o, h thng iu khin, l t...phi trng thi tt. Cp nc cho l hi mc thp nht v n nh. iu quan trng nht l khng cho php ng sut nhit nh hng qu mc ti cc b phn ca l hi, gy bin dng c th nt v... c bit i vi cc chi tit c dy mng hoc khng u. Trng hp cp nc nng ( qua b phn hm nng nc) th chnh nhit theo chiu dy ca trng cha nc khng c qu ln. chnh nhit theo chiu dy tnh theo cng thc:
t =
Trong :
2a
x 2 (0C)
x - chiu dy vch tnh n b mt dn nhit. Gi tr cc i ng vi x = ( - chiu dy vch)

t =
2a
a - h s dn nhit ca vch (m2/h)
dt - tc tng nhit ca vch (0C/h) chn bng 60 900C/h. d
Thi gian cp nc nng vo l c th t 1 1,5 gi vi l hi trung bnh, vi l hi c thng s cao c th ti 1,5 2 gi. Trong qu trnh nhm l cn c bit lu vic thi kh, trnh hin tng ng sng bng cch s dng qut gi. Sau khi cp nc y , bt u nhm l: l ghi s
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dng nhin liu rn c th nhm bng ci, hoc g tm du. L t phun c th nhm bng du; nhm nng nhit ca nhin liu ti nhit bt la. Trong trng cha nc c s phn cch r rt: phn trn cha hi, phn di l nc, c h s to nhit khc nhau, nn gia hai phn c chnh nhit (c th ti 500C) lm cho trng c xu hng b un trong qu trnh nhm l, sau tr li bnh thng khi n nh. Cc dn ng trao i nhit khi nng s dn n, v th mt u dn lp c nh, u cn li cn trng thi t do. Ngoi ra do nhit khng u trn dn ng, xut hin ng sut nhit, dn n nt rn cc u mi ni, c bit l cc mi hn. i vi b hm nng nc, giai on u lng hi bc cha nhiu, nc cp b xung nh, trong khi khi nng vn i qua u n, rt d b qu nhit cc ng nc. B hm nng bng gang c lp t ng ti tun hon, khng cho php nc si. B hm nng bng thp c th cho php nc bc hi vi t l no . B qu nhit cn c quan tm c bit, v hi nhit v p sut kh cao. Lu lng hi giai on nhm l hu nh bng khng, trong khi khi nng vn i qua, lm cho b qu nhit qu nng. Khi khi ng cn m van x bt ra ngoi hi qua b qu nhit t ti tc 2 dn 3 m/s, lu lng x ban u 10% v cui giai on nhm l t 15% nng sut hi nh mc. Nhit chnh lch gia vch ng v hi rt ln (ti 2700C), rt khng m bo an ton, do cn tip tc x bt. Do , yu t quyt nh ti thi gian nhm l l tc tng nhit cho php ca cc phn t l v kh nng lm mt b hm nc v b qu nhit. Tc tng nhit cho php t 60 900C/h c bit c th ti 2800C/h. Thi gian khi ng l thng thng t 2 4 h vi l trung p, 4 5h vi l cao p v 8 12h vi l siu cao p.
- Vn hnh n nh.
vn hnh l n nh, thit b l hi trang b dng c o - kim tra v h iu chnh t ng.
+ Thit b o - Kim tra.

