Chng 1 NGUYN L LM VIC CA L HI 1.1. Vai tr ca l hi v phn loi 1.1.1.

Vai tr ca l hi trong nn kinh t L hi l thit b trong xy ra qu trnh t chy nhin liu, nhit lng ta ra t qu trnh chy s truyn cho nc trong l bin nc thnh hi. Ngha l thc hin qu trnh bin i ho nng ca nhin liu thnh nhit nng ca dng hi. L hi l thit b c mt gn nh trong tt c cc x nghip, nh my. Trong cc nh my cng nghip nh nh my ha cht, ng, ru, bia, nc gii kht, thuc l, dt, ch bin thc phm . . . , hi nc phc v cho cc qu trnh cng ngh nh un nu, chng ct cc dung dch, c c v sy sn phm . . . Hi y thng l hi bo ha, c p sut hi tng ng vi nhit bo ha cn thit cho qu trnh cng ngh. Loi l hi ny c gi l l hi cng nghip, c p sut hi thp, sn lng nh. Trong nh my in, l hi sn xut ra hi lm quay tuc bin, phc v cho vic sn xut in nng, i hi phi c cng sut ln, hi l hi qu nhit c p sut v nhit cao. Loi ny c gi l l hi sn xut in nng. Nhin liu t trong l hi c th l nhin liu rn nh than, g, b ma, c th l nhin liu lng nh du nng (FO), du diezen (DO) hoc nhin liu kh. 1.1.2. Phn loi l hi Ta c th phn loi l hi theo nhiu cch: * Theo nhim v ca l hi: Theo nhim v ca l hi trong sn xut ta c: l hi cng nghip v l hi sn xut in nng. L hi cng nghip phc v cho cc qu trnh cng ngh cc nh my sn xut cng nghip (thng sn xut hi bo ho, p sut hi khng vt qu 2,0Mpa, nhit t = 2500C). L hi phc v cho sn xut in sn xut hi qu nhit, c cng sut ln, p sut v nhit hi cao, thng ln hn 2,0Mpa v trn 3500C. + Theo ch t nhin liu trong bung la ta c: L ghi th cng; l ghi na c kh; l ghi c kh (ghi xich); l phun nhin liu lng, l phun nhin liu kh; l phun bt than thi x kh hay thi x lng; l bung t xoy; l bung la tng si. + Theo ch tun hon ca nc trong l ta c: L tun hon t nhin; l tun hon cng bc; l trc lu. Tuy nhin cch phn loi ny ch th hin mt vi c tnh no ca l hi nn thc t khi gi tn l hi thng ngi ta kt hp nhiu kiu phn loi.

1.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca l hi trong nh my in Trong cc l hi nh my in, hi c sn xut ra l hi qu nhit. Hi qu nhit nhn c nh cc qu trnh: un nng nc n si, si bin nc thnh hi bo ha v qu nhit hi bin hi bo ha thnh hi qu nhit c nhit cao trong cc b phn ca l. Cng sut nhit ca l hi ph thuc vo lu lng, nhit v p sut hi. Cc gi tr ny cng cao th cng sut l hi cng ln. Hiu qu ca qu trnh trao i nhit gia ngn la v khi vi mi cht trong l hi ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca sn phm chy v ca mi cht tham gia qu trnh (nc hoc hi trong l) v ph thuc vo hnh dng, c tnh cu to ca cc phn t l hi. Trn hnh 1.1 trnh by nguyn l cu to ca l hi bung la phun tun hon t nhin hin i trong nh my in.

Hnh 1.1. Nguyn l cu to ca l hi 1- bung t; 2- dn ng sinh hi; 3- vi phun nhin liu + khng kh; 4- ng nc xung; 5- bao hi; 6- ng dn hi trn trn; 7- b qu nhit hi; 8- b qu nhit trung gian hi; 9- b hm nc; 10- khong trng v sinh v sa cha; 11- b sy khng kh; Nhin liu v khng kh c phun qua vi phun s 3 vo bung la s 1, to thnh hn hp chy v c t chy trong bung la, nhit ngn la c th t ti
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1.900 0C. Nhit lng ta ra khi nhin liu chy trong bung la truyn cho nc trong cc ng ca dn ng sinh hi 2 lm cho nc tng dn nhit n si, trong ng s l hn hp hi nc. Hn hp hi nc trong ng sinh hi 2 s chuyn ng i ln, tp trung vo bao hi s 5. Trong bao hi s 5, hi bo ho s tch ra khi nc, nc tip tc i xung theo ng xung 4 t ngoi tng l. ng xung c ni vi ng ln bng ng gp di, nn nc li sang ng sinh hi s 2 tip tc nhn nhit. Hi bo ha t bao hi s 5 s i theo cc ng dn hi 6 vo cc ng xon ca b qu nhit s 7. b qu nhit hi bo ha chuyn ng trong cc ng xon s nhn nhit t khi nng chuyn ng pha ngoi ng bin thnh hi qu nhit c nhit cao hn v i vo ng gp sang tua bin hi. s c qu nhit trung gian, hi t tuc bin v b qu nhit trung gian 8 qu nhit li ri li quay tr li tuc bin; y, ng sinh hi s 2 t pha trong tng l nn mi cht trong ng nhn nhit v sinh hi lin tc do trong ng ng sinh hi 2 l hn hp hi v nc, cn ng xung 4 t ngoi tng l nn mi cht trong ng 4 khng nhn nhit do trong ng 4 l nc. Khi lng ring ca hn hp hi v nc trong ng 2 nh hn khi lng ring ca nc trong ng xung 4 nn hn hp trong ng 2 i ln, cn nc trong ng 4 i xung lin tc to nn qu trnh tun hon t nhin, bi vy l hi loi ny c gi l l hi tun hon t nhin. Bung la trnh by trn hnh 1.1 l bung la phun, nhin liu c phun vo v chy l lng trong bung la. Qu trnh chy nhin liu xy ra trong bung la v t n nhit rt cao, t 1300 0C n 1900 0C, chnh v vy hiu qu trao i nhit bc x gia ngn la v dn ng sinh hi rt cao v lng nhit dn ng sinh hi thu c t ngn la ch yu l do trao i nhit bc x. hp thu c hiu qu nhit lng bc x ca ngn la ng thi bo v tng l khi tc dng ca nhit cao v nhng nh hng xu ca tro nng chy, ngi ta b tr cc dn ng sinh hi 2 xung quanh tng bung la. Khi ra khi bung la, trc khi vo b qu nhit i qua cm phecston, thc cht cm feston chnh l dy ng tng sau (on i qua ca ra ca bung la) c chia thnh nhiu dy (t 3 n 5 dy) khi i qua d dng v gim bt hin tng mi mn mt ngoi ng. y khi chuyn ng ngoi ng truyn nhit cho hn hp hi nc chuyn ng trong ng. Khi ra khi b qu nhit c nhit cn cao, tn dng phn nhit tha ca khi khi ra khi b qu nhit, phn sau n ngi ta t thm b hm nc 9 v b sy khng kh 11. B hm nc c nhim v gia nhit cho nc nng nhit ca nc t nhit ra khi bnh gia nhit ln n nhit si v cp vo bao hi 5. y l giai on u tin ca qu trnh cp nhit cho nc thc hin qu trnh ha hi ng p nc trong l. S c mt ca b hm nc s lm gim tng din tch b mt t ca l hi v s dng trit hn nhit lng ta ra khi chy nhin liu, lm cho nhit khi thot khi l gim xung, lm tng hiu sut ca l. Khng kh lnh t ngoi tri c qut gi ht vo v thi qua b sy khng kh 11. b sy, khng kh nhn nhit ca khi, nhit c nng t nhit mi trng n nhit yu cu v c a vo vi phun s 1 cung cp cho qu trnh t chy nhin liu. Khi s c qut khi ht ra khi l trc khi i qua kh bi
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thi ra ngoi qua ng khi. Nh vy b hm nc v b sy khng kh hon tr li bung la mt phn nhit ng l b thi ra ngoi. Chnh v vy ngi ta cn gi b hm nc v b sy khng kh l b tit kim nhit. Nh vy, t khi vo b hm nc n khi ra khi b qu nhit ca l hi, mi cht (nc v hi) tri qua cc giai on hp th nhit trong cc b phn sau: Nhn nhit trong b hm nc n si, si trong dn ng sinh hi, qu nhit trong b qu nhit. Nhit lng mi cht hp thu c biu din bng phng trnh: (1-1a) Qmc = [i''hn - i'hn ]+ [is - i''hn + rx] + [r(1-x) + (i''qn - i'qn)], Trong : Qmc l nhit lng 1kg mi cht nhn c trong l hi, kj/kg; i'hn, i''hn : Entanpi ca nc vo v ra khi b hm nc, kj/kg; is, : Entanpi ca nc si trong bao hi, kj/kg; r : Nhit n ha hi ca nc, kj/kg; x : kh ca hi ra khi bao hi, i'qn, i''qn : Entanpi hi vo v ra khi b qu nhit, kj/kg; [i''hn - i'hn ] nhit lng nc nhn c trong b hm nc, kj/kg; [is - i''hn + rx] nhit lng nc v hi nhn c trong dn ng sinh hi, kj/kg; [r(1-x) + (i''qn - i'qn)] nhit lng hi nhn c trong b qu nhit, kj/kg; T l nhit lng hp thu c trong b hm nc, dn ng sinh hi, b qu nhit ph thuc vo thng s hi ca l. p sut ca hi cng ln th lng nhit bc hi cng nh v lng nhit un nc n si cng ln. T p sut ti hn tr ln (22,3Mpa) th lng nhit bc hi bng khng (r = 0), lng nhit mi cht hp thu c trong l hi ch un nc n si v qu nhit hi. Chnh v th nn l c p sut trn ti hn ch p dng cho kiu l trc lu (l bao hi nc lun trng thi si). Bin i (1-1) ta c: Qmc = [is + r] + (i''qn - i'qn)] - i'hn (1-1b) V (is + r) l entanpi ca hi kh ra khi bao hi cng chnh l entanpi i'qn ca hi vo b qu nhit, do t (1-1b) ta c nhit lng cn thit sinh hi 1kg nc l: (1-1c) Qmc = i''qn - i'hn

1.3. Cc c tnh k thut ca L hi xc nh mt l hi, ngi ta thng dng cc c tnh k thut chnh ca l nh sau: 1- Thng s hi ca l: i vi l hi ca nh my in, hi sn xut ra l qu nhit nn thng hi ca l c biu th bng p sut v nhit hi qu nhit: Pqn (Mpa), tqn (0C). p sut v nhit hi qu nhit c chn trn c s so snh kinh t k thut ca chu trnh nhit. i vi l hi cng nghip trong cc nh my cng nghip, hi nc y thng l hi bo ha, p sut hi tng ng vi nhit bo ha cn thit cho qu trnh cng ngh, do thng s ca loi l hi ny l p sut P (Mpa). 2- Sn lng hi ca l: Sn lng hi ca l l lng hi m l sn xut ra c trong mt n v thi gian (kg/h hoc t/h hoc kg/s). Thng dng 3 khi nim sn lng. - Sn lng hi nh mc (Dm): l sn lng hi ln nht l c th t c, m bo vn hnh trong thi gian lu di, n nh vi cc thng s hi cho m khng ph hy hoc gy nh hng xu n ch lm vic ca l. - Sn lng hi cc i (Dmax): l sn lng hi ln nht m l c th t c, nhng ch trong mt thi gian ngn, ngha l l khng th lm vic lu di vi sn lng hi cc i c. Sn lng hi cc i bng: (1-2) Dmax = (1,1 - 1,2) Dm - Sn lng hi kinh t l sn lng hi m l lm vic vi hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Sn lng hi kinh t bng: Dkt = (0,8 - 0,9) Dm (1-3) 3- Hiu sut ca l: Hiu sut ca l l t s gia lng nhit m mi cht hp th c (hay cn gi l lng nhit c ch) vi lng nhit cung cp vo cho l (sinh ra trong bung la). Hiu sut ca l k hiu bng , c xc nh: D(i qn i 'hn ) (1-4) = BQ lv t D l sn lng hi, (kg/h); iqn l entanpi ca hi qu nhit, (Kj/kg); ihn l entanpi ca nc i vo b hm nc, (Kj/kg); B l lng nhin liu tiu hao trong mt gi, (kg/h); Qtlv: Nhit tr thp lm vic ca nhin liu, (Kj/kg). 4- Nhit th th tch ca bung la: Nhit th th tch ca bung la l lng nhit sinh ra trong mt n v thi
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Trong :

gian trn mt n v th tch ca bung la. qv = BQ lv t Vbl , (W/m3) (1-5)

Trong : Vbl: Th tch bung la, (m3); B, (kg/s), i vi cc l hi nh, ngi ta cn ch n cc c tnh sau y 5- Nhit th din tch trn ghi: Nhit th din tch trn ghi l nhit lng sinh ra trong mt n v thi gian trn mt n v din tch b mt ca ghi: qr = BQ lv t , (W/m2) R (1-6)

R: din tch mt ghi, (m2). 6- Nng sut bc hi ca b mt sinh hi: Nng sut bc hi ca b mt sinh hi l kh nng bc hi ca mt n v din tch b mt t (b mt sinh hi) trong mt n v thi gian, k hiu l S, thng dng cho cc l hi cng nghip cng sut nh. D S = , (kg/m2h) (1-7) H D: Sn lng hi ca l, (kg/h); H: din tch b mt sinh hi (b mt t), (m2).

Chng 2 Nhin liu v qu trnh chy 2.1. Nhin liu 2.1.1. Khi nim v nhin liu Nhin liu l nhng vt cht khi chy pht ra nh sng v nhit nng. Trong cng nghip th nhin liu phi t cc yu cu: C sn trong t nhin vi tr lng ln, d khai thc, gi thnh r, khi chy khng sinh ra cc cht gy nguy him. Nhin liu c th phn thnh hai nhm chnh: nhin liu v c v nhin liu hu c. 2.1.1.1. Nhin liu hu c: Nhin liu hu c l nhin liu c sn trong thin nhin do qu trnh phn hy hu c to thnh. Nhin liu hu c thng dng trong l hi cng nghip v nng lng c 3 loi: + Kh thin nhin. + Nhin liu lng: du nh (Diezen DO), du nng (du en FO). + Nhin liu rn: theo tui hnh thnh nhin liu ta c g, than bn, than nu, than m, than , na antraxit v antraxit (cm). 2.1.1.2. Nhin liu v c: Nhin liu v c l nhin liu ht nhn, c dng trong cc l hi ca nh my in nguyn t. N sinh nhit do phn ng phn hy ht nhn ca mt s ng v cc nguyn t nng nh: ng v ca uran U235 ; ng v ca uran U238 to ra prtn P238. Kh nng to nhit ca nhin liu ht nhn rt ln, c th t 8.1010 kj/kg. Trong gio trnh ny chng ta ch nghin cu nhin liu hu c. 2.1.2. Thnh phn nhin liu Nhin liu bao gm nhng cht c kh nng b oxy ha gi l cht chy v nhng cht khng th b oxy ha gi l cht tr. Nhin liu thng c phn tch theo thnh phn cc cht to nn chng. Thnh phn ca mt cht no trong nhin liu l t s gia khi lng hoc th tch ca cht vi tng khi lng hoc th tch nhin liu ta ang kho st. Thnh phn ca tt c cc loi nhin liu bao gm: Cacbon (C), Hyro (H2), Lu hunh (S), Hyrcarbua (CmHn), Nit (N2), Oxy (O2), tro (A), m (W). Tu thuc loi nhin liu v tui hnh thnh m t l cc thnh phn ca nhin liu s khc nhau.

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2.1.2.1. Thnh phn ca nhin liu kh: Nhin liu kh l hn hp ca cc kh chy v khng chy. Thnh phn ch yu ca nhin liu kh bao gm: hydro H2, metan CH4, hydrocacbua CnHm, sunphua hydro H2S, oxyt cabon CO, lu hunh S, . . . . . Nhin liu kh c nhiu u im mh: d vn chuyn, d t, d iu chnh qu trnh chy, gn nh khng c tro nn sch, khng mi mn, khng bm bn. v . v . v . Kh hay hn hp kh c th s dng t vi mc ln trong cng nghip c gi l kh t (khng k cc kh sinh nhit cho nhng mc ch c bit nh hn axetylenhydro,....). Tu theo hm lng tng i ca cc thnh phn kh m cc kh c nhit tr v nhng tnh cht khc nhau. Hyrocacbon l thnh phn ch yu ca kh du, c cng thc tng qut l CnH2n+2, vi n l s nguyn t c trong mch. Cc hydrocacbua ny l loi hydrocacbon no v tn gi tn cng bng -an: mtan CH4, tan C2H6, Propan C3H8, butan C4H10, hexan C6H14, heptan C7H16,.. cc hydrocacbua parafin th kh. * Cch biu th thnh phn nhin liu kh: Thnh phn nhin liu kh c xc nh theo phn trm th tch ca tng cht kh thnh phn, y c mt tt c cc thnh phn ca nhin liu: [CO] + [H2] + [CmHn] + [CO2] + [N2] + [O2] = 100% (2-1) Cn ch rng hm lng hi nc trong kh t khng c a ra di dng thnh phn th tch m c biu th qua m tng i nh i vi khng kh m, = p h / p h. max

2.1.2.2. Thnh phn ca nhin liu lng Thnh phn ch yu ca du l: Cacbon(C = 82-87%), Hyro (H2 = 11-14%). Ngoi ra cn c cc nguyn t khc nh: S = 14% ; N2 = 0,001-1,8%; 02= 0,05-1,0%; v mt lng rt nh tnh bng ppm cc nguyn t nh halogen (clo, Iod), cc kim loi (vanadi, Niken, Volfram, . . .). * c im du th Vit Nam (i din l m Bch h, m i Hng): Du th Vit Nam thuc loi nh va phi, c t trng khong 0,83 0,85, trong : du m Bch h l 0,8319 (36,6 0API); m i hng l 0,8403 (36,9 0 API), trong khi Du th Angieri d = 0,830; Venzula d = 0,948) Du th Vit nam l loi du sch, cha t cc cht c t, rt t lu hunh, nit v kim loi nng. 2.1.2.3. Thnh phn ca nhin liu rn Trong nhin liu rn c: Cacbon(C), Hyro (H), xi (O), Nit (N), Lu hunh (S), tro (A) v m (W). Cc nguyn t ha hc trong nhin liu u dng lin kt cc phn t hu c rt phc tp nn kh chy. * Cacbon: Cc bon l thnh phn chy ch yu trong nhin liu rn, c th chim ti 95% khi lng nhin liu. Khi chy 1kg cc bon ta ra mt nhit lng kh ln, khong 34150 KJ/Kg, gi l nhit tr ca cc bon, do vy nhin liu cng nhiu cc bon th nhit tr cng cao. Tui hnh thnh than cng cao th lng cc bon

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cha than cng nhiu ngha l nhit tr cng cao. * Hyro: Hyro l thnh phn chy quan trng ca nhin liu rn. Tuy lng hyro trong nhin liu rt it, ti a ch n 10% khi lng nhin liu, nhng nhit tr ca Hyr rt ln. Khi chy, 1kg Hyro ta ra mt nhit lng khong 144.500 KJ/Kg . * Lu hunh: Tuy l mt thnh phn chy, nhng lu hunh l mt cht c hi trong nhin liu v khi chy to thnh SO2 thi ra mi trng rt c v SO3 gy n mn kim loi rt mnh, c bit SO2 tc dng vi nc to thnh axt H2SO4. ng thi s c mt ca cc cht ny s lm tng ng k nhit ng sng ca khi. V d khi t du vi h s khng kh tha 1,25, nu khng c lu hunh th nhit ng sng khong 500C, nu c 1% lu hunh th nhit ng sng tng ln n khong 1300C s lm tng nguy c n mn nhit thp b sy khng kh. Mun trnh n th buc phi tng nhit khi thot, lm tng tn tht nhit do khi thi v lm gim hiu sut l. T l lu hunh trong nhin liu rn khong 7-8%, trong nhin liu lng khong 1-3%, trong nhin liu kh gn nh khng c lu hunh. Lu hunh tn ti di 3 dng: lin kt hu c Shc, khong cht Sk v lin kt Sunfat SSP. S = Shc + Sk + Ssp Lu hunh hu c v khong cht c th tham gia qu trnh chy gi l lu hunh chy, cn lu hunh Sunfat thng nm di dng CaSO4, MgSO4...khng tham gia qu trnh chy m to thnh tro ca nhin liu. * Nit: Nit l thnh phn v ch trong nhin liu v s c mt ca n trong nhin liu s lm gim cc thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu, do lm gim nhit tr chung ca nhin liu. nhit thp hn 10000C th nit khng tham gia phn ng m gii phng ra dng t do, khi nhit trn 10000C th nit chy c to thnh oxynit NOx gy nguy hi cho mi trng. Trong nhin liu nit chim khong 0,5 n 2,5%. * xi: Tuy l thnh phn chy, nhng c rt nhiu trong khng kh, nn s c mt ca n trong nhin liu s lm gim cc thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu, do lm gim nhit tr chung ca nhin liu, do s c nt ca oxy trong nhin liu l khng cn thit. Nhin liu cng non th lng oxy cng nhiu. * Cch biu th thnh phn nhin liu rn hoc lng: Trong thc t, ngi ta thng phn tch nhin liu theo thnh phn khi lng cc dng mu khc nhau nh: mu lm vic, mu kh, mu chy, da vo c th nh gi nh hng ca cc qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn v bo qun n thnh phn nhin liu. Bng 2.3. Bng tnh i cc mu nhin liu
Mu bit Lm vic Mu cn tm Lm vic
1

Kh

Chy

Hu c

100 100 W lv

100 100 A lv W lv

100 100 S A lv W lv
lv k

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Kh

100 W lv 100 100 A lv W lv 100

100 100 A k
1

100 100 (S k + A k ) k 100 100 S c k

1

Chy

100 A k 100

Hu c

k k 100 A lv W lv S lv 100 A S k k 100 100

100 S c k 100

i vi nhin liu rn hoc lng, thnh phn nhin liu c xc nh theo phn trm khi lng, c th biu th theo cc loi mu nhin liu sau: Mu lm vic: l mu trng thi thc t, ly ti bi cha nhin liu trc khi cp vo l, mu ny c mt tt c cc thnh phn ca nhin liu: (2-2) Clv + Hlv + Sclv + Nlv + Olv + Alv + Wlv = 100% 0 Mu kh: Sy mu lm vic nhit 105 C, thnh phn m s tch khi nhin liu (W= 0), khi ta c mu nhin liu kh: (2-3) Ck + Hk + Sck + Nk + Ok + Ak = 100% Mu chy: l mu trong ch c mt cc thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu: (2-4) Cch + Hch + Sc + Nch + Och = 100% Mu hu c: l mu trong ch c mt cc thnh phn hu c ca nhin liu: Cch + Hch + Scch + Nch + Och = 100% (2-5) C th tnh i t mu nhin liu ny sang mu khc theo cc cng thc t (23) n (2-5), c biu th trn bng 2.3. k k k 100 v d: Ck = Clv. = Cch. 100 A = Chc. 100 A S k 100 W lv 100 100
2.1.3. c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu

Vic la chn phng php t v s dng nhit lng gii phng t qu trnh chy nhin liu ph thuc nhiu vo cc c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta coi cc c tnh sau y l c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu: m, cht bc, cc, tro v nhit tr.
2.1.3.1. m: m k hiu l W, l lng nc cha trong nhin liu, v lng nc ny nn nhit tr ca nhin liu gim xung. Mt khc khi nhin liu chy cn cung cp mt nhit lng bc m thnh hi nc. m ca nhin liu c chia ra 2 loi: m trong v m ngoi.

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 m trong c sn trong qu trnh hnh thnh nhin liu, thng dng tinh th ngm nc v ch tch ra khi nhin liu khi nung nhin liu nhit khong 8000C m ngoi xut hin trong qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn v bo qun nhin liu. m ngoi tch ra khi nhin liu khi sy nhit khong 1050C
2.1.3.2. Cht bc v cc: Khi t nng nhin liu trong iu kin khng c xi nhit t 3000C tr ln th c cht kh thot ra do s phn hy nhit cc lin kt hu c ca nhin liu. N l thnh phn chy th kh gm: hyr, cacbuahyr, cacbon, oxitcacbon, oxi v nit . . . . c gi l cht bc, k hiu l Vc. Nhin liu cng gi th lng cht bc cng t, nhng nhit tr ca cht bc cng cao, lng cht bc ca nhin liu thay i trong phm vi: than Anfratxit 2-8%, than 10-45%, than bn 70%, g 80%. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc cng d chy. Sau khi cht bc bc ra, phn rn cn li ca nhin liu c th tham gia qu trnh chy gi l cc. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc th cc cng xp, nhin liu cng c kh nng phn ng cao. Khi t nhin liu t cht bc nh than antraxit, cn thit phi duy tr nhit vng bc chy cao, ng thi phi tng chiu di bung la m bo cho cc chy ht trc khi ra khi bung la. 2.1.3.3. tro: tro k hiu l A, tro ca nhin liu l phn rn dng cht khong cn li sau khi nhin liu chy. Thnh phn ca n gm mt s hn hp khong nh t st, ct, pyrit st, oxit st, . . . S c mt ca n lm gim thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu, do gim nhit tr ca nhin liu. Trong qa trnh chy, di tc dng ca nhit cao mt phn b bin i cu trc, mt phn b phn hy nhit, b oxy ha nhng ch yu bin thnh tro. tro ca mt s loi nhin liu trong khong: Than 15-30%, g 0,5 n 1,0%, mazut 0,2 n 0,3%, kh 0%, c xc nh bng cch t nhin liu nhit 8500C vi nhin liu rn, 5000C vi nhin liu lng cho n khi khi lng cn li hon ton khng thay i. Tc hi ca tro: s c mt ca tro trong nhin liu lm gim nhit tr ca nhin liu, cn tr qu trnh chy. Khi bay theo khi qua cc b mt t, tro s mi mn cc b mt t ca l hi. Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng ca tro nh hng n iu kin lm vic ca l l nhit nng chy ca tro. nhit ny tro s chy lng nn rt d bm ln vch ng, ngn cn s trao i nhit gia khi vi mi cht trong ng v lm tng nhit vch ng gy nguy him cho ng. Nhit nng chy ca tro trong khong t 12000C n 14250C. Tro c nhit chy cng thp th cng c nhiu kh nng to x bm ln cc b mt ng ca l.

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Nhit nng chy ca tro c xc nh trong phng th nghim bng cch nung mu tro c p thnh hnh thp cao 20mm, c y vung mi cnh y bng 7mm. Nhit m thp bt u bin dng gi l nhit bt Hnh 2.1. c tnh chy ca tro. u bin dng t1. Khi thp tro bt u 1. bt u bin dng; 2. bt u mm; mm gi l nhit bt u mm t . 1 3. bt u chy. Khi thp tro bt u chy bin thnh lng gi l nhit bt u chy t3. Khi nhit bt u chy t3 < 12000C l tro d chy, 12000C < t3 < 142500C l tro c chy trung bnh, t3 > 142500C l tro kh chy.
2.1.3.4. Nhit tr ca nhin liu. Nhit tr ca nhin liu l lng nhit to ra khi chy hon ton 1kg nhin liu rn hoc lng hay 1m3 tiu chun nhin liu kh (kj/kg, kj/m3tc). Tu thuc vo cch t v lm ngui sn phm chy, ngi ta phn bit nhit tr ca nhin liu thnh nit tr cao v nhit tr thp. so snh cc loi nhin liu vi nhau, ngi ta thng dng khi nim nhin liu tiu chun, l nhin liu c nhit tr Qt = 7000 Kcal/kg (29330 Kj/kg). *. Nhit tr thp Qtlv [kJ/kg hay kJ/m3] Nhit tr thp l nhit tr khng k n lng nhit ngng t hi nc trong sn phm chy. Trong cc bung la thc t thng thng nhit ca khi ra khi l cao hn nhit ngng t hi nc, v khng cho php lm ngui sn phm chy xung nhit thp hn nhit ng sng trnh hin tng n mn thit b nhit thp, tc l trong cc thit b cng nghip khng c qu trnh ngng t hi nc trong khi. Ngha l nhit tr ca nhin liu khi chy trong thit b thc t l nhit tr thp. *. Nhit tr cao Qclv [kJ/kg hay kJ/m3], Nhit tr cao l nhit tr ca nhin liu khi c k n lng nhit to ra do ngng t hi nc trong sn phm chy khi sn phm chy c lm ngui ti nhit gc (hay cn gi l nhit cn bng, l nhit mi trng thng ly bng 250C). Thng thng trong sn phm chy c hi nc, nu hi nc ngng t thnh nc s ta ra mt lng nhit. Khi xc nh nhit tr cao, ngi ta tnh n nhit lng ngng t ca ton b lng hi nc c ngun gc t nhin liu c trong sn phm chy, v nhit gc, phn ln lng nc ny ngng t. Nhit tr cao c dng khi tnh ton trong iu kin phng th nghim. Nhit tr thp ch khc nhit tr cao ch l khi xc nh n, ngi ta khng tnh n nhit ngng t ca hi nc trong sn phm chy, mc d c th c lm ngui ti nhit gc nhng vn gi thit l trong sn phm chy khng xy ra qu trnh ngng t hi nc.

15

Nu gi lng nc c hnh thnh khi chy mt n v nhin liu l m H 2 O v nhit n ho hi ca nc 250C l r = 2442,5 kJ/kg, th quan h gia Qt v Qc c dng: Qclv = Qtlv + 2442,5. m H 2 O ,kj/kg; (2-6a) Hoc:
w lv H lv Qclv = Qtlv + 2442,5. +9 ,kj/kg; 100 100

(2-6b)

*. Xc nh nhit tr ca nhin liu C th xc nh nhit tr theo hai cch: Thc nghim v tnh ton. Khi xc nh bng thc nghim, ngi ta o trc tip lng nhit to ra khi chy nhin liu bom nhit lng k (calorimet). Hnh 2.2 trnh by cu to bom nhit lng k. Mt lng nhin liu xc nh hay mt dng nhin liu c lu lng n nh c t chy hon ton bng O2 p sut t 2,5 n 3,0Mpa trong bnh bng thp gi l bom nhit lng k. Bom c t trong thng nhit lng k cha y nc (ngp bom). gim kh nng to nhit ra mi trng xung quanh, thng nhit lng k c t trong mt bnh cch nhit hai v. Sn phm chy c lm ngui ti nhit gc nn lng hi nc trong sn phm chy cng ngng t v to nhit. Nhit lng to ra khi nhin liu chy bng nhit lng nung nng thit b v nc trong . Nu xc nh lng nc lm mt v chnh nhit ca nc khi vo v ra khi o nc, ta d dng xc nh c nhit tr cao Qc. Nhit tr thp Qt c tnh theo (2-6a) khi o lng nc ngng t t sn phm chy hoc (2-6b) khi tnh theo thnh phn nhin liu. Do nhit tr cao khng c ngha trong cc thit b k thut nn n gin, trong gio trnh ny ta ni nhit tr ngha l nhit tr thp. Chng ta bit qu trnh chy nhin liu l chy cc thnh phn c th chy c ca nhin liu, ngha l nhit lng to ra s ph thuc vo nhit tr nhin liu. Hay ni cch khc, nhit tr nhin liu ph thuc vo nhit tr v t l thnh phn cc cht cu thnh nhin liu. Bi vy trong trng hp khng c iu kin xc nh bng thc nghim cc loi nhit tr ca nhin liu, c th s dng cc cng thc kinh nghim sau y tnh ton: + Nhin liu rn v lng, [kJ/kg] QC = 418,6.[81,3C + 297H + 15N + 45,6S - 23,5.O], (2-7a) (2-7b) Qt = 418,6.[81,3C + 243H + 15N + 45,6S - 23,5.O 6W], + Nhin liu kh, [kJ/m3] QC = 418,6.{30,2[CO] + 30,5[H2] + 95[CH4] + 166[C2H6] + 237[C3H8] + + 307[C4H10] + 377[C5H12] + 150[C2H4] + 220[C3H6] + + 290[C4H8] + 360[C5H10] + 350[C6H6] + 61[H2S]}, (2-8a) Qt = 418,6.{30,2[CO] + 25,8[H2] + 85,5[CH4] + 155[C2H6] + 218[C3H8] + + 283[C4H10] + 349[C5H12] + 141[C2H4] + 205[C3H6] + + 271[C4H8] + 337[C5H10] + 335[C6H6] + 56[H2S]}. (2-8b) 2.1.4.Cc loi nhin liu thng dng trong l hi

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2.1.4.1.Nhin liu kh C th phn loi nhin liu kh theo nhng cch khc nhau: theo ngun gc, theo nhit tr, theo mc ch s dng.... Thc t trong l hi thng s dng kh thin nhin, kh du m. a) Kh thin nhin: Kh thin nhin to thnh tng m trong lng t, thnh phn ch yu ca kh thin nhin l kh metan CH4 (93 99%), cn li l cc kh khc nh etan (C2H6), propan (C3H8), butan (C4H10); Qt = 35- 45 MJ/m3. b) Kh du m: Gm kh ng hn v kh ngng t: * Kh ng hnh cn gi l kh lc du: l kh ln trong du m, c hnh thnh cng vi du, thnh phn ch yu l cc kh nng nh: propan (C3H8), butan (C4H10), Pentan(C5H12) . . . . cn c gi l kh du m. * Kh ngng t (condensate): thc cht l dng trung gian gia du m v kh (phn cui ca kh v phn u ca du), bao gm cc hydrocacbon nh propan, butan v mt s hydrocacbon lng khc nh pentan, hexam, thm ch hydrocacbon naphtenic v aromic n gin . iu kin thng kh ngng t dng lng. Kh ngng t l nguyn liu qu sn xut LPG v s dng trong tng hp ha du. Khi ha lng th tch ca cc hydrocacbon gim, v d 1 lt propan lng cho 270 lt hi 1 at, 1 lt butan lng cho 238 lt hi 1 at. 2.1.4.2. Nhin liu lng Du c th khai thc t 3 ngun sau y: Du khong cht (ch bin t nguyn liu du m); Du tng hp (ch bin t than hoc than nu); Du (khai thc t cc va du). Du thng dng t trong l hi thuc nhm du khong. Du khong c chia thnh 5 loi: du c bit nh (EL), cn gi l du DO; du nh (L); du nh trung bnh (M); du nng (S) v du c bit nng (ES). Thng dng t trong l hi l 2 loi: du c bit nh (EL), cn gi l du DO, c khi lng ring nh hn nc v du nng (S) hay cn gi l du FO, c khi lng ring ln hn nc. Bng 2.4 trnh by tnh cht ca hai loi du khong quan trng nht. Cc gi tr y l yu cu ti thiu, trong thc t chng thng c tnh cht tt hn. Bng 2.4. Tnh cht ca hai loi du quan trng nht. Tnh cht Du EL (DO) Khi lng ring 150C [kg/m3] 860 0 im la [ C] 55 nht ng hc, max [mm2/s] : 200C 6 500C 1000C Hm lng lu hunh, max [%] 0,8 Hm lng nc, max [%] 0,1 Cht khng ho tan, max [%] 0,05 Nhit tr thp Qt [Mj/kg] 41,868 tro, max [%] 0,01

Du S (FO) 940 65 450 40 2,8 0,5 0,5 39,775 0,15

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2.1.4.3. Cc loi nhin liu rn Theo tui hnh thnh t thp ln cao ta c cc loi nhin liu rn theo th t sau: G, than bn, than nu, than , than na antraxit v antraxit. Nhin liu cng non th cng nhiu cht bc, c kh nng phn ng cao, cng d chy, cc cng xp, nhng lng ccbon t nn nhit tr thp. Nhin liu cng gi (tui hnh thnh than cng cao) th lng cht bc cng t, cng kh chy, nhng lng cc bon cha than cng nhiu ngha l nhit tr cng cao. Khi t nhin liu t cht bc nh than antraxit, cn thit phi duy tr nhit vng bc chy cao, ng thi phi tng chiu di bung la m bo cho cc chy ht trc khi ra khi bung la. * G v cc ph phm ca nng lm sn: y l loi nhin liu c tui t nht. Lng cht bc cao, khong 80 n 85% nn d chy. Thnh phn kh n nh gm: 50% Cc, 43% Oc, 6% Hc, khong 0,5 n 1% Nc . Trong g gn nh khng c S, tro rt nh, thng Ac chim khong 0,5 n 2% cn m i vi g kh khong 2030%, i vi g ti th khong 50 n 60%. Nhit tr thp i vi g kh khong 19.000kj/kg, i vi g ti khng qu 12.000kj/kg. B ma c t trong nh my ng cng c thnh phn tng t. * Than bn: Than bn c m rt cao, Wlv c th ti 90%, tro Alv khong 7-15%, l loi nhin liu d chy v cht bc Vc ti 70%, nhng nhit tr khng cao, thng Qtlv khong t 8.500 n 12.000 kj/kg nn t c dng trong cng nghip. * Than nu: Than nu c m Wlv t khong 18 n 60%, tro Alv khong 10-50%, cht bc Vc khong 30 n 50%, cng l loi nhin liu d chy nhng nhit tr khng cao v lng carbon thp, thng Qtlv khong t 8.500 n 12.000 kj/kg nn t c xp vo loi nhin liu a phng. * Than : c tui hnh thnh tnh i cao, lng carbon tng i ln, m thp, cn lng cht bc th thay i trong phm vi rng t 9 n 50%, nhit tr Qtlv thay i trong phm vi t 33.000 n 38.000 kj/kg. C th chia thnh 4 loi nh sau: - Than c lng cht bc Vc trn 42% vi ngn la di v xanh; - Than kh (gas) c lng cht bc Vc t 35 n 42% d chy v chy nhanh; - Than m (luyn cc) c lng cht bc Vc t 18 n 28% c ngn la ngn v sng, thng dng luyn cc; - Than gy c lng cht bc Vc di 17%, c ngn la ngn v vng; * Than Antraxit: l than c tui hnh thnh cao nht, nhiu carbon nht Clv c th ti 95% v cht bc t nht Vc khong 7 n 8%. Tuy cha lng carbon cao nhng lng hyr trong n thp hn than trong nn nhit tr thp hn than . V lng cht bc t nn nhit bt la cao v kh chy. Khi chy c ngn la xanh v khng khi nn gi l than khng khi. Than ca Vit Nam ch yu l loi ny.

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2.2. C s l thuyt chy 2.2.1. Cc khi nim c bn 2.2.1.1. Qu trnh chy Qu trnh chy l qu trnh phn ng ho hc xy ra mnh lit, pht ra nh sng v to ra lng nhit rt ln, ng thi km theo mt lot cc bin ha vt cht khc, l tng hp cc hin tng ca qu trnh gii phng nng lng, truyn nhit v chuyn ha nng lng. Nghin cu qu trnh chy tc l nghin cu bn cht cc hin tng trn, tm ra c cc mi lin h v cc yu t nh hng n n, m trung tm l nghin cu qu trnh ng hc ca phn ng chy. Qu trnh chy nhin liu l qu trnh phn ng ha hc gia cc nguyn t ha hc ca nhin liu vi oxi v sinh ra nhit, qu trnh chy cn l qu trnh oxi ha. Cht oxi ha chnh l oxi ca khng kh cp vo cho qu trnh chy, cht b oxy ha l cc nguyn t chy c ca nhin liu. Sn phm to thnh sau qu trnh chy gi l sn phm chy (khi). Qu trnh chy c th xy ra hon ton hoc khng hon ton. Qu trnh chy hon ton: Qu trnh chy hon ton l qu trnh chy trong cc thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu u c oxi ha hon ton v sn phm chy ca n gm cc kh CO2, SO2, H2O, N2, v O2. Qu trnh chy khng hon ton: Qu trnh chy khng hon ton l qu trnh chy trong cn nhng cht c th chy c cha c xi ha hon ton. Khi chy khng hon ton, ngoi nhng sn phm ca qu trnh chy hon ton trong khi cn c nhng sn phm khc: CO, H2, CH4. . . . Nguyn nhn ca qu trnh chy khng hon ton c th l do: - Khng khng kh, - nhng phn b khng kh khng u, - Thnh phn cha chy b gim nhit xung di nhit bt la. Trong cc thit b gia nhit th khi chy khng hon ton s lm gim nng sut to nhit v do lm gim hiu sut thit b. 2.2.1.2. Vn tc phn ng ho hc Vn tc phn ng ha hc l vn tc thay i nng ca cc vt cht tham gia phn ng:

v=

dc , mol/m3.s; d

(2-9)

C l nng vt cht tham gia phn ng, mol/m3; Vn tc phn ng ho hc l o hm bc nht ca nng theo thi gian, v vy lun lun dng. N mang du (+) khi xc nh phn ng theo bin thin nng cc cht to thnh v du (-) khi xc nh theo cht tham gia phn ng.

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2.2.1.3. nh lut khi lng tc dng Theo nh lut khi lng tc dng th vn tc phn ng t l vi tch s nng vt cht tham gia phn ng. Vn tc phn ng ha hc c xc nh bng thc nghim. Thc t th bt k phn ng no cng u xy ra hai chiu: phn ng thun v phn ng nghch. + Trong trng hp n gin khi s phn t ca cc vt cht tham gia phn ng bng nhau, ngha l phn ng c dng: A+BC+D th vn tc phn ng thun (chiu t tri sang phi) s l: (2-10) v1 = k1.CA.CB , Cn vn tc phn ng nghch (chiu t phi sang tri) s l: (2-11) v2 = k2.CC.CD , trong CA, CB, CC, CD nng ca cc cht A, B , C , D; k1, k2 - hng s vn tc phn ng ha hc. + Nu cc vt cht tham gia phn ng c s mol khc nhau nh phn ng: a.A + b.B c.C + d.D, trong a, b, c, d l s mol ca cc nguyn t A, B, C, D th vn tc ca cc phn ng thun v nghch s l: (2-12) v1 = k1 C a C b A B

v2 = k2 C c C d C D

(2-13)

2.2.1.4. Cn bng ho hc v hng s cn bng ho hc Khi phn ng xy ra, nng ca vt cht ban u gim dn nn vn tc ca phn ng thun s gim i lin tc. Trong khi nng cc sn phm do phn ng to ra li tng dn ln, do vn tc phn ng nghch khng ngng tng ln. n mt thi im no , vn tc phn ng thun bng vn tc phn ng nghch (v1 = v2) tc l phn ng t ti trng thi cn bng ha hc, ngha l: k 1 .C a .C b = k 2 .C c .C d (2-14) A B C D

Trong C a , C b , C c , C d - nng vt cht A, B , C , D trng thi cn bng. A B C D T ta suy ra hng s cn bng: k Ca C b A B (2-15) kC = 2 = c d k1 CCC D Hng s cn bng ho hc biu th bng nng vt cht nn cn gi l hng s cn bng nng . Khi cc cht tham gia phn ng u th kh th hng s cn bng c th c biu th qua cc p sut ring phn ca cc cht trng thi cn bng. T phng trnh trng thi ta c: pi = Ci.R.T, thay vo (2-15) ta c: pa p b A B (2-16) kp = c d pC p D

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kp gi l hng s can bng p sut Gia kC , kp c quan h vi nhau nh sau: kC = kp (RT)n (2-17) Trong : R - hng s cht kh, kJ/mol ; T- nhit phn ng, 0K; n = (c+d) - (a+b) l hiu s ca s lng mol trc v sau phn ng. Nu phn ng tin hnh iu kin th tch khng i v = const (n = 0) th kC = kp. Hng s cn bng ph thuc vo nhit phn ng: d ln k Q = (2-18) , dT RT 2 Trong : Q- hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trng thi ng tch (Qv) hay ng p (Qp), kJ/mol; T phng trnh (2-18) ta thy: trong phn ng pht nhit (Q > 0) khi nhit tng th hng s cn bng s tng ln, cn trong phn ng thu nhit (Q < 0) th ngc li, khi nhit tng th hng s cn bng s gim xung. Theo (2-15) th hng s cn bng tng ln c ngha l tng nng vt cht ban u v gim nng sn phm sinh ra. T ta c th suy ra: nhit thp c th tin hnh hon ton phn ng pht nhit, cn nhit rt cao th d tin hnh hon ton phn ng thu nhit. Trong a s cc trng hp, nhit c nh hng rt ln n vn tc phn ng, c th l nh hng thun chiu, cng c th l nh hng ngc chiu vi chiu thay i nhit . Tc phn ng ho hc trong qu trnh chy hu nh u tng khi tng nhit , tc thuc loi th nht. Trong nh hng ca nhit n vn tc phn ng ch yu l nh hng n h s tc phn ng k. Quan h gia nhit vi h s tc phn ng k c Arrhenius a ra nh sau: (2-19) k = k0exp(-E/RT) Trong : n v ca k c quan h vi bc phn ng, k = v/Cn, v l vn tc phn ng, mol/cm3.s; R l hng s cht kh, J/kg.0K ; T l nhit phn ng, 0K ; k0 l h s c lin quan ti tn s va p ca cc phn t. H s k0 c lin quan n nhit , nhng c lin quan rt t so vi nh hng ca nhit ti exp(-E/RT) Biu thc (2-19) l biu thc ca nh lut Arrhenius. N khng ch thch ng vi cc phn ng n gin hoc mt bc ca phn ng phc tp m cn thch ng vi c nhng phn ng phc tp c bc phn ng v h s tc phn ng c xc nh. Vi cc phn ng phc tp tc phn ng khng tnh c theo cng thc v = k.CaA. CbB . . . do khng c bc phn ng th h s tc phn ng khng xc nh c bng cng thc ca nh lut Arrhenius ny.
2.2.1.6. Nng lng hot ho

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Theo thuyt ng hc phn t th nhit cng tng, cc phn t v nguyn t chuyn ng cng mnh, khi lc va chm gia cc phn t cng mnh nn cng d ph v cc lin kt gia chng to nn cc cht mi, ngha l cc phn ng ho hc gia chng cng d xy ra. Song khng phi bt k mt s va chm no cng c th gy nn phn ng ha hc, m ch lc no s va chm sc ph v lin kt nguyn t mi c th to ra phn ng. Nng lng cn thit nh nht gy nn phn ng c gi l nng lng hot ho E ca phn ng. Vi mt phn ng cho trc th nng lng hot ho E l mt tr s c nh. T hai cht ban u A v B, to ra sn phm cui cng C v D th cn phi to ra mt cht trung gian AB. Cc cht A v B c nng lng ban u l Z 0 + Z 0 a b (mc nng lng I, xem hnh 2.3. nng lng hot ho ca phn ng thun v nghch). Song cho A v B c th phn ng vi nhau c cn phi cung cp cho chng mt nng lng Z0 (mc nng lng I) cao hn mc I chng to thnh ab mt hp cht AB trng thi trung gian khng n nh, sau bin thnh cc sn phm C v D c nng lng Z0 + Z0 (mc nng lng II). c d Hiu s gia mc nng lng I ca cht trung gian AB v mc nng lng I ca cc cht A + B gi l nng lng hot ho ca phn ng thun E1 (l nng lng m phn ng thun phi vt qua tin hnh phn ng). L lun tng t, cho C v D tc dng c vi nhau to thnh A v B th phi cung cp cho n mt nng lng mc I cao hn mc II ca C+D to thnh hp cht AB sau bin thnh A v B. Hiu s gia mc nng lng I ca hp cht AB v mc nng lng II ca cc cht C+D gi l nng lng hot ho ca phn ng nghch E2 (l nng lng m phn ng nghch phi vt qua tin hnh phn ng). Hiu s gia nng lng hot ho ca phn ng thun E1 vi nng lng hot ho ca phn ng nghch E2 chnh l bin i tng nng lng ca ton h thng iu kin ng tch c gi l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng. T trng thi u A, B bin thnh trng thi cui C v D, ni nng bin thin mt lng l: (2-20a) Q = U1 - U2 = ( Z 0 + Z 0 ) - ( Z0 + Z0 ), a b c d (2-20b) Q = ( Z0 - ( Z0 + Z0 )) - ( Z0 -( Z 0 + Z 0 )), a b ab c d ab Q = E2 - E1 (2-20c) T cc cng thc trn ta thy: khi tng nng lng ca cc cht ban u ( Z 0 + Z 0 ) cao hn tng nng lng ca cc cht to thnh sau phn ng ( Z0 + Z0 ), c a b c d ngha l nng lng hot ho ca phn ng thun E1 thp hn nng lng hot ho ca phn ng nghch E2 th phn ng l sinh nhit, cn ngc li l phn ng thu nhit.

22

Tht vy, Qu trnh phn ng thun l t tri sang phi, t mc nng lng I ch c th xy ra sau khi khc phc cn tr E1 nh hn sau phn ng t tin hnh dn h thng kho st n mc mi II thp hn v ng thi gii phng mt lng nhit tng ng bng Q = E1 - E2. Qu trnh phn ng nghch t phi sang tri ch c th xy ra khi khc phc c cn tr E2 ln hn v sau phn ng dn h thng n mc I, thc hin qu trnh ngc ny cn tiu hao mt nng lng tng ng Q = E2 - E1. Nng lng hot ho c xc nh trn c s nh lut khi lng tc dng (Arrhenius) v c hin th qua hng s vn tc phn ng ha hc:

k = k 0e

E RT

(2-21)

Trong : k0 Hng s phn ng vi tng s ln va chm ca phn t; E nng lng hot ho, kJ/mol; T- nhit phn ng, 0K. R = 8,314KkJ/kmom 2[kcal/kmol 0K] - hng s ph bin ca cht kh, i vi mt phn ng cho, nhit cng cao th k s cng ln. Bi v khi nhit cng cao th nng lng ca cc phn t cng cao do s lng cc phn t hot ng cng nhiu nn lm tng vn tc phn ng. Khi gi tr k0 nh nhau th phn ng no c nng lng hot ho E cng ln th k cng nh, ngha l vn tc phn ng cng b. Ngc li E cng nh th k cng ln v phn ng xy ra cng nhanh. T phng trnh trn ta thy, nng lng hot ho cng b th lng nhit chi ph cho vic ph v cc lin kt c cng b, dn n vn tc phn ng ha hc tng ln v cng ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . Nng lng hot ho c trng cho tnh cht hot ho ca cc cht c kh nng tham gia phn ng vi nhau. C th coi nng lng hot ho nh mt cn tr nng lng no m cn phi khc phc c th xy ra phn ng. V i lng E mt mc no c trng cho tiu th nng lng cn thit ph v cc lin kt nguyn t trong cc phn t phn ng, ta c th c c gi tr ca nng lng hot ho t vic kho st nhng s liu thc nghim. Ly logarit biu thc (2-21) ta c: E1 ln k = ln k 0 . (2-22) R T H s k0 t l vi s ln va chm v vi vn tc trung bnh ca cc phn t, vn tc ny theo thuyt ng hc cc cht kh th t l vi T (v 2 T). Do vy biu thc i vi k0 c dng sau: k 0 = C. T (2-23) C l hng s.
2.2.1.7. Phn ng dy chuyn Trong qu trnh chy, nhiu trng hp vn tc phn ng xy ra khc thng, rt mnh lit hoc rt chm so vi mc bnh thng. Khi khng th gii thch cc trng hp trn mt cch cn k bng nh lut khi lng tc dng v nng lng

23

hot ho c, v rng nhng phn ng c th va xy ra trc tip t cht tham gia phn ng ban u n sn phm cui cng ngay hoc cng c th tin hnh qua phn ng trung gian to thnh sn phm trung gian c mc nng lng thp hn sau mi tip tc phn ng to ra sn phm cui cng vi mc nng lng hot ho nh hn, do vy phn ng xy ra d dng hn. Sn phm trung gian c gi l nhng trung tm hot ng (gm nguyn t t do, nhng gc, nhng vt cht c ha tr...). Sn phm trung gian d dng phn ng vi cc phn t bo ha ha tr. Sau tng giai on phn ng, ngoi nhng sn phm cui cng cn c rt nhiu trung tm hot ng mi thay th cho nhng trung tm hot ng c mt i, do phn ng xy ra lin tc. Phn ng nh vy gi l phn ng dy chuyn. Qu trnh sinh ra cc trung tm hot ng gi l qu trnh to dy chuyn. Qu trnh tiu hu dn cc trung tm hot ng gi l qu trnh t dy chuyn. Sau mt giai on tin hnh phn ng, ngoi sn phm cui cng cn to ra hai hay nhiu trung tm hot ng mi th phn ng c gi l phn ng dy chuyn pht trin, cn phn ng m sau mt giai on tin hnh ch to ra sn phm cui cng ch mt trung tm hot ng mi m thi th gi l phn ng dy chuyn khng pht trin. Vn tc phn ng dy chuyn c xc nh theo cng thc sau: fav 0 v= (e 1) (2-24) trong : v0 - l vn tc to thnh trung tm hot ng ban u (tc s lng trung tm hot ng to thnh trong 1 giy); f - hng s sinh dy chuyn pht trin; a - s lng phn t sn phm cui cng; - hng s sinh dy chuyn thc t; = f - g, trong g l hng s t dy chuyn. Tr s ph thuc vo p sut v nhit , c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
= e.p m .e T (2-25) trong e, m v - cc hng s ph thuc vo cc phn ng. Khi f >> g ngha l >> 0 th cng thc (2-24) c coi nh: fav 0 v= e (2-26) Khi f = g ngha l = 0 th hm s vn tc (2-24) tin ti mt tr s ti hn l: v = f.a.v0.. (2-27) Khi f << g th v cng s tin ti mt tr s ti hn: f .a.v 0 (2-28) V=

24

2.2.2. Qu trnh bc chy v tt ngn la Qu trnh chy nhin liu c th chia thnh hai giai on: giai on bc chy v giai on chy mnh lit. Nhit lng sinh ra trong qu trinh chy mt phn dng nng cao nhit vt cht tham gia phn ng, mt phn ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh. 2.2.2.1. Qu trnh t bc chy nghin cu qu trnh t bc chy, ta kho st hn hp nhin liu + khng kh ng trong bnh kn. Gi s bnh c th tch l V, nhit thnh bnh l T0. Thc t th nhit lng sinh ra q sr s to ra mi trng mt phn qtn do qu trnh bt la l tng hp ca s sinh nhit v to nhit. Theo cc kt qu nghin cu ca Vin s Sminp th trong qu trnh chy, giai on u nhit thnh bnh T0 cn thp, vn tc phn ng cn b nn lng nhit do phn ng sinh ra khng ng k, do lng nhit to ra mi trng xung quanh qua thnh bnh ln hn lng nhit do phn ng sinh ra, ngha l hn hp kh t lm lnh. Nu ta gia nhit cho hn hp, nhit hn hp s tng dn, vn tc phn ng cng tng ln do lng nhit sinh ra cng tng dn v lng nhit do phn ng sinh ra ln hn lng nhit to ra mi trng xung quanh qua thnh bnh, ngha l hn hp kh t nung nng. Sau mt khong thi gian nhit hn hp tng ln n mt gi tr no T1 > T0, th xut hin ngn la ( c gi l thi gian cm ng), khi nhit , p sut, nng hn hp kh trong bnh thay i t ngt. Nh vy th qu trnh t bc chy ch c th xy ra khi lng nhit do phn ng sinh ra ln hn lng nhit to ra mi trng xung quanh. Ngha l c th coi: S gia tng nhit cho hn hp kh l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng t bc chy. 2.2.2.2. Nhit t bc chy Nhit lng to ra mi trng l: qtn = (T - T0) F, Kw; (2-29) Nhit lng sinh ra trong ton b th tch bnh l: (2-30) qsr = V.Q.v = V.Q.k0.C trong : v l vn tc phn ng ho hc trong bnh, mol/m3.s; Q l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng, chnh l nhit lng sinh ra khi to ra 1mol sn phm, (kj/mol); iu kin hn hp t bc chy l: lng nhit sinh ra bng lng nhit to cho mi trng, ngha l: q sr = qtn (2-31)

dq sr dq tn = dT dT

(2-32)

26

Trong thi gian cm ng cng c mt s phn t tham gia phn ng nhng s lng rt nh nn c th coi v = const. Khi thi gian phn ng 1 > th qu trnh t bc chy xy ra v vn tc phn ng c tnh: v = k 0 .C n .e E / RT (2-33) k0 l hng s vn tc phn ng khi T = :, C l nng cc cht tham gia phn ng, c tnh bng s phn t thc ca cc cht tham gia phn ng trong 1m3 th tch bnh, n l bc phn ng (phn ng n phn t c n = 1; phn ng a phn t c n = 2), E l nng lng hot ho ca phn ng, T l nhit hn hp tham gia phn ng. Hoc c th vit: qsr = VQk 0Cn e E / RT = A e E / RT (2-34) A l h s ph thuc vo nng phn t cht phn ng, p sut v nhit tr nhin liu. Cc phng trnh (2-29) v (2-34) cho bit nhit lng hn hp kh to ra mi trng qua thnh bnh c quan h tuyn tnh vi nhit hn hp, cn nhit lng sinh ra trong ton b th tch bnh qsr ph thuc vo nhit hn hp kh theo qui lut hm s m. Biu din 2 phng trnh (2-29) v (2-34) trn h to q-T ta thy c 2 trng hp c th xy ra: *. Thay i p sut khi nhit thnh bnh (mi trng) T0 khng i
2 q1sr q sr q3sr qtn

q sr qtn

q sr qtn

qsr q1 tn 2

q2tn

q3tn

B 1 T

T T T TB Hnh 2.5. Quan h Qsr = f(T) v qtn = f(T) khi thay i nhit T01 T02 T03 T
1 0 2 0 3 0

T0 TB Hnh 2.4. Quan h Qsr = f(T) v qtn = f(T) khi thay i p sut HH p1 p2 p3

Khi cho nhit thnh bnh T0 khng thay i ta c ng thng qtn = f(T) ct trc honh ti im T0. Cho p sut thay i (tc a thay i) ta c mt h

27

ng cong qsr = f(T) ng vi cc gi tr p sut khc nhau (Hnh 2.4). ng cong q 1 tng ng vi p sut ln nht (vi s lng cc phn t cht tham gia phn ng sr nhiu nht a1), cn ng cong q 3 tng ng vi p sut nh nht. sr Nu qu trnh sinh nhit xy ra theo ng cong q 3 th ban u lng nhit sr sinh ra ln hn lng nhit to cho thnh bnh, hn hp kh c tip tc t nng, nhit hn hp tip tc tng dn n T1 (im 1 l giao im ca q 3 v qtn). Ti sr giao im ny lng nhit sinh ra bng lng nhit to cho thnh bnh, sau th hn hp kh khng c t nng na vi khi lng nhit sinh ra nh hn lng nhit to cho thnh bnh. Nu ta tip tc gia nhit cho hn hp n nhit T2 (im 2) th lng nhit sinh ra s bt u n nh, tng dn v ln hn lng nhit to cho mi trng, khi y phn ng khng ngng nng cao nhit v dn n hin tng t bc chy. Ta thy ng cong q 1 khng ct ng thng qtn nn ng vi bt k mt sr nhit no th lng nhit sinh ra lun lun ln hn lng nhit to cho mi trng, nn nu qu trnh sinh nhit xy ra theo ng cong q 1 th phn ng lun lun nng sr cao nhit v dn n hin tng t bc chy. 2 Nu qu trnh sinh nhit xy ra theo ng cong q sr th ti im B (tip xc gia hai ng) lng nhit sinh ra bng lng nhit to cho thnh bnh, ngoi im ra th ng vi bt k mt nhit no lng nhit sinh ra lun lun ln hn lng nhit to cho thnh bnh v qu trnh s tin ti t bc chy. 2 Nh vy p sut p2 ng vi ng cong q sr l p sut ti hn ca qu trnh t bc chy khi nhit thnh bnh l T0. Hn hp s t bc chy ch khi p sut p > p2, cn khi p < p2 th hn hp s khng t bc chy. *. Thay i nhit mi trng T0 khi p sut hn hp kh p khng i Khi cho p sut hn hp kh p khng thay i ta c ng cong q sr = f(T). Cho nhit thnh bnh T0 thay i ta c mt h ng thng qtn = f(T) ng vi cc 1 gi tr nhit T0 khc nhau (Hnh 2.5). ng thng q 1 tng ng vi nhit T0 tn nh nht, cn ng thng q 3 tng ng vi nhit T03 ln nht. Cng l lun tn tng t nh trn ta c T02 l nhit thnh bnh ti hn gy nn qu trnh t bc chy ca nhin liu khi p sut hn hp khng i. Khi nhit thnh bnh T0 > T02 qu trnh s tin ti t bc chy. Nh vy: nhit TB tng ng vi tip im ca ng sinh nhit v ng to nhit l gii hn ca s t bc chy v c gi l nhit t bc chy. Nhit t bc chy khng phi l mt hng s vt l m l mt thng s ph thuc vo tnh cht nhin liu, nng hn hp v iu kin to nhit vng bc chy. 2.2.2.3. Gii hn t bc chy

28

Nh trn phn tch, nhit chy ca nhin liu T v nhit t bc chy ca n l TBC khng phi thuc tnh sn c ca nhin liu m n c quan h vi p sut, nng v iu kin tn ti ca hn hp cht chy. Cn c vo iu kin ti hn ca qu trnh t bc chy thay cc gi tr qsr v qtn vo (2-31) v (2-32) ta c: E Q.V.k 0C n exp (2-35) = .s ( T T0 ) RT E E Q.V.k 0C n .exp (2-36) = .S 2 RT RT Trong qu trnh phn ng, nng vt cht C c coi nh khng i, chia hai phng trnh trn cho nhau ta c: RT 2 T T0 = (2-37) E Gii phng trnh bc hai ny ta c 2 nghim gi tr nhit t bc chy: (2-38) R E i vi cc phn ng chy th gi tr nng lng hot ho ca phn ng hn hp trc cht kh ccbuahydro v khng kh vo khong (105 ~ 2,5.105) J/mol. Nu nhit T0 = 500 10000K th RTo/E 0,05, do nghim c du cng (+) s khng c ngha thc t, v khi TBC = E/R s xp x bng 10.0000C. Ch nghim c du tr (-) c gi tr, khi Error! Not a valid link.c th da vo cng thc Taylor

TBC =

1 1 2

RT02 E

4RT0 khai trin biu thc 1 E

1

1/ 2

nh sau:
2 3

4RT0 2 RT0 RT0 RT0 (2-39) 1 = 1 2 2 4 .... E E E E B qua s hng c T3 v thay (2-39) vo (2-40) ta c nhit t bc chy l: RT 2 (2-40) TBC = T0 + 0 E RT02 0 Hiu s nhit T = TBC T0 = , K E RT02 RT 2 Khi T , th hn hp s bc chy, cn ngc li T 0 th hn hp khng E E th bc chy. T c gi l gii hn gia nhit to nn s bc chy. V d khi E = 100kj/mol, T0 = 5000K th T = T - T0 = 200K; lc E = 160 kj/mol, To = 10000K th T = T - T0 = 500K. Do vy trong thc t ngi ta thng coi T0 nh l TBC. Song cn phi ch r rng T0 v TBC l hai khi nim khc nhau, cho nn v gi tr chng c th gn ging nhng bn cht th khng th coi nh nhau c. T cng thc (2-36) ta c:

29

, (2-41) E V.Q.k.exp RT0 Mt khc theo phng trnh trng thi ta li c: p = CRT, hay nng : p , (2-42) C= RT Khi coi TBC T0. Thay (2-42) vo (2-41) v bin i ta c quan h gia p sut hn hp v nhit phn ng: Pn .S.R n +1 , (2-43) T0n + 2 E V.Q.k o .E.exp RT0

C n = .S.

RT02 E

Hnh 2.6 biu din quan h gia pC v TBC Hnh 2.6 biu din quan h gia pC v TBC theo cng thc (2-43). Pha phi ca ng cong l vng t bc chy cn pha tri l khu vc khng bc chy. T th ta thy: khi p sut hn hp thp, th cn phi t c nhit tht cao th qu trnh t bc chy mi xy ra. Ngc li khi nhit hn hp cht chy rt thp th cn phi nn n p sut cao hn hp mi c th t bc chy c. p sut ti hn pC v nhit ti hn TC ca qu trnh bt chy ca hn hp nhin liu v oxy c th xc nh c bng thc nghim. Bng thc nghim ta o c c cc gi tr p sut ti hn pC v nhit ti hn TC ca qu trnh bc chy hn hp nhin liu v oxy, t c th xc nh c nng lng hot ho ca phn ng nh sau: Ta gi s rng phn ng n gin l phn ng bc 2, cng thc (2-43) c th vit:

p T

2 c 2+ 2 c

E SR 2+1 .exp RTc = V.Q.k 0 .E

3 1 2

(2-44)

Ly logarit phng trnh (2-16) ta c:

p sR E ln c = ln + 2 2RT Q.V.k 0 E Tc

(2-45)

T cc gi tr pC, TC thu c, biu din chng ln th ln(pc/Tc2)-1/Tc hnh 2.10 ta s c mt ng thng. H s gc ca ng thng chnh l E/2R v t tm ra c gi tr ca nng lng hot ho E. Nu nh gi tr s E tm c v tr s E tnh theo nh lut Arrhenius tng ng nhau th chng t gi thit trc y coi

30

lng tiu hao nhin liu v lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh phn ng l khng ng k, c th b qua l chnh xc. Hnh 2.7. gi tr ca nng lng hot ho E Mt khc ta thy rng, iu kin ti hn ca s bc chy cn ph thuc vo nng nhin liu trong hn hp cht chy v khng kh. Gi thit rng trong hn hp A l nhin liu v B l cht oxy ho. Phn ng l phn ng bc 2 ca hai phn t. Nu dng CA thay cho C ta c: P x P (2-46) CA = A = A , RT RT Trong xA l t s mol cht A trong mt n v th tch. T cng thc (2-45) ta c:

p sR 3 2 E ln c = ln + 2 2 2RT Tc Q.V.k 0 x A E

(2-47)

Khi cho p sut khng i, cho nng nhin liu trong hn hp thay i ta xc nh c s thay i ca nhit t bc chy, quan h gia nhit t bc chy v nng nhin liu c trnh by trn hnh 2.11. Hnh 2.8. Quan h gia nhit t bc chy v nng nhin liu Khi cho nhit khng i, cho nng nhin liu trong hn hp thay i ta xc nh c s thay i ca p sut ti hn ca qu trnh t bc chy, quan h gia p sut ti hn v nng nhin liu c trnh by trn hnh 2.9. Hnh 2.9. Quan h gia p sut ti hn t bc chy v nng nhin liu T cc th trn ta rt ra cc kt lun sau: - mt p sut hoc mt nhit nht nh, hn hp s t bc chy khi nng nhin liu nm trong phm vi gii hn di v gii hn trn. Nu nng nhin liu thp hn gi tr gii hn di hoc cao hn gi tr gii hn trn th hn hp s khng t bc chy. - p sut nht nh khi ta h thp nhit hoc nhit nht nh khi ta h thp p sut th khong cch gia gii hn di v gii hn trn ca nng nhin liu ca qu trnh t bc chy s thu hp li, vng t bc chy s thu hp li. - mt p sut nht nh nu nhit qu thp hoc nhit nht nh nu p sut qu thp th s khng xy ra t bc chy. - Kh nng to nhit ca bnh cng nh hng n gii hn nng ca s t bc chy, kh nng to nhit tng ln th phm vi bt la s thu hp li. 2.2.3. Qu trnh lan truyn ngn la

31

Nu gia nhit cho bnh cha hn hp kh chy, nhit hn hp s tng ln v n gi tr T1 no hn hp s t bc chy ti mt im ri lan truyn ra xung quanh theo mi hng. Ngha l t lc xut hin ngn la n khi ton b hn hp trong bnh u phn ng th cn mt khong thi gian, thi gian c xc nh bng vn tc lan truyn ngn la (cm/s). Nu bnh c dng cu th ngn la s xut hin u tin ti tm bnh v l ni c nhit cao nht. Trong thc t ngi ta dng ngun nhit bn ngoi mi la, lm cho cc b ca hn hp cht chy bt la, sau phn bt la truyn nng lng nhit v ht hot tnh cho phn kh cha bt la, b mt ngn la dch chuyn dn v pha hn hp cha chy lm cho n bt l gi l qu trnh lan truyn ngn la lm cho qu trnh chy tip tc. Ngn la c th tn ti trong mi trng tnh hoc trong mi trng dng chuyn ng. Trong mi trng tnh hoc trong dng chy tng ta c qu trnh lan truyn ngn la chy tng. Trong dng chy ri ta c qu trnh lan truyn ngn la chy ri. Tc lan truyn ngn la chy tng ch ph thuc vo tnh cht ho l ca vt cht tham gia phn ng. Khi hn hp kh chy trng thi chy ri th tc lan truyn ngn la chy ri ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh dng chy, s truyn nhit v truyn ht hot tnh s mnh hn rt nhiu, do vy s tng nhanh s lan truyn ngn la. Khi hn hp chy b nn on nhit v m p sut v nhit cc b tng ln rt cao, ta gi l hin tng n, tc lan truyn ngn la tng ln rt cao, lan truyn ngn la ch yu l nh cc sng xung kch ln hn nhiu so vi tc trtuyn nhit v ht hot tnh. Phng thc lan truyn gi l lan truyn n. Da vo l thuyt ny, nu bit phng trnh vn tc phn ng trong iu kin nhit , nng v p sut ca hn hp kh cho ban u, kch thc bnh v vt liu lm bnh th chng ta c th tnh ton trc c qu trnh t bc chy c th xy ra c hay khng. Vn tc truyn lan b mt bt la theo phng php tuyn ca n c gi l vn tc truyn lan ngn la bnh thng, k hiu bng cha Utl, (m/s). Nu nh vn tc i ra ca dng hn hp khi chy vx cn bng vi vn tc truyn lan ngn la i vo Utl th b mt bt la s n nh. Mt khc cng c s cn bng v mt truyn nhit ngha l lng nhit bn ngoi dn vo phi bng lng nhit hn hp cht kh hp th: dT q = = U t1C p (Tch T0 ), (2-48) dn Mt khc chiu dy mt bt la c coi l chiu dy ca vn tc phn ng ha hc nn. dT T0 Tch = dn b1 Do ta c: T T0 ch = U t1C p (Tch T0 ). b1

32

bl: chiu dy mt bt la,

Hnh 2.10. chiu dy cc vng chy t: chiu dy b mt ngn la khuych tn, k: chiu dy vng chy kit,

T rt ra
U t1 =

1 a . = C p b1 b1

(2-49)

Trong cc cng thc trn th: - mt ca hn h kh chy; Cp - Nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh chy; T0 nhit ban u ca hn hp kh chy; Tch nhit chy ca hn hp. Nu h l thi gian phn ng ha hc trong qu trnh chy (c coi l thi gian bt la) th b1 = U t1 h a a a = U t1 . h , hay U 2 = thay: b1 = vo ta c: tl U t1 U t1 h Nh vy a (2-50) U t1 = h R rng vn tc chuyn lan ngn la ph thuc rt nhiu vo nng vt cht tham gia phn ng, vo nhit v tp cht nm trong hn hp kh. Cn p sut th nh hng rt t n vn tc truyn lan mt bt la. Vn tc truyn lan ngn la bnh thng ca mt s cht kh: Hyr hn hp vi khng kh: v = 2,5m/s; hn hp vi oxy: v = 9,0m/s M tan hn hp vi khng kh: v = 0,37m/s; hn hp vi oxy: v = 4,5m/s 2.2.4. Cc c im ca qu trnh chy

33

2.2.4.1. Chy ng hc v chy khuch tn. Qu trnh chy l mt t hp cc hin tng vt l v ho hc. Tu thuc kh nng pha trn gia cht chy v cht oxy ho, c th chia qu trnh chy thnh chy ng hc v chy khuch tn. - Qu trnh chy ng hc: Qu trnh chy ng hc l qu trnh t chy hn hp nhin liu - khng kh c pha trn trc, khi qu trnh chy b gii hn bi vn tc phn ng ho hc. - Qu trnh chy khuych tn: Qu trnh chy khuych tn l qu trnh chy xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh pha trn to thnh hn hp chy, ngha l nhin liu v khng kh cha c pha trn trc. Trong trng hp ny qu trnh chy c quyt nh bi qu trnh vt l m bo s tip xc ca cc thnh phn nhin liu vi xy. Trong trng hp tng qut, tng thi gian chy gm hai phn: thi gian cn thit sinh ra cc hng s vt l v (thi gian to hn hp) v thi gian xy ra cc phn ng ha hc h.: t =v + h , (2-51) Khi c hai cht tham gia phn ng u trng thi th kh (phn ng ng th) th v l thi gian to nn hn hp trc khi chy. Khi cc cht tham gia phn ng l khng ng nht (chy nhin liu lng hoc rn) th v l thi gian vn chuyn vt cht oxyho th kh t mi trng c nng ban u n b mt ht nhin liu ang chy. giai on u ca phn ng khi nhit cn thp th tc phn ng nh, phn ng khng s dng ht lng oxy mang ti, bi vy qu trnh phn ng b km hm bi yu t ng hc l nhit . (Thi gian chy ch yu l thi gian pha trn to ra hn hp). Lc ny nu tng tc thi oxy ti b mt vt chy (tng nng oxy cho phn ng) hoc l tng b mt phn ng (nh tng mn ht nhin liu) th tc phn ng vn hu nh khng thay i. Tc ny ch ph thuc vo nhng yu t ng hc nh nng lng hot ho, p sut trong khng gian phn ng v nng vt cht phn ng. Trong trng hp ny ta ni rng qu trnh phn ng xy ra trong vng ng hc. h >> v t h Nh vy trong vng ng hc qu trnh phn ng khng b km hm bi cc yu t thu ng v khuch tn. Khi nhit tng ln, tc phn ng tng ln v yu cu oxy tng ln. Nu yu cu ny khng tha mn th qu trnh ny s chuyn vo vng khuch tn. Trong vng ny tc phn ng c quyt nh bi cc yu t thy ng v khuych tn, rt t ph thuc vo cc yu t ng hc. Lc ny d nhit c tng ln rt cao th tc phn ng cng tng ln rt t. Thi gian chy ch yu l thc hin cc phn ng ha hc, ngha l: v >> h t v Vng ng hc v vng khuych tn ca qu trnh chy l nhng vng gii hn. Gia hai vng ny l vng trung gian, c c trng bi tc dng ng thi ca c hai giai on (v h). a s qu trnh phn ng xy xa trong vng ny.