Dng c o v kim tra thit b l hi dng xc nh thng xuyn cc thng s lm vic nhm theo di ch s dng, cng nh chnh l li cc thng s khi my lm vic c sai lch so vi thng s qui nh. Ngi ta phn bit 3 loi dng c o kim tra: c, ghi v tch lu. Dng c c dng cho cc thng s c gi tr c nh mi im (dng kim ch trn thang chia sn) Dng c ghi, ghi trn bng giy gi tr thng s ph thuc vo thi gian. Dng c tch lu thuc loi my tnh nng lng in v kh.
92
Thng thng cc loi dng c trn thuc loi phi hp (c kt hp vi ghi...). Ton b dng c c lp trn bng quan st trc l hi. S lng cc dng c o kim tra tng ln, khi nng cao nng sut v thng s hi ca thit b; thng b tr cc loi dng c sau: * p k o p sut hi bo ho trong trng l hi, p sut hi qa nhit ca ra ca b phn qu nhit, p sut nc cung cp.
* Cp nhit hoc nhit k o nhit nc cung cp v hi qu nhit. * Cp nhit o nhit ca khi l sau b qu nhit, sau l hi, sau b hm nng nc, sau b hm nng khng kh. o nhit khng kh i vo b hm nng khng kh v kh chy. * ng h thng gi o h p phn trn l t. h p v p sut ng kh v ng khng kh ca thit b ti cc im b tr o nhit khi v khng kh. * Dng c phn tch kh t mg xc nh hm lng CO2 v O2 trong khi. Thng b tr pha trc b hm nng nc. * Lu lng k o lng nc cung cp, nng sut hi cui cng. + Vn iu chnh t ng. H iu chnh t ng b tr lm vic trn thit b chnh v ph lin tc o ti trng nh mc, ch tiu kinh t tt nht, s lm vic n nh nht ca thit b. Ngoi ra h iu chnh t ng cn cho php rt bt ngi phc v my. Hng lot h iu chnh t ng vi nguyn tc lm vic khc nhau: loi c in, loi thu lc, loi kh nn v loi in t... Mi loi c nhng u nhc im khc nhau. Nh c h thng iu chnh t ng, hiu qu kinh t k thut cao, c th nng cao hiu sut 2 2,5%, ng thi gim chi ph nhin liu. Vn c bn ca thit b l lun gi mt cch chnh xc khi ti trng thay i, gi tr ti u ca p sut v nhit ca hi, cng nh cc thng s ca qu trnh chy. B iu chnh t ng nhit ca hi qu nhit l nhit tr b tr trong ng hi qu nhit ra khi l hi. B phn iu chnh p sut hi phc tp hn v n lin quan ti b phn iu chnh t ng qu trnh chy, ph thuc dng chy ca nguyn liu.Trn cc l hi dng nhin liu kh, thng b tr b phn t ng - iu chnh ch lm vic ca l hi (ch chy) cng nh ch an ton ca thit b. Bi ton iu chnh t ng ch lm vic cho cc loi l hi bao gm: gi t ng thng s hi cho, h s tha khng kh, gim p v p sut dng kh v dng khng kh. Ch an ton t ng c tc dng ngng cung cp kh cho l t khi iu kin lm vic bnh thng cc b phn l hi b ph v. B phn lm vic chnh thng l cc xu - pp - ct liu, lm vic
93
ng vi cc tn hiu tng ng. Trn s (Hnh 5.1) cho ta v d v s dng c t ng iu chnh ca l hi DKBP, lm vic vi nhin liu kh.
94
Mch hi chnh Mch cung cp Hm nng Nc Mch kh Qut thi

tn hiu iu chnh
Vo ng khi Truyn kh vo vi t Bm khi
p lc tn hiu
L hi
Ni t dng c vo s trung tm tn hiu bng ca l hi a) b)
Hnh 5.1. S b tr cc dng c o - kim tra trn thit b l hi DKBP lm vic vi nhin liu kh.
95
p lc hi l xung chnh tip nhn t mch hi chnh, truyn ti b iu chnh chy, thng qua c cu s dng ti b phn cp nhin liu v khng kh. ng thi cng tc ng ti c cu iu chnh bm khi, lm thay i s lng nhin liu v khng kh cung cp vo l t, cng nh kh khi cn li trong l. bo m p lc khng kh trc vi phun v gim p sut phn trn l t, b phn iu chnh chy cn c hiu chnh s b xung p lc. i vi l hi kiu trng, vic gi mc nc khng i trong trng l cc k quan trng v mc nc h thp trong trng c th lm qu nng ng si. Khi nc qu y, lm n chy vo b phn qu nhit, sau tuc bin, dn ti h hng thit b. Mc nc c gi khng i l nh s kch ng ca su-pp cung cp ca l hi. i vi l hi ln, dng b phn iu chnh t ng 2 xung (Hnh 5.2). Dng c ny bao gm ng iu nhit 1. u trn ca n ni ng cch nhit 3 vi khng gian trng 15. ng khng cch nhit 11 vi khng gian cha nc sao cho mc nc trong b iu nhit xp x mc nc trong trng. Nhit nc b iu nhit thp hn nhit nc trong trng, v ng 11 v ng 1 khng cch nhit, nn d dng truyn nhit vo mi trng. Nhit hi phn trn ca ng iu nhit cng bng trong trng. B iu chnh lm vic chnh xc nh xung th hai truyn theo ng 2 t m o 14 t trn ng dn hi qu nhit t l hi n hp gi 9. Khi tng ch ph hi, p lc hi s tt, mng ngn s tng ln tc ng ti hp gi 9, tay n 5, tc ng ti ng c 10, su-pp iu chnh 13. Tay ko 8 dng tch tip im 7. Cui cng c cu iu chnh s n nh v tr cn thit. Khi gim nng sut hi, qu trnh tc ng ngc li.
+ Ngng l:
Qu trnh ngng l l cng vic rt quan trng: ngng do s c, ngng l d phng nng hay lnh hoc ngng l bnh thng theo qui phm. Ngng l do s c, tc ng n ton b thng s ca l mt cch t ngt s khng trnh khi nhng h hi. Ngng l bnh thng, trc ht ct cc ph ti, cung cp nhin liu. i vi l than phun, ngng l khng lu th ngng cp than. S dng ht s than trong b phn cung cp th dng vn hnh my. Trng hp dng l di ngy phi dng ht bt than ri mi dng, phng kh nng t t chy ca bt than. Khi ngng cp than, phi chy tip qut khi khong 5 10 pht, thi ht cc kh chy, trnh n khi nhm l sau ny. i vi l ghi xch, dng cp than, gim tc ghi, gim cp gi, sau mi cho dng ghi xch.Trnh ghi xch trc tip tip xc vi nhit cao. Ngng qut gi
96
nhng vn cn thng gi t nhin, to iu kin chy ht nhin liu. Sau khi nhin liu chy ht, cho ghi xch lm vic thi x v lm ngui ghi xch.
Hnh 5.2. B iu chnh 2 xung mc nc trong trng l hi. Sau khi ct nhin liu, cng ct dn ph ti, gi mc nc bnh thng. Khi ct hon ton ph ti, p sut hi v nhit c th tng cao, cn x hi qua van hi b qu nht. Khng c l hi qu ngui nhanh (thng ko di 30 50 pht). Khi ngng l sa cha, cn lm ngui khong 18 24gi (loi nh) v 36 48 gi (loi ln), nc t nhit 70 800C th x ht. + Mt s vn v s dng l hi. Tiu chun Vit Nam 6004 - 6008 ban hnh 1995 qui nh v yu cu k thut, an ton v thit k, kt cu... phi c tun th nghim ngt. Sau y l mt s vn cn lu thc hin: - Bo v b mt truyn nhit
97
B mt trao i nhit ca l hi b bm bn lm gim kh nng truyn nhit, lm cho nhit kh thot khi b mt hm nng nhit cn cao, hiu sut l hi gim. ng thi lm tng tr lc kh ng ca dng kh, lm tng ti trng cho ng khi, tng chi ph nng lng in cho vic thng gi. c im vt liu bm bn trn b mt trao i nhit cng khc nhau ph thuc vo loi nhin liu t chy, phng php t v ch nhit vng c b mt hm nng bn. Ngi ta phn bit: * Bn b mt hm nng, khi nhit bn ngoi ng vt qu im sng i vi nhin liu chy. Khi chy nhin liu rn theo lp hoc phn bt trong l t. Khi chy nhin liu lng trong l dng ngn uc v i khi nhin liu rn trong l xycln. Khi t chy nhin liu kh. * Bn b mt hm nng, nhit mt ngoi ng thp hn nhit im sng i vi nhin liu chy.
- Khi chy nhin liu rn theo lp hoc phun bt nhin liu.

Nhit bn ngoi ng cao hn nhit im sng (ng kh). Vt liu bn l tro nh, c th lm sch bng tia hi hoc tia khng kh thi trc tip vo. D dng lm sch bng c hc. Phn t tro bm vo ng di tc dng ca lc ht nguyn t lp mt. Hiu qu ca lc ny tng khi t s din tch mt vt th vi th tch ca n, c ngha l gim kch thc vt. Ht tro cng nh cng bm cht. Khi dng kh nng thi ngang qua hng ng, v tr lp ng bn khng ph thuc vo hng dng kh, ng li pha sau hng ng (Hnh 5.3), pha cnh bn t hn. Kch thc lp ng bn ph thuc tc dng kh. Khi tng tc , kch thc lp ng gim. Mc bn b mt hm nng sau qu trnh n nh ph thuc vo mt tro trong khi. i vi nhin liu chy c tro thp, bn b mt t hn khi dng nhin liu c tro ln. Tc hi ln nht bn b mt hm nng l gim tr s h s trao i nhit ca b mt hm nng cho. nh gi mc bn ta dng h s bn:
t 1 1 = t kt k s
m3.h.grad/Kcal
Trong : kt, ks - h s truyn nhit ca chm ng bn tng ng v chm ng sch. Khi t nhin liu rn, vi dng kh nng thi ngang, gi tr gim khi tng tc kh nng v tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi ng knh ng. i vi chm ng kiu bn c, trong iu kin nh nhau, nh hn hai ln so vi cc hng bn cnh. Gim bc dc tng i ca ng trong chm ng kiu bn c t 2 xung 1, lm gim (khong 4 ln) v lm gim v bin mt hon ton lp tro cnh sau ca
98
ng. Thng hng chuyn ng ca dng kh nng v mt lp tro khng nh hng ti . H s ca chm ng c g cao hn nhiu so vi chm ng nhn. T cc iu kin trnh by trn cho thy, tng tc dng kh nng c th l bin php hp l t lm sch b mt hm nng khi bm bn mt ngoi ng. Tuy nhin, cng ch c th tng mt gii hn nht nh; v tng qu ln s lm tng tr lc, tng p sut khi, tng chi ph nng lng in cho thng gi. Gii hn di tc khi 6 m/s (thi ngang chm ng) v 8 m/s (chm ng b hm nng khng kh). Gii hn trn ca khi vi iu kin hn ch mi mn 9 14 m/s ph thuc vo loi nhin liu v phng php t chy. ln ca h s bn i vi chm ng nhn khi t chy nhin liu rn, tr g, xc nh theo cng thc:
= C .Ct . 0 + (m2.h grad/Kcal)