34

4.2.2.2. c im chy nhin liu kh Thnh phn ch yu ca kh thin nhin l CH4 v mt t hyrcacbua n nh. Qu trnh chy c th xy ra trong vng ng hc hoc trong vng khuch tn tu thuc vo thnh phn hn hp chy gia nhin liu v khng kh. Vic to thnh hn hp chy ph thuc rt nhiu vo kiu vi phun v kiu bung t. C th khng kh v nhin liu pha trn trc hon ton, c th pha trn trc mt phn hoc c th khng pha trn trc khi ra khi vi phun. Thnh phn v cu trc ca hn hp c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh chy hn hp ng th sinh ra. * Khi khng kh v nhin liu c pha trn trc th qu trnh chy xy ra trong vng ng hc. Nu hn hp chy c t nng nhanh v vt qua nhit bc chy th qu trnh chy gn nh loi tr c s phn hu hyrcacbua. Khi khng c cc ht m hng trong khi do ngon la l ngn la khng sng. * Khi khng kh v nhin liu khng pha trn trc hoc c th pha trn trc mt phn rt nh. S pha trn tng h gia dng nhin liu v dng kh xy ra ch do khuch tn phn t t dng khng kh bao quanh vo. Qu trnh chy xy ra trong vng khuch tn. Phi c thi gian to thnh hn hp chy nn ton b thi gian chy ln hn khi qu trnh chy xy ra trong vng khuych tn, cc ht hyrcacbua cng b phn hy nhiu hn v to thnh nhiu ht m hng trong ngn la nn ngn la trong trng hp ny l ngn la sng. Khi nhit cao hn 6000C th hyrcacbua c th b phn hy thnh nhng cc ht m hng rt kh chy. V vy, tng nhanh qu trnh oxy ha v trnh s phn hy nhit hyrcacbua nhit cao th cn phi cp gi nng vo gc ngn la. 4.2.2.3. c im chy nhin liu lng. Qu trnh chy nhin liu lng trong dng l mt t hp ca nhiu hin tng phc tp nh qu trnh phun sng, t nng, bc hi nhin liu, to thnh hn hp gia hi ca nhin liu vi cht oxy ho, bc chy v chy cc hyrcacbua v cui cng l s chy kit ht m hng. i vi mazut th nhit lng cn thit hot ha ngn la thng t 2500 3700kj/kg, ngha l n gn 10% nhit tr ca nhin liu. Khi nhin liu lng c phun thnh dng cc ht sng mn, n gin c th coi mt cch gn ng qu trnh chy ca nhin liu lng tng t qu trnh chy nhin liu kh, v oxy phn ng vi hi ca nhin liu c trng thi gn nh th kh, tt nhin qu trnh ny c mt s c im ring sau y: Dng nhin liu lng c phun thnh bi l h khng ng nht, gm cc ht nhin liu lng, hi nhin liu, oxy, nit ca khng kh v cc sn phm chy.

35

Cng ging nh trng hp t nhin liu kh khng c s pha trn s b kh vi khng kh, y hi bc ra t cc git nhin liu lng c phun sng to nn nhng khi hi nhin liu. Tuy nhin khc vi qu trnh chy kit cc khi nhin liu kh, khi t nhin liu lng phun thnh sng trong trng hp tng qut th ngoi pha hi cn c c pha lng tn ti xung quanh pha hi. Qu trnh chy nhin liu lng thc cht l qu trnh chy hi bc ra t git nhin liu lng, nn tc chy s ph thuc rt nhiu vo tc bc hi cc git lng. V vy qu trnh chy nhin liu lng, mt mt l qu trnh chy lng hi bc ra t n, c ngha n l qu trnh ho hc ng th, mt khc tc ca qu trnh chy c xc nh bi tc ca qu trnh trao i nhit km theo s bc hi trn b mt cht lng, ngha l qu trnh vt l d th. Khng kh cn thit cho qu trnh chy c dn vo ng lt ca vi phun, dng khng kh s pha trn vi cc git nhin liu lng c phun thnh sng, to ra trong bung la mt dng trn ngp khng ng nhit. Dng hn hp c sy nng do ht sn phm chy c nhit cao t xung quanh vo, t cc git nh nhin liu lng s c sy nng v bc hi khi nhn nhit nh trao i nhit i lu trong dng khuch tn ri gia cc git nhin liu, khng kh v khi nng ng thi nh bc x nhit ca ngn la, ca khi bung la v ca tng l nng . Khi t nhin liu lng theo kiu phun sng, nhin liu s c cc thit b phun vo bung la thnh cc ht sng rt nh (kch thc khong 50 n 200m), nh nhn c nhit ca khi nng trong bung la m cc git du s bc hi, phn hy nhit v hn hp vi khng kh trong dng. Hi bc ra t du s hn hp vi oxy c gia nhit y v bt la. Lng nhit sinh ra y s lm tng nhanh qu trnh bc hi v qu trnh chy n. Hi du c sy nng v phn hy nhit th khuych tn t trong ra ngoi mi trng, cn oxy th li khuyh tn t mi trng ngoi vo mt git nhin liu. Cch b mt git du mt khong nht nh hn hp t ti t l nht nh (tng ng vi t l trong phn ng chy) th hn hp s bc chy. Qu trnh sy nng dng xy ra mnh nht trn chu vi dng, do to iu kin bc hi rt mnh cc git nm trn bin dng. Cc git nhin liu nm trong phn gia ca dng c t nng v bc hi chm hn, chng s bc hi hon ton khi chuyn ng c mt khong cch nht nh dc theo trc ca dng, v vy ngn la thng c dng hnh cn. tng nhanh qu trnh chy th cn tng tc bc hi cc git du. Mun vy cn phi tng b mt bc hi, ngha l phi phun ma dt thnh cc ht cng mn cng tt. Khi cc git ma dt c phun cng mn th kh nng hn hp vi khi v kh nng cng tt, do cng tng nhanh mc gia nhit cho git nhin liu. mn ca git du tng ln khi ng knh cc l phun nh, tc chuyn ng ca git ln, mt mi trng tng ln. gim sc cng b mt ca du, thng thng phi gia nhit trc cho du ti 90-1000C.

36

Nh phn tch trn, Kch thc ht nhin li l yu t nh hng ln nht n qu trnh chy nhin liu lng, ht cng nh chy cng nhanh v d chy kit. Khi ra khi ming phun, dng hn hp khuych tn vo mi trng, do c s ma st gia cc git du v cht kh xung quanh lm cho cc git du cng c tch ra nh hn. Qu trnh chy nhin liu lng xy ra trong vng khuych tn, cho nn tc qu trnh chy cng ph thuc nhiu vo tc bc hi ca git du. Cc hydrocacbon ca nhin liu lng l khng bn vng v nhit, v vy khi t nng nhin liu lng m khng khng kh cc hydrocacbon s bc hi v km theo qu trnh phn hy ca chng. Tu thuc vo nhit trong qu trnh gia nhit cc hydrocacbua trong nhin liu lng s b phn hy nhit v to thnh cc hp cht khc nhau. nhit 6000C th cacbuahyr phc tp phn hy thnh hp cht n gin, nhng hp cht ny d b oxy ha thnh CO2 v H2O. Khi nhit cao hn 6000C th li phn hy thnh nhng cacbuahyr nng, cao phn t hoc cc ht m hng rt kh chy. Mc phn hy cc hydrocacbon c trng bi biu thc sau: CmHn mC +

CmHn xC + yH2 + Cm - x Hn - 2y

n H 2 hoc 2

(2-52) (2-53)

Trong thc t thng s phn hy b hn ch do c s to thnh cc hydrocacbon nh v nng. Cac hydrocacbon nh d chy, cn hydrocacbon nng cao phn t v cacbon dng m hng rt kh chy, do hoc b mang ra khi bung chy trong dng cha chy hoc to ra cc nm cc trong bung t. Khi oxy th cc hydrocacbon th hi b oxy ha to ra cc kh chy (CO v H2): 2CmHn + mO2 = 2m CO + nH2 (2-54) V vy, tng nhanh qu trnh oxy ha v trnh s phn hy nhit nhit cao th cn phi cp gi nng vo gc ngn la.
2.2.4.4. c im ca qu trnh chy nhin liu rn Qu trnh chy nhin liu rn xy ra theo cc giai on l: sy m, bc cht bc, chy cht bc, chy cc cn li v to x, trong giai on chy cc l ch yu. Lc u cht bc thot ra v bt la to thnh lp hc xung quanh ht nhin liu, lp ny s hn ch s khuych tn trc tip ca oxy t ngoi ti b mt ht than. Sau chuyn sang chy cc cn li, trc ht qu trnh chy xy ra trn b mt sau pht trin vo su trong ht nhin liu. Qu trnh chy cng tt th nhit sinh ra s cng nhiu. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chy rt nhiu nh: lng khng kh tham gia qu trnh chy, nhit ca bung la, tnh cht hn hp.

37

Hnh 2.11. nh hng ca nhit n lng nhit sinh ra trong bung la

i vi qu trnh chy nhin liu rn th nhit l yu t nh hng c tnh cht quyt nh. Trn hnh 2.14 trnh by quan h gia nhit trong bung la v lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh chy ng vi 1kg nhin liu. T th trn ta thy c 3 vng nhit . Vng th nht (nhit thp di 10000C) l vng chy cha mnh, lm cho tc phn ng ha hc chm li, ko di thi gian chy kit ht than trong bung la. Vng th hai (nhit t 10000C n 20000C) tc phn ng rt cao, nhin liu chy tng i hon ton. Bi vy lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh ny t ti tr s cc i (khi = 1 thi q l cc i con khi < 1 thi q c gim xung). Vng th ba (nhit vt qu 20000C) th ng cong sinh nhit gim xung v xut hin cc phn ng phn hy sn phm chy CO2 thnh CO, l phn ng phn hu km theo s hp th nhit.

Hnh 2-12. Quan h gia lng nhit sinh ra v h s khng kh tha.

Quan h gia lng nhit sinh ra v h s khng kh tha c trnh by trn hnh 2-15. T hnh 2-15 ta thy khi ln hoc b u lm cho q gim thp xung, ch lc = 1 thi q t ti tr s cc i. Khi h s < 1 s thiu khng kh, phn ng xy ra khng hon ton gy tn tht nhit, cn khi > 1 nu tng h s khng kh tha th q gim nhanh hn v khng kh lnh mang vo lm gim nhit bung chy dn n lm gim tc phn ng chy. Trong iu kin thc t, lng nhit pht ra trong qu trnh chy nhin liu s nh hn (trong th trn cha k n tn tht chy khng hon ton).
2.2.5. C s kh ng phn loi bung la

Qu trnh chy trong cc l hi theo ba nguyn l c bn sau: chy theo lp, chy theo ngn la , chy xoy. Bung la chy theo lp cht: S biu th nguyn l chy theo lp c trnh by trn hnh 2.16a. loi bung la ny cc giai on ca qu trnh chy chy u xy trong chiu dy lp

38

nhin liu v trn b mt lp nhin liu vn cn tip tc qu trnh chy cc cht kh chy cn li. Bi vy qu trnh kh ng phi bo m sao cho khng kh c th xuyn thu lp nhin liu cung cp khng kh, ng thi khng c thi bay lp nhin liu, khi trong lng ht than phi ln hn p lc ng ca dng khng kh, ngha l: 3 2 (nl kk ) > C 2 kk , (2-55) 6 4 2 Trong : - ng knh quy dn ca ht nhin liu, m; nl, kk khi lng ring ca nhin liu v khng kh, kg/m3, - Tc tng i ca khng kh v nhin liu, m/s. C h s tr lc, ph thuc vo tr s rynn. Tc cho php ca dng khng kh phi tho mn iu kin. - , m/s; (2-56) < 3,62 nl kk . kk C
Bung la chy trong lp si: Khi tng tc dng khng kh ln th p sut tnh c th t n gi tr bng khi lng ca ht, cc ht s b dng thi bng ln v dao ng mt cao no . Khi lp ht s n ra nn th tch ca lp ht s tng ln 1,5 n 2 ln, 1m3 lp ht si c khi lng khong 400-600kg. Cc ht nhin liu chuyn dch trong lp si v chy. Qu trnh chy nh vy gi l chy trong lp si. S nguyn l qu trnh chy trong lp si c trnh by trn hnh 2.16b. 2 3 2 C 2 kk ( nl kk ) > C 2 d kk , (2-57) 4 2 6 4 2 Bung la chy theo ngn la: Khi tip tc tng tc dng ln th cc ht s b cun bay theo dng. Khi ht bt than cng chuyn ng vi khng kh, v qu trnh chy ht bt than cng xy ra trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng. S nguyn l qu trnh chy theo ngn la trnh by trn hnh 2.16c. m bo cho ht nhin liu chy trng thi l lng, nhng ht ln khng b tch ra khi dng th cc ht bt than phi tun theo nh lut Stc, ngha l: 3 (2-58) ( nl - kk ) = 3 , 6 g trong : - nht ng lc ca mi cht, Ns/m2. Bi vy tc tng i gia bt than v khng kh phi t yu cu sau:

2 g( nl - kk ) ; m/s, (2-59) 18 Bung la chy theo dng xoy: Trong bung la ny, nhin liu v khng kh a vo theo phng tip tuyn vi dng trn tit din ngang bung la. S qu trnh chy theo dng xoy c trnh by trn hnh 2.16d. =

39

Di tc dng ca lc ly tm ht nhin liu v khng kh chuyn ng xoy rt mnh, lun lun trng thi chy ri. Trong bung la xoy, qu trnh chy nh trng thi ngn la nhng thi gian dng li ca dng trong bung la khng hn ch. m bo ht nhin liu xoy c theo dng khng kh th trng lng ca nhin liu phi b hn p lc ng do dng khng kh to nn, ngha l:
2 3 ( nl - kk ) < C. .2 . . kk 6 4 2 Nh vy tc ca dng kh phi bo m yu cu: - 3,62 nl kk . , m/s C kk

(2-60)

(2-61)

Hnh 2.13.Phn loi bung la. a- chy theo lp; b- chy trong tng si; c- chy theo ngn la; d- chy theo dng xoy. * Nhng yu cu chung i vi bung la: 1. C th chy hon ton nhin liu ng vi h s khng kh tha ti thiu. 2. t ng x bung la v cc b mt t v x d dng kh c, 3. m bo c nhng iu kin thun li nht cho vic hp thu nhit ca cc b mt t. 4. C tin cy cao, thun tin v n gin trong vn hnh, 5. C kh nng iu chnh nhanh ph ti trong phm vi rng. Yu cu u tin l quan trng nht v kh thc hin nht. Yu cu ny d thc hin nht bung la t nhin liu kh.

Nhng tnh cht quan trng ca nhin liu c nh hng n vic chn thit b bung la v cu to ca n l: cht bc V0 (%), thnh phn nhin liu, tro, c tnh nhit ca tro v tnh thiu kt ca cc, m ca nhin liu. Nhng yu t c tnh cht quyt nh n vic chn thit b bung la l sn lng l hi v cht lng ca nhin liu t.

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2.3. Tnh ton qu trnh chy nhin liu 2.3.1. Khai nim chung 2.3.1.1. Mc ch, ni dung v cc gi thit khi tnh ton Tnh ton qu trnh chy nhm mc ch cung cp cc s liu cn thit cho vic thit k, vn hnh, nghin cu v kim tra bung la. Cc i lng cn xc nh bao gm: Th tch khng kh l thuyt v thc t cn thit; Thnh phn v th tch sn phm chy (kh, m, l thuyt, thc t) sinh ra khi t chy mt n v (1 kg hay 1m3) nhin liu. Nhit ng sng ca sn phm chy. Vic tnh ton qu trnh chy da trn nh lut bo ton nng lng v khi lng. V vy tnh ton qu trnh chy cn c gi l cn bng cht ca qu trnh chy. n gin trong tnh ton ta gi thit: - Qu trnh chy l ng p. - Cht xy ho l oxy ca khng kh c thnh phn th tch: 21% O2 v 79% N2 . - Cc cht kh v hi tham gia v xut hin trong qu trnh chy u c xem l kh l tng, iu kin tiu chun th tch mt kmol ca chng bng 22,4 m3/kmol. 2.3.1.2. Khi nim v th tch khng l thuyt, thc t v h s khng kh tha * Th tch khng kh l thuyt: Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy l lng khng kh tng ng vi lng O2 ti thiu cn thit t chy hon ton 1kg nhin liu rn hoc lng hay 1 m3tc tiu chun nhin liu kh. *Th tch khng kh thc t: Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy c xc nh theo cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra khi chy cc nguyn t chy c ca nhin liu. Ngha l c tnh ton vi iu kin l tng, trong tng phn t cc cht oxi ha v b oxi ha tip xc v phn ng vi nhau. Trong thc t khng kh v nhin liu khng th tip xc l tng vi nhau c nh vy. Do vy qa trnh chy c th xy ra hon ton th lng khng kh thc t cn phi cung cp vo bao gi cng ln hn lng khng kh l thuyt cn cp cho qu trnh chy. Vic tng lng khng kh thc t nhm: - Tng nhanh qu trnh chy - phng trng hp thiu khng kh do bin ng dng, do thay i tnh cht ca nhin liu v ca khng kh (thay i nhit tr, khi lng ring, m). - Trnh thiu khng kh cc b v tc thi trong bung la do tr lc dng ln thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu thay i theo v tr v thi gian. * H s khng kh tha: T s gia lng khng kh thc t cp vo Vkk vi lng khng kh l thuyt tnh ton c V0kk gi l h s khng kh tha, k hiu l : V = kk > 1 (2-61) 0 Vkk

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Bng 2.5. Cc gi tr ph bin ca h s khng kh tha Nhin liu Kh thin nhin, kh l cao, l cc 1,02 - 1,05 Du 1,05 - 1,15 Bt than 1,1 - 1,3 Than, ghi c kh 1,3 - 1,5 Than, ghi th cng 1,4 - 2,0 L hi khng th kn tuyt i c v c cc ch ghp ni tng l, trn tng l phi c ca v sinh, ca quan st, ca phng n. Khi l lm vic, p sut ng khi lun thp hn p sut kh quyn v p sut khi gim dn theo chiu khi i, do khng kh lnh t ngoi s lt vo ng khi lm tng dn h s khng kh tha trong ng khi theo chiu i ca khi. Tuy nhin khi chy vi lng khng kh tha qu ln th nhit bung la gim xung tc l qu trnh truyn nhit gim xung, nhit tha ca khi tng ln tc l lng nhit do khi mang ra khi l (q2) tng ln, hiu sut l gim xung v tng tiu hao nng lng ca cc loi qut. V vy, khi vn hnh cn phi phn u gi cho gi tr ti thiu. 2.3.2. Tnh ton qu trnh chy nhin liu rn v lng. 2.3.2.1. Cc phng trnh phn ng chy nhin liu lng hoc rn tnh ton qu trnh chy, cn c vo thnh phn ca nhin liu ta vit c cc phng trnh phn ng chy cc nguyn t chy c ca nhin liu, da vo ta vit c phng trnh bo ton khi lng ca tng thnh phn tham gia qu trnh chy, t xc nh c th tch khng kh l thuyt, th tch sn phm chy sinh ra khi t chy mt n v (1 kg hay 1m3) nhin liu. * Phn ng chy hon ton: - Chy cacbon: (2-62a) C + O2 = CO2 12kgC + 32kgO2 = 44kgCO2 1kgC + 2,67 O2 = 3,67kgCO2. (2-62b) Nh vy, v mt l thuyt khi mun t chy hon ton 1kg carbon th cn tiu tn 2,67kg oxy v to ra 3,67kg kh carbonic. Trong thc t cc cht kh thng o bng m3 nn ta i lng kh thnh th tch: Khi thay khi lng ring ca Oxi o2 = 1,428kg/ m3tc v cacbonnic CO2 = 1,964kg/ m3tc vo (2-62b), ta c: 1KgC + 1,866 m3tc O2 = 1,866 m3tc CO2. (2-62c)

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Khi chy khng hon ton nhin liu rn hoc lng, thnh phn ch yu cn c th chy c trong sn phm chy l CO v H2 do cacbon v hydro chy khng hon ton.
Tng t, ta c th tnh lng khng kh cn thit t chy hon ton cc thnh phn khc. - Chy hyro: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O (2-63a) 3 3 1kgH2 + 5,6 m tc O2 = 11,2 m tc H2O (2-63b) - Chy lu hunh: S + O2 = SO2 (2-64a) 3 3 (2-64b) 1kgS + 0,7 m tc O2 = 0,7m tc SO2

* Phn ng chy khng hon ton carbon: = 2CO (2-65a) 2C + O2 = 56kg CO 24kgC + 32kg O2 3 (2-65b) 1kgC + 0,933 m tc O2 = 1,866 m3tc CO T hai phn ng chy hon ton v khng hon ton ca cacbon: (2-66a) C + O2 = CO2 (2-66b) C + 1/2O2 = CO ta thy lng sn phm chy to thnh bt k l chy hon ton hay khng hon ton t mt n v cacbon l nh nhau, s khc nhau ch lng xy tiu tn. Khi chy khng hon ton tiu tn xy ch bng mt na so vi khi chy hon ton. Nu gi phn chy hon ton ca cacbon l a, phn chy khng hon ton l (1 - a) th tiu tn xy cho 1kg nhin liu c hm lng cacbon C s l: VCO2 = 1,866 aC + 1,866(1 - a)C/2 (2-67) = 1,866 C(1 + a)/2 = V0O2 (1 + a)/2 , m3/kg, Tng t, khi chy khng hon ton H2 vi h s chy hon ton b, tiu tn xy s l: H VO 2 = 5,6H.b (2-68) Tng tiu tn xy v khng kh cho qu trnh chy khng hon ton ca nhin liu rn hoc lng: * VO 2 = 1,867C(1 + a ) / 2 + 5,6Hb + 0,7S 0,7O (2-69) (2-70) H s khng kh i vi trng hp chy khng hon ton ny s l:
=
* VKK 0 VKK
* * VKK = 4,762VO 2

(2-71)

2.3.2.2. Xc nh th tch khng kh cp cho qu trnh chy

43

* Th tch khng kh l thuyt: Trong nhin liu rn, cc thnh phn C, H, S c th chy c v sinh nhit. Lng oxi cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu bng tng lng oxi cn thit t chy hon ton lng C, H, S c trong 1kg nhin liu. Vy c th tnh lng oxi cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu theo cc phng trnh phn ng (2-62), (2-63), (2-64) v lu phi tr i lng oxy c sn trong nhin liu Olv: 0 (2-72) V O = 1,866 .C lv + 5 , 6 .H lv + 0 , 7 .S lv - 0 , 7 .O lv Oxi cp cho qu trnh chy trong l hi ly t khng kh, m trong khng kh oxi chim 21%, do c th tnh c lng khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy hon ton 1kg nhin liu:
2

V =
0 kk 0 Vkk =

0 VO

0,21
(2-73)

1 0 VO = 8,89.C lv + 26,67.H lv + 3,33.S lv - 3,33.O lv , 0,21

2

T phng trnh (2-73) ta thy: lng khng kh l thuyt cn thit t chy 1kg nhin liu ch ph thuc vo thnh phn nhin liu m thnh phn nhin liu s quyt nh nhit tr, do lng khng kh l thuyt v nhit tr c lin quan vi nhau v c quan h: aQ lv + 25.W lv . 0 t VKK = (2-74) 1000 trong : a l h s ph thucvo loi nhin liu. G a = 0,251 Than bn a = 0,251 Than , gy, antraxit a = 0,251 Mat zut a = 0,251

* Th tch khng kh thc t:

0 Vkk = Vkk

(2-75)

2.3.2.3. Th tch sn phm chy to thnh khi chy nhin liu Sn phm chy (gi l khi thc) gm c khi kh v hi nc. Ty thuc vo iu kin chy hon ton hay khng hon ton cc nguyn t chy ca nhin liu m t l thnh phn cc cht sinh ra trong sn phm chy khc nhau. trng thi l thuyt, khi chy hon ton (vi = 1) s to thnh trong khi cc cht: CO2, SO2, N2 v H2O. Th tch khi bng: (2-76a) V0Khoi = VCO2 + VSO2 + V0N2 + V0H2O, m3tc/kg; (2-76b) V0Khoi = V0Khoi.K + V0H2O , m3tc/kg; (2-77) trong th tch khi kh: V0Khoi.K = VCO2 + VSO2 + V0N2 , Trong thc t, khi phn tch khi ngi ta thng xc nh chung gi tr th tch ca kh 3 nguyn t c trong khi CO2 v SO2, k hiu l VRO2 = VCO2 + VSO2. Theo cc phng trnh t (2-62) n (2-66) ta tnh c th tch RO2:

44

VRO2 = 1,866.Clv + 0,7.Slv, m3tc/kg; (2-78) Nit c mt trong khi xut pht t 2 ngun: do nit c sn trong nhin liu c chuyn vo trong khi di dng t do khi nhin liu chy v nit do khng kh mang vo. Th tch nit l thuyt trong khi: (2-79a) V0N2 = 0,8.Nlv + 0,79.V0KK, m3tc/kg; Thng thng lng nit c trong nhin liu rt t nn c th b qua, khi lng nit c tnh: (2-79b) V0N2 = 0,79.V0KK, m3tc/kg. Vy th tch khi kh l thuyt l: V0Khoi.K = 1,866.Clv + 0,7.Slv + 0,79.V0KK, m3tc/kg, (2-80) Lng nc c trong khi do cc ngun sau y: 1. Do oxy ho hyr ca nhin liu: VH2H2O = 11,2.Hlv, m3tc/kg, 1 1 W lv = W lv = 1,24.Wlv, m3tc/kg, 2. Do m ca nhin liu:VWH2O= H 2O 0,804 d 0 3. Do m ca khng kh a vo: VKKH2O = VKK KK H 2 O 1000 trong d l cha hi ca khng kh thng ly d = 10g/kg khng kh, 0 1,293 10 vy: VKKH2O = VKK = 1,611.V0KK, m3tc/kg, 0,804 1000 4. Do hi nc phun du madut khi t du: VphH2O = 1,24.Gph, m3tc/kg, Trong Gph l lu lng hi nc phun madut thnh sng, thng ly bng 0,3-0,35 kghi/kg du. Vy th tch l thuyt hi nc l: (2-81) V0H2O = 11,2.Hlv + 1,24.Wlv + 1,611.V0KK + 1,24.Gph, m3tc/kg, Thc t h s khng kh tha lun ln hn 1 nn th tch khi thc t ln hn th tch khi l thuyt do lng nit v hi nc trong khng kh tng ln theo lng khng kh tha. Th tch nit thc t: (2-82) VN2 = V0N2 + 0,79.(-1).V0KK = 0,79. .V0KK, m3tc/kg; Th tch hi nc thc t: VH2O = V0H2O + 1,611.(-1).V0KK, (2-83) VH2O = 11,2.Hlv + 1,24.Wlv + 1,24.Gph + 1,611..V0KK, m3tc/kg, Th tch khi thc l: (2-84) VKhoi = VKhoi.K + VH2O = VRO2 + VN2 + VH2O, m3tc/kg;
2.3.3. Tnh ton qu trnh chy nhin liu kh 2.3.3.1. Cc phng trnh phn ng chy nhin liu kh Tnh ton qu trnh chy nhin liu kh n gin so vi tnh chy nhin liu rn v lng v tt c cc thnh phn tham gia phn ng u pha kh. Cc phng trnh phn ng chy gm: * Chy hon ton:

45

- Chy hyr: + O2 = 2H2O 2H2 3 3 22,4 m H2 + 11,2 m O2 = 22,4 m3 H2O 1 m3 H2 + 0,5 m3 O2 = 1 m3 H2O tng t nh vy ta c cc phng trnh chy cc kh khc: 2CO2 2CO + O2 = 3 3 3 1 m CO + 0,5 m O2 = 1 m CO2 CmHn + (m + n/4)O2 = mCO2 + (n/2) H2O, 1 m3 CmHn + (m + n/4) m3 O2 = m m3 CO2 + (n/2) m3 H2O; 3/2 O2 = SO2 + H2O, H2S + 1 m3 H2S + 1,5 m3 O2 = 1 m3 SO2 + 1 m3 H2O, * Chy khng hon ton: (2-85a) (2-85b) (2-86a) (2-86b) (2-87a) (2-87b) (2-88a) (2-88b)

Khi CO, H2, CH4 chy khng hon ton, ngha l ch mt phn cc thnh phn ny ca nhin liu phn ng vi xy to thnh CO2 v H2O, phn cn li khng chy v chuyn vo sn phm chy di dng t do. Nu k hiu a l cc h s chy hon ton ca tng thnh phn th ta c cc cng thc sau y: - Khi chy khng hon ton CO: (2-75) V*O2,CO = 0,5.aCO.[CO] * VKhoi ,CO = [CO](1 + 1,811.a CO ) (2-76)
0* 0 VKK ,CO = 4,762.VO 2,CO = 2,381.a CO [CO]

(2-77) (2-78)

0 VKK ,CO = 2,381[CO]

= a CO (2-79) 0 VKK ,CO - Khi chy khng hon ton H2: Khi chy khng hon ton H2 cng thc ging nh trng hp chy CO, nu thay bng cc k hiu tng ng cho H2. - Chy khng hon ton CH4: Mt phn (a1) CH4 phn ng vi xy theo phng trnh: CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O Phn khc (a2) b phn hu thnh mui than v hydro: CH4 = C + 2H2 Phn cn li (1 - a1 - a2) khng tham gia bt k phn ng no m chuyn vo sn phm chy di dng t do. Khi chy khng hon ton CH4 , nu b qua phn ng phn hu CH4, tc l a2 = 0 th ta c: * VO 2,CH 4 = 2a 1 [CH 4 ] (2-80)
4

* = CO

0* KK , CO

0 VKhoiA,CH 4 = [CH 4 ](1 + 9,524a 1 )

* VKhoi ,CH 4 = 9,524a 1 [CH 4 ]

(2-81) (2-82)

46

= a1 (2-83) 0 VKK ,CH 4 T cc qu trnh khng hon ton n l trn y ta c th thit lp cng thc cho trng hp tng qut khi ng thi c 2, 3 hoc nhiu thnh phn chy khng hon ton. Da vo cc phng trnh phn ng ny c th tnh cc th
* CH 4

0* VKK ,CH 4

tch xy, sn phm chy l thuyt v thc t khi t chy hon ton 1m3 kh
2.3.3.2. Th tch xy l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy Tng tt c lng xy c tnh ton theo cc phn ng chy tr i lng xy c sn trong nhin liu chnh l lng xy l thuyt cn cung cp cho qu trnh chy:
0 VO2 = 0,5[CO] + 0,5[H2] + (m + n/4) [CmHn] + 1,5[H2S]- [O2], [m3/m3];

(2-85) Trong : [CO], [H2], [CmHn], [H2S], [S] v [O2] l nng cc kh c trong nhin liu kh, o bng % th tch.
2.3.3.3. Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy * Khng kh kh
0 0 = (100/21). VO 2 = 4,762. VO 2 , [m3/m3] (2-86) * Khng kh m Khi lng hi nc cha trong 1 kg khng kh kh chnh l cha hi d: .Ps , [kg/kg k] (2-87a) d = 0,622 p .p s nn lng hi nc [m3] cha trong 1m3 khng kh kh d c tnh theo: (2-87b) d = (29/18)d = 1,611 d, [m3/m3 k] Trong : - m tng i ca khng kh ps - p sut bo ho ca hi nc [Pa] nhit ca khng kh [Pa], tra theo bng hi nc hoc tnh theo phng trnh Antoin [30]: 3978,205 p s = exp 23,462 (2-88) 233,394 + t Trong : ps - p sut tuyt i ca khng kh m, Pa. Tiu hao khng kh m: 0 0 VkkA = (1 + 1,611 d). VKK , [m3/m3] (2-89) 0 VKK

Th tch sn phm chy l thuyt c tnh: 0 [CO]+[H2]+(m+n/2)[CmHn]+[CO2]+[H2S]+ VN 2 , [m3/m3], (2-90) y [CO], [H2], (m+n/2)[CmHn], [CO2], [H2S] l th tch sn phm chy to thnh 0 khi chy cc kh ny, cn VN 2 l thnh phn ca nit trong khng kh.
0 VKhoi =

0 0 VKhoi = [CO]+[H2]+(m+n/2)[CmHn]+[CO2]+[H2S]+[N2]+0,79. VKK ,

(2-91)

47

Th tch sn phm chy thc t: 0 0 VKhoi = VKhoi + (-1). VKK , [m3/m3]

2.3.5. Xc nh h s khng kh tha

(2-92)

Trong qu trnh vn hnh l hi, thng phi kim tra cc mu khi nh k pht hin trong khi c thnh phn CO khng. Nu c CO chng t qu trnh chy xy ra khng hon ton, nhin liu cha b oxi ha hon ton, cn thit phi tm nguyn nhn khc phc v iu chnh qu trnh chy. ng thi vic phn tch khi cn cho php xc nh h s khng kh tha xem c ng tiu chun khng. Nu nh hn tiu chun th qu trnh chy s thiu O2 chy khng ht nhin liu. Nu ln th tn tht nhit q2 tng, hiu sut ca l gim xung. Trong thc t vn hnh h s khng kh tha c xc nh bng vic phn tch khi, t nh nghi: V = KK (2-93) 0 VKK

VN
ta c:
= 0,79.VKK
0 0,79.VKK

VN 2
0 VN 2

V N2 = Khoi.K = 0 0 VN N2
2

(2-94)

VKhoi.K
Lng nit thc t bao gm lng nit l thuyt v nit tha: 0 N2 = N2 + N (2-95) 2 trong N 2 l t l phn trm th tch nit tha so vi th tch khi kh. Vy: N2 = (2-96) N2 N 2 Lng oxy v nit tha trong khi do chnh khng kh tha mang vo nn chng s t l vi nhau, ngha l: O2 21 = N 79 2 Thay vo cng thc (2-96) ta c: N2 1 = = (2-97) 79 79 O 2 N2 O2 1 . 21 21 N 2 2.3.5.1. Khi chy hon ton: Khi chy hon ton trong khi ch cn: RO2, N2, O2 nn vi khi kh ta c: RO2 + N2 + O2 = 100%, v N2 = 100 - (RO2 + O2) ,%, T ta c:

48

1 79 O2 1 . 21 100 (RO 2 + O 2 )

(2-98)

2.3.5.2. Khi chy khng hon ton: Khi chy khng hon ton, ngoi 3 thnh phn trn trong khi cn c c nhng cht cn c th chy c nh: CO, H2, CH4 . . . , khi khi kh gm: RO2 + N2 + O2 + CO + H2 + CH4 + . . . = 100%, (2-99) hay N2 = 100 - (RO2 + O2 + CO + H2 + CH4 + . . . ),%, Khi trong khi cha cc kh cha chy hon ton th n c th tip tc chy na nn lng oxy trong (2-99) khng phi l lng oxy tha trong khi do khng kh tha mang vo m phi tr i lng oxy cn li do cha chy ht CO, H2, CH4, . . . ngha l: O2 = O2 - (0,5.CO + 0,5.H2 + 2.CH4 + . . . ) V vy trng hp tng qut ta c: 1 , (2-100) = 79 O2 (0,5CO + 0,5H 2 + 2CH 4 + ....) 1 . 21 100 (RO 2 + O2 + CO + H 2 + CH 4 + ...) i vi nhin liu rn hoc lng ta c: 1 = (2-101) 79 O2 0,5CO 1 . 21 100 (RO 2 + O 2 + CO) 2.3.6. Phng trnh c trng cho qu trnh chy

Theo thnh phn phn tch mu khi, nu trong khi c CO th qu trnh chy l khng hon ton, khi : (2-102) VKhoi.K = VRO2 + VCO + VN2 + VO2, m3tc/kg; 79 dv VN 2 = VO (2-103) V: 21 2 Trong :
RO H dv CO VO = VO + VO + VO O + VO
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

O lv 2 100. O

y:

RO VO 2 2

H CO , VO2 , VO 2O , VO 2 2

l th tch oxy cn thit chy cacbon, hyr, lu

H VO 2O = 5,6H lv ,
2

hunh v th tch oxy tha. RO CO VO 2 = VRO 2 , VO2 = 0,5VCO ,

2

V = VRO 2 + 0,5VCO + VO 2 + 5,6H lv 0,7O lv nn : thay vo (2-103) ta c: 79 VN 2 = (VRO 2 + 0,5VCO + VO 2 + 5,6H lv 0,7O lv ) , 21
dv O2

(2-104)

49

Th tch khi kh: VKhoi.K = VRO2 + VCO + VO 2 + 79 (VRO2 + 0,5VCO + VO2 + 5,6H lv 0,7Olv ) , 21 Gii ng thi hai phng trnh (2-103) v (2-105) ta c: RO2 (1+) + CO(+0,605) + O2 = 21% Trong l h s c tnh nhin liu. i vi nhin liu rn v lng: H lv - 0,125O lv = 2,37 lv C + 0,375S lv i vi nhin liu kh: 0 0,01N 2 + 0,79VKK = 0,21 0,79 , VRO 2 + (2-105) (2-106)

(2-107a)

(2-107b)

T ta thy h s c trng ch ph thuc vo cc thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu. i vi nhin liu rn, lng v kh thin nhin th lun c gi tr 0<<1, cn i vi nhin liu kh nhn to thnh phn RO2 ln nn c th c gi tr m: Nhin liu rn = 0,035 -0,15; Nhin liu lng = 0,2 - 0,35; Nhin liu kh = 0,7 - 0,8; Kh l cao thng c gi tr m. Hm lng CO c trong khi tnh theo phng trnh (2-106) l: (21 RO 2 ) (RO 2 + O 2 ) CO = (2-108) 0,605 + Khi chy hon ton th CO = 0, t (2-107) ta c phng trnh c trng cho qu trnh chy hon ton: (2-109) 21 - .RO2 - (RO2 + O2) = 0 t ta c: 21 O 2 RO 2 = (2-110) 1+ Nh vy khi chy hon ton v khng c khng kh tha (O2 = 0) th tr s RO2 s t gi tr cc i: 21 max (2-111) RO 2 = 1+
max Tr s RO 2 ch ph thuc vo tc vo c tnh nhin liu, do vi mi max loi nhin liu ta c c tr s RO 2 . Khi vn hnh vi > 1 th s c O2 tha nn max lng RO2 trong khi s nh hn tr s RO 2 do phi phn u iu chnh sao cho max RO2 tin ti RO 2 nhm cho t gi tr nh nht. T cng thc (2-97) ta c h s khng kh tha:

50

1 1 = O2 79 79 O 1 . 2 1 . 21 [100 (RO 2 + O 2 )] 21 N 2

m theo (2-108) th: RO2 + O2 = 21 - .RO2, do : 21 21 = = 79.O 2 79.O 2 21 21 100 (21 RO 2 ) 79 + RO 2 coi gn ng: 79 + .RO2 = 79, ta c: 21 = 21 O 2 thay tr s 21 - O2 bi RO2(1+ ), ta c: RO max 21 2 = = (1 + )RO 2 RO 2
2.3.7. Cng thc thc nghim tnh ton qu trnh chy

(2-112)

Trong trng hp khng bit thnh phn ca nhin liu, ta c th tnh th tch khng kh v th tch sn phm chy l thuyt qua nhit tr Qt theo cc cng thc gn ng ca Rosin v Fehling cho trong bng 1.8. i vi nhin liu c nhit tr Qt nm trong khong 13 17 MJ/m3 khng th s dng cc cng thc gn ng ny. Khi c th tnh tng i theo t l c mi 1 MJ cn 1m3 khng kh. Trong thc t c t loi kh t nm trong khong ny.
Bng 1.8. Cng thc gn ng ca Rosin v Fehling Loi nhin liu V0kk V0k n v Rn 0,2416 Qt + 0,5 0,2129 Qt + 1,65 m3/kg Lng O,2033 Qt + 2,0 0,2656 Qt m3/kg Kh nhit tr thp Qt 0,2093 Qt 0,1734 Qt + 1,0 m3/m3 < 13 MJ/m3 Kh nhit tr cao Qt > 0,2608 Qt 0,25 0,2727 Qt + 0,25 m3/m3 17 MJ/m3 Qt c tnh bng MJ/kg i vi nhin liu rn v lng, MJ/m3 i vi nhin liu kh.

2.3.8. Nhit ng sng

Nhit ng sng l nhit bo ho ng vi phn p sut ca hi thnh phn cha trong hn hp kh. Trong sn phm chy ca cc thit b thc t c hai loi hi c th ngng t l hi nc v hi H2SO4, khi ngng t chng u lm tng kh nng n mn c gi

51

l hin tng n mn nhit thp. trnh hin tng ny, nhit ca sn phm chy (trn vch thit b) cn phi cao hn nhit ng sng. Nhit ng sng ca tng loi hi trong khi ph thuc vo phn p sut ca tng loi hi trong hn hp; phn p ca chng cng ln th nhit ng sng cng cao, tc l nguy c ngng t cng ln, cng d gy hin tng n mn nhit thp. V d 1-1: Tnh ton qu trnh chy kh thin nhin (vi = 1,1) khi b qua nh hng ca m trong khng kh, c thnh phn th tch: [CH4] = 0,84, [C2H4] = 0,015, [C2H6] = 0,005, [CO2] = 0,020, [N2] = 0,12 Gii: 0 Lng oxy l thuyt theo (2-31): VO 2 = (m+n/4)[CmHn], [m3/m3]
0 VO 2 = (1+1)[CH4] + (2+1)[C2H4]+(2+1,5)[C2H6] 0 VO 2 = 2. 0,84 + 3.0,015 + 3,5.0,005 = 1,743 (m3/m3) 0 0 Lng khng kh l thuyt: VKK = 4,76. VO 2 = 4,76.1,743 = 8,297 (m3/m3) Lng khi l thuyt theo (2-37): 0 0 VKhoi = (m+n/2)[CmHn]+[CO2]+[N2]+0,79. VKK , (m3/m3) 0 VKhoi = (1+4/2)[CH4] + (2+4/2)[C2H4] + (2+6/2)[C2H6] + 0 + [CO2] + [N2] + 0,79. VKK , (m3/m3) 0 VKhoi = 3.0,84 + 4.0,015 + 5.0,005 +0,02 + 0,12 + 0,79.8,297 = 9,2996; Lng khi kh thc t theo (2-38): 0 0 VKhoi = VKhoi + (-1). VKK , [m3/m3]

VKhoi = 9,2996 + 0,1.8,297 = 10,129 (m3/m3) Th tch sn phm chy ca cc kh thnh phn c th tnh c theo cc cng thc t (2-27) n (2-30) v biu din trn bng 1.6 v 1.7.

Bng 1.6. Th tch sn phm chy ca cc kh thnh phn. n T vN2 VCO 2 = m[CmHn] VH 2 O = [C m H n ] 2 3 (m ) (m3) (m3) [CH4] = 1.0,84 = 0,84 2.0,84 = 1,68 0 0,840 [C2H4] = 2.0,015 = 0,03 2.0,015 = 0,03 0 0,015 [C2H6] = 2.0,005 = 0,01 3.0,005 = 0,015 0 0,005 [CO2] = 0,02 0 0 0,020 0 0 0,12 [N2] = 0,12

vO2

(m3) 0 0 0 0 0

52

Khng kh =

0 0,9

0 1,725

0 0 0,79 VKK (-1) VO 2 7,210 0,174

Bng 1.7. Thnh phn th tch sn phm chy ca v d 1-1 Thnh phn Trng thi kh, % Trng thi m. % CO2 0,1071 0,0889 H2O 0 0,1703 N2 0,8722 0,7237 O2 0,0207 0,0172

2.3.9. Tnh ton qu trnh chy khng hon ton 2.3.9.1. Chy khng hon ton nhin liu kh 2.3.9.2. Chy khng hon ton nhin liu rn v lng Th tch cc kh thnh phn sn phm chy vi, m3/kg l: CO2: 1,867aC CO: 1,867(1 - a)C SO2: 0,7S H2: 11,2(1 - b)H N2: 0,8N + 3,762 V*O2 H2O: 1,244w + 11,2bH + 7,671.d.V*O2 Th tch sn phm chy (kh, m): * * VKhoi,min = 1,867C + 11,2(1 - b)H + 0,7S + 0,8N + 3,762. VO 2
* VKhoi,A,min

(2-91a) (2-92b) (2-92c) (2-92d) (2-92e) (2-92f) (2-93)

= 1,867C + 11,2H + 0,8N + 0,7S +

* + 1,244w + (3,762 + 7,671d). VO 2 (2-94) Nu chy khng hon ton m trong sn phm chay vn tn ti xy th c ngha l > *, lng khng kh tiu tn trong trng hp ny l: * V*KK = V0KK = .4,762. VO 2 (2-95) 0 trong V KK l tiu hao khng kh l thuyt khi chy hon ton.

Tuy nhin trng hp ny cng c th nh hn mt. Th tch sn phm chy khi * s l: * * * VKhoi = VKhoi,min + / * 1 VKK ,min (2-96)

* * VKhoi,A = VKhoiA,min + * VKKa ,min

(2-97)

V d 2.4.

53

Mt kg cacbon chy khng hon ton vi h s chy hon ton = 0,95. Tnh thnh phn th tch ca sn phm chy khng cha xy. Li gii. Theo (2-86) lng sn phm chy c to thnh l: V*Khoi = 1,866.1.[1 + 3,762(1 + 0,95)/2] = 8,715 m3/kg do thnh phn th tch ca sn phm chy khng cha xy theo (2-87) s l: CO2: 1,867.0,95/8,715 = 0,2035 hay 20, 35% CO: 1,867. 0,05/8,715 = 0,0107 hay 1,07% N2: 3,762.1,867. 0,975/8,715 = 0,7858 hay 78,58%

54

Chng 3. cn bng nhit V hiu sut lo hi 3.1. CN BNG NHIT V TNH HIU SUT CA L 3.1.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut ca l Lp cn bng nhit cho l hi l xy dng phng trnh biu din s cn bng gia lng nhit a vo l vi lng nhit s dng hu ch v cc tn tht nhit ca l. Nhit lng sinh ra khi t chy nhin liu trong l hi chnh l nhit lng do nhin liu v khng kh mang vo: (3-1) Qv = Qnl + Qkk Nhit lng sinh ra khi t chy nhin liu trong l hi c phn thnh hai phn: mt phn nhit c s dng sinh hi (gi l nhit lng hu ch) v mt phn nhit b mt i trong qu trnh lm vic (gi l tn tht nhit ca l). Nh vy c th vit: Qv = Qnl + Qkk = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 (3-2) Trong : Q1 l nhit lng s dng hu ch sinh hi, kj/kg; Q2 l lng tn tht nhit do khi thi mang ra ngoi l hi, kj/kg; Q3 l lng tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt ha hc, kj/kg; Q4 l lng tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc, kj/kg; Q5 l lng tn tht nhit do ta nhit t mt ngoi tng l ra khng kh xung quanh, kj/kg; Q6 l lng tn tht nhit do x nng mang ra ngoi, kj/kg;. Phng trnh (3-1) biu din s cn bng ny gi l phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut ca l. Lng nhit do 1kg nhin liu rn hoc lng hay 1m3tc nhin liu kh a vo l hi c xc nh theo cng thc: Qdv = Qlv + Q nl + Q n + Q p Q K , kj/kg, kj/m3tc; (3-3) t KK Trong : Qtlv - nhit tr thp l m vic ca nhin liu, kj/kg, kj/m3tc; Qnl - nhit vt l ca nhin liu a v o, Qnl = Cnl.tnl, kj/kg, kj/1m3tc; vi Cnl l nhit dung ring ca nhin liu, xc nh nh sau: - Nhin liu rn v lng:

(3-4)

55

W lv 100 W lv + Ck , kj/kg (3-5) nl 100 100 Cknl l dung ring ca nhin liu kh, tra theo bng thng s nhit ng: - than antraxit v than gy: Cknl = 0,92 kj/kg 0C, - than : Cknl = 1,07 kj/kg 0C, - du madut: Cmd = 1,74 + 0,0025.t, kj/kg 0C, - nhin liu kh: Cnl = 0,01(CCO.CO+CH2.H2+CCH4.CH4 + . . .), kj/m3tc0C Trng hp khng sy nhin liu bng ngun nhit bn ngo i th nhit nhin liu vo l l 200C nn nhit vt l ca n rt nh, Qnl ch cn tnh khi: C nl = 4,186

lv

Q lv > t %; 150

QnKK - nhit lng do khng kh nng mang vo, c tnh n khi khng kh c sy nng bng ngun nhit bn ngoi:
0 Q n = ;kk Vkk C nl t kk kk

[(

) = (C
n

nl kk l

) ] , kj/kg, kj/1m tc;

3

(3-6)

trong : - h s khng kh tha u vo b sy khng kh; (Ckktkk)n; (Ckktkk)l nhit dung ring v nhit ca khng kh nng v khng kh lnh, Qph- nhit lng do dng hi phun nhin liu lng v o l: Qph = Gph(iph - 2500), kj/kg (3.7) y: Gph - lng hi phun du v o l khi s dng vi phun kiu thi, tnh ng vi 1 kg nhin liu thng ly Gph = 0,3 - 0,35 kg hi/kg du. i vi vi phun du kiu c kh th Gph = 0 nn Qph = 0. iph - Entanpi ca hi phun du v o l. Thc t th khng kh v nhin liu cp cho l hi thng khng sy bng ngun nhit bn ngoi m sy bng chnh khi t l hi v khng dng hi phun du v rt tn hi nn Qnl, Qkk, Qph c coi gn bng khng v lng nhit a vo l s bng nhit tr thp ca nhin liu:

Q v = Q lv , kj/kg, kj/m3tc; t
3.1.2. Xc nh hiu sut ca l hi

(3.8)

Hiu sut ca l hi l t s gia lng nhit s dng hu ch v lng nhit cung cp vo l hi.

56

Q1 100, (%) Q dv

(3-9)

Hiu sut ca l hi c th xc nh bng 2 phng php: phng php cn bng thun v phng php cn bng nghch.
3.1.2.1. Xc nh hiu sut theo phng php cn bng thun: Phng php xc nh hiu sut nhit theo phng trnh (3-9) gi l phng php cn bng thun. tnh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng thun cn tnh lng nhit s dng hu ch Q1 v lng nhit cung cp vo l hi Qv. + Nhit s dng hu ch hi nhn c: Q1 = D ( iqn i nc ) + D bh ( i'' i nc ) + D tg ( i ''tg i 'tg ) + D x ( i' i nc ) B

(3-10)

y: D l sn lng hi ca l hi, kg/h; Dbh l lng hi bo ho t dng ca l hi, kg/h; Dtg l lng hi qu nhit trung gian ca l hi, kg/h; Dx l lng nc x l, kg/h; iqn, inc, i, i, itg, itg, ix l entanpi hi qu nhit, nc cp, nc si, hi bo ho, hi vo v ra khi b qu nhit trung gian, kj/kg. Khi lng nc x l nh p = Dx/D < 2%, khng c qu nhit trung gian v khng dng hi bo ho th: , B + Lng nhit do nhin liu sinh ra khi chy nu tnh theo (3-8): Qdv = Qtlv, Khi ta c hiu sut l: D(i qn i' qn ) = 100, (%). BQ lv t
Q1 = D ( iqn i nc )

(3-11)

(3-12)

T (3-13) ta thy: mun xc nh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng thun th cn xc nh chnh xc lng tiu hao nhin liu B, entanpi ca hi qu nhit iqn, entanpi nc cp inc tng ng vi lng hi sn xut ra tng thi im. y l mt iu rt kh khn i vi cc l hi ln v lng tiu hao nhin liu rt ln nn rt kh xc nh chnh xc. V vy phng php ny ch dng xc nh hiu sut cho cc l hi c sn lng nh, lng tiu hao nhin liu t c th xc nh c chnh xc trong khi vn hnh. i vi cc l ln th hiu sut c xc nh theo phng php cn bng nghch.
3.1.2.2. Xc nh hiu sut theo phng php cn bng nghch:
57

T phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut ca l (3-2) ta c: Q1 = Qv - Q2 - Q3 - Q4 - Q5 - Q6 Chia c hai v cho Qv ta c: Q Q Q Q Q1 Q Q = dv - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv hay: = q1 = 1 - q2 - q3 - q4 - q5 - q6 = q1 = 100 trong : q1=

(3-13)

(3-14)

q
i =2

(%)

Q Q1 Q (%); q2= 2 (%), q3= 3 (%). . . . l tn tht nhit tnh theo t Q dv Q dv Q dv l phn trm nhit lng a vo. Phng php xc nh hiu sut nhit theo phng trnh (3-14) gi l phng php cn bng nghch. tnh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng nghch cn xc nh cc tn tht nhit q2 , q3 , q4 , q5 , q6. Lng tiu hao nhin liu ca l:

B=

Q hi , kg / h .Q lv t

(3-15)

Lng tiu hao nhin liu tnh ton ca l:

q B tt = B1 4 , 100
3.2. Tn tht nhit TRONG L HI

kg/h

(3-16)

3.2.1. Tn tht nhit do khi thi mang ra ngoi l hi

Khi c to thnh trong qu trnh chy tc l t khng kh v nhin liu. Khng kh v nhin liu vo l c nhit bng nhit mi trng, khong 20350C, trong khi nhit khi thi ra khi l thng ln hn 1100C, c bit i vi cc l nh khng c b mt t phn ui th nhit khi thot c th ti 4000C. Nh vy phi mt mt lng nhit t nng khng kh v nhin liu t nhit mi trng n nhit khi thi. mt mt nhit ny gi l tn tht nhit do khi thi, k hiu l Q2, kj/kg hay kj/m3tc hoc q2, (%). Tn tht do khi thi c xc nh theo cng thc:

Q2 =

(I

th

I kkl (100 q 4 ) , Kj/kg 100

(3-17)

58

hoc:

q2 =

I I (100 q 4 ) Q2 .100 = th kkl Q dv Q dv

(3-18)

Trong : Ith - entanpi khi thi tnh theo nhit khi thi, kj/kg; Ith = Vth(C)th, Vth- Th tch khi thi ra khi l, , m3tc/kg, m3tc/ m3tc; Cth, th - nhit dung ring v nhit ca khi thi ra khi l, Ikkl - entanpi ca khng kh lnh vo l, kj/kg; Ikkl = th.I0kkl, th - h s khng kh tha ti v tr khi thi ra khi l, I0kkl - entanpi khng kh lnh l thuyt, kj/kg I0kkl = V0kk(C.t)kkl, V0kk - Th tch khng kh l thuyt, m3tc/kg, m3tc/ m3tc; Ckkl, tkkl- nhit dung ring v nhit ca khng kh lnh, q4 - tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v c hc, %. H s khng kh tha ra khi l hi v nhit khi thi l 2 yu t nh hng rt ln n q3. Nhit khi thi cng cao th tn tht q2 cng ln. Tuy nhin khi nhit khi thi thp hn nhit ng sng s gy ngng ng sng hi nc trong khi. Nc ngng ng s d ha tan SO2 to thnh H2SO4 gy hin tng n mn kim loi. V vy chng ta phi tm nhng bin php gim nhit khi thi n mc hp l nht. Khi h s khng kh tha cng ln th nhit chy l thuyt ca qu trnh gim, lm gim lng nhit hp thu bng bc x ca bung la, dn n nhit khi sau bung la tng ln tc l nhit khi thot tng. ng thi h s khng kh tha cng ln th th tch khi thi cng ln v nh vy th q2 cng cng ln. V vy cn khng ch mc nh nht, ng thi hn ch khng kh lnh lt vo l hi. Tn tht nhit q2 thng trong khong t 4-8%. Nhit khi thi c chn da trn phng n so snh kinh t k thut, loi nhin liu. Bng 3.1. trnh by nhit khi thi ca l hi c sn lng t 75t/h tr ln, c chn theo m nhin liu v nhit nc cp vo l.
Bng 3.1. Nhit khi that khi l hi c D t 75t/h. Nhin liu tnc = 1500C tnc = 215-2350C tnc = 2650C 110-120 120-130 130-140 Aqd 3

Aqd=4 20 A > 20
qd

120-130 130-140

140-150 160-170

150-160 170-180

59

3.2.2. Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ha hc q3 (%)

Khi nhin liu chy khng hon ton th trong khi cn c cc cht kh cha chy ht nh CO, H2, CH4 . Nhng kh ny cn c th chy v sinh nhit c nhng cha chy b thi ra ngoi, lm mt i mt lng nhit gy nn tn tht nhit gi l tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ha hc, k hiu l Q3, kj/kg hay kj/m3tc hoc q3, (%). Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ha hc c xc nh theo cng thc: q Q3 = 126.CO + 108H 2 + 358CH 4 + QCm H n C m H n Vk.kho 1 4 , 100

kj/kg, (3-19) trong : CO, H2, CH4, CmHn l t l thnh phn kh chy cn li trong khi, (%); 12.600, 10.800, 35.800 v QCmHn l nhit tr ca cc kh CO, H2, CH4, CmHn . Khi chy khng hon ton nhin liu rn th trong khi cn ch yu l CO do : q Q3 = 126.CO.Vk.kho . 1 4 , kj/kg, 100 Khi thay th tch khi kh vo ta c:

Q3 =

2,33 ( Clv + 3,75Slv ) CO q4 1 , kj/kg, RO2 + CO 100

(3-20)

Hoc c th tnh tn tht Q3 theo cng thc gn ng: (3-21) Q3 = 3,2.. CO, kj/kg y l h s khng kh tha ti im xc nh CO. Nguyn nhn ca tn tht ny l c th do thiu khng kh hoc c khng kh nhng pha trn khng u vi nhin liu. Cc yu t nh hng n q3 bao gm: Nhit bung la, h s khng kh tha v phng thc xo trn gia khng kh vi nhin liu trong bung la. Nhit bung la thp th qu trnh chy s xu i, do tn tht q3 tng. H s khng kh tha ln th q3 cng nh nhng q2 li tng (Tuy nhin h s khng kh tha qu ln lm cho nhit bung l qu thp th q3 li tng). S pha trng gia nhin liu v khng kh cng tt th q3 cng nh. V vy phi tnh chn sao cho tng tn tht nhit q2 + q3 l nh nht. Nu chiu di bung la khng t yu cu ti thiu th thi gian nhin liu lu li trong bung la ngn cng s gy lm cho nhin liu chy khng hon ton lm cho q3 tng. Khi t nhin liu rn: i vi bung t bt than q3 thng nh hn 0,5%, bung la ghi xch tn tht q3 c th n 0,5-1%, v vi bung la ghi th cng q3 c th t n 2% hoc cao hn. Khi t mazut th q3 cao hn v khi chy mazut

60

cacbuahyro d b phn hy to thnh nhng lin kt kh phn ng (m hng), thng q3 = 3%.

3.2.3. Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc q4 (%)

Nhin liu a vo l c mt phn cha kp chy b thi ra ngoi theo cc ng: bay theo khi, lt qua ghi l hoc dnh vi x ri xung y bung la cng vi x gy nn tn tht nhit gi l tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc, k hiu l Q4, kj/kg hay kj/m3tc hoc q4 , (%). Lng tro x ra khi l ng vi 1kg nhin liu l: g = gx + gl + gb, kg/kg; Trong ba thnh phn trn cn cha nhng cht cha chy ht. Nu k hiu t l phn trm thnh phn cht chy c trong tro bay, lt v x tng ng l: kb, kl, kx th lng cht cha chy ht c trong tro b thi ra khi l ng vi 1 kg nhin liu l: (3-22) kg = gx.kx + gl.kl + gb.kb, kg/kg; Thng ta coi nhit tr ca cht chy c trong tro bng nhit tr carbon, bng 32600 kj/kg, do t n tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v c hc Q4: Q4 = 32600.( gx.kx + gl.kl + gb.kb), kj/kg; (3-23) Thng thng vic xc nh trc tip lng nhin liu cha chy bay ra khi l ng vi 1kg nhin liu gx, gl , gb l rt kh khn, do phi thng qua con ng gin tip tm q4. i vi mi loi l hi th qui lut phn b tro lt xung y, tro ln vo x v tro bay theo khi t thay i, v c th biu th bng t l: ax + a l + ab = 1 c th tm c qui lut phn b ba thnh phn trn bng thc nghim, trong : ax, al, ab l t l tro ca nhin liu phn b theo ng x, lt v bay theo khi, ta c:
A lv 100 A lv 100 gx = ; = ax ax 100 100 k x 100 100 k x

gx = gx =

A lv 100 ab ; 100 100 k b A lv 100 al ; 100 100 k l

thay vo (3-23) ta c:
kx kb k l A lv Q 4 = 32600 a x + ab + al 100 k b 100 k l 100 100 k x Trong thc t, Lng lt xung y i vi l phun gn nh bng khng, cn i vi l ghi th rt nh nn thng tnh gp vo vi lng ln theo x, do ta c: ax+l + ab = 1

61

Do tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v c hc Q4 hoc q4 c xc nh theo cng thc:
k x +1 kb a x +1 100 k + a b 100 k Q A x +1 b q 4 = 4 .100 = 32650 , %, Qdv 100 Qdv
lv

(3.24)

Trong : ax, al, ab - t l tro ca nhin liu phn phi ra ngo i c trong x v lt hoc bay theo khi, thng c phn b theo qui lut: ax + al + ab = 1. i vi l phun thi x kh: ax = 0,1, ab = 0,9, i vi l phun thi x lng: ax = 0,6-0,7, ab = 0,4-0,3, i vi l ghi xch: ax+l = 0,8, ab = 0,2, kx+1, kb - phn cht chy c c trong x v than lt, trong tro bay, % Yu t nh hng n tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc l kch c ht, tnh kt dnh ca tro, tc v cch t chc cp gi. l ghi, khe h ca ghi cng ln th tn tht q4 cng ln. Nu vic phn phi gi cp I v II khng tt, s thi bay cc ht nhin liu cha chy ht ra khi bung la. Kch thc ht cng khng u th q4 cng ln. Bung la phun c q4 b nht, c bit l bung la thi x lng c th coi q4 = 0, v cc ht nhin liu ri xung y l gp lp x chy lng c nhit cao nn tip tc chy v chy kit. i vi bung t kiu phun: q4 c th t n 4%; i vi bung t ghi t 2-14%.
3.2.4. Tn tht nhit do ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh q5 (%)

B mt tng xung quanh ca l lun c nhit cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh, do lun c s ta nhit t mt ngoi tng l n mi trng gy nn tn tht, gi l tn tht do ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh, k hiu l q5 (%). Tn tht nhit q5 ph thuc vo nhit , din tch b mt xung quanh ca tng l, cht lng lp cch nhit tng l. Tn tht q5 t l thun vi din tch xung quanh, vi nhit b mt ngoi ca tng l. Tuy nhin, cng sut l cng ln th din tch b mt cng tng nhng tng din tch b mt xung quanh nh hn tng sn lng l, do tr s q5 ng vi 1kg nhin liu s gim xung. i vi l hi ln q5 khong 0,5%. Mun gim q5 phi thit k tng l sao cho hp l. Tn tht do to nhit ra mi trng xung quanh Q5 hoc q5 c xc nh theo ton thc nghim (hnh 3.1). i vi cc l c sn lng D 900T/h th q5 ly bng 0,2%. Trong trng hp sn lng l khc vi sn lng nh mc th q5 c tnh theo cng thc sau:

62

D m D D D D dm Cng thc ny c p dng khi: = 25% . D dm D dm

m q5 = q5 .

(3.25)

Hnh 3.1: Tn tht nhit ra mi trng bn ngoi 1. L hi c b mt t phn ui. 2. L hi khng c b mt t phn ui. 3.2.5. Tn tht nhit do x mang ra ngoi l hi q6 (%)

X sinh ra t nhin liu trong qu trnh chy, c thi ra khi l nhit cao. i vi l hi thi x kh nhit x ra khi l khong 600 - 8000C, i vi l hi thi x lng nhit x khong 1300 - 14000C, trong khi nhin liu vo l c nhit khong 20-350C. Nh vy l hi mt i mt lng nhit nng nhit x t nhit bng nhit mi trng lc vo n nhit x lc ra khi l, gi l tn tht nhit do x mang ra ngoi q6 (%). Tn tht q6 ph thuc vo tro ca nhin liu, vo phng php thi x ra khi bung la. i vi nhin liu cng nhiu tro th q6 cng ln. Cc l thi x kh c q6 nh hn khi t+hi x lng. Tn tht q6 c th t n 5% Tn tht nhit do x mang ra ngoi c tnh n khi t than trn ghi hoc bung la phun thi x lng. Khi t than trong bung la phun thi x kh, lng x thi ra t nn ch tnh n q6 khi than c tro t trung bnh tr ln nu:

lv

Q lv > t 1000
(3-26)
63

Tn tht nhit do x mang ra ngoi c tnh theo cng thc:

Q6 = a x ( C )x .A lv , kj/ kg ,

Hay:

a x ( C )x .A lv Q6 q6 = .100 = ,% Qdv Qdv

Trong :

(3-27)

ax = 1- ab vi ab t l trobay theo khi, (C)tr l entanpi ca tro, Nhit x c chn: Khi t trn ghi: x = 600 - 7000C, Bung la phun thi x kh: x 600 - 7000C, Bung la phun thi x lng: x = t3 + 1000C (t3 l nhit chy lng).
Bng. 3.2. Entanpi ca 1m3 kh v ca 1kg tro (C.t)kk, (C.t)CO2, (C.t)N2, (C.t)H2O, (C.t)tro, 3 3 3 kj/m tc kj/m tc kj/m tc kj/m3tc kj/kg 129,95 216,24

Nhit 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

64

Chng 4. Bung la l hi v thit b t nhin liu 4.1. Qu trnh pht trin l hi 4.1.1. L hi kiu bnh v l hi ng l, ng la 4.1.1.1. L hi kiu bnh Nm 1790 ngi ta ch to c l hi kiu bnh u tin dng inh tn.

Hnh 4.1. l hi kiu bnh. 1- Bao hi; 2- y bao hi; 3- m hi; 4-ng dn hi ra; 6- tm ; 7- np l v sinh; 8- p k; 9- ng thu; 10- van an ton; 11- van hi chnh; 12-van cp nc; 13- van mt chiu; 14- van x; 15- ghi l; 16- bung la; 17- ngn cha tro; 18- ca cp than; 19- ca cp gi; 20- ng khi; 21- gch chu la; 22- lp cch nhit; 23- mng l; 24- khi vo ng khi; 25- ng khi; 26- tm iu chnh khi. y l loi l hi n gin nht. Khi t nng bn ngoi bnh v ch t na di ca bnh. L c khi lng nc ln. T s gia b mt t ca l v lng nc F/G l tng i nh, khong 1 m2/t, khi ra c nhit rt cao, n 300 0C v ln hn. Nhc im l b mt truyn nhit nh, ti a bng 25 30 m2, thn bnh b t nng trc tip do sinh ra ng sut nhit ph trong kim loi thnh bnh. Do t nng v gin n khng u ca phn trn v di m trong thnh bnh c ng sut cao hn. Tun hon ca nc khng r rt. tng b mt truyn nhit F(m2) ngi ta dng nhiu bnh. Hi sn xut l hi ny l hi bo ha. Sn lng nh khong 200 500 kg/h. Tiu hao nhiu kim loi 250 300 kg/m2.

65

4.1.1.2. L hi ng l Vi mc ch tng F (m2) ngi ta dng l hi c cu to mi (nm 1802) l l hi ng l: 1 n 2 ng c = 400 900 mm. Bung la t bn trong nn truyn nhit bc x mnh ng l.

Hnh 4.2. l bnh c ng l. a) mt ng l; b) hai ng l; 1- ng l; 2- ghi l; 3-vnh trong thn l; 4- vnh ngoi thn l; 5- gi ; 6- m hi. a) b)

Sn lng hi khong 0,8 1,5 t/h i vi l c mt ng l v 1, 0 3,5 t/h i vi l c hai ng l, t l F/G tt hn bng 4 5 m2/t, dng nhit q = 11, 63 W/m2, sut sinh hi ca l hi ng l bng d = D / F 20 kg / m 2 h .

4.1.1.3. L hi ng la L hi ng la xut hin vo khong nm 1829. ng la c ng knh bng 50 80 mm. B mt truyn nhit tng ln 3 3,5 ln, p sut lm vic n 1,5 2, 0 MPa.

66

u im ca l hi ng la l b mt truyn nhit ln hn, sut tiu hao kim loi gim.

Hnh 4.3. L hi kiu bnh c ng la. 1- thn l; 2- ghi l; 3- tng l; 4- ng la; 5- khoang nc; 6-khoang hi. 4.1.1.4. L hi phi hp ng l - ng la

Hnh 4.4. L hi nm ng l ng la L hi ng l, ng la c sut sinh hi ln hn ( D / F = 25 kg/m2h). Truyn nhit bc x tt ng l v truyn nhit i lu mnh trong cc ng la, do khi i trong cc ng nh c tc ln. L hi kiu dng khi i qut tr li gip gim chiu di ca l v gn hn, y khi ra khi ng l i qut vo cc ng la (xem hnh v 4.5).

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Hnh 4.5. L hi nm ng l ng la (400) c dng khi i qut tr li: 1- mt sng trc; 2- mt sng sau; 3- thn ngoi; 4- thn trong (ng l); 5- ng la; 6- ng nc; 7- hp khi; 8- b qu nhit hi; 9- ng gp hi; 10- ng khi; 11- xiphon hi ht khi; 12- m hi; 13- ca v sinh.

Hnh 4.6. L hi nm ng l ng la c dng khi i qut tr li 1- ng l; 2- hp khi; 3- ng la; 4- thanh ging; 5- m hi; 6- thn ngoi.

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Hnh 4.7. L hi ng ng l ng la -25; t than, p sut lm vic p = 1,1Mpa; din tch b mt nhn nhit H = 37,7m2; gm 156 ng la 51x2,5 mm 1- thn l; 2- b l; 3- mt sng trn; 4- mt sng di; 5- ng l (thn trong); 6-y l; 7- vnh ghi; 8- ghi l; 9- ng la; 10- chp khi; 11- ng khi; 12- ca ngi chui; 13- ca v sinh. L hi kiu ng l s phi hp ng l v ng la. Sn lng hi c th t 1 2 t/h, p sut hi t 0, 6 0,8 MPa (hnh v 4.7; 4.8; 4.9).

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Hnh 4.8. L hi ng ng l ng nc : 1- thn l; 2- ng l (thn trong); 3- bung la; 4- tm chn khi; 5- chm ng nc; 6- tm chn khi; 7- mt sng trn; 8- ng khi; 9- chp nh l; 10- van an ton; 11- hp gi van an ton; 12- tm iu chnh khi; 13- ng thu; 14- ca v sinh; 15- ca cp nhin liu; 16- ghi l; 17- b l; 18- ca v sinh ng nc; 19- ca v sinh mt sng trn; 20- ng thu ti; 21- p k; 23- cn iu chnh khi; 24- van chn; 25- van mt chiu; 26- van x y.

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Hnh 4.9. L hi ng ng l ng khi K, t nhin liu kh;: 1- h thng iu khin; 2- ng cp nc; 4- van cp; 5- ng thu; 6- xi phon c van 3 ng; 7- p k; 8- van an ton; 9- qut khi; 10- tm iu chnh khi; 11- cm ng nc; 12- ng l (thn trong); 13- chp trong; 14- thn l; 15- chp nh l; 16- van hi; 17-van phng n; 18- cch nhit; 19- ng khi; 20- vi phun kh; 21- vnh y l;

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Hnh 4.10. L hi ng ng l ng la v ng nc ; t than; sn lng hi 1t/h; p = 0,9Mpa; din tch nhn nhit h = 35m2. 1- ca v sinh; 2- van nc cp; 3- van mt chiu; 4- ng thu ti; 5- van ba ng; 6- p k; 7- van an ton;8- ng khi; 8- van cp nc; 10- ng thu sng; 11- ca v sinh mt sng trn; 12- ca v sinh cm ng nc; 13- - van x y; 14- ghi l; 15- thn l; 16- ng l (thn trong); 17- ca thi bi; 18- chm ng nc; 19- tm chn khi; 20- cm ng la; 21- vnh chn hi; 22- ng khi.

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Hnh 4.11. L hi ng, ng nc nm ngang kiu sukhp. 1- ng l (thn trong); 2- chm ng nc ngang (hi nghing).

a)

Hnh 4.12. L hi ng, ng l ng ng nc ng. a) cu to l; b) chi tit ng lng ng. 1- thn ngoi; 2- l; 3- thn trong; 4- mt sng trn; 6- chm ng nc ng;7- ng lng trong; 8tm chn khi; 9- ca ngi chui; 10- ca v sinh; 11- van an ton.

b)

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Hnh 4.13. L nm ng l ng nc nm ngang kiu KB 1- thn ngoi; 2- ng l (thn trong); 3- tm chn khi; 4- ghi l; 5- chm ng nc; 6- bao hi; 7- np trc; 8-np sau; 9- ng khi; 10- l; 11- - p k; 12- ng ly hi ra; 13- van an ton; 14- van x y. Mt s nhc im chung ca cc loi l hi k trn l: - B mt truyn nhit b hn ch, do khng th tng sn lng hi theo yu cu (khng ln hn 15 18 t/h); - Tiu hao nhiu kim loi cho mt n v b mt t ( 200 300 kg/m2);

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p sut hi ln nht ch bng 1,3 2, 0 MPa; - Tun hon ca nc khng r rt. Phng hng pht trin k thut ch to l hi l lm sao khc phc c nhng nhc im trn ca cc loi l hi c tng c sn lng hi v cc thng s ca hi. -

Hnh 4.14. L nm ng l ng nc ng kiu -90, sn lng D= 700kg/h; p sut p =0,5Mpa; b mt nhn nhit H = 18,7m2; 1- thn ngoi; 2- thn trong; 4- cm ng nc ng; 10- dy ng vnc nm ngang; 14- thng nhin liu lng; 15- bao hi; 16- ng nc xung; 17- ng hi ln; 18- vch ngn; 19- chn .

4.1.2. L hi ng nc c hp gp v l hi nhiu bao hi

a)

b)

Hnh 4.15. L hi c hp gp v bao hi t dc; a) ng nc ngang; b) ng nc nghing: 1- ghi l; 2- hp gp; 3- bao hi; 4- b qu nhit.

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L hi ng nc ch c pht trin khi ngi ta c th ch to cc ng lin (khng c mi hn dc). L hi ny c t na sau ca th k 19. L hi ng nc c nhng u im sau y:

Hnh 4.16. L hi c hp gp bao hi t ngang. C th tng b mt t ch to t nhng ng c ng knh nh v t dy trong ng khi; Cho php tng ng k p sut hi v cc ng sinh hi c ng knh bng 50 100 mm, v bao hi lc ny khng phi lm nhim v b mt t na nn c th gim ng knh n 800 1500 mm; Gim rt nhiu lng kim loi tiu hao cho l, sut tiu hao kim loi gim t 8 10 t/t hi/h n 3 3,5 t/t hi/h.