Trong :
0 - bn ban u, xc nh theo th (Hnh 5.4);

Cd - h s hiu chnh ng knh ng vi chm ng bn, xc nh bng th; Ct - h s hiu chnh thnh phn tro; 0,1 i vi cacbon v 0,7 i vi than bn;
- h s hiu chnh bng 0,002 a vo khi xc nh ln i vi b qu nhit, cng nh i vi chm ng bc hi;
17,0 m/s
10,8 m/s
4,9 m/s
Hnh 5.3. Cc dng lng ng bn trn thnh ng khi kh nng chuyn ng ngang ng vi tc khc nhau.
Khi t chy g, h s bn c gi tr bng 0,01 m2.h.grad/Kcal (chm ng l hi) 0,008 (i vi b qu nhit) v 0,012 (b hm nng nc ng nhn). - Khi t chy mazt v mt s loi nhin liu rn trong l t kiu xicln. Sau mt s chu k lm vic ca l hi trong iu kin khng thun li (khong 10 15 ngy) chiu dy ca lp bn c th t ti 4 7mm, i khi 15 20mm. iu ny lm cho kh x cn c nhit cao, tng tr lc kh ng dng kh. trnh hin tng ny
99
cn phi lm sch b mt hm nng. Lp bn c hm lng cao xt silic, xti st v sulphat ca kim loi kim. Oxt silic, xt st c trong thnh phn lp bn ngng t l do thnh phn khong ca nhin liu. Sulphat kim loi kim to thnh trong qu trnh chy ca nhin liu, trng thi hi nhit si thp. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng cng vi kh l hi, chng s ngng t trn ng cng vi mt lp mng xt silic v xt st (kh cng). ngn nga to thnh lp lng khi t chy mazt, ngi ta cho thm ph gia vo nhin liu(khong 0,1 1%) hoc a trc tip vo bung la nh thit b thi. Ph gia dng ph bin hin nay l -l- mt bao gm hn hp ccbont Canxi v Magi (CaO = 30 34%; MgO = 21 22%; CO2 = 38 48%).
m2.h.grad/Kcal H s hiu chnh
ng knh ng d (mm)
ng bn
Tc kh (m/s) m2.h.grad/Kcal
a)
Chm ng kiu bn c
Tc kh (m/s)
b) Hnh 5.4. th xc nh h s bn chm ng nhn ph thuc tc dng bi
100
a/ ng t bn
b/ ng t kiu bn c
- Khi t chy nhin liu kh, bn trn b mt trao i nhit khng ng k; thng l lp b hng mng. H s bn tnh ton khi t chy kh t nhin khong 0,005 m2.h.grad/Kcal i vi cc b mt hm nng. * B mt hm nng i lu, nhit thnh ngoi ng thp hn nhit ng sng. Lp bn gii hn phn di ng b hm nng nc kiu ng hoc phn di ca hng ng gang l hi nng sut thp. Tro ng li trn b mt m ca ng lin kt thnh lp, dy tng ln dn v rn li, nhit b mt tng cao, qu trnh ngng hi nc t khi s chm dt. Qu trnh ny khng cn tr s lm vic bnh thng ca l hi. Ngi ta lm sch bn trn chm ng khi dng my sa cha. - R b mt hm nng ca l hi R b mt kim loi l hin tng ph hu kim loi di tc ng ca mi trng bn ngoi, gy ra bi qu trnh ho hc hoc in ho. Mt ngoi ng tip xc trc tip vi khi v bn trong vi nc v hi nc. c tnh ph hu bao gm: r ton b v r cc b. R bn ngoi b mt hm nng ca l hi c phn bit: nhit thp do xy v lu hunh gy ra khi t chy cc loi nhin liu. nhit cao ch c t chy mazt. R do xy tng khi m nhin liu tng; v lm tng m ca khi tng nhit im sng. B mt trao i nhit bng thp b ph hoi nhanh hn bng gang. R do axt Sulfuric khi t nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh (mazt c hm lng lu hunh cao). Kh SO2 v SO3 lin kt vi hi nc cha trong khi to thnh axt Sulfuric H2SO4. Kt qu trong khi s c hn hp hai thnh phn H2O - H2SO4. Khi h c lm lnh, bt u c hin tng ngng axit Sulfuric nhit cao hn nhit ngng t ca hi nc. nhit to thnh axt Sulfuric lng trong khi xc nh cn c vo hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu. V hm lng H2SO4 trong khi l, nn tc ng nhanh ln kim loi khng xy ra. Tc r do axt Sunfuric t cc i nht 120 1400C. loi tr tc hi r do axt Sunfuric, ngi ta tm cch gim nhit bt u tch axt Sunfuric lng khi khi bng cch s dng ph gia. Ph gia ch yu dng cho nhin liu lng v cng c th dng cho nhin liu rn c hm lng lu hunh cao. Chy mazt c th gim r do H2SO4 khi tha khng kh t 1,02 1,05 (gim SO2 chuyn thnh SO3 trong qu trnh chy). * Vn bo v mi trng. Vn mi trng ang c th gii quan tm. Hng trm nc k vo hip c KyoTo, nhm hn ch ti mc ti thiu kh thi vo khng kh, nhm gi cho nhit ca tri t khng tng cao.
101
Mi nc c qui nh ring v mc cho php ca kh thi: v d nng bi cc nc bng 50mg/m3tc, nng SOx cc nc chu u bng 400, M bng 585 mg/m3tc. Nng NOx c 400, Php 650.... - B kh bi
+ Khi nim chung:

Dng sn phm chy, chuyn ng cng kh l hi, mang theo cc phn t tro nh, cng khng chy c ca nhin liu. Tro s lng ng trn b mt hm nng, lm gim h s truyn nhit, tng tr lc thu lc ca dng kh v lm hao mn b mt t nng. Thnh phn ca tro gm cc phn t nh, kch thc nh hn 30m. Phn t to hn ph hoi lp lng ng v mi mn b mt t nng. Bi do nhin liu rn chy v x cng ca sn phm chy trong khng kh chim 70 75% tro. Khi chy theo lp trong l t ghi c hc c ti 15 20% tro cha trong nhin liu. Kh x ra ngoi vi cc phn t cng v xt sulfua lm nhim khng kh xung quanh. Loi tr xt lu hunh l kh khn, nhng hm lng ca n trong sn phm chy nh. loi tr phn t cng ngi ta s dng thit b thi tro. Thit b thi tro nn b tr l hi c nng sut 3 Tn/h hi tiu chun, c bit khi t chy than nu. Hin nay ngi ta s dng 3 kiu thit b thi tro: kiu c hc, kiu kh v m, kiu in v phi hp. Mc lm sch xc nh bng h s lm sch 0: Vq .a Vq .b b 0 = 100 = 1 100% Vq .a a
Trong : Vq - th tch qua b phn thi tro ca khi (m3/h) a,b - s lng ca tro nh trc v sau b phn thi tro, xc nh bng thc nghim (g/m3). H s lm sch nh gi s lm vic ca b phn thi tro theo ln phn t loi b. d P = 1 100% c Trong : d, c - lng tro ring trc v sau b phn thi tro (g/m3);
- B phn thi tro kiu c hc - kh.
Hin nay c hai kiu chnh: kiu xycln v kiu khe chch. * Kiu xycln (Hnh 5.5) Nguyn tc lm vic ca b phn thi tro kiu xycln nh sau:
102
Lung khi c cha bi c thi tip tuyn vi thn xycln vi tc cao (khong 20m/s), hnh thnh chuyn ng xoy lc. Phn t tro cng chuyn ng theo qun tnh p vo mt trong thn xycln v ri xung di, kh nh thot nn trn. Chuyn ng xoy lm cho p sut tm xoy gim, kt qu dng kh phn cn di thay i hng i theo tm xycln ln trn, a vo ng x. Tro hng xung di x ra ngoi theo chu k hoc lin tc, c phun nc ti nh lm gim bi. Kh vo xycln thng theo ng c tit din ch nht, cho hiu qu lm vic tt. Gim b rng khe ng vo s rt ngn qung ng chuyn ng ca phn t cng ti khi tip xc vi thnh tr, lm cho hiu qu lm vic s tt. Lc phn ly ly tm ca xycln P= y: m u2 r
m - khi lng phn t bi u - tc vo ca dng kh r - bn knh xycln .
Hnh 5.5. S hot ng ca xycln
Cng mt tc i vo u, lc P t l nghch vi bn knh r, do b phn thi tro thng dng xycln c ng knh nh. Tuy nhin ng knh gim ti mc no , nu khng s lm gim hiu qu lm vic ca n. Xycln ch to bng gang cho php t n trong dng kh c nhit cao (ti 4500C). Nhc im ca xycln l tr lc cao (85mm ct nc) lm tro b ng v kh lm kn kht. i vi l hi khi s lng sn phm chy ln hn 30.000 m3/h, ng knh xycln c th ti 250mm. * Kiu khe chch. Thit b thi tro kiu khe chch s dng vi sn phm chy ti 30.000 m3/h than t c tro nh; kch thc ht tro c 30 35 m, t hiu sut 80%. S lm vic m t trn (Hnh 5.7). Sng khe chch ch to bng thp gc hoc bng gang, t nghing 300 so vi hng chuyn ng ca dng kh. Lung bi i qua sng, mt phn ln kh tch ra khi nhng phn t bi nh. Phn t bi c kch thc ln hn va p vo mt sng khe chch, cun theo dng kh i vo xycln. Ti y qu trnh lm sch kh c thc hin. Tc sn phm chy trc sng khe chch 10 15 m/s.
103
Chiu di thanh thp gc