4.1.2.1. L hi ng nc c hp gp Loi l hi c hp gp vi nhng ng nc hi nghing ( 10o 15o so vi mt phng ngang). C hai loi l loi c bao hi t dc v loi c bao hi t ngang. S ng hn ch c chiu ngang ln chiu ng. Do c hp gp tn inh nn khng th tng p sut ln cao c, d x h nhng ch ni nc ng vo hp gp do gin n nhit ca chng khng u.

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L hi c hp gp c ch to n sn lng 16 t/h, p sut lm vic bng 2,0 MPa, b mt hp thu nhit t n 450 m2, sut sinh hi bng 35 kg/m2h, chiu di cc ng nc n 5 m v l cc ng thng. 4.1.2.2. L hi ng nc c ng gp phn on khc phc nhc im ca hp gp ngi ta phn hp gp thnh nhiu ng gp c tit din vung hay ch nht, kch thc mi ng gp vung c th t n 140 140 mm. Nhng l hi ny do hng Babcock-Wilcox khi tho v ch to u tin.

a)

b)

Hnh 4.17. L hi c ng gp phn on. a) ni ng vi hp gp ; b) chi tit np y l trn ng gp. 1- hp gp; 2- bu lng; 3- cu; 4- mc ; a- l kim tra;b- l nc ng; c- np y. V thi k y ngi ta cha bit x l nc cp cho l hi nn phi t cc l hp gp hay ng gp phn on i din vi ng lm sch cu cn bm trong ng bng bin php c kh. Nhng l ny c np y kiu enlip v xit bulng tht cht. nhng nc Anh, c, M mi ti nhng nm 1940 mi ngng hn vic sn xut nhng l hi loi ny. 4.1.2.3. L hi c nhiu bao hi L hi ng nc ng c tun hon ca nc r rt v mnh. L hi loi ny c ba, bn v nm bao hi (nh l Sterling) v c dng ph bin trong nhng nm 1925 - 1930.

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Hnh 4.18. LGacberg c 4 bao hi, ng nc thng.

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Hnh 4.19. L hi c 4 bao hi ng nc ng vi 2 bao hi b hm nc. 1- hi kh; 2- b qu nhit; 3- b hm nc. L hi Sterling c cc ng nc c un cong. Khong t nm 1930 ngi ta thay bao hi tn inh bng hn in.

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4.1.3. L hi ng nc c cc dn ng Da vo c im tun hon ca nc v hn hp hi nc trong l hi c th phn chia thnh l hi c tun hon t nhin, c tun hon cng bc v trc lu (once through boiler). 4.1.3.1. L hi c tun hon t nhin S thay i tn gc s nguyn l ca l hi ng nc bt u vo nhng nm th 20 ca th k XX. S d c s thay i nh vy v s tin b ca k thut x l nc cho php bo m c ch lm vic ca l hi khng c ng cu trong ng bng cch lm mm nc (trao i ion), ng thi tin hnh x l nc b sung bng pht-pht v x lin tc. Do tin b ny m ngi ta c th dng cc ng un cong thay cho cc ng thng trc y.

Hnh 4.20. S pht trin ca l hi tun hon t nhin Cc iu kin tiu chun khi ch to l hi bao gm: - Tng D, p, t; - Gim khi lng v kch thc bng cch gim s bao hi, dng ng c ng knh b; - Tng b mt t hp thu nhit bng bc x, dng tng nh v bo n l; - Hon thin tun hon, trnh t nng cc ng nc xung;

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Tng hiu sut l bng cch t cc b mt t phn ui l; Hon thin phng php t nhin liu.

Hnh 4.20a. S pht trin ca l hi ng nc ng. a- l 4 bao hi ng nc thng; b, c, d, e, g- l 2, 3, 4, 5 bao hi; g- l mt bao hi kiu hin i.

Hnh 4.20b. S pht trin ca l hi ng nc ng nhiu bao hi. a- l Oschats; b- l Sldek; c- l Garbe; d- l Sterling.

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Vo nhng nm 1920 - 1930, nhiu nc trn th gii nh Lin X (c), M, Php, c ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu v th nghim mt phng php mi t nhin liu rn, l phng php t than bt. Do p dng phng php t bt than trong bung la l hi m sn lng hi ca l tng ln rt nhiu. Nm 1923 ngi ta bt u dng thng s cao tng hiu sut v kinh t s dng than trong vic sn xut in nng.

Hnh 4.22. S pht trin tip theo ca l hi ng nc ng. 1- b qu nhit; 2- b hm nc; 3- b sy khng kh; 4- dn ng sinh hi.

Hnh 4.23. l hi hai bao hi kiu E-1/9. 1- ng gp; 2- dn ng tng trc; 3- dn ng tng bn; 4- bao hi trn; 5- tm chn; 6- cm ng i lu; 7- ng gp bn; 8- bao hi di.

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Hnh 4.24. l hi hai bao hi . p sut lm vic n 1,4Mpa; cng sut D = 2,5; 4; 6,5; 10 v 25t/h. 1- dn ng bc x; 2- bao hi trn; 3- p k; 4- van an ton; 6- phn ly hi; 8- ng khi i; 9- tm chn; 10- cm ng bc x; 11- thit b thi bi; 12- bao hi di; 13- van x y.

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Hnh 4.25. L ghi xch, cng sut 35t/h, p = 4Mpa, tqn = 4500C, tnc = 1050C. t nhin liu hn hp g v tru; c nhit tr Qt = = 22,5Mj/kg; = 8,25%; A = 26,6%; Vc = 36,4%. B mt nhn nhit sinh hi H = 358m2; b qu nhit 360m2; b hm nc 800m2; b sy khng kh 500m2; nhit khng kh nng t = 1200C; nhit kh thi t = 1600C; hiu sut t 79% cng sut inh mc v 81% cng sut kinh t; tr lc ng khng kh 2020pa; tr lc ng kh l 1600pa; qut khi c lu lng 14m3/s; qut gi c lu lng 12,4m3/s nhit 00C v p sut 0,1Mpa.;

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Hnh 4.26. L hai bao hi D =50t/h, p = 6,4Mpa, tqn = 4600C, tnc = 1300C, t nhin liu kh hoc lng; c b mt nhn nhit sinh hi H = 554m2; B qu nhit 589,5m2; b hm nc 354m2; b sy khng kh 1030m2; nhit khng kh nng t = 2110C; nhit kh thi t = 1800C; hiu sut t 87% khi t du v 88% khi t kh; tr lc ng khng kh 2020pa; tr lc ng kh l 960pa; tr lc ng hi qu nhit 0,665Mpa;

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Hnh 4.27. L t b ma D = 50t/h, p = 6,4Mpa, tqn = 4600C, tnc = 1300C.

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Hnh 4.28. L hi tun hon t nhin t than Antraxit.

87

Hnh 4.29. L ba bao hi , D =110t/h, p = 3,3Mpa, tqn = 4250C, tnc = 1300C.

88

 nhng l thng s cao vai tr ca b qu nhit tng ln r rt v tr thnh phn t khng th thiu c ca thit b l hi. L c tun hon t nhin dng n p sut p = 18 MPa. 4.1.3.2. L hi c tun hon cng bc Bn cnh nhng l hi c tun hon t nhin ca nc v hn hp hi nc trong cc dn ng sinh hi, xut hin vo nm 1923 nhng l hi c tun hon cng bc. l l La Mont (M) c sut sinh hi n 46 170 kg/m2h. Vo nhng nm 1930 - 1945 chng c dng ph bin. M c cc l hi La Mont ln D=250 430 t/h vi p = 21,5 MPa. Anh c loi l hi ny vi D = 1700 t/h, pqn = 17 MPa, tqn = 568 oC, v qu nhit trung gian n 568 oC.

Hnh 4.30. L hi La Mont (M): 1 bao hi, 2 bm tun hon, 3 dn ng sinh hi, 4, 5 b qu nhit, 6 b hm nc. 4.1.3.3. L hi trc lu tng to ra l hi kiu trc lu c t th k 19. n trc chin tranh th gii th nht mt k s Tip tn l Mller khi tho l trc lu v mt k thut. ng ta di c sang Anh v i tn l Benson. Tc gi giao pht minh ca mnh cho mt hng c l Siemens-Schuckert v h p dng vo nm 1923. Lin X (c) vo nhng nm 1930 - 1931 gio s L. K. Ramzin (. K. Pau) cng pht minh ra l hi trc lu mang tn ng. Sau chin tranh th gii th hai l Pau c dng ph bin Lin X (c). Thy S c l hi Sulzer, v Thy S khng c qung v than nn i hi gim kim loi ch to l hi, m l hi ny p ng c i hi .

89

Hnh 4.31. S ca l hi trc lu tn dng khi thi ca l mactanh.

90

a)

b)

Hnh 4.32. S ca l hi trc lu: a- l Ben-sn, b- l Sulzer, c- l Ramzin 1phn hm nc; 2phn sinh hi; 3phn qu nhit.

c)

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Hnh 4.32. S ca l hi trc lu

92

Hnh 4.33. L hi trc lu D =1600t/h, p =17,9/3,9Mpa, tqn /t= 540/5400C, tnc = 2540C; phc v khi 500MW , t than .

93

Hnh 4.34. S ca l hi trc lu:

94

Hin nay nguyn nhn ch yu dng rng ri l trc lu l c gng lm sao tng c thng s hi n vng trn ti hn ( p = 22,5 MPa, t = 374,15 oC) qu trnh bin nhit nng thnh in nng c hiu sut cao nht. Lin X (c) ch to l hi trc lu c sn lng D = 3950 t/h, t hn hp nhin liu kh madt. M ch to l hi trc lu c sn lng D = 4438 t/h, pqn = 27,3 MPa, tqn = 543 / 538 oC. Hi ca l hi ny cung cp cho tuabin hi nc c cng sut 1300 MW.

Hnh 4.36 L hi trc lu c D = 4438 t/h, pqn = 27,3 MPa, tqn = 543 / 538 oC.

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4.1.3.4. L hi thi x kh v thi x lng

t nhin liu dng bt thi x kh gp mt s tr ngi nh: - ng x b mt t trong bung la; - Mi mn b mt t phn ui bi tro bay theo khi. Khi t nhin liu cng nhiu tro cng tng cc tr ngi ny. L hi thi x kh c 90 95% tro bay theo khi, 5 10% thu c di dng x cc y bung la. Bin php hiu qu chng ng x b mt t v chng tro mi mn l thu c nhiu tro y bung la di dng x lng (nm 1926). l hi thi x lng x chy ra lin tc khi y bung la. Cu to y bung la y nm ngang hoc hi nghing (xem hnh v 4.37).

Hnh 4.37. y bung la thi x lng nm ngang hoc hi nghing

Bung la thi x lng ch dng t than. Nhit chy ca tro ca cc loi than dao ng trong phm vi 1000 1600 oC. Lng tro thu c bung la thi x lng bng 30 60% v ln hn. Vi cc bung la xoy thi x lng lng tro thu c dng x lng t n 80 95% . L hi thi x lng c l cao v bl nh ( bl = 1, 00 1, 20 ), q4 b. Hin nay l hi thi x lng c thit k cho than c nhiu tro, sn lng v thng s hi cng ging nh l hi thi x kh.

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4.1.4. L hi c bit 4.1.4.1. L c p sut bung la cao

Cc l hi thng thngc trnh by nhng phn trc c p sut khi trong bung la nh hn p sut kh quyn (c chn khng khong -20 n - 40 pa), cn loi l hi ny ng khi c p sut ln hn p sut kh quyn, p sut d l 0,3 - 0,5 Mpa, khi l hi ch cn b tr qut gi m khng cn qut khi.

Hnh 4.32. S ca l Vlc. 1 bung la; 2- bao hi; 3- bm tr lc; 4- b qu nhit hi; 5- b hm nc; 6- tuc bin kh; 7- my nn kh; 8- my pht in; 9- khng kh vo; 10- nhin liu vo; 11- nc cp.. 4.1.4.2. L hi nh my in nguyn t

L hi nh my in nguyn t khc so vi l hi t than, madt hoc kh t. l hi ca nh my in nguyn t khng c qu trnh bung la, lng nhit cn thit sinh hi c ta ra vi mt lng khng l trong l phn ng ht nhn. Trong vic pht trin k thut l hi v bung la mt iu quan trng, nht l i vi nhng l hi sn lng ln v thng s cao l tin cy ca thit b. Phng hng chung l: - Tng sn lng n v ca mt thit b; - Tng thng s ca hi qu nhit;

97

Bo m tin cy cao; Bo m kinh t cao trong vn hnh cc khi l hi - tuabin c cng sut ln.

Hnh 4.38. S l hi nh my in nguyn t. a) phn sinh hi; b) b hm nc hay b qu nhit; 1- u ni vi ng h o mui; 2- u ni vi van an ton; 3, 4- u ni vi ng thu; 5- u ly mu; 6- u x; 7- u ni vi ng nc cp.

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4.2. Nhng yu cu i vi bung la v cc c tnh cng ngh

Bung la l hi l khng gian t nhin liu hay ni khc l ni bin ho nng ca nhin liu thnh nhit nng, nhit nng ny s truyn cho nc chuyn ng bn trong ng t trong bung la sinh ra hi nc. Di y l cc yu cu i vi bung la l hi.
4.2.1 Nhng yu cu i vi bung la l hi

1- Phi bo m chy ht nhin liu cp vo vi h s khng kh tha nh nht. 2- Phi tho mn c mt chng trnh nhin liu rng nht c th m khng gim hiu sut hoc chu k vn hnh khi thay i nhin liu t. 3- Sn phm chy khng c php rt ngn chu k vn hnh do ng x hay bm tro. Sn phm chy i ra khi bung la phi cha t tro nht v cha t cc cht c hi. 4- Tng bung la phi c s dng tt sn xut hi v phi bo m lm lnh khi n mc cn thit trc khi ra khi bung la. 5- Khng gian cn thit cho bung la phi nh nht n mc c th. 6- Cc phn ca bung la v cc trang b ph ca n phi c khi lng nh nht c th, khng yu cu nhiu vt liu hp kim t tin. 7- Nng lng t dng ca bung la v cc thit b ph ca n nh my nghin, cc qut, phi mc ti thiu. 8- C th iu chnh tt v nhanh cc qu trnh trong bung la, ng thi cng sut ti thiu ca bung la phi thp nht c th. 9- Bung la khng hn ch sn lng ca l hi v khng cn tr s tng sn lng ca l hi. 10- Phi bo m tin cy cao trong vn hnh. 11- Chi ph u t v vn hnh bung la phi thp nht 12- Bung la cho php dng nhng phng php quen bit iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi. Ngi ta phn bung la theo dng nhin liu dng t v phng php t thnh ra bung la ghi (nhin liu rn chy theo lp), bung la phun nhin liu rn, lng, kh (nhin liu chy trong dng, chy l lng), bung la xoy v bung la chy trong lp si.
4.2.2. Cc c tnh cng ngh ca bung la

Tt c cc kiu bung la t cc dng nhin liu khc nhau u c cc c tnh cng ngh sau y: 1- Nhit th th tch ca bung la: l lng nhit sinh ra trong 1m3 th tch bung la trong mt n v thi gian, k hiu l qV :
BQtlv qV = Vbl

, kW/m3

(4-1)

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trong : Vbl l th tch ca bung la, m3. 2- Nhit th din tch tit din ngang ca bung la: BQ lv t qF = , kW/m2 (4-2) F bl trong : Fbl l din tch tit din ngang ca bung la, m2. 3- i vi bung la ghi cn bit nhit th th tch mt chy ca ghi, k hiu q R , l lng nhit sinh ra t 1m2 b mt ghi c nhin liu ang chy trong mt n v thi gian. BQ lv t , kW/m2 (4-3) qR = R gh trong : Rgh l din tch mt ghi c lp nhin liu ang chy, m2. 4- H s khng kh tha trong bung la, thng c tnh cui bung la, k hiu l bl . Gi tr ca bl ph thuc vo loi nhin liu v phng php t. 5- Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ho hc q3 v chy khng hon ton v c hc q4 , %.
4.3. Bung la ghi (nhin liu chy theo lp) 4.3.1. Nguyn l cu to bung la ghi

S nguyn l bung la ghi c cho trong hnh v 4.39. Thit b bung la gm cc phn sau: ghi, bung la, phu tro x, ca cp nhin liu vo l, ca cp khng kh v ca thi tro x. Ghi gi nhin liu chy v phn phi khng kh cho lp nhin liu.

Hnh 4.39. S bung la ghi th cng. 1- ghi; 2- bung la; 3- khng kh i ln; 4- ca cp nhin liu; 5- ca cp khng kh v thi tro x.

4.3.1. Phn loi bung la ghi

Bung la t nhin liu trong lp c phn loi theo ch cp nhin liu v khng kh, vic t chc qu trnh to thnh hn hp, vic chun b nhit v c im cu to. Vn hnh bung la ghi gm nhng cng vic sau y: - Cp nhin liu vo bung la; - Trang than (ci than); - Thi x ra khi bung la. Cn c vo mc c kh ho nhng cng vic ni trn phn bung la ghi thnh:

100

a- Bung la ghi th cng (khng c c kh ho), y c ba cng vic u c lm th cng (bng tay), b- Bung la ghi bn c kh ho, trong c mt hay hai cng vic c c kh ho, c- Bung la ghi c kh ho l bung la c ba cng vic u c c kh ho. Theo ch cp nhin liu ln ghi ngi ta phn bit bung la c cp nhin liu theo chu k v cp lin tc. c im cp nhin liu ln ghi (vo bung la) c nh hng quyt nh n cng sut v kinh t ca thit b bung la.

Hnh 4.40. a) bung la ghi th cng; b) bung la ghi nghing; c) bung la ghi nghing c lp NL chuyn ng trn ghi; d) bung la ghi cp nhin liu t di ln; e) bung la ghi xch; g) bung la ghi-phun.

Theo vic t chc qu trnh chun b nhit v bc chy nhin liu ngi ta phn bit bung la c bc chy t pha di, bc chy t pha trn, v bc chy hn hp. Qu trnh bc chy t pha di c hiu qu nht v khi cp nhin liu ln lp nhin liu ang chy s m bo c cng cao ca vic chun b nhit cho nhin liu. Bc chy t pha trn c lin quan n vic t nng v bc chy nhin liu do bc x nhit ca khi bung la v ca tng. Trong thc t ta thng gp qu trnh bc chy hn hp. Theo bin php to thnh hn hp gia nhin liu vi khng kh trong lp ngi ta phn bit thnh hai dng i ngc chiu nhau, hai dng i song song, i ngang, v cc dng hn hp. Hiu qu chy v cng sut ca thit b bung la ghi ph thuc ch yu vo vic t chc hp l qu trnh chun b nhit ca nhin liu, s bc chy v s chy nhin liu.

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4.3.2. Nhng c tnh chung ca qu trnh chy nhin liu trn ghi (trong lp)

Ta kho st c tnh ca qu trnh chy lp nhin liu nm c nh trn ghi khi cp nhin liu vo t pha trn. Cu to ca lp nhin liu ang chy cho trong hnh v 4.40.

Hnh 4.40. Qu trnh chy trong lp c nh khi cp nhin liu t pha trn

Trong thi k u sau khi nhin liu ti c cp ln trn (lp) vng cc ang chy th xy ra qu trnh chun b nhit ca nhin liu nh sau: nung nng, bc hi m, thot cht bc; tin hnh nhng qu trnh y phi tiu th mt phn nhit sinh ra trong lp. Nhit cao nht s c vng chy cc, y lng nhit sinh ra l ch yu. X sinh ra khi chy nm trn ghi bo v cho ghi khi b qu nng ng thi nung nng khng kh v phn phi u khng kh cho ton din tch ghi. Khng kh i qua ghi ln lp nhin liu gi l khng kh cp mt. Khng kh thi t trn xung chy nt nhng sn phm chy khng hon ton bn trn lp gi l khng kh cp hai. Trong trng hp ang kho st nhin liu c cp ln ghi t pha trn v nhin liu bc chy t pha di, hai dng nhin liu v khng kh i ngc chiu nhau. Nhng phn ng ho hc s cp gia nhin liu v cht xy ho xy ra trong vng cc nng . c tnh to thnh cc cht kh trong lp nhin liu ang chy cho trong hnh v 4.41.

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Hnh 4.41. S to thnh kh trong lp than. a) vi than g; b) vi than antraxit c c ht 7,2 9mm u lp ng thi sinh ra c hai xt CO2 v CO. Vng tiu th xy gi l vng xy ha. cui vng xy ha nng O2 gim n v CO2 c nng cc i. Nhit ca lp trong vng xy ho tng ln r rt v t cc i ch CO2 c nng ln nht. St trn vng xy ho l vng hon nguyn. y thc t khng c xy, CO2 tng tc vi ccbon nng to ra CO theo phn ng sau: CO 2 + C 2CO . Theo chiu cao ca vng hon nguyn hm lng CO2 trong khi gim xung v CO tng ln tng ng. Phn ng hon nguyn CO2 l phn ng tiu th nhit nn nhit theo chiu cao ca vng hon nguyn gim xung. Nu trong khi c hi nc th cng c th c phn ng phn hu H2O (thu nhit) trong vng hon nguyn. T l CO v CO2 thu c on u ca vng hon nguyn ph thuc vo nhit v thay i theo biu thc:
CO RT = Ae , (4-4) CO2 trong : ECO v ECO2 l nng lng hot ho to ra CO v CO2; A l h s bng s; R l hng s cht kh (kJ/mol); T l nhit tuyt i (K). Nhit ca lp nhin liu ph thuc vo nng cht xy ho, vo cng v mc sy nng khng kh. Trong vng hon nguyn yu t nhit c nh hng quyt nh n t l CO v CO2 trong khi. Khi tng nhit th phn ng CO 2 + C 2CO dch sang phi v hm lng CO trong khi s tng ln. Kch thc vng hon nguyn tu thuc ch yu vo bn cht ca nhin liu t v vo ch nhit v bng 1 2 ln ng knh ht. Chiu dy vng xy ho bng khong 3 4 ln ng knh ht nhin liu. ECO ECO2

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S tn ti ca vng hon nguyn v vng xy ho l c trng cho mi loi nhin liu. Khi t nhin liu trong bung la l hi th lp nhin liu nm trn ghi thng mng m bo cho cc phn ng xy ho xy ra mnh lit. Chiu dy lp nhin liu nm trn ghi ph thuc vo kch thc ht v m ca nhin liu. Chiu dy hp l ca lp nhin liu trn ghi cho trong bng 4.1
Bng 4.1 Chiu dy hp l ca lp nhin liu trn ghi. Nhin liu Chiu dy lp nhin liu (mm) Bung la ghi th cng Bung la ghi xch 60-80 200 Antraxit c c ht 2 5 mm 100-120 200 Antraxit c c ht 2 5 mm Antraxit c c ht ln 200 200 Than 200 80-120 G, ci 600-1500 4.3.3. Bung la ghi th cng

S bung la ghi th cng c cho trong hnh v 4.42. Thit b bung la ghi th cng gm cc phn sau: ghi, bung la, phu tro x, ca cp nhin liu vo l, ca cp khng kh v ca thi tro x. Ghi gi nhin liu chy v phn phi khng kh cho lp nhin liu. Ghi gm c hai loi l ghi thanh v ghi tm (xem hnh v 4.43). i vi ghi thanh th gia v cui thanh c lm dy hn do khe h gia cc thanh ghi bng 3 15 mm. Ghi tm c kch thc bng 210 520 mm, cc l tm c dng trn hoc hnh ch nht, pha di mt ghi l c m rng ra hn trnh tc tro trong l. T l din tch ca tt c cc khe h (l) Rkh trong mng ghi cho khng kh Hnh 4.42. S bung la ghi th i qua trn tit din ton b ca ghi Rgh cng. 1- ghi; 2- bung la; 3- khng gi l tit din sng ca ghi, thng tnh kh i ln; 4- ca cp nhin liu; 5- ca cp khng kh v thi tro x. bng phn trm. Tit din sng ca ghi ph thuc vo loi nhin liu t v kch thc ht than. Ghi thanh dng cho than bn cc v g c tit din sng bng 15 40% . Ghi tm dng cho than antraxit v than nu c tit din sng bng 8 20% . Mt di ghi c cc g tng bn v tng cng to nhit cho thanh ghi.

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a) Hnh 4.43. a) Cu to ghi thanh; b) Cu to ghi tm: 1- thanh ghi; 2- gn tr lc v lm mt ghi; 3- gi ; 4- phn to khe h.

b) S tng dn ca ng cong 3 lin quan n mc chy kit lp v s gim tr lc ca lp cho khng kh i qua. Ct 4 th hin lng khng kh la trc tip vo bung la qua ca m khi cp nhin liu vo ghi. Khng kh c s dng thc t trong bung la c th hin ng cong 5, v khng phi ton b khng kh i qua lp u c dng chy lp nhin liu m cn dng chy cht bc v cc loi ht mn bay ra trong khng gian bung la, mt phn nh khng kh khng c

im c trng ca bung la ghi th cng l cp nhin liu theo chu k do qu trnh chy cng c tnh chu k. Nhng hin tng xy ra trong lp nhin liu trong khong thi gian gia hai ln cp nhin liu c minh ho trn hnh v 4.44. Trong hnh v 4.44, ng cong 1 c trng cho lng khng kh yu cu v cn c cp vo bung la chy hon ton lng nhin liu nm trn ghi. Cc i ca ng cong tng ng vi thi gian thot nhiu cht bc nht. ng cong 2 c trng cho lng khng kh tiu th chy cc. Khong cch theo tung gia ng 1 v 2 l lng khng kh chy cht bc. Nu vic cp khng kh gia hai ln cp nhin liu m khng c iu chnh th tng lng khng kh i qua lp nhin liu c th hin bng ng 3.

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dng do qu trnh pha trn nhin liu vi khng kh khng hon ho v i theo khi ra ngoi.
Hnh 4.44 Lng khng kh thay i theo chu k cp nhin liu.

T hnh v 4.44, ta thy trong thi k thot nhiu cht bc th khng khng kh chy, do xut hin q3 mc d bl = 1,4 1,6 . cui chu k chy trong khi li c mt lng khng kh d kh ln, do dn n tng tn tht nhit q2 . Nhc im ch yu ca bung la cp nhin liu theo chu k l gim cng sut nhit ca thit b mt cch chu k, k c trong thi k cp nhin liu vo bung la v lc ca b m ra (ko di t 5 10 pht). Bung la th cng yu cu nhiu lao ng chn tay nng nhc ca ngi cng nhn t l v cng nhn thi x. i vi bung la ghi th cng phi ci than theo chu k san phng lp nhin liu, lm mt cc g xut hin trong lp. Khi ci lp nhin liu theo tng chu k th tr lc ca lp gim xung mt t nhng xu hng chung l tng ln. Vic tng sut cng sut ca ghi BQtlv Rgh b hn ch do tng tr lc khi khng kh i qua lp nhin liu. Nhng bung la ghi th cng thng c thng gi t nhin. Vic thng gi qu mc s sinh ra cc g v do tng tn tht nhit do bay cc ht nh. bung la ghi th cng tn tht nhit do x mang ra cng ln. Sn lng ca l hi c bung ghi th cng c th t n 6 7 t/h.
4.3.4. Bung la ghi c c kh ho mt phn

Loi bung la ny thng l cc bung la c ghi quay v ghi lc, nh c biu din trn hnh v 4.45. nhng loi ghi ny mt cng vic nng nhc l thi x c c kh ho. Ghi quay gm 3 4 phn, m mi phn gm cc l ghi gn chung trn mt trc. Khi quay ghi s thi ton b x xung phu x. Vi ghi lc, khi lc (theo chu k) s lm xp x v ch thi nhng lp x nm di cng v c chy kit. Qu trnh chy ca lp nhin liu nm bn trn khi khng b ph hoi. C sau 1 3 ngy tin hnh lm sch hon ton x trong bung la ch khng phi 1 2 ln trong mt ca nh ghi c nh. C th dng truyn ng th cng hay c kh i vi ghi quay hay ghi lc.

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Hnh 4.45. a) Nguyn l ghi lt v ghi lc: a) ghi lt; b) ghi lc.

Hnh 4.46. S ca bung la c: a) ghi lc cp nhin liu bng tay; b) ghi lc cp nhin liu bng my.

gim lao ng nng nhc cho cng nhn vn hnh l hi v hon thin iu kin lm vic ca lp, ngi ta c kh ho vic cp nhin liu ln ghi bng cch dng cc my ht nhin liu c cu to khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny th pha ngc l t phu (bunke) cha nhin liu v nhin liu c a t phu xung my ht. Cc my ht nhin liu thng l my ht c kh, my ht dng kh hay hi v my ht phi hp c kh - kh nn, nh c biu din trong hnh v 4.16. My ht kiu c kh cp nhin liu ln ghi do tay quay lin tc vi tc 550 800 vng/pht. My ht c kh c xng (b), cp nhin liu theo chu k do mt c cu bt chc s lm vic ca xng (khong 10 ln p trong 1 pht).

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Hnh 4.47. S cc my ht nhin liu. (a) v (b) - cc my ht kiu c kh; (c) - my ht dng kh nn; (d) - my ht phi hp c kh kh nn. 1thit b nh lng; 2thit b ht; 3tm tng tc; 4tm phn phi nhin liu ln ghi.

Vi my ht dng hi (kh nn), lu lng khng kh bng 0, 2 0, 25 m3/kg nhin liu, tc khng kh bng 30 80 m/s. Nu dng hi th tc hi ra khi ng phun bng khong 400 m/s. my ht phi hp c kh - kh nn, khng kh to iu kin phn phi u hn cc ht nh theo chiu di ca ghi.

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4.3.5. Bung la c ghi nghing v c lp nhin liu chuyn ng 4.3.5.1. Bung la c ghi nghing: Ghi t nghing lp nhin liu va chuyn ng va chy. Nhin liu cng c nhiu cht bc cng d chy nn gc nghing ca ghi cng ln. on ghi nm ngang chy kit x v thi x.

Hnh 4.48. S bung la c ghi nghing v c lp nhin liu chuyn ng. t mt ca m ngi ta dng ghi nghing dng bc thang nh trong hnh v 4.49. Ghi loi ny thch hp cho nhin liu c cht bc ln v c nhiu ht nh. 4.3.5.2. Bung la c ghi nghing dn cp: S ca loi bung la c ghi nghing dn cp c trnh by trong hnh v 4.50. y nhin liu chuyn ng c l do chuyn ng i li ca cc thanh ghi. Cc thanh ghi chuyn ng v thanh ghi c nh t xen k nhau. Khi cc thanh ghi chuyn ng c chuyn ng th cung cp nhin liu cho lp, chang v lm ti lp nhin liu ng thi thi tro x xung phu x. Loi bung la ghi ny dng cho nhin liu c m cao v cht bc ln. Nhc im ln nht ca loi ghi ny l ghi chu tc dng ca nhit cao v c hiu sut thp.

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Hnh 4.49. S bung la c ghi bc thang t mt ca m. 1- phu cp nhin liu; 2- ca cp mhin liu; 3- ghi nghing; 4- ghi phng; 5- ca cp gi.

Hnh 4.50. S bung la c ghi nghing dn cp. 1thanh ghi c nh; 2thanh ghi chuyn ng;3-ghi nm ngang; 4-thanh iu chnh; 5ng c; 7-tm iu chnh dy lp nhin liu.

4.3.5.3. Loi bung la ghi c thanh trang than (hay tm ci la):

Hnh 4.51. S bung lai ghi c thanh trang than. 1 ghi c nh; 2 tng l; 3- cun l; 4- thanh trang than; 5- xch ko thanh trang.

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Loi bung la ghi c thanh chang (hay tm ci la) c biu din trong hnh 4.51. Thanh trang c chiu di bng chiu rng ca ghi. Khi thanh chang i t tri sang phi s y nhin liu t phu vo ghi v san phng lp, n cui ghi s y x ra ngoi xung phu x. Khi i ngc li vi tc nhanh hn s li chang lp than trn ghi, y thanh chang lm vic theo chu k. Bung la c thanh chang c thit k cho l hi c sn lng n 12 t/h, t than nu v than . Cc ch tiu lm vic ca loi bung la ny l: BQtlv qR = = 900 1050 kW/m2 Rgh BQtlv = 290 kW/m3 Vbl q3 = 1 2% , q4 = 6 8% . qV = 4.3.5.4. Loi bung la cp nhin liu t di ln: Loi bung la cp nhin liu t di ln c miu t trong hnh v 4.52.

a)

b)

Hnh 4.52. Bung la cp nhin liu t di ln. a) s nguyn l bung la; b) vt ti cp nhin liu t di ln.

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Trong bung la ny s chy ng thi ca cht bc v cc trong lp c tc dng tng cng s chy kit nhin liu. X c thi i nh lt ghi quay c t hai gc. Bung la ny thuc loi bung la c c kh ho mc ng k, nhng yu cu nhin liu t phi c cht lng cao. Than c thiu kt va phi, c nhiu cht bc, c tro v m nh v tro kh chy khi t trong bung la ny s t hiu qu cao. 4.3.6. Bung la ghi xch 4.3.6.1. Nguyn l lm vic y l loi bung la c c kh ho hon ton, c th dng cho l hi c sn lng t 10 12 t/h n 150 t/h. c im ca bung la ny l s dch chuyn lin tc ca nhin liu cng vi ghi. S ca bung la ghi xch c cho trong hnh v 4.53 v 4.54.

Hnh 4.53. S bung la ghi xch. 1- ghi; 2- hp gim tc; 3- phu than; 4- tm iu chnh b dy lp nhin liu; 5- hp lm mt ghi; 6- cun trc; 7- dn ng tng sau; 8- cun sau; ci gt x; hp gi. Tc chuyn ng ca ghi c th thay i t 2 30 m/h. Ngi ta dng ghi xch khng lt kiu vy c c chiu di bng 5500 7900 mm v rng 1560 4500 mm. Din tch hot ng ca mt chy t n 7 32 m2.

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Hnh 4.54. S nguyn l bung la ghi xch. 1- nn ghi; 2- trc truyn ng cho ghi (trc dn gn phu than); 3- phu than; 4- tm iu chnh chiu dy lp nhin liu; 5- tm gt x; 6phu tro x;. 4.3.6.2. Cu to ghi xch

Ghi xch gm 2 loi: Ghi xch thanh v ghi xch vy c.

Hnh 4.55. Cu to ghi xch thanh. a) ghi lp; b) thanh ghi cha lp. 1- thanh ghi; 2- trc ni cc thanh ghi.

Hnh 4.56. Cu to ghi xch vy c. a) hnh khng gian; b) mt ct. 1- l ghi; 2- m kp; 3- mt xch; 4- thanh ni hai mt xch; 5chtgi m kp vi mt xch. 6trc lp bi; 7- con ln.

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Hnh 4.57. Ghi xch khng lt. 1- l ghi vy c; 2- ti hng than lt t l ghi; 3- l ghi khi vt than lt ln ti; 4- tm gt x; 5- x than; 6- x ri xung; 7- con ln. 4.3.6.3. Qu trnh chy trn ghi xch Qu trnh chy trn ghi xch xy ra lin tc t nung nng, sy kh, thot cht bc, chy cht bc v cc, chy kit n thi x. Vi ghi xch ngi ta cung cp gi theo nhu cu tng vng ca qu trnh chy, nh c th hin trong hnh 4.58. Hnh 4.58. Biu cung cp gi cho bung la ghi xch.

ng cong 1 c trng cho lng khng kh yu cu chy nhin liu dc theo chiu di ghi. ng cong 2 biu din lng khng kh a vo bung la khng theo tng vng. ng 3 l lng khng kh cp cho cc vng khc nhau. Lng khng kh cp vo vng cui (vng x) vi s lng ln hn s lng cn thit m bo chy kit x v lm mt ghi. Vic cung cp khng kh theo tng vng gip hon thin qu trnh chy nhin liu ng thi gim c tn tht q2 do gim lng khng kh tha trong bung la. S n gin ca qu trnh chy lp nhin liu trn ghi xch cho trong hnh v 4.59.
Hnh 4.59. S n gin qu trnh chy lp nhin liu trn ghi xch. 1vng nhin liu mi; 2vng thot v chy cht bc; 3vng chy cc; 4vng cha x.

Qu trnh chun b nhit cho nhin liu c bt u ngay sau khi nhin liu ri ln ghi. ng O1L tch vng nhin liu mi vi vng thot cht bc. Bn phi ng O1L l mt bt u thot cht bc m thc t l trng vi mt bc chy nhin

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liu. ng O2K l gii hn gia vng thot cht bc v vng chy cc. Trong vng O2O3O4O5KO2 xy ra qu trnh chy cc, trong 3a l vng xy ho v 3b l vng hon nguyn. Vng 4 l vng x cui ghi m y x c chy kit. Ngun nhit ch yu nung nng v bc chy nhin liu mi l bc x ca khi t bung la. Thnh phn ca cc kh sinh ra pha trn lp nhin liu chy trn ghi xch c cho trong hnh v 4.60.
Hnh 4.60. Thnh phn ca cc kh sinh ra pha trn lp nhin liu chy trn ghi xch dc theo ng i ca lp nhin liu.

T hnh v ta thy phn hot ng nht ca lp nhin liu xy ra s kh ho nhin liu v sinh ra mt lng ln cc kh chy CO, H2, CH4 cng vi cc sn phm chy hon ton CO2, ng cong thay i hm lng O2 chng t rng u v cui ghi xch c d xy, cn vng gia hot ng mnh nht (chy mnh lit) li khng xy. Cho nn bung la lm vic mt cch hiu qu th ta phi pha trn tt dng cc kh chy phn gia ghi vi dng xy d ca phn u v cui ghi. Mun vy ngi ta b tr cc cun l thch hp lm co bt bung la pha trn ghi v chnh iu lm tng ng k tc khi v thc hin c s pha trn ca chng.

a)

b)

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c) Hnh 4.61. S bung la ghi xch dng t: a- than antraxit, b- than nu; c- than . Nhng iu kin chun b nhin liu trn ghi xch, iu kin bc chy v chy nhin liu, v iu kin chy kit x ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhng c tnh c bn ca nhin liu. Ngoi ra tnh cht ca mi trng khi cha trong bung la cng ph thuc vo loi nhin liu t; mi trng ny nh hng rt nhiu n qu trnh trao i nhit ca lp nhin liu ang chy vi b mt t b tr trong bung la. V nhng l do m cu to ca bung la ghi xch t nhng nhin liu khc nhau c cc c im ring bit. Hnh v 4.61a l s bung la ghi xch t than antraxit. Ta c th thy rng bung la trong hnh v 4.58a c cun sau di v c t thp, do cc kh chy sinh ra vng hot ng nht ca ghi (vng chy mnh nht) c hng vo on u ca ghi (pha u ghi) to iu kin chy nhin liu mi cp vo. ng thi cun sau cng bc x nhit cho x m bo chy kit x cui ghi. tng cng s pha trn cc kh chy trong bung la m bo cho chng chy ht trc khi bay ra khi bung la ngi ta dng gi xit c tc 50 70 m/s. Lng gi xit bng 5 10% ton b lng khng kh chy. chy kit x (gim tn tht q6 ) ngi ta b tr cun sau thp xung v bc gch mi cht trong ng khng hp thu nhit. Ton b nhit do gch hp thu s phn x ln vng x ang chy. ng thi t b phn gi x cui ghi lm chm s chuyn ng ca x v do chy kit x trc khi thi vo phu x. Chnh b gi x ny cng bo v cho ghi khi b h. trnh sinh ra cc cc x bm cc tng bn ca bung la ngi ta t panen lm lnh bng nc (t st mt ghi). Panen ny ni vo h thng tun hon ca l hi. Nhit khng kh nng cung cp cho ghi xch b hn ch bi iu kin lm vic ca ghi. Khi t than antraxit trn ghi xch nhit khng kh nng c th t n 150 200 oC. Khi t nhin liu c nhiu cht bc, khng kh c sy n 250 300 oC. Hnh v 4.61b v 4.61c l s bung la ghi xch t than nu v

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than . Cc c tnh tnh ton ca bung la ghi xch t than antraxit c th hin trong bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2 Nhng c tnh tnh ton ca bung la ghi xch Than Antraxit Tn i lng n v qd Aqd = 3 A =2 Nhit th mt chy qR 1000 1200 800 900 kW/m2 3 Nhit th th tch bung la qV 290 350 230 290 kW/m H s khng kh tha bl 1,3 1,5 Tn tht nhit q3 % 0 0 Tn tht nhit q4 % 7 14 Phn tro lt ghi v trong x ax+lt 0,75 0,7

Phn tro bay theo khi ab

p sut khng kh di ghi P Nhit khng kh nng tKKN

mmH2O o C

0,25 100 25 150

0,3 100 25 150

4.4. Bung la phun 4.4.1. Khi nim chung

Bung la phun l loi thit b bung la vn nng nht, v trong bung la phun c th t bt k loi nhin liu no t nhin liu kh, nhin liu lng n cc loi nhin liu rn. Bung la phun c c im khc so vi bung la ghi l phi chun b nhin liu trc khi phun vo bung t. Nguyn l bung la phun c ch ra trn hnh 4.62. Bung la ghi c nhng nhc im nh sau: Ch t c than c cht lng v c ht thch hp, ghi b dn n nhit rt ln (hay b chy ghi v hang), khng th phn phi u khng kh cho ghi, sn lng ca l hi b hn ch (ti a 150 t/h), v lt nhiu than mn qua ghi gy tn tht chy khng hon ton. Trong khi yu cu ca l hi c sn lng ln, hiu sut cao v lm vic tin cy. Do vy, bung la ghi khng tho mn c cc yu cu trn. Bung la phun c nhng u im nh sau: Sn lng ca l hi khng b hn ch, tho mn mt chng trnh nhin liu rng hn bung la ghi, hiu sut chy cao hn bung la ghi, c th sy khng kh n nhit cao ( 200 450 oC), c iu kin thun li cho vic t ng ho qu trnh vn hnh l hi. Do sau chin tranh th gii th nht bung la phun c pht trin mnh m. Nhng l hi c sn lng t 30 t/h tr ln dng bung la phun l thch hp nht. Dng bung la phun c th t nhng nhin liu km cht lng v nhin liu c ht nh thu c trong qu trnh khai thc. Tuy nhin, bung la phun c cu to phc tp hn, u t t hn v phi c qu trnh v thit b chun b nhin liu. Trong khi bung la ghi ch yu cu p v phn loi nhin liu hoc hon ton khng cn chun b, th bung la phun khi

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t nhin liu rn phi c c mt h thng chun b b than rt cng knh, tn km c v kinh ph, in nng v cng phu. Mt yu cu quan trng i vi bung la phun hay bt k kiu bung la no l m bo chy hon ton nhin liu vi hiu sut cao v h s khng kh tha nh nht. Khi t nhin liu rn, trnh ng x pheston v b qu nhit phi gi cho nhit khi ch ra khi bung la b thp hn nhit ng cng li ca tro. Nhit th th tch cho php ca bung la, lv qV = BQbl , l i lng quan trng dng nh gi kinh t ca qu trnh chy nhin liu trong bung la phun. gim gi thnh ca bung la phi tng ph ti nhit th tch ca bung la n cc i, nhng nu tng qV qu mc cho php i Hnh 4.62. Nguyn l bung la vi dng nhin liu cho s dn n tng tn tht q3 v q4 v do gim mc kinh t ca phun bung la. ng thi, khi mc t ng trong bung la khng s lm tng ng k nhit trong bung la v do vy ng x c tng h ln b mt truyn nhit trong bung la. V vy gi tr qV i vi tng dng nhin liu khng c ln hn tr s cc i c xc nh bng thc nghim.

4.4.2. Bung la t nhin liu kh

Bung la t nhin liu kh n gin nht c v mt thit b ln vn hnh, v khng cn nhng trang b phc tp v t tin chun b nhin liu, khng c thit b thu tro v thi x. Nhin liu kh ch yu dng t trong bung la l hi hin nay l kh thin nhin. Phn t chnh ca bung la t nhin liu kh l vi phun kh. C nhiu kiu vi phun kh v ngi ta dng nhng bin php khc nhau pha trn kh t vi khng kh v v cc kh t c tnh cht khc nhau. Theo nguyn l chy ca nhin liu kh trong vng ng hc hay trong vng khuch tn m ngi ta chia vi phun kh thnh vi phun c pha trn kh t vi khng kh ngay trong vi phun v vi phun c pha trn bn ngoi vi phun (trong bung la). vi phun c pha trn bn ngoi vi phun th kh t v khng kh c dn i ring r, khi vo bung la chng mi pha trn vi nhau. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng kiu vi phun c pha trn trc mt phn. Cc vi phun c pha trn ngoi v pha trn trong mt phn c dng t cc kh cha cc hydr cacbon khng n nh nhit, chng cho ngn la thy c v di. Nhng vi phun c ngn la thy c gi l vi phun khuch tn.

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Cc vi phun c pha trn bn trong cho ngn la khng thy c v ngn, ngi ta gi chng l vi phun khng c ngn la (vi phun kiu tunen). Trn cc hnh v 4.63 v 4.64 l s nguyn l ca cc vi phun kh khng c ngn la v c ngn la. Vi kiu vi phun c ngn la th tu theo mc hon thin ca iu kin pha trn kh vi khng kh m qu trnh chy c hon thin v ngn la s ngn li. Trong hnh v 4.63 th s (a) c ngn la di nht, s (c) c ngn la ngn nht v c pha trn mt phn trong vi phun. vi phun khng c ngn la, do hn hp kh - khng kh c pha trn trc v t nng n nhit cao nn qu trnh chy hon ton kh trong trng hp ny ng vi h s khng kh tha nh nht (2 5) % , ( bl = 1,02 1,05 ).

Hnh 4.63. Nguyn l chy nhin liu kh. a) chy khuyh tn; b) chy ng hc; c) chy hn hp.

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Hnh 4.64. S nguyn l ca vi phun kh kiu tunen (khng c ngn la). 1thit b (bung) pha trn; 2ming (bung) lm lnh bng nc; 3bung t t trc; 4khe h phn phi.

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Hnh 4.65. S nguyn l ca vi phun c ngn la.

Trong bung la l hi ngi ta dng c hai kiu vi phun kh c ngn la v khng c ngn la. Khi t kh thin nhin t l gia lng kh t v khng kh trong hn hp bng 1/9,51 m3tc. Bung la l hi t nhin liu kh c y nm ngang, nu nhin liu l hn hp kh v bt than th y l hi phi c phu x, nh c biu din trong hnh v 4.66.
Hnh 4.66. Cc kiu y bung la l hi. akhi t thun ty nhin liu kh; bkhi t hn hp kh v bt than.

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Mt s c tnh tnh ton ca bung la t nhin liu kh v lng c cho trong bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3: Mt s c tnh tnh ton ca bung la t nhin liu kh v lng. qV , kW/m3 bl q3 , % Nhin liu Ch thch Madt 250 1,10 0,5 L hi c Kh l cao 200 1,10 1,5 sn lng hi > 75 t/h Kh thin nhin, kh cc 1,10 0,5 300 400 4.4.3. Bung la t nhin liu lng

Nhin liu lng dng trong l hi l madt. Trong bung la l hi thng t madt c lu hunh c nht cao v madt c paraphin. Madt c phun mn qua cc vi phun vo bung la, c th c t theo cc phong php khc nhau, nh biu din trong hnh 4.67.

Hnh 4.67. Cc phng php t nhin liu lng

Cc loi vi phun madt l vi phun c kh v vi phun dng hi hay khng kh nn, nh c biu din trong hnh v 4.68.

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Hnh 4.68. avi phun c kh dng i thng; bvi phun c kh ly tm; cvi phun dng hi cao p.

Hnh 4.69. vi phun dng hi cao p.

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Vi vi phun c kh th nhin liu c phun bi do ng nng ca dng c p sut ln khi i qua cc l phun nh hoc do lc ly tm khi xon dng. S p mn cc git nhin liu sau l do tc dng ca p sut mi trng. n nay, vi vi phun c kh c ch to t nng sut 250 1250 kg/h p lc tnh ton ca madt bng 1,2 MPa. Khi dng khng kh nn phun madt th p sut khng kh bng 0,3 0,6 MPa, tiu hao kh nn bng 0,6 1 kg/kg madt. Qua vi phun madt ngi ta a khong 5 10% lng khng kh cn thit chy hon ton madt, lng khng kh cn li c cp vo chn ngn la. cc vi phun cao p tc tng i ca hi nc dng phun madt bng 200 1000 m/s. Khi dng hi nc phun madt th hi c p sut bng 0,3 1,5 MPa v tiu hao hi bng 0,3 0,6 kg/kg madt. Cu to ca vi phun hi nc n gin v lm vic tin cy nhng dng nhiu hi do khng kinh t. Ngi ta ch dng n nh l vi phun ph nhm l. Nng sut ca vi phun hi bng 100 800 kg/h. ng knh trung bnh ca git nhin liu lng c phun bi bng d 0 d tb = A , (4-5) 2 trong : A l h s t l ph thuc vo kiu vi phun v loi nhin liu lng; l tc chuyn ng ca git; d 0 l ng knh l vi phun; l sc cng b mt ca cht lng; v l mt ca mi trng khi.
4.4.4. Bung la phun t bt than thi x kh

Bt than c khng kh thi qua vi phun vo bung la v chy trng thi l lng qua tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh chy nhin liu rn. S bc chy ca dng hn hp bt than khng kh bt u t lp bin c nung nng nht v lan truyn vo chiu su ca dng v to ra ngn la. Thi gian cn thit bc chy dng hn hp bt v khng kh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh mn ca bt than, cht bc ca nhin liu, nhit ban u ca hn hp, t l gia lng khng kh cp mt v cp hai, bin php cp khng kh cp hai vo bung la, S bc chy ca hn hp c hon thin khi tng nhit ban u ca n, do trong thc t ngi ta sy khng kh n nhit cao ( 300 400 oC), c bit i vi than t cht bc kh chy nh than antraxit, na antraxit, v than gy. C th gia tc s bc chy bt khi gim lng khng kh cp mt, iu ny tng ng vi s tng nng ca bt. Gim lng khng kh cp mt trong hn hp s gim c nhit dung ring ca n, do m bo nung nng hn hp n nhit cao nht. ng thi lng khng kh cp mt phi tin hnh phn ng -xy ho giai on u ca qu trnh chy hn hp bc chy. Khng kh cp hai c thi ring vo bung la v a n chn ngn la lm gim nhit y v ng thi tch im bt u bc chy khi vi phun. Khng kh cp hai cn pha trn vo ngn la sau khi bc chy hn hp.

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Nhit tm ngn la bng khong 1500 1600 oC v cao hn, ch chy gn vi ch khuch tn. Do vy cng chy bt trong ngn la ph thuc vo nhit , nng cht xy ho, tc tng i ca ht v thi gian lu li ca ht trong bung la. tng cng chy kit bt trong ngn la phi duy tr nhit cao nht l cui bung la v nng cht xy ho gim xung r rt. Kh ng ca ngn la phi m bo ht mnh khi n chn ngn la, gy ri dng v pha trn tt cc ht bt vi cht xy ho. Cng , n nh v mc kinh t ca qu trnh chy bt than ph thuc trc ht vo s lm vic ca vi phun. Mt c tnh tnh ton ch yu xc nh th tch bung la i vi nhin liu cho l nhit th th tch ca bung la qV , kW/m 3 . i lng ny ph thuc ch yu vo thi gian cn thit chy hon ton cc ht bt v thi gian chy ny li l hm s ca kch thc ht, ca lng thot cht bc v h s khng kh tha. Bng tnh ton l thuyt v thc t vn hnh ngi ta xc nh gi tr ti u R90 v bl i vi nhng nhin liu khc nhau xc nh qV , khi q3 v q4 l Hnh 4.70. L hi t bt than thi x kh. cc tiu ng vi ph ti nh mc ca l hi. 1- qut gi; 2- ng dn bt than v khng kh; Mt s c tnh tnh 3- ng dn bt than xung; 4- my cp bt than; ton ca bung la phun t 5- phu than; 6, 9- khng kh cp 2; bt than thi x kh i vi l 7- vi phun bt than; 8- ng dn gi; 10- ng sinh hi tng trc; 11- tng bung la; hi c sn lng D 75 t/h v D = 25 50 t/h c ln 12- dn ng sinh hi tng bn. lt trnh by trong cc bng 4.4 v 4.5.
Bng 4.4. Nhng c tnh tnh ton ca bung la phun t bt than thi x kh i vi l hi c sn lng D 75 t/h.

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Nhin liu Bt than antraxit v na antraxit Than gy Than du

bl 1,2 1,25
1,2 1,25 1,2 1,2

qV , kW/m3 120 140 150 100

q3 , % q 4 , % 46 0 0 2 0 1,0 1,5 0 0,5 1,0

ab 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95

Bng 4.5. Nhng c tnh tnh ton ca bung la phun t bt than thi x kh i vi l hi c sn lng D = 25 50 t/h. qV , kW/m3 q4 , % q3 , % ab Nhin liu bl 25 t/h 35 t/h 50 t/h 25 t/h 35 t/h 50 t/h Than 1,20 220 180 160 0,5 5 3 2 3 0,95 Than nu 1,20 250 210 180 0,5 3 1,5 2,0 1 2 0,95

Vi vi phun bt than th cu to v b tr ca vi phun phi m bo nhng yu cu sau: - dng hn hp bc chy nhanh v chy n nh; - Hiu sut ca qu trnh chy cao; - Bung la vn hnh n nh v chc chn. Vi phun c nh hng quan trng n din bin ca qu trnh chy v n mc in y ca ngn la trong bung la. m bo yu cu th nht th vi phun phi to ra c vng xoy mnh ca dng sn phm chy trc ming vi phun, a c dng khi nng n dng bt than, phi hng c dng khi n tm ngn la, phi hn ch lng khng kh cp mt v t nng n n nhit cao. m bo yu cu th hai th vi phun phi phn b u ngn la trong bung la v m bo chy kit bt than, mt khc phi m bo mn ca bt than. tho mn yu cu th ba th vi phun phi c cu to n gin, d iu chnh nng sut ca vi phun trong phm vi rng, khng gy ng x b mt sinh hi v bung la. Trong thc t c hai kiu vi phun bt than l vi phun trn (xoy) trn hnh 4-71 v vi phun dt (khe h) trn hnh 4-72. Vi phun trn c hai loi c phn bit theo s chuyn ng ca dng hn hp l dng hn hp i theo ng dn thng hay chuyn ng ly tm trong v xoy c.
Bng 4.6. Tc khng kh ra khi vi phun trn. Than cm Than v than Loi nhin liu Than gy antraxit nu Tc khng kh cp mt, m/s 16 20 20 26 12 16 Tc khng kh cp hai, m/s 20 25 20 30 18 22 vi phun trn c hn hp i theo ng thng th hn hp i trong ng 3. Vic iu chnh tit din ra cho khng kh cp mt nh c hnh cn 5 c th di chuyn c. Hnh cn 5 m bo gc m ca dng hn hp v ht khi vo chn ngn la tng cng bc chy nhin liu.

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a)

b) Hnh 4.71. Vi phun bt than loi trn: a) cp 1 v cp 2 u xoy; b) cp 1 thi thng, cp 2 xoy. 1- ng gi cp 2; 2- u ni ng gi cp 1; 3- ng gi cp 1; gi bng gang; 5- u cn diu chnh loe ca dng; 6- l t vi phun ma dt; 7- tay vn iu chnh loe ca dng; 8- thanh iu chnh gi cp 2; 9- l iu chnh bt than u hn trong dng gi cp 1.

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Hnh 4.72. Vi phun bt than loi dt t gc bung la. 1- u ni ng dn gi cp 1; 2- ming phun gi cp 1; 3- ming phun gi cp 2; 4- c cu iu chnh gc quay vi phun.

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Hnh 4.72. Vi phun bt than dt t gc bung la. 1- u ni ng dn gi cp 1; 2- ming phun gi cp 1; 3- ming phun gi cp 2; 4- c cu iu chnh gc quay vi phun.

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Hnh 4.73. B tr vi phun bt than loi dt 1- u ni ng dn gi cp 1; 2- ng phun gi cp 1; 3- ng phun gi cp 2; 4- c cu diu chnh xoay ca vi phun.

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Vi vi phun trn xoy th vng xa ca gi cp mt v cp hai c xc nh bi gc m ca ngn la. Gc m c nh hng n cng ht khi vo chn

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ngn la, gc m cng ln ht khi cng mnh v vng xa cng nh. t than t cht bc nh than antraxit th gc m cng cn ln.

Hnh 4.74. S bc chy ca hn hp bt than v khng kh.

vi phun c hn hp i theo ng thng gc m bng 120o i vi than antraxit, 90o i vi than gy, cn than nhiu cht bc c gc m bng 60o. Vi phun trn c nhc im l kch thc ln nn khng t c gc bung la. Do thng thng vi phun trn c b tr pha ngc l, i din nhau hai tng bn hay nh l. Vi phun dt c t gc bung la. Vi bung la l hi sn lng ln ngi ta t vi phun dt thnh nhiu tng theo chiu cao ca bung la.

Bng 4.7. Tc khng kh ra khi vi phun trn Kiu vi Cng sut vi Bt than Antraxit v than gy phun phun, GJ/h 1, m/s 2, m/s 2/1, Xoy-Xoy 80 14-16 18-21 1,3-1,4 120 14-16 18-21 1,3-1,4 180 16-18 22-25 1,3-1,4 260 18-20 26-30 1,4-1,5 Thng-xoy 80 14-16 17-19 1,2-1,3 120 14-16 17-19 1,2-1,3 Bng 4.7. Tc khng kh ra khi vi phun trn Loi Nhin liu Antraxit Gy Gi cp 1, m/s 27-32 27-32 27-32 Gi cp 2, m/s 27-32 27-32 32-37

Tc gi ra khi vi phun trn nh hn vi phun dt v vi phun trn to ra dng xoy c khuch tn ln hn vi phun dt. Hn na, vi phun dt t gc bung la nn tc dng ng x tng bung la t hn vi phun trn, do tc ra khi vi phun dt c th ln hn. Vi phun dt dng c hiu qu khi t than d chy. T l khng kh cp mt v cp hai cng phi c chn hp l cho tng loi nhin liu.
Bng 4.9. T l khng kh cp 1 v cp 2 cung cp vo bung nhit. Phn trm (%) khng kh cp mt trong ton b khng kh Nhin liu cp vo bung la khi ti bt bng:

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Khng kh nng Mi cht sy Bt antraxit, na 20 25 15 20 antraxit v than gy 20 25 25 35 Than 20 25 45 55 Than nu Bng 4.10. Cc kch thc t vi phun trn tng bung la. Vi phun t tng trc hay tng Vi phun dt t gc bn Khong cch, m Sn lng quy c ca vi phun, tnh theo tn hi/h < 25 < 25 25 50 25 50 T trc vi phun dy di n ch 1,5 1,7 1,7 2,2 1,2 1,4 1,4 1,6 bt u phu tro lnh T trc vi phun ngoi cng n 1,5 1,8 1,8 2,2 tng k lin Gia cc trc vi phun trong mt 1,6 2,0 2,0 2,5 1,4 2,0 1,6 2,5 dy v gia cc dy

Hnh 4. nh hng ca cu trc bung la v v tr vi phun n kh ng l hi.

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Ghi ch: Khi t vi phun trn theo tam gic c nh quay xung di th khong cch ly bng 0,7 1,2 m. Khi quay nh ln trn ly bng 1,2 1,5 m i vi cc vi phun c sn lng theo hi bng t 25 n 40 t/h. Chiu di ngn la cn c chn nh sau: - 7 10 m i vi l hi c sn lng D = 20 50 t/h; - Khng nh hn 11 13 m i vi l hi c D = 75 20 t/h; - Khng nh hn 14 16 m i vi l hi c D = 230 t/h; - Khng nh hn 20 25 m i vi l hi c D = 420 t/h. Cc gii hn trn c gii thiu cho l hi t than antraxit v than gy. Chiu su bung la b c chn xut pht t iu kin m bo s pht trin bnh thng ca ngn la v khng c s va p trc tip ngn la vo tng i din khi t vi phun tng trc.
Bng 4.11. Chiu su bung la khi t vi phun tng trc 12 30 50 75 120 230 6 7,5 4 4,5 5 5,5

D , t/h b,m

> 230 8 8,5

Chiu rng bung la a c chn c k n chiu di cn thit ca bao hi m bo sy tht kh hi v m bo tc thch hp ca hi trong b qu nhit. i vi cc l hi c sn lng D = 35 110 t/h gii thiu chiu rng bung la xc nh t biu thc D / a = 9 15 .

D , t/h a,m

Bng 4.12. Chiu rng bung la 120 230 7 10

420 14

Pha di bung la t bt than thi x kh lm phu tro lnh nghing 55 60o so vi ng nm ngang. Pha trn bung la c th nm ngang hay nghing mt gc 30o 45o so vi ng nm ngang. Khi t vi phun dt gc bung la th chn a / b = 1 1, 2 . Ca khi ra khi bung la chn sao cho tc khi pheston nm trong phm vi K = 4 8 m/s (tc ln dng cho than m). Vi phun cp ba t cch trc vi phun chnh 1,5 2,5 m.
o

Hnh 4.75. ai chy

ai chy dng khi t bt antraxit. Chiu cao ai chy trn cc vch ng ca bung la (k t mp trn ca phu tro lnh) ly t 2,5 3,5 m. ai chy khng lm cao hn 1000 1400 mm k t trc ca dy vi phun trn cng. S tng tip theo chiu cao ai chy so vi trc vi phun gy ra tng nhit khi ch ra khi bung la v a n ng x cc ng pheston v b qu nhit. Khi t vi phun tng trc th khng lm ai chy tng sau m ch lm trn ba tng cn li nhm lm gim ng x ln tng sau. Khi t vi phun i din

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nhau th lm ai chy c bn tng. Cc ng gc bung la ( 2 4 ng) khng bt ai chy. nng cao nhit khi pha di bung la ngi ta bt gch samt ln cc ng mi pha. Vi phun madt dng hi c dng khi ng v ngng bung la t than bt, nhng vi phun madt cho php thay i lu lng madt trong phm vi rng m qu trnh chy khng b km i. Vi phun madt c th lp trong vi phun bt than hay thp hn trc vi phun bt than chnh mt khong 300 500 mm. Sn lng cc vi phun madt cn m bo 20 30% sn lng nh mc ca l hi. Kch thc y phu lnh c chn ph thuc vo sn lng hi ca l t 0,6 n 1,2 m. Nhit x thi ra khi bung la xi = 600 oC. Bc ng tng i trong bung la S / d = 1,1 1, 25 . L hi c sn lng D 35 t/h th t ng cc dn trc v dn bn vi bc s = (1,8 1,85)d , dn sau c s = (1, 2 1,35)d . Khong cch t tm ng dn sinh hi n tng e = ( 0,5 0,8 ) d . ng knh ng

d ng = 60 5 v 76 6 i vi l trung p v cao p. X kh c thi ra y bung la mt cch lin tc hoc theo chu k. Cc u im ca bung la phun thi x kh: - Tn tht nhit do x mang ra nh (10 20% tro c thi dng x), do c trng hp c th b qua; - C th iu chnh ph ti trong mt phm vi rng m khng nh hng n vic thi x; - Cu to phu tro lnh n gin. Cc nhc im gm c - ng x b mt t v mi mn b mt t phn ui bi tro bay; - Tro bay ra khi bung la chim ti 80 90% ton b tro ca nhin liu t do gy mi mn mnh cc b mt t phn ui l (b mt i lu); - Nhit th th tch bung la c tr s thp v phi m bo nhit vng thi x khng cao qu, kt qu l th tch bung la kh ln; - Khng thch hp t nhin liu c tro d chy, v m bo tro khng trng thi nng chy th nhit bung la phi thp, nhng khi y nhin liu s kh chy. gim tc mi mn do tro gy ra nht l khi t nhin liu nhiu tro phi gim tc khi. Tuy nhin, bin php ny s a n gim h s truyn nhit v tng ng tng b mt t i lu. ngn nga ng x th ph ti nh mc ca l nhit khi ra khi bung la phi thp hn nhit bt u bin dng ca tro ca nhin liu t (t1). Tuy nhin, vic lm lnh khi n nhit y gp kh khn v i khi khng thc hin c. S d nh vy v khi tng cng sut ca l hi ln ng k th th tch bung la tng ln nhanh hn b mt cc tng bung la v do nhanh hn b mt cc dn ng t xung quanh tng ca n. Vic t cc dn c t nng (hp thu nhit) c hai pha hay cc b mt ca b qu nhit na bc x v bc x ch c hiu qu n mt cng sut nht nh ca l hi, ng thi ch khi t trong bung la ny mt s loi nhin liu nht nh. Bin php hiu qu nht ngn nga ng x v chng tro mi mn l thu c tht nhiu tro di dng x lng v thi ra y bung la. Nhit x khi chy

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ra khi bung la c th ln hn nhiu so vi nhit ng cng li ca tro, xi = t3 + 100 0C . Tm li bung la thi x kh thng dng cho nhin liu c cht bc ln v c tro kh chy.

Hnh 4.75. Hnh 4.70. L hi -75/39 t bt than thi x kh Lp ti nh my in NinhBnh. 2- ng dn bt than v khng kh; 3bung la; 4- b qu nhit; 5- b hm nc; 6- b sy khng kh.

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Hnh 4.76. L hi 500t/h; 14Mp; 5700C

136

Hnh 4.77. Hnh 4.75. L hi 210t/h; 140at t bt than thi x kh

137

Hnh 4.78. L hi nh my in Ung B 920t/h phc v t my 300MW t bt than thi x kh

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Hnh 4.79. L hi t/h; at t bt than thi x kh

4.4.5 Bung la t bt than phun thi x lng

139

Nhit chy lng ca x ca a s cc loi than nm trong phm vi 1000 1600 oC. Nhit ngn la trong bung la thi x lng phi bng 1500 1800 oC. t c ch nhit cao nh vy trong bung la ngi ta bc kn mt phn b mt t ca cc dn ng bng cc dn c gai v trt cht chu la v to ra mt vng rng c nhit cao m bo tro chy lng n nh. Do vi phun c t thp hn nhiu so vi bung la thi x kh, n c t ngay pha trn y bung la m bo vng ny c nhit cc i v do x c th chy lng v chy t do d dng ra khi l tho.

Hnh 4.80. S bung la bt than thi x lng: a) thi x lng mt bung; b) thi x lng hai bung

140

Hnh 4.81. S bung la thi x lng mt bung

Hnh 4.82. S bung la thi x lng hai bung

Bung la thi x lng c mt s u im nh sau: - u im c bn l thu c mt lng tro ln trong bung la, gp 3 4 ln so vi bung la thi x kh, do gim c tro mi mn cc b mt t phn ui l, v lng tro trong khi bay ra gim v thnh phn ht cng thay i. y ch c nhng ht tro rt mn nn bm bn. - Ngoi ra do c th lm vic vi bl nh nn q4 (%) gim xung bng khong 50% so vi bung la thi x kh, v c ch nhit cao trong bung la v kt qu l l cao hn.

141

Bung la thi x lng t nhy bn i vi tnh cht ca nhin liu t v th c th dng c hiu qu cho cc than khc nhau k c than gy ng x v c tro kh chy. Mt s nhc im ca bung la thi x lng l: tn tht nhit do x mang ra xi q6 ln, nguy him tc x khi gim ph ti ca l hi, phc tp hn v cu to v vn
xi hnh so vi bung la thi x kh. long = t3 + 100 oC. Phn ai chy nng cao nhit ngn la v c tro ng cng bm nn chng c tc dng ca x lng ln vt liu chu la, ng thi lp tro ny cch nhit gia ng dn v ngn la. y bung la thi x lng nm ngang hoc hi nghing, l tho c b cao to ra ging x. X thi lin tc ra khi bung la. Bung la hai bung thi tro dng x lng c th t n 50 60% ton b tro ca nhin liu.

Bng 4.13: Nhng c tnh ca bung la thi x lng. lng kh ''bl qV / qV Kiu bung la 1,15 1,20 Bung la mt bung 1,2 1,1 1,15 Bung la hai bung 1,3

ab 0,6 0,7 0,4 0,5

Ghi ch: - i vi bung la mt bung q3 ly nh bung la thi x kh, bung la hai bung th q3 = 0 ; - q4 gim i so vi q4 bung la thi x kh, t l vi s thay i lng tro bay.
4.4.6. Bung la xoy (xyclon)

Bung la thi x kh c qV thp do bung la c kch thc ln. Vic nng cao qV khng cho php v s a n tng q3 , q4 v ng x b mt t i lu. Vic dng bung la thi x lng mt bung khng lm gim kch thc bung la, khng cho php tng tc khi trong ng khi sau bung la v vn c hin tng tro mi mn. Cn bung la hai bung c nhit th qV ch ln hn so vi bung la thi x kh khong 30% . V vy vic to ra bung la c hiu qu cao trong khi bo ton kinh t ca qu trnh chy, cho php tng cng qu trnh chy nhin liu, gim kch thc bung la, thu tht nhiu tro trong bung la, gim chi ph vn hnh, khng cn chun b nhin liu tn nhiu ch ph, i hi phi tm con ng mi trong vic t chc qu trnh bung la. Do bung la xoy ra i. Khi t nhin liu trong dng ngn la th cc ht chy trng thi l lng. Thi gian lu li ca cc ht trong bung la (thi gian chy) thng khng ln hn thi gian lu li ca khi trong bung la, thi gian y t l nghch vi nhit th qV .

142

qV = 150 kW/m3 qV = 500 kW/m3

Nguyn l xyclon da trn tnh khng hn ch thi gian lu li ca cc ht nhin liu trong bung chy, khng ph thuc vo tc ca dng khi trong bung la. Mun vy ngi ta a nhin liu cng vi khng kh cp mt vo bung la t trc kiu xyclon hnh tr sao cho cc ht nhin liu c quay cho n khi chy hon ton.

thi gian chy bng khong 3 giy, thi gian chy bng khong 1 giy.

Hnh 4.83. Bung la xoy.

Hnh 4.84. S nguyn l vi phun bung la xoy.

Cc ht nhin liu chuyn ng trong xyclon theo ng xoy c di tc dng ca hai lc l lc ly tm c xu hng nn cc ht n thnh xyclon v thnh phn kh ng c xu hng ko cc ht v dng khi n trc xyclon v n u ra. Khi cc ht ln c gi trong xyclon cho n khi chng chy hon ton hoc chy n khi c kch thc m dng khi c th ko chng i qua ca ra. Do dng b xon mnh v c nhit cao ( ~ 1700 oC v cao hn) m s to thnh hn hp v qu trnh chy xy ra rt mnh lit. Cc ht than thi vo xyclon c kch thc 2 10 mm. Nhit th th tch qV rt cao t n 3 6 MW/m3. Tro thu c di dng x lng trong bung la xyclon t n 85 90% v ln hn. Nhit th din tch xyclon t n 10 15 MW/m2, xyclon = 1,05 1,10 . Khng kh cp mt vi s lng 20 25% lng khng kh l

143

thuyt c cp vo cng vi than, khng kh cp hai a vo vi phun vi s lng ~ 40% c tc 100 m/s do ngn la xoy trong xyclon vi tc 20 30 vng/pht. Lng khng kh cn li c tc 40 50 m/s cp tip tuyn qua cc ng phun t pha di vi phun. p sut ca khng kh cp mt bng 250 300 mmH2O, ca khng kh cp hai bng 140 170 mmH2O. p sut qut bng 1000 2000 mmH2O. u im ca bung la xyclon l: - C nhit th th tch cao, do gim c kch thc thit b; - Thu c nhiu x (85 90%) , do tng c tc khi trong ng khi i lu v gim c kch thc cc b mt t i lu, c khi khng cn t b kh bi; - C th t than p nh v nghin th, do gim tiu th in nng chun b bt than v gim gi thnh ban u ca thit b; - L hi c th lm vic vi p sut dng, do tng cng hiu qu lm vic ca b mt t i lu v khng cn t qut khi. Nhc im ca bung la xyclon gm c: - q6 ln (q6 2%) ; - Tng tiu th in nng thi; - C vn nng nh hn bung la t bt than do khng t c nhiu loi nhin liu, v khi t than t cht bc v c m cao th thit b phc tp hn. Bung la xyclon c t trc bung la l hi, c th t nm ngang, hi nghing xung di hoc thng ng. nhng l hi c sn lng ln ngi ta t nhiu bung la xoy, chng nh nhng vi phun ln hay bung la t ngay pha trc bung la c t cc dn ng sinh hi.

Hnh 4.85. S nguyn l bung la xoy ng t ngoi.

144

Hnh 4.86. S nguyn l bung la xoy: a) ng; b) nging.

a) b) Hnh 4.87. L c bung la xoy nm ngang a) v nm nging b).

145

Hnh 4.88. S bung la xyclon. 4.5. Bung la tng si (lp si)

K thut tng si c pht minh ln u tin vo thp nin u ca th k 20 nc Anh p dng cho cc cng ngh xc tc, chn qung, sy, Nm 1921 c p dng tng si kh ho than. Vic ng dng hng lot qu trnh tip xc kh cht rn mi ny c bt u vo nhng nm 1950 trong cng nghip du m cracking du nng. S n lc s dng k thut tng si trong vic sn xut hi nc c bt u vo gia nhng nm 1960. Gio s Douglas Elliott Anh c coi l cha ca l hi tng si. n nay trn th gii c hng ngn l hi tng si (l hi dng bung la tng si) c cng sut n v n hng trm tn hi trong mt gi. Vit nam hin nay l hi tng si c dng cc nh my nhit in Bi Bng, NaDng, Cao Ngn, dt Nam nh,

146

Phng php t nhin liu rn trong tng si c th c coi l mt gii php cng ngh mi v nguyn l so vi phng php t lp cht nm trn ghi v phng php t nhin liu rn dng bt phun vo khng gian bung la.
4.5.1. S nguyn l bung la tng si.

C mt lp ht nhin liu rn nm trn ghi v thi khng kh t di ghi ln (hnh v 4.89).

Hnh 4.89. Nguyn l bung la tng si.

Hnh 4.90. Ming thi khng kh.

147

Hnh 4.36. Trong lp cht quan h gia ging p trc v sau lp nhin liu P v tc gi c xc nh theo cng thc Ecgan (Ergun, 1952): 2 2 (1 ) (1 ) P = 150 + 1, 75 g , (4-6) 2 d h 3 L d h ) 3 (

trong :

L l chiu cao ca lp nhin liu; l rng trong lp; d h v l ng knh trung bnh v trn ca cc ht; v g l nht ng lc v mt ca dng khng kh. Khi tng tc thi khng kh qua lp cht th ging p tng ln lin tc cho n khi tc t gi tr ti hn 0 c gi l tc gy si ti thiu (hay tc bt u si). Trong giai on ny cc ht trng thi khng trng lng v bt u chuyn ng. Khi tng cht chuyn thnh tng si. Nu tip tc tng tc thi gi qua lp th khng lm tng ging p na, chiu cao lp ht tng ln, cc ht dao ng ln xung trong mt phm vi nht nh. Tc gy si ti thiu 0 c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
0,5 g h g g d 3 h 2 c + c c1 , (4-7) 2 1 2 trong : h v g l mt ca ht v ca kh; g l gia tc trng trng; c1 v c2 l cc hm s ca , , ,... ; gi tr ca cc hng s thc nghim c1 = 27,2; c2 = 0,0408. Khi tc thi gi qua lp tng ln n mt gi tr ti hn khc gi l tc cui cng ti a max th cc ht b cun ra khi lp v bay theo dng khng kh, ng thi ging p P gim t ngt.

0 = d h g

148

i vi cc ht hnh cu ng vi cc tc gi thi khc nhau ta c cc biu thc xc nh max nh sau: max = Ar d h g 18 khi 0 < Re < 0, 4
0,66

max max

= d h g

Ar 7,5

khi 0, 4 < Re < 500

0,5

Ar = d h g 0,33
d h g

khi Re > 500

y:
Re =

Ar =

g h g g d 3 h 2

l tiu chun Rynn (Reynolds)

l tiu chun Acsimet (Arshimedes)

4.5.2. Cc kiu bung la tng si v u nhc im ca n

C hai kiu bung la tng si (xem hnh 4.37), l: - Bung la tng si bnh thng cn gi l bung la tng si c bt kh. - Bung la tng si tun hon.

Hnh 4.86. Cc kiu bung la tng si

149

150

Hnh 4.37. u im ca bung la tng si: - t c nhin liu c phm cp thp, c th l nhin liu c nhit tr b, tro cao, hm lng lu hunh cao, m cao. - Cng truyn nhit trong bung la rt cao, do gim c b mt truyn nhit tc l bung la s nh gn hn so vi cc bung la kiu khc. - Trong tng si cc ht nhin liu thay i v tr nhanh v lin tc lm thay i s tip xc gia cc ht nhin liu v sn phm chy th kh, do to iu kin thun li tin hnh cc phn ng ho hc. Nhit cc ht nhin liu trong tng

151

si hu nh ng nht v c th duy tr nhit chy trong phm vi 800 900 0C. nhit ny lu hunh ca nhin liu s b xy ho mnh v SO2 sinh ra s lin kt vi vi hay dlmit c b sung vo tng si, kt qu l SO2 b kh kh nhiu, c th t n 90 99 %, tc l gim c lng pht thi SO2 trong khi. Chnh v vy c th t trong bung la tng si nhng nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh cao. - Pht thi NOx thp, ch khong 100 300 ppm do nhit chy thp (800 0 900 C). nhit ny phn ng xy ho Nit c trong khng kh l khng ng k c th b qua. Tuy vy Nit c trong nhin liu s b xy ho thnh NOx. - Nhit th din tch ghi qR v nhit th th tch bung la qV kh ln: q R = 1 4 MW/m2; qV = 0,1 2 MW/m3. - Phng php chun b nhin liu t n gin v r tin. - Khng c hin tng ng x trn cc dn ng sinh hi t trong bung la v b mt cc ng nhng chm trong tng si, gim mc bm tro cc b mt truyn nhit phn ui l. Nhng hn ch ca bung la tng si gm c: - Tiu th nhiu nng lng cho qut gi c p sut cao; - Din tch ghi ln (i vi tng si kiu c bt kh); - Tn tht to nhit qua b mt ln (i vi tng si tun hon); - Hiu sut chy bung la tng si tun hon thp hn so vi bung la t bt than phun thng thng. Nhn chung bung la tng si nht l bung la tng si tun hon c nhiu u im, hin ang c nghin cu ch to l hi c cng sut ngy cng ln, t nhng loi nhin liu cht lng thp (c nhiu tro, c hm lng lu hunh cao, ).

152

4.6. Chun b nhin liu t trong l hi 4.6.1. chun b nhin liu kh Cc kh thin nhin v kh nhn to c t trong bung la l hi. Cc kh t c tnh c v d chy nn khi kt cu v vn hnh cc thit b s dng kh cn phi c bin php bo v an ton.

Hnh 4.38. S cung cp kh t cho l hi. 1-van ng m bng tay; 2-van ng m bng ng c in; 3-b iu chnh p sut kh; 4-van an ton; 5-b iu chnh lu lng kh;6-van ct nhanh; 7-p k; 8-thit b o lu lng; 9-cm bin ca b iu chnh p sut; 10thit b lc sch kh; 11-nn tn hiu; 12-cung cp kh n b nh la ca vi phun; 13-ng x; 14- ly mu kh phn tch. S cung cp kh n l hi c cho trn hnh v 4.38. Cc cng vic phi lm khi chun b nhin liu kh t l dn kh n bung t v tit lu kh n p sut lm vic. Kh t ng dn kh chnh c p sut bng 0,7 1,3MPa. gim p sut kh n mc cn thit vi phun kh (0,13 0,2MPa) phi tin hnh tit lu trong phng

153

ring m bo an ton v n chy v do n khi tit lu. Trong phng tit lu kh thng t 3 ng ng dn kh v t cc b iu chnh p sut, trong 3 ng ng trn c mt ng ng d phng. Ngoi ra ngi ta t ng ng dn kh i tt khng qua b iu chnh. B lc kh c t trc xupap lm sch cc tp cht c kh c ln trong kh. Cc xupap iu chnh s gi p sut cn thit ca kh pha sau xupap. khng xy ra s c khi tng p sut phi t van an ton trn ng ng dn kh. Thit b o lu lng (lu lng k) s ghi lu lng kh i qua phng tit lu. Trn ng ng dn kh n tng l hi phi t b iu chnh t ng v xupap ct nhanh. B iu chnh s m bo cng sut nhit cn thit ca l hi bt k thi im no. Xupap ct nhanh s ct vic cung cp kh vo bung la l hi trong trng hp s c (gim p sut khng kh vi phun, ngng ng c in ko qut khi hay gi,. . .) 4.6.2. Chun b nhin liu lng Nhin liu lng c dng t trong l hi thng l du FO (Fuel Oil) hay cn gi l mazut. Cc cng vic phi lm khi chun b nhin liu lng t bao gm: sy nng, tch kh cc tp cht c kh, phun thnh sng. Trn hnh 4.39 l s h thng chun b FO t trong l hi. Ti b cha, FO c sy nng bng hi nc t nhit 60 800C nhm gim nht ca du, ti b cha cn c vic tch nc ra khi du, nc s lng xung phn di ca b (y b) v c bm ht thi ra ngoi. Du nhin liu (FO) t b s theo ng ng dn v cc b lc du th n bm du. Khi ra khi bm vo ng ng y c p lc, du c sy trong b sy du v c lc ln th hai (lc tinh). Tip du c bm cao p bm i vi p sut n 3,5 4,5 MPa v s c phun thnh sng trong cc vi phun kiu c kh t trn tng bung la l hi. ngn nga khng cho du ng c li trong ng phi cch nhit ng dn du tht tt, c th phi t ng dn hi nc i km ng dn du v bc cch nhit chung c hai ng dn ny. Ngoi ra du lu ng lin tc khng dng li trnh ng c du trong ng phi t ng du hi lu (ti tun hon) v li b cha. Hnh S ngh b mazut t trong l hi. 4.39. cng chun

154

1-Xe xitec cha du; 2-thit b x du t xitec; 3-b lc th; 4-b cha du c sy nng; 5-bm du; 6-b cha du chnh; 7, 8-ng ti tun hon du v b cha; 9-bm du cp 1; 10-van mt chiu; 11-b sy nng du; 12-b lc tinh; 13-bm du cp 2; 14-van kha; 15-b iu chnh lu lng du; 16-thit b o lu lng; 17-van kha; 18-vi phun du Vic sy du nhm lm gim nht ca n do d dng lu ng, lc sch v phun thnh sng. C mt s FO c nht rt cao v ng c nhit kh cao (20 400C). Thng thng FO c sy n 70 900C ty loi du. i vi cc loi FO c nhiu parafin phi sy n nhit cao hn (i khi sy n 105 1300C). FO c sy trong cc thit b trao i nhit b mt kiu ng xon bng hi nc p sut thp (0,6 1,2MPa). Khi dng hi nc phun FO thnh sng th b cha du t cao hn v tr vi phun du mt khong bng 3 7m. 4.6.3. Nhng c im v u vit ca vic t nhin liu rn dng bt u im: - C th t hiu qu nhng nhin liu c cht lng thp; - C th ch to l hi c cng sut n v thc t khng b gii hn; - C th d dng iu chnh cc vi phun bt than v t ng ha qu trnh chy. Nhc im: - Tiu th nhiu in nng chun b bt than: p, nghin, vn chuyn; - Tro bay ra nhiu gy mi mn cc b mt t phn ui l v cn phi t b lc bi. Cc cng vic chun b bt than gm c: p s b khi c cc ht ln hn 250 300mm v chim ti 3% ton b khi lng nhin liu, tch cc mu st ra khi than, p than, tch cc mu g, sy v nghin, vn chuyn n phu cha v n vi phun ca l hi. Trc khi gii quyt nhim v nghin than thnh bt chng ta cn nm vng cc quy lut ca qu trnh nghin vt liu v cc tnh cht ca bt than. 4.6.4. Nhng quy lut nghin nhin liu Than thuc vt liu rn, trong cc ht c cc l v c nhiu g, cnh sc. Khi b tc ng c hc ht than b v ra thnh cc ht nh hn. Vic nghin nhin liu trong my p v my nghin l kt qu ca cc lc va p, nghin nt v mi mn. Trong cc thit b nghin cc lc tc ng trn c th kt hp vi nhau, v d my nghin bi: va p v mi mn. Do ph v ht than m sinh ra cc b mt t do mi. B mt t do ca ht ty thuc vo thnh phn c ht. Than c nghin cng mn th b mt t do cng ln. to ra b mt t do mi cn phi khc phc c lc lin kt gia cc phn t do phi tiu th mt cng nht nh. Ngi ta xc nh bng thc nghim rng

155

cng chi ph nghin t l thun vi b mt t do thu c (nh lut Rittinger). Ht cng mn th b mt cng ln v do cng tiu hao (in nng tiu th) nghin cng ln: Et = A(S2-S1), kWh/kg (4-8) trong : Et l sut tiu th in nng, kWh/kg; A l h s t l, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nhin liu (c tnh), kWh/m2; S1 v S2 l b mt t do ca cc ht nhin liu trc v sau khi nghin, m2/kg. Nu bit s phn b bt than theo kch thc c th xc nh c b mt ca n khi cho s b hnh dng ca ht (hnh cu, hnh khi):

1 100 S 2 = C ln n R 90
trong :

, m2/kg

(4-9)

C=

NL l khi lng ring ca nhin liu, NL = 1700 1840 kg/m3 ;

n l h s phn tn bt, c trng cu trc ca bt, s phn b bt theo kch thc. Thc ra hnh dng ht than khng phi hnh cu hay hnh khi nn b mt s ln hn so vi tnh ton theo cng thc (4-9). Tiu th in nng nghin trong h thng nghin than lun lun ln hn tiu th l thuyt theo (4-8). Mt phn nng lng E p dng ph hy b mt cc thit b nghin v to ra bin dng n hi v do trong chng, v bao gm cc tn tht nhit, Nhm tn tht ny c lin quan n qu trnh nghin v t l vi chi ph nng lng dng nghin. Ngoi ra lun c tn tht khng ti khng i ca my nghin Ekt . Do tng tiu th in nng l thuyt nghin bng: E lt = E t + E p + E kt (4-10) Sut tiu th in nng nghin ph thuc vo c tnh ca nhin liu v th hin h s A trong (4-8). Vic xc nh trc tip A gp kh khn, cho nn ngi ta nh gi nhng tnh cht nghin c ca nhin liu qua h s kh nng nghin, h s ny c xc nh bng thc nghim. * H s kh nng nghin ca nhin liu l t s gia lng in nng tiu th nghin nhin liu tiu chun (thng l antraxit) v lng in nng tiu th nghin nhin liu c kho st. C hai nhin liu c nghin trong trng thi khng kh kh trong my nghin phng th nghim t kch thc ht ban u ging nhau n mn ca bt nh nhau:

450 l h s bng s; NL

K ng =

E tc E ks

(4-11)

Than mm c Kng ln hn than tiu chun v than rn c Kng nh hn than tiu chun (Kng = 1).

156

* C th dng cng thc ca vin nghin cu nhit k thut VTI (Lin x c) xc nh h s kh nng nghin ca than:

VTI ng

100 3 = 1.96 ln R , 90

(4-

12)trong : R90 l phn trm bt than nm li trn ry c kch thc ca l ry bng 90 m, %. * mn v mn kinh t ca bt than: Ngi ta dng gi tr ca R90 nh gi mn ca bt than. Bt than c R90 cng nh th cng mn. Than c t cht bc kh chy phi c mn ln tc l c R90 nh, than c nhiu cht bc d chy c th nghin th hn tc l c R90 ln hn. qn.l- gi thnh nhin liu tn tht do chy khng hon ton; q.n-gi thnh in nng tiu th nghin; q- tng tn tht. Hnh 4.38. Xc nh mn kinh t ca bt than
tu mn kinh t hay cn gi l mn ti u ca bt than R90 tng ng vi gi tr cc tiu ca tng chi ph sn xut mt tn hi. Khi mn ca bt tng ln th chi ph sn xut bt s tng, ng thi tn tht nhit do chy nhin liu khng hon ton s gim xung. Trong mt phm vi nht nh ca mn bt ta c tng chi ph l cc tiu. mn kinh t ca bt c xc nh bi loi than, kiu my nghin v kiu thit b phn ly th, kiu bung la v s lm vic ca n. i vi tng thit b c th ngi ta xc nh mn kinh t ca bt than bng thc nghim trong qu trnh vn hnh. Yu t c bn xc nh mn kinh t ca bt than l lng thot cht bc c V (%). Nhin liu c hm lng cht bc ln c th nghin th hn. mn kinh t ca bt than c th c xc nh s b theo cc h thc thc nghim nh sau: R90 = 4 + 0,8nVc ,% (4-13a) v R90 = 6 + 0,7Vc ,% (4-13b) vi n l h s phn b (phn tn) ca bt than.

157

4.6.5. Tnh cht v cc ng c tnh ca bt than 4.6.5.1. Tnh cht ca bt than Bt than l bt kh, bao gm cc ht c hnh dng khng u n v c kch thc khc nhau t 0 n 300 500 m . Bt than c cc tnh cht sau: a- Tnh lu ng: Bt than kh d lu ng. Bt than c kh nng chy ra qua nhng khe h nh. Bt mi sn xut khi hn hp vi khng kh d vn chuyn trong cc ng dn. Khi lng ring ca bt mi bng 0,45 0,5 t/m3, khi lu trong phu cha (bunke) khi lng ring ca n tng ln n 0,8 0,9 t/m3. b- Tnh n: Bt than nhiu cht bc mt nng nht nh trong hn hp vi khng kh c th n gy nguy him. Khi nng xy trong hn hp vi bt than nh hn 15% hay khi hm lng cht bc nh hn 10% th hn hp khng kh v bt than khng c kh nng n. Bng cch b sung cc kh tr (khi bung la) vo hn hp khng kh bt than c th gim c nng xy trong hn hp y. Nng bt than trong khng kh nguy him nht l 0,3 0,6 kg bt than trong 1m3 khng kh. Trong h thng nghin than bt than c th tch ra khi dng v ng li nhng im cht. Sau mt thi gian bt than giu cht bc s t chy m . V th trong h thng nghin phi trnh lm nhng ng dn nm ngang hoc t nghing v tc dng hn hp khng kh bt than qu b. c- m ca bt than: Bt than trong h thng nghin phi c sy n mt m nht nh. Bt khng kh s kh lu ng v kh cp cho cc vi phun. Bt c m cao s kh bc chy do lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh chy. Bt qu kh tr antraxt v na antraxt c kh nng t bc chy. Thng thng m ca bt than Wb c chn ty thuc loi than theo nhng gii thiu sau y: than gy, antraxit v na antraxit Wb Wpt ( m phn tch), than 0,5 Wpt Wb Wpt ; i vi than nu v du phi m bo Wpt Wb Wpt + 0,8; i vi than bn ct nh: Wb 25%. Vic sy nhin liu thng tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh nghin, do mi cht sy c cp vo my nghin; mi cht sy c th l khng kh nng hay hn hp khng kh nng vi khi bung la. Mi cht sy ng thi cng dng vn chuyn bt. Vic sy trong qu trnh nghin xy ra rt mnh do cc b mt t do mi ca cc ht than c sinh ra. Qu trnh sy cng c tc dng hon thin qu trnh nghin. d- Bt than ra khi h thng nghin phi c nhit ln hn nhit ng sng ca hi nc, nu khng m s b ngng li trn vch ng dn bt v lm bt dnh li. Tuy nhin nhit bt than sau thit b nghin, i vi nhng than c kh nng n, phi thp hn nhit nguy him n. Nhit nguy him n ph thuc vo kiu h thng nghin v vo thnh phn mi cht sy. i vi thit b c phu bt than trung gian v sy bng khng kh nng th nhit gii hn ca hn hp sau my nghin bng 1300C i vi than gy, cn i vi than antraxit v na antraxit khng hn ch nhit ca hn hp. 4.6.5.2. Cc ng c tnh ca bt than

158

 nh gi s lm vic ca h thng nghin than v hiu qu chy ca bt than ta cn phi bit s phn b kch thc ca bt. Phng php phn tch bt thng dng l tin hnh ry bt qua mt b ry v thu c kt qu phn tch ry. Ry c tiu chun ha c hnh trn ng knh 200mm v cao 50 80 mm, di y cng li. Mt trn ca ry c y np. Ry thng dng c kch thc l ry 200, 150, 125, 90, 75 m . Phn bt cn li trn mt ry no k hiu l Rx (%), phn bt lt qua ry k hiu l Dx (%), nh vy ta c: R x + D x = 100% (4-14) * c tnh ht ca bt than: Nhng s liu phn tch ry cho php ta xy dng ng c tnh ht biu din quan h gia lng bt than cn li trn ry vi kch thc ht (hnh v 4.39). Ty theo s gim kch thc l ry m phn cn li trn ry s tng ln v tin n 100%. c tnh ht din t mt quy lut vt l xc nh ca qu trnh nghin v c th m t bng ton hc theo nh lut Rosin-Rammler: n R x = 100.e bx (4-15) trong : x l kch thc ht (kch thc l ry), m ; b v n l nhng h s h s khng i i vi nhin liu cho v phng php nghin s dng: b phn nh mn ca bt, bt cng mn th b cng nh; n phn nh ng u ca thnh phn ht (cu to bn trong ca bt).

Hnh 4.39. ng c tnh ht ca bt than. Trong phng trnh (4-15) c hai i lng khng i (b v n); xc nh chng cn phi bit tr s phn cn li trn 2 ry khc nhau. Theo phn cn li trn 2 ry ta xy dng c ng c tnh ht hon ton ca bt.

159

Trong cng ngh l hi thng thng cht lng bt c nh gi qua phn cn li trn 2 ry c kch thc l ry bng 200 m v 90 m (R200 v R90). Nu bit R90 th phng trnh (4-15) c th vit di dng sau: n R 90 = 100.e b 90 , % (4-16) t :

b=

1 100 . ln n 90 R 90
x 90
n

thay gi tr ca b vo (4-15) ta c:

R R x = 100. 90 100

,%

(4-17)

Phng trnh ny cho ta kh nng xc nh lng cn li trn mt ry bt k c kch thc l ry l x. Theo nhng s liu ca R90, R200 v da vo phng trnh (4-15) ta tnh c h s n:

lg ln n=

H s n i vi mt thit b nghin cho trong phm vi x = 60 200 m c gi tr thc t khng thay i. V th khi s dng phng trnh (4-18) c th xy dng c ng c tnh ca bt theo phn cn nm li trn mt ry. Phng trnh ng c tnh ca ht khng tr li c trc tip cu hi v s lng ht c kch thc xc nh cha trong mu bt kho st. Tuy nhin do tung Rx ca ng cong Rx=f(x) biu din tng tt c cc ht c kch thc ln hn x, nn ng c tnh ht l ng cong tch phn ph cc ht theo kch thc. Do xc nh quy lut phn b cc ht theo kch thc cn ly vi phn phng trnh (4-15) v ly du ngc li: n dR (4-19) y = x = 100b n x n 1e bx , % dx hay y = Rx.b.n.xn-1 , %. (4-20) Trn hnh v 4.40 cho nhng ng c tnh ht ca bt than v nhng ng cong ph cc ht theo kch thc tng ng, c xy dng theo cc phng trnh (415) v (4-19). T th ta thy cc ht c kch thc 20 40 m chim phn ln trong bt than nghin. Dng ca ng cong phn b ht theo kch thc ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi tr ca bin n. Khi n>1 ng cong c cc i, v khi tng x th hm xn-1 tng, cn n e bx gim. Khi n=1 th s lng cc ht c kch thc gn bng khng l ln nht. Khi n<1, nu gim x th v phi ca phng trnh (4-19) tin n v hn. Cn phi hiu l khi n<1 th trong bt c rt nhiu nhng ht mn (tc l bt b nghin qu mn).

100 100 lg ln R 200 R 90 . 200 lg 90

(4-18)

160

Nh vy khi cng mt gi tr Rx bt c n<1 s cha nhiu ht qu mn hn bt c n>1. Thc t vn hnh ch ra rng nghin bt qu mn s khng tt (khng thch hp), v lng in nng tiu th cho vic nghin s tng ln ng k m li khng hon thin qu trnh chy; iu kin chy ti u c xc nh bi s chy kit ca nhng ht ln nht. Ngi ta thng nghin bt sao cho m bo n>1. My nghin bi c n=0,8 1,2; my nghin ba c n = 1,2 1,5.

Hnh 4.40. c tnh ht (a) v ng cong phn b ht theo kch thc (b) vi nhng tr s n khc nhau. 4.6.6. Cc loi my nghin than: Ty theo tc quay ca my nghin ta c cc loi my nghin sau: + My nghin chy chm: my nghin bi; + My nghin tc trung bnh: my nghin qu ln v my nghin trc ln; + My nghin chy nhanh: my nghin ba, my nghin qut. 4.6.6.1. My nghin bi * Nhng u im ca my nghin bi;

161

1. L loi my nghin vn nng, c th nghin tt c cc loi than. Vic nghin bng bi khng b hn ch v h s kh nng nghin ca nhin liu, m ban u v mn ca bt. Khng c thit b no c u vit nh vy. 2. C th lm vic lin tc, vic b sung bi b mn c th tin hnh c trong lc my ang chy qua ca pha ng dn nhin liu vo. My nghin phi dng thay th bi b mn sau 2000 3000 gi lm vic. 3. C th t c nng sut n v cao. i vi than antraxit ch to c my nghin bi vi nng sut 70 t/h v ln hn. 4. m bo nghin than rt mn. Nhin liu cng km phn ng cng cn phi nghin mn. i vi than antraxit (Kng = 0,95) my nghin bi c th m bo sn lng n nh. 5. C tin cy cao trong vn hnh. 6. S vng quay nh nn d khi ng, n = 16 25 vg/ph. * Mt s nhc im ca my nghin bi: 7. Tiu th nhiu in nng nghin, sut tiu hao in nng > 20 kWh/t; 8. Kim loi ca cc b phn trong my nghin b mi mn: 200 700 g/t than c nghin; 9. Gi thnh cao: c kch thc ln, tiu th nhiu kim loi, c b truyn ng t tin. Phm vi s dng: nghin than c tr lc ln nh antraxit v na antraxit, than c cht bc nh, khi cn m bo nng sut ln m nhng my nghin loi khc khng m bo c. * Cu to v nguyn l lm vic: Thng nghin l mt hnh tr ng knh 2 4 m v di 3 10 m, bn trong cha bi c ng knh t 30 60 mm. Thnh trong c lt mt lp lt ln sng. Tc quay n = 16 25 vg/ph. Khi thng quay th cc vin bi c nng ln n mt cao nht nh v khi ri xung c ng nng ln va p vo cc ht than v nghin nt chng, ng thi nhin liu c nghin c do mi mn gia cc vin bi khi dch chuyn. Qu o chuyn ng ca vin bi gm 2 phn: phn qu o trn v phn qu o ri. Gi l gc tch bi khi qu o trn th im A ta c:

mu 2 C = N hay = G cos = mg cos . R

Do : u 2 = Rg cos . Ta bit rng: u =

Rn nn rt ra: 30

n=

g 30 cos , vg/ph R

(4-21)

162

Hnh 4.48. My nghin bi. a-dng chung v mt ct ngang; b-xc nh qu o ri ca bi. 1-ng dn vo; 2-gi ; 3-thng nghin c cch nhit v cch m; 4-ng dn ra; 5-bnh rng ln; 6-hp gim tc; 7-ng c in

b) a) Khi = 0 (im z) ta c: mu 2 = G hay C = G , R v ta cng c s vng quay ti hn bng: g 30 nt/h = , vg/ph R 30 nt/h = , vg/ph coi g th: R

(4-22)

S vng quay ti hn ca my nghin n t / h l s vng quay m cc vin bi c kch thc nh v hn (v cng nh) nm mt trong ca thng bt u ly tm. Khi thay D=2R th ta c: 30 2 42,3 = (4-23) nt/h = , vg/ph D D Thay nt/h vo cng thc (4-21) ta c s vng quay lm vic ca thng nghin: n l / v = n t / h . cos gc thch hp nht v mt l thuyt khi khng k n trt ca bi trn lp lt s bng

cos 540 44 ' = 0, 756 nn: 32 n l / v = 0, 756n t / h = , vg/ph (4-24) D V thng nghin gm cc lp (k t trong ra): Lp lt bn trong nng bi ln v chng mn bng thp mangan; lp amiang cch nhit dy 10 20 mm; thnh thng bng thp dy 20 25 mm; lp n cch m dy 30 40 mm; lp tn bc ngoi dy 2mm. Tc mi cht sy v thng gi trong thng bng 1 3 m/s v tng ng tr lc ca my nghin bng 100 250 mm H2O.

= 540 44' v v

163

Thng my nghin c cht bi n 20 35% th tch ca thng. cha bi c tnh theo cng thc:

=
trong :

Gb , b Vt

(4-25)

G b l khi lng bi, kg; b l khi lng ring cht ng ca bi, b = 4,9 t/m3; Vt l th tch thng nghin, m3.
* Nng sut ca my nghin bi: Nng sut ca my nghin bi ph thuc nhiu yu t: tnh cht vt l ca nhin liu, s vng quay ca my nghin, m ca than nguyn, mn yu cu v m ca bt. Nng sut my nghin bi c xc nh theo cng thc sau: 0,1D 2.4 Ln 0.80.6 K ng K1K 2 K 3K 4 4-26) B= , t/h 100 K 5 ln R 90

trong : Kng l h s kh nng nghin (theo phng php VTI); K1 l h s hiu chnh k nh hng ca m n kh nng nghin ca nhin liu:

K1 =

K 2 (Wtb )

K 2 (Wpt )

lv lv K hng s nhin liu, K = Wmax , nu khng c s liu Wmax th tnh theo cng thc: K = 4+1,06Wlv

Wtb =

W '+3Wbot 4

- m trung bnh

W l m nhin liu trc my nghin; K2 l h s chuyn i khi lng than t m trung bnh sang khi lng than ti (nguyn) W1:

K2 =

100 Wtb ; 100 Wt

K3 l h s k n dng lp lt; i vi lp lt ln sng cha mn th K3 = 1; K4 l h s k n s gim nng sut my nghin trong vn hnh do mi mn bi, lp lt v do nhng nguyn nhn khc, ly K4 = 0,9; K5 l h s hiu chnh k n s thay i nng sut ph thuc mc p than c c trng qua phn cn li trn ry c kch thc l 5x5 mm; i vi cm antraxit K5 =1;

164

100 l i lng k n s thay i nng sut ph thuc vo mn ca R90 bt sau b phn ly th. ln

* Cng sut in do my nghin bi c truyn ng bng bnh rng tiu th: + Cng sut trn trc ng c:

N truc =

1 (0,105D 3 Ln b 0,9 K 3 K 6 + 0,1DLn ),KW. (4-27) td

trong : K6 l h s k n tnh cht ca nhin liu c nghin, khi quay my nghin khng cha nhin liu th K6 = 1; khi nghin antraxit K6 = 0,95; khi nghin cc than khc K6 = 1,05. td l hiu sut truyn ng. S hng th 2 trong cng thc tnh cng sut l cng sut tiu th khc phc ma st trong cc gi trt chnh ca my nghin. + Cng sut trn li:

Nl =

N truc d.co

, kW

(4-28)

trong d .co l hiu sut ng c in. Cng sut t ng c in c chn d tr 10% so vi cng sut tnh ton.
Bng 4.14 Cc my nghin bi c ch to Lin bang Nga D/L 250 287 287 400 207 ... Tn 265 390 410 470 800 /v
ng knh D Chiu di L S vng quay nh mc Cng sut ln nht ca ng c in Khi lng bi Nng sut nh mc ng knh cc ng ni vo ng knh cc ng ni ra mm mm vg/ph kW tn t/h mm mm 2070 2650 23 125 10 4 500 600 2500 3900 20 320 25 10 700 800 2870 4100 18,7 400 30 12 800 900 2870 4700 18,7 500 35 16 800 900 4000 8000 16,7 2460 127 58 1100 1350

400 1000
4000 10000 17,1 2460 138 70 1700 1700

Nng sut nh mc tnh cho antraxit c Kng = 0,95; R90 = 7%; R5 = 20%.

165

4.6.6.2. My nghin trung tc

My nghin trung tc c tc quay ca rto bng 40 300 vg/ph. C hai loi my nghin trung tc c dng nhiu trong cng nghip l my nghin trung tc kiu qu cu nghin v kiu trc cn. Nguyn l nghin than y l nn v v mi st ca qu cu hay trc cn (hnh v 4.42).

Hnh 4.42. My nghin trung tc. a-my nghin kiu trc cn; b-my nghin kiu qu cu nghin. 1-bn nghin nm ngang quay c; 2-trc cn hnh cn; 3-cp nhin liu vo bn nghin; 4-cp khng kh nng; 5-hp gim tc; 6-dn bt ln b phn ly; 7-b phn ly bt; 8-my cp than nguyn; 9-bn quay pha di; 10-qu cu nghin; 11-bn nghin c nh pha trn; 12-cnh hng ca b phn ly; 13-c cu truyn ng

My nghin trung tc kiu qu cu nghin c cu to c trnh by trn (hnh 4.42b). Vic nghin than xy ra gia qu cu v hai vnh nghin trn v di, trong vnh trn c nh vnh di chuyn ng quay sung quanh trc ng. ng knh ca qu cu nghin bng 200 400 mm. Qu cu nghin nm trong mng ca vnh di.

166

Khi vnh di quay, qu cu nghin c gi li trong vnh di nh lc do khi lng ca vnh trn v do lc nn ca cc l xo. p lc do qu cu nghin tc dng ln nhin liu vo khong 200 700 N v cn c gi khng i bng cch iu chnh sc cng ca l xo. Nhin liu c cp vo phn trong ca vnh di. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, nhin liu c di chuyn n vnh nghin v c nghin nt. Khng kh nng c nhit n 3500C c thi vo vi tc 30 50 m/s s mang bt than ln b phn ly th t pha trn. b phn ly th nhng ht than ln s c tch ra v qua ca s tr li my nghin, cn bt mn s c dng khng kh dn ti vi phun lp trn tng bung la. Vic iu chnh mn ca bt than c thc hin ch yu bng cch thay i gc nghing ca cc cnh hng b phn ly th. Cc my nghin trung tc dng qu cu nghin c dng ph bin M, Anh, Cng ha Lin bang c, Sc. c tnh my nghin trung tc dng qu cu nghin ca hng Babcock cho trong bng 4.15.
Bng 4.15. My nghin trung tc qu cu nghin ca hng Babcock kiu E
ng knh trung bnh vnh nghin, mm 432 660 737 812 889 965 1040 1118 1194 1270 1346 1425 1625 1775 Qu cu nghin S lng 6 8 9 10 11 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ng knh, mm 192 237 237 237 237 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 Nng sut my nghin, t/h 2,6 3,1 3,6 4,2 4,6 5,0 5,4 6,3 6,7 7,5 8,3 10 11,5 Cng sut ng c in, kW 49 58,5 67,5 76,5 76,5 85,5 92,0 108 110 130 139 147 -

Kiu my nghin E17 E25 E29 E32 E35 E38 E41 E44 E47 E50 E53 E56 E64 E70

S lng l xo nn 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Ghi ch

Ghi ch: Nng sut my nghin tnh cho than gy c h s kh nng nghin Kng = 1,9 khi R90 = 13%. 4.6.6.3. My nghin chy nhanh

My nghin ba v my nghin kiu qut. My nghin loi ny c s vng quay ca rto bng 600 1500 vg/ph.

167

4.6.7. Chn kiu, s lng v nng sut n v ca my nghin

Vic chn kiu my nghin ty thuc vo dng nhin liu, h s kh nng nghin, cht bc, mn yu cu ca bt, cng sut v s lng l hi. My nghin c chn phi m bo s lm vic tin cy v kinh t ca l hi khi vn u t l nh nht (ti thiu). My nghin bi c gi thnh ban u cao, kch thc ln v tiu th nhiu in nng nghin. V th my nghin bi c dng nghin nhng nhin liu kh nghin v nhng nhin liu yu cu phi nghin mn nh than antraxit, na antraxit v mt s than c Kng< 1,2. Ngoi ra my nghin bi dng nghin nhng nhin liu c S lv = 6 7% . p My nghin ba nghin nhin liu tng i mm v c lng thot cht bc ln, v cc loi than ny cho php nghin th. Thng dng my nghin ba nghin than nu, du v nhng than c Vc(%) ln. My nghin trung tc dng nghin cc loi than c cng, m va phi v tng i t tro. i vi than c tro ln (Ak> 30%) khng dng my nghin ny. My nghin qut thch hp nht cho than nu mm, m v than bn. Vic chn s lng my nghin cho mt l hi ty thuc vo s h thng nghin chn, cng sut l hi, s vi phun v vic b tr chng, Khi dng s h thng nghin than c phu bt trung gian th nng sut my nghin c chn bng: kZ B (4-29) BM = z k k , t/h ZM trong : kz = 1,1 l h s d tr; Zk l s l hi c t; Bk l lng nhin liu tiu hao cng sut nh mc ca l hi, t/h; ZM l s my nghin cho mt l hi; Z M l ton b s my nghin c t. Bng 4.16 S my nghin bi cho mt l hi (s c phu bt trung gian) Kiu my nghin My nghin bi Cng sut ca l hi, t/h 12 50 120 320 500 950 1600 35 75 270 420 600 1 1 12 12 2 2 4

2500

4.6.7. S h thng nghin than

168

S h thng nghin than c 2 kiu: s tp trung v s phn tn (thi trc tip v c phu bt trung gian).
4.6.7.1. S tp trung

Hnh 4.43. S h thng nghin than tp trung. 1-Phu than nguyn; 2- Thit b sy; 3- My nghin ;4- Phu bt; 5- Bm bt; 6- Phu bt ca l hi; 7- Bung la; 8- Qut gi ca l hi. u im: thit b nghin lm vic c lp vi s lm vic ca l hi. My nghin c th lm vic chu k nhng y ti, nh vy gim c sut tiu hao in nng chun b bt. Nhc im: Phc tp, gi thnh ban u cao, chi ph vn hnh ln. Tuy nhin dng s ny cho cc khi nng lng ln t 300 MW tr ln th c li. 4.6.7.2. S phn tn ( c th l kn hay h)

169

Hnh 4.44. S h thng nghin than phn tn. a-thi trc tip; b-c phu bt trung gian.1- phu than nguyn; 2- thit b sy;3- My nghin; 4- qut gi;5- bung la;6- phu bt trung gian;7- b phn vt ti bt than.

a- S thi trc tip: s ny ton b bt than do my nghin sn xut s c thi thng vo bung la; dng my nghin tc nhanh hay my nghin trung tc. Trong s thi trc tip nng sut ca my nghin c xc nh bi cng sut ca l hi. Mun iu chnh cng sut ca l hi th iu chnh lng than v mi cht sy cp vo my nghin. u im ca s phn tn thi trc tip l n gin, ng dn bt ngn, khng c phu bt, xyclon, my cp bt, do chi ph ban u tng i nh v gim ng k tiu th in nng vn chuyn bt. S ny lm vic thch hp vi l hi c ph ti t thay i thng xuyn. Nhc im ch yu ca s ny l khng c d tr bt nn l hi lm vic ph thuc hon ton vo s lm vic ca my nghin. Dng s ny phi t t nht 2 my nghin cho 1 l hi m bo l hi lm vic lin tc, sn lng ca mi my nghin phi c chn bng 75% lng nhin liu tiu th ca l hi ph ti nh mc.

a)

170

b)
Hnh 4.45. S h thng nghin than phn tn c phu bt trung gian.a-c gi cp 3; b-khng dng gi cp 3. 1-phu than nguyn; 2-my cp than; 3-my nghin bi; 4-b phn ly th; 5-xyclon; 6-kha kh; 7-vt ti bt than; 8-phu bt than; 9-my cp bt than; 10-hp gi cp 2; 11-b sy khng kh; 12-qut gi; 13-bung la; 14-vi phun bt than; 15-vi phun gi cp 3; 16a-qut gi cp 3; 16b-qut nghin; 17ng ti tun hon khng kh v my nghin; 18-ng than th tr li thng nghin; 19-khng kh nng cp vo my nghin; 20-van ly khng kh ngoi tri; 21-ng ht m.

S ny cn c thm nhc im l ton b bt than i qua qut nghin nn rto qut b mn nhanh. b) S h thng nghin than c phu bt trung gian, kiu kn: dng cho my nghin bi chy chm (hnh v 4.45). * u im: - Gim c mn ca rto qut nghin; - Tng mm do ca vic iu chnh nng sut my cp bt vo bung la; - My nghin lm vic c lp vi l hi, do c th lm vic y ti, kt qu l sut tiu hao in nng s gim xung; - Tng mc tin cy trong vic cung cp bt cho l hi nh c phu bt than trung gian v c th lin h gia cc h thng l hi bng vt ti bt than; - My nghin c t vi d tr v nng sut nh hn. h thng ny khi t 2 my nghin cho 1 l hi th nng sut chung ca chng ch cn ly bng 110% lng tiu hao nhin liu ca l hi. S ny rt thch hp cho l hi c ph ti thay i. * Nhc im: - Tn nhiu cng nhn vn hnh do ta nh c kch thc ln v c thm nhng thit b ph nh xyclon, bunke bt, my cp bt, vt ti bt,..; phc v phc tp; - Tng lng in nng tiu th vn chuyn do lt khng kh lnh vo h thng c chn khng cao; - Gim hiu sut ca l hi do lt khng kh lnh vo h thng nghin.
4.6.8. Cc trang b ca h thng nghin than 4.6.8.1. My cp than nguyn

Nng sut ca my cp than nguyn c chn vi h s d tr bng 1,2 ln nng sut tnh ton ca my nghin. Thng dng hai loi my cp than l kiu a quay v kiu ti bng cao su. * My cp than kiu a quay (hnh v 4.46): my ny c u im l gn, tng i kn khng cho khng kh lt vo. My cp than kiu a trn c dng cho than xp khng dnh; nng sut ca loi my ny bng 5, 10, 20, 30 t/h v phm vi iu chnh nng sut t 100% n 50%; s vng quay ca a (bn) c ng knh bng 600 850 mm l t 9 14,8 vg/ph.

171

Hnh 4.46. My cp than kiu a quay. 1-a quay; 2-tm gt; 3-hp gim tc; 4-ng c in;5-v my.

Bng 6.4 Nhng c tnh ca my cp than kiu a

Kiu my 600/5 600/10 850/20 850/30 ng knh a, mm 600 600 850 850 S vng quay ca a, vg/ph 7,25 14,5 14,5 14,5 S vng quay ca ng c in, vg/ph 960 960 960 960 T s truyn ca hp gim tc 1:132 1:66 1:66 1:66 Nng sut, t/h 5 10 20 30 Cng sut ng c in, kW 2 2 2 2

My cp than kiu bng ti cao su (hnh v 4.47): My ny c kh nng cp than vi mn bt k, vn hnh tin cy v thun tin khi cn cp nhin liu t phu than n my nghin trn khong cch ln. Lu lng nhin liu c iu chnh bng l chn y phu than lm thay i chiu cao ca lp than trn bng ti hoc bng cch thay i s vng quay ca ng c in. Nhc im ca my cp than kiu bng ti l khng kn, khng kh c th lt vo nhiu hn so vi my cp kiu a trn (bn quay).

172

Hnh 4.47. My cp than kiu bng ti cao su.

Nng sut my cp than kiu bng ti c tnh theo cng thc sau: G = b.h. n .l .v..3600 , t/h (4-30) trong : b l chiu rng lp nhin liu, m; h l chiu cao lp nhin liu, m; n .l l mt cht ng ca nhin liu, t/m3; v l tc chuyn ng ca bng ti, thng v = 0,2 0,5 m/s; l mc y (cht y) th tch ca v, =0,7 0,8. Nng sut ca my cp than ny c th ti 15 t/h v ln hn.
4.6.8.2. B phn phn ly than th kiu ly tm

Cng dng: tch cc ht than to khng mn yu cu ra khi than mn v a tr li my nghin nghin li. kinh t ca cng vic nghin than ph thuc vo hiu qu lm vic ca b phn ly th. B phn ly th lm vic km hiu sut th nng lng nghin bt qu mn s tng ln, nng sut my nghin gim v sut tiu hao in nng s tng. ng vi mn cho ca bt than, b phn ly th phi m bo cho my nghin lm vic c nng sut ti a v sut tiu th in nng nghin l ti thiu, ng thi c th iu chnh mn ca bt trong phm vi rng. Trn (hnh 4.48) gii thiu mt kiu b phn ly than th c t trong h thng nghin than phn tn c phu bt than trung gian khi nghin than antraxit v than cng. y dng cc lc ly tm, qun tnh, trng lc tch cc ht than th ra khi bt mn. S lm vic ca b phn ly than th c c trng bng nhng ch tiu sau: - Hiu sut; - Bi s tun hon; - Tr lc; - c tnh ht ca bt ra khi b phn ly th;

173

- c tnh thay i mn ca bt khi iu chnh.

)
Hnh 4.48. B phn ly than th kiu ly tm. a-s v nguyn l hot ng; b-xc nh bi s tun hon. 1-ng cp hn hp bt than-khng kh t my nghin; 2-v thn ngoi; 3-v trong; 4-cnh to xoy; 5-ng dn hn hp: bt mn khng kh i ra; 6-ng dn than th t v ngoi tr v thng nghin; 7-ng dn than th t v trong tr v thng nghin.

Hiu sut ca b phn ly than th l t s gia lng bt i ra v ton b lng bt vo b phn ly th:

=
hoc:

(100 R a )A .100, (100 R b )B

(4-31)

(100 R a )(R c R b ) .100, (100 R b )(R c R a )

(4-32)

trong : A l lng bt mn i ra khi b phn ly th, t/h; B l lng bt ra khi my nghin i vo b phn ly than th, t/h; Ra, Rb, Rc l phn cn li trn ry no (90 hay 200 m ) ca bt mn, bt sau my nghin i vo b phn ly th v ca than th tr v thng nghin. Sn phm sau my nghin cng th th lu lng ht th do b phn ly tr v my nghin cng nhiu v bi s tun hon ca b phn ly th cng ln. * Bi s tun hon ca b phn ly th c nh ngha l:

K=

B A+C C = = 1+ A A A

(4-33)

174

hay t cn bng mn: Rb.K = Ra + (K - 1)Rc ta rt ra bi s tun hon:

(4-34) (4-35) - mn ca bt i ra khi my nghin Rb; - mn yu cu ca bt ra khi b phn ly th,

K=

Rc Ra Rc Rb

Nh vy K ph thuc vo: Ra; - Hiu qu lm vic ca b phn ly th, tc l vo (%) ca n c trng bi Rc. i vi than antraxit khi dng my nghin bi th K = 3; i vi than na antraxit v than gy K = 2,2
Hnh 4.49. Xyclon. 1-hn hp bt than mn v khng kh i vo xyclon; 2-khng kh i ra; 3-bt than mn i xung.

4.6.8.3. B phn ly bt than mn (xyclon)

Yu cu c bn i vi xyclon l phi tch ra khi dng hn hp nhiu bt nht vi tr lc tng i nh. Xyclon c hiu sut cao (lm vic tt) s tng c tui th ca qut nghin. S lng bt trong xyclon xy ra do lc ly tm ca dng hn hp khng kh bt than c cp vo tip tuyn phn trn ca xyclon. Hiu sut ca xyclon:

xyc =

B"xyc B 'xyc

100

,%

(4-36)

'' Trong : B xyc l lng bt lng trong xyclon, t/h; ' B xyc l lng bt cp vo xyclon, t/h.

Yu t nh hng n xyc l: ng knh xyclon, nng v tc ca dng i vo xyclon, Tc ca dng vo bng 18 22 m/s th xyc tng ln nhanh, nhng khng ln hn 25 m/s v c th bay c bt theo khng kh ra ngoi. Ming ng dn bt vo xyclon cng nh (khi cho Dxyc) th ng i bt chm thnh xyclon cng ngn v cyc cng cao.
4.6.8.4. My cp bt than:

175

C hai kiu my cp bt than l kiu a c cnh v kiu vt v tn. i vi than antraxit, than na antraxit v mt s than thng dng my cp bt kiu a c cnh, n c kh nng cp bt ng u hn my cp kiu vt. Nng sut c th bng t 1 5 t/h n 8 12 t/h. ng c in c cng sut t 0,9 kW n 3,4 kW, dng dng in mt chiu thay i c s vng quay t 1350 n 1450 vg/ph. Nng sut my cp bt than kiu a c cnh xc nh nh sau: B b = 60.C. b .Vh .n , t/h (4-37) trong : n l s vng quay ca bnh xe my cp (a c cnh), vg/ph; Vh l th tch ca tt c cc ngn ca a c cnh, m3; b l mt bt, t/m3; C l h s cht y ngn. Khi t 2 my cp bt cho 1 l hi th nng sut ti a ca mi my phi m bo 75% ph ti ca l hi. Khi t 3 my cp bt hay nhiu hn na th nng sut ti a yu cu ca mi my bng: Bk Z M BM (1 xyc ) 100 W lv , t/h (4-38) Bb = 100 W b C1Z b ZM l s my nghin cho mt l hi; trong : BK l lng tiu th than nguyn ca l hi, t/h; BM l nng sut ca mt my nghin, t/h; Zb l s my cp bt than; C1 l h s k n d tr cn thit v lng bt v phm vi iu chnh ca my cp bt. Khi t ng c in c 3 cp iu chnh tc quay th C1 = 0,75; C1 =0,6. c 5 cp iu chnh th

Bnh xe c cnh Hnh 4.50. My cp bt than kiu a c cnh. 1-tm gt; 2-ca quay; 3l trn; 4-bnh xe (a) c cnh cung cp; 5-l gia; 6-bnh xe c cnh o; 7-ng bt than i ra; 8-ng c in

4.6.8.5. Kha kh:

176

Kha kh c t trn ng than th tr v thng nghin v y b phn ly bt than mn. t kha kh ngn nga khng kh lt vo h thng nghin. Kha kh hnh cn c ch to 9 kch thc khc nhau vi ng knh quy c Dy = 100, 150, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 v 500. ng knh kha kh t di xyclon c chn bng: Bxyc , mm (4-39) trong : d k = 35, 7 g

B xyc

100 W lv = B M xyc 100 W b

l lng bt lng trong xyclon, t/h;

BM sn lng my nghin tnh theo than nguyn, t/h; xyc l hiu sut ca xyclon tnh theo phn thp phn; g l sut ph ti bt ca kha kh, ly trung bnh bng 0,3 kg/mm2h.

Hnh 4.51. Kha kh

4.6.8.6. Phu than v phu bt than

* Phu than nguyn t trn thng nghin, lm bng b tng ct thp, mt trong nhn v c dc nht nh m bo tho cn nhin liu cha trong n. Trn phu t ghi (li st) c l 80 x 300 mm trnh lt nhng cc than to xung phu. Gc nghing ca vch 650 than chy xung d dng. Ca than ra phi ln (1200 x 1200 mm). Th tch (dung tch) ca phu than nguyn khi dng antraxit v than c tnh cho 8h lm vic y ti ca l hi.

Vp =

ZB K , m3 Z K n

(4-40)

trong : Z l s gi lm vic ca l hi ng vi d tr than chn cha trong phu, h;

177

Bk l tiu th nhin liu ca l hi ph ti nh mc, t/h; l h s cha y phu, ly gn ng khi tnh ton = 0,8; n.l l mt cht ng ca nhin liu, t/m3; Zk l s phu than cho mt l hi. Phu bt than: dung tch phu c tnh ng vi ph ti nh mc ca l hi, m bo c t nht 4 6 gi lm vic ca l. cao (chiu cao) ca lp bt t nht bng 3m my cp bt lm vic tin cy. (phi t nhit k o nhit ca bt trong phu, tr bt antraxit). Th tch (dung tch) phu bt than:

Vp.b =

Zb Bb K Z n .l Z p

, m3

(4-41)

trong : Zb l thi gian lm vic ca l hi ng vi d tr bt than chn, h; Bb l tiu th bt than ca l hi:

Q lv B b = B k tb , t/h Qt
Bk l tiu th nhin liu ca l hi ph ti nh mc, t/h; Qtlv v Qtb l nhit tr thp ca nhin liu v ca bt, kJ/kg;

Q b = Q ch t t

100 A b W b 6 W b , kJ/kg 100

(4-42)

Qtch l nhit tr thp ca mu chy ca nhin liu, kJ/kg; l hiu sut ca b phn ly than mn tnh theo phn thp phn; KZ l h s cha y phu bt; n .l l mt cht ng ca bt, t/m3; Zp l s phu bt cho mt l hi.
4.6.8.7. Qut nghin: thng dng qut ly tm

Nng sut qut nghin tnh theo iu kin nghin c th xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim sau: Vqn = Vt 10003 K ng + 36 K ng 3 b ,m3/h. (4-43)

trong : Vt l th tch thng nghin, m3; b l cha bi trong thng nghin.

4.6.9. Tnh nhit ca h thng nghin than:

Mc ch tnh nhit ca h thng nghin than l xc nh lng mi cht sy cn thit v nhit ca n ng thi l c s chn cc thit b ca h thng nghin than.

178

Tnh nhit cho h thng nghin than c tin hnh cho 1kg than ti (nguyn) tnh t mng dn than ti vo my nghin n trc qut nghin.
4.6.9.1. Lng nhit cp vo:

q d. v = q s + q ck + q lot + q nl ,

(4-44)

trong : qs l nhit vt l ca mi cht sy: qs = g.cs.t, kj/kg " mi cht l khng kh nng th: t ' = t SKK 10 qc.k l nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh nghin: q ck = 0.86k m , kJ/kg km l h s iu chnh cho mt phn nng lng chuyn thnh nhit i vi my nghin bi ly km = 0,7 qlt l nhit do khng kh lnh lt vo mang vo: qlot = klot.g.Ckkl.tkkl, kj/kg (klt =0,42 vi my nghin bi 207/265; klt =0,42 vi my nghin bi 287/470) tkkl = 300C Ckkl = 1 (kJ/kg0C) qn.l l nhit vt l ca nhin liu: q n .l = C n .l .t n .l , kJ/kg 0 (tnl = 20 C)
4.6.9.2. Lng nhit tiu th (s dng):

q tt = q bh + q r + q gn + q 5 ,

(4-45)

trong : qbh l nhit lng bc hi m ca nhin liu: q bh = W 2510 + 0.47 t " , kJ/kg

W =

W W 100 W b
lv

qr l nhit lng do mi cht sy mang ra khi h thng nghin: qr = (1 + klot).g.Cs.t , kJ/kg qgn l nhit lng t nng (sy nng, gia nhit) nhin liu: 100 W lv k Wb qgn = Cn.l + .tnl , kJ/kg 100 100 W b
k vi C n.l l t nhit ca nhin liu kh, kJ/kgK.

Vi antraxit v than gy C k .l =0,92 kJ/kgK; n than : C k .l = 1,09 kJ/kgK; than du C k .l = 1,88 kJ/kgK. n n q5 l tn tht nhit do ta ra mi trng xung quanh:

179

q5 =

Q5 , kJ/kg 1000B

vi B l nng sut nghin than, t/h.

4.6.9.3. Phng trnh cn bng nhit ca h thng nghin:

qd.v = qt.t hay: qs + qck + qlot + qn.l = qb.h + qr + qg.n + q5 T xc nh c cc i lng cn phi tm: - Lng mi cht sy: g, kg/kg; - Nhit ban u ca mi cht sy t, 0C.

(4-46)

180

Chng 5. Trao i nhit trong l hi Trao i nhit trong thit b l hi bao gm hai dng l bc x v i lu. Trong phm vi bung la trao i nhit bc x l ch yu v y c bc x trc tip t ngn la c nhit cao n cc b mt truyn nhit b tr trong bung la, cn thnh phn i lu y khng ng k do tc ca dng khi nh v do cc ng sinh hi b tro bm bn nn c tr lc nhit ln. Trong ng khi ca l hi c c trao i nhit i lu v trao i nhit bc x. Trong ng khi c bc x nhit l do c cc kh ba nguyn t v cc ht tro, ht than bay theo khi, nhng trao i nhit i lu l ch yu. Chnh v vy cc b mt truyn nhit t trong ng khi c gi l b mt truyn nhit i lu. 5.1 Kh nng bc x ca ngn la Da theo cng bc x trong vng ph thy c ngi ta phn chia cc dng ngn la sng, na sng, khng sng. S bc x ca ngn la sng v na sng l do cc ht th rn trong sn phm chy, l cc ht cc, ht tro, ht m hang. S bc x ca ngn la khng sng l do c cc kh ba nguyn t nh SO2, CO2, H2O trong bung la. Cng bc x ca cc ht rn trong ngn la ph thuc vo kch thc cc ht, tnh cht v nng ca chng trong th tch ca bung la. S bc x ca cc cht kh ba nguyn t trong bung la c xc inh bi nng cc cht kh ny v bi chiu dy ca th tch bc x. H s bc x nhit ca mi trng kh c biu th qua nh lut Bu-ghe (Bouguer) k p s ag = 1 e g p , (5-1) trong : kg l h s lm yu tia bc x bi mt mi trng kh;

pp l tng phn p sut ca cc kh ba nguyn t, MPa; s l chiu dy hiu qu ca lp bc x, m. H s bc x ca ngn la (hay en ca ngn la) khi t nhin liu rn c xc nh theo biu thc sau al = 1 e kl ps , (5-2) trong : kl l h s lm yu bc x bi mi trng bung la; p l p sut ca cc cht kh trong bung la, MPa. Chiu dy hiu qu ca lp bc x trong bung la s c tnh theo cng thc: V s = 3, 6 bl , m (5-3) Fv trong : Vbl l th tch bung la, m3;

Ver. 1.0

181

Fv l din tch cc tng bung la m2.

Khi t bt than trong bung la phun, ngn la sng chon hu nh ton b th tch bung la (xem hnh v 5.1) v chiu sng ca ngn la kh ng u theo chiu cao ca bung la. H s lm yu bc x bi mi trng bung la c tnh theo cng th: k l = k g rn + k tr tr + k c

Hnh 5.1. S thay i en ngn la theo chiu cao bung la. 1-khi t bt than; 2-khi t mazut (FO)

k l = k g rn + k tr tr + k c , (5-4) trong : rn = rRO2 + rH2 O l tng cc phn th tch ca cc kh ba nguyn t;

ktr l h s lm yu bc x bi cc ht tro; tr l nng tro trong khi; kc l h s lm yu bc x bi cc ht cc; l h s k n kh nng phn ng ca nhin liu (km phn ng hay c kh nng phn ng cao). Ngn la sinh ra khi t nhin liu rn ni chung thuc kiu ngn la na sng. Ngn la khi t kh v t FO quy c gm hai phn l phn sng v phn khng sng, do vy h s bc x nhit ca ngn la ( en ca ngn la) c xc nh nh sau: a l = ma s + (1 m ) a ks , (5-5) trong : as l h s bc x nhit ca phn ngn la sng c xc nh theo cng thc (5-2), cn kl c thay bng ks: k s = k m + k g rn , vi km l h s lm yu tia bc x bi
cc ht m hng; aks l h s bc x nhit ca phn ngn la khng sng, tc l ca mi trng kh c xc nh theo cng thc (5-1); m l h s xc nh phn th tch bung la b tm ngn la chon y. m = 0,1 . Khi t kh thin nhin: Khi t FO: m = 0,55 . Khi t nhin liu rn: m = 1. H s bc x nhit ca bung la (hay en ca bung la) abl c xc nh qua h s bc x nhit ca ngn la al v h s hiu qu nhit ca dn ng trn tng, c th l:

Ver. 1.0

182

. (5-6) 1 1 + 1 d al Dng nhit bc x trung bnh c cc dn ng sinh hi hp thu l

a bl =

T q bx = c0 a bl d l 103 , kW/m2 100

(5-7)

trong : Tl l nhit hiu qu trung bnh ca mi trng kh trong bung la, K; d l h s hiu qu nhit ca dn ng c xc nh nh sau: d = x , (5-8) vi x l h s gc v l h s bm bn quy c. 5.2 Tnh trao i nhit bc x trong bung la S truyn nhit t ngn la n cc dn ng sinh hi t trn tng bung la l mt qu trnh rt phc tp, y qu trnh trao i nhit xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh chy nhin liu. chnh s chy nhin liu to ra ngun nhit bn trong mi trng bc x. Phng php tnh trao i nhit trong bung la da trn vic s dng ng thi cc kt qu nghin cu gii tch v thc nghim. Phng php ny xut pht t kh nng ng dng l thuyt ng dng phn tch cc qu trnh xy ra trong bung la. Cng thc bn thc nghim ca A. M. Gurvich c vit di dng khng th nguyn sau y c dng lm c s tnh trao i nhit trong bung la: Bo0,6 " = 0,6 , (5-9) bl Bo + Ma 0,6 bl Cng thc ny th hin s lin h gia nhit khng th nguyn ca khi ca ra bung la '' bl v tiu chun Boltzmann (Bo), tiu chun ny c trng cho t l gia lng nhit sinh ra khi chy nhin liu so vi cng ta nhit ti a n cc b mt dn ng t trn tng. c tnh ca trng nhit trong th tch bung la cng c k n qua h s M . Nhit khng th nguyn ca khi ' ' bl l t s gia nhit khi ca ra bung la T '' bl (K) v nhit on nhit (nhit chy l thuyt) Ta (K): T'' '' bl = bl , (5-10) Ta Chng ta lun lun c '' bl < 1 v n c trng cho mc gim nhit ca khi trong th tch bung la do c trao i nhit. S Bo c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:

Ver. 1.0

183

, (5-11) c 0 d Fv Ta 3 Btt Q bx 1 Bo = v . (5-12) 4 c 0 d Fv Ta 1 ''bl c tnh nhit ch yu ca bung la l lng nhit sinh ra hu ch trong bung la Qbl v entanpi ca khi ch ra khi bung la ( ca ra bung la) I ''bl . Nhit lng sinh ra hu ch trong bung la Qbl c xc nh theo cng thc sau: lv 100 q 3 q 4 q 6 Q bl = Q tr + Q kk Q kkng + Q tth , (5-13) 100 q 4 trong : lv Qtr l nhit lng tng tr trong nhin liu dng t; Qkk l nhit lng do khng kh nng v khng kh lnh mang vo bung la; Qkkng l nhit lng khng kh thu c do n c sy s b pha trc b sy khng kh chnh ca l hi; Qtth l nhit lng do khi ti tun hon t ui l v bung la. Nhit lng do khng kh mang vo bung la Qkk bao gm nhit lng trong khng kh nng v nhit lng do khng kh lnh lt vo bung la, tc l: Qkk = Qkkn + Qkkl (5-14) 0 0 = bl bl ng Vkk (Ct )kkl + bl + ng Vkk (Ct )kkl ,(5-14) trong : bl l h s lt khng kh lnh vo bung la; ng l h s lt khng kh lnh vo h thng nghin than.

Bo =

Btt Vg cg

Entanpi ca khi ca ra bung la I ''bl c xc nh theo bng I ng vi gi tr nhit khi ca ra bung la ''bl chn trc y. Nu nh ton b nhit lng sinh ra hu ch trong bung la Qbl c truyn hon ton cho sn phm chy th ta c nhit chy l thuyt (cc i) v thng gi l nhit chy on nhit ca nhin liu: Q bl a = , (5-15) ( Vc )tb trong khong nhit 0 a (kJ/kgK). Nhit chy on nhit ph thuc vo dng nhin liu v vo h s khng kh tha v c gi tr nh sau: a = 1700 1850 oC i vi than nu v than bn; a = 1850 2100 oC i vi than , antraxit, FO v kh thin nhin. trong (Vc )tb l tng nhit dung ring trung bnh ca sn phm chy 1 kg nhin liu

Ver. 1.0

184

Vic tnh ton trao i nhit trong bung la da trn hai phng trnh ch yu sau: - Phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q bx = ( Q bl I''bl ) = ( Vc )g ( a '' bl ) , (5-16)
Phng trnh trao i nhit bc x: Btt Q bx = c 0 a bl xFv Tl 4 Ttr 4 1011 ,

y l h s gi nhit; (Vc )g l nhit dung trung bnh ca cc cht kh trong khong nhit a '' bl (kJ/kgoK). Phng trnh (5-17) c th c vit di dng khc: T4 Btt Q bx = c 0 a bl xFv Tl 4 1 tr4 .1011 . Tl Ttr 4 Khi thay = 1 4 v d = x ta c: Tl (5-19) Btt Q bx = c 0 a bl d Fv Tl 41011 . T (5-19) ta tm c din tch ca tng bung la: Btt Q bx Fv = 1011 , m2 (5-20) c 0 a bl d Tl 4 H s M k n c tnh ca trng nhit trong bung la cn c a vo cng thc (5-20), h s ny c xc nh ty thuc vo v tr tng i ca im c nhit cc i trong bung la X: M = A- B.x, (5-21) trong A v B l cc h s thc nghim, cc h s ny c gi tr khc nhau khi t cc dng nhin liu khc nhau. i vi bung la mt bung: - t FO v nhin liu kh: M = 0,54 0, 2X ; - t nhin liu rn c kh nng phn ng cao trong bung la phun v trong bung la ghi: M = 0,59 0,5M; - t nhin liu rn km phn ng (antraxit v than gy) trong bung la phun v cc loi than c tro cao: M = 0,59 0,5M; i vi bung la phun gi tr ti a ca M ly khng ln hn 0,5 khng ph thuc vo X . V tr tng i ca im c nhit cc i trong bung la X c xc nh bng t s gia khong cch t y bung la hay t gia phu tro lnh n mt phng c nhit cc i ca khi (thng cao ca trc vi phun) hvf v khong cch n gia ca ra bung la Hbl (xem hnh v 5.2): h X = vf , (5-22) H bl

(5-17)

(5-18)

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Hnh 5.2. V tr tng i caim c nhit cc i trong bung la

Khi tnh nhit thit k bung la, cng thc xc nh din tch b mt tng bung la c dng sau:
Btt Q bx 1 T (5-23) Fv = 1011 3 2 a 1 , m2 3 " " 5, 67.a bl d M Tbl Ta M Tbl Khi tnh nhit kim tra bung la phi xc nh nhit khi ca ra bung la theo cng thc sau: Ta " = 273 , oC (5-24) bl 0,6 a bl 1+ M Bo hay c th hn l cng thc: Ta " = 273 , oC (5-25) bl 0,6 5, 67 dtb Fv a bl Ta 3 11 M 10 + 1 Btt ( Vc ) tb trong : dtb l h s hiu qu nhit trung bnh ca dn ng t trn tng; (Vc )tb l tng nhit dung trung bnh ca sn phm chy.
2

5.3. Tnh ton trao i nhit trong ng khi pha sau bung la 5.3.1. Trao i nhit bc x trong ng khi ca l hi

Lng nhit hp thu bng bc x ca mt n v b mt truyn nhit i lu phn ui l c xc nh bi phng trnh sau a +1 4 q bx = 0 a tr T Ttr 4 , W/m2 (5-26) 2 y: a l en ca khi c k n cc ht tro cha trong khi; atr l en ca b mt hp thu nhit bng bc x ( tnh ta nhit bc x cho b mt truyn nhit i lu ta ly atr = 0, 08 ), T l nhit tnh ton ca dng khi thng tnh bng trung bnh cng ca nhit khi vo v ra khi b mt truyn nhit tnh ton (K), Ttr l nhit vch ngoi ca b mt hp thu nhit bng bc x c k n bm bn (K).

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hay (5-28) q bx = bx ( t tr ) , W/m2 o trong l nhit ca khi ( C). Do h s ta nhit bc x ca sn phm chy bx c tnh theo cng thc:
T 1 tr a +1 3 T T , W/m2K (5-29) bx = 5, 67.1011 a tr Ttr 2 1 T Nhit vch ng c bm tro bi ttr hp thu nhit bng bc x ly bng nhit trung bnh ca lp bn bm bn ngoi ttr v tnh theo phng trnh:
3

Phng trnh (5-26) c th vit di dng khc nh sau: 4 a tr + 1 3 1 ( Ttr T ) q bx = 0 a T (5-27) ( t tr ) , W/m 2 1 Ttr T

1 t tr = t + + 2

o q , C

(5-30)

trong : t l nhit trung bnh ca mi trng lu ng bn trong ng, bng trung bnh cng ca nhit u v nhit cui ( t = (t' + t'') / 2 ), oC; l h s bm bn b mt truyn nhit i lu (tr lc nhit ca lp bn bm trn b mt ngoi ca ng hoc ca lp cht chu la v lp x trn dn ng c gai, m2K/W; 2 l h s ta nhit t vch ng n mi cht lu ng trong ng, W/m2K; q l sut nhit lng hp thu ca b mt truyn nhit c tnh ton, kW/m2. en ca mi trng khi trong trng hp tng qut c biu din bng phng trnh sau: (5-31) a = 1 e kps . Tch s kps gi l tng lc hp thu ca sn phm chy, kps cng ln th en ca mi trng khi cng ln. Tng lc hp thu i vi dng khi c cha cc ht tro c xc nh theo cng thc: kps = ( k g rn + k tr tr ) ps , (5-32) trong : ktr l h s lm yu bc x trong th tch c cc ht tro bi; tr l nng tro trong sn phm chy, g/m3. H s lm yu bc x bi cc ht tro rn c tnh theo cng thc: 1 , (5-33) k tr = 7 d nT2 vi d n l ng knh ht tro ( m ).

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Chiu dy ca lp bc x gia cc ng trong chm ng i lu s ph thuc vo bc ng ngang tng i ( s1 / d ) v bc ng dc tng i ( s2 / d ) , thng s = 0,1 0, 2 m.
5.3.2 Trao i nhit i lu

B mt truyn nhit i lu thng c dng chm ng. Trong l hi mi cht (hi, nc, hn hp hi nc) chuyn ng bn trong ng v khi chuyn ng bn ngoi ng. Khi c th bc ngang hay bc dc chm ng. b mt truyn nhit i lu thng dng khi bc ngang ng. ng c b tr so le hay song song. b sy khng kh kiu ng th khi i trong ng v khng kh i ngang bn ngoi ng. Khi thit k cu to cc b mt truyn nhit i lu ca l hi phi xc nh kch thc ca b mt y v chn hnh dng ti u ca chm ng. Khi phi k n cc iu kin xc nh tin cy, kinh t v gi thnh ca ton thit b. Cc kch thc hnh hc ca cc b mt truyn nhit i lu c chn t nhng iu kin trao i nhit, bm tro, mi mn ng v tiu th in nng khc phc tr lc chuyn ng ca khi.
5.3.2.1. Cc phng trnh c bn

tnh ton b mt truyn nhit i lu ta dng hai phng trnh c bn l phng trnh truyn nhit v phng trnh cn bng nhit. Phng trnh truyn nhit (trao i nhit) cho php xc nh lng nhit hp thu ca b mt truyn nhit kHt Q= , kJ/kg (5-34) Btt trong : Q l nhit lng do b mt truyn nhit tnh ton hp thu bng i lu v bc x, kJ/kg; k l h s truyn nhit, W/m2K; H l b mt truyn nhit tnh ton, m2; t l chnh lch nhit gia mi trng nng v mi cht c t nng, K; Btt l lng nhin liu tiu hao tnh ton, kg/s. Trong cc chm ng i lu H (m2) c ly bng ton b b mt ngoi ca ng (v pha khi). B mt truyn nhit ca b sy khng kh kiu ng c tnh theo ng knh trung bnh ca ng. Phng trnh cn bng nhit dng tnh nhit lng do khi truyn i bng nhit lng do hi, nc hay khng kh hp thu: Q = ( I'g I''g + I 0 ) , kJ/kg (5-35) kklt

y: I 'g v I ''g l entanpi ca khi vo v ra khi b mt truyn nhit tnh ton,

0 kJ/kg; I kklt l nhit lng do khng kh lnh lt mang vo. Nhit lng do mi cht (hi, nc, khng kh) hp thu c tnh theo cc cng thc sau: - i vi b qu nhit i lu v b qu nhit kiu bng ng:

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kh l thuyt cn thit ( ''skk = bl bl ng ) ; skk l h s lt khng kh vo b sy khng kh, c ly bng lng r t pha khng kh. xc nh kch thc ca b mt truyn nhit hoc lng nhit c truyn i ta phi bit h s truyn nhit v chnh lch nhit trung bnh.
5.3.2.2. H s truyn nhit

D qx (5-36) ( i'' i' + ig. ) Qbx , kJ/kg Btt - i vi b hm nc v vng qu ca l hi trc lu: D Q= (5-37) ( i'' i' ) , kJ/kg Btt trong : D l lu lng hi nc i qua b mt truyn nhit tnh ton, kg/s; i'' v i' ln lt l entanpi ca hi (nc) ch ra v ch vo b mt tnh ton, kJ/kg; ig. l lng nhit do 1 kg hi truyn cho nc lm lnh ( b gim n kiu b mt), kJ/kg. - i vi b sy khng kh: skk 0'' 0' Q = " + (5-38) skk Iskk Iskk , 2 trong : ''skk l t l gia lng khng kh sau b sy khng kh v lng khng Q=

Trong cc chm ng i lu s truyn nhit tin hnh qu vch tr nhiu lp tc l qua ng c bm bn bn ngoi v cu cn bm bn trong. Khi tnh nhit th h s truyn nhit thng c xc nh theo cc cng thc cho vch phng nhiu lp. iu ny khng gy ra sai s ln i vi cc b mt truyn nhit lm bng cc ng trn ng thi n gin rt nhiu cho vic tnh ton. H s truyn nhit i vi vch phng nhiu lp c biu din bng cng thc sau: 1 , W/m2K (5-39) k= 1 tr kl c 1 + + + + 1 tr kl c 2 trong : 1 v 2 ln lt l h s ta nhit t mi trng nng n vch ng v t vch ng n mi trng c t nng, W/m2K; kl v kl ln lt l chiu dy v h s dn nhit ca kim loi vch ng, W/mK; = tr tr l tr lc nhit ca lp bn bm trn ng hay cn gi l h s bm bn ng, m2K/W; c c l nhit tr ca lp cn cu bm trn b mt bn trong ng, m2K/W. Thng thng nhit tr ta nhit t khi n vch (1 1 ) v nhit tr i qua lp bm bn c tr s ln nht.

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Nhiu khi trong tnh ton coi rng khng c cu cn bm v b qua nhit tr ca vch kim loi. Nh vy i vi b qu nhit h s truyn nhit c xc nh theo cng thc: 1 1 , W/m2K (5-40) k= = 1 1 1 + + 1 + + 1 1 2 2 Cng thc ny c dng tnh b mt truyn nhit ca b qu nhit. b qu nhit thng 2 1000 W/m2K v 1 < 100 W/m2K, tuy nhin khi khng k n nhit tr 1 2 c th phm sai s trong vic xc nh b mt t ca b qu nhit n 4%. b hm nc v b mt sinh hi c 2 = ( 5 20 ) 103 (W/m2K) nn nhit tr 1 2 c th b qua, do :
k = 1 (1 + 1 ) , W/m2K

(5-41)

b sy khng kh 1 2 . V i vi b sy khng kh ta khng c nhng s liu v nhit tr ca lp bm bn v mc bc khng u b mt bi dng khi v dng khng kh nn nh hng ng thi ca chng c k n bng h s s dng xc nh qua thc nghim. Do vy h s truyn nhit i vi b sy khng kh c tnh theo cng thc: 1 (5-42) k= = 1 2 , W/m2K 1 1 1 + 2 + 1 2 H s s dng ph thuc dng nhin liu t v kiu b sy khng kh. H s truyn nhit k b sy khng kh quay (kiu hon nhit) c xc nh theo cng thc: k= , W/m2K (5-43) 1 1 + x11 x 2 2 trong : x1 = Fg / F l t s gia din tch tit din cho khi i v din tch tit din

tng ca b sy khng kh; x 2 = Fkk / F l t s gia din tch tit din cho khng kh i v din tch tit din tng ca b sy khng kh; 1 v 2 l h s ta nhit t khi n vch kim loi v t vch kim loi cho khng kh; l h s k n nh hng ca tnh khng n nh ca s trao i nhit, c xc nh ph thuc vo tc quay ca rto nh sau: n (vng/pht) 0,5 0,85 1,0 0,97

1,5 1,0

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H s ta nhit t khi n vch ng ca chm ng i lu 1 c xc nh theo cng thc sau: (5-44) 1 = 1 ( l + bx ) , W/m2K trong 1 l h s s dng k n s gim lng nhit hp thu ca b mt truyn nhit do khi bao ph khng u. i vi cc ng c khi bao ph ngang cc l hi hin i ly h s = 1 .
a. H s ta nhit i lu l

H s ta nhit i lu ph thuc vo tc v nhit dng, kch thc thng xc nh, s b tr ng trong chm, dng b mt (trn hay c cnh) v c im dng khi bao ph b mt (dc, ngang hay cho), cc tnh cht ca mi trng chy qua chm ng, v trong mt s trng hp vo nhit vch ng. * H s ta nhit i lu khi dng khi bao ph ngang chm ng t song song v cc bng ng, tnh chung cho ton b b mt truyn nhit v theo ng knh ngoi ca ng c xc nh theo cng thc: (5-45) l = 0, 2 Re 0,65 Pr 0,33Cz Cs , W/m2K d vi Cz c hiu chnh v s dy ng theo ng khi i, c xc nh ty thuc vo s dy trung bnh trong tng chm nh ca chm ng c kho st nh sau: z2 < 10 Cz = 0,91 + 0, 0125 ( z2 2 ) , (5-45a) z2 10 Cz = 1 v Cs c hiu chnh v c tnh hnh hc ca chm ng, ty thuc vo bc dc v ngang tng i, 2 v 1 :
3 Cs = 1 + ( 2 1 3) 1 2 , 2 trong 1 = s1 d v 2 = s2 d . -2

(5-45b)

(5-45c) Khi 2 2, 1 < 1,5 th Cs =1, Khi 2 < 2, 1 > 3 th thay 1 = 3 vo cng thc (5-45b) * H s ta nhit i lu khi dng khi bao ph ngang chm ng t sole c xc nh theo cng thc: l = Re 0,6 Pr 0,33C's C'z , W/m2K (5-46) d trong : C's l h s c xc nh ty thuc vo bc ngang tng i 1 v vo gi tr ca 1 = 1 , (5-47) '2 1

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 y '2 l bc tng i trung bnh theo phng ng cho gia cc ng, v C' z l hiu chnh s dy ng theo ng khi i.