ly = fk bk
Trong : fk - din tch tit din ca vo (m2) bk - b rng ca vo. Vq fk = (m2).
Sc cn thu lc khe chch b phn thi tro. 2 Khi s dng h s thc nghim , ta c c cng thc thc nghim 0,58.Vq fk = h1 + k 273 Trong : Vq , k - th tch v nhit ca khi h - xc nh theo (mm ct nc). Bng 5.1. Kch thc hnh hc ca xycln NHI - - GA (Hnh 5.5)
Tn n v o Kiu Xicln H-15 15 40 - 800 0,66D 1,74D 2,26D 2D 4,56D 0,6D 0,3 0,4D 0,2D 0,26D 0,6D 0,8D 0,24 0,32D H-15y 15 200 - 800 0,66D 1,5D 1,51D 1,5D 3,31D 0,6D 0,3 0,4D 0,2D 0,26D 0,6D 0,8D 0,24 0,32D H-24 24 400 - 1000 1,11D 2,11D 2,11D 1,75D 4,26D 0,6D 0,3 0,4D 0,2D 0,26D 0,6D 0,8D 0,24 0,32D H-11 11 40 - 800 0,48D 1,56D 2,08D 2D 4,38D 0,6D 0,3 0,4D 0,2D 0,26D 0,6D 0,8D 0,24 0,32D
h = .
(N/m2);
- Gc nghing ca np v cnh Xycln *0 - ng knh trong ca xycln - Chiu cao bn trong ca vo a - Chiu cao ng thi ha - Chiu cao phn tr ca thn hT - Chiu cao phn cn hK - Chiu cao xycln H -ng knh trong ng x kh d -ng knh trong l x tro d1 - Chiu rng ca vo xycln b - Chiu rng ca vo bn ngoi b1 - Chiu di ng vo l - ng knh trung bnh xycln Dtb - Chiu cao ming thot tro hn
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
104
B phn thi tro m. (Hnh 5.8) Bi tro ca sn phm chy c loi b, sch ca kh t ti 85%. Cn lu , loi thit b ny t dng khi sn phm chy ca nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh cao hn 0,9% cho 1000 Kcal/kg nhit chy, v trnh cho kim loi b ph hu. Sn phm chy vo b phn thi tro theo hng tip tuyn vi thn b phn, thc hin chuyn ng xoy lc. Nh tip xc vi hi nc phun ra t vi phun, bi b lm m ho va tch ra khi dng kh. Kh sch tch ra v thot ra ngoi phn trn ca thn. Hn hp tro tch ra qua rnh b phn thi tro m. * B thi tro kiu in. B phn thi tro kiu in cho hiu sut lm sch t ti 98%, cc phn t c kch thc 5m b loi b hon ton. Kch thc phn t ti 60m, hiu sut t 72%. S nguyn tc lm vic trnh by trn (hnh 5.9) Ti chnh tm ng, ngi ta lp t mt in cc, ni vi cc m ca ngun mt chiu. ng ni vi cc dng ca ngun. in p mt chiu t ti 90.000 Vn xung quanh in cc to ra mt trng in t. Bi tro bm thnh lp trn in cc, lm gim hiu qu lm vic ca b phn thi tro. V vy in cc cn phi c lm sch. Tc chuyn ng ca kh 1,3 2 m/s. Sc cn thu lc 5 20 mm ct nc chi ph in nng 0,3 0,5 KWh/1000m3 kh.
Kh ra Kh ra Kh vo
a)
Nh nht
b)
Hnh 5.6. Xycln Nhi - - Ga a/ Dng chung b/ Kch thc 1- Ming vo; 2- Thn; 3- ng thot kh; 4- Cnh xon; 5- Phn cn ca thn xycln; 6- ng ra ca kh; 7- Thng tro.
105
* Gim bt kh c hi. - Gim SO2: Vic kh lu hunh c th tin hnh trc, trong v sau khi t. Trong khi t, c th a trc tip vi vo bung la, b nhit phn theo phn ng: CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 CaO tip xc vi SO2 trong khi, c phn ng 1 CaO + SO2 + O2 = CaSO4 2 Phn ng xy ra thun li khi nhit 820 8500C. Nhit cng cao, hiu qu cng gim, nhit 13500C th CaSO4 li b phn hu tr li thnh SO2. Phng php kh SO2 trong khi t n gin, r tin v c dng ph bin. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn cho khi sau khi kh i qua cc cht hp th SO2 cng cho kt qu kh tt