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* i vi chm ng trong mt phn ng b tr sole, mt s ng b tr song song th: H + ss H ss l = sole sole , W/m2K (5-48) H sole + H ss Nu phn ng b tr sole (song song) > 85% ton b b mt truyn nhit th chm ng c coi nh l chm ng sole (song song). * H s ta nhit khi bao ph dc b mt truyn nhit bi dng ri mt pha (khi, khng kh, nc, hi) c xc nh theo cng thc: l = 0, 023 Re 0,8 Pr 0,4 Ct Cd Cl , W/m2K (5-49) d trong : Ct l h s hiu chnh v nhit ph thuc vo nhit ca dng khi v nhit vch ng; Cd l h s hiu chnh v ng knh ng; Cl l h s hiu chnh v chiu di tng i (khi (l / d) 50 th Cl = 1 ). * H s ta nhit i lu i vi b sy khng kh quay (tc quay ca rto n = 1,5 5 vng/pht) v pha khi v v pha khng kh c tnh theo cng thc sau: 0,8 d t 0,4 2 l = A (5-50) Pr C t Cl , W/m K d t y: A l h s c xc nh bi loi vt liu v cch b tr b mt truyn nhit; l h s dn nhit ca khi v khng kh, W/mK; d t l ng knh tng ng, m; l tc tnh ton ca khi v khng kh, m/s.
b. H s ta nhit do bc x ca sn phm chy bx

H s ta nhit do bc x ca sn phm chy c xc nh theo cng thc sau

bx = q bx , W/m2K t tr ) (

(5-51)

5.3.2.3. chnh nhit trung bnh

chnh nhit trung bnh cho ton b mt truyn nhit l hiu s nhit ca mi trng nng v mi trng c t nng, ph thuc vo phng chuyn ng tng h gia hai mi trng.
Hnh 5.3. S thay i nhit ca cc mi trng dc theo b mt truyn nhit. a - Chuyn ng cng chiu; b - Chuyn ng ngc chiu.

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Trong trng hp hai dng chuyn ng cng chiu thun ty v ngc chiu thun ty th chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh nh l hiu trung bnh logarit cc nhit mi trng nng v mi trng c t nng (xem hnh v 5.3) t tb o t = l , C (5-52) tl ln tb trong : t l l hiu s nhit ln ca 2 mi trng; t b l hiu s nhit nh ca 2 mi trng (nng v c t nng). t l 1, 7 th vi chnh xc cho php c th tnh t nh sau: Khi t b t + t b (5-53) t = l = t , oC 2 trong v t l nhit trung bnh ca hai mi trng. Khi nhit ca mt trong hai mi cht khng thay i cng c th tnh t theo cc cng thc trn. Nu t th 0,92t ng th chnh lch nhit i vi s phc tp bt k no cng c th xc nh theo cng thc: t + t ng o t = th , C (5-54) 2 trong tth v tng ln lt l chnh nhit trung bnh khi hai dng cng chiu v ngc chiu hon ton. i vi s hn hp song song v hn hp ni tip ta xc nh t nh sau: (5-55) t = t ng , oC vi l h s tnh i t s dng ngc chiu sang s phc tp hn. H s trong dng ct nhau ty thuc s ln ct nhau v s thay i nhit ca mi trng nng v mi trng c t nng.
5.4 Tnh nhit thit b l hi 5.4.1 Khi nim

Tnh nhit ca l hi c th l tnh ch to hay tnh kim tra. Phng php tnh l chung cho c hai trng hp. Tnh nhit ch to v tnh nhit kim tra khc nhau mc ch tnh v cc i lng cn phi tm. Tnh nhit ch to nhm xc nh kch thc bung la v ln b mt truyn nhit ca mi phn t ca l hi c thit k, m bo nhn c sn lng hi v cc thng s nh mc ca hi ng vi thnh phn nhin liu v nhit nc cp cho trc. Trong nhim v tnh ton phi cho bit sn lng hi nh mc ca l, cc thng s ca hi ch ra khi b qu nhit, nhit nc cp v c tnh ca nhin liu. Kiu l, phng php t nhin liu, kiu bung la, nhit khi

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thot v nhit khng kh nng hoc cho trc trong nhim v thit k hoc chn ty thuc vo cc thng s hi, sn lng hi ca l v c tnh ca nhin liu. Nu l hi c b qu nhit trung gian th trong nhim v thit k cn cho bit lu lng v thng s ca hi qu nhit trung gian ch vo v ra khi b qu nhit trung gian. Vic tnh nhit kim tra c tin hnh cho l hi c sn, nh vy l bit kiu l hi v bung la, c tnh hnh hc ca cc b mt truyn nhit khc ca l. Mc ch tnh y l xc nh kinh t ca l v nh gi mc lm vic tin cy ca l i vi nhin liu cho, pht hin cc c tnh nhit ca l nhng ph ti khc nhau v kh nng iu chnh (s lm vic ca l hi). Vic tnh ton c th thc hin ph ti nh mc v ph ti khc nh mc. Tnh kim tra cng c tin hnh sau khi ci tin bung la hoc cc b mt truyn nhit khc nhm nng cao sn lng v tnh kinh t ca thit b l hi. Tnh kim tra c thc hin khi thay i nhit nc cp, nhit hi qu nhit, nhin liu t c tnh cht khc so vi nhin liu dng khi thit k. Cc i lng cn phi tm khi tnh kim tra l nhit khi cui bung la '' bl v trn dc ng khi i v xc nh nhit v tc khi, nc, hi, khng kh tng phn t ca l hi. Sau khi tnh nhit ca l hi c th trn c s cc s liu nhn c tin hnh tnh kh ng, thy ng, sc bn v ch nhit ca cc ng, ch nc v cht lng hi, ng lc hc ca thit b l hi v ton b khi l hi tuabin. Tip sau tnh h thng chun b nhin liu v cc phn t ca l nh vi phun chnh, vi phun ph,
5.4.2 Nhng phng trnh c bn

Thit b l hi bao gm mt s lng ln cc b mt truyn nhit t ni tip nhau dc ng khi i. S lm vic ca tng b mt truyn nhit v ca ton b l hi c m t bng mt h cc phng trnh: Cn bng vt cht, cn bng nng lng, trao i nhit v trao i cht, trng thi v chuyn ng.
1. Phng trnh cn bng vt cht Phng trnh cn bng vt cht c vit c cho cht ti nhit v cho khi. i vi cht ti nhit ta c: D h = D ncp + D x , kg/s (5-56) i vi khi ta c: 0 Vk = Vk0 + ( 1) Vkk , (5-57) 2. Phng trnh cn bng nng lng a. Phng trnh lin h gia lng nhit sinh ra v lng nhit s dng trong thit b l hi: r v BQ lv l = D ( i qn i nc ) + D trg ( i trg i trg ) + D x ( i' i nc ) , (5-58) t

vi l = 1 q i , %
i=2

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b. Phng trnh biu din s cn bng gia lng nhit nhn c t sn phm chy cng vi lng lt khng kh lnh v nhit lng truyn cho mi cht v to vo mi trng xung quanh: Btt ( I'' I' ) + Q lt = Di , (5-59)
3. Phng trnh trng thi Khi l mt hn hp nhiu cht kh khc nhau. Quan h gia th tch khi v nhit c th hin qua phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng. Nhit dung ring ca tng cht kh thnh phn trong khi ph thuc vo nhit v cho trong cc bng. S lin h gia cc thng s ca cht ti nhit (phng trnh trng thi) c cho di dng bng (bng cc tnh cht vt l nhit ca nc v l hi). 4. Phng trnh trao i nhit c vit ring cho tng b mt truyn nhit. Khi tnh ton ta gii phng trnh ny cng vi cc phng trnh cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng vit cho tng b mt truyn nhit. Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ca b mt truyn nhit din t s khng thay i lu lng ca cht ti nhit v ca khi theo thi gian. i vi cht ti nhit th iu c ngha l c th c s thay i lu lng cht ti u hay cui b mt truyn nhit, cn trong phm vi b mt truyn nhit lu lng khng thay i D = const (5-60a) i vi ng khi ta coi rng c lt khng kh lnh u v cui b mt truyn nhit, bn thn b mt truyn nhit lm vic vi lng lt khng i v c tnh bng gi tr trung bnh s hc: (5-60b) BVk = const i vi b mt truyn nhit i lu v na bc x phng trnh trao i nhit c dng Di = kHt , (5-60c) trong t l chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit. H cc phng trnh (5-60a) - (5-60c) c vit cho tng b mt truyn nhit. 5.4.3. Th t tnh ton 1. Th t tnh nhit thit k l hi c bao hi (c tun hon t nhin) Phc tho kiu dng l hi; - Tnh ton th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit v th tch sn phm chy. Xc nh th tch thc ca khng kh v sn phm chy (khi); - Xc nh entanpi ca sn phm chy v ca khng kh; - Tin hnh cn bng nhit ca l hi, xc nh cc tn tht nhit q2 , q3 , q4 , q5 , q6 , tnh hiu sut ca l hi, tnh lng nhin liu tiu hao thc t v lng nhin liu tiu hao tnh ton; - Thit k bung la: Chn tit din bung la da vo nhit th din tch tit din ngang ca bung la qf (kW/m2), chn s b nhit khi ra khi bung la

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 '' bl , sau xc nh din tch ton b cc tng ca bung la Fv (m2), din tch b
mt hp thu nhit bng bc x ca cc dn ng sinh hi t trong bung la. Vic tnh ton nhit bung la c kt thc bng vic kim tra s ph hp ca nhit th th tch ca bung la qv (kW/m3), gi tr ca n khng c vt gi tr gii hn cho trong cc bng; - Tnh nhit pheston hoc b qu nhit kiu bng ng t ca ra bung la; - Phn phi nhit lng cho cc b mt truyn nhit t sau bung la; - Thit k b qu nhit i lu; - Thit k b hm nc; - Thit k b sy khng kh.
2. Th t tnh nhit kim tra l hi Vic tnh nhit kim tra l hi c thc hin bng phng php gn ng lin tip. Lc u cho s b nhit khi thi ra khi l hi thi , trn c s thc hin tnh nhit ca l hi v tnh ton chnh xc gi tr ca thi . Tip xc nh hiu sut

ca l hi l v tnh cc lng nhin liu tiu hao B , Btt . Sau khi chn s b gi tr ca nhit khng kh nng tKKN c th tnh nhit ca bung la v cc b mt truyn nhit khc. Nhim v ca vic tnh bung la l xc nh nhit thc ca khi ca ra bung la '' bl . Trc ht cho s b mt gi tr ca '' bl v s lm chnh xc sau theo cng thc: Ta ''bl = 273 , oC (5-61) 0,6 a bl 1+ M Bo Khi c s sai khc ln (trn 100 oC) phi chn gi tr khc ca ''bl v tnh li. Vic tnh cc b mt truyn nhit i lu t sau bung la cng theo phng php gn ng lin tip. Tnh QCB v pha khi hay v pha mi cht sau so snh QCB

vi QTN . pheston sai khc gia QCB v QTN cho php n 5%, i vi cc b mt truyn nhit i lu khc cho php sai khc gia QCB v QTN l 2%. Vic tnh ton c coi l kt thc nu gi tr ca nhit khi thi thi chn s b v gi tr tnh ton sai khc nhau bng hoc nh hn 10 oC v nhit khng kh nng chn v tnh sai khc nhau nh hn hay bng 40 oC. Nu khng tha mn nhng yu cu trn phi tnh li bng vic chn gi tr mi ca thi . Ngy nay c th ng dng nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin vo vic gii bi ton tnh nhit ca l hi. Mun vy trc ht phi xy dng m hnh ton ca l hi, lp trnh gii trn my tnh in t. Thi gian gii bi ton tnh nhit l hi trn my tnh in t khong di 10 pht.

Ver. 1.0

197

Chng 6. Qu trnh thy ng trong l hi

6.1 Bn cht v ngha ca s tun hon nc trong l hi. Ch nhit ca ng c t nng. S lm vic tin cy ca thit b l hi yu cu phi t chc ng n cc qu trnh xy ra trong phn hi nc ca l tc l cc qu trnh bn trong l m bo cho nhit vch ng kim loi gn nht vi nhit ca mi cht. Mt trong nhng qu trnh quan trng y l s tun hon ca nc, n to ra s chuyn ng lin tc ca nc v hn hp hi nc trong l v kt qu l c th thu nhit t b mt kim loi vi cng cao. b hm nc v b qu nhit th s chuyn ng ca nc v hi l do tc dng cng bc ca bm hay hiu p sut gia hi trong bao hi v trong b qu nhit. Trong b mt t sinh hi s chuyn ng ca nc v hn hp hi nc l do tc dng cng bc ca bm tun hon hoc do chnh lch khi lng ring ca mi cht c t nng v khng c t nng tc l tun hon t nhin. V d v mt vng tun hon t nhin n gin c biu din trong hnh v 6.1. Vng tun hon l mt vng kn gm bao hi cc ng u song song v ng gp. Trong vng tun hon hn hp hi nc ch chuyn ng trong Hnh 6.1.S vng tun mt phn ca vng tun hon v trong bao hi trn hon t nhin n gin. hay ng gp trn cc bt hi tch ra khi nc, cn htb l chiu cao vng tun nc li tip tc tun hon nhiu ln trong vng. hon; hkdn l chiu cao Thc ra vng tun hon thc t phc tp hn, on ng khng t nng; hs l chiu cao ca im nhng khi cc ng c t nng nh nhau v c cc bt u si; hdn l chiu kch cao on ng c t nng. c th coi n nh mt vng tun hon n gin. thc nh nhau th ta cng S lm vic tin cy ca cc b mt t c xc nh bi ch nhit ca kim loi ng. Khi tng nhit th sc bn ca kim loi gim i. Mi loi thp c mt nhit gii hn cho php, khi vt nhit y trong thi gian di c th dn n h hng ng. ng cng c th b h hng khi nhit vch ca n b dao ng mt cch h thng mc d nhit vch thp hn nhit gii hn cho php, v dao ng nhit m sinh ra nhng ni ng sut b sung, khi s chu k dao ng kh ln th ng sut ny lm h hng kim loi do hin tng mi. Mc lm vic tin cy ca b mt t c xc nh bi lm vic tin cy ca mi ng u song song. Nu mt ng no lm vic khng tin cy th s lm vic ca ton b mt t l khng tin cy. Do ch lm vic ca mi ng phi khc rt t so vi ch tnh ton trung bnh. Nhit kim loi vch ng c tnh theo cng thc sau:

complete

198

 1 o , C t V = t + t T + q max + (1 + ) 2 M

(6-1)

trong : t l nhit trung bnh ca mi cht lu ng trong ng tit din tnh ton, oC; tT l vt ca nhit mi trng lu ng trong ng so vi nhit trung bnh, oC; l h s khuch tn nhit theo chu vi ng, l t s gia nhit thc t v nhit m ng c th c khi n c t nng ng u bi dng nhit qmax , i vi ng sinh hi ca l hi c p sut di ti hn ly = 1 ; = d d tr = d ( d 2 ) l t s gia ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca ng; l chiu dy vch ng, m; M l h s dn nhit ca kim loi vch ng, kW/mK, n ph thuc vo nhn hiu thp v vo nhit . tnh M th ly nhit tV = t + 50 oC; 2 l h s ta nhit t vch ng n mi trng c t nng, kW/m2K; qmax l ph ti nhit im hp thu nhit cc i ca ng chu ph ti ln nht, kW/m2. T cng thc (6-1) ta thy rng nhit vch ng ph thuc vo nhit mi cht lu ng trong ng, vo ph ti nhit v h s ta nhit 2 . Trng hp nguy him nht cho s lm vic ca kim loi l s kt hp (khng thun li) gia ph ti nhit cao v nhit mi cht cao c km theo gi tr thp ca 2 v M khi ng c vch dy. Ph ti nhit ph thuc vo ch t b mt t. bung la bt than ph ti nhit trung bnh ca cc b mt t bc x bng q = 20 50 kW/m2. Ph ti nhit ln nht vng trung tm ngn la khi t nhin liu rn t n 250 300 kW/m2, khi t nhin liu lng bng 500 600 kW/m2. cc b mt t i lu ph ti nhit t khi ln hn 50 75 kW/m2, cc b mt t t xa bung la ph ti nhit gim n 2 10 kW/m2. H s dn nhit ca kim loi M ph thuc thnh phn ha hc ca thp v nhit . H s ta nhit bn trong ng 2 khi dng mt pha chuyn ng trong ng (hi, nc) c xc nh theo cng thc: 0,8 B ( ) , kW/m2K , (6-2) 2 = 0, 24 d 0,2 td

C trong B = P 0,6 l h s ph thuc vo loi vt cht v nhit . Cc thng s vt l c tnh theo nhit ca dng. T cng thc (6-2) ta thy h s ta nhit 2 t l thun vi tc ly tha 0,8 . Cho nn c th nhn c

0,4

complete

199

h s ta nhit i lu tha mn v k thut bng cch tng tc khi lng ( ) . H s B c trng cho cc thng s vt l v thay i ty thuc p sut v nhit . Khi nc si chuyn ng trong cc ng sinh hi th h s ta nhit ph thuc ch chuyn ng ca dng v ph ti nhit. Khi si mnh th c h s ta nhit cao (khong 10 150 kW/m2K, ng thi khi tng q th 2 tng ln cho n khi t n ph ti ti hn qth . Do vy nhit vch ng trong trng hp si mnh gn bng nhit si. Sau khi t n qth th h s ta nhit gim xung t ngt ty thuc s chuyn ng ca dng hai pha. 6.2 Cc ch chuyn ng ca dng hn hp hi nc 6.2.1. ng ng: C bn ch chuyn ng c bn ca hn hp hi nc trong ng thng ng nh sau (hnh v 6.2): 1. Chuyn ng ca cc bt hi nh trong nc ch yu dc theo trc ng di dng xch. Chuyn ng ca cc bt hi nh vy gi l ch chuyn ng bt, ch ny tn ti khi hm lng hi b. 2. Chuyn ng ca cc bt hi lin thnh cc bt hi ln trong nc, i khi cc bt ln ny c chiu di n 0,5 m v ln hn v trng ging u n. Ngi ta gi n l ch chuyn ng u n, v n tn ti khi tc chuyn ng ca hn hp hi nc ln hn tc trong ch chuyn ng bt. y cc u n hi cch ly vch ng bng mt mng nc. 3. Chuyn ng ca ct hi lin tc di dng thanh di c cc git nc ln vo, ct hi cch b mt ng bi mt mng nc mng. Ch ny gi l ch chuyn ng thanh, ch ny xy ra khi tc ca hn hp hi nc ln hn tc trong ch u n. 4. Chuyn ng ca hi vi s phn b u cc git m trn ton tit din ng c gi l ch chuyn ng nh tng, n xy ra khi hm lng hi cao hn so vi ch thanh.

Hnh 6.2. Cc ch chuyn ng ca hn hp hi nc trong ng ng a - Bt; b - u n; c - thanh; d - nh tng.

Ch chuyn ng thanh ca hn hp hi nc l tt nht v mng mng nc dc theo vch ng s ly nhit ra khi vch kim loi ng, do ng c lm mt v nhit kim loi ng s gn bng nhit mi cht chuyn ng trong ng.

complete

200

6.2.2. ng nm ngang: ng nm ngang lc hp dn tc dng vung gc vi phng dng chy. V th s phn b pha trong tit din ng ph thuc vo tng quan gia lc nng v lc hp dn. Tc dng cng ln lc nng cng ln, phn tm dng cng c bo ha nhiu bt hi hn v dng cng gn i xng hn. Khi gim tc th cng mt tnh i xng ca dng, nc s nm phn di ca ng. Khi tc dng nh qu di mt mc no th lc hp dn ln hn hn lc nng v dng b phn lp, c ngha l hi chuyn ng pha trn v nc pha di nh biu din trong hnh v 6.3.

Hnh 6.3. Ch lu ng phn lp ca hn hp hi nc.

6.3. Cc c tnh, thng s v phng trnh chuyn ng ca mi cht 6.3.1. Cc phng trnh thy ng lc v trao i nhit ch yu trong ng hi - nc ca l hi Cc qu trnh thy ng lc v trao i nhit trong ng hi nc ca l hi xy ra trong cc ng. Vch ng c cc tnh cht nht nh nh: tnh dn nhit, nhit dung, khi lng. Trn b mt ng din ra cc qu trnh t mi trng xung quanh n b mt ngoi ca ng v t b mt trong ca ng n mi cht lu ng trong ng. Cc tnh cht ca vch ng v cc qu trnh din ra trn vch ng c k n bng nhng iu kin bin ca cc phng trnh m t cc qu trnh din ra trong ng hi - nc. Cc phng trnh ny gm c: phng trnh cn bng vt cht, phng trnh cn bng nng lng ca dng mi cht v vch bc dng v phng trnh chuyn ng (hay cn gi l phng trnh ng lng). - Phng trnh cn bng vt cht c dng sau: G (6-3) +f = 0; z - Phng trnh cn bng nng lng ca dng mi cht: ( Gi ) ( i ) +f = qt ; (6-4) z - Phng trnh cn bng nhit ca vch rnh (ng) b t nng: t (6-5) q t = q ng mC kl kl = C ( t kl t ) . z Trong cc phng trnh trn c cc k hiu nh G , , i , z tng ng l lu lng chy qua rnh (ng), mt , entanpi, v ta trng vi phng chuyn ng

complete

201

ca mi cht; f , qt , qng ln lt l din tch tit din, mt dng nhit tuyn tnh trn b mt trong v b mt ngoi ca rnh (ng); m l khi lng ca 1 m kim loi vch rnh (ng) (cn gi l khi lng tuyn tnh ca kim loi vch rnh); tkl , Ckl l nhit v nhit dung ca kim loi; l h s ta nhit t vch n mi cht; C l chu vi bn trong ca tit din rnh (vi ng ta c C = d t ). - Phng trnh chuyn ng hay cn gi l phng trnh bo ton ng lng ca mi cht lu ng trong rnh c dng sau: p 2 (6-6) = + +k g sin . z z 2 Tch phn hai v phng trnh (6-6) trong gii hn t u rnh z = 0 ( = 1 , p = p1 ) n cui rnh z = l ( = 2 , p = p 2 ) ta c phng trnh ng lng di dng tch phn nh sau: 2 l l h 2 p1 p 2 = k dz + d + dz g dh , (6-7) 2 0 0 0 1

trong h = l sin . Ta thy rng trong v phi ca phng trnh (6-7) cc s hng ln lt biu din lc ma st, lc gia tc dng, lc qun tnh, v lc trng trng. Nh vy ging p trong rnh p = p1 p2 dng khc phc bn loi lc sinh ra khi cht lng chuyn ng trong . - H bn phng trnh trn c b sung thm phng trnh trng thi c dng: = ( p,i ) . (6-8) Trong trng thi n nh th mi o hm theo ti cc phng trnh (6-3) (6-8) u bng khng, mi thng s ch l hm s ca ta z v khi y cc phng trnh trn c dng sau: - Phng trnh bo ton khi lng: dG (6-9) =0; dz - Phng trnh bo ton nng lng: d ( Gi ) =q; (6-10) dz - Phng trnh bo ton ng lng: d 2 dp +k g sin = ; (6-11) dz 2 dz - Phng trnh trng thi: = ( p,i ) . (6-12)

Trong ch n nh ta c G ( z ) = const , tc l lu lng khi lng l nh nhau mi tit din ca rnh (ng). T ta c th vit li phng trnh (6-10) di dng sau:

complete

202

di q = , dz G hoc l:

(6-13)

q (6-14) z, G vi iv l entanpi ca mi cht tit din vo ca rnh (ng). i = iv +

6.3.2. Cc c tnh chuyn ng ca hn hp hi - nc

Cc c tnh lu ng chnh ca hn hp hi - nc gm c: 1. Tc khi lng ca mi cht (nc, hi, hn hp hi - nc), l lu lng khi lng tnh trn mt n v tit din ng: G (6-15) = , kg/m2s f 2. Tc tun hon 0 , l tc ca nc nhit bo ha, tng ng vi lu lng mi cht trong ng: G 0 = hh , m/s (6-16) f ' trong : Ghh l lu lng khi lng ca hn hp hi - nc i qua h thng ng (khi nc i vo ng sinh hi ta c Ghh = Gn ), kg/s; f l din tch tit din mi cht i , m2 ; ' l mt ca nc nhit bo ha, kg/m3. 3. Tc quy dn ca nc '0 , l tc nc c c khi i qua tit din cho ca ng sinh hi trong iu kin nc chim ton b tit din ng sinh hi: G '0 = n ; m/s (6-17) f ' 4. Tc quy dn ca hi ''0 , l tc m hi c c khi i qua tit din cho ca ng sinh hi trong iu kin hi chim ton b tit din ng sinh hi: G ''0 = h , m/s (6-18) f'' y Gh l lu lng khi lng ca hi i qua h thng ng; '' l mt ca hi. 5. Tc tng i ca hi r . Trong iu kin thc t hi v nc chuyn ng ng thi trong ng v tc ca hi khc tc ca nc, tc l h n . Trong dng hn hp i ln ta c hi chuyn ng nhanh hn nc ( h > n ), v trong dng i xung ta c tc ca nc ln hn ca hi ( h < n ). Hiu s gia hai tc ny l tc tng i ca hi: r = h n , m/s (6-19)

complete

203

Tc tng i ca hi c nh hng ng k n quy lut chuyn ng ca dng hn hp hi - nc (hai pha). 6. Hm lng hi khi lng x , l phn lu lng khi lng ca hi trong dng hn hp hi - nc khi c h = n : G x= h . (6-20) G hh Khi lu ng cn bng v mt nhit ng hc th hm lng hi khi lng c xc nh theo cng thc sau: i i' , (6-21) x= d r trong : i d l entanpi ring ca dng tit din kho st ca h thng ng, kJ/kg; i' l entanpi ring ca nc trn ng bo ha, kJ/kg; r l nhit lng chuyn pha cng p sut, kJ/kg. 7. Hm lng nc khi lng: G G 1 x = 1 h = n . (6-22) G hh G hh 8. Tc ca hn hp hi - nc hh . Ta c tc tun hon: G G + Gn 0 = hh = h , (6-23) f ' f ' trong : G n = Vn '='0'f , kg/s (6-24) G h = Vh ''='' 0''f , kg/s (6-25) vi Vn v Vh l lu lng th tch ca nc v ca hi, tnh bng m3/s. Thay(6-24) v (6-25) vo (6-23) ta thu c: '' 0 = '0 + '' 0 , m/s (6-26) ' Tc ca hn hp hi nc c xc nh theo cng thc: V + Vn , m/s (6-27) hh = h f hoc hh = '0 + '' 0 , (6-28) v

'' hh = 0 + '' 0 1 . ' Thng thng hh c th hin qua hm lng hi khi lng x . Ta c: f = fh + fn . (6-29) Nh vy: f h h + f n n = fhh , (6-30) hoc l: G h v'' + G n v' = G hh v hh , (6-31) t rt ra:

complete

204

v hh = hay l: Ta bit rng:

v hh = xv'' + (1 x ) v' .

Gh G v'' + n v' , G hh G hh

(6-32) (6-33) (6-34)

Khi thay vhh hh = hay l:

G hh v hh . f t (6-33) vo (6-34) ta c: hh = G hh v' v'' v'' 1 + x v' 1 = 0 1 + x v' 1 , f

(6-35)

' (6-36) hh = 0 1 + x 1 . '' 9. Hm lng hi lu lng th tch , l phn th tch ca hi trong dng hn hp hi nc khi tc ca hi v nc nh nhau: Vh = . (6-37) Vh + Vn Khi s dng cc cng thc (6-20) v (6-22) ta s c gi tr ca nh sau: 1 = . (6-38) (1 x ) '' 1+ x '

th trn hnh v 6.4 th hin quan h gia hm lng hi th tch v hm lng hi khi lng x ca dng. p sut thp nh hng ca x n trong phm vi x nh l rt ng k, khi tng p sut th nh hng ny gim xung. mt gi tr p sut bt k no th (d / dx) s gim xung khi tng x . Quy lut ny c nh hng n ch lu ng ca Quan h gia hm lng Hnh 6.4. dng hai pha trong ng v ch nhit th tch v hm lng hi hi ca vch ng; khi lng x ca dng cc p sut khc nhau. 10. Hm lng hi thc

complete

205

 , l phn tit din ca ng do hi chim f h ng vi tc thc ca nc v ca

hi:
fh . (6-39) f Gia v c mi quan h nh sau: Vh f = = h h = h , (6-40) hh Vh + Vn hh f = hh . (6-41) hay l: h Khi k hiu c = hh / h ta c: = c . (6-42) i vi dng chuyn ng i ln ta c: h > hh , c c < 1 , < . i vi dng chuyn ng i xung ta c: h < hh , c > 1 , > . Nu coi tc ca hi bng tc nc v bng tc ca hn hp hai pha th c: n = h = hh , c = 1, = . H s t l c c trng cho t s gia tc ca hn hp hi nc v tc thc ca hi, v v th n cng k n tc tng i ca hi r . Khi tng p sut th r gim v khi tin gn n p sut ti hn ta s c c 1 v . Dc theo chiu di ca ng sinh hi c t nng ng u ta c hm lng hi khi lng x thay i tuyn tnh v ch vo ng x = 0 (nu iv = i' ) v ch ra khi ng x = 1 =

(nu ir = i'' ) (xem hnh v 6.5). Trong khi hm lng hi th tch v hm lng hi thc ch vo ng cng c gi tr bng khng, sau tng r rt on u ca ng (rnh). Tip cng tng ca v gim v cui (u ra) ca ng sinh hi chng c gi tr ln nht bng 1. ng ch l khi tng p sut th v tin gn n gi tr ca x . Hm lng hi thc l mt c tnh quan trng ca dng v n phn nh s phn b thc ca hi v nc v cc gi tr tc ca chng trong chuyn ng ng thi ca hn hp hi nc.

Hnh 6.5. S thay i , v x Dc theo chiu di ca ng sinh hi.

complete

206

11. Tc thc ca hi l: '' h = 0 .

(6-43)

12. Tc thc ca nc l: ' n = 0 . (6-44) 1 12. Mt lu lng ca hn hp hi nc hh , l mt ng vi trng hp tc ca nc v ca hi nh nhau: G G hh = h + n , kg/m3 (6-45) ''0 f '0 f 14. Mt thc ca hn hp hi nc th , l mt ng vi tc thc ca hi v ca nc: th = ' ( ' '' ) = (1 ) ' + '' . (6-46) Trong dng hn hp hi nc chuyn ng i ln ta thy tc tng i ca hi r lm gim phn tit din ng do hi chim v phn tit din ng do nc chim ( 1 ) tng ln, do vy th > hh . Khi tng p sut ta thy th hh . 15. Bi s tun hon K , l i lng nghch o ca hm lng hi khi lng hay l t s gia lng nc tun hon v lng hi thu c trong cng mt khong thi gian: 1 G K= = n . (6-47) x Gh Vi l hi c tun hon t nhin: K = 4 30; Vi l hi c tun hon cng bc nhiu ln: K = 3 10; Vi l hi trc lu: K = 1.
6.4. Tr khng thu lc

Khi nc, hn hp hi nc v hi chuyn ng trong ng do c tr lc m sinh ra ging p gia cc tit din bt k ca ng. Phng trnh tng qut ca ging p ton phn c dng trong tnh ton thc t c dng sau: p = p ms + pcp + p gt + pdc (6-48) trong :
pms l tr lc ma st; pcb l tr lc cc b; pgt l tr lc do tng tc (gia tc);

pdc l tr lc do chnh lch cao. 1. Tr lc ma st: i vi dng hai pha c th xc nh theo cng thc nh i vi dng mt pha nhng thay th tc dng mt pha bng tc hn hp hh , ngoi ra phi tun th iu kin ng nht ca dng hai pha:

complete

207

2 l 2 hh hh = 0 l hh hh , (6-49) d 2 2 trong : l h s ma st; 0 l h s ma st quy dn; d l l chiu di ca rnh c kho st, m; d l ng knh ng, m; hh l mt ca hn hp, kg/m3. Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: hh hh = '0 (6-50) Nh vy c th vit li cng thc (6-49) di dng khc: '' 2 p ms = 0 l 0 ' 0 + " 1 , (6-51) 0 ' 2 hoc: 2 ' (6-52) p ms = 0 l 0 ' 1 + x 1 . 2 '' Cu trc ca dng hai pha khc hn cu trc ca dng mt pha, v th phi a vo cng thc (6-52) mt h s hiu chnh k n nh hng ca cu trc dng. Khi hm lng hi khng i ta c: 2 ' (6-53) p ms = 0 l 0 ' 1 + x 1 . 2 '' i vi dng c hm lng hi thay i ta xc nh tn tht do ma st theo cng thc sau: 2 0 ' ' (6-54) p ms = 0 l 1 x 1 , 2 '' trong : x l hm lng hi trung bnh trong rnh kho st; l h s hiu chnh trung bnh, c xc nh nh sau: x d xd , = 0 c xc xd vi d v c l h s hiu chnh k n nh hng ca cu trc dng ng vi hm lng hi lc u xd v lc cui xc . 2. Tr lc cc b. i vi dng hai pha tr lc cc b c xc nh theo cng thc sau: 2 0 ' (6-55) p cb = 'cb ' 1 + x 1 , 2 '' trong : p ms =

complete

208

' cb l h s true lc cc b quy c.

Khi dng 2 pha chy bc ngang chm ng ta c tr lc cc b bng: 2 ' p cb = 'ch 0 ' 1 + x l 1 , (6-56) 2 '' y xl l hm lng hi trung bnh trong on ng kho st. 3. Tn tht p sut do gia tc: tn tht ny c l do s thay i th tch v do s thay i tc dng.

pgt =

(6-57)

i vi dng chy n nh ta c: d d = cc = = const Vi dng chy hai pha p sut nh hn p sut ti hn ta c th xc nh pgt theo cng thc:

pgt = ( ) ( v '' v ' )( x c x d ) ,

2

(6-58)

4. Tn tht p sut do chnh lch cao c xc nh theo cng thc:

pdc = g dh = gh ,
0

(6-59)

trong : h l cao ca on ng c kho st. pdc ly du dng khi dng chuyn ng i ln v ly du m khi dng chuyn ng i xung.
6.5. Nhng quy lut ca tun hon t nhin.

Trong bung la l hi c tun hon t nhin cc ng sinh hi c b tr thnh cc vng tun hon. Trong cc vng tun hon c nc v hn hp hi nc chuyn ng lin tc, do m bo qu trnh to nhit hiu qu v lin tc ca b mt truyn nhit (b mt t) v duy tr nhit kim loi b mt t mc cho php. iu m bo cho cc vng tun hon lm vic c lu di v c tin cy cao. Qu trnh tun hon tdj nhi c to ra do lc chuyn ng Sch, lc ny sinh ra khi cc ng t ng c mi trng chuyn ng i ln (gi l ng ln) c t nng. Chng ta s vit phng trnh Becnuli cho tng khu ca vng tun hon (xem hnh v 6.6). Trn on 3-4 c hn hp hi nc c mt bh chuyn ng, trn phn cn li ca vng tun hon (on 4-1-2-3) cha nc chuyn ng c mt ' ng vi p sut trong bao hi.

complete

209

Hnh 6.6. S xc nh phng trnh c bn ca vng tun hon t nhin.

Trong khu 1-2 (ng nc xung) ta c: 2 2 ( H h ) 'g + p1 + 1 ' = p2 + 2 '+ p12 (6-60) 2 2 Trong cc khu 2-3 (ng gp di), khu 3-4 (ng ln), khu 4-1 (th tch nc ca bao hi) ta c cc cn bng ln lt nh sau:
2 2 2 2 2 ' = p3 + 3 '+ p 23 p3 + 3 ' = Hhh g + p 4 + 4 hh + p3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 H 'g + p 4 + 4 hh = (H h) 'g + p1 + 1 '+ p 41 ; 2 2 Khi tnh tng ging p trong cc khu ca vng tun hon ta c: H ' hh g = p = Schd , (6-61) p2 +

trong : hh l mt trung bnh ca hn hp hi nc, hoc lc chuyn ng dng khc phc tr lc ca khu i ln v i xung ca vng tun hon, tc l: Schd = p x + pl y: p x l tr lc ca khu i xung ca vng tun hon; p l l tr lc ca khu i ln ca vng tun hon. Hiu s gia lc chuyn ng v tr lc ca cc ng ln c gi l lc hu ch: Shi = Schd pl (6-62) Phng trnh c bn ca tun hon l: S hi = p x (6-63) Tc l lc hu ch dng khc phc tr lc ca cc ng xung (khu i xung).

complete

210

Cc yu t nh tc tun hon 0 , tc quy dn ca hi ''0 , p sut p v ng knh ng d c nh hng quyt nh n gi tr ca lc hu ch Shi, c th l: Shi = f ( 0 ; ''0 ; p;d ) Ngi ta thng biu din quan h Shi = f ( 0 ) vi cc "0 khc nhau v p = const, d = const trong h to Shi 0 (hnh v 6.6). Ton b chiu cao H ca ng ln c chia lm hai on l on hm nc H hn v on sinh hi H sh , tc l: H = H hn + H sh . (6-64) Tit din ng xy ra s si mnh c gi l tit din bt u si hay im bt u si. l hi c b hm nc kiu khng sit a c entanpi ca nc ch ra khi b hm nc nh hn entanpi ca nc si, tc l i "hn < i ' , v vy nhit nc trong bao hi thp hn nhit si. hm nc cha n si trong bao hi l: i ' i"hn i b = (6-65) K trong K l bi s tun hon. V th ch vo ng xung nc cha c t nng (hm) n trng thi si. Mc hm nc cha n si ng gp di l ln nht v bng: p i ' i og = i b + 'g H x x (6-66) p 'g i ' 'g l s thay i entanpi ca nc trn mt mt chiu cao, kJ/kg.m; Hx trong : p l chiu cao ng xung, m; px l tr lc ca ng xung, Pa. Mc t nng nc cha n si tnh cho 1 kg lu lng nc tun hon n tit din bt u si l: p i ' i ' i b + 'g H x x H hn 'g , (6-67) p 'g p i vi G kg/h lu lng nc tun hon ta c mc t nng nc cha n si bng: p i ' i ' (6-68) 'g H x x H hn 'g i b + G . p 'g p Chiu cao on hm nc (hay chiu cao ca im bt u si) c xc nh t s cn bng gia nhit lng cn truyn cho nc trong mt n v thi gian t nng nc n si trong on hm nc v nhit lng m on hm nc nhn c t bung la trong cng thi gian ni trn, t ta c:

complete

211

i b + H hn =

p i ' 'g H x x p 'g . Q vg i ' + 'g H vg G p

(6-69)

6.6. Phng php gii vng tun hon t nhin bng th.

C hai kiu vng tun hon t nhin l vng tun hon t nhin n gin v phc tp (hnh v 6.7) .

Hnh 6.7. S vng tun hon t hin. a, b - n gin; c - phc tp. 1-bao hi; 2-ng sinh hi (ng ln); 3-ng gp; 4-ng xung; 5-ng dn hn hp vo bao hi.

complete

212

 vng tun hon t nhin n gin mi ng ln u c c tnh hnh hc nh nhau bao gm ng knh, chiu di, hnh dng ng v c t nng nh nhau. Vng tun hon t nhin n gin khng c cc khu (phn t) chung vi cc vng khc, v d nh cc dn ng sinh hi t trong bung la. vng tun hon t nhin phc tp c cc ng ln c c tnh hnh hc khc nhau v c t nng khc nhau. Khu chung l cc ng xung m bo cung cp nc vo cc bng ng ln ca vng tun hon. 6.6.1. Vng tun hon t nhin n gin

Phng trnh c bn ca tun hon c dng sau: Shi = p x . (6-70) C hai v ca phng trnh ph thuc vo lu lng nc tun hon (tc tun hon), tc l: Shi = f ( 0 ) v p x = f ( 0 ) . Khi tng 0 lc hu ch Shi s gim, cn tr lc ca ng xung s tng t l vi lu lng tun hon bnh phng. Giao im hai ng cong S hi v px chnh l im lm vic A ca vng tun hon v to ca giao im ny chnh l nghim ca phng trnh (6-70), xem hnh v 6.8a.

Hnh 6.8. th gii vng tun hon t nhin n gin. a - ng sinh hi (ng ln) ni trc tip vo bao hi;b - ng sinh hi ni vo ng gp trung gian. A-im lm vic ca vng tun hon;
th 0 tc tun hon thc;

v vi th tun hon thng cho bit 3 gi tr tc tun hon 01 ; 02 ;

03 .
Khi tnh tun hon phi xc nh cc i lng theo th t sau: Tr lc ca ng xung; chiu cao im bt u si trong ng ln (on hm nc) v chiu cao on sinh hi; tit din tng i ca ng c cha hi; lc chuyn ng; tr lc ca ng ln; lc hu ch.

complete

213

Theo cc kt qu tnh ton ta v th tun hon, tc l v cc ng cong Shi = f ( 0 ) v p x = f ( 0 ) . i vi trng hp ng ln ni vo ng gp trung gian (hnh 6.8b) th phi xc nh lc hu ch trong ng sinh hi v trong ng dn hn hp. Lc hu ch ca vng vong sh o tun hon bng tng lc hu ch ca hai on ng ni trn, tc l S hi = Shi + Shi.dan , lc ny c dng khc phc tr lc ca ng nc xung px . To ca giao
t im A ca cc ng cong cho ta bit lu lng nc thc trong vng tun hon G0

vong v lc hu ch ca c vng tun hon Shi . Cc lc hu ch ca ng sinh hi v ng

sh o dn hn hp c th tm c qua to ca cc im ca cc ng cong S hi v S hi.dan t ng vi G0 (hnh 6-8b).

6.6.2 Vng tun hon t nhin phc tp

i vi vng tun hon t nhin phc tp c ng xung chung (hnh 6-7c) I II III phi xc nh lc hu ch ca tng bng ng ln, tc l S hi ; Shi ; Shi . Cc bng ng ln lm vic song song nhau ng vi ging p chung nn ng cong lc hu ch ca vng tun hon c v bng cch cng lu lng nc qua cc bng ng ln cc gi tr lc hu ch nh nhau (cng theo trc honh) v s c ng cong tng DB (hnh 6.9). Tip v ng cong tr lc ca ng nc xung OC. Giao im ca hai ng cong DB v OC l im lm vic A ca gin ( th) tun hon. To ca im A l lu lng nc tng G v lc ch vong S hi ca vng tun hon. Lu lng nc qua ng bng ng ln c tm t giao im ca ng nm ngang i qua im A vi ng cong lc hu ch ca tng bng ng ln .
6.7. Nhng hin tng ph hu tun hon t nhin
Hnh 6.9. th gii vng tun hon t nhin phc tp.

Mc ch cui cng ca vic tnh tun hon l nh gi lm vic tin cy ca cc ng sinh hi trong vng tun hon t nhin. Phi m bo nhit vch ng gn bng nhit si. Mun vy trc ht cn m bo ch sinh hi trong cc ng ln sao cho trn b mt trong ca ng lun c mt mng nc lin tc. Trong iu kin nh th s c ta nhit mnh t vch ng n mi cht ngay c khi ph ti nhit ca ng rt cao v kt qu l nhit vch ng rt gn vi nhit mi cht lu

complete

214

ng bn trong ng. Vn ny rt phc tp v s lm vic ca vng tun hon t nhin ph thuc khng nhng vo cu to ca vng tun hon m cn vo iu kin vn hnh na. Nhim v chng ta l phi xc nh nhng gii hn tn ti ca cc ch khng tin cy trn c s nhng s liu tnh ton tun hon v iu kin lm vic ca vng tun hon t nhin. Nhng ch nguy him cho cc ng ln ca vng tun hon l: s hnh thnh mc nc t do; s tun hon ngc; s phn lp ca dng hn hp hi nc; ch c bi s tun hon gii hn; s ph hoi ch lm vic bnh thng ca cc ng xung: hi sinh ra trong ng xung do gim p sut ch vo ng (thy kch) hay do ng xung b t nng, hi c th i vo ng xung t khoang hi. Hu qu l vic cung cp nc cho cc ng ln b gin on.
6.7.1 Bi s tun hon gii hn cho php

Khi bi s tun hon nh (hm lng hi ch ra cao) c th chuyn sang ch c trao i nhit km hn. cc l hi c bao hi th ch lm vic trn y km theo hin tng kt ta khng c gii hn cc tp cht trong dung dch cha bo ha ca nc l ln vch ng. Hm lng hi gii hn khi chuyn sang ch trao i nhit km hn ng vi p sut cho, ph thuc vo ph ti nhit. i vi cc l hi c bao hi cao p v siu cao p th ch c bi s tun hon bng 3 2 l nguy him. Cho nn khi K = 4 v thp hn phi kim tra li kh nng chuyn cc ng sinh hi sang ch lm vic c trao i nhit km hn. Trc ht tin hnh kim tra cc ng c t nng nhiu nht v bi s tun hon cho php trong chng cao hn, v gi tr thc t ca K thp hn gi tr trung bnh ca ton b vng tun hon.
6.7.2 S hnh thnh mc nc t do trong cc ng ln hay hin tng ngng tun hon

Ch lm vic ny xy ra nhng ng c t nng t lm vic song song vi nhng ng c t nng nhiu. Trong cc ng ln khng c t nng (ng c) nc c n nh mt mc nht nh ( htb hmax ) c trng ging p gia bao hi v ng gp di, ging p ny bng:

Hnh 6.10. S vng tun hon t nhin c mc nc t do.

complete

215

p 12 = h tb ' p x = ( h tb h max ) ' + h max '' , (6-71) v t phng trnh ny ta nhn c: p x (6-72) h max = ( ' '' )

ng c t nng yu (ng b ) c th hnh thnh mc nc t do nhng im cao hn mt cht so vi mc nc ng khng c t nng. Nhit vch ng pha trn mc nc t do c gi tr rt cao hu nh bng nhit khi xung quanh, v h s ta nhit 2 rt thp. Hi y khuch tn qua nc i ln. i vi ng c t nng t ging p gia bao hi v ng gp bng: h tb ' p x = ( h tb h td ) hh + h td '' + p l , (6-73) v sau khi bin i ta c: h tb ' hh p l = p x h td hh '' . (6-74)

V tri ca phng trnh ny l lc hu ch ca ng c mc nc t do. Lc chuyn ng y gm hai phn: ca on di v on trn mc t do. nhng ng c t nng bnh thng (ng a ) khi khng c mc nc t do ( htd = 0 ) th c cn bng ca lc chuyn ng v tr lc:
h tb ' hh p l = p x .

(6-75)

Khi so snh hai phng trnh (6-74) v (6-75) ta thy lc chuyn ng ng c mc nc t do nh hn tr lc ca cc ng xung. Do mc t nng cho nu lc chuyn ng ca ng nh hn lc chuyn ng ca ton vng tun hon th bt u c mc nc t do. Ta c th xc nh c gii hn chuyn t ch tun hon bnh thng sang ch c mc nc t do bng th (qua biu tun hon hnh v 6.11). Lc hu ch tng ng vi ch Hnh 6.11. Gin tun hnhhon tnh lc hu ch khi ptd s nm giao im gia ng cong lc hu ch thnh mc nc t do hnh thnh mc nct do. ca ng cho vi ng thng ng i qua gi tr lu lng nc bng lu lng hi ng Dh . Nu lc ny nh hn hoc bng lc hu ch ca vng tun hon th c mc nc t do. Nu lc hu ch trong tng ng c t nng t ng vi ch c mc ng nc t do Phi m ln hn lc hu ch tng ca c vng tun hon th khng c mc nc t do. Do gii hn chuyn t ch c mc t do sang ch tun hon bnh thng c biu th bng bt phng trnh sau: Ptd > 1, (6-76) Phi

complete

216

Khi a vo h s d tr bng 1,15 ta c: Ptd > 1,15 . (6-77) Phi Lc hu ch ca ng c mc t do khi b qua tr lc ca cc ng ln bng: Ptd = h n kt ( ' '' ) , (6-78) trong : kt l phn tit din ng ln do hi chim khi hi khuch tn qua lp nc; hdn l chiu cao ca ng ln c t nng. Trong tnh ton ta thng dng phng php gii.
6.7.3 S tun hon ngc

Trong nhng iu kin nht nh khi cc ng ln c ni vo khoang nc ca bao hi m b t nng yu th chng c th lm vic nh nhng ng xung. Khi dng i xung c tc thp th cc bt hi c th bi ln rt chm. Khi cc bt hi ha vo nhau thnh bt ln c th chim mt phn ng k tit din ng. Hin tng ny thng thy na trn ca ng nghing. Do c hin tng trn m 2 gim v ng s c nhit cao. Quy lut thay i lc hu ch trong ng t nng ty thuc hng lu ng v lng hi sinh ra trong ng: Phi = h tb ' hh m p l = p x . (6-79)

Khi dng i ln ta ly du tr v khi dng i xung ta ly du cng. Trn c s phng trnh ny ta v th tun hon ca ng ng trong hnh v 6.12. Khi tng lu lng nc trong ng c ch i xung th lc hu ch ca n lc u gim xung sau tng ln. S gim ban u ca lc hu ch l do gim i lng ( ' hh ) v do tr lc tng tng i t. Khi tip tc tng lu lng nc th tr lc ca ng tng ln theo quy lut bc hai. Trong vng c lu lng nh (min gch cho trn hnh v 6.12) ng thng ng c ch lm vic khng n nh, chuyn ng i ln b thay th bng chuyn ng i xung, tc l xy ra p mch dng mi cht. Nu ng nm ngang th c th c s phn lp n nh. Lc hu ch ca ch tun hon ngc Png tng ng vi im cc tiu ca ng cong lc hu ch pha tri th tun hon. Nu lc hu ch ca vng tun hon nh hn lc gii hn th khng c tun hon ngc. Do iu kin khng xy ra tun hon ngc l: Png 1,15 . (6-80) Phi xc nh lc hu ch ca ng c tun hon ngc ta phi v ng cong lc hu ch na bn tri ca th tun hon.

complete

217

Nhng ng ln ni vo khoang hi ca bao hi s khng xy ra tun hon ngc. Khi c ng gp trung gian ca dn ng c th c tun hon ngc. Trong trng hp ny cn kim tra ch c tun hon ngc theo lc hu ch gia ng gp trung gian v ng gp di.
Hnh 6.12. c tnh tun hon ca ng ng khi c tun hon ngc.

Hnh 6.12. c tnh tun hon ca ng ng khi c tun hon ngc

6.7.4 S ph hy ch lm vic ca cc ng nc xung

vng tun hon lm vic bnh thng phi cung cp v lin tc nc cho cc ng ln. Hin tng gim lu lng nc vo cc ng xung xy ra khi c hi sinh ra trong cc ng ny. Nguyn nhn l do ng nc xung b t nng, do hi t bao hi i vo ng xung, do si nc khi gim p sut t ngt.
1. S sinh hi trong cc ng nc xung do gim p sut tit din vo ng

Hin tng ny gi l s xm thc. p sut tnh tit din vo ng l: 2 (6-81) p v = p b + h m 'g ( v + 1) x ' , 2 trong pv v pb ln lt l p sut ch vo ng xung v trong bao hi.
y pv ln hay nh hn pb ph thuc vo du ca hiu s trong ngoc vung. Nu pv < pb th nc trong bao hi gn si s si tit din vo ng nc xung. Do vy iu kin khng c xm thc trong ng nc xung l: 2 h m 'g ( v + 1) x ' 0 , (6-82) 2 2 hoc: h m ( v + 1) x , (6-83) 2g vi v = 0, 2 0,5 , ty thuc cch ni ng.

complete

218

Hnh 6.13. S thay i p sut: a- trong ng nc xung; b tit din vo ng nc xung.

S xm thc sinh ra c quan h vi mc nc khng cao pha trn ng nc xung, tc nc trong cc ng xung cng ln th mc nc pha trn ng xung cng cn phi ln. V vy m cc ng nc xung lun lun c ni vo pha gn y bao hi (khoang nc).
2. Hi t bao hi i vo ng nc xung khi sinh ra cc phu xoy pha trn ng nc xung. S hnh thnh phu xoy s xy ra khi lp nc pha trn ng nc xung khng ln. Chiu cao cc i ca lp nc hl c th sinh ra phu xoy ty thuc tc nc chy trong ng xung v ng knh ca ng ny (xem hnh v 6.14). Nu cp nc i xng th phu xoy ch sinh ra khi hl kh nh, tc l khi h1=50 100mm. Khi cp nc khng i xng do dng sinh ra cc xoy nn c kh nng to thnh phu. Trong trng hp ny phu xoy c th xut hin khi chiu cao lp nc bn trn ng xung bng 150 200 mm. Thc t mc nc trong bao hi pha trn ng nc xung thng ln hn 300 500 mm nn khng sinh ra phu xoy. mc nc ny phu xoy ch sinh ra khi ng knh ng xung rt ln, v d cc l hi tun hon cng bc nhiu ln.
Hnh 6.14. Quan h gia chiu cao ti a ca lp nc c phu xoy sinh ra vi tc ; ng knh trong ca ng tng ng bng: 1-32 mm, 2-63 mm, 3-107 mm.

trnh to ra phu xoy ngi ta t ca vo ng nc xung bng mt ci chao c li. Khi chiu cao cho php cc tiu ca lp nc c th gim i hai ln.
c) Hi c th b dng nc ko vo ng xung

complete

219

Hi c th b dng nc (nc l) ko xung nu tc bi ln ca bt hi trong bao hi nh hn tc dng i xung x > h , hay iu kin hi b ko vo ng xung l:
g 2 3 ' +0,15 x > 2,5 ( ''0 ) 4 . (6-84) ' '' '' Khi tng hm lng mui ca nc l th tc chuyn ng i ln ca cc bt hi b gim i. Do vy, i vi nc l c mui cao th xc sut ko hi vo cc ng xung s ln hn.
1 3 2

6.8. Cc bin php nng cao tin cy ca tun hon t nhin

Ch tun hon khng tin cy sinh ra trc ht nhng ng c t nng khc vi mc t nng trung bnh. nhng ng b t nng nhiu, c bit nhng l hi siu cao p, khi bi s tun hon c gi tr nh th c kh nng xut hin cc ch c trao i nhit km. Ngc li s hnh thnh mc nc t do (ngng tun hon) v tun hon ngc xy ra trc ht nhng ng c t nng t. Do vy phi dng nhng bin php v cu to v vn hnh lm cho cc ng ca vng tun hon hp thu nhit ging nhau mi c th tng c tin cy tun hon. Bng cch phn on cc dn ng c th gim s chnh lch v mc t nng cc ng sinh hi ca mt vng tun hon. Mi vng tun hon nh c ng nc xung ring v ng ln hoc ng dn hn hp t ng gp trung gian ring. Mi vng tun hon ch gm mt s t ng nn mc t nng chng nh nhau. Chiu rng mi phn on tun hon bng khong 1, 0 1,5 m. Bin php vn nng nht nhm tng tin cy tun hon l tng tit din cc ng nc xung. Khi c lu lng nc tun hon tng, c lu lng nc qua tng ng ca vng tun hon s c tng ln (xem hnh v 6.15). Lc hu ch lc gim xung v d tr ngn nga tun hon ngc v hnh thnh mc nc t do cng s gim xung. Vi cc l hi hin i tit din cc ng nc xung bng 25 50% tit din cc ng ln. Tc nc trong cc ng nc xung khng c nh hn 0,6 0,8 m/s.

complete

220

Hnh 6.15. Hon thin c tnh tun hon bng cch tng tit din cc ng nc xung.

i vi vng tun hon t nhin c ng gp trung gian phi lm cc ng dn hn hp t ng gp trung gian n bao hi c tr lc ti thiu, ng thi cc gin ng sinh hi ca vng tun hon ny phi c lm cao ln.

complete

221

Chng 7. Ch nc ca l hi v cc phng php thu nhn hi sch

7.1. Cc tp cht trong nc thin nhin v nhng ch tiu cht lng ca nc 7.1.1. Cc tp cht trong nc thin nhin Theo kch thc ht c th chia cc tp cht thnh 3 nhm: + Tp cht th gm cc ht c kch thc >100 nanomet (1 nanomet = 10-9m); + Tp cht keo gm cc ht c kch thc t 1-100 nanomet; + Tp cht dng phn t gm cc ht c kch thc < 1 nanomet. Nhng tp cht th lm c nc thin nhin v l nhng tp cht c kh, gm ct, t st v cc ht c ngun gc khong v ngun gc hu c. Vt cht keo c kch thc ht nm gia vt cht th v vt cht dng phn t. Cc cht keo khng lng mc d thi gian rt di. Cc hp cht ca silic, nhm, st v cc cht hu c hnh thnh do phn hy ng vt v thc vt nm trong nc thin nhin trng thi keo n phn tn. Cc mui, axit, kim v cc kh ha tan trong nc thuc v cc cht phn tn dng phn t v dng ion. Thnh phn ca nc thin nhin c xc nh bi cc ion sau: K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, SO42-, HSiO32-. Cc ion cn li nh: CO32-, H+, OH-, NH4+, NO2-, NO32-, Fe2+, Cu2+, thng c trong nc thin nhin vi mt lng khng ng k, song chng c nh hng quan trng n cc tnh cht ca nc ni chung cng nh cc c im ca nc trong l hi, trong ng nc cp v trong bnh ngng ca tuabin. Ngun chnh sinh ra cc ion Ca2+ trong nc thin nhin l vi CaCO3 v mt ngun khc l thch cao CaSO4.2H2O. Cc ion Mg2+ c trong nc khi ha tan dolomit (MgCO3.CaCO3) do c CO2 t do trong nc.

122

7.1.2. Nhng ch tiu cht lng nc Nhng ch tiu quan trng nht ca cht lng nc gm c hm lng cc cht l lng, cht kh, cng ton phn v cc thnh phn ca n, kim ton phn v cc thnh phn ca n, nng cc ion hydro v hm lng cc cht kh ha tan c tc dng n mn kim loi nh O2 v CO2. c cht lng y ca nc ngi ta xc nh thm hm lng cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, cc ion cacbonat, sunfat, silicat v cc hp cht ca st, nhm. 1. Hm lng cc cht l lng tnh bng mg/kg. 2. Cht kh ca nc l s lng cc cht keo v phn t c ngun gc hu c v ngun gc khong khng bay hi v c ha tan trong nc, tnh bng mg/kg. Cht kh c xc nh bng cch cho mu nc lc s b bc hi sau sy phn khng bay hi 1100C n khi khi lng khng thay i. 3. cng ca nc : l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nht ca cht lng nc dng cho l hi nht l l hi nh my nhit in. + cng ton phn ca nc H0 bng tng nng ca cc ion canxi ( cng canxi HCa) v cc ion magie ( cng magie HMg), tnh bng mgl/kg hay gl/t hay gl/kg: (7-1) H0 = HCa + HMg tnh i nng canxi v magie t n v mg/kg sang mgl/kg ta chia nng ca chng cho khi lng ng lng ca cc cation y, tc l: C 2+ (7-2) H Ca = Ca , mgl/kg 20,04 C Mg 2 + H Mg = , mgl/kg, (7-3) 12,16 trong : C Ca 2 + v C Mg 2 + l nng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ c trong nc, mgl/kg; 20,04 v 12,16 l khi lng ng lng ca Canxi v Magie. cng ton phn ca nc c phn thnh cng cacbonat v cng khng cc bonat.

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+ cng cacbonat ca nc HC sinh ra ch yu do c cc canxi bicacbonat Ca(HCO3)2 v magie bicacbonat Mg(HCO3)2 trong nc. + cng khng cacbonat ca nc HKC: cng ny sinh ra do c cc clorua, sunfat v cc mui khng cacbonat khc ca Canxi v Magie nh: CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4, CaSiO3, MgSiO3,.. cng khng cacbonat cn gi l cng vnh cu. Do cng ton phn ca nc H0 mt mt l bng tng cc cng canxi v magie v mt khc bng tng cc cng cacbonat v khng cacbonat. Phn loi nc thin nhin theo cng ton phn nh sau: H0 < 1,5 mgl/kg nc c cng nh; H0 = 1,5 - 3,0 mgl/kg nc c cng trung bnh; H0 = 3,0 - 6,0 mgl/kg nc c cng nng cao; H0 = 6,0 12,0 mgl/kg nc c cng cao; H0 > 12,0 mgl/kg nc c cng rt cao. 4. kim tng qut ca nc K0 (mgl/kg) l tng nng cc anion OH-, HCO3-, CO32-, PO43-, HSiO3-, SiO32- v cc mui ca cc axit hu c yu c trong nc. Ty thuc vo cc anion gy ra kim m ngi ta phn bit thnh: a- kim hydrat Kh do c ion hydroxyl OH- trong nc to ra; b- kim cacbonat KC do c ion cacbonat CO32- trong nc; c- kim bicacbonat KbC do c cc b160 d- icacbonat HCO3- trong nc. 5. Cc vt cht hu c Vic xc nh trc tip nng cc vt cht hu c thc t khng th lm c, nn hm lng ca chng c xc nh bng con ng gin tip khi xc nh oxy ha ca nc dng kali pemanganat KMnO4 lm cht oxy ha trong mi trng axit. 6. Nng ion hydro Cc ion hydro H+ v hydroxyl OH- sinh ra trong nc do phn hy nc: (7-4) H2O H+ + OH-

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Cc ion H+ c th c trong dung dch do phn hy cc axit, v d: HCl H+ + Cl(7-5) Cc ion OH- sinh ra do phn hy cht kim, v d: NaOH Na+ + OH(7-6) 0 Trong nc nguyn cht v ha hc 23 C th cc nng v C OH bng 10-7 g ion/kg v chng c trng phn ng trung

C H+

ha cht lng. Trong mi trng axit C H + > 10-7 g ion/kg > C OH , trong mi trng kim th ngc li C H + < 10-7 g ion/kg < C OH C th biu din phn ng ca dung dch mt cch thun tin hn qua ch s PH hay POH, chng l logarit m ca nng cc ion tng ng. Trong mi trng trung ha PH = 7 = POH. Mi trng axit c pH < 7 < POH, mi trng kim c pH > 7 > POH.
Tnh axit v tnh kim Axit yu Trung ha Kim yu Kim mnh PH 4,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 10 11 14

7. Cc cht kh ha tan trong nc. Cc cht kh nh N2, O2, CO2, ha tan trong nc. CO2 v O2 c tc dng gy n mn kim loi. ha tan ca cc cht kh trong nc ph thuc vo nhit ca nc v phn p sut ca kh pha trn mt nc. 7.1.3. Cht lng nc thin nhin Nc thin nhin gm nc b mt nh nc sng, h, bin, h cha nc nhn to v nc ngm. Cht lng nc b mt nht l nc sng h thay i theo thi gian v ma trong mt nm, ng thi theo chiu di sng cht lng nc cng khc nhau. Nc sng thng cha mt s lng tng i khng ln cc mui ha tan khong 500 600 mg/kg. Nc sng thng c cc cation Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ v cc anion HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-. Ch tiu pH ca nc sng thng bng 6,5 7,5.

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Nc sng thng cha mt s lng nht nh cc cht l lng v dao ng trong phm vi rng ty thuc vo lng nc ma. Nc h v bin c t l cc cation v anion gn nh nhau. Hm lng mui ca nc h v bin gn bng 35 g/kg. Cc ion chnh ca nc bin l Na+ v Cl-. cng ton phn ca nc h nm trong phm vi 215 225 mgl/kg, trong cng cacbonat bng khong 15 mgl/kg Nc ngm c thnh phn ha hc rt khc nhau. Nc di t cha mt lng ng k CO2 ha tan, st v H2S. 7.2. Nhim v ch nc ca l hi. Nc cp cho l hi cc nh my in gm nc ngng ca tuabin v nc b sung c x l b li tn tht nc v hi. cc nh my nhit in ngng hi thun ty cc tn tht nc v hi gm hi tiu th truyn ng c cu ph, thi bi tro bm bn cc b mt t, thng hi lm mt b qu nhit trong lc t l, chn tuabin hi v r r nhng ch h trn ng hi, ng nc; tn tht ny khng ln hn 1 3% sn lng nh mc ca phn xng l hi. V th nc cp cho l hi gm 96 98 % nc ngng ca tuabin v 2 4 % nc b sung. cc trung tm nhit in lng nc ngng v nc b sung dao ng trong phm vi rt rng ty thuc c tnh ca cc b tiu th nhit (nc nng, hi trch t tuabin c tr li nc hay khng, hi ly t b qu nhit), trong mt s trng hp nc b sung t n 40 50% v c th ln hn. i khi nc ngng do cc b tiu th hi tr v b bn nn khng th dng ngay lm nc cp cho l hi c. Cc tp cht khng mong mun c nh cc mui v hp cht ca cc kim loi nng thm nhp vo nc theo cc ng khc nhau. Ngun sinh ra cc tp cht ch yu l lt (r) nc lm lnh qua cc ch h trong cc bnh gia nhit cung cp nhit ca mng nhit, S c mt ca cc tp cht trong nc cp c th dn n to ra cu cn bm trn b mt t ca l hi v ph hy ch lm vic bnh thng ca l, lm xu cht lng hi v n mn cc chi tit kim loi ng hi v nc. V th l hi lm vic lin tc v kinh t th nhim v ca ch nc phi:

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1- Ngn nga hoc gim thiu s to thnh cu bm trn cc b mt truyn nhit (b mt t); 2- Ngn nga hoc gim thiu qu trnh n mn kim loi ng nc v hi; 3- m bo thu c hi c sch yu cu. 7.3. S to thnh cu cn trong l hi v ng nc cp Nc cp ca l hi lun lun cha mt lng nht nh cc vt cht ha tan nh nhng hp cht v c khng bay hi v cc cht bay hi (cht kh). Mi cht ha tan trong nc (tr cc cht kh, cc axit cacbonic v silicic) u b phn hy hon ton tc l chng l cc cht in phn mnh. Cc axit cacbonic v silicic l cc cht in phn yu. Nc l l dung dch nc ca cc hp cht ha hc khc nhau, trong nc l xy ra qu trnh ha l phc tp v kt qu l tch pha rn ra khi dung dch trc tip bm chc trn b mt kim loi, gi l cu bm hoc trng thi cc ht l lng trong nc l, gi l bn. Bn cng tch t li th hoc bin thnh cht xp khng bm vo b mt kim loi v c th d dng x ra ngoi hoc bm vo b mt kim loi gi l cu th cp. S tch pha cng ra khi nc l c th xy ra do nhng nguyn nhn sau: 1- Do xy ra phn ng gia cc cht khc nhau c trong nc; 2- Do gim ha tan mt s mui khi tng nhit (cc mui c h s ha tan m); 3- Do tng nng mui trong nc l khi bay hi. S phn ng gia cc hp cht khc nhau nm trong nc c t nng v bc hi c th dn n to thnh v tch cc cht kh ha tan ra khi dung dch. Cc cht ny l CaSO4, CaCO3, MgCO3, CaSiO3, v MgSiO3, cc hydroxyt Ca(OH)2 v Mg(OH)2, Qu trnh lng cc hp cht kh ha tan ni trn tun theo quy lut tch s ha tan. Quy lut ny ni rng trong dung dch bo ha ca cht kh ha tan th tch s nng cc ion nm trong dung dch nhit cho l i lng khng i: (7-7) C + . A = TH C n A n = const , n n

[ ][ ]

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trong : [Cn+] v [An-] l nng cc cation v anion trong nc; TH l gi tr bng s ca tch s ha tan, gi tr ny khng i nhit cho vi cht cho trc. Do nu TH C n A n > C + . A th dung dch cha bo ha n n

[ ][ ]

v cc cht cn s khng lng. Nu TH C n A n < C + . A th dung n n dch qu bo ha v xy ra qu trnh lng cn. Cho nn tch s ha tan c trng gii hn ha tan ca cht in phn nhit cho v ph thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca cht y. V d tch s ha tan ca mt s cht nm trong nc c din t nh sau: Ca 2+ . SO 2 = TH CaSO 4 4

[ ][ ]

[ ][ ] [Mg ][SO ] = TH . [Ca ][SiO ] = TH .

2+ 2 4 2+ 2 3

MgSO 4 CaSiO 3

S gim ha tan ca mt s cht khi tng nhit cng dn n lng cn. V d cc mui ha tan ca canxi v magie c h s ha tan m. Quan h gia ha tan ca cc cht to thnh cu ch yu v mt s hp cht d ha tan vi nhit c minh ha trong cc hnh v 7.1 v 7.2. S tch (lng) cc cht cha trong nc cp ra khi dung dch xy ra ch yu di dng tinh th. S kt tinh cc cht c th xy ra trn b mt kim loi v trong th tch dung dch. Nhng trung tm ca qu trnh kt tinh bao gm nhm ca b mt, cc ht keo v cc bt kh nm trong dung dch, cc ht l lng. Cc cht to thnh cu l nhng cht b kt tinh trn b mt kim loi di dng cc cht lng th rn lin kt chc vi kim loi.

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Hnh 7.1. ha tan ca cc cht to thnh cu ch yu c trong nc

Hnh 7.2. ha tan ca mt s hp cht d ha tan c trong nc

Nhng cht b kt tinh trong th tch nc l di dng cc tinh th l lng trong dung dch gi l bn. Cc hp cht ca canxi v magie t ha tan c mt trong nc l chnh l cc cht to thnh cu bm. CaSiO3 to ra cu cng dnh cht vo vch ng kim loi. Cu ny c = 0,12 W / mK tc l nh hn 400 ln so vi h s dn nhit ca thp cacbon thng thng. Cho nn khi c lp cu ny rt mng cng lm tng r rt nhit vch ng. CaSO4 cng l cu chc, n c = 0,23 2,33 W / mK . CaCO3 c th to ra cc cu cng hay bn. Cc hp cht silicat ca magie nh MgSiO3, 3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O to ra bn v d thi ra ngoi. S to thnh cu cng trn b mt ng sinh hi xy ra do kt qu ca cc qu trnh ha l v in ha phc tp, khng nhng cc cht to thnh cu m c cc oxyt kim loi (st, nhm, km), cc kim loi nguyn cht (ng) v cc cht d ha tan u tham gia vo cc qu trnh sinh cu.

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Cu sinh ra trong l hi c cc tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ha hc khc nhau. Nhng ch tiu ch yu ca cu l xp, cng v kh nng dn nhit. Ty theo cng v xp ca cu m xc nh c cu to v thnh phn ha hc ca cu v kh nng c th thi cu bng bin php c kh hay khng. dn nhit ca cu ty thuc cu to v thnh phn ha hc ca cu. m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca l hi cn m bo ch lm vic khng sinh ra cu. Mun vy mt mt phi lm mm tht su nc b sung v kh hin tng lt nc tun hon trong bnh ngng, mt khc phi m bo cht lng cn thit ca nc l. Mc du c nhiu bin php dng nng cao cht lng nc cp v nc l nhng vn c cu sinh ra nn phi dng bin php c kh hay dng axit thi cu ra ngoi. chng ng cu l cc hp cht ca st, ng trong ng sinh hi v ng qu nhit (cc loi ny to ra l thng v r kim) cn phi duy tr nng st v ng trong nc l v nc cp mc ti thiu bng cch kh kh ha tan trong nc. Bng 7.1. Gi tr trung bnh ca h s dn nhit ca mt s cu cn
Dng cu v thnh phn ha hc ca n Cu cha du Cu silicat (c hm lng SiO2 bng hoc ln hn 20 25%) Cu thch cao (c hm lng CaSO4 n 50%) Cu cacbonat (c hm lng CaCO3 + MgCO3 ln hn 50%) Cu hn hp gm thch cao, cacbonat, silicat canxi v magie c tnh ca cu Cng Cng Rn, chc T bt khng nh hnh n l cng Cng, chc H s dn nhit

, W/mK

0,116 - 0,175 0,058- 0,232 0,580 - 2,900 0,580 - 7,000 0,800 - 3,500

7.4. Qu trnh n mn kim loi b mt truyn nhit

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S n mn kim loi b mt t ca l hi l s ph hy kim loi di tc dng ca mi trng xung quanh (hi, nc, khi) do cc qu trnh ha hc v in ha hc. Qu trnh ph hy kim loi do tng tc ha hc trc tip gia kim loi vi mi trng xung quanh l s n mn ha hc. S n mn in ha hc khc vi s n mn ha hc ch cc phn ng xy ra c km theo sinh ra dng in. C cc dng n mn sau (hnh v 7.3): S n mn ng u l s ph hy kim loi xy ra vi tc nh nhau trn ton b hay hu nh trn ton b b mt tip xc vi mi trng n mn (xm thc).

Hnh 7.3. Cc dng n mn kim loi. 1-ng u; 2-vt lot; 3-im; 4-gia cc tinh th; 5-xuyn ngang tinh th.

Trong trng hp n mn khu vc th s ph hy kim loi xy ra trn tng phn ca b mt. n mn khu vc thng c cc dng sau: n mn im, vt, gia cc tinh th, xuyn ngang tinh th v la chn. n mn vt xut hin trn tng phn nh ca b mt, nhng thng t n su ng k. ng knh vt khoang nc ca bao hi bng 4 5mm, v nhng ng sinh hi c khi thy cc h rt ln b ph bi mt lp oxyt st dy. Khi ng knh vt bng 0,2 1mm th gi l n mn im v thng n mn im gy ra cc l xuyn thng nn n mn im l nguy him nht. S ph hy kim loi trn bin ca cc ht gi l n mn gia cc tinh th. Khi y bn c hc ca kim loi b gim v c th hnh thnh cc vt rn gia cc tinh th. Dng n mn ny c nhng ng thp stenit. Khi n mn xuyn qua tinh th th vt rn i xuyn qua ht kim loi.