Kh sch Kh sch
Bi vo
Bi vo
a)
Ra
Nh nht Vo
b)
Hnh 5.7. S b phn thi tro kiu khe chch (a) v kiu 6 xycln (b).
106
Li dng phn ng hot ho bng cch phun nc di dng sng vo bng hot ho t gia b sy khng kh v b kh bi, lm tng b mt tip xc: CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 + SO2 = CaSO3 + H2O
7 3 6 1 2 4 5 8 9 10
Hnh 5.8. B phn thi tro m Hnh 5.9. S b thi tro kiu in 1-thn; 2- ng vo; 3- ng ra 1- ng vo; 2- in cc lng; 4- vi phun m; 5- sng ng 3- in cc dy; 4- thot kh; 6- ng nc; 7- vi ti 5- loi tro 8- ca; 9- van thu lc 10- ng loi hn hp tro Ngoi ra cn s dng phng php nghin vi thnh bt (khong 80% ht c kch thc 25m) cn lu , lun gi nhit kh thi cao hn 100C so vi nhit ng sng.
- Gim NOx: NOx to thnh t nit trong khng kh v trong nhin liu. X l thc hin ngay trong qu trnh chy v x l sau khi hnh thnh. Phng php x l trong khi t l ch yu. Ta c cc phn ng sau: N2 + O = NO + N N + O2 = NO2 N + OH = NO + H
107
Thc nghim cho thy, di 15000C th NOx hnh thnh t, nhng trn 15000C th tng mnh. Qu trnh hnh thnh NOx c th gii thch: Kh clorua hyr trong cht bc ca nhin liu b nhit phn gii thnh gc CH t do, gp nit trong khng kh thnh HCN v N ri phn ng vi xy rt nhanh to thnh NOx. Ta cng thy di 15000C thnh phn NOx cng rt t. Nit trong nhin liu b nhit phn gii thnh N, CN, HCN 600 8000C, do trong bung la c nhit cao rt d b xy ho (chim khong 60 80% tng NOx). NOx ca nhin liu ph thuc nhiu vo h s tha khng kh. T c s trn, gim NOx ta c cc bin php sau: - Gim h s tha khng kh v nng xy; - Gim bt nhit chy trong bung la; - Gim thi gian kh lu nhit cao; Cn lu , khi lm gim NOx, ng thi li lm gim hiu qu qu trnh chy. Trong k thut thng dng phng php ti tun hon khi, phng php t phn cp v dng vi phun. Phng php ti tun hon khi, dng qut ti tun hon ht khi trc b sy khng kh a vo bung hn hp vi khng kh ri a vo bung la. Phng php ny va gim nhit va gim nng xy. H s ti tun hon khong 15 20%, lng NOx trong l than phun gim 25%. Phng php t phn cp, ban u t vi h s tha khng kh bng 0,8 cp mt. Giai on cp hai, h s tha khng kh ln hn 1, cung cp khng kh cho chy v gim c 50% NOx. Phng php dng vi phun, vi phun c gi cp mt chim khong 15 20%, gi cp hai chim 35 45%, cn li do gi cp hai ph. Nhit cch vi phun 2 m gim t 16000C xung 14000C, lng NOx gim 16% v trnh ng x.
Cu hi n tp chng 5: Vn hnh v bo dng
1. 2. 3. 4.
Xc nh cc ch tiu kinh t, k thut ca thit b? C s la chn s lng ni hi v phn b ph ti gia cc l hi? Trnh by cc bc vn hnh l hi? Mt s vn v s dng l hi?
108
TI LIU THAM KHO 1 - Cng ngh l hi v mng nhit Phan L Dn, Nguyn Cng Hn NXBKHKT 1999 2 - L hi - P. .Max Nh xut bn nng lng Moskba1968. 3 - Calculthermique des chauderes. Friedirch et Kark Nuber Dunol. Paris 1972.
109