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Tt c cc dng h hng kim loi do n mn u c th c trong l hi v thng c s kt hp mt s dng h hng do n mn. Tc n mn u v n mn vt c xc nh theo gim khi lng ca phn t b n mn, tnh bng g/m2h hay theo chiu su n mn tnh bng mm/nm. Khi chn tc n mn cho php trong ng nc cp cn phi k n s tng ln ca hm lng tp cht trong nc cp, ch yu l cc hp cht st t ha tan. Cc sn phm n mn trong nc cp lm tng hm lng bn trong l hi, bn ny cng tham gia vo s to ra cu bm trn b mt t. Khi nc lu ng trong vng tun hon vi tc nh th bn nm li ng gp hay tit din vo ca ng sinh hi do lm gim tit din cho nc i hoc c th lm tc ng nc. Khng cho php xy ra s ph hy kim loi do n mn gia cc tinh th v n lm gim bn c hc ca kim loi mc d tn tht khi lng nh hn nhiu so vi n mn u v n mn vt. Trong bng 7.2 cho bit s phn loi cng n mn cc ng sinh hi v ng hm nc. (Thi hn phc v ca ng l 20 nm c ly lm c s tnh tc n mn cho php). Bng 7.2. Cng n mn cc ng sinh hi v ng hm nc (thi hn phc v ca ng l 20 nm)
c tnh ca qu trnh n mn Thc t l khng c n mn yu n mn cho php n mn mnh n mn s c Tc n mn vt lot, mm/nm Trung p 0,00 0,05 0,05 0,10 0,10 0,15 0,15 0,60 0,60 Cao p 0,00 0,05 0,00 0,20 0,20 0,30 0,30 1,20 1,20 Tc n mn u, mm/nm Trung, cao p 0,00 0,02 0,03 0,08 0,08 0,12 0,13 0,40 0,40 Vt nt do n mn Khng c Khng c Khng c Pht hin c Pht hin thy

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 phng nga n mn v ngn nga cc sn phm n mn lm bn nc cp cn phi bit c ch v cc iu kin tin hnh qu trnh n mn. Trong l hi c c n mn ha hc v n mn in ha hc v nhiu khi c hai qu trnh ny xy ra ng thi. * n mn ha hc thun ty: v d n mn ca hi nc trong cc ng ca b qu nhit do oxy ha kim loi bi hi qu nhit: (7-8) 3Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 Dng n mn ny c c tnh ng u. Mng oxyt st Fe3O4 c tc dng bo v b mt ng khi b n mn tip theo. cc ng sinh hi n mn do hi nc ch xy ra khi ph hy thy ng ca chng nh phn lp hn hp hi nc v ngng tun hon. Nhng yu t c bn nh hng n cng n mn hi nc l nhit v thnh phn ha hc ca kim loi. i vi thp cacbon nhit < 5000C th tc n mn hi nc c tr s nh. Khi tip tc tng nhit th tc n mn tng ln nhanh chng. Khi b sung cc nguyn t hp kim nh Mo, Cr, Ni vo thp th tnh n nh chng n mn bi hi nc ca thp s tng ln. * n mn in ha hc: Nhiu qu trnh n mn kim loi trong l hi l qu trnh in ha hc. S n mn ny xy ra do tc dng ca cc kh c hot tnh n mn nh O2, CO2, ca dung dch cc cht in phn (cc mui, cc axit, cc cht kim) c sinh ra dng in i t phn ny n phn khc ca kim loi. S d sinh ra dng in v khi kim loi tip xc vi cc cht in phn th trn b mt kim loi sinh ra cc pin in rt nh. Nguyn nhn xut hin cc pin in nh ch yu l do tnh khng ng nht v in ha hc ca b mt phn chia gia kim loi v cht in phn do b mt kim loi khng ng nht, khi c cu bm trn tng phn ca b mt t, do cht in phn c nng khc nhau v do phn b khng ng u cc sn phm n mn trn b mt kim loi. Hiu in th ca cc pin in (gy n mn) ch ng k trong giai on u khi sinh ra cc pin in y, sau mt khong thi gian rt ngn hiu in th ny s gim xung r rt. S gim hiu in th ban u ca cc in cc ca pin in nh khi c dng in i qua gi l s phn cc. V th s phn cc s lm gim cng n mn. S phn cc b gim i khi trong cht in phn c cc cht c kh nng phc hi th in cc. Nhng cht nh vy gi l cht kh cc v qu trnh gim phn cc gi l qu trnh kh cc.

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Ngi ta phn bit s kh cc anot v s kh cc catot. S kh cc anot c c trng bng s chuyn kim loi vo dung dch v gii phng cc (in t) electron; s kh cc catot c trng bi s tip nhn cc electron ca cht kh cc v do cng dng in n mn s tng ln. Cht kh cc (n mn) hot tnh nht l oxy ha tan trong nc, n gy ra s kh cc catot rt mnh do nhn cc electron v to ra cc ion hydroxyl: 4e + O2 +2H2O 4OH(7-9) Cc ion hydro nm trong nc cng gy ra s kh cc catot (s kh cc hydro) do kt hp cc electron m chng bin thnh cc phn t hydro: 2e + 2H+ H2 (7-10) Kt qu ca cc qu trnh n mn l anot c s tng nng cc ion kim loi, cn catot c s tch t cc ion OH-. Khi chng tng tc vi nhau s to ra hydroxyt st hai: (7-11) Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 Khi trong nc c oxy ha tan th Fe(OH)2 chuyn thnh Fe(OH)3 khng ha tan trong nc: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 (7-12) Qu trnh ny lm gim nng cc ion st trong dung dch anot v do dn n tng cng s n mn do kh cc anot. CO2 t do c trong nc cng lm tng qu trnh n mn v khi ng thi c O2 v CO2 trong nc s xy ra song song cc qu trnh kh cc oxy v kh cc hydro. Cho nn iu kin quan trng phng nga n mn in ha hc l kh kh cho nc, tc l thi O2 v CO2 ra khi nc. 7.5. Ch nc ca l hi Ch nc ca l hi phi c t chc nh th no m bo s lm vic tin cy v kinh t ca l v hi sn xut ra c cht lng cao. Trc ht phi m bo cht lng nc cp, phi c nhng yu cu nht nh i vi cc tp cht c trong nc cp cho l hi. Ch nc l hi c bao hi khc l hi trc lu. l hi c bao hi ch nc c xc nh bi p sut hi, cn l hi trc lu th cht lng nc cp phi nh nhau i vi bt k p sut no.

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Vic t chc tt ch nc ca l hi s ngn nga s sinh cu v loi tr s n mn v gim s bm mui trong phn truyn hi ca tuabin. 7.5.1. Ch nc ca l hi c bao hi (l hi tun hon t nhin) Tiu chun cht lng nc cp cho l hi c bao hi phi tha mn nhng yu cu trong bng 7.3. Bng 7.3. Tiu chun cht lng nc cp cho l hi c bao hi, tun hon t nhin.
p sut hi trong bao hi ca l, Mpa cng ton phn, gl/ kg 15 10 5 Hm lng cho php ti a trong nc cp Hp Axit cht silic Hp cht Oxy ng tnh st tnh Du, ha tnh i i sang mg/k i tan, sang g sang g/kg Fe, 2SiO3 , g/kg Cu, g/kg g/kg 30 75 3 100 20 35 20 1 50 10 20 10 0,5

< 4,0 4,0 10,0 >10,0

pH ca nc cp phi nm trong phm vi 7,0 8,5. Vic hn ch i lng ny v hm lng oxy trong nc nhm ngn nga n mn in ha hc trong ng hi nc ca l hi. Khng th m bo ch lm vic ca l hi khng c cu ch bng cch tun theo cc tiu chun cht lng nc cp m cn phi thi ra ngoi l cc tp cht c trong nc l bng cch x lin tc, x nh k v x l nc bn trong l hay x l nc l ( phng php hiu chnh). x l nc l thng dng natriphotphat Na3PO4. Khi tng r rt kim ca nc l ngi ta dng natri hidrophotphat Na2HPO4, nhng cht ny kt hp vi cc cht to thnh cu ri tch ra khi dung dch di dng bn v c x ra ngoi, phng php ny gi l phng php photphat ha nc l. Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra nh sau: 2Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Na3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 6NaHCO3; (7-13) 2Ca(HCO3)2 + 2Na3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6NaHCO3; (7-14)

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Trong phng php ny cc cation Ca2+ kt hp vi cc ion photphat to ra Ca3(PO4)2 hoc ng vi kim xc nh ca nc s to ra hydroxyl apatit Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, cn cc ion Mg2+ s lng di dng photphat 3 magie Mg3(PO4)2. C hai hp cht ny t ha tan trong nc. Photphat ha nc l bng cch cho vo bao hi mt lng photphat tng tc vi cht to thnh cu c trong nc l v cn d mt lng no . Trong iu kin nh vy th hm lng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong nc s nh n mc loi tr c s sinh cu. Lng d PO43- bng khong 7 15 mg/l. Phng php khc bo v kim loi khi b tc dng ca kim nng cao trong l hi l gim tnh n mn ca nc l bng cch duy tr mt t l nht nh gia nng kim hydrat v cc ion khc. Tiu chun cht lng nc l v ch x l phi c xc nh cho tng l hi trn c s th nghim nhit ha. Cn lu l phi m bo thu c hi c cht lng ph hp vi yu cu. 7.5.2. Ch nc ca l hi trc lu. nhng l hi trc lu khng c b phn phn ly amar th ton b nc cp c bc hi. V khng c x ra ngoi nn mi tp cht c trong nc cp hoc s bm ln b mt t ca l hi hoc bay theo hi vo tuabin. Do vy phi t ra nhng yu cu kht khe i vi cht lng nc cp cho l hi trc lu khng c b phn ly m (xem bng 7.4). Bng 7.4. Tiu chun cht lng nc i vi l hi trc lu khng c b phn ly m
Cc ch tiu cht lng nc cp - cng ton phn, gl/kg - Axit silic tnh i sang SiO32-, g/kg - Cc hp cht Natri tnh i sang Na2SO4, g/kg - pH - Hm lng oxy ha tan, g/kg Hm lng cho php ti a

1 20 50 7,0-8,5 10

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- Hm lng hp cht st tnh i sang Fe, g/kg - Hm lng hp cht ng i sang Cu, g/kg - Hm lng du, mg/l

20 10 Ch c vt

ngn nga n mn ng hi nc ca l hi trc lu cn kh kh bng nhit tht tt cho nc cp, pH ca nc cp < 7,0. Ngoi kh kh bng nhit ngi ta cn cho thm hydrazyn N2H4 vo nc cp, n s lin kt vi oxy d trong nc cp theo phng trnh sau: N2H4 + O2 N2 + 2H2O (7-15) Vic dng hydrazyn bo v kim loi khi b n mn c bit c hiu qu. Mun vy cp nc c hydrazyn vi s lng khong 15 20 mg/l vo l. 7.6. Cc phng php x l nc cp cho l hi X l nc trc khi cp vo l hi kh n mc ti thiu nhng vt cht tan v khng tan c trong nc. Di y s trnh by cc phng php x l nc thng dng. 7.6.1. X l nc bng phng php lng cn Ty theo ha cht dng m ta c phng php x l nh sau: Phng php x l Ha cht dng Vi ha Ca(OH)2 Vi x a Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 Xt NaOH Xt x a NaOH + Na2CO3 Xt vi NaOH + Ca(OH)2 Vic lm mm nc bng phng php lng cn da trn c s chuyn cc mui ha tan trong nc thnh nhng hp cht t ha tan v lng xung. Mun vy a vo nc ion hydroxyl (OH-) v ion cacbonat (CO32-). Ha cht dng l vi ti Ca(OH)2, xt NaOH, x a Na2CO3, Na3PO4 (ba natri photphat), BaCO3, Ba(OH)2, BaAl2O3, Khi dng Ca(OH)2 hoc NaOH, th cc ion OH- phn ng vi cc ion HCO3- l nhng cng cacbonat, vi cc ion Mg2+ v vi kh CO2 ha tan trong nc:

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Ion CO32xung:
-

HCO3- + OH- H2O + CO32(7-16a) CO2 + 2OH- H2O + CO32(7-16b) 2+ kt hp vi ion Ca to ra CaCO3 t ha tan v lng

(7-17) Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 Khi OH tng tc vi Mg2+ s to ra magie hydroxyt t ha tan: Mg2+ + OH- Mg(OH)2 (7-18) Cho nn vi chuyn cc mui canxi ca cng cacbonat (ca nc) v mi mui magie thnh cn. Ngoi ra vi lm lng st, mt phn axit silicic v lin kt vi CO2. Khi b sung Na2CO3 th ion cacbonat CO32- phn ng vi Ca2+ ca cng khng cacbonat to ra CaCO3: CO32- + Ca2+ CaCO3 (7-19) Khi tng tc gia x a v vi th sinh ra NaOH, cht ny tham gia vo phn ng lng cn: Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 2NaOH + CaCO3 (7-20) Khi lng cc mui ca cng cacbonat th hm lng mui trong nc mm gim xung. S kt tinh v tch cn s b chm li khi c cht hu c trong nc. V th tng cng qu trnh th ng thi vi vic lm mm nc ngi ta cng tin hnh keo t nc. lm vic ny phi t nng nc mm v a vo mt lng d cht phn ng. Khi khng t nng th cng c th gim n 1,4 1,8 mgl/l, khi kim bng 2,0 2,5 mgl/l m t nng 70 800C th cng gim n 0,3 0,35 mgl/l. 7.6.2. X l nc bng phng php trao i ion (cation v anion). Dng phng php lng cn khng th lm mm hon ton nc thin nhin. V th thng dng s phi hp, trong x l s b bng cch lng cn v kt thc bng phng php trao i ion. X l nc bng phng php trao i ion da vo kh nng ca mt s cht thc t khng ha tan trong nc gi l cc cht trao i ion hay ionit, cht ny lm thay i thnh phn ion ca nc theo hng mong mun. X l bng trao i ion khc v nguyn l vi phng php lng cn ch tp cht c thi ra khi nc khng to ra cn v vic x l ny khng yu cu nh lng (pha ch) lin tc cht

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phn ng. Do vy vic vn hnh thit b x l nc bng trao i ion n gin hn, kch thc thit b nh hn, hiu qu x l cao hn nhiu so vi thit b x l bng phng php lng cn. Thi gian ca chu trnh lm vic ca thit b trao i ion c xc nh bi dung tch trao i ca ionit tc l kh nng trao i ion ca n. Sau mt thi gian lm vic th kh nng trao i ion ca ionit gim i do phi hon nguyn (ti sinh) khi phc kh nng trao i ion ban u ca ionit. 7.6.2.1. X l nc bng phng php trao i cation Cc cation thng dng l Natri NaR, hydro HR v amoni NH4R, trong R l gc ca cationit. Vt liu cationit cn c bn c hc, bn ha hc v c kh nng trao i ion ln. Dung tch hp th biu th bng gam ng lng cc ion canxi v magie tnh cho 1 m3 ht. Khi dng cationit natri th xy ra s trao i ion theo cc phn ng sau: Ca2+ + 2Na+R- Ca2+R2- + 2Na+ (7-21a) 2+ + 2+ + Mg + 2Na R Mg R2 + 2Na (7-21b) hoc: 2NaR + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2NaHCO3; (7-21c) 2NaR + CaSO4 CaR2 + Na2SO4; (7-21d) 2NaR + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2NaCl; (7-21e) 2NaR + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2NaHCO3; (7-21f) 2NaR + MgSO4 MgR2 + Na2SO4; (7-21g) (7-21h) 2NaR + MgCl2 MgR2 + 2NaCl. Do qu trnh trao i cation m cng cn li ca nc gim n 10 gl/kg v thp hn, kim v cc thnh phn anion khng thay i cn hm lng mui th tng ln mt t. Nhc im c bn ca trao i cation Natri NaR l bin i cng cacbonat thnh natri bicacbonat lm tng kim natri ca nc l, v trong l hi NaHCO3 c bin thnh Na2CO3 v NaOH: (7-22a) Ca(HCO3)2 + 2Na+R- Ca2+R2 + 2NaHCO3; 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O; (7-22b) Na2CO3 + H2O 2NaOH + CO2 . (7-22c) hon nguyn NaR ta dng NaCl c nng 6 8%, phn ng xy ra nh sau:

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CaR + 2NaCl 2NaR + CaCl2; (7-23a) MgR + 2NaCl 2NaR + MgCl2. (7-23b) Khi dng cationit hydro ta c cc phn ng sau: Ca2+ + 2H+R- Ca2+R2- + 2H+; (7-24a) (7-24b) Mg2+ + 2H+R- Mg2+R2- + 2H+; hoc: (7-25a) 2HR + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2H2O + CO2; 2HR + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2H2O + CO2; (7-25b) 2HR + CaSO4 CaR2 + H2SO4; (7-25c) 2HR + MgCl2 MgR2 + 2HCl; (7-25d) (7-25e) 2HR + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2HCl. Kt qu l cng ton phn gim n 10 gl/kg v thp hn, cng cacbonat c kh hon ton, do hm lng mui gim i v kh c kim ca nc. V trong qu trnh trao i HR mi cation trong nc c thay th bng H+ nn cc sunfat, clorua, v nitrat canxi.. c trong dung dch s bin thnh cc axit khong t do (H2SO4, HCl,......) do tnh axit ca nc tng ln. Thng ngi ta phi hp hai phng php trao i NaR v HR kim ca nc sau khi qua bnh NaR c trung ha bi axit sinh ra khi nc i qua bnh HR (hnh v 7.4)

Hnh 7.4. S b tr cc bnh trao i cation NaR v HR a-khi trao i cation Na; b-khi b tr ni tip bnh HR v bnh NaR; c-khi kt hp HR v NaR trong mt bnh; d-khi b tr song song bnh HR v bnh NaR. 1-ng

140

cp nc cng; 2-bnh NaR; 3-bnh ha tan mui; 4-b dung dch; 5-b nc ra ngc; 6-ng nc mm i ra; 7-thng cha H2SO4; 8-bnh HR; 9-b phn thi CO2; 10-qut gi;11-b cha nc trung gian; 12-bm; 13-bnh NaR cp 2

HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 (7-26) hon nguyn HR ta dng axit sunfuric c nng 1,0 1,5% hay axit clohydric. Khi dng H2SO4 ti sinh HR s xy ra phn ng sau: CaR2 + H2SO4 2HR + CaSO4; (7-27a) MgR2 + H2SO4 2HR + MgSO4. (7-27b) Khi dng cationit amon cng ca nc gim n cn rt nh nhng cc mui amon to thnh khi a vo l hi s b phn hy nhit to ra NH3 v cc axit: NH4Cl NH3 + HCl; (7-28a) (NH4)2SO4 2NH3 + H2SO4;... (7-28b) S c mt ca NH3 v oxy trong nc s gy n mn cc hp kim ng. Thng s dng phi hp phng php ny vi phng php trao i NaR. hon nguyn cationit amon ta dng cc mui amon: CaR2 + 2NH4Cl 2NH4R + CaCl2 (7-29) 7.6.2.2. X l nc bng phng php trao i anion Cc anion ca mui v axit trong nc s trao i vi gc ca anionit theo phn ng sau: 2RaOH + H2SO4 = Ra2SO4 + 2H2O (7-30a) RaOH + HCl = RaCl + H2O (7-30b) Ngi ta cng dng cc anionit khc nhau nh: Ra2CO3, RaHCO3 Trao i anion s kh c trit cc axit trong nc, v th ngi ta t bnh HR trc bnh trao i anion 7.6.3. Cc phng php x l nc khc: - Dng in trng, t trng, siu m x l nc cho cc l hi cng nghip. - Chng ct nc ly hi v sau cho hi ngng t li thnh nc ngng lm nc cp cho l hi.

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7.7. sch ca hi 7.7.1. Yu cu v sch ca hi Cht lng hi do l sn xut ra gm cc thng s (p sut v nhit ) v sch ca hi tc l s lng v thnh phn ca cc tp cht nh cc mui v kh cha trong hi. Mc lm vic kinh t ca tuabin hi ph thuc ng k vo cc thng s ca hi v vo sch ca hi. Cc tp cht cha trong hi c bit l cc mui s bm vo cc ng ca b qu nhit v vo phn truyn hi ca tuabin hi. Khi mui bm vo phn truyn hi ca tuabin hi s gy hu qu c hi: - Lm gim kinh t ca tuabin v nhm ca cnh qut tng ln v bin dng (profile) ca cc rnh b sai i, s lm tng tn tht thy lc. - Lm tng ging p gia cc tng tuabin do lm tng ng sut trong cc cnh qut v tng p sut trong cc chn du, to s tng ging p gia cc tng lm gim lu lng hi qua tuabin v do lm gim cng sut ca tuabin, kt qu l khng sn sut in nng. Nu c cu d ha tan bm trn cnh qut th c th ra tuabin bng hi m, mun vy phi gim cng sut trong mt s gi (c th gim n cn 50% cng sut nh mc). Nhng cu kh ha tan trong nc nh SiO2 v cu cha Cu khng th kh bng cch dng nc ra m ra phc tp hn, c khi phi m tuabin ra co sch cu bm tc l dng dung dch kim, dng phng php c kh. Thng s hi cng cao th yu cu i vi sch ca hi cng tng ln. Phi dng cc bin php khc nhau thu c hi sch tc l hi c cha t tp cht (bay hi v khng bay hi). Cc tp cht bay hi gm: N2, NH3, CO2 v H2. Tr CO2 cn cc kh khc khng tham gia to thnh cn bn trong tuabin. Cc tp cht khng bay hi c trong hi gm cc cht rn ha tan hay l lng trong nc l. Cc tp cht khng bay hi ny c th bm trong ng hi. Hm lng cc tp cht khng bay hi nm trong hi bo ha c th biu din nh sau:

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C h = 0.01( + K p )C n , g/kg
hay

(7-31) (7-32)

Ch =

K C n , g/kg 100

trong : Cn l hm lng cc tp cht trong nc l, g/kg ; K l h s bay mui: K = + K p , %; l m ca hi, %; Kp l h s phn b hp cht cho gia hi bo ha v nc si, %. Yu cu c bn i vi cht lng hi l duy tr cc tp cht khng bay hi c trong hi mc m bo s lm vic ca tuabin trong mt thi gian di m khng c s gim r rt kinh t v khng hn ch cng sut. Trong bng 7.5 gii thiu tiu chun cht lng ca hi. Bng 7.5. Tiu chun cht lng hi.
p sut hi tuabin, Mpa <4 4 10 >10 Hm lng cho php ti a trong hi Cc hp cht natri Axit silic tnh i CO2 t do, tnh i sang sang SiO32-, g/kg Na2SO4, g/kg g/kg 200 300 10 20 200 5 10 20 30 50 80 27 20 30

sch ca hi qu nhit l hi c bao hi c xc nh bi sch ca hi bo ha, v vy ta phi bit nguyn nhn lm bn hi bo ha v c bin php thu c hi bo ha sch. 7.7.2. Nguyn nhn lm bn hi bo ha: Nguyn nhn c bn lm bn hi bo ha l cc git nc l b cun theo hi. Trong cc git m do hi cun theo c cha cc mui ha tan hay mui l lng v cc ht bn mn. Nguyn nhn th hai lm bn hi bo ha l c mt s mui nh: mui Silic, st, ng, ha tan trong hi bo ha cao p.

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 m bo hi c sch cao nht khi cht lng nc cp cho th phi lm sao thu c hi bo ha c kh ti a v gim nng ca cc cht ha tan trong hi n mc ti thiu. 7.8. S cun c hc cc git m theo hi bo ha m ca hi bo ha ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: ph ti ca l, chiu cao ca khoang hi, hm lng mui ca nc l v iu kin cp hn hp hi nc vo bao hi ca l hi. Khi cc bt hi i ra khi mt nc th v ca bt b v ra v to ra mt s nht nh cc git m ln v mt tp hp cc git m mn. Khi si bt hi qua nc th kch thc v s lng cc git m c sinh ra ph thuc vo ng nng ca bt hi vo cc thng s vt l ca nc, ca hi v hm lng mui trong nc l. Khi tng tc chuyn ng ca cc bt hi qua mt bc hi th mt mt lm tng s lng cc git m c sinh ra v mt khc s git m c kch thc ln cng tng ln. S tng ng nng ca dng hn hp hi nc khi cp hn hp ny vo khoang hi ca bao hi cng s lm tng s lng v kch thc cc git m. Ngi ta xc nh m ca hi ph thuc vo ph ti ca l hi (xem hnh v 7.5) v c th biu din nh sau: = A Dn (7-33)

Hnh 7.5. Quan h gia m ca hi v ph ti l hi.

Ngi ta phn bit ba vng trong quan h x = f(D)

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Vng 1: ng vi m rt nh ca hi < 0,01% , n = 1 2 ; Vng 2: ng vi m trung bnh, n = 3 4 ; Vng 3: ph ti ln ng vi m cao > 0,2% , n 10 . Bi vy hi c sch cao nht khi l lm vic ph ti ng vi u vng th hai c n = 3 4 . Ph ti m bt u tng r rt m ca hi v do tng r rt h s bay mui C ( K = h .100 ) c gi l ph ti ti hn. Nh vy cc l hi cao Cn p v siu cao p cn phi lm vic trong phm vi ph ti di ti hn. Ph ti ca khng gian hi v ph ti ca mt bc hi c nh hng n cht lng phn ly cc git m ra khi hi. Ph ti ca l tnh cho 1m3 th tch khoang hi v cho 1m2 mt bc hi gi l sut ph ti ca khoang hi tnh bng m3/ m3s hay kg/m3s hoc sut ph ti ca mt bc hi m3/m2s hay kg/m2s: D D.v".10 3 Rv = , m 3 /m 3 s hay R 'v = , kg/m 3 s VK .h VK.h

D.v".10 3 D , m 3 /m 2 s hay R 'S = , kg/m 2 s Fb.h Fb.h Sut ph ti cao ca c khoang hi v ca mt bc hi s lm gim kch thc ca bao hi tc l gim gi thnh bao hi. Tuy nhin kh v sch ca hi s cao hn khi sut ph ti hi khng cao qu v khng thp qu. Thc ra khi khoang hi c chiu cao nh th cc git m bn ra t mt bc hi c th bay n tn ming cc ng ly hi ra v c th b dng hi ko ra khi bao hi. Khi tng chiu cao khoang hi tc l gim sut ph ti ca n th mt phn ng k cc git m ln c nng n chiu cao nht nh s ri tr li mt bc hi. iu ni trn cng ph hp vi ngha vt l ca c hai i lng sut ph ti ca khoang hi v ca mt bc hi ni trn, th nguyn ca ph ti khoang hi (1/s) l i lng nghch o ca thi gian lu li ca hi trong bao hi; khi tng chiu cao khoang hi tc l gim ph ti ca n th thi gian lu li ca hi trong bao hi s tng ln, iu ny to iu kin gim m ca hi. Th nguyn ca ph ti mt bc hi [m/s] l tc quy dn ca hi tnh RS =

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cho ton b b mt bc hi. Tc quy dn ca hi cng nh th s git nc b dng hi ko theo s cng t v m ca hi s gim xung. Cho nn sut ph ti ca khoang hi v ca mt bc hi l nhng yu t quan trng xc nh s cun m theo hi ra khi bao hi v do xc nh m ca hi bo ha. Quan h gia m ca hi v chiu cao khoang hi khi ph ti mt bc hi khng i v hm lng mui khng i c cho trong hnh v 7.6. T hnh v ta thy rng khi tng chiu cao khoang hi th m ca hi lc u gim r rt, sau bt u mt chiu cao nht nh m gn nh khng thay i. Cho nn chiu cao khoang hi ch cn ln hn chiu cao nng ln ti a ca cc git m, thng chiu cao khoang hi bng 0,5 0,6m hay ti a bng 0,8 1m l . Hm lng mui ca nc l c nh hng ln n hm lng ca hi. Ngi ta chng minh rng hm lng mui ca hi t l vi hm lng mui ca nc l, khi vt nng ti hn y th hm lng mui ca hi s tng ln r rt. V th m bo sch cn thit ca hi th hm lng mui ca nc l khng c ln hn gi tr nm trong pham vi (vng) di ti hn (xem hnh v 7.7). Khi tng hm lng mui trong nc l vt trn mt gi tr nht nh v ty thuc vo thnh phn mui v p sut hi s xy ra qu trnh sinh bt. Khi lp bt c chiu cao ng k th s cun m cng tng ln r rt v do m ca hi tng ln mnh.

Hnh 7.6. Quan h gia m ca hi v chiu cao khoang hi.

Hnh 7.7. Quan h gia m ca hi v hm lng mui ca nc l.

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S cun mnh cc git m v do bay nhiu mui theo hi cng cn do s si bng ca nc trong bao hi. Nguyn nhn si bng l do khi lng ring ca cc lp nc b bo ha bi cc bt hi b gim i t ngt, do lm tng th tch ca hn hp trong bao hi v lm cho mc nc tng ln (bng ln). 7.9. ha tan ca cc cht trong hi. Ngi ta xc nh bng nghin cu v thc nghim rng trong khi hin tng cun cc git m theo hi l ngun chnh lm bn hi c p sut bt k th i vi hi c p sut > 6 MPa ngun rt quan trng lm bn hi cng l s cun chn lc mt s vt cht theo hi nh SiO2, cc mui ca natri (NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2SiO3, ). Nghin cu nhng quy lut cun chn lc cc cht k trn theo hi ngi ta thy nguyn nhn chnh ca qu trnh l ha tan tng i cao ca cc cht trong hi cao p. ha tan ca cc cht trong hi c mt s c im l: 1- Cc cht c ha tan c chn lc trong hi, tc l trong nhng iu kin hon ton ging nhau (i vi hi qu nhit th p sut v nhit nh nhau, i vi hi bo ha th p sut v nng cc cht trong nc nh nhau) th ha tan trong hi ca cc hp cht khc nhau. 2- Kh nng cho ha tan ca hi tng ln khi tng p sut. ha tan ca cc cht trong hi bo ha c c trng bi h s phn b, l t s gia hm lng ca cc cht ha tan trong hi Ch v hm lng ca cc cht y trong nc Cn: C K p = h .100, % . (7-34) Cn p sut thp ha tan ca hu ht cc hp cht v c khng bay hi ca nc l trong hi bo ha l rt nh. Ty theo mc tng p sut m ha tan ca cc cht trong hi (s tng ln) v h s phn b ca chng tng ln. Ngi ta chng minh bng thc nghim rng ln ca h s phn b ca a s cc hp cht v c nm trong khoang hi ph thuc ch yu vo p sut (p sut ny xc nh mt ca hi v nc). H s phn b tng ng vi dng tn ti nh nhau ca tp cht ha tan trong pha hi v pha nc xc nh theo biu thc:

147

 (7-35) Kp = h , nl trong : Sh, Snl l mt hi v nc l; n l s phn t H2O dng thy ha tp cht cho, mi hp cht c gi tr n ring v khng ph thuc vo nhit . Cc cht in phn rt yu nh oxyt st, nhm, c n < 1; cc cht in phn yu (axit silicic, H2SiO3) c n = 1 3; cc cht in phn mnh c n = 4 9. Trong hi qu nhit c th c cc cht sau y ha tan: NaCl, NaOH, CaCl2, Na2SiO3, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO4, CaSO4, . . .(hnh v 7.8). ha tan ca cc cht rn trong hi qu nhit t n gi tr ln ngay c cc p sut trung bnh, nhng p sut ny ha tan ca cc cht trn trong hi bo ha l rt nh.

cng mt nhit qu nhit (hi qu nhit) khi tng p sut v mt hi qu nhit th ha tan ca cc hp cht v c trong hi s tng ln. 7.10. Cc phng php thu c hi sch thu c hi sch trong cc l hi c bao hi ta phi gim s lng cc git nc l trong hi v gim hm lng cc vt cht ha tan trong hi.

Hnh 7.8. ha tan ca mt s mui v hydroxit trong hi qu nhit 30

148

Gim m ca hi bo ha bng cch phn ly m ra khi hi, gim hm lng cc tp cht ha tan trong hi bng cch gim nng cc tp cht trong nc l v ra hi qua lp nc sch thng l nc cp. Gim hm lng mui ca nc l bng cch nng cao sch ca nc cp hay tng cng x l, tin hnh bc hi theo cp. 7.10.1. Phn ly m ra khi hi. Cc thit b phn ly m ra khi hi phi tha mn nhng yu cu sau: 1- Gim c ng nng ca dng hn hp hi nc kt hp vi vic p tht mn cc git m v tch c mt khi lng ti a cc git nc ra khi hi. 2- Phi c kh nng phn b ng u hi trong khoang hi ca bao hi nhm gim tc ca hi, c nh vy mi m bo qu trnh phn ly t nhin t hiu qu cao. 3- Cn thc hin phn ly c hc trong thit b do sinh ra cc cc ly tm khi dng hi chuyn ng cong. cc l hi c bao hi dng cc thit b phn ly khc nhau nh: tm chn, ca chp, tm c khoan l, xyclon Mi thit b phn ly p ng c mt hay ng thi hai, ba yu cu k trn. nng cao hiu qu phn ly t nhin m ra khi hi do hiu khi lng ring ca nc v ca hi th tc dng hi trong khoang hi phi nh. Tc ny cng nh th s git m trong dng hi s cng t v gm ch yu l nhng git mn. Ngi ta t chc qu trnh phn ly gm 2 giai on: Giai on th nht yu cu lm gim (tt) ng nng ca dng hn hp hi nc t ng i vo bao hi v tch lng m chnh ra khi hi. Giai on ny cn gi l giai on phn ly hi khi nc. Giai on th hai sy kh hi n mc c th v gim m n khong 0,01 0,005%, giai on ny cn gi l giai on phn ly m ra khi hi v l giai on chnh. Di y s trnh by s , nguyn l lm vic v cch b tr mt s thit b phn ly m t trong bao hi ca l hi. *Tm chn: Tm chn l thit bi phn ly n gin nht, c t trong khoang hi ca bao hi . Ngi ta t tm chn ring cho tng dy ng , tm chn t nghing 450 so vi hng dng hi

149

m bo dng hn hp hi nc p vo chng m hn (hnh v 7.9).

Hnh 7.9. Tm chn t ch hn hp hi nc i vo bao hi.

Hnh 7.10. Ca chp. a-un trn; b-un c gc nhn

* Ca chp: y nh lc ly tm sinh ra khi dng hi m i ngot m thc hin c qu trnh phn ly t nhin (hnh v 7.10). * Tm c khoan l: m bo cp ng u hn hp hi nc vo bao hi v ly hi ra khi bao hi ngi ta cn t cc tm khoan l chm di mt nc v ch hi i vo ng qu nhit, cc l khoan c ng knh 5 10 mm v s l c tnh ton m bo tr lc ca tm khng ln hn 300 350 Pa. t tm khoan l thp hn mc nc cho php thp nht mt khong 50 100 mm tng tr lc chuyn ng ca hn hp hi nc do m bo ph ti ng u ca mt bc hi v hi i ra t mt bc hi vi tc nh nht, khi hi khng th ko theo cc git m ln. Mt trong nhng bin php hiu qu nht gim ng nng ca dng hn hp l cp khi lng chnh ca hn hp vo di mc nc trong bao hi. t tm khoan l trc ch ly hi ra cng c tc dng lm cn bng tr lc ca mi dng hi v m bo s dng ton b tit din bao hi, iu ny c nh hng n ng u ca ph ti mt bc hi v ph ti khoang hi ca bao hi.

150

Hnh 7.11. Xyclon t trong bao hi. a-s xyclon; b-b tr xyclon trong bao hi.

* Thit b phn ly kiu xyclon: Khi nc l c hm lng mui cao v c khuynh hng sinh bt th cc xyclon t trong bao hi s t c hiu qu cao ca qu trnh phn ly hi ra khi m. Hn hp c cp tip tuyn vo xyclon. Khi hn hp hi nc i vo xyclon ng nng ca dng b gim., do tc dng ca lc ly tm m nc b nn n vch xyclon v chy xung di theo mt trong xyclon. Xyclon c ng knh bng 300 400 mm v chiu cao bng 500 650 mm (hnh v 7.11).

nh 7.12. Xyclon t ngoi bao hi. ng gp; 2-hn hp hi nc i vo xyclon; -b to xoy; 4-tm c khoan l; 5-ng ly hi a; 6-ng thi khng kh; -ng x; 8-ng nc ung; 9-nc t bao hi n; 10-chc ch thp

151

 u di ca xyclon t mt ci y cho nc i thnh vng, gia y v thn c cc cnh hng chuyn ng xoy ca nc thnh chuyn ng thng ng v dng chy m vo khoang nc. Khi t xyclon loi tr c s sinh bt v si bng ca nc, khng c si bng v nc v hi sau khi vo xyclon s chuyn ng theo hai hng khc nhau, khng c sinh bt v lc ly tm s nn cc bt n vch xyclon v ph hy bt nhanh chng. u im ny ca xyclon cho php dng xyclon c trong trng hp nc l c hm lng mui v kim cao. Do khng th tng kch thc bao hi nn ngi ta t cc xyclon bn ngoi bao hi tng c chiu cao khng gian hi v to ra mt bc hi quay bn trong xyclon (hnh v 7.12). Chiu cao khoang nc ca xyclon ngoi bng 2 2,5 m v chiu cao phn hi khong 1,5 2,5m, ng knh trong ca xyclon bng 300 500 mm. Tc hi ch i vo tip tuyn bng 6,0 m/s, trong thn xyclon bng 5,5 m/s. V hiu qu phn ly ph thuc tc vo ca hi nn ngi ta tng tc vo xyclon n 10 12m/s v c th n 20 m/s. Nhng khi phi kim tra mc tun hon tin cy ca vng tun hon ni vo xyclon. Vic dng xyclon ngoi cho php thu c hi rt sch ngay c khi nc l c mui cao. Do xyclon ngoi c dng lm khoang mui ca l hi c bc hi theo cp. 7.10.2. Ra hi Khi tng p sut nhng yu cu v sch ca hi v v vic gim hm lng SiO2 trong hi ngy cng tng, v ngay c khi bc hi theo cp v dng xyclon ngoi cng khng th m bo c cht lng hi yu cu. Kh khn chnh sinh ra l do khi tng p sut th mc cun SiO2 theo hi bo ha cng tng ln. Ra hi gim hm lng mui tng v c bit l gim SiO2 trong hi.

152

Bn cht ca vic ra hi l cho hi cn lm sch tip xc vi lp nc cp hay lp nc ca khoang sch. C nhiu phng php cho hi tip xc vi nc sch nh: - Phun nc cp vo khoang hi ca bao hi; - Cho cc dng (tia) hi nh i qua trn b mt c ra bng nc cp; - Cho hi khuch tn (si bt) qua lp nc cp. Khi hi c ra th cc git nc c nng mui cao nm trong hi s pha trn vi nc sch v li trong nc sch phn ln cc mui cha trong n. ng thi cc cht ha tan trong hi cng s chuyn sang cho nc, v ha tan ca cc cht trong nc cao hn nhiu so vi trong hi ngay c khi p sut cao. Hi sau khi ra, c sy trong khoang hi v sau i vo cc ng ca b qu nhit. Bin php cho hi khuch tn qua lp nc cp l bin php ra hi c hiu qu nht (hnh v 7.13). Chiu dy lp nc ra bng 40 50 mm l tt nht. Nu < 40 mm th hiu qu ra gim i r rt.

Hnh 7.13. S thit b ra hi kiu cho hi khuch tn qua lp nc cp. a-b tr thit b ra hi trong bao hi; b-tm c khoan l t nm ngang; c-tm c khoan l v c mng t di

153

Hiu qu ra do khuch tn (si bt) ph thuc ch yu 2 yu t: - Hm lng cc tp cht trong nc ra; - H s bay cc tp cht theo hi c ra. 1. Hm lng tp cht trong nc ra c xc nh trc ht bi cht lng nc ra v ph thuc vo phn nc cp a vo ra hi: D Z = r .100 , % (7-36) D nc trong : Dr l lu lng nc a vo thit b ra, kg/s; Dnc l lng nc cp vo l, kg/s. Khi tng Dr , hiu qu ra tng ln tc l lng tp cht trong nc ra v do hm lng tp cht trong hi gim xung. Cht lng nc ra s xu i khi tng nng cc tp cht trong nc l; s d nh vy v khi h s bay mui K1 khng i nu tng hm lng cc tp cht trong nc l th hm lng ca chng trong hi trc khi ra s tng ln. Hm lng cc tp cht trong nc ra cn ph thuc vo h s bay cc cht cng vi hi trc khi ra. Nu nng cc tp cht trong nc l cng cao th nh hng ca K1 n hm lng cc tp cht trong nc ra v do trong hi c ra s cng ln. Nh vy hm lng cc tp cht trong nc ra ph thuc vo: - S lng v cht lng nc a vo thit b ra; - H s bay cc cht theo hi trc khi ra; - Hm lng cc tp cht trong nc l. H s bay cc cht theo hi trc thit b ra bng: K 1 = 1 + K 1 , p v sau thit b ra: K 2 = 2 + K 2 , p trong : 1 v 2 l m ca hi trc v sau khi ra, %; K 1 v K 2 l h s phn b c trng hm lng cc tp cht p p ha tan trong hi trc v sau khi ra, %. Trong thc t khi tnh ton sch ca hi c th ly K 1 = K 2 . p p

154

Vic ra hi c thc hin trong khoang hi ca bao hi. ng knh ca bao hi phi khng nh hn 1400 1800mm c khng gian lp t thit b ra hi. Kt qu ca vic ra hi bng nc cp l hm lng cc cht rn ha tan trong hi sau khi ra, c bit l axit silicic gim i hng chc ln. Hiu qu ra cng cao khi lng nc ra cng ln. Lng nc cp dng ra hi c th bng 25 100% lng nc cp vo bao hi. 7.10.3. Bc hi theo cp Bn cht ca phng php bc hi theo cp l to ra trong l 2, 3 hay nhiu vng tun hon c lp c nng nc l khc nhau. Mun vy ngi ta t trong bao hi cc vch ngn chia khoang nc thnh 2, 3 khoang, do cng chia cc b mt sinh hi thnh s vng tun hon tng ng c lp vi nhau. Nc cp c a vo khoang sch c kch thc ln nht v gi l cp bc hi th nht. Nc khoang sch c tho sang khoang mui (cp bc hi th 2), . . . .(hnh v 7.14 v 7.15).

Hnh 7.14. S bc hi hai cp c khoang mui trong bao hi. 1-bao hi; 2-ng dn hi ra; 3-ng gp di ca ng tun hon; 4-ng sinh hi; 5-ng nc xung; 6-ng nc cp; 7-ng nc x lin tc t bao hi; 8-vch ngn trong bao hi.

155

Nng mui trong nc s tng ln t nng mui trong nc cp Cnc n nng mui trong nc x Cx. Lc x tng i ca mi cp l rt ln nhng ln x tuyt i ca ton b l hi li rt nh. Hm lng mui trong cp bc hi th nht rt nh m lng hi sinh ra cp ny l ln nht. Dng bc hi theo cp c th tng ng k nng nc x m cht lng hi khng b xu i. Do dng bc hi theo cp gim lng nc x hoc c th dng nc cp c hm lng mui cao hn. Hm lng mui ca hi khi dng bc hi theo cp c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau: Khi c 2 cp bc hi: 100 n 11 1 n 11 11 Ch = Ch + C h , mg/kg ; (7-37) 100 100 Khi c 3 cp bc hi: 100 n 11 n 111 1 n 11 11 n 111 111 Ch = Ch + Ch + C h , mg/kg (7100 100 100 38) trong : n11 v n111 l sn lng hi ca cp bc hi th hai v th ba, %.

156

Hnh 7.15. S bc hi ba cp c xyclon t ngoi bao hi. 1-bao hi; 2-xyclon t ngoi; 3-ng gp di ca vng tun hon; 4-ng sinh hi; 5-ng nc xung; 6-ng nc cp; 7-ng nc x lin tc t xyclon ngoi; 8-ng dn nc t bao hi vo xyclon ngoi; 9-ng dn hi t xyclon ngoi vo bao hi; 10-ng ly hi ra; 11-vch ngn trong bao hi.

* Hm lng mui th trong hi ca tng cp bc hi c xc nh nh sau: k C1 = 1 C1 , mg/kg; (7-39a) h nl 100 k (7-39b) C11 = 2 C11 , mg/kg; h nl 100 k (7-39c) C111 = 3 C111 , mg/kg . h nl 100 Trong cc cng thc trn k hiu: k1, k2, k3 l h s bay cc cht theo hi t cp bc hi th 1, th 2, th 3, %; C1 , C11 , C111 l hm lng mui ca nc l trong cp bc hi th nl nl nl 1, th 2, th 3, mg/kg.

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Vic cho bc hi theo cp s lm gim hm lng mui trong nc l tc l lm gim hm lng mui trong hi, do cht lng hi tng ln. ng thi bc hi theo cp cng c coi l bin php x l hiu chnh nc trong l. 7.10.4. X lin tc v x nh k ca l hi Ty thuc cc yu cu v sch ca hi m nng mui trong nc l phi khng c ln hn mt gi tr xc nh. Mun vy phi tin hnh x lin tc ra khi l hi mt lng nc l c nng mui cao nht. Trong s bc hi theo cp vic x lin tc c thc hin khoang mui. Cng vi x lin tc ta cng cn phi x nh k l hi, vic thc hin cc ng gp di ca dn ng sinh hi hay bao nc (balng di) ca l c hai bao hi v ch thp nht ca cc l hi nh. Mi ca vn hnh phi x nh k 1 n 2 ln, thi gian x ko di khong 2 n 5 pht. x l hi p thng tnh bng phn trm ca sn lng l hi, tc l: D (7-40) p = x .100 , % D trong : Dx l lng nc x, kg/s; D l sn lng hi nh mc ca l hi, kg/s. Lng nc cp vo l hi Dnc bng: Dnc = D + Dx , kg/s. (7-41) S cn bng mui ca l hi c trnh by trn hnh 7.16. Phng trnh cn bng mui ca l hi c bao hi khi khng c cu cn bm c dng sau:

(D + D x ) C nc
42) hay: ,

= D Ch + Dx Cx ,
(7-

(100 + p) Cnc = 100 Ch + p Cx

(7-43) trong : Cnc, Ch, Cx l hm lng mui trong nc cp, trong hi v trong nc x, mg/kg.

158

Hnh 7.16. S cn bng mui ca l hi.

Thng thng x l hi p = 0,5 1,0 %, ti a p = 3%. Gii phng trnh (7-43) khi cho bit x l p ta xc nh c hm lng mui trong nc x (nc l) nh sau: (100 + p )C nc 100C h . (7Cx = p 44) Khi coi hm lng mui trong hi bng khng (Ch=0) v ly x l p = 1% ta xc nh c hm lng mui trong nc x bng:
C x = C nl =

(100 + 1)C nc
1

= 101 C nc

(7-45)

T biu thc (7-45) ta thy rng hm lng mui ca nc l ln hn 101 ln hm lng mui ca nc cp. V vy thu c hi c sch cao ta phi gim hm lng mui ca nc l bng cch tng cng x l.

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Chng 8. B QU NHIT 8.1. Vai tr v phn loi ca b qu nhit B qu nhit l b phn sy kh hi, gia nhit cho hi bin hi bo ha thnh hi qu nhit. Hi qu nhit c nhit cao hn, do nhit lng tch ly trong mt n v khi lng hi qu nhit cao hn nhiu so vi hi bo ha cng p sut. Bi vy khi cng sut my ging nhau nu dng hi qu nhit th kch thc my s nh hn rt nhiu so vi my dng hi bo ha. nhn c hi qu nhit c nhit cao, cn phi t b qu nhit vng khi c nhit cao (trn 7000C). i vi l c nhit hi qu nhit t 5100C tr xung th b qu nhit thng c t vng khi c nhit di 10500C, thng l t on ng khi nm ngang sau cm ng pheston. y trao i nhit gia khi v cm ng ch yu l trao i nhit i lu, nn gi l b qu nhit i lu. Cc l hi c p sut, nhit hi qu nhit cng cao th t l gia lng nhit cn cp qu nhit hi trong b qu nhit vi lng nhit cn cp un si nc trong dn ng sinh hi cng cao, nht l l c qu nhit trung gian hi, khin cho kch thc b qu nhit rt ln. Khi nu ch t b qu nhit sau cm pheston th chnh nhit gia khi v hi s gim nn din tch b mt ng ca b qu nhit s rt ln, c th s khng ch b tr, do cn thit phi b tr b mt phn ca qu nhit vo trong bung la hp thu nhit bc x nhm gim bt kch thc b qu nhit.

Hnh 8.1. Cu to b qu nhit 1-Bao hi; 2-ng xung; 3-B qu nhit bc x; 4-B qu nhit na bc x; 5-B qu nhit i lu; 6-B hm nc

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i vi l c nhit hi qu nhit cao hn 5100C, b qu nhit c t ca ra bung la (trc cm pheston). y b qu nhit va nhn nhit i lu t dng khi i qua, va nhn nhit bc x t bung la nn gi l b qu nhit na bc x. Khi b qu nhit c th c t trn trn bung la hay t xen k vi cc ng sinh hi trn tng bung la, y b qu nhit nhn nhit ch yu l t bc x ca bung la nn gi l b qu nhit bc x. B qu nhit bc x thng c dng khi nhit hi trn 5600C. B qu nhit gm phn i lu, na bc x v bc x c gi l b qu nhit t hp. T l gia cc phn ny c phn b ph thuc vo thng s ca l hi. Hnh 8.1. Trnh by cch b tr b qu nhit i lu, na bc x v na bc x trong l hi. i vi nhng chu trnh nhit c qu nhit trung gian th b qu nhit trung gian thng l b qu nhit i lu.

8.2. S cu to b qu nhit 8.2.1. B qu nhit i lu B qu nhit i lu thng c ch to gm nhng ng xon, hai u c ni vo 2 ng gp. ng xon b qu nhit l nhng ng thp chu nhit un gp khc nhiu ln m bo cho ng khi ct ng hi nhiu ln. Mi ng xon c un

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gp khc trong mt mt phng, nhiu ng xon cng ni vo mt ng gp to thnh cm ng. ng c ng knh t 28-42 mm, chiu dy t 3 n 7 mm. Cc ng xon ca b qu nhit c th t nm ngang hoc t ng ph thuc vo kiu l hi. B qu nhit ng xon t nm ngang thng dng cho cc l hi nh c ng sinh hi nm nghing. khi ngi ta b tr ng xon nm ngang tn dng trit cc khong khng gian trong ng khi ca l. B qu nhit ng xon t nm ngang c biu din trn hnh 8.2. B qu nhit ng xon t nm ngang c u im l c th x c nc ng do hi ngng t khi ngng l nn trnh c hin tng n mn ng xon khi l ngh.

Hnh 8.2. b qu nhit ng xon t nm ngang Nhc im ln nht ca b qu nhit loi ny l h thng treo cc ng xon. v cc ng xon nm ngang nn phi c gi bi cc ai thp chu nhit di bng chiu su ca cm ng v c treo ln khung l. H thng treo khng c lm mt nn s c nhit rt cao, lm vic trong iu kin rt nng n, chng hng. H thng treo b qu nhit ng xon t nm ngang c biu din trn hnh 8.3. Hnh 8.3. H thng treo b qu nhit ng xon t nm ngang cc l hi hin i ng nc ng thng b tr b qu nhit ng xon t ng, c ng gp hi t song song vi bao hi. u im ca b qu nhit ng xon t ng l h thng treo n gin, lm vic nh nhng hn so vi ng xon nm ngang. Nhc im ca b qu nhit ng xon t ng l khi l ngh nc ng trong cc ng xon do hi ngng t s gy n mn cc ng xon, mt khc n cn tr khng cho hi thot qua b qu nhit lc khi ng l v to thnh cc ti hi trong cc ng xon lm ng b t nng qu mc. B qu nhit ng xon t ng c biu din tren hnh 8.4.

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Hnh 8.4. b qu nhit ng xon t ng c nh cc ng xon vi nhau ngi ta thng dng cc tm gang chu nhit hnh rng lc ci cc ng xon hoc dng cc thanh np bng thp chu nhit. H thng treo b qu nhit ng xon t nm ngang c biu din trn hnh 8.5. Cc ng xon ca b qu nhit c t ng s khc phc c nh hng ca chnh lch nhit theo chiu cao ng khi n lng nhit hp thu ca tng ng xon. Cc ng dn hi t bao hi n b qu nhit thng ct trn trn l, n va c th hp thu nhit, va lm mt trn l. Cc ng trn trn v cc ng xon ca b qu nhit c gi bng cc ai (cc thanh ln sng), gia ai v ng c lt mt lp m aming bo v ng.

165

Hnh 8.5. H thng treo b qu nhit ng xon t ng

Khi nhit hi qu nhit ln hn nhit bo ho khong 2000C tr ln th ngi ta chia b qu nhit thnh hai hoc ba cp ni tip nhau theo ng hi i theo

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th t cp mt, cp hai v cp ba, Gia cc cp l cc ng gp hi c ni vi nhau. gia nhit ca mi cp khong t 100-1500C, hp thu mt lpng nhit khong 200-350kj/kg. Khi tch ra nh vy th gia nhit ca mi cp khng ln lm v cc cp c nhit hi trung bnh khc nhau nn mi cp c ch to bng mt loi vt liu ph hp vi nhit lm vic ca n do tit kim c vt liu t tin. V d l trung p c nhit hi qu nhit khong 4500C th b qu nhit c chia thnh hai cp, hi ra khi b qu nhit cp hai c nhit 4500C nn b qu nhit cp hai c ch to bng thp hp kim crom-molipen, trong khi hi ra khi b qu nhit cp mt c nhit khong 360-3800C nn b qu nhit cp mt c th c ch to bng thp carbon. Mt khc khi tch ra nh vy, gia cc cp c th b tr thit b iu chnh nhit hoc to iu kin lm ng u chnh lch tr lc v nhit gia cc ng xon. Thng thng b qu nhit cp hai nm gn ca khi ra khi bung la. y khi c nhit cao nn gim nguy c ng x trn ng, cc ng xon thng c b tr song song ng thi cn m bo bc ngang tng i s1/d 4,5 v bc dc tng i s2/d 3,5. B qu nhit cp mt t sau, nm vng khi c nhit thp hn, nn tng kh nng i lu ca khi th cc ng xon c b tr so le. Cc ng xon ny c th c b tr l ng n hay ng kp nh biu din trn hnh 8.6. Vic chn b tr ng n hay kp ph thuc vo s lng ng ca b qu nhit, vic m bo tc hi v kch thc ng khi (ch t b qu nhit). Hi trong ng ca b qu nhit phi m bo tc trong mt phm vi no lm mt cho ng. Khi b tr ng kp th tc khi khng thay i, nhng tc hi s gim i 2 ln nn nu tc nh qu th c th s khng m bo c iu kin lm mt ng ng thi cn gy nn chnh lch nhit gia cc ng xon do phn b lu lng qua cc ng khng u. Tc hi thng c chn theo tc khi lng , kg/m2s. Theo kinh nghim th i vi b qu nhit cp mt thng chn = 500-1200kg/m2s, cn i vi cc cp sau ca b qu nhit i lu v b qu nhit na bc x hay bc x hi c nhit ln hn do cn chn ln hn.

Hnh 8.6. Cc dng ng xon ca BQN a.ng n; b.ng kp i; c-ng kp ba; d. ng kp bn

167

8.2.2. B qu nhit na bc x v bc x Vi nhng l cao v siu cao p c nhit hi qu nhit t 5300C tr ln th qu nhit hi rt ln nn kch thc b qu nhit s rt ln v nht l nhng l c qu nhit trung gian hi, khi cn thit phi c mt phn b qu nhit l bc x hoc na bc x. B qu nhit na bc x l nhng chm ng xon ch U hoc ch L c ch to dng dn phng, c b tr phn trn bung la hay ca ra bung la. Cc dn c t cch nhau t 0,7 n 0,9m (bc ngang s1) khi d dng lu thng qua ng thi trnh kh nng to nn cu x gia cc dn ng. Cc dn c th c t ng hay nm ngang. gi khong cch gia cc dn ng ngi ta dng cc ng gi. Cc ng ny cng chnh l ng hi ca dn c un cong ch V, cc ng gi c ni vi nhau bng np gi. Hnh 8.7. trnh by cu to ca b qu nhit na bc x.

Hnh 8.7. Cu to ca b qu nhit na bc x. B qu nhit bc x c th l nhng dn ng t trn trn bung la hoc cc ng nm xen k vi cc ng sinh hi trn tng bung la. y cc ng nhn nhit bng bc x t ngn la vi nhit cao nn cng trao i nhit ln. Ph ti nhit ca b qu nhit bc x thng ln hn b qu nhit i lu t 3-5 ln nn nhit

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vch ng cng cao hn nhit hi t 100-1400C, do yu cu rt cao v kim loi ch to v ch vn hnh. Tuy nhin do c ph ti nhit ln nn khi b tr b qu nhit bc x s gim ng k kch thc b qu nhit i lu ca l. Hnh 8.8. trnh by cu to ca b qu nhit bc x.

Hnh 8.8. Cu to ca b qu nhit bc x. 8.3. Cch b tr b qu nhit Vic b tr cho hi i vo phn no trc trong b qu nhit t hp hay b tr cho hi v khi chuyn ng thun chiu, ngc chiu hoc hn hp trong b qu nhit i lu l ty thuc vo thng s ca hi ra khi b qu nhit. B qu nhit c b tr sao cho c li nht v mt truyn nhit gim lng kim loi tiu hao ng thi m bo ti u v kim loi ch to cc phn ca b qu nhit, khi lm vic nhit vch ng khng vt qu tr s cho php. 8.3.1. B tr b qu nhit hon ton i lu Trong b qu nhit i lu c th b tr cho hi v khi chuyn ng thun chiu, ngc chiu hoc hn hp nh trn hnh 8.9.

Hnh 8.9. Chuyn ng ca hi trong b qu nhit; a- thun chiu; b- ngc chiu; c v d- hn hp. 4.3.3.1. B tr theo kiu thun chiu Nu b tr cho hi qu nhit i thun chiu vi dng khi (biu din trn hnh 8.9a) th kim loi ng s lm vic trong iu kin nh nhng hn, nhng chnh nhit trung bnh gia khi v hi s thp hn so vi b tr ngc chiu, do din tch b mt trao i nhit ca b qu nhit s tng ln. Bi vy trong thc t khng b tr theo kiu thun chiu.

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4.3.3.2. B tr theo kiu ngc chiu: Nu b tr cho hi qu nhit i ngc chiu vi dng khi (biu din trn hnh 8.9b th chnh nhit trung bnh gia khi v hi s cao hn so vi b tr thun chiu, do din tch b mt trao i nhit ca b qu nhit s gim xung. Nhng khi pha hi ra va c nhit hi cao va c nhit khi cao, kim loi s lm vic trong iu kin rt nng n, i hi kim loi ch to phi rt t tin. V vy trong thc t kiu b tr ngc chiu ch dng cho cc l c nhit hi qu nhit khng vt qu 4500C. 4.3.3.3. B tr theo kiu hn hp: Khi nhit hi qu nhit cao hn 4500C th b qu nhit c b tr kiu hn hp, hai ln ngc chiu nh trn hnh 8.9c hoc mt phn hi v khi i ngc chiu v mt phn i thun chiu. Trong thc t thng b tr hi i ngc chiu vi khi trong b qu nhit cp mt t vng khi c nhit thp hn v i thun chiu trong b qu nhit cp hai t ngay sau pheston c nhit khi cao hn. B tr theo kiu ny, pha hi ra c nhit hi cao nhng nhit khi khng cao, kim loi s khng b t nng qu mc. Khi b qu nhit cp hai c ch to bng thp hp kim crom-molipen, cn b qu nhit cp mt c th c ch to bng thp carbon. S b qu nhit b tr kiu ny c biu din trn hnh 8.10.

Hnh 8.10. B tr b qu nhit hai cp

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1- ng gp hi t bao hi; 2- b qu nhit cp 1; 3- ng gp hi ra khi cp 1; 4- b qu nhit cp 2; 5 - ng gp hi ra khi cp 2. Do trng nhit v tc khi khng ng u theo chiu rng ng khi ca l, bm bn trn mt ngoi cc ng cng khng ng u nn h s to nhit 1 t khi n vch ng s khng u nhau, mt khc tr lc ca hi chuyn ng trong cc ng xon cng khng ng u lm cho h s to nhit 2 t vch ng n hi cng s khng u nhau, ngha l kh nng hp thu nhit ca cc ng xon s khc nhau dn n c s chnh lch nhit hi gia cc ng xon ca b qu nhit. khc phc hin tng ny, khi b tr b qu nhit ngi ta p dng mt s bin php nhm lm gim n mc ti thiu chnh lch nhit gia cc ng xon ca b qu nhit nh sau:

Hnh 8.10. b tr dng hi i cho 1-ng gp hi ca BQN; 2-ng hi i cho - Chia b qu nhit ra hai hoc ba phn gim bt chnh lch tr lc thy lc gia cc ng do cc ng qu di nh biu din trn hnh 8.10. - T chc cc dng hi i cho t ng gp ca phn ny sang ng gp phn kia (hnh 8.10, 8.11; 8.12.).

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Hnh 8.10. b tr dng hi i cho,

Hnh 8.11 b tr dng hi i cho. Hnh 8.1 2 b tr dng hi i cho 8.3.1. B tr b qu nhit t hp B qu nhit t hp c th gm 2 phn: i lu, na bc x hoc 3 phn i lu, na bc x v bc x. L hi c p sut, nhit hi qu nhit cng cao th lng nhit cn un si nc trong dn ng sinh hi cng t cn lng nhit cn qu nhit hi trong b qu nhit cng ln nn t l lng nhit hp thu trong b qu nhit na bc x v bc x cng ln, ngha l kch thc b qu nhit na bc x v bc x cng ln. B qu nhit t hp c th b tr theo nhiu cch: B qu nhit i lu- na bc x; bc x-i lu; i lu-bc x-i lu; bc x-i lu-bc x nh trn hnh 8.13.

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Hnh 8.13. B tr b qu nhit t hp a) B qu nhit i lu- bc x; b) bc x-i lu. c) i lu-bc x-i lu; d) bc x-i lu-bc x. Khi b tr b qu nhit i lu - na bc x hi s c gia nhit trong phn i lu trc, sau mi i qua phn bc x, nh vy phn i lu nhit khi v nhit hi trong ng u thp nn c th cho php chn kim loi c cht lng khng cn cao, nhng khi phn bc x c nhit khi v nhit hi u cao nn kim loi lm vic trong iu kin nng n, kim loi phi rt tt, do s ny t dng. Khi b tr b qu nhit i lu - bc x th yu cu v kim loi i vi phn i lu c cao hn, nhng khc phc c nhc im trn. Tuy nhin khi hi trong phn i lu c nhit cao hn nn chnh nhit gia khi v hi s b gim lm tng din tch b mt phn qu nhit i lu. Khi b tr bc x - i lu th yu cu v kim loi i vi phn i lu c cao hn, nhng khc phc c nhc im trn. Tuy nhin khi hi trong phn i lu c nhit cao hn nn chnh nhit gia khi v hi s b gim lm tng din tch b mt phn qu nhit i lu. Khi b tr bc x - i lu - bc x th phn hi ra ca b qu nhit va c nhit cao, ng thi l phn bc x c b tr trong vng khi c nhit cao kim loi phi lm vic trong iu kin rt nng n. 8.4. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit 8.4.1. Cc nguyn nhn lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit Trong qu trnh vn hnh, nhit hi qu nhit c th thay i do cc nguyn nhn sau: 1. Do thay i ph ti ca l, khi ph ti tng ln th nhit hi qu nhit gim xung. Khi ph ti gim th nhit hi qu nhit tng,

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2. Do dao ng p sut trong ng hi chung ( cc l c ng gp hi chung): Khi p sut trong ng hi chung gim th lng hi ra khi l i vo ng gp chung tng ln do tnh trng s xy ra nh khi tng ph ti. 3. Do thay i nhit ca nc cp: khi nhit nc cp tng ln th gia nhit nc trong cc ng sinh hi s gim, do nhit khi ra khi bung la (vo b qu nhit) s tng lm cho nhit hi qu nhit cng tng theo v ngc li. 4. Do thay i cht lng nhin liu: khi cht lng nhin liu tng ngha l lng nhit cp vo bung la tng th nhit hi qu nhit tng. 5. Do thay i h s khng kh tha: khi h s khng kh tha tng th nhit hi qu nhit tng. 6. Do ng x dn ng sinh hi, cm Pheston: Khi ng x dn ng sinh hi, cm Pheston th nhit hi qu nhit tng. 7. Do bm bn trn cc b mt t ca l, do nnh hngca vic thi tro bm. 8. Do c hin tng chy li trong b qu nhit: Khio c hin tng chy li trong b qu nhit th nhit hi qu nhit tng. 9. Do thay i v tr trung tm ngn la hoc do my cp than bt lm vic khng u, cp than vo vi phun khng u. 8.4.2. Tm quan trng ca vic bo m n nh nhit hi qu nhit Nhit hi qu nhit l nhit ca hi ra khi ng gp hi ca b qu nhit trc khi sang tuc bin. Nhit hi qu nhit thay i s dn n mt lot thay i khc gy nh hng xu n ch lm vic ca l v tuc bin. - Khi nhit hi thay i th nhit dng dng hi thay i lm thay i cng sut tuc bin do c th lm thay i tc quay ca t tuc bin-my pht, dn n lm gim cht lng dng in (thay i in p v tn s dng in). - Nu nhit hi qu nhit gim xung s lm gim hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh ng thi lm gim cng sut tuc bin, mt khc khi m ca hi cc tng cui tuc bin tng ln lm gim hiu sut tuc bin v lm tng tc n mn cnh tuc bin. - Nu nhit hi qu nhit tng ln qu tr s qui nh, khi cc chi tit ca b qu nhit cng nh tuc bin phi lm vic trong iu kin nng n hn, lm cho bn ca kim loi gim xung, c th gy n cc ng ca b qu nhit hoc lm cong vnh cc cnh ca tuc bin gy nn c xt gia phn ng yn v phn quay ca tuc bin, gy s c. V d: Cc ng xon ca b qa nhit c ch to bng thp 12X 1M c tnh ton c th lm vic n nh n 100.000 gi nhit hi 585 0C, nhng s gim i cn 30.000gi nu lm vic vi nhit hi l 595 0C. Bi vy, cn thit phi tm cc bin php iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit nhm m bo n nh nhit hi qu nhit gi tr qui nh. Khi b tr b qu nhit theo kiu t hp cng c th c tc dng iu chnh

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nhit hi qu nhit trong phm vi tng i rng. V d khi h s khng kh tha tng th nhit bung la s gim, lm gim lng nhit trao i bc x trong bung la, do nhit khi ra khi bung la tng ln, tc l nhit khi qua b qu nhit tng, mt khc sn lng hi bo ho sinh ra s gim, ngha l lng hi i qua b qu nhit gim, i vi b qu nhit hon ton i lu th c hai yu t u tc ng lm nhit hi qu nhit tng. Nhng b qu nhit t hp th khi h s khng kh tha tng th nhit bung la s gim, lm gim lng nhit trao i bc x trong bung la, theo lp lun trn th nhit hi trong phn qu nhit i lu s tng, trong khi lng nhit phn qu nhit bc x nhn c s gim nn nhit hi qu nhit trong phn ny s gim, kt qu l nhit hi qu nhit trong b qu nhit t hp s thay i rt t hoc c th khng thay i tu thuc vo t l b mt hp thu gia cc phn. 8.4.3. Cc phng php iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit C hai phng php iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit: iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha hi v iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi. Vic la chn phng php iu chnh cn p ng cc yu cu sau: - Qun tnh nhit nh; - Phm vi iu chnh rng, - Cu to chc chn, tn t vt liu; - Lm gim t nht hiu sut chu trnh nhit; - Cho php d dng t ng ho vic iu chnh. 8.4.3.1. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha hi. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha hi tc l tc ng trc tip vo pha hi qu nhit lm thay i lng nhit n nhn c do thay i nhit ca hi. Ngi ta t vo ng gp hi ca b qu nhit mt thit b gi l b gim n. Cho nc i qua b gim n, v nc c nhit thp hn hi nn s nhn nhit ca hi lm cho nhit hi qu nhit gim xung. Khi thay i lu lng nc qua b gim n th s lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit. Tuy nhin, nu v mt l do g m nhit nc cp gim xung th nhit hi qu nhit gim xung, nhng mt khc nhit nc cp gim th lng hi sinh ra cng gim theo, i hi phi tng lng nhin liu cp vo l v khi c nhit khi v lu lng khi ra khi l (i vo b qu nhit) u tng ln. Hai yu t ny tc ng ngc nhau c th lm cho nhit hi gn nh khng thay i, do khng cn thay i lng nc gim n. Hin nay thng dng 2 loi b gim n: B gim n kiu b mt v b gim n kiu hn hp. * B gim n kiu b mt: B gim n kiu b mt c biu din trn hnh 8.14. y l mt thit b trao

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i nbit kiu b mt, gm cm ng ng c un ch U t trong gp hi, hi i pha ngoi ng cc ng ng s nh nhit cho nc gim n i trong. Nc i vo b gim n s nhn nhit ca hi qua b mt cc ng ng lm cho qu nhit ca hi gim xung. B gim n kiu b mt thng c thit k vi khong iu chnh nhit hi l 40-500C tng ng vi lng nc qua gim n bng 40-60% lng nc cp, do lng nc sau khi qua gim n cn c a v trc b hm nc. b gim n kiu b mt, nc gim n khng pha trn vi hi nn yu cu cht lng nc gim n khng cn cao lm, c th dng nc cp hoc nc l t bao hi tu thuc vo v tr t b gim n u vo hay u ra ca hi. Cch ni b gim n vi ng nc l hoc nc cp c ch ra trn hnh 8.16. i vi cc l hi nh, ngi ta s dng b gim n kiu b mt v c t trc tip vo bao hi. Mt phn hi qu nhit s i vo b gim n t trong bao hi v i ra s hn hp vi phn hi khng i qua gim n do s thay i c nhit hi qu nhit. * B gim n kiu hn hp: Nguyn l cu to b gim n kiu hn hp c biu din trn hnh 8.15, l mt t hp cc ng phun tng tc v tng p. Nc gim n s c phun qua cc ng phun thnh cc ht rt nh i vo pha trn vi hi qu nhit v ly nhit ca hi bc hi do lm cho nhit ca hi qu nhit gim xung. gim nhit hi qu nhit ph thuc vo lng nc vo gim n. b gim n kiu hn hp, nc gim n pha trn vi hi qu nhit nn yu cu cht lng nc gim n rt cao, thng dng nc ngng ca hi bo ha t cc bnh bc hi hoc t ngun nc no khng c mui nh hnh 8.17. B gim n kiu hn hp c u im l qun tnh nhit b, iu chnh nhanh, cu to n gin. B gim n kiu hn hp c dng ph bin cho cc l hi hin i, nhng cn ch l khng dng cho b qu nhit trung gian. V phun trc tip nc gim n vo hi qu nhit nh vy s lm tng lng hi qua phn trung v h p c ngha l gim lng hi qua phn cao p, lm gim kinh t ca chu trnh tuc bin.

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Hnh 8.14. Cu to gim n kiu b mt. 1. V, 2- ng ng ch U, 3-nc l vo v ra, 4,5-ng ni, 9,6-Nc vo v ra, 7,8- van iu chnh.

Hnh 8.15. Cu to gim n hn hp 1-ng gp; 2-ng khuych tn; 3-mi phun

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Hnh 8.16.Ni b gim n vi ng nc l hoc nc cp. a- Dng nc l; b- Dng nc cp. 1-bao hi; 2-B gim n; 3BQN; 4-Hiti tuc bin; 5-Nc cp; 6-ly xung lng iu khin nhit hi

Hnh 8.18. Cch b tr b gim n.

Hnh 8.16.Ni b gim n vi ng nc ngng 1-bao hi; 2- BQN cp 2; 3-B gim n; 4-BQN cp 2; 5-bnh ngng; 6-bnh cha nc ngng; 7-van iu chnh; 8-b hm nc; 9-ly xung lng iu khin nhit hi. * Cch b tr b gim n: B gim n c th b tr u vo, u ra hoc gia cc cp ca b qu nhit. Cch b tr gim n c trnh by trn hnh 8.18. - Nu b tr u ra b qu nhit (ng gp th ba nh hnh 8.18c.) th qun tnh iu chnh nhit b, iu chnh nhanh nhit hi do tuc bin c bo m an ton tuyt i, nhng c nhc im l b qu nhit khng c bo v, do b qu nhit s b t nng qu mc, tui th b qu nhit s gim xung v c th lm n ng. S ny thng dng khi nhit hpi qu nhit khng qu 3750C. - Nu b tr u vo b qu nhit (ng gp th nht nh hnh 8.18a) th s iu chnh c nhit hi trong ton b b qu nhit, nhng c nhc im l va lm m hi, va qun tnh nhit ln, tc ng chm do b qu nhit v tuc bin s b t nng qu mc trong khong thi gian cha kp tc ng. i vi b gim n kiu b mt, khi t u vo ca b qu nhit th nc gim n phi l nc cp v hi l hi bo ho c nhit bng nhit nc l nn khng th ly nc l ly t bao hi lm nc gim n c. khc phc nhc im ca hai s trn, thng ngi ta b tr b gim n

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nm gia 2 cp ca b qu nhit (ng gp gia nh hnh 8.18b). 8.4.3.2. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi: C th iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch thay i nhit , lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit hoc thay i ng thi c nhit v lu lng khi. + iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit: iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit l lm gim hay tng lng khi i qua b qu nhit bng cch cho mt phn khi i tt qua ng khi khng t b qu nhit nhm gim lng nhit m b qu nhit nhn c, do lm gim nhit hi qu nhit. S ng khi i tt c biu din trn hnh 8.19. S I v III c hiu qu kinh t cao nht, nhng tm chn iu chnh lng khi nm trong vng khi c nhit cao nn chng hng. S II tm chn lm vic vng khi c nhit thp hn, nhng iu chnh km thun li hn. S IV v V (c t thm b mt truyn nhit hp thu nhit nh b hm nc, b qu nhit trung gian) tm chn lm vic vng khi c nhit thp nht, nhng khi nh hng ca s thay i h s truyn nhit v chnh nhit s t c tc dng n vic thay i nhit hi trong b qu nhit.

Hnh 8.19. Cc dng ng khi i tt qua b qu nhit + iu chnh nhit khi: iu chnh nhit khi i qua b qu nhit bng cch thay i gc quay ca vi phun, cho vi phun hng ln trn hoc xung di s lm thay i v tr trung tm ca ngn la (hnh 8.20), do lm thay i nhit khi ra khi bung la tc l thay i nhit khi i qua b qu nhit, lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit. Khi cho vi phun hng ln trn s lm v tr trung tm ca ngn la dch ln pha trn, nhit khi ra khi bung la tng ln tc l nhit khi i qua b qu nhit tng ln, lm tng nhit hi qu nhit. Nhng khi lm gim thi gian lu li ca nhin liu trong bung la nn tn tht chy khng hon ton v c hc q4 s tng ln, ng thi nhit khi thi cng tng lm tng tn tht do khi thi mang ra khi l q2. V vy bin ch dng khi t nhin liu d chy. + Kt hp va iu chnh nhit khi va iu chnh lu lng khi: iu chnh ng thi nhit khi v lu lng khi bng cch trch mt phn

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khi pha sau b hm nc a vo bung la (cn gi l ti tun hon khi, hnh 8.21). Khi trch mt phn khi pha sau b hm nc a vo bung la, nhit trung bnh trong bung la s gim xung lm cho nhit lng hp thu bng bc x ca dn ng sinh hi gim xung, ngha l nhit khi ra khi bung la tng ln, ng thi lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit tng ln lm cho lng nhit hp thu ca b qu nhit i lu tng ln, dn n nhit hi qu nhit cng tng ln.

Hnh 8.20. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch thay i v tr trung tm ngn la nh quay vi phun

Hnh 8.21. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch ti tun hon khi. 1-Vi phun; 2-B qu nhit; 3-B hm nc; 4-b SKK; 5-Qut gi ti tun hon; 6-dng khi

i vi b qu nhit t hp th ti tun hon khi s khng c tc dng iu chnh nhit hi v khi tuy nhit hi trong phn qu nhit i lu tng ln, nhng nhit trung bnh trong bung la gim s lm cho nhit lng hp thu ca phn qu nhit bc x v na bc x gim do nhit hi ra khi b qu nhit c th s khng thay i. Khi ti tun hon khi vo bung la th l lng khi thi khng tng, do o tn tht nhit do khi thi q2 gn nh khng i Nhit hi thay i khi tng h s khng kh tha s tc ng tng t nh khi ti tun hon khi, tuy nhin khi tng h s khng kh tha s lm tng lng khi thi do lm tng tn tht nhit do khi thi q2. Nhc im ca phng php ti tun hon khi l phi lp thm qut khi v tng lng in t dng; c qun tnh nhit ln, iu chnh chm, phm vi iu chnh hp v c khi hiu sut l li gim; vic t ng ho kh khn hn iu chnh bng hi nn phng php ny t c dng. Mt khc khi ti tun hon khi vo bung la s lm gim nng oxy trong bung la s gy kh khn cho qu trnh chy, do

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n ch dng khi t nhin liu d chy. Qua phn tch ta thy mi phng php u c u, nhc im nht nh, v vy thc t cc l hi hin i thng ngi ta kt hp nhiu bin php nh s dng b gim n hn hp vi quay vi phun hoc ti tun hon khi; s dng b gim n hn hp vi b gim n b mt c th tho mn c yu cu ca b iu chnh nhit .

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Chng 9. b hm nc v b sy khng kh 9.1. B HM NC tn dng nhit tha ca khi sau b qu nhit nhm nng cao hiu sut ca l hi, ngi ta b tr thm pha sau b qu nhit cc b mt nhn nhit nh b hm nc, b sy khng kh. V vy b hm nc cn c gi l b tit kim nhit. B tr B hm nc v b sy khng kh c b tr sau b qu nhit, vic b tr chng c lin quan cht ch vi nhau ph thuc vo nhit khng kh nng v nhit nc cp vo b hm 9.1.1. Cng dng v phn loi b hm nc Nhim v ca b hm nc l gia nhit cho nc cp n nhit si hoc gn si trc khi nc vo bao hi. Theo nhim v c th phn thnh hai kiu b hm: B hm nc kiu si v kiu cha si. - b hm nc kiu si, nc ra khi b hm t n trng thi si, si c th t ti 30%. B hm nc kiu si c th c ch to bng ng thp trn hoc ng thp c cnh. - b hm nc kiu cha si, nc ra khi b hm nc cha t n nhit si. B hm nc kiu cha si c th c ch to bng thp hay bng gang ty theo thnh phn lu hunh trong nhin liu Lng nhit nc hp thu c trong b hm nc s ph thuc vo nhit nc cp vo l, nhit nc cp ra khi b hm nc v si ca nc trong b hm. Nhit nc cp khi vo b hm nc c la chn trn c s tnh ton kinh t k thut chu trnh nhit ca ton nh my. Khi nhit nc cp vo b hm nc tng ln th lng nhit nc hp thu c trong b hm nc s gim lm nhit khi thi ra khi l tng, ngha l hiu sut l hi gim xung, nhng tri li khi hiu sut chu trnh nhit li tng ln. Nhit nc cp c li nht c tnh ton theo thng s ca chu trnh nhit. Khi tng p sut hi th phn nhit lng un nc n si tng ln, do phn nhit lng hp thu trong b hm nc phi tng ln. Khi phi ch to b hm nc kiu si (i vi cc l trung p, phn nhit lng sinh hi chim khong 60% ton b nhit lng cp cho l). i vi cc l ghi, v bt buc nhit khng kh nng khng cao (khong
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150 C) nn ton b lng nhit ca khi phn ui l s dnh cho b hm nc. V vy b hm nc s c thit k vi si cao, lng nc bc hi trong b hm c th ti 30%. i vi cc l hi hin i, b hm c th c thit k kiu si hoc khng si. V cu to b hm nc c th c chia thnh ba loi: ng thp trn, ng thp c cnh v ng gang. B hm nc bng ng thp c cnh v cu to ging b hm nc ng thp trn, ch khc l ngoi ng ngi ta lm thm cc cnh lm tng din tch b mt trao i nhit nhm tng cng truyn nhit. B hm nc kiu ng thp c cnh c u im l tng cng c h s truyn nhit, nhng ch to phc tp v d b bm tro bi, kh v sinh nn hin nay khng s dng na. 9.1.2. B hm nc ng thp trn:

Hnh 9.2. B hm nc kiu ng xon 1, 2- ng gp trn v di; 3- ng xon; 4- thanh gi ng xon; 5- thanh ; 6- ng nc vo; 7- tng bo n. 1- B hm nc ng thp trn c cu to gn nh b qu nhit, c biu din trn hnh 9.1. gm cc ng thp c ng knh t 28, 32, 38mm c un gp nhiu ln v hai u c ni vo hai ng gp. B hm nc c ch to thnh tng cm c chiu cao khong 1m v cc cm c t cch nhau 0,6m nhm to khong trng cho vic sa cha v lm v sinh c d dng. Thng thng cc ng xon ca b hm nc c b tr sole, to tc dng khi ln v xoy nhiu nhm tng cng truyn nhit.

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Hnh 4.15. ng xon ca b hm nc 1-van; 2, 3- ng gp di v trn; 4- thanh ging 5- thanh ; 6- ng xon Thng thng cc ng xon c un nhiu ln trong mt mt phng. Bn knh un ca ng xon khong 1,5 n 2 ln ng knh ng cn bc ngang tng i gia cc ng bng 2-3 ln ng knh ng hn ch bm tro bi. Cc mt phng ng xon c th t song song hoc vung gc vi tng sau ca l. Khi t vung gc vi tng sau ca l th do chiu su ng khi nh hn chiu rng nn ng xon s ngn hn do vic gi ng xon s n gin hn nhiu, ch cn gi hai im hai u ng xon, nhng khi tt c cc ng xon u nm vng st pha sau tng l, ni c lng tro bay theo khi nhiu nht v tc khi ln nht, nn tt c cc ng xon u b mi mn v mi mn nhiu nht. Bi vy gn nh tt c cc l hi u b tr mt phng ng xon song song vi tng sau ca l ch mt vi dy pha sau b mi mn. Vi nhng l hi cng sut ln, chiu rng ng khi rt ln nn b hm nc thng c chia thnh hai phn, c hai ng nc i ring. Hnh 9.2. trnh by s t cc ng xon trong ng khi ca l.

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Hnh 9.2. S t cc ng xon trong ng khi ca l. a) mt phng ng xon t song song vi tng sau ca l; b v c) mt phng ng xon t vung gc vi tng sau ca l, b-mt ng nc; c- hai ng nc. Vic b tr ng xon cng phi ch n tc nc i trong cc ng xon. Tc nc c la chn trn c s ngn nga hin tng n mn. phn khng si ca b hm, tc nc phi khng c nh hn 0,3 m/s, cn phn si trnh hin tng phn tng trong ng th tc nc phi ln hn 1 m/s.

Hnh 9.3. S khng gian ng xon b hm nc i vi cc l hi nh, m bo tc nc trong ng xon c th b tr ng xon theo hnh khng gian, khi ton b b hm c th ch l mt hay vi ng xon nh trn hnh 9.3. Cc ng xon c gi bng cc ai thp c th c treo hoc trn dm.
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Hnh 9.4. trnh by c cu gi cc ng xon ca b hm.

Hnh 9.4. C cu gi cc ng xon ca b hm. 9.1.3. B hm nc bng gang: Gang c u im l chu c s n mn ca cc axt v mi mn ca tro, do vy nhng l hi t nhit liu c nhiu lu hunh hoc nhng l hi khng c h thng x l nc ngi ta dng b hm nc bng gang. Tt nhin gang li c nhc im l chu lc va p km, do trnh hin tng thy kch gy lc va p trong cc ng ca b hm, nc trong b hm phi khng c si, ngha l b hm nc bng gang ch c trang b cho nhng l cn b hm nc kiu cha si v nhit nc ra khi b hm phi nh hn nhit si p sut tng ng khong 400C. B hm nc bng gang c biu din trn hnh 9.5, gm nhng ng gang c c ng knh trong t 76-120 mm, di t 1,5-3m, c ni vi nhau bng cc ct ni c mt bch v bu lng nn lp t rt d dng. V mt cu to b hm nc bng gang gm mt hoc vi ng xon b tr kiu khng gian. Gang c h s dn nhit nh hn thp, do tng cng kh nng truyn nhit pha ngoi ng c c thm cc cnh. B hm nc bng gang c nhc im l kch thc ln, nng n, ng thi do c cnh nn tro bi bm ln ng rt nhiu, v vy cn phi t thm b thi bi cho n. S t thi bi trong b hm nc bng gang c ch trn hnh 9.6. B ng bng gang thng c dng cho nhng l cng sut nh hoc trung bnh. Thng thng cc l loi ny cha c h thng x l nc hoc c nhng cha hon thin nn trong nc cn nhiu cht c kh nng gy ra n mn, m gang chu n mn v mi mn tt nn tui th s cao hn so vi b hm nc bng thp. Hin nay b hm nc bng gang ch cho php lm vic n p sut 4 Mpa
186

Hnh 9.5. B hm nc bng gang 1-Cnh tn nhit; 2-Bch ni; 3-Van; 4-ct ni; 5- ng gang

Hnh 9.6. S thi bi trong b hm nc bng gang Khi vn hnh b hm nc bng gang cn lu trong giai on nhm l do nc khng lu thng lin tc vo l nn trnh hin tng t nng lm nc c th si, cn phi b tr ng khi i tt khng i qua b hm nc. 9.1.4. Cch ni b hm nc Trong qu trnh vn hnh, ph ti l s thng xuyn thay i, c nhng lc ph ti rt thp, c th bng khng (khi khi ng), khi lng nc i qua b hm nc s rt nh nn nc c th si trong b hm, iu ny l khng cho php i vi b hm bng gang. Trong trng hp ny cn thit phi tch b hm nc khi s hot ng ca l hi, do vic ni b hm vi bao hi sao cho c th m bo c iu kin nay. Vic ni b hm nc vi bao hi thc hin bng 2 cch: ngt c ra khi l hoc khng ngt c ra khi l. Kiu ngt c ra khi l c dng cho loi b hm nc bng gang (kiu khng si), c biu din trn hnh 9.7a. Vic t b hm nc kiu ngt c ra khi l ch yu l bo v nc khng si trong b hm khi khi ng l hoc lc
187

lm vic vi ph ti thp. Khi cho khi i ng tt khng qua b hm nc v nc i tt vo bao hi khng qua b hm hoc cho nc t b hm ti tun hon v b cha nc cp. Mun ni kiu ngt c th cn phi c ng khi i tt, khi cu to l s phc tp thm. Kiu khng ngt c ra khi l c dng cho loi b hm nc bng thp, c biu din trn hnh 9.7b.

Hnh 4.17. S ni b hm nc vi bao hi a) s ngt c; b) s khng ngt c. 1, 3, 5-van kha; 2-van mt chiu; 4-van an ton;

Vic b tr cc ng dn nc t b hm vo bao hi cng cn c lu b tr ph hp vi tng loi b hm. i vi b hm nc kiu si, nc si kh mnh, c th ti 30%), do cn b tr cc ng nc vo bao hi pha ngoi ng khi. V khi b tr trong ng khi, nc tip tc nhn nhit, si mnh v c th to thnh mc nc t do gy nguy him cho ng. i vi b hm nc kiu cha si, cn b tr cc ng nc vo bao hi pha pha trong ng khi st trn v tng l, to thnh cc dn ng che tng c tc dng bo v tng. Hnh 9.7b. biu din s b tr ng dn nc t b hm vo bao hi. Hnh 9.7b. S b tr ng dn nc vo bao hi 9.2. B SY KHNG KH. 9.2.1. Cng dng v phn loi tng cng hiu qu qu trnh chy, m bo qu trnh bc chy nhanh v chy n nh, khng kh cp vo l cn c sy nng n mt nhit nht nh. Nhit khng kh nng yu cu ty thuc vo loai nhin liu t. Nhin liu lng
188

c sy nng bng hi n khong 1000C v l loi nhin liu d bc chy, do khng kh nng khng cn phi c nhit cao lm, thng khong 1500C. i vi cc l hi t than, khng kh nng cn c nhim v bc m trong than v sy than do yu cu nhit kh cao, khong t 250 n 4000C L t than trn ghi, do ghi l tip xc trc tip vi cc ht than ang chy c nhit cao, do khng kh i qua ghi ngoi nhim v cung cp oxy cho qu trnh chy cn c nhim v lm mt ghi l, do thng thng nhit khng kh nng qua ghi c chn khong 1500C. sy nng khng kh cp cho l ng thi tn dng nhit nng cao hiu sut l, ngi ta t thm ng khi phn ui l thit b sy khng kh. Theo nguyn l truyn nhit, c th phn thnh hai loi b sy khng kh: B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit v b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit. 9.2.2. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit Hin nay b sy khng kh thu nhit thng c ch to kiu ng, c th l ng thp hoc ng gang. * B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit bng ng thp: B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit bng ng thp thng c ch to thnh nhiu cm (khi) ghp li theo chiu cao v chiu rng ca l thun li khi vn chuyn v lp t. S cu to b sy khng kh kiu thu nhit ng bng thp c biu din trn hnh 9.8. Mi cm ca b sy khng kh gm cc ng thp c ng knh 25 - 51mm. Cc ng ca b sy khng chu p lc nn c chiu dy nh, thng t 1,5 - 2 mm v c lin kt vi nhau bi mt sng c chiu dy 15-25mm. y khi i trong ng cn khng kh s i ct ngang pha ngoi ng. Nhiu trng hp va tng cng ca b sy ng thi tng s ln ct nhau gia khi v khng kh, ngi ta t thm mt hay hai mt sng trung gian gia hai mt sng chnh. trnh hin tng lt khng kh vo ng khi qua cc khe h gia cc mt sng v gia b sy vi khung l cn phi t cc vnh b. Vnh b l cc l tn mng. S cu to b sy khng kh kiu thu nhit ng bng thp c biu din trn hnh 9.8. Vic b tr s cm ca b sy hay s mt sng trung gian cn phi tnh ton m bo tc khng kh i qua b sy. Trn hnh 9.8. trnh by cc s b tr b sy khng kh kiu ng. Khi chn s ln ng khng kh ct ng khi, ngoi vic m bo tc khng kh cn da vo quan h gia tc khi v tc khng kh, tc l xt ti kch thc v s lng ng m bo tc khi i qua. Khi xc nh s lng ng ca b sy ta bit trc din tch b mt truyn nhit yu cu H, cn tc khi c chn theo gii hn mi mn ng bi tro bay, do s lng ng v kch ng knh ng s c quan h vi nhau nhm m bo

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din tch tit din khi i qua F. Din tch tit din khi i qua: F = n Din tch b mt truyn nhit yu cu: H = nd tbl, m2.

d2 2 t ,m . 4

R rng khi gim ng knh th phi tng s lng ng. Khi tng s lng ng, mun m bo din tch b mt nhn nhit th phi gim chiu di ng, ng thi mun m bo tc khng kh th phi tng s dy ng dc theo ng khng kh, khi s lm tng tr lc ng khng kh, cn gim chiu di ng th s lm gim s ln ct ca khng kh vi khi. Thng thng ngi ta tch thnh hai dng khng kh ring bit, khng kh vo v ra khi b sy theo hai pha. Khi lng khng kh i qua mi phn ch cn mt na do tr lc ng khng kh gim i hai ln v cho php tng s ln ct ln gp i. Hnh 9.9 trnh by cu to b sy khng kh ca l hi.

Hnh 9.9. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit 1-Mt sng; 2-ng thp; 3- Vch ngn; 4- Hp khi; 5- Hp khng kh

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B sy khng kh kiu ng thp c u im sau: - n gin khi ch to, lp rp. - Khi chuyn ng dc ng do tro t bm trong ng, nu bm cng d lm sch. - t b lt khng kh vo trong ng khi. - Lng tiu hao kim loi t. Nhc im ca b sy khng kh kiu ng thp l: - V lm bng ng thp nn chu c nhit khng cao lm. - Khng bn di tc dng n mn bi khi c nhit cao v mi mn bi tro bay theo khi. V vy b sy khng kh kiu ng thp ch c dng khi nhit khng kh nng yu cu n 4200C v t vng khi c nhit khng qu 5500C. Khi nhit khng kh nng v khi cao hn th phi dng b sy khng kh bng gang. * B sy khng kh bng gang : B sy khng kh bng gang khc phc c cc nhc im trn ca b sy khng kh bng thp. Tuy nhin b sy khng kh bng gang c nhc im l nng n, tn kim loi v ng gang chu lc km nn phi c dy hn, mt khc gang c dn nhit km nn phi lm cnh pha ngoi ng v rng trong ng tng cng truyn nhit. B sy khng kh bng gang thng c dng lm phn u vo ca khng kh (phn c nhit thp ca b sy cp mt) cc l t nhin liu nhiu lu hunh, hoc lm phn u ra (phn c nhit cao ca b sy cp hai) cc l t nhin liu c m ln, kh chy, cn khng kh nng c nhit cao.

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9.2.3. B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: Hin nay ngi ta s dng kh ph bin b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit cho l hi t du hoc lm b sy cp 1 cho cc l hi t than c nhiu lu hunh. B phn chnh ca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit l mt rotor quay quanh 1 trc thng ng vi tc khong 2-5 vng/pht. Trn roto gn cc cnh bng kim loi nhn nhit. Khi Rotor quay, cc cnh kim loi ln lt khi th tip xc vi khi, khi th tip xc vi khng kh lnh. ng khi v ng khng kh c b tr v hai pha c nh ca b sy v c ngn cch bi vch ngn. S b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit c biu din trn hnh 9.10. Khi cc cnh ca rotor nm pha khi, tip xc vi khi c nhit cao hn nn s b khi t nng, cn lc quay sang phn khng kh lnh tip xc vi khng kh c nhit thp hn s nh nhit lm cho khng kh nng ln. + u imca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: - Khng b n mn bi nhit thp do nhit thp n tip xc vi khng
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kh khng phi l mi trng n mn, cn khi tip xc vi khi th nhit cao hn nhit ng sng. - Kch thc gn gng, tiu hao kim loi t

Hnh 9.10. B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit. 6-ng c in; 7-Cnh nhn nhit; 8-Chn v; 9-Hp khng kh, khi vo v ra; 10- trc; 11-Trc; 12- v hnh tr; 13-Tang trng

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+ Nhc im ca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: - Nhit khng kh s khng cao lm. - Do c cu quay nn tui th khng cao. - C s lt khi qua ng khng kh tng i ln. Do nhit khng kh nng khng cao lm nn loi ny thng dng cho l hi t du. 9.3. B tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh Cu to v chc nng ca b hm nc v b sy khng kh khc hn nhau, nhng chng c lin quan mt thit vi nhau khi b tr chng trong ng khi. B hm nc v b sy khng kh c b tr trn on ng khi sau b qu nhit, c th b tr mt cp hoc hai cp t xen k. Vic chn cch b tr mt hay hai cp hon ton ty thuc vo nhit khng kh nng yu cu. i vi cc l ghi, qu trnh chy nhin liu xy ra trn ghi, khng kh thi t di ln qua ghi va cp oxy cho qu trnh chy va lm mt ghi. bo v ghi khi b qu nng, nhit khng kh nng thng khng qu 1500C. Khi ch cn b tr b sy khng kh mt cp v do b hm nc cng mt cp. i vi l t than phun, yu cu khng kh nng c th trn 4000C. thu c khng kh nng c nhit cao nh vy, cn phi t mt phn u ra ca b sy khng kh trong vng khi c nhit cao, ngha l phn b sy khng kh thnh hai cp, khi b hm nc c th lm mt cp t gia hai cp ca b sy. Tuy nhin nh vy th b sy khng kh cp hai nm ngay sau b qu nhit, vng c nhit khi qu cao nn s rt chng hng. Bi vy bo v b sy cp hai, thng ngi ta cng chia b hm nc ra thnh hai cp v b sy cp hai c t vo gia hai cp ca b hm. S b tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh c biu din trn hnh 9.11.

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Hnh 9.11. B tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh

Trn hnh 9.11 trnh by s bin thin nhit ca mi cht khi i qua b hm nc v b sy khng kh. y cc dng mi cht c b tr chuyn ng ngc chiu vi dng khi t c chnh nhit trung bnh gia cc dng mi cht l ln nht.
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Phng trnh cn bng nhit vit cho b sy khng kh:

bl

0 bl ng ) Vkk C kk ( t kkn t kkl ) = VRO2 C RO2 + VN 2 C N 2 +

0 ' + ( th 1) Vkk C kk + VH 2OC H 2O ( Skk th ) , kj/kg.

(9-1)

trong : tkkn, tkkl l nhit khng kh nng v lnh, 0C;

'kk , th l nhit khi vo b sy khng kh cp mt v thi ra khi l, 0C;

khi k hiu Mkk , Mk l ng lng nc ca khng kh v ca khi:

0 Mkk = ( bl bl ng ) Vkk Ckk kj/kg0C;

(9-2) (9-3) (9-4)

0 Mk = VRO2 C RO2 + VN 2 C N 2 + ( th 1) Vkk C kk + VHO2 C HO2 ;

Th (9-1) s c vit li theo ng lng nc l:

' M kk ( t kkn t kkl ) = M k ( skk th ) ,

Bi v ng lng nc ca khng kh nh hn ng lng nc ca khi ' nn ( t kkn t kkl ) ( skk th ) , ngha l tng nhit ca khng kh ln hn gim nhit ca khi. Thng thng khi gim i 10C th khng kh tng ln 1,2 n 1,50C. i vi b hm nc th v nhit dung ring ca nc ln hn nhit dung ring ca khi nhiu (khong 2,5 ln), nn tng nhit ca nc nh hn nh hn nhiu so vi gim nhit ca khi. Khi b tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh, chng ta cn phi xc nh t l nhit lng hp thu gia cc cp ca b hm v b sy, tc l xc nh t l b mt hp thu gia cc cp. K hiu thn v tskk l hiu nhit gia khi vi cc mi cht u ra khi vo b sy v u vo b hm nc cp mt, tc l:
' thn = skk - tnc ,
' tskk = skk - tkkn ,

(9-5a) (9-5b)

Kt hp vi (9-4) ta c: hay

M kk ' ( t kkn t kkl ) = ( skk th + t kkn t kkn ) Mk M kk ( t kkn t kkl ) = t kkn th + t skk Mk

t ta c nhit khng kh nng ra khi b sy cp mt: M kk 1 Mk , t kkn = ( th t skk ) t kkl M kk M kk 1 1 Mk Mk

(9-6)

R rng nhit khng kh nng ra khi b sy cp mt ph thuc vo nhit

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 khi thi th , nhit khng kh lnh tkkl, hiu nhit tskk u ra b sy khng kh cp mt v t l gia ng lng nc ca khng kh vi khi Mkk/Mk. Khi thit k l hi nhit khi thi c chn trc, nhit khng kh lnh chnh l nhit mi trng, cn ng lng nc ca khng kh v khi ph thuc vo loi nhin liu v phng php t nn cng l nhng tr s c nh, v vy hiu nhit tskk u ra b sy khng kh cp mt l i lng c ngha quyt nh i vi nhit khng kh nng ra khi b sy cp mt. T (9-6) ta thy khi hiu nhit tskk u vo b sy khng kh cp mt cng nh th nhit khng kh nng ra khi b sy cp mt v nhit khi trc b sy khng kh cp mt cng cao, do hiu nhit thn u vo b hm nc cp mt cng s cng cao v nhit nc cp c chn trc khng i. V vy vi mt lng nhit hp thu khng i cho b hm v b sy cp mt, kch thc b mt nhn nhit b hm nc gim i cn b sy khng kh th tng ln. Chng ta bit gi thnh ca 1m2 b mt b hm nc cao hn 1m2 b mt b sy do ng b hm nc dy hn, kim loi tt hn v ch to kh hn, v vy vic chn hiu s nhit tskk u vo b sy khng kh cp mt v t l hiu nhit tskk /thn u vo b sy khng kh cp mt v hiu nhit u vo b hm nc cp mt c xc nh trn c s so snh kinh t, k thut sao cho gi thnh chung ca b hm nc v b sy khng kh l nh nht. cc nc ng u t l ny thng l bng 1,3-1,5, khi c gi tr ca mt hiu nhit theo t l ny ta tm c gi tr hiu nhit kia v t (9-5a) v (9-5b) ta xc nh c nhit khng kh nng: . tkkn = tnc + thn - tskk, Khi c nhit khng kh nng ra khi b sy cp mt ta xc nh c t l nhit lng gia hai cp ca b sy. Phn b t l nhit lng hp thu gia hai cp ca b hm nc c x nh bi vic chn nhit khi trc b sy khng kh cp hai. Nhit ny c chn theo iu kin m bo chng n mn b sy khng kh nhit cao, thng thng nhit khi trc b sy cp hai khng vt qu 5500C. Bng 9.1. Nhit khi thi
Nhin liu A 3
qd

tnc = 1500C a 110-120 120-130 130-140 b 110 110-120 -

tnc = 215-2350C a b 120-130 110 140-150 160-170 120-130 -

tnc = 2650C a 130-140 150-160 170-180 b 110-120 130-140 -

Aqd=4 20 A > 20
qd

9.4. iu kin lm vic ca cc b mt t phn ui v bin php bo v

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Khi bao gm cc cht kh, tro v cc ht nhin liu cha chy. Cc cht kh c th n mn kim loi ng cn tro v cc ht nhin liu cha chy c th mi mn b mt ng khi chng chuyn qua ng vi tc ln, hoc bm li trn mt ng nu chuyn ng vi tc nh. 9.4.1. Bm bn b mt t Kh nng bm tro ln b mt cc ng ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng ca khi, kch thc ht tro, tnh cht ca tro v cc b tr ng. Khi tro bm ln vch ng th h s truyn nhit ca vch ng b gim i, lm gim kh nng hp thu nhit ca dn ng. Tc hi ca vic bm bn c c trng bng h s bm bn: = tr , m2 0C/w, (9-7) tr trong :

tr , tr l chiu dy (m) v h s dn nhit ca lp tro bm W/ m2 0C.

Vic bm tro ch xy ra vi cc ht tro c kch thc nh hn 2m. Kch thc ca nhng ht ny xp x vi qung ng t do ca cc phn t nn chng mang nhiu tnh cht ca phn t. Khi tip xc vi ng, ti im tip xc s xut hin ni lc phn t, lm cho cc ht tro bm ln vch ng. Ngoi ra cc ht nh cn c th mang in tch nn c th bm ln di sc ht ca ng. Sc ht ny ph thuc vo dn in ca cc ht tro, dn in cng nh th sc ht cng mnh. Bi vy, tro c dn in nh hn ht cc nn b sc ht mnh hn. Dng khi chuyn ng qua ng, khi n gn ng th dng b r i, pha trc ng ngay ch r khi tc dng b th tc dng trn mt ng ch r gn nh bng khng nn c mt lng nh tro bm li. Pha sau ng to nn vng xoy, tc dng cng gim nn mt phn tro s bm li. Hai bn ng tc dng ln nn khng b bm tro. Tc dng cng ln th vng xoy cng nh, lc qun tnh nh nn tro bm cng t. Vng xoy nh hay ln cn ph thuc vo cc b tr ng so le hay song song v bc ng tng i. cm ng song song, t dy th hai tr i th c trc v sau ng u c vng xoy do c bc ngang v dc u khng c nh hng g n dng lu ng ca dng nn khng nh hng n hin tng bm bn. Trn hnh 9.12. trnh by nh hng ca tc v phng lu ng.

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Hnh 9.12. nh hng ca tc v phng lu ng i vi cm ng so le, bc ngang nh hng rt t n dng lu ng ca dng, nhng bc dc c nh hng rt nhiu. Khi gim bc dc tng i s2/d th dng s b un cong nhiu hn do vng xoy s b co hp li, mc bm bn gim i. V d vi tc lu ng 8-10m/s, khi gim bc dc tng i s2/d t 2 xung 1 th h s bm bn gim i 4,5 ln. Thc t tc ny, khi s2/d = 1,0-1,2 th gn nh khng c bm bn. ng knh ng cng nh hng n mc ln bm bn. Khi gim ng knh ng th h s bm bn gim xung. V d khi gim ng knh t 38 mm xung 25mm th h s bm bn gim i 2,2 ln i vi cm ng so le v 2,5 i vi cm ng song song. Trong thc t, h s bm bn thng c tnh theo cc cng thc thc nghim sau: = 0,86CdCh0 + , m2 0C/w, (9-8) trong : Cd = d/38 l h s hiu chnh v ng knh ng,
199

Ch l h s hiu chnh v c ht, 0 l h s bm bn xc nh bng thc nghim vi ng knh ng 38mm, c ht ca tro l 33,7%, hiu chnh v v s sai khc gia th nghim vi thc t. Cc gi tr i lng hiu chnh Cd , Ch v 0 c tnh ton theo cc cng thc tu thuc vo cch b tr cm ng v bc ng. T cc cng thc ny ngi ta lp cc ton nh trn hnh 9.13. y coi nh hng ca cu to cm ng n Cd , Ch l ging nhau. Hiu chnh v v s sai khc gia th nghim vi thc t c xc nh theo tng loi cm ng v theo loi nhin liu t nh sau: i vi cm ng ca b hm nc t vng khi c nhit t < 4000C, = 0. t vng khi c nhit t > 4000C, = 0,002. Khi t than antraxit = 0,002. Qu trnh bm bn thng xy ra khi tc dng nh hn 2,5-3m/s. Khi bm bn ri th vic tng tc khi khng cn ngha na, do trong vn hnh phi lun m bo tc dng khng nh hn 3m/s. Thng thng khi thit k chn tc dng khng nh hn 5,5-6,5m/s cng sut nh mc. Qu trnh bm bn chc ln vch ng xy ra do trong tro c xitcanxi CaO sinh ra do phn hu cc mui canxi v oxitnatri Na2O sinh ra khi chy nhin liu, tc dng vi SO2 oxy trong khi to thnh sunphtcanxi c kh nng bm chc ln vch ng khi tinh th ho: CaO + 2SO2 + O2 2CaSO4. Na2O + 2SO2 + O2 2Na2SO4. Kh nng bm bn ph thuc vo nhit tro, hm lng CaO, Na2O trong tro. Phn ng s xy ra theo chiu thun mnh nht khi nhit trong khong 7007500C. Khi nhit t < 5000C th c th coi nh khng c bm bn chc. Khi hm lng CaO nh hn 4% th c th coi nh khng c bm bn. Bn cnh trong tro cn c mt s lin kt kim khc, c nhit chy thp nn c th bm dnh li trn vch ng khi nhit khi co hn nhit chy ca n. Khi t ma dut, tuy hm lng tro trong n thp nhng hm lng natri v lu hunh kh cao nn kh nng bm bn vch ng cng c th ln.

200

9.4.2. Mi mn b mt truyn nhit i lu Khi t nhin liu rn (nht l t than), trong khi c cha cc ht tro v cc ht than cha chy c, y l cc ht rn c cng cao nn c kh nng mi mn rt mnh khi bay theo khi. Mc mi mn c c trng bi cng mi mn, l lng vt cht b mi mn ca 1m2 b mt tip xc vi dng, kg/m2 , hay mc bo mng ng mm. Cng mi mn ph thuc vo s ln va p ca ht ln b mt (mt ht cng trong khi), vo ng nng ca ht (tc dng khi mang ht), cng ca ht v kh nng chu mi mn ca b mt ng. Nhng ng nm vng c tc khi ln, nng tro bay cao th b mi mn nhiu. Nhng ch ngot dng trong ng khi, do tc dng ca lc ly tm nn nng tro v tc dng khi cng ln hn cc ch khc nhiu, do ti y ng s b mi mn nhiu hn. Hnh 9.13. trnh by nhng ch cc b mt b mi mn nhiu nht Hnh 9.13. Nhng ch b mi mn nhiu nht i vi cc cm ng th hin tng mi mn xy ra ngc li vi hin tng bm bn. i vi cc cm ng so le, dy th hai b mi mn nhiu nht. Bi v khi dng p vo dy ng u tin th tc cn nh, bng tc ch khng t ng nn mi mn t. n dy ng th hai th tc tng ln t ngt, mc mi mn c th tng ln gp 1,5 ln, nhng cc dy sau th do va chm vo cc ng nn tc ht rn cng gim i v do cng mi mn cng gim. i vi cc cm ng song song, t dy th hai tr i u xut hin vng xoy trc v sau ng, tc ca dng gim nhiu nn ng b mi mn t hn cm so le nhiu. Tuy nhin khi nh gi mi mn, ngi ta cng coi nh cm so le phng trng hp cc ng c lp t khng cng nm trong mt mt phng. Cc ht rn c th va p vo ng theo cc gc khc nhau, c th va p thng gc 900 vi ng hoc c th va p xin vi gc nh hn 900. Lc va p xin c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: thnh phn php tuyn (vung gc) v thnh phnh tip tuyn, thnh phn lc vung gc to nn mi mn va p, cn thnh phn lc tip tuyn to nn mi mn trt. Mc mi mn va p v mi mn trt cng khc nhau ph thuc vo gc va ca cc ht vo ng. Hnh 9.14. trnh by cng mi mn ph thuc vo gc va i vi mt s loi thp.

201

Hnh 9.14. Cng mi mn ph thuc vo gc va ca cc ht vo ng. Cc ht bay theo khi c th l tro x, c th l ht than cha chy. Cc ht tro x to ra khi chy trong bung la c nhit cao nn b chy hoc bin dng nn c cnh trn hoc cu nn ch c th gy ra mi mn va p, cn cc ht tro c nhit chy cao v cc ht than cha chy c cnh sc nn c th gy ra c mi mn va p v c mi mn trt. cc l hi c lng tro bay ln v cc ht than cha chy bay theo khi nhiu (nh l ghi xch t cm antraxit) th cc b mt truyn nhit i lu b mi mn kh nhanh. Cc vt liu c cng v do khc nhau nn kh nng chu mi mn va p v mi mn trt cng khc nhau. Hnh 9.15a. trnh by dng h hng ca ng ng vi cc gc va. y ta thy cng mi mn t cc i ng vi gc va 450. Hnh 9.15b. trnh by s thay i cng mi mn xung quanh ng ph thuc vo tc dng. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cng n mn tng dn v kim loi s b n mn to thnh cc lp r, cc lp r t bn vng hn kim loi chnh nn d b mi mn hn. bo v cc ng khi b mi mn, ngi ta dng cc bin php sau: i vi cc cm ng c dng lu ng ngang qua (B hm nc), nhng dy u tin ca cm ng ngi ta t cc tm che bn tr, tm che vung gc hoc hn hai thanh st 6-8mm dc theo ng sinh gc 450 trn ng nh biu din trn hnh 9.16. i vi cc cm ng c dng lu ng dc trong ng (B sy khng kh kiu ng), ch dng vo u ng dng b co tht, tip theo dng phnh ra v sau chuyn ng n nh dc theo ng. Ti ch dng phnh ra cc ht s v p mnh nn on ny ca ng s b mi mn mnh, cn cc ch khc gn nh khng b mi mn. Do ch cn bo v phn u vo ca ng. S chuyn ng ca dng v cc bin php bo v b sy khng kh c biu din trn hnh 9.17.

202

203

Hnh 9.17. S chuyn ng ca dng v cc bin php bo v Trong thit k, cn xc nh cng mi mn cho php theo thi gian lm vic v tc khi cho php theo iu kin mi mn. Cng mi mn cho php sau mt khong thi gian lm vic bng: J = C.m..k3., kg/m2 hay mm, (9-9) trong : C l h s t l, ph thuc vo n v o cng mi mn, nu n v o l kg/m2 th C = 9,37.10-6 s3/m2h; m l h s tnh n kh nng mi mn ca vt liu, vi thp carbon m = 1, vi thp CrMo m = 0,7;p l xc sut va p, xc nh bng t l cc ht va p vo ng v cc ht bay trong dng. l tc dng, m/s; k l nng cc ht rn bay theo khi (khc vi l c c cc ht cha chy)

k=

A lv a b 273 , kg/m3; . (100 Cb Vk ) t k + 273

(9-10)

vi tk, Vk l nhit (0C) v th tch (m3) khi ca 1kg nhin liu;

204

ab, Cb l t l tro bay v t l cht chy trong tro bay, %. k n nh hng ca s phn b khng ng u v tc dng v nng ht trong ng khi, cn phi a thm cc h s hiu chnh k v . ng thi m bo an ton cho ng cn tnh theo iu kin mi mn cc i bng cch a thm h s hiu chnh 1 i vi dy ng b mi mn nhiu nht v 2 i vi ch b mi mn mnh nht ca ng, khi cng mi mn cc i cho php s l: (9-11) Jmax = C.1.2.m.. k.k.(.)3., kg/m2 hay mm, V mc mi mn ti ch nhiu nht cho php l: j C hmax = max = 1 1 . m.. k.k.(.)3., mm, kl kl y t a =
9

C11 l h s ph thuc vo tnh cht mi mn ca tro, thng ly a = 05,4.10 kl

m.s3.kg.h. i vi cc dn ng l hi thng ly thi gian lm vic ca l l 10 nm, mc mi mn ti ch nhiu nht cho php l 0,2mm/nm. Khi c th xc inh c tc khi gii hn cho php v mt mi mn l:

max =

0,0002 , m/s, a.m.. k .k.3 .

(9-12)

L hi thng lm vic vi ph ti di nh mc, nn tc khi thng nh hn tc tnh ton, do cho php ly tc khi cho php ln hn 1,2 ln so vi gi tr tnh c theo cng thc (9-12). Tc khi ln nht cho php l lm vic an ton theo iu kin mi mn c gii thiu trong cc bng 9.2. Bng 9.2. Tc khi gii hn cho php theo mi mn i vi b hm nc v b qu nhit Tc khi ln nht khi tro qui dn Aqd di 1,2 1,43-1,67 2,14-2,38 7,16 B hm nc 13 10 9 7 B qu nhit 14 12 11 8 Tuy nhin khi chn tc khi, ngoi vic m bo iu kin mi mn ngi ta cn phn tch kinh t, k thut m bo chi ph u t v vn hnh l thp nht. Khi ta gi l tc khi c li nht. Khi tng tc khi th kh nng truyn nhit tng ln, nn kch thc v do gi thnh thit b gim, nhng ngc li khi tr lc ng khi tng lm tng chi ph in nng thng gi, tng cng mi mn ng lm gim tui th thit b. Do vy ngi ta thng ly tc khi c li nht tnh ton. Tc khi c li nht c trnh by trong bng 9.3. Bng 9.3 Tc khi c li nht B mt truyn nhit Tc khi c li nht B hm nc ng thp 8-11 B hm nc bng gang 3-5 B qu nhit bng thp carbon 10-14 B qu nhit bng thp 15-20
205

i vi b sy khng kh th khi chuyn ng dc trong ng nn cng n mn rt thp, do khng cn quan tm n tc gii hn v mi mn. Vic chn tc khi c li nht ch yu da trn c s bi ton so snh khi tng tc khi s gim chi ph u t do gim kch thc b mt truyn nhit nhng khi s lm tng chi ph in nng cho vic thng gi. Tc khi c li nht i vi b sy khng kh c trnh by trong bng 9.4. Bng 9.4. Tc khi c li nht i vi b sy khng kh Kiu b sy khng kh Cp mt Cp hai Kiu ng thp 10-11 12-14 Kiu tm 9-10 11-13 Kiu ng gang c cnh 10-11 Kiu ng gang c cnh v rng 13-15 -

9.4.3. n mn nhit thp B sy khng kh ca l hi l ni c nhit b mt kim loi nh nht. Khi nhit trn vch kim loi nh hn nhit bo ho ng vi phn p sut ca cht kh thnh phn no cha trong hn hp khi th s lm cho cht kh ngng t li thnh lng trn vch ng. Nhit cao nht ca vch ng m cht kh trong khi c th ngng ng c c gi l nhit ng sng. Nhit ng sng ca tng loi hi trong khi ph thuc vo nng (phn p sut) tc thi ca cc loi hi trong hn hp khi. Phn p ca chng cng ln th nhit ng sng cng cao, tc l nguy c ngng t cng ln, hin tng n mn cng d xy ra. Hin tng n mn xy ra nhit ngng t ca mt s kh trong khi c gi l hin tng n mn nhit thp. Trong sn phm chy ca cc thit b thc t c hai loi hi c th ngng t l hi nc H2O v hi ca axitsunphuric H2SO4, khi ngng t chng u lm tng kh nng n mn b mt t nhit thp. Bng 9.5 trnh by nhit ng sng tnh ton ca hi nc nguyn cht trong khi vi cc phn p sut khc nhau i vi mt s loi nhin liu. Bng 9.5. Nhit ng sng tnh ton ca hi nc nguyn cht Nhin liu m Phn p sut hi Nhit ng Wlv(%) nc Mpa sng 0C Antraxxit 6,5 0,00363 27 Than gy 5,5 0,0053 34 Than bn 40 0,01678 56 Ma dt 3 0,00903 44 T bng 9.5 ta thy nhit ng sng ca hi nc nguyn cht ng vi phn p sut trong khi khng vt qu 600C. Tuy nhin nhit ng sng ca khi cao hn nhit ng sng ca hi nc nguyn cht phn p sut tng ng rt nhiu, v trong khi cn c SO3,

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chng s tc dng vi hi nc to thnh axitsunphuric H2SO4, hi axits ny c nhit ng sng cao hn nhiu so vi hi nc nguyn cht. Khi chy, lu hunh b oxy ho nn SO2, v mt phn nh SO2 b oxy ho tip to thnh SO3: SO2 + O2 SO3 + 296kj/mol (9-13) sau SO3 tc dng vi hi nc to thnh H2SO4: SO2 + O2 H2SO4 (9-14) Trong khi ngoi H2SO4 cn c hi nc, s c mt ng thi ca hai cht ny lm cho nhit ng sng tng ln rt nhiu (hnh 9-18). ng thi khi ngng t nng H2SO4 cng tng ln. iu ny s c kho st qua th thng bng pha ca h thng H2O - H2SO4. Hnh 9.19. trnh by th thng bng pha ca h thng H2O - H2SO4 cc phn p sut khc nhau. Cc ng cong pha trn tng ng vi pha hi cn cc ng cong pha di l pha lng nhit bo ho ng vi nng (phn p sut) ca H2SO4. im gp nhau pha di ca hai ng cong mi p sut tng ng vi trng thi si ca nc nguyn cht (nng H2SO4 bng khng), im gp nhau pha trn ca hai ng cong tng ng vi trng thi ca axit H2SO4 m c (nng 98,3%). T ta thy ngay c khi nng H2SO4 rt nh cng c th lm tng nhit ngng t so vi hi nc nguyn cht ln rt nhiu.

Hnh 9.18. S ph thuc ca nhit Hnh 9.19. th thng bng pha ng sng vo phn p sut ca h thng H2O-H2SO4 cc phn p sut khc nhau.

th thng bng pha ca h thng H2O-H2SO4 cc phn p sut khc nhau. T th thng bng pha ca h thng H2O - H2SO4 hnh 9.19 ta thy p sut p = 0,005Mpa, nhit 1600C, tng ng vi nng H2SO4 trng thi hi l 2% th khi ngng ng, nng dung dich H2SO4 trng thi lng s tng ti 88%. iu chng t rng ngay c khi nng H2SO4 trng thi hi rt nh cng c th to nn dung dch c nng rt cao khi ngng t, bi vy tc n mn cng tng. i vi l hi c cc b mt t phn ui nh trong nh my in, n mn nhit thp ch xy ra vi b sy khng kh cp mt (l ni c nhit b mt kim loi nh nht). bo v chng khi b n mn nhit thp cn thit p dngcc bin php sau: 1. gim lng lu hunh c trong nhin liu n mc ti thiu, 2. gim lng SO3 sinh ra trong khi n mc ti thiu, 1. dng vt liu chu c tc ng n mn ca axit, 3. nng nhit b mt vch thit b cao hn nhit ng sng. Bin php gim lng lu hunh c trong nhin liu ch c tc dng vi thnh phn lu hunh khong trong nhin liu rn, cn cc thnh phn khc ca nhin liu rn v nhin liu khc th khng gii quyt c. Do bin php ny thng i km vi cc bin php khc. hn ch lng SO3 sinh ra trong khi n mc ti thiu cn phi: * Hn ch h s khng kh tha mc nh nht, ng thi nng cao nhit bung la. * a vo ng khi cc cht c tc dng hp th SO3 v trung ho H2SO4 to nn trn mt ng (nh manhtit, olomit, amoniac, thng thng dng amoniac). Bin php dng vt liu c kh nng chng n mn ca H2SO4 c th thc hin c khi dng ng trng men hoc ng thu tinh, tuy nhin khi h s truyn nhit gim nhiu v lp
207

men hay thu tinh d b v nn t dng. Bin php thng p dng nht l chia b sy ra nhiu phn, phn c th b n mn th dng b sy bng ng gang. Bin php tng nhit vch ng ln cao hn nhit ng sng c thc hin nhiu nht bng cch tng nhit khng kh vo, tng nhit khi pha u vo ca khng kh. * Tng nhit khng kh vo b sy khng kh bng cch trch mt phn khng kh nng ra khi b sy a v u vo b sy, gi l bin php ti tun hon khng kh nng. Bin php ny c nhc im l tn in nng t dng. S ti tun hon c ch trn hnh 9.20.

Hnh 9.20. S ti tun hon khng kh Cng c th gia nhit cho khng kh bng hi trch t tucbin v nc ngng s c a v ng nc cp lm tng nhit nc cp, do tng nhit khi thi, gim hiu sut l hi. Tuy nhin khi tng lng hi trch t tuc bin th hiu sut chu trnh nhit tng ln. * tng nhit khi u khng kh vo bng cch t mt phn u vo b sy khng kh vng khi c nhit cao (hnh 9.21). Cch ny cng t c dng v khi hai dng chuyn ng cng chiu nn lm gim hiu qu truyn nhit. Bin php thng dng chng n mn nhit thp c hiu qu nht l dng b sy kiu hi nhit i vi nhin liu nhiu lu hunh hay dng lm phn u vo ca b sy.

208

Chng 10. Kt cu xy dng v trang b ph

10.1. KHUNG L V TNG L 10.1.1. Khung l Khung l l mt h thng kt cu bng kim loi dng treo hoc tt c cc phn t ca l. Khung l gm c cc ct chnh, ph t trn h thng mng v c ni vi nhau bng cc dm ngang, cho. Dm v ct ca khung l thng lm bng cc thanh thp ch I, V, U n hoc cc thanh ny ghp li vi nhau bng cch hn. Cc kt cu treo v phi m bo sao cho cc phn t ca l c th dch chuyn t do c khi b dn n nhit. Kt cu khung l c ch trn hnh 10.1. Mng l bng b tng ct thp, c th xy cao ngang ct phc v ca nh my c th d h thng ghi hoc h thng thi x. Ngoi ra cn cc h thng treo dn ng ca bung la, b qu nhit, b hm nc, b sy khng kh, ton b sn thao tc phc v cho cng nhn lm vic v tr cao v cc ch cn kim tra, theo di, quan st, lm v sinh tro bi. Hnh 10.2. Trnh by kt cu khung l c c sn thao tc ca l -75/39 ca Lin x. Tit din ct v dm c th l hnh vung, ch nht, chc U, ch I Hnh. 10.1. Kt cu khung l nh ch trn hnh 10.3. 1- ct, 2-dm chnh; 3-b d bao hi; 4-Bao Khung l nm ngoi tng l hi; 5- dm ph; 6-mng ct; 7-chn mng; nn nhit cc b phn ca khung l bng nhit khng kh gian l. Bi vy cc kt cu ca khung l c tnh trn c s chu cc ti trng ca thit b t trn nh tnh sc bn ca cc dm khng gian nhiu tng khc. Bao hi c th treo hoc trn dm, ton b trng lng ca bao hi t ln cc dm trn trn. Nu th bao hi s c t ln hai gi . Mt di gi gn cht vi khung l. Cc gi c hai lp bi tr t vung gc vi nhau v c ngn cch bi tm thp nhm m bo cho bao hi c th dch chuyn theo c hai phng khi dn n.
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i vi nhng bao hi ln, di trn 10m nu hai gi t khng giu cho bao hi khi b un th cn phi c thm c cu treo ln khung l. Hnh 10.2. Kt cu khung l c c sn thao tc ca l -75/39 Hnh 10.3. Tit din ct v dm ca l Cc ng gp thng c t ln khung bng hai tm , mt tm c nh vi khung, cn mt tm c th cho php ng gp dch chuyn theo khung khi dn n nhit. Trong mt s trng hp cng c th treo ng gp ln khung l. Cc dn ng l thng c treo ln khung l dn n d dng hn. gi cho cc ng nm trong cng mt mt phng, ngi ta dng cc mc gi ng vid khung l. Cu to mc gi ng c biu din trn hnh 10.4. Thng mc trn c tc dng ng, cn cc mc di gi ng.

210

Hnh 10.4.Cu to mc gi ng Sn thao tc c t nhng ch cn phc v nh thi bi, cc ca quan st, ni t cc thit b iu khin, thao tc v sa cha. 10.1.2. Tng l Tng l c nhim v ngn cch cc phn t c t nng ca l vi mi trng xung quanh nhm gim bt tn tht nhit do ta ra mi trng xung quanh, ng thi hn ch vic t nng qu mc khng kh xung quanh nhm m bo iu kin lm vic cho cng nhn vn hnh, mt khc n cn c nhim v ngn cn vic lt gi lnh t ngoi vo trong bung la v ng khi. Theo tiu chun vn hnh, m bo an ton cho cng nhn vn hnh, nhit khng kh khu lm vic phi nh hn 500C. V vy tng l phi cch nhit tt m bo iu kin nhit mt ngoi ca tng l khng c vt qu 500C. Thng thng, tng l tip xc trc tip vi ngn la v dng khi, chu tc dng ph hy do mi mn ca tro bay, n mn ca x nn tng l c cu trc gm 3 lp c biu din trn hnh 10.5. Lp trong cng l vt liu chu la, xy bng gch chu la, chu c tc dng ca nhit cao, n mn v mi mn ca x. Lp th hai l vt liu cch nhit, c tc dng cch nhit v ngoi cng l lp tn mng va c tc dng bo v lp cch nhit va c tc dng trang tr.

211

Hnh 10.5 tng l 1. l lp gch chu la. 2. l lp vt liu cch nhit. 3. l lp kim loi bo v 4. ng sinh hi 10.1.2.1. Vt liu chu la: Yu cu i vi vt liu chu la l chu la, bn nhit, chu x cao. Mi loi vt liu chu la c cc c tnh khc nhau. Tu thuc vo nhit tng vng chn loi vt liu ph hp. l hi thng dng cc loi vt liu chu la nh: Samot, Cromit. * chu la: l kh nng chu c nhit cao (trn 15000C). Vt liu chu la l vt liu gi c cc tnh cht c hc v vt l khi lm vic lu di nhit cao trn 15800C. Tu theo chu la, ngi ta chia vt liu chu la thnh 3 nhm: - nhm chu la thng, chu c nhit trong phm vi 1580-17700C, - nhm chu la cao, chu c nhit trong phm vi 1770-20000C, - nhm chu la rt cao, chu c nhit trn 20000C, * bn nhit: l kh nng chu c s thay i nhit nhiu ln m khng b thay i v cu to v tnh cht. Nhng vt liu b, xp c bn nhit cao do tnh cht n hi ca n c th b li c nhng ng sut sinh ra nhit cao. * chu x: l kh nng khng b mi mn v n mn ha hc di tc dng ca x. - Samt l loi vt liu chu la c s dng nhiu v c cc tnh cht t yu cu, ng thi c sn trong t nhin, r tin. Thnh phn chnh ca samt gm oxt silic v oxt nhm, chu la c th t n nhit 17300C, thng c sn xut ra di dng bt hoc dng vin gch c kch thc tiu chun. - Cromit c th chu nhit t 1800 n 20000C, t tin. Thnh phn chnh ca cromit gm ch yu l Cr2O3FeO v mt s t MgO. Cromit c chu x tt, nhng bn c b hn ch, thng dng trong l hi dng bt lm va trt ln mt phn dn ng ca bung la
212

(ngang vi phun) to thnh ai chy ca l khi t nhin liu kh chy. nhng vng c nhit cao hn (trn 20000C) nh y bung la thi x lng, bung la xoy th yu cu phi dng vt liu c chu la cao nh zirconi (c th t 2000-25000C), loi ny tuy c chu la cao nhng t tin nn thng dng lp mng trc tip vi ngn la bo v lp samt. 10.1.2.2. Vt liu cch nhit: Yu cu i vi vt liu cch nhit l c h s dn nhit thp v c th gi khng i trong qu trnh lm vic, ng thi cn i hi v bn v c, bn nhit, d gai cng, khng n mn kim loi v c xp. Cc vt liu xp c cha khng kh bn trong do dn nhit cng thp, tuy nhin vt liu cng xp th bn c cng thp. Thng thng vt liu cch nhit c h s dn nhit bng khong 0,03 n 0,25W/m0C. H s dn nhit ca vt liu ph thuc vo bn cht, cu trc, m ca chng v c th thay i theo nhit , m. Khi b m, do nc dn nhit tt hn khng kh nn h s dn nhit ca vt liu tng ln, ngha l tc dng cch nhit gim xung. Cc loi vt liu cch nhit hin nay thng dng l: aming, iatonit, bng thy tinh. * Aming: l vt liu c cu to dng si vi, tm ba, dy, bt, trong n ch yu l oxit silic v oxit magi thng c dng nhng ni c nhit t 100 n 5000C. H s dn nhit ca Aming trong khong t 0,12 n 0,14 W/m0C. Khi bn thnh si aming c bn kh cao, xp cng cao khi kch thc ca si cng nh. Khi nhit tng th aming s kh v b dn, n 6000C th b v vn ra thnh bt. H s dn nhit ca aming xc nh theo cng thc: dy thng: = 0,14 + 0,00023t, w/ m0C ; vi: = 0,123 + 0,000158t, w/ m0C ; * Bng thy tinh (bng khong): gm nhng si thy tinh do nu chy khong, x hay thy tinh, c th s dng nhng vng c nhit n 6000C. H s dn nhit ca bng thy tinh ph thuc vo b dy ca si, nn ca si, dao ng trong khong t 0,0490 n 0,0675 W/m0C. * iatonit: l loi vt liu cch nhit xp, ch yu l oxit silic, c th chu c nhit n 10000C, tuy nhin nhit cao th h s dn nhit b gim nhiu, do thng dng nhit thp hn di dng gch c kch thc tiu chun hoc bt nh samt. Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng kt hp nhiu loi vt liu ch to cc loi vt liu cch nhit r tin hn. V d nh: Hn hp aming vi xi mng to thnh tm aming-xi mng cch nhit c th chu nhit ti 4500C, c h s dn nhit nhit 500C l 0,0875 W/m0C. Dng hn hp 85% lmit (gm MgCO3 v CaCO3) vi 15% aming to thnh xvlit, c th chu c nhit ti 4500C. Xvlit thng c c thnh tng ng cch nhit ng dn. H s dn nhit nhit 1000C l 0,093 W/m0C. ch to cc loi vt liu cch nhit c xp cao hn, nh hn, c th ngi ta p dng phng php to xp bng nhng vt liu to bt nh ch to b tng xp hoc trn mn ca vi iatmit c thnh gch, khi nung th mn ca b chy s to nn cc l hng, hoc cho trng bt thu tinh vi bt than, khi nung than s bc kh to nn vt liu xp. 10.1.2.3. Cu to tng l Tu thuc vo loi l hi, tng l c th l tng nng, tng nh hoc tng treo trn ng.

213

Hnh 10.6. Cu to tng bung la. * Tng nng: Tng nng thng dng cho cc l hi nh hoc cc cun trc ca l ghi xch. Cc l nh khng c dn ng sinh hi, tng tip xc trc tip vi ngn la nn tng phi chu nhit rt cao, c th trn 12000C, do tng kh dy v c t trc tip ln mng l. Lp trong ca tng nng l gch chu la samt cn pha ngoi l gch thng. B dy lp samt l mt vin cn gch thng l 2 hoc 3 vin. lin kt hai lp gch ny ngi ta thng dng nhng mc st hoc nhng vin gch cng. m bo dn n gia cc tng vung gc, gc bung la thng t cc lp vi hoc si aming (hnh 10.6). * Tng nh: Tng nh thng dng cho cc l cng sut ln c dn ng sinh hi. y cc dn ng sinh hi t pha trong tng nhn nhit nn bo v tng khi chu tc ng ca nhit cao. Bi vy nhit mt trong tng thp i nhiu, chiu dy tng cng gim i hai ln do tng cng nh hn nhiu. Tng c chia thnh nhiu phn theo chiu cao v c t ln dm hoc ga lin kt vi khung l, mi phn cao khong 1,0 n 1,5m. Tng l c gn vi khung nh mt s vin gch nh hnh c mc vi khung bng mc st. Cu to nh c ch trn hnh 10.8 Tng nh cng c th c c sn thnh tng tm bng b tng chu la c kch thc 2500 x 1000mm dy 140mm, gm hai lp, lp trong l b tng samt chu la dy 80mm, lp th hai l b tng aming-iatmit dy 60mm. cc lp b tng ny c gn vi tng l bng bu lng. Ngoi tng nh l lp cch nhit bng bng khong dy 120mm.
214

*Tng treo: Tng treo c c kh nng cch nhit cao v kn hn cc loi tng khc, chi ph vt liu, kim loi cng gim i nn gi thnh thp hn tng nh. Tng c to nn t mt s lp va chu la v cch nhit gn trc tip trn ng nh cc gai hn trn ng. Cu to tng treo c ch trn hnh 10.9. y ton b trong lng tng t trc tip ln dn ng. Loi tng ny c u im l rt thun li khi lp khi. Thng thng tng treo gm lp crmit chu la dy khong 40mm, lp b tng nh cch nhit dy khong 50mm v lp ch nhit bng xvelit khong 50mm. Gia cc lp c lp li mt co dnh kt, ngoi cng l lp va chng ltaming, t st, hc n v du khong. Cc lp ny c gn vi ng bng bu lng.

10.1.3. Dn ng bung la v bao hi 10.1.3.1. Dn ng bung la Dn ng bung la cn gi l ng sinh hi hay ng ln. Cc ng ln l nhng ng thp chi nhit c ng knh t 40 n 63 mm c t ngay pha trong tng bung la. Nc trong ng s nhn nhit trc tip t ngn la, bin thnh hi chuyn ng ln pha trn (cn c gi l dn ng sinh hi). u trn ca ng ln c th ni vi ng gp trn hoc c th ni trc tip vo bao hi, cn u di ca n c ni vi ng gp di. Khong cch gia cc ng ln (gi l bc ng s) v khong cch t ng n tng (c gi l t ng e) c nh hng n kh nng bo v tng bung la khi b bc x trc tip ca ngn la v khi b ng x cng nh kh nng hp thu nhit ca dn ng. Nu b tr st nhau qu th tng c bo v tt hn, nhng chiu sng ca ngn la n dn ng gim i, do kh nng hp th nhit ca mt n v din tch b mt chi nhit (din tch b mt xung quanh ng) cng gim i. Nu t dy qu th ng gp ca dn ng phi khoan nhiu l, khong cch gia cc l gim xung lm cho bn ca ng gp gim i. i vi cc l hi ln, bc tng i s/d = 1,2 - 1,4 (d l ng knh ngoi ca ng). Dn ng bung la c ch trn hnh 9.10. cung cp nc t bao hi vo dn ng sinh hi th cn c cc ng xung. Cc ng nc xung t pha ngoi tng bung la v c bc cch nhit (c gi l ng xung) c ng knh ln hn, thng khong t 125 n 175mm. Cc u di ca ng ln v ng xung c ni vi chung vo ng gp di, u pha trn ca ng xung ni vo bao hi.

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Hnh 10.7. dn ng sinh hi 10.1.3.2. Cm pheston Cm pheston chnh l cc ng ca dn ng sinh hi tng sau ni ln bao hi, on i qua ca ra ca bung la. khi i ra khi bung la vo b qu nhit qua cm pheston c d dng th on ng y cn c b tr tha hn. Mun vy ngi ta tch dy ng tng sau on ny thnh nhiu dy (t 3 n 5 dy), y do cc ng c b tr tha hn nn khng c hin tng ng x.

216

Do nhit ca khi phn b khng u theo chiu rng bung la, do thnh phn v kch thc nhin liu khng ng nht nn c mt s ht nhin liu kch thc nh ang b nng chy b thi bay ra khi bung la c th bm vo cc b mt ng ca b qu nhit gy hin tng ng x. Nh cm pheston nhn bt nhit, nhit dng khi c th gim bt 500C, m bo cho nhng ht tro nng ngui i v rn li, hn ch hin tng ng x b qu nhit. 10.1.3.3. Bao hi Bao hi l thit b quan trng ca l hi tun hon, c t nm ngang trn nh l, nc t b hm nc cp vo y v t y nc c cp i cho cc dn ng ca l, ng thi y hi bo ho c tch ra khi hn hp hi nc ri i sang b qu nhit. Dn ng bung la, cm pheston ca l c th c ni trc tip vi bao hi. Tuy nhin gim bt s l khot trn bao hi nhm tng bn cho bao hi th c th ni cc ng ln vo cc ng gp trung gian, ri ni ng gp vi bao hi bng mt s ng dn hi. Nc cp t b hm nc c a vo bao hi, t bao hi nc c i xung theo cc ng nc xung, qua cc ng gp di i vo ton b dn ng bung la, ti y nc nhn nhit bin thnh hi. Dng hn hp hi v nc sinh ra trong cc ng sinh hi s i vo bao hi v hi c phn ly ra khi nc ri sang b qu nhit m bo chiu cao khoang hi, ng knh hp l ca bao hi thng khong 1,4 n 1,6 m.

Hnh 10.8. Bao hi 10.2. Cc loi van v bm nc cp 10.2.1. Cc loi van Van l mt thit b dng ng v ct mt thit b khi s lin thng vi thit b khc hoc vi h thng. Van phi m bo c tr lc nh khi m cho dng mi cht i qua v kn hon ton khi ng. Phn loi: Theo nguyn tc lm vic, ngi ta phn thnh van kha, van iu chnh, van bo v. Cc loi van kha, van iu chnh c th thao tc bng tay hoc truyn ng bng kh nn, thy lc hoc bng in. Cc loi van bo v (van 1 chiu, van an ton) ng m hon ton t ng theo tc ng ca mi cht i qua n. Trong thc t ch c van van kha v van bo v l yu cu c kn cao, cn van iu chnh th khng cn thit phi kn tuyt i. Van c tiu chun ho theo ng knh qui c v p sut qui c 10.2.1.1. Van kha Nhim v ca van kha l ng hoc ct dng mi cht khng cho dng chy qua. Cc loi van kha c biu din trn hnh 10.10 gm van a, van ca, van vi nc.
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Hnh 10.10. cc loi van kha a-van a; b-van ca; c-van vi nc Van a c tr lc kh ln, khi van cng ln th l cng ln v s tip xc gia a v l li cng kh kht n kh m bo ng kn tuyt i. Bi vy van a ch ch to n ng knh 150-200mm. Van ca c s dng kh ph bin v c tr lc nh, v cu to c th chia thnh hai loi: loi ca hnh nm v ca phng, trong loi hnh nm c dng nhiu hn v d kn hn. 10.2.1.2. Van iu chnh Van iu chnh dng iu chnh lu lng, p sut ca dng nc v tit lu hi qu nhit. Nguyn tc lm vic ca van iu chnh l thay i m ca van thay i tit din mi cht i qua nn iu chnh c p sut, lu lng ca mi cht. Trn hnh 10.11 biu din van iu chnh bng tay, hnh 10.12 biu din van iu chnh bng ng c in. 10.2.1.3 Van bo v van bo v l van t ng tc ng nn khng c tay quay. Van bo v gm hai loi: van mt chiu v van an ton.

Hnh 10.11. Van iu chnh bng tay

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* Van mt chiu: Van mt chiu l van ch cho mi cht chuyn ng theo mt chiu nht nh, van s t ng ng li khi dng mi cht chuyn ng ngc li. Van mt chiu gm van l xo; van t trng, c biu din trn hnh 10.13. Van mt chiu thng c lp trn ng nc cp vo l, pha u y ca bm, trc van chn nhm bo v bm khi b dng hi hoc nc nng ph hoi khi ng, ct bm, hoc c lp trn ng ni lin thng cc l tch bit cc l hi khi cn thit. * Van an ton: Van an ton c tc dng khng ch p sut lm vic ca mi cht khng vt qu tr s cho php, nhm bo v cho thit b lm vic an ton v lu di. Tt c nhng thit b c p sut ln hn 0,7 kG/cm2 u bt buc phi lp t van an ton. Van an ton c 3 loi, van an ton kiu l xo, kiu n by (qu t) v kiu xung lng. Cc loi van an ton c biu din trn hnh 10.14; 10.15 v 10.16. loi van an ton kiu l xo v kiu n by, p sut tc ng ca van s c iu chnh cn bng vi lc nn ca l xo hoc sc ca h thng n by. Do p sut gii hn cho php ca l khng ln hn p sut lm vic nh mc ca l nhiu nn lc ca l xo ln a van tng i b, do van kh kn. Ngoi ra do tit din l thot hi b nn kh nng thot mi cht chm, p sut ca l gim tng i chm. Chnh v vy chng ch c s dng cc l hi c p sut va v nh (di 4Mpa).

219

Hnh 10.12. Van iu chnh bng ng c in

a)

b) Hnh 10.13. van mt chiu a-van l xo; b-van t trng

Van an ton kiu n by c u im l lm vic n nh, iu chnh van n gin, nhng cng knh, c dng ch yu cc l hi p sut trung bnh (di 4Mpa).

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Hinh 10.14. van an ton: a) kiu n by; b) kiu l xo; c) kiu xung lng. Loi van l xo c cu to n gin, gn nh, nhng kh iu chnh, c dng ch yu cc l hi p sut thp (di 2Mpa), sn lng nh. Van xung lng: i vi nhng l c p sut t 4Mpa tr ln thng s dng van an ton kiu xung lng. Van an ton kiu xung lng c biu din trn hnh 10.16. Van xung lng l mt t hp hai van, van chnh v van xung lng tn hiu. Nguyn l lm vic nh sau: Bnh thng a ca van chnh c p bng p lc hi pha trc a van. p l ny ln hn lc nn ca l xo sau a rt nhiu nn van rt kn. Khi p sut hi vt qu tr s cho php th van xung lng tn hiu s m ra, phn hi thot ca n s c a ti pha sau a ca van chnh cn bng vi p lc y ca hi pha trc a van chnh, do p lc trc v sau van chnh cn bng nhau, khi di tc dng ca lc y l xo nn a van chnh s m ra cho hi thot ra ngoi. V van c tit din l thot hi ln nn hi thot ra rt nhanh. V tr t van an ton: Trong l hi, van an ton c t v tr cao nht khoang hi ca bao hi, cc ng gp ca b qu nhit, ca b hm nc, ng gp hi chung. Trong cc thit b khc, van an ton c t v tr cao nht ca thit b. Trong b hm nc bng gang, ngi ta t van an ton ng gp trc (pha vo ca nc). S lng v kch thc van an ton: Mi l hi phi t t nht l hai van an ton khoang hi, tr mt s l hi nh c th lp mt van. nhng l hi t 2 van an ton th trong c mt van lm vic cn mt van kim tra, 2 van ny s c iu chnh t m p sut lm vic v p sut kim tra. p sut tc ng ca cc van an ton c iu chnh bng lc p ca l xo hoc sc ca
221

n by theo bng sau: Bng 10.1. Cc gi tr p sut ti cc van an ton bt u m. p sut lm vic p, MN/m2 bao hi, khi p < 1,28 1,28 < p < 3,93 p > 1,93 b qu nhit, khi p < 1,28 p > 1,28 ng gp vo ca b hm nc ng gp ra ca b hm nc p sut m van an ton Van kim tra Van lm vic p + 0,02 p + 0,03 1,03.p 1,05. p 1,05. p 1,08. p p + 0,02 p + 0,02 1,02. p 1,02. p 1,25. p 1,25. p 1,10. p 1,10. p

C th xc nh kch thc ca van an ton t cng thc sau y: D n.d.h = A p

(10-1)

n: s lng van an ton. d: ng knh trong ca l van (cm), ng knh ny khng c nh hn 25mm v khng ln hn 125mm. d d h: chiu cao nng ln ca van, c 2 loi: h = v h = 20 4 d d h= i vi loi van khng nng ln hon ton, h = i vi loi van nng ln hon 20 4 ton. A: h s ty thuc vo van nng ln hon ton hay khng hon ton. vi van nng ln khng hon ton: A=0,0075, vi van nng ln hon ton A=0,0150 D: sn lng hi ca l (kg/h). p: p sut tuyt i ca hi (N/m2). ng knh d ca l van thng l: 25, 32,40,50,60,75mm. 10.3. p k v ng thu 10.3.1. p k p k l thit b o p sut ca hi v nc trong l hi. p k c t v tr cao nht ca thit b. Trn ng ni t bao hi ra p k phi t van 3 ng c ng xi phng. Trong ng xi phng c cha nc hoc khng kh bo v ng h khi b mi cht ph hng. ng th ba ca van s ni ng h mu kim tra chnh xc ca ng h ang dng, kim tra xem ng h c lm vic khng. Hnh 10.17 biu din van 3 ng. Trn mt p k c thang chia , thang chia ca ng h c chn theo p sut lm vic ca l. Thng thng chn gi tr ln nht ca thang chia bng 1,5 ln p sut lm vic
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ca l. Vi cc thit b p lc, ng knh mt ng h nh nht l 110mm. Lp t ng h: Nu p k ngang tm mt th c t thng ng. Nu p k trn tm mt, xa khong 2m th phi t nghing khong 300. Hnh 10.17. van 3 ng 4.6.4.1. Bm nc cp * Nhim v ca bm nc cp: bm nc cp c nhim v cp nc cho l trong qu trnh l lm vic. Mi l hi thng yu cu phi c t nht 2 bm nc cp. Ring i vi nhng l cng sut nh hn 500kg/h c th cho php dng 1 bm. * Cu to bm cp: c 2 loi bm cp, bm piston v bm ly tm . + Bm pit tng: Bm piston thng c p sut cao nhng sn lng khng ln nn thng dng cho cc l hi nh. Trong cc x nghip cng nghip, cc l hi nh thng dng bm pit tng chy bng hi lm bm gi tr phng khi mt in. + Bm ly tm: Cc l hi ca nh my in thng lm vic p sut cao nn phi dng bm ly tm nhiu cp (nhiu lt), mi mt cp gm mt dy cnh ng v mt dy cnh tnh, s lng cp ty thuc vo p sut ca l. Khi chn bm phi lu , p sut bm phi ln hn p sut mi cht trong bao hi mc c th khc phc c tr lc ng ng dn t bm n bao hi. Cu to ca bm ly tm c biu din trn hnh 10.18.

Hnh 10.18. Bm ly tm. a) bm mt cp; 1-c vo, 2-Cnh ng, 3-v, 4-ming ra,

b) bm nhiu cp 1, 2, 3, 4. cc tng cnh ng

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Cc cnh ng c c gn trn rotor ca bm, cn tt c cc cnh tnh gn trn thn bm gi l stato. Khi lm vic, trc ca bm quay tc l cc cnh ng quay, nn nc trong bm lm cho p sut tng dn t u vo ti u ra. Bm c c th c dn ng bng ng c in hoc tuc bin hi. i vi cc bm c cng sut ln ca cc nh my in thng c dn ng bng tuabin hi. Thng s quan trng ca bm l: ct p u y, u ht v lu lng bm. 10.3.2. ng thy 10.3.2.1. Nhim v ng thy ng thy l mt thit b rt quan trng ca l hi, dng theo di mc nc trong l hi. ng thy c ni vi l hi theo nguyn tc bnh thng nhau, mt u ca ng thy c ni vi khoang hi, mt u c ni vi khoang nc, c ni sao cho mc nc ca l nm gia ng thy. Vi l hi ng la ng, qui nh mc nc trong qu trnh l lm vic lun ngp 2/3-3/4 ng la. Vi l hi ng la nm ngang, qui nh mc nc trong l cao hn ng la trn cng l 10cm. i vi l bao hi th mc nc l gia bao hi. 10.3.2.2. Cc loi ng thy Thng c hai loi ng thy: ng thy sng v ng thy ti. * ng thy sng: ng thy sng cho php nhn thy mc nc qua ng thy tinh nu l ng thy trn, hoc qua tm thy tinh nu l ng thy dt. y ng hoc tm thy tinh u l thy tinh chu nhit. ng thy tinh ca ng thy trn chu lc km d b v, do thng c dng cho cc l hi c p sut thp, nhit nc nh hn 2500C. cc l p sut cao, ngi ta thng dng ng thy dt. Cu to cc loi ng thy c biu din trn hnh 10.20 v 10.21.