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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

GS.TS. PHM XUN VNG (CH BIN) PSG.TS. NGUYN VN MUN

Chng I : KHI NIM V L HI

140 140 255

570 570 585

570 570 570

230 230 260

Hnh 1.6. S nguyn l lm vic v cu to ca l bao hi.

1 O2 = CO2 2 1Nm3 CO + 0,5Nm3 O2 = 1Nm3 CO2 Vi lu hunh S 1Nm S

SO2 + O2 = 3 3 + 1Nm O2 = 1Nm SO2

Vi hyrsunfua H2S + 1 Nm3 H2S + 3 O2 = SO2 + H2O 2

Vkk = 0,0889 C lv + 0,375 S lv + 0,265 H lv 0,0333 O lv i vi nhin liu kh:

1 79 O ( 0,5CO + 0,5 H 2 + 2CH 4 ) 1 2 21 100 RO2 O2 H 2 CH 4

Nhin liu rn: =

1 O2 0,5CO 79 1 21 100 RO2 O2 CO

N lv 1 VN 2 = + 0, 79Vkk Nm3/kg 100 1, 251

VN2 = 0, 008 N lv + 0, 79Vkk

Th tch khi thc t:

(KJ/Kg hay KJ/Nm3)

I kk - entalpi khng kh l thuyt Ikk = Vkk.Ckk.t

Itro Entalpi ca tro: I tro y: A ab Alv = ab Ctro t 100

C tro - T nhit ca tro nhit t. (Bng 1.4)

(C.t) H20, kJ / m3tc

4 PHNG TRNH CN BNG NHIT V HIU SUT THIT B

100 W lv W lv + 4,184 100 100

kk - H s khng kh tha u vo b sy khng kh

v (Ckk.Tkk)l nhit v t nhit ca khng kh u nng

Lng nhit do hi phun vo l hi: y

iqn, iqc - entalpi ca hi qu nhit v ca nc cp . +Tn tht nhit do khi mang i:

Q Q1 100 0 0 , q 2 = 2 100 0 0 L Qcc Qcc

Chng II : QA TRNH CHY V CU TO L T

- hng s vt l, tu thuc loi nhin liu

0 - kch thc ban u ca phn t

Phn ng chy ca S to thnh anhyrtsunfua:

(12m + n ) phn khi

Hnh 2.2. S phn ng

dy chuyn chy ca Hyr

Phn t OH tc dng vi hyr theo phng trnh . OH + H2 H2O + H (c)

e) nhin liu khng kh x kh khi

g) Hnh 2.3. L t nhin liu rn theo lp

Chiu di lp nhin liu

Vng hon nguyn CO

Kh chy Nhin liu ti

Chy cc Tro x ghi l Khng kh Nng Nhit 0C Khng kh

Bung la ghi th cng ngtraxt c c ht 2 5 mm ngtraxt c c ht 2 3 mm ngtraxt c ht ln Than bn cc Than bn ht nh

Bung la ghi xch 200 200

Vng chy kit

Vng chun b Vng xy ho Vng chy

ngtraxt Don Cm 1160 280 330 0 7 20 0,75 50 0,25 1000

800 900 220 280 0 14 25 0,7 55 0,3 1000

- Bung la ghi nghing.

Chy khng hon ton v ho hc

C kh ho cung cp nhin liu

Than xu Than (V2 25%)

900 900 250

Chy khng hon ton v c hc

Nhit th din tch 103 Kcal/m3.h

Nhit th th tch 103 Kcal/m3.h

thnh lp c nh Ghi xch dng thng Bn c Xch bn c

Hnh 2.9. Cc kiu mn chn

Hnh 2.10. S l t nhin kiu dng bt

a) d) Hnh 2.11. Cu to cc loi vi phun

Hnh 2.12. S t vi phun trn tng bung la.

+ Bung la t nhin liu lng.