224

Hnh 10.19. ng thy dt. 1-tm thy tinh; 2-hp kim loi;

Hnh 10.20. ng thy trn. 1. ng thy tinh; 5-hp kim loi; 2, 3, 4 van ni ng thy vi l;

Theo qui phm an ton l hi th mi l hi phi c t nht l 2 ng thy t c lp vi nhau. * ng thy ti: i vi nhng l hi nh, din tch b mt t nh hn 100m2, c th cho php thay th mt ng thy sng bng mt ng thy ti. ng thy ti thng gm 3 van c ni mc nc cao nht, trung bnh v thp nht ca l. i vi loi ny, khi cn kim tra nc mc no th m van . c th t phng iu khin trung tm theo di c mc nc bao hi trn cao, ngi ta dng ng thy di (ng thy ko di). Hnh 10.22 biu din ng thy di ca l hi. Hnh 10.21. ng thy di 10.4. H thng thng gi 10.4.1. Nhim v ca h thng thng gi H thng thng gi c nhim v va cung cp y khng kh t chy hon ton nhin liu, ng thi thi khi ra khi l l lm vic lin tc v n nh. thc hin nhim v c th dng ba loi thit b: ng khi, qut cp gi v qut ht khi. Tu thuc vo cng sut l hi (tr lc ca h thng) ta c th dng mt, hai hay c ba loi thit b trn.
225

i vi cc l hi nh, c kt cu n gin, t than hay g, tr lc ca ng cp khng kh vo v thi khi ra cng rt nh nn c th thng gi t nhin bng lc t ht ca ng khi. Khi chiu cao ng khi to nn lc ht khc phc c tr lc ca ng gi v ng khi ht khi ra khi l. i vi cc l hi ghi th cng, khng c b mt t phn ui, tr lc ca ng cp khng kh vo v thi khi ra cng khng ln lm nn ch cn qut gi thi khng kh vo cp cho qu trnh chy nhin liu, cn chiu cao ca ng khi s to nn lc ht ht khi ra khi l. Vi cc l hi ln c b mt t phn ui, tr lc ng cp khng kh v thi khi rt ln nn thng dng c qut gi v qut khi. Qut gi c nhim v cung cp khng kh cho qu trnh chy, tc l c th khc phcc tr lc t qut n ming phun, cn qut khi c nhim v ht khi ra khi l tc l khc phcc tr lc t bung la n qut. Qut gi v qut khi to nn h thng thng gi cho l hi, h thng gi l h thng thng bng, lun to cho p sut ca khi t bung la n khi ra khi l nh hn p sut kh quyn mt t trnh khi ph ra xung quanh. Khi chiu cao ng khi c tnh ton thi khi ra ngoi m bo v sinh mi trng. 10.4.2. Tr lc ca h thng thng gi Tr lc ca h thng thng gi gm: tr lc ma st dc knh dn, tr lc cc b khi thay i tit din hoc chuyn hng dng chy, tr lc khi i qua cm ng hay thit b, tr lc thu tnh v tr lc gia tc. Khi mi cht i trong knh dn rng th cc tr lc c th c tnh ring r, cn khi i qua cm ng, thit b kh bi . . . th c th tnh gp vi loi tr lc vi nhau. 10.4.2.1. Tr lc ma st: Tr lc ma st l tr lc gy nn bi lc ma st gia dng v b mt vch. Trong l hi dng khi v khng kh l dng khng ng nhit nn tr lc ma st c tnh:
h ms l 2 T = ms d td 2 Tv
0,583

, Pa

(10-1)

Trong : ms l h s ma st ca b mt vch l l chiu di knh dn, m, dtd l ng knh tng ng ca knh dn, m, l khi lng ring ca dng ly theo p sut v nhit trung bnh ca dng, kg/m3, l tc dng ly theo nhit trung bnh ti tit din nh nht, m/s T, Tv l nhit dng mi cht v nhit vch, 0K, H s ma st ca b mt vch ms ph thuc vo tr s Rynn v nhm ca vch, c xc nh bng thc nghim i vi cc ng nhn bng nh sau: 64 Khi Re < 2000, ms = , (10-2a) Re v
Re = 2.103 4. 103,

Re = 4.103 105,

ms = 0,4, 0,3164 ms = , 4 Re v

(10-2b)
(10-2c)

226

Re > 105,

ms =

0,857

( lg Re v )

2,4

(10-2d)

Trong thc t, cc knh dn, ng dn lun c nhm nn thng dng cc cng thc v h s ma st thc nghim nh sau: k 30 0,19 , (10-3) Khi 7 / 8 th ms = d td Re k 3 d td Trong l hi, i vi ng thp ly k bng (0,1-0,2).10-3m, vi knh dn b tng hoc gch ly bng 2,5.10-3m, vi b sy khng kh bng gang c cnh ly bng 0,85. 10-3m. Vi ng dn khi mt trong bng thp, ms = 0,02; Vi ng dn khi mt trong bng gch, ms = 0,04; Thng thng trong tnh ton nhit l hi tr lc ma st c tra theo cc ton c xy dng t cng thc (10-2). 10.4.2.2. Tr lc cc b: Tr lc cc b l tr lc to nn khi thay i hng chuyn ng ca dng hay tit din dng thay i t ngt (t thu hoc t m).
h cb = cb 2 , N/m2. 2

(10-4)

l h s tr lc cc b, l khi lng ring ca dng ly theo p sut v nhit trung bnh, kg/m3, l tc dng ly theo tng trng hp c th, m/s + Khi tit din thay i t ngt: Khi tit din dng thay i t ngt (t thu hoc t m) th h s tr lc cc b khi vo v v ra r khi mt ng ring l th ly theo th hnh 10.22. Nu dng vo v ra khi mt cm ng c ng knh d (m), bc ng ngang s1 (m), bc ng dc s2 (m) th ly cc h s tr lc khi vo v v ra r theo bng 10-3, trong ftb = 0,785d2/s1.s2 .

Hnh 10.22. th h s tr lc vo v v ra r Bng 10-2. h s tr lc vo v ra khi cm ng 0,1 0,20 0,3 0,40 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,70 0,55 0,40 0,27 0,20 0,10 0,05 0,45 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1

ftb v r

0.9 0,02 0,05

+ Khi dng thay i hng: Khi dng thay i hng, h s tr lc cc b ph thuc vo mc un dng, hnh dng v kch thc ng dn, c tnh theo cng thc: = 0.K.B.C (10-5) trong : 0 l h s tr lc cc b gc tra theo ton , K l h s hiu chnh nhm b mt tra theo th, B l h s hiu chnh v gc un dng tra theo th, gc 900 th B = 1,

227

C l h s hiu chnh v hnh dng tit din ng tra theo th, tit din trn hoc vung ly C = 1. Hnh 10.23. th h s hiu chnh K Hnh 10.24. th h s hiu chnh B Hnh 10.25. th h s hiu chnh C + Cc tr lc khi dng phn nhnh hoc nhp dng, tr lc ming ra qut gi v vo qut khi, cc hp ni b sy, vi phun, ghi, thit b kh bi . . . c cho theo bng hoc cc ton tu tng trng hp c th. 10.4.2.3. Tr lc khi dng chy ngang qua cm ng: Tr lc khi dng chy vung gc ngang qua cm ng c tnh theo cng thc: hcb = h + ht , Pa, (10-6) Trong : h l tr lc cm ng ph thuc vo cu to cm ng, Pa; ht l thay i p lc ngca dng do thay i tc , Pa. * Tr lc cm ng ph thuc vo cu to cm ng c tnh: + i vi cm ng so le: 1 + d / s2 Khi 0,5 th s1 / d 1

h = 2,8 ( Z + 1) Re 025
Khi

2 ,Pa; 2

(10-7)

1 + d / s2 0,5 th s1 / d 1
1 + d / s2 2 + Re 025 ,Pa; s1 / d 1 2

h = 3,86 ( Z + 1)

(10-8)

+ i vi cm ng song song:

s / d 0,8 2 m (10-9) h = 0,53 2 Z Re , Pa ; 2 s1 / d 1 s / d 0,8 s / d 0,8 S m n = 2,5 khi 2 1 v n = 2,0 khi 2 1 . s1 / d 1 s1 / d 1

s / d 1 S m m = 0,88. 1 s2 / d 0,8

0,138

1 khi s2/d 1,24;

0,138

s2 s1 / d 1 v m = 0,88. d /1, 24 s2 / d 0,8

1 khi s2/d < 1,24.

Cc gi tr cc cng thc t (10-7) n (10-9) cng c th tra c theo ton . Khi dng chy xin (khng vung gc) qua cm ng th tr lc cng c tnh theo cng
228

thc trn, nhng tc dng phi tnh bng 1,07 tc dng chy vung gc vi ng. 10.4.2.3. Cc lu khi tnh tr lc ca h thng thng gi l hi: * i vi tnh ton chung: Cc tr lc c xc nh nh cc cng thc v ton trn khi tc c tnh iu kin tiu chun (nhit 200C v p sut 0,0981Mpa v khng c bm bn). Do cn phi hiu chnh thm v bm bn, v khi lng ring theo nhit , p sut cht kh, v nng bi trong khi. * i vi cm ng l: Tr lc ca dng khi chuyn ng ngang qua cm ng c tnh theo 10.4.2.3. V ch thm trn b mt cm ng c bm bn nn khi tnh tr lc phi nhn thm h s hiu chnh v bm bn kbb, xc nh nh sau: - i vi l c dn ng ngang ly k = 1,05 khi t kh, du, g v ly 1,15 khi t than; - i vi l c dn ng nc ng ly k = 0,9 khi t kh, du, g v ly 1,0 khi t than; * i vi cm ng xon b qu nhit, b hm nc: y khi i ct ngang qua cm ng. H s hiu chnh v bm bn kbb, xc nh nh sau: - B qu nhit ly k = 1,3; - B hm nc: ng trn k= 1,3; ng c cnh k = 2. * i vi b sy khng kh: i vi b sy khng kh kiu ng th c c tr lc pha khi v pha khng kh. Tr lc pha khi gm tr lc ma st khi khi lu ng trong ng v tr lc khi vo v ra khi b sy theo 10.4.2.1 v 10.4.2.2. Tr lc pha khng kh khi khng kh chay ngang qua ngoi ng s c tr lc dng ct ngang qua cm ng v tr lc cc hp ni tnh theo 10.4.2.3. i vi b sy khng kh kiu quay (hi nhit), Tr lc ma st cng c tnh theo (10-1), trong h s ma st xc nh theo cc cng thc thc nghim nh sau: - Loi cnh roto dng tm phng, vi Re < 1,4.103 ly = 90/Re; vi Re 1,4.103 ly = 0,35.Re-0,25; - Loi cnh roto dng tm ln sng, vi Re < 1,4.103 ly 33.Re-0,8; vi Re 1,4.103 ly = 0,6.Re-0,25; * Tr lc cc b ca b kh bi : Tr lc cc b ca b kh bi c xc nh:

2 , Pa; (10-10) 2 y h s tr lc kb ca b kh bi ly theo thc t, tu thuc tng loi thit b kh bi. h = kb ..

* Tr lc ca ng khi: Tr lc ca ng khi gm tr lc ma st dc ng, tr lc thu tnh v tr lc ng. Tr lc ma st dc ng c tnh theo (10-1), tnh cho mt mt chiu cao ng khi:

l 2 T h ok = ms tb d td 2 Tv

0,583

, Pa

(10-11)

229

 l h s ma st, ly theo thc nghim nh sau: ng khi bng thp, ms = 0,02; ng khi bng b tng hay gch, ms = 0,04; Tc khi tnh theo gi tr trung bnh, m/s: Vk tb = ,m/s. 2830d 2 tb
y: dtb l ng knh trung bnh, c tnh: 2d1d 2 ,m d tb = d1 + d 2

(10-12)

d1, d2 l ng knh ca vo v ra ca ng khi. Vk l th tch khi i qua ng khi, tnh theo nhit trung bnh. 1 t tb = t1 t.H ok , 0C (10-13) 2 t1 l nhit khi i vo ng khi, 0C; Hok l chiu cao ng khi,m; t l mc gim nhit ca khi theo 1m chiu cao ng khi, ph thuc vo cu to ng khi, c th tnh theo cng thc: C 0 t = , C/m (10-14) D C l h s ph thuc cu to ng khi c chn theo kinh nghim: ng khi bng thp ly C = 0,5; ng khi bng thp lt gch ly C = 0,42; ng khi bng gch chiu dy di 0,5m ly C = 0,21; chiu dy trn 0,5m ly C = 0,105; D l sn lng hi, kg/s. Tc khi ra khi ng khi khi thng gi t nhin thng ly trong khong t 6-10m/s, khng c nh hn 4m/s trnh hin tng go thi ngc vo trong ng khi. Khi thng gi cng bc th ly t 10-20m/s. * Lc t ht ca ng khi: Lc t ht c to nn bi chnh p sut thu tnh ca dng ming ra v vo ng khi. Khi khi nng chuyn ng trong ng, do nhit khi cao hn nhit khng kh xung quanh nn to ra chnh lch khi lng ring ca dng khi vi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi dng khi i xung chnh lch ny s l lc cn tr chuyn ng, c gi l tr lc. Khi dng khi i ln, chnh lch ny s lc thc y chuyn ng, c gi l lc t ht. i vi dng kh lnh th ngc li. Lc t ht c xc nh theo cng thc:
273 h th = ( h 2 h1 ) kk 0 , Pa 273 + t tb

(10-15)

10.4.3. Tnh ton tr lc ca h thng thng gi 10.4.3.1. Tng tr lc ca ng khi:

230

Tng tr lc ca ng khi l tng tr lc t ming vi phun ca bung la l hi n ng khi. - Tng tr lc ca ng khi t l hi n ng khi c tnh:

760 (10-16) H= h l-kb (1 + ) + h kb-ok k 1, 293 p , Pa; Trong : hl-kb , hkb-ok l tr lc t l n kh bi v t kh bi n ng khi, Pa; k0 l khi lng ring khi iu kin tiu chun (00C v 760mmHg); p l p sut khng kh trong gian l; l nng tro bi trong khi, kg/m3;
- y cn lu phi tnh n lc t ht ca bn thn bung la. Khi bung la lm vic vi p sut m th bung la phi m bo chn khng ti thiu trnh ph khi ra ngoi, thng thng ca ra bung la (trc pheston) c p sut m h ''bl :

h ''bl = 10 20 Pa,

(10-17)

- V bung la c chiu cao tng i, ng thi nhit khi trong bung la rt cao nn chnh lch p sut thu tnh trong trng hp ny s to nn lc t ht Hth. Khi tng tr lc ca ng khi dng chn qut khi khi thng gi cng bc hoc tnh cao ng khi khi thng gi t nhin s l:

Htong = H + h ''bl - Hth,

(10-18)

760 '' Htong = h l-kb (1 + ) + h kb-ok k 1, 293 p + h bl - hth, (10-19) trong hth l tng lc t ht ca ng khi cha k ng khi.
10.4.3.2. Tng tr lc ca ng gi: Tng tr lc ca ng gi l tng tr lc t qut gi n ming vi phun cng tnh tng t nh i vi ng khi , cn lu thm cc im sau y: - Nu c ti tun hon khng kh nng th cn tnh thm tr lc ca ng ti tun hon; - Phi k n tr lc lp nhin liu hay vi phun. Tr lc ca vi phun l: h vp = vp ..

2 , Pa; 2

(10-20)

trong : l tc go cp hai ra khi vi phun; vp l tr lc cc b ca vi phun ph thuc vo loi vi phun. - Phi k n chn khng ti ming vi phun c to ra do chn khng ti ca ra bung la l h ''bl = 10 20 Pa cng thm lc t ht ca bung la tnh theo chiu cao t vi phun ln n ca ra bung la. Khi p sut chn khng u ra vi phun l: hvp = h ''bl + 0,05h, Pa. trong h l cao t vi phun n ca ra bung la. Nh vy tng tr lc ng khng kh l: Htong = Hqg-vp - hvp - Hth, trong Hth l tng lc t ht ca ng khng kh.

(10-21)

231

10.4.4. Tnh ton h thng thng gi 10.4.4.1. Tnh h thng thng gi t nhin Trong thng gi t nhin, ng khi s to lc ht khc phc tt c cc tr lc ca h thng thng gi, do chiu cao v ng knh ng khi phi c tnh to c lc ht v thi c khi ra ngoi vi tc trn 6m/s, ng thi p ng yu cu v an ton v sinh mi trng. + Chiu cao ng khi c tnh t cng thc: Hok.g.(kk - k) = 1,2htg + 1,1hd + Hok.hok, Pa, (10-22) Trong : Hok l chiu cao ng khi; G = 9,81m/s2 l gia tc trng trng; kk l khi lng ring ca khng kh trong gian l; k l khi lng ring ca khi nhit trung bnh trong ng khi; htg l tng tr lc ca ng khng kh v khi, hd l tr lc ng ca khi khi thay i tc vo v ra; hok l tr lc ca 1m chiu cao ng khi; 1,2 v 1,1 l h s an ton. 1, 2h tg + 1,1h d , m, (10-23) H ok = g ( kk k ) h ok Hiu chnh theo iu kin nhit v p sut ta c chiu cao cn thit ca ng khi:

0 760 k 273 p , m, H ok = 0 760 273 p 0 k h ok g kk k 273 + t 760 1, 293 p 1, 2 h tg + 1,1h d

(10-24)

y: p l p sut khng kh trong gian l; k0 l khi lng ring khi iu kin tiu chun; + ng knh ming ra ca ng khi c tnh ton nhm m bo tc khi ra khi ng khi 2:

d2 = 2

Vk .

273 + t 273 , m, .2

(10-25)

ng knh chn ng khi c ly: d1 = d1 nu ng khi bng thp; d2 > d1 + 0,02Hok nu ng khi bng b tng v phi m bo cn ng khi khng nh hn 2%. 10.4.4.2. Tnh h thng thng gi cng bc i vi cc l hi c thng gi cng bc, cn thit phi tnh qut gi v qut khi thch hp khch phc c tr lc ca ng gi v ng khi, cn chiu cao ng khi ch cn m bo iu kin v sinh mi trng. * Chiu cao ng khi: Chiu cao ti thiu ng khi c tnh ton theo tiu chun m bo iu kin v sinh mi trng. Thng thng chn theo linh nghim. Vi l hi cng nghip,
232

chiu cao ng khi khng di 14-16m ; ly bng 30m vi l hi sn lng di 5t/h; ly 45m vi l hi t 5-15t/h v 60m vi l hi t 15-50t/h. * Tnh chn qut gi- qut khi to p lc tng i ln th qut gi v qut khi thng dng qut ly tm c dn ng c th bng ng c in hoc tuc bin hi. Nguyn l cu to qut ly tm c ch ra trn hnh 10.26.

Hnh 10.26. Nguyn l cu to qut ly tm. a) qut ly tm; b) qut hng trc.

Hnh 10.27. Hnh khng gian qut ly tm. 1- u y; 2- u ht; 3- hp gi; 4- gi ; 5- cnh qut; 6- gi ; 7- khp ni trc; 8- ng c ko Cc c tnh k thut ca qut: c tnh k thut ca qut l lu lng, p sut u ht v u y, cng sut. * Lu lng qut gi: + Khi khng c ti tun hon khng kh nng: 0 273 + t kkl , m3/h, (10-26) Vg = g1Btt ( bl bl ng + s ) Vkk 273 + Khi c ti tun hon khng kh nng:

273 + t kkl 3 0 Vg = g1Btt ( bl bl ng + s ) Vkk 1 + x , m /h, (10-27) 273 trong :

233

1 l h s an ton, 1 = 1,1; Btt l lng nhin liu tiu hao tnh ton, (kg/h), bl l h s khng kh tha trong bung la; bl l h s khng kh lt vo bung la; ng l h s khng kh lnh lt vo h thng nghin than; s l h s khng kh lnh lt vo b sy khng kh; V0 l lng khng kh l thuyt, (m3 tc/kg), tkkl l nhit khng kh lnh, (0C), x l t l phn trm khng kh ti tun hon.

273 + t th , m3/h, (10-28) 273 Vth: Lng khi thi ra khi l, (m3 tc/kg), tth: nhit khi thi ra khi l, (0C), dk: h s khng kh lnh lt trong ng khi. Khi khng c thit b kh bi ly dk = 0,02; khi c thit b kh bi bng in ly dk = 0,2; khi c thit b kh bi bng in v kh bi xyclon ly dk = 0,25.
0 Vk = k1Btt ( Vth + dk Vkk )

* Lu lng qut khi

* p sut u y ca qut gi: p sut u y ca qut gi phi m bo khc phc c tng tr lc ca ng gi H tong c tnh theo cng thc (10-21) nhn thm h s an ton bng g2 = 1,1: Hg = g2.Hgtong, Pa, (10-29)
g

* p sut u ht ca qut khi: p sut u ht ca qut khi phi m bo khc phc c tng tr lc ca ng khi Hktong c tnh theo cng thc (10-19) nhn thm h s an ton bng k2 = 1,1: Hk = k2.Hktong, Pa, (10-30) * Cng sut ca qut gi: V .H N g = 1,1. g g , Kw; 3600g * Cng sut ca qut khi: V .H N k = 1,1. k k , Kw; 3600k Vg, Vk: lu lng khng kh v khi ca l, Hg, Hk: p sut ca u y ca qut gi v u ht ca qut khi, g, k: hiu sut ca qut gi v qut khi.

234

Chng 11. Kim loi ch to l hi v tnh sc bn cc chi tit ca l hi

11.1 c im lm vic ca kim loi trong l hi iu kin lm vic ca kim loi cc phn t v chi tit khc nhau ca l hi rt khc nhau. Khung l lm vic iu kin nhit khng kh xung quanh. Kim loi ng b sy khng kh chu ng sut khng ng k. Cc chi tit khng c lm lnh nh gi treo, gi , mc gi lm vic trong nhng iu kin rt nng, nhit kim loi cc chi tit ny c th n 800 oC. Cc ng gp ra v c bit cc ng b qu nhit ca l hi cao p v siu cao p lm vic trong iu kin nng n nht, v mi trng lu ng bn trong ng c nhit cao. Nhit vch v p sut bn trong l cc thng s c dng xc nh vic chn mc thp. Nhit kim loi tng ln th kh nng lm vic ca kim loi s gim khng nhng do gim bn m cn do cc qu trnh n mn s xy ra mnh hn. Do c n mn m vic s dng thp b hn ch, v d thp cacbon c th dng lm b mt t nu nhit b mt kim loi khng ln hn 500 oC v nhit cao hn thp s g rt mnh. Khi phn b nhit khng u trong vch kim loi th c nhng lp gin n nhiu hn v c nhng lp gin n t hn. Nhng lp c t nng t s ngn cn s gin n ca nhng lp c t nng nhiu hn, kt qu l trong nhng lp c t nng nhiu hn s xut hin nhng ng sut nn v trong nhng lp c t nng t hn s sinh ra ng sut ko. Nhng ng sut ny tng ln khi tng chnh nhit trong vch. chnh nhit ny c xc nh bi chiu dy vch, ph ti nhit v bi dn nhit ca kim loi. Khi dao ng nhit c th sinh ra h hng cc chi tit di dng nhng vt rn nu bin dao ng ca ng sut v s chu k ln. Hin tng ph hy kim loi do t nng v lm lnh lp i lp li gi l mi nhit. Nu bin dao ng ca ng sut khng ln th c th khng xy ra s ph hy kim loi ngay c khi cc chu k t nng v lm lnh c tn s cao. Trong thi k t l c th c cc chu k dao ng vi bin ln. Mc d s chu k thng l nh nhng khi bin ln cng c th gy ra h hng, do vy ch t l phi c chn sao cho khi cc ng sut sinh ra do nhit khng vt ra ngoi gii hn cho php. nhit bnh thng trong phng, bn ca kim loi c nh gi bng hai tiu chun, l gii hn chy v gii hn bn. Nhng c tnh ny tm c bng cch ko mu (hnh tr) trn cc my ko vn nng th nghim (xem hnh 11.1). * Gii hn chy ch l ng sut m mu th nghim nhn c bin dng d khi khng tng ph ti

Ver. 1.0

234

ch =

Pch , N/mm2 F0

(11-1)

h 11.1. Gin ng ca thp

y: Pch l ph ti tc dng ln mu th nghim, N; F0 l din tch tit din ngang ban u ca mu th nghim, mm2. * Gii hn bn b l ng sut tng ng vi ph ti ln nht trc khi ph hy mu P b = b , N/mm2 (11-2) F0 gin di tng i v co tht tng i l nhng ch tiu cht lng rt quan trng ca kim loi l hi, chng c trng cho tnh do ca kim loi. gin di tng i l t s gia tng chiu di v chiu di ban u ca mu: l l l = 1 0 100 = 100 , % (11-3) l0 l0 trong l0 v l1 ln lt l chiu di ban u v chiu di sau khi t ca mu. co tht tng i l t s gia gim din tch tit din ngang sau khi t v din tch tit din ban u ca mu: F F = 0 k 100 , % (11-4) F0 vi Fk l din tch tit din ca mu sau khi t. Mi c tnh k trn thu c khi th nghim kim loi bng ph ti tnh. Vic xc nh cng va p cn thit ph hy mu cng rt quan trng i vi vt liu ch to l hi. Cng ny c gi l dai va p ak , c xc nh khi th nghim bng ph ti ng trn my th va p kiu con lc v tnh cho din tch tit din ngang ca mu. * dai va p ak c trng cho dai hay tnh gin nhit ca kim loi v ng thi l mt trong nhng ch tiu nhy bn nht th hin s tn ti ca cc thiu st trong kim loi (cc tp cht khng phi kim loi, cc bt kh, hay ch nhit luyn khng ng, ) lm gim cht lng ca n. Yu cu dai va p cao l mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng nht i vi thp l hi, mc d c tnh ny ca thp khng dng trong tnh ton sc bn. Cc c tnh ca kim loi b thay i khi tng nhit (xem hnh v 11.2).

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Hnh 11.2. nh hng ca nhit n c tnh ca thp.

T hnh 11.2 ta thy gii hn chy gim lin tc khi tng nhit . Gii hn bn lc u gim, sau khong nhit 50 100 oC th n bt u tng v t cc i 250 300 oC, ri sau li gim. gim cng ln nu kim loi chu ng sut cng lu. S gim gii hn chy nhit cao khi tng thi gian duy tr ph ti trn mu c gi l hin tng ro, l qu trnh tch ly bin dng do di tc dng ca ph ti khng i v nhit . ng cong in hnh ca qu trnh ro i vi Hnh 11.3. Cc ng cong
ro ca kim loi. 1- nhit t1 2- nhit t2 gin di thp trong; h ta (t1 < t2) - thi gian nhit cho ca kim loi c biu din trong hnh v 11.3. Ta thy c ba giai on c trng, hay cn gi l ba pha ro. Trong giai on mt (pha th nht), gin di d tng ln nhanh chng. Trong pha th hai th bin dng tin trin vi tc ng u. V pha th ba li c s gia tc tng ca bin dng d v dn n ph hy kim loi. Cho nn, qu trnh pht trin hin tng ro ph thuc ch yu vo ng sut, nhit v thi gian lm vic. Theo nghing ca on bc ta xc nh c tc ro ng u: l , %/h (11-5) vr =

Hin nay i vi cc chi tit ca l hi cho php tc ro vr = 105 %/h, ngha l sau 100.000 h phc v chi tit c th tch ly bin dng khng ln hn 1%. t Tiu chun nh gi hin tng ro l bn lu di D , l kh nng ca kim loi tip nhn ph ti trong mt thi gian nht nh m khng b ph hy. 11.2 Cc loi thp dng trong ch to l hi 11.2.1 Nhng yu cu chung i vi thp ch to l hi Thp dng ch to l hi cn phi p ng c nhng yu cu chung sau y:

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C bn v do cao; C n nh cu trc cao. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca l hi th cu trc thp khng c php c thay i g ng k; - C bn nhit cao, tc l kh nng gi nguyn c nhng c tnh bn cn thit khi lm vic trong iu kin ng sut v nhit cao; - C n nh ha hc cao. Tnh n nh ha hc l cn thit ngn nga n mn b mt t ca l; - C hm lng cc tp cht c hi mc ti thiu (P, S, As, cc kh ha tan), v chng c nh hng xu n tnh cht ca thp khi lm vic lu di; - C tnh hn tt, khng yu cu dng cc phng php hn v nhit luyn phc tp v t tin. Trong thc t, thp cacbon, thp hp kim thp v thp hp kim cao c s dng rng ri ch to cc b phn ca l hi. 11.2.2 Thp cacbon a s cc chi tit ca l hi c ch to bng thp cacbon. Khi tng hm lng cacbon (C) trong thp th bn ca n tng v tnh do gim xung. Trn quan im bn th dng thp c hm lng C cao, tuy nhin khi cht lng mi hn ni s gim v c s ti thp trong khng kh khi hn. V th hm lng C trong thp cacbon dng ch to l hi c hn ch rt nghim ngt, c th l C 0, 25% . Ngoi ra, trong thp cn c cc thnh phn khc l Mn, Si, S, P v O2. Mangan (Mn) c a vo thp kh xy ca thp trong qu trnh nu chy v n nm trong thp di trng thi ha tan (vi s lng 0,3 0,8% ). Silic (Si) cng ging nh Mn, c a vo thp lm cht kh xy. Mt lng nh Si < 0,5% cn li sau khi kh xy c ha tan trong ferit. Si lm tng bn ca thp nhng cng lm tng c khuynh hng kt tinh li sau khi c bin dng do nh. Photpho (P) l nguyn t khng mun c trong thp v n lm gim dai va p ak v c kh nng sinh ra gin ngui. Hm lng P trong thp l hi khng c ln hn 0, 045% . Lu hunh (S) l tp cht c hi v n to iu kin sinh ra gin nng, ngha l ph hy gin thp nhit 800 1200 oC. Trong cc thp l hi hm lng S c hn ch tr s 0, 03 0, 045% . xy (O2) cng nh nit (N2) v hydr (H2) nm li trong thp do kh kh khng hon ton. O2 trong thp vi mt lng nh cng lm gim tnh chng n mn ca thp. Hm lng O2 v N2 trong thp c cht lng 0, 01% v hm lng H2 0, 001% . ch to bao hi ca l hi c p sut thp, p sut trung bnh v p sut nng cao, p < 6, 0 MPa, ta dng thp cacbon c cht lng nhn hiu 15K, 20K, 25K (ca Nga) hoc tng ng. i vi l hi c p sut p < 0, 08 MPa c th dng thp cacbon cht lng thng CT3 , nu nhit kim loi khng ln hn 120 oC.

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ch to bao hi ca l cao p, p = 6 12,5 MPa th phi dng thp cacbon nhn hiu c bit 22K hoc tng ng. Cc ng dn nc, dn hi v ng b mt t thng c ch to t thp 10 v 20 v tng ng. Khi y nhit kim loi ng b mt t khng c ln hn 500 oC, kim loi ng gp v ng dn hi khng ln hn 450 oC.
11.2.3 Thp hp kim thp v hp kim cao 11.2.3.1. Thp hp kim thp

Vic tng nhit kim loi n 300 350 oC lm gim ng k gii hn chy. Ngoi ra nhit > 500 oC khng nhng gim r rt sc cn ro m cng bt u xy ha mnh. Do vy phi b sung cc nguyn t hp kim cho thp tng bn v tnh chng g. Phm vi nhit s dng thp hp kim thp cho cc chi tit chnh ca l hi c nu trong bng 11.1 sau y.
Bng 11.1. Phm vi nhit s dng thp hp kim thp. Phm vi s dng, oC Mc thp ng gp v ng dn hi Cc ng b mt t 12MoCr 540 540 15CrMo 560 565 12Cr1MoV 585 595 15Cr1Mo1V 595 12Cr2MoVSiB 620 11.2.3.2. Thp hp kim cao

Vic dng hi c thng s siu cao v trc ht l tng nhit hi qu nhit n 600 oC yu cu phi dng thp hp kim cao cho cc tng cui v ng gp ra ca b qu nhit. Cc mc thp hp kim cao dng trong ch to l hi cao p gm c: 1Cr12W2MoV, 2Cr12WMoNbVB, 1Cr18Ni10Ti, 1Cr18Ni12Ti, 1Cr14Ni18W2NbB,
11.2.3.3. Cc loi thp c bit Bng 11.2. Thp dng ch to gi , gi treo, kp, thit b thi. Mc thp Nhit bt u xy ha mnh, 0C SiCr6 750 SiCr6Mo 750 Cr17 900 Cr28 1100 1Cr20Ni14Si2 1000

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Cc gi treo, gi , cc chi tit gi, thit b thi tro bi lm vic trong iu kin nng n khng c lm mt nn thp dng ch to cc chi tit y phi c tnh chu nng cao. Cc mc thp dng ch to cc chi tit gi gm c 30CrMo, 35CrMo, 38Cr, v 40Cr. Nhng chi tit nh gi , gi treo, kp, thit b thi thng c ch to bng cc mc thp nh c cho trong bng 11.2.
11.3 Tnh sc bn ca nhng chi tit chnh ca l hi 11.3.1 Phng php tnh

Cc b phn chu p lc bao gm bao hi, hp gp, ng gp, ng ca cc b mt truyn nhit, mt sng, ng l, ng la. Tnh sc bn l xc nh chiu dy vch hay p sut lm vic cho php trong chi tit. Khi tnh sc bn thit k th ta c th bit trc p sut lm vic, ng knh v cu to ca chi tit. Do cn chn kim loi v ng sut cho php ca kim loi ng vi iu kin lm vic cho. y phi xc nh chiu dy vch. Khi tnh kim tra sc bn th cho bit: ng knh v cu to ca chi tit, chiu dy vch, kim loi v ng sut cho php ca n. Cn phi xc nh p sut lm vic cho php trong chi tit. Yu cu nht thit i vi l hi l t an ton ti a khi tiu hao kim loi l ti thiu. y tn ti hai phng php tnh sc bn cc chi tit ca l hi l phng php ng sut gii hn v phng php ph ti gii hn. Cc nh khoa hc i n kt lun l tnh sc bn theo ph ti gii hn s kinh t hn, v i vi mt chi tit c th cho php mang ph ti ln hn ph ti ng vi ng sut gii hn. Trong cc tiu chun tnh ton ngi ta dng phng php ph ti gii hn tnh sc bn cc chi tit l hi.
11.3.1.1. Chn ng sut cho php

Trc khi tnh sc bn phi xc nh ng sut cho php i vi vt liu cho v nhit tnh ca tng chi tit. ng sut cho php c xc nh da vo nhit tnh ton ca vch (nhit kim loi) v mc thp. Tnh sc bn cc chi tit l hi theo ng sut cho php sau: * cp = cp , (11-6)
* trong : l h s k n c im cu to v vn hnh ca chi tit; cp l ng sut cho php nh mc, ly theo bng. Nu nh thp s dng m khng c nhng s liu * v cp th n c ly bng gi tr nh nht trong ba gi tr sau y:

, (11-7) 2, 6 1,5 1,5 t t t y: b , ch , D l nhng gi tr c bo m nhit lm vic t ca vch.

11.3.1.2. Nhit tnh ton ca vch

* cp

t b

* ; cp

t ch

* ; cp

t D

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* Nhit tnh ton ca vch xc nh cp c ly ph thuc vo loi v nhit mi cht cha trong phn t tnh ton v vo nhng iu kin t nng phn t bi khi v lm lnh bi mi cht. Trong mi trng hp nhit tnh ton ca vch khng c ly thp hn 250 oC. a- Nhit tnh ton ca vch bao hi v cc panen cha cht lng hay hi bo ha ly nh sau: - i vi bao hi t ngoi ng khi hay cch nhit tt th tv = tbha (11-8) - i vi bao hi khng cch nhit c t trong ng khi i lu, khi nhit khi tkhi 600 oC:

tv = tbha + 1, 2S + 10, o C khi nhit khi 600 C < tkhi 900 C :

o o

(11-9)

tv = tbha + 2,5S + 20, o C (11-10) - i vi cc bao hi khng cch nhit v cc panen lm mt chu bc x ca ngn la hay ca lp nhin liu ang chy: tv = tbha + 4S + 30, o C (11-11) trong S l chiu dy nh mc ca vch, mm. b- Nhit tnh ton ca vch ng l c tnh theo cc cng thc sau: - i vi cc ng trn: tv = tbha + 4S + 60, o C (11-12) - i vi cc ng ln sng: (11-13) tv = tbha + 5S + 60, o C c- Nhit tnh ton vch cc ng si ly nh sau: - Trong cc l hi c tun hon t nhin khng ph thuc vo p sut lm vic v cc l c tun hon cng bc nhiu ln khi p sut lm vic plv 16, 0 MPa: (11-14) tv = tbha + 60, o C - i vi l hi c tun hon cng bc nhiu ln khi p sut lm vic plv > 16, 0 MPa v l hi trc lu khng ph thuc vo p sut ta s ly nhit tnh ton t kt qu tnh nhit v thy ng ca l hi. d- Nhit tnh ton ca vch ng b qu nhit: S 1 tv = ttb + t + qmax + , oC (11-15) 1000 ( + 1) 2

trong : ttb l nhit trung bnh ca hi lu ng bn trong ng; t l chnh lch nhit ca hi trong tng ng so vi nhit ca hi trong c chm ng, t = (tmax ttb ) v khng c ly nh hn 10 oC; l h s khuch tn nhit khng u theo chu vi ng; qmax l cng dng nhit ln nht hay sut ph ti nhit ln

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nht ca b mt hp thu nhit, kW/mK; l t s gia ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca ng = Dn / Dt = Dn /( Dn 2S ) ; S l chiu dy vch (thnh) ng, mm; l h s dn nhit ca kim loi ng, kW/mK. - i vi cc ng ca b qu nhit i lu cc l hi c plv 2,5 MPa v nhit hi qu nhit khng cao hn 425 oC th: tv = tqn + 70 o C (11-16) e- Nhit tnh ton ca vch cc ng b hm nc c tnh theo cc cng thc sau: - i vi b hm nc ca l c tun hon t nhin v tun hon cng bc nhiu ln kiu khng si: tv = tbha + 30 o C (11-17) - i vi b hm nc kiu si tnh theo cng thc ca cc ng si. - i vi b hm nc ca l hi trc lu: tv = ttb + t + 40 o C (11-18) f- Nhit tnh ton ca vch ng gp dn ng sinh hi, ng gp b hm nc v b qu nhit ly nh sau: - i vi nhng ng gp khng b t nng (t ngoi ng khi hay cch nhit chc chn) ca b hm nc, ca dn ng sinh hi v ng gp hi bo ha ca l hi c tun hon t nhin v tun hon cng bc nhiu ln, ng gp vo ca b hm nc l trc lu, ta ly: tv = ttb (11-19) - i vi cc ng gp ca b qu nhit (tr ng gp hi bo ha) ly: tv = ttb + xt , (vi x = 0,5 ) (11-20)
11.3.2. Tnh sc bn mt s chi tit (phn t) ca l hi 11.3.2.1. Chiu dy vch ca chi tit hnh tr chu p sut bn trong (bao hi, ng gp):

Chiu dy vch ca chi tit hnh tr chu p sut bn trong (bao hi, ng gp) c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau: - Khi tnh theo ng knh trong ta c: p Dt +C, m (11-21) S= 2 cp p - Khi tnh theo ng knh ngoi ta c: p Dng S= +C, m (11-22) 2 cp p trong : p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; Dt v Dng l ng knh trong v ng knh ngoi, m; l h s bn ca chi tit b yu i do cc mi hn hay c cc l ni ng;

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 cp l ng sut cho php ca vt liu, MPa;

C l b sung cho chiu dy tnh ton ca vch, khi chiu dy tm thp nh hn 20 mm ly C = 1 mm, khi chiu dy tm thp ln hn 20 mm ly C = 0. 11.3.2.2. Chiu dy vch y bao hi c dng elip hay dng cu:

Chiu dy vch y bao hi c dng elip hay dng cu c xc nh theo cng thc sau: p Dt Dt +C, m (11-23) S= 4 z cp p 2ht nu tho mn iu kin: ht S C d 0, 2; 0,1; 0, 6. Dt Dt Dt Trong cng thc trn k hiu: p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; Dt l ng knh trong, m; ht l chiu cao phn li ca y tnh n b mt bn trong, m; cp l ng sut cho php ca vt liu, MPa; C l b sung cho chiu dy tnh ton, C = 0,05 (S - C) nhng khng nh hn 1 mm; z l h s tnh n s lm yu y do c cc l, ly tu thuc thng s d : a= Dt ( S C ) khi a 0, 4 ly z = 1,0; khi 0, 4 a < 2 ly z = 2(a + 2).
2 ; khi a > 2 ly z = (1, 25a + 1,5)

Hnh 11.4. y li dng elip. a - khng c l tm; b - c l tm.

11.3.2.3. Chiu dy vch y trn phng v np phng :

Chiu dy vch y trn phng v np phng c xc nh theo cng thc:

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S1 =

K Dt K0

cp

,m

(11-24)

trong : K l h s k n t s gia chiu dy vch ng gp v chiu dy y, S K = 0, 411 0, 23 phi khng nh hn 0,31; S1 K0 l h s c ly tu thuc vo t s gia ng knh l y d v ng d knh trong ca ng gp Dt, tc l t s : Dt d d < 0,35 c K0 = 1- 0,43 , Khi Dt Dt d Khi 0,35 0, 75 ly K0 = 0,85; Dt p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; cp l ng sut cho php ca vt liu, MPa.

Hnh 11.5. Cc kiu y v np phng.

11.4.2.4. Chiu dy vch cc ng b mt truyn nhit v ng dn:

Chiu dy vch cc ng b mt truyn nhit (sinh hi, qu nhit, hm nc) v ng dn c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau: Khi tnh theo ng knh trong ca ng: p dt + C1 , m (11-25) S 2 cp p Khi tnh theo ng knh ngoi ca ng:

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S=

p d ng 2 cp + p

+ C1 , m

(11-26)

trong : p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; d ng , dt l ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca ng, m;

cp l ng sut ca vt liu lm ng, MPa;

C1 l b sung cho chiu dy tnh ton, thng ly C1 = 0,5 mm.

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Chng 12. Vn hnh l hi

12.1. Cc ch vn hnh l hi Nhim v ch yu khi vn hnh l hi l m bo s lm vic tin cy, an ton ca l hi trong mt thi gian di vi vic t c kinh t cao nht khi sn xut lng hi yu cu v tun th th ph ti. Vic vn hnh l hi phi thc hin ng quy trnh vn hnh. Trong quy trnh vn hnh cho bit cc thng s ca hi, nc, khi v khng kh cng sut nh mc, cng sut ti thiu, ti a, trung gian v chnh lch cho php ca cc thng s y. Ph ti nh mc l ph ti tnh ton dng xc nh kch thc ca cc b mt truyn nhit trong l hi ng vi cc thng s ca hi v hiu sut ca l cho trc. Ph ti ti thiu ca l hi ph thuc kiu l hi, dng nhin liu v bin php t. l hi c bao hi, tun hon t nhin ph ti ti thiu bng 30 40% ph ti nh mc do phi m bo s tun hon tin cy ca mi cht (nc v hn hp hi nc) v s chy n nh ca nhin liu. l hi trc lu ph ti ti thiu c chn theo iu kin lm vic tin cy ca cc dn ng sinh hi v thng bng 25 30% ph ti nh mc. Ch lm vic ca l hi c c trng bi gi tr ca ph ti v t hp cc thng s xc nh mc kinh t ca qu trnh sn xut hi. Ch lm vic n nh l ch m gi tr ca mi thng s xc nh s lm vic ca l hi khng thay i trong mt thi gian di. Tuy nhin trong ch lm vic n nh vn cho php cc thng s c s chnh lch t nhiu so vi gi tr trung bnh v c s thay i nhit lng sinh ra trong bung la, lng khng kh cp vo l. Nu s chnh lch ca cc thng s ni trn khng nhiu so vi ch n nh th ta c ch khng i. V th ch khng i c coi l gn vi ch n nh. Trong ch lm vic n nh ca l hi, quan h gia cc thng s ra v vo c th hin qua cc c tnh tnh. V d mt trong cc c tnh tnh l quan h gia cc tn tht nhit v h s khng kh tha (hnh v 12.1).

245

 y cc thng s nh: cht lng nhin liu, ph ti ca l " hi, c coi l khng thay i. Khi tng bl th th tch v nhit ca khi trn ng khi i trong l s tng ln, do q2 tng ln. Nhit khi tng khi tng " bl v mc nhit trong bung la gim v ng lng nc ca khi Wk tng ln dn n gim chnh nhit v v vy gim lng nhit hp thu ca cc b mt truyn nhit. Tn tht nhit q4 lc u gim sau tng ln. S d q4 " tng mc d bl ln l do gim mc nhit trong bung la v gim thi gian lu li ca cc ht nhin liu trong bung la. Tng cc tn tht nhit c gi tr " cc tiu ng vi bl ti u. Gi
" tr ca bl ti u ph thuc vo ph ti ca l hi. Cc c tnh tnh cho php xc nh ch ti u ca qu Hnh 12.1. Quan h gia tn tht nhit trnh chy nhin liu v do trong l hi v h s khng kh tha. cho ta kh nng m bo s lm vic kinh t nht ca l hi. Trn c s cc c tnh tnh ta xc nh c phm vi iu chnh cn thit cc thng s chnh ca l hi ng thi cc c tnh tnh cng cho nhng s liu ban u tnh ton cc c tnh ng lc hc ca l hi. Ch lm vic thay i l ch m l hi lm vic vi cc cng sut hi ca l khc nhau. Do cng sut hi ca l phi thay i ph hp vi ph ti ca h tiu th. Mun thay i cng sut hi ca l hi ta phi thay i lu lng nc cp, lng nhin liu, lng khng kh cp vo l v lng khi thi ra khi l. C th coi ch lm vic thay i gm nhiu ch lm vic khng i ni tip nhau.

246

Qu trnh qu hay khng n nh l qu trnh m khi chuyn t mt ch n nh ny sang mt ch n nh khc th cc thng s lm vic ca n ln cng thay i t gi tr n nh lc u sang gi tr n nh lc sau. V d qu trnh khi ng v qu trnh ngng l hi l cc qu trnh qu . Hiu bit y cc quy lut xy ra trong qu trnh qu l cn thit a ra c cc h thng iu chnh t ng v nh gi mc lm vic tin cy ca cc phn t l hi. Cc cng vic khi vn hnh l hi bao gm: chun b v khi ng l hi vo lm vic; trng coi, iu khin v iu chnh s lm vic ca l hi khi vn hnh bnh thng; ngng l, bo qun v bo dng l hi trong thi gian l ngng lm vic. 12.2. Cc qu trnh khng n nh trong l hi c bao hi Ch lm vic khng n nh ca l hi xy ra khi mt cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng do thay i lng nhit sinh ra trong bung la, thay i nhit , lu lng nc cp, thay i ch khng kh ca l hi, khi mt cn bng gia lng hi do l hi sn ra v lng hi tiu th ti h tiu th. l hi c bao hi ng hi nc c phn thnh ba phn: phn hm nc (xy ra trong b hm nc), phn sinh hi (xy ra trong cc dn ng sinh hi), phn qu nhit (xy ra trong b qu nhit). Bao hi l khu lin h v thy lc gia ba phn ni trn. 12.2.1. S thay i ph ti nhit hay lng nhit sinh ra trong bung la Khi thay i lng nhin liu cp vo bung la s lm thay i lng nhit sinh ra trong bung la. Khi tng lng nhit sinh ra trong bung la s lm tng ph ti nhit ca tt c cc b mt truyn nhit (b mt t), do cng sut hi ca l tng ln. Khi thay i ph ti nhit th nhit ca hi qu nhit cng thay i nhng gi tr v hng thay i c th khc nhau ty thuc vo quan h gia phn i lu v phn bc x ca b qu nhit. Hnh v 12.2 ch ra s thay i cc thng s khi tng lng nhin liu cp vo bung la l hi c b qu nhit i lu. Nhit hi qu nhit tng ln tng ng vi s tng ca lu lng hi nhng c chm tr. Nu b qu nhit c phn bc

247

x ln th qu nhit c th b gim khi tng ph ti. Ni chung s gia tng nhit ca hi qu nhit ph thuc dng b mt truyn nhit ca b qu nhit (bc x hai i lu) nhng khng ln lm. V d khi tng ph ti nhit ln 10% s thay i nhit hi qu nhit sau b qu nhit i lu nh hn 5 10 0C. Khi tng ph ti nhit v lu lng nc cp khng thay i th mc nc trong bao hi thay i l do tng cng sut hi v do thi thm mt phn nc t cc ng sinh hi vo bao hi.

Hnh 12.2. S thay i cng sut hi, nhit hi qu nhit v mc nc trong bao hi khi thay i t ngt lng nhin liu cp vo bung la. 1-mc nc khi lng; 2-thnh phn si bng; 3-mc nc trong bao hi.

Mi gi tr ca ph ti nhit tng ng vi mt t l nht nh gia th tch nc v th tch hi trong cc ng sinh hi. Th tch hi trong cc ng sinh hi tng ln khi tng ph ti nhit iu ny dn n thi thm mt lng nc t ng sinh hi vo bao hi, v th trong thi k u sau khi c thay i ph ti nhit th mc nc trong bao hi tng ln, sau gim xung do lng hi ly i ln hn lu lng nc cp. Th tch nc c thi ra t cc ng sinh hi vo bao hi khi chuyn t ch lm vic ny sang ch lm vic khc bng gia s th tch ca hi, gia tng ny c th xc nh t biu thc sau: (12-1) V = n f ( 2 l2 1 l1 ) , trong : n v f l s ng v tit din ca ng;

248

1 v 2 l hm lng hi ca hn hp hi nc
trong ng c chiu di tng ng bng l1 v l2. Khi tng ph ti nhit th V > 0 v mc nc trong bao hi thi im u tng ln, ngc li khi gim ph ti nhit th V < 0 v mc nc gim xung. 12.2.2. S thay i lu lng nc cp Khi l hi lm vic bnh thng th mc nc trong bao hi dao ng trong phm vi rt nh xung quanh mc nc trung bnh. Mc nc trong bao hi c iu chnh bng cch thay i lu lng nc cp. V th tch nc c iu chnh trong bao hi ca cc l hi cng sut trung bnh v ln l rt nh nn khng cho php lu lng nc cp chnh lch nhiu so vi lu lng trung bnh. Khi lu lng nc cp thay i t th lng nhit hp thu ca b hm nc thay i trong phm vi nh v c th coi nh khng i v h s truyn nhit k thc t ch ph thuc vo h s ta nhit 1 . S thay i lu lng nc cp cng t nh hng n chnh nhit trung bnh t , v t c xc nh ch yu bi chnh nhit ch vo b hm nc tvhn nhng tvhn thc t l khng thay i. Bi vy lng nhit do nc cp mang vo bao hi khng ph thuc vo s dao ng ca lu lng nc cp. Lng hi do b mt sinh hi sn ra ph thuc vo ph ti nhit ca b mt v vo mc t nng nc cha n si ics . Nhng ics thay i rt nh nn ton b cng sut hi c xc nh bi ph ti nhit ca cc dn ng sinh hi ch khng ph thuc vo lu lng nc cp. T nhng phn tch trn y ta thy khi thay i lu lng nc cp l hi c bao hi th ch c mc nc trong bao hi b thay i cn cc thng s khc nh cng sut hi, nhit ca hi thc t khng thay i. Nu khng khi phc lu lng nc cp ph hp vi phng trnh cn bng vt cht th mc nc c th khng nm trong gii hn cho php, ng thi cc thng s cn li nh: cng sut hi, nhit hi qu nhit c gi khng i cho n khi bt u xy ra s c.

249

12.2.3. S thay i nhit nc cp Khi thay i nhit nc cp tc l thay i nhit lng do nc mang vo l th cng sut hi ca l gim xung, nhit hi qu nhit tng ln, mc nc trong bao hi gim xung ( V < 0 ). Trong thc t s dao ng nh ca nhit nc cp khng nh hng n cc thng s ca l hi. 12.2.4. S thay i m ca nhin liu m ca nhin liu thay i s lm nh hng nhiu n c tnh lm vic ca l hi (hnh v 12.3). Khi tng m ca nhin liu th nhit chy l thuyt gim xung, cng ca qu trnh chy gim v cc tn tht nhit ca bung la q3, q4 tng ln. Tn tht nhit q2 cng tng do tng th tch v nhit ca khi. Phn nhit do b mt truyn nhit i lu hp thu tng ln (bi tc khi tng) v phn nhit do b mt truyn nhit bc x hp thu gim xung Hnh 12.3. Quan h gia nhit chy l thuyt, cc tn tht nhit ca l hi vi (bi mc nhit m quy dn ca nhin liu. trong bung la gim).

12.3. Khi ng l hi c bao hi

250

Khi ng v ngng l hi km theo s thay i ng k ca cc ng sut trong cc phn t ca l di tc dng ca bin dng nhit v s thay i ca cc lc c hc. Nhng ng sut ph sinh ra c th t n gii hn nguy him. V vy khi ng v ngng l hi l nhng thi k quan trng nht trong vn hnh l, ngui vn hnh phi bit thao tc chnh xc m bo tin cy v an ton cao cho l hi, ng thi phi m bo kinh t ca l hi nht l cc l hi cng sut ln v vic khi ng v ngng l hi c lp li nhiu ln. Khi khi ng l hi t trng thi lnh (l ngng hot ng lu ngy) phi tin hnh kim tra v xem xt k mi thit b chnh v ph ca l hi, nu khi ng sau khi sa cha th cn phi tin hnh nhng cng vic khc na nh kim l. Tin hnh kim tra bung la v ng khi sau bung la bit tnh trng ca l hi sn sng lm vic hay cha. Cng nhn vn hnh l hi phi kim tra cc b mt truyn nhit ca l hi, tng l, cc ca ngi chui, ca thm la, van phng n, cc vi phun nhin liu, my cp bt than, qut gi, qut khi, cc trang b khc ca h thng nghin than, van an ton, ng thy, p k v cc b iu chnh t ng s lm vic ca l hi, cc dng c kim tra o lng. Trc khi t l phi m cc van x kh, phi ng cc van x y, phi m van x b qu nhit v van trn ng ti tun hon gia bao hi v b hm nc. 12.3.1. Cp nc vo l Cp nc vo l c cht lng cn thit v c nhit bng 50 90 0C. Nu cp nc c nhit cao hn hoc thp hn th cc chi tit nh: bao hi, ng sinh hi s c t nng hay lm lnh nhanh v khng u do c th gy ra ng sut nhit trong cc phn t . Cc ng ca b hm nc v cc ng sinh hi tng i mng nn vic t nng nhanh, bao hi c vch dy nn c t nng chm hn nhiu. Cc lp bn trong ca kim loi vch bao hi c t nng nhanh hn nhng lp bn ngoi. Hiu s nhit trong vch bao hi c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

tv =
trong :

2a

x 2 , 0C

(12-2)

251

dt l tc nng nhit ca mi trng nng hay ni d cch khc l tc t l, 0C/h;

=
a=

l h s dn nhit , m2/h; c

x l chiu dy bao hi, m.

Hnh 12.4. S thay i nhit theo chiu dy bao hi.

Nh vy s thay i nhit trong chiu dy vch bao hi xy ra theo ng parabol bc hai (hnh v 12.4). Hiu nhit gia b mt trong v b mt ngoi ca vch bao hi t l vi , c th l: , 0C (12-3) 2a Khi chnh nhit trong vch bao hi c xc nh bi tc t nng kim loi th vic cp nc vo l hi phi tin hnh trong khong thi gian t 1 1,5h i vi l hi trung p v t 1,5 2,5h i vi l hi cao p trnh sinh ra nhng ng sut ln bn trong kim loi. 12.3.2. S t nng bao hi v b mt t sinh hi trong thi gian t l

tmax =

252

 cc l hi ln vch bao hi s b t nng khng u trong thi k u ca qu trnh t l. Vch pha trn b t nng nhiu hn vch pha di ( ttr > td ). Do bao hi c th b bin dng un v trong vch c ng sut nn v ko b sung. Gi tr ca cc ng sut ni trn c xc nh theo cng thc: n ,k = Et , N/m2 (12-4) -6 trong : = 12.10 mm/mmK l h s gin n nhit ca thp; E = (2,0 2,1).104 N/mm2 l modul dn hi ca thp; t t t = tr d , 0C. 2 Nhng bin dng ca bao hi ch sinh ra trong thi k c trng thi nhit cha n nh. Khi trng thi nhit n nh th nhng bin dng y mt i hoc ch cn rt nh. Trong l hi c tun hon t nhin hin tng t nng v bin dng cng xy ra khng u trong cc dn ng sinh hi v ng gp do nhit lng hp thu ca chng khc nhau v do tun hon trong chng khc nhau. S t nng khng ng u cc vng tun hon l nguyn nhn hn ch tc t l gia tc vic t nng cc ng c t nng yu ta phi tin hnh x cc ng gp di ca chng. 12.3.3. Bo v b qu nhit trong thi gian t l Trong lc t l lng nhit sinh hi tng i nh v phi tiu th mt lng nhit ln t nng nc v kim loi l hi. Tuy rng lng nhit do khi truyn trong b qu nhit khi t l nh hn so vi khi l lm vic ph ti nh mc nhng lu lng hi qua b qu nhit cng nh nn mc t nng ng qu nhit tng ln nhanh hn p sut. Nhit kim loi ng b qu nhit tv c xc nh gn ng theo cng thc sau:

tv = tqn +

1 ( ' t ) , 0C 1 + 2 qn qn

(12-5)

' trong : qn l nhit ca khi pha trc b qu nhit, 0C;

tqn l nhit ca hi i trong b qu nhit, 0C.

253

 iu kin lm vic bnh thng c 1 = 70 90 W/m2K;

1 = 1700 3500 W/m2K; nh vy

1 0, 02 0, 05 . 1 + 2

Trong qu trnh lm vic ph ti nh mc ta c t = tv tqn = 12 30 0C, nhng trong khi t l th nhit sn phm chy tng t l vi nhit lng sinh ra trong bung la. Cc ng qu nhit b t nng mnh v nu trong ng khng c hi nc th nhit vch ng tng ln nhanh. trnh t nng qu mc ng b qu nhit ngi ta cho hi i qua cc ng qu nhit v x ra ngoi tri. Lng hi x t b qu nhit trong thi gian t l bng khong 10 15% cng sut hi ca l, khi tc hi i trong cc ng qu nhit t n 2 3 m/s. Ngi ta dng mt s bin php lm mt cc ng b qu nhit trong khi t l nh sau: Cho hi i qua cc ng ca b qu nhit v x ra ngoi tri; i vi b qu nhit nm ngang ngi ta cho nc l hay nc ngng i qua cc ng ca b qu nhit do gim c tn tht nhit do x v gia tc c qu trnh t l; i vi b qu nhit t ng, khi ngng l c nc ngng ng li trong na di ca cc ng ng, khi t l nc ng ny bc hi v c x ra ngoi tri do cc ng c lm mt. Khi m van cp hi t l hi vo ng gp hi chung th ngng x b qu nhit. 12.3.4. Lm mt b hm nc trong thi gian t l Khi t l nu nhng on ng cui b hm nc khng c lm mt tin cy th c th sinh ra hi qu nhit trong cc ng ny v ng s b t nng qu mc. Trong khi t l thng cp nc theo nh k, lng nc cp lc c xc nh bi lng x t b qu nhit v x bi cc ng gp di ca dn ng sinh hi. lm mt cc ng b hm nc ngi ta t ng ti tun hon gia bao hi v ng gp vo ca b hm nc. Nc t bao hi chy theo ng ti tun hon v b hm nc ri i theo cc ng ca b

254

hm nc tr v bao hi (hnh 12.5a,b). nhng l hi ln ngi ta bm nc lin tc qua b hi nc trong lc t l v nc c x v bnh kh kh, nh vy khng cn ng ti tun hon na (hnh 12.5c).

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 12.5. Cc bin php lm mt b hm nc. a-t ng ti tun hon; b-t ng ti tun hon v eject; c-bm nc lin tc qua b hm nc.

Tc t l b hn ch do cc ng sut nhit sinh ra trong cc chi tit ca l hi v phi bo m tc tng nhit bo ha trong bao hi khng ln hn 1,5 20C/pht. Thi gian t l hi c bao hi trung p thng l 2 4h, l hi cao p v siu cao p tng ng l 3 4h v 8 12h, l hi trc lu l 1 2h. Trn hnh v 12.6 biu din mt v d th t l hi cao p.

255

Hnh 12.6. th t l hi cao p. 1-p sut hi; 2-nhit hi qu nhit; 3-nhit khi thi; a-thi im cho vi phun mazt lm vic; b-khi ng qut gi; c-cho qut nghin v my cp bt lm vic; d-m van hi chnh; e-ni l hi vo ng gp hi chung; f-cho l hi mang ti.

12.4. Vn hnh l hi khi lm vic bnh thng Khi l hi lm vic bnh thng ngi vn hnh c nhim v iu chnh cng sut hi ca l hi ph hp vi nhu cu ca h tiu th v m bo cc thng s hi theo quy nh cng nh kinh t ca qu trnh chy nhin liu. Cc i lng v thng s di y cn phi c iu chnh v duy tr: cng sut hi ca l hi, kinh t ca qu trnh chy, mc nc trong bao hi, nhit hi qu nhit. 12.4.1. iu chnh cng sut hi ca l hi Khi nhu cu tiu th hi ca h tiu th thay i th p sut ca hi l hi cng thay i theo. p sut ca hi l hi s tng ln khi gim lng hi tiu th v ngc li. Ngi vn hnh phi iu chnh s lm vic ca l hi m bo s cn bng gia lng hi do l hi sn ra v lng hi s dng h tiu th nhm gi cho p sut ca hi l hi khng thay i.

256

Mun tng cng sut hi ca l hi cn phi tng cng qu trnh chy nhin liu sinh ra nhit lng cung cp cho nc sinh hi tc l tng lng nhin liu v khng kh cp vo l vi mt t l thch hp. Ngc li khi gim cng sut hi phi ng thi gim lng nhin liu v khng kh cp vo l. Xung lng iu chnh trong trng hp ny l cng sut (lu lng) hi v tc p thay i p sut hi . Cc xung lng ny s tc ng ln cc b iu chnh lu lng nhin liu v lu lng khng kh cp vo bung la l hi. 12.4.2. iu chnh kinh t ca qu trnh chy iu chnh kinh t ca qu trnh chy phi duy tr h " s khng kh tha ti u cui bung la ( bl ) v phn phi khng kh ti cc vi phun ph hp vi lu lng nhin liu cp n vi " phun. Gi tr ti u ca bl c xc nh trn c s m bo gi tr ti thiu ca cc tn tht nhit q3 , q4 . Khi phn phi u nhin liu v khng kh cho cc vi phun s gp phn lm gim nhit vch ng sinh hi trong bung la v gim s vnh (khng ng u) ca nhit khi ca ra bung la v to iu kin thun li khng c hin tng ng x trong bung la. 12.4.3. iu chnh v duy tr mc nc trong bao hi dao ng nh trong phm vi cho php. Khi mc nc tng ln s lm tng cc git nc l b cun theo hi vo cc ng ca b qu nhit, iu ny khng nhng lm gim cht lng ( sch) ca hi m cn xy ra bm mui trn vch ng kim loi b qu nhit dn n tng nhit vch ng v ng sm b h hng. Nu mc nc trong bao hi qu thp s nh hng xu n qu trnh tun hon ca nc v hn hp hi nc trong vng tun hon t nhin ca l hi (xem chng 6). 12.4.4. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit

257

 l hi c bao hi nhit ca hi qu nhit b thay i khi thay i ph ti ca l hi, h s khng kh tha trong bung la, nhit nc cp, m ca nhin liu, c ng x trong bung la, Nhim v iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit l duy tr nhit ny dao ng trong phm vi quy nh, ch cho php chnh lch vi gi tr nh mc t +100C -150C i vi cc l hi trung p v t +50C -100C i vi l hi cao p v siu cao p. Khi iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha hi ngi ta t b gim n kiu b mt hoc kiu phun nc thnh sng trc tip vo hi. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit i vi b gim n kiu b mt ta thay i lu lng nc chy trong ng ch U ca b gim n, i vi b gim n kiu phun nc vo hi ta thay i lu lng nc phun. Ngi ta thng ly tc thay i nhit hi t v bn thn nhit ca hi sau b qu nhit tqn lm qu nhit xung lng iu chnh. ng thi trong ca vn hnh ngi cng nhn vn hnh l hi phi tin hnh thng ra ng thy, th van an ton chng minh van khng b kt, x y (x nh k), thi tro bi bm trn cc dn ng sinh hi trong bung la v cc ng ca b mt truyn nhit i lu pha sau bung la, vn hnh h thng thi x, h thng thit b lc bi, lc cc cht kh c hi c trong khi trc khi thi khi vo kh quyn, ghi nht k vn hnh v x l cc s c xy ra trong ca vn hnh theo ng quy trnh. 12.5. Ngng l hi Qu trnh ngng l hi l qu trnh khng n nh, ngi vn hnh phi thc hin vic ngng l hi ng quy trnh, bo m tin cy, an ton cao v kinh t ca l hi. Ty theo cng dng k thut ngi ta phn chia vic ngng l hi thnh 3 kiu sau y: Ngng l d phng (nng hay lnh); Ngng l sa cha; Ngng l s c. 12.5.1. Ngng l bnh thng d phng hay sa cha

258

Cng vic ny c tin hnh theo k hoch vi th t thao tc nh sau: Thi ht bt than ra khi phu cha, l ghi cn t chy ht than cn nm trn ghi; Ngng qut gi, sau ngng qut khi; Sau khi ngng qu trnh chy trong bung la th l hi c ngt khi ng gp hi chung v m van x b qu nhit khong 30 50 pht lm mt ng b qu nhit; Lm ngui l t t trong thi gian 4 6h, khi phi ng kn cc ca bung la v cc l chn khi sau l hi; Sau 4 6h tin hnh thng gi cc ng khi bng cch ht t nhin v x l; Khong 8 10h sau khi ngng l tin hnh x l ln na v khi cn lm ngui nhanh th cho qut khi lm vic v x thm. Qua 18 24h sau khi ngng, lc y nhit nc trong l hi bng 70 800C tin hnh x t t nc ra khi l, cc van x khng kh c m ra. Trong lc ngng l hi phi lin tc theo di mc nc trong bao hi v cung cp nc vo bao hi. 12.5.2. Ngng l s c Ngng l s c trong cc trng hp sau: Do tng p sut qu mc cho php, p sut vn tip tc tng mc d gim vic cp nhin liu, gim vic ht khi v cung cp khng kh v tng cng cp nc cho l; Khi mc nc tng hay gim qu mc cho php; Khi mi ng thy, p k, bm cp nc u khng hot ng c; Khi n ng, phng ng, c cc vt rn nt hay r r cc phn t ca l hi; Khi c cc tnh trng bt thng nh: ting ng ln, rung ng mnh, c va p mnh, tng l b hng, khung b nng .

259

 Khi chy li nhin liu trong ng khi ca l hi. Cch x l s c: Phi nhanh chng ngt l hi ra khi ng gp chung,ngng cp nhin liu v khng kh vo l, gim ht khi, thi nhanh chng nhin liu ang chy trn ghi ra ngoi hoc dng nc dp tt nhin liu ang chy trn ghi. Khi ngng l hi lu ngy (trn 1 tun l) phi c nhng bin php tt bo qun l hi khi b m v xy n mn nh: bo qun kh, bo qun m, dng p sut d trong l hi.
12.6. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut vn hnh l hi Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ch yu c trng ch lm vic ca l hi gm c cc ch tiu kinh t v cc ch tiu ch lm vic. 12.6.1. Mt s ch tiu kinh t 1. Hiu sut ca l hi Hiu sut th (brutto): Q br = brlv , (12-6) B Qt Hiu sut tinh (netto): Q net = netlv , (12-7) B Qt trong : B l lng nhin liu tiu th ca l hi, kg/s; Qbr l nhit lng do l sn ra, kJ; Qnet l nhit lng hu ch ca l hi sau khi tr t dng, kJ; Qtlv l nhit tr thp ca nhin liu lm vic, kJ/kg. 2. Sut tiu hao nhin liu quy c bqu

B Qtlv , t/t bqu = D 29310 trong 29310 kJ/kg l nhit tr ca nhin liu chun. 3. Sut tiu hao in nng cho t dng ca l hi

(12-8)

260

E , kWh/t (12-9) D trong E l lng in nng t dng ca l hi, kWh. 4. Gi thnh sn xut hi: l t s gia gi thnh v lng hi do l sn ra G g = , ng/t (12-10) D y l ch tiu quan trng nht phn nh t hp mi iu kin vn hnh l hi nh: tin cy, kinh t, mc s dng cng sut t, mc hon ho ca vic vn hnh v sa cha thit b. e=
12.6.2. Mt s ch tiu ch vn hnh l hi 1. H s thi gian lm vic l t s gia thi gian lm vic ca l hi lv v thi gian tnh theo lch (thng tnh theo nm):

K lv =

lv .100 = lv .100 , % 8760 l

(12-11)

trong l = 8760 h l s gi ca mt nm. i vi cc l hi cng sut ln K lv = 70 90% . 2. H s sn sng l t s gia thi gian tng m l hi lm vic v trng thi d phng vi thi gian tnh theo lch: + K ss = lv dp , (12-12)

i vi l hi cng sut ln K ss = 0, 79 0,93 . 3. H s s dng cng sut t ca l hi l t s gia lng hi do l sn ra sau thi gian lv v lng hi m l c th sn ra sau thi gian tnh theo lch l khi l hi lm vic vi cng sut nh mc: D K sd = . (12-13) Ddm .8760 Thay v Ksd ngi ta dng ch tiu s gi s dng cng sut t: D cs = . (12-14) Ddm

261

4. Thi gian lm vic lin tc trung bnh v ti a hay theo l thuyt tin cy l thi gian my hng. 12.7. Vn bo v mi trng Khi t chy nhin liu hu c trong bung la l hi s sinh ra cc sn phm chy th kh bao gm cc kh 2 hoc 3 nguyn t nh: cacbonoxyt CO, cacbondioxyt CO2 (kh cacbonic), kh sunfur SO2, kh sunfuric SO3, cc nit xyt NOx, Sn phm chy ca nhin liu rn cn c tro x v tro bi bay theo khi. Cc cht kh SOx v NOx l nhng cht rt c hi khng nhng i vi ngi, ng vt m c i vi thc vt v thit b bng kim loi. Ngui s dng l hi phi c trch nhim x l kh c hi v bi c ln trong khi xung bng hoc thp hn mc cho php trc khi thi khi vo kh quyn nhm gp phn bo v mi trng. 12.7.1. X l lm gim cc cht kh c hi nh SOx, NOx c trong khi l hi 1. Kh SO2 sinh ra khi chy lu hunh (S) ca nhin liu. nhit cao v khi c d xy th SO2 b xy ha mt phn thnh SO3. i vi nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh cao (S > 0,5%) v c bit khi c xy nguyn t trong bung la v nhit > 11500C th s sinh ra SO3. cc b mt truyn nhit nhit thp pha ui l hi nh b sy khng kh c th xy ra hin tng SO3 kt hp vi H2O to ra axit sunfuric H2SO4 n mn kim loi. Cc hp cht ca lu hunh nu bay theo khi vo kh quyn s rt c hi cho th gii ng vt v thc vt. C nhiu cch lm gim lng pht thi kh c hi SO2 nh sau: - Kh lu hunh ra khi nhin liu trc khi t bng cc bin php c kh hay ha hc; - Lin kt cc xyt ca lu hunh trong qu trnh t nhin liu trong tng si; - Dng bin php ha hc thu li SO2 c trong khi (dng bt vi hay sa vi phun vo bung t v bung hot ha t trn ng khi pha sau b sy khng kh ca l hi).

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2. Cc xyt ca nit: y ch ni n NO v NO2, k hiu chung l NOx. Trong bung la l hi NO chim 90 95%, NO2 ch chim 5 10%. Hm lng NOx trong khi dao ng trong phm vi t 0 1g/m3. Kh NO2 c sinh ra do xy ha NO khi kh ny lu li lu trong vng nhit cao ca bung la theo phn ng sau: 2NO + O2 = 2NO2 + 124kJ. NOx c sinh ra t nit ca nhin liu v nit trong khng kh cp cho qu trnh chy. Tuy vy khi lng chnh ca NOx c to ra do xy ha kh nit c trong khng kh nhit chy cao nn c gi l cc nit xyt nhit, phn ng xy ra theo c ch dy chuyn v l phn ng thu nhit c dng sau: N2 + O2 2NO - 825 kJ Cc yu t ng vai tr quyt nh qu trnh xy ha nit gm c: s to thnh xy nguyn t nhit cao ( > 1550 0C), nng xy cao v thi gian lu li lu ca cht chy trong vng chy. C th dng cc bin php sau y lm gim cng to thnh NOx: - Duy tr nhit trong vng chy mnh nhin liu khng cao hn 1500 1550 0C bng cch ti tun hon mt phn khi c nhit thp c ht pha trc b sy khng kh a vo bung la gim mc nhit chy v gim nng xy. Khi h s ti tun hon khi bng 15 20% th lng NOx trong l hi t bt than phun gim c khong 25%. - Duy tr h s khng kh tha cc vi phun mc thp ( = 1, 0 1, 05 ). - Gim n mc ti thiu thi gian lu li ca nhin liu trong khu vc bung la c nhit cao nht bng cc bin php t chc tt kh ng trong bung la. Hin nay nhiu nc trn th gii p dng mt s bin php nh dng vi phun c cu to c bit v t chc qu trnh chy theo phn cp (theo giai on) gim s to thnh NOx. C hai bin php ni trn u nhm t chc qu trnh chy h s khng kh tha nh nhit thp. Khi t than theo phn cp th cung cp khng kh cp 3 qua cc vi phun c bit t cao hn trung tm chy hoc ct vic cp nhin liu vo cc vi phun ca dy t pha trn. Bin php ny

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lm gim nhit trong vng chy mnh v gim h s khng kh tha. cc vi phun to ra t NOx ta phi hon thin qu trnh to thnh hn hp chy. thc hin vic ny M ngi ta trang b my ghi xon kp, Nht ngi ta cp nhin liu c nng cao trong hn hp vi khng kh (hn hp giu nhin liu, ngho xy) vo mt s vi phun v nhin liu c nng thp (hn hp ngho nhin liu) vo mt s vi phun khc. Vic hon thin qu trnh chy v kh ng trong bung la v ng dng cc vi phun ci tin gim c lng pht thi NOx khi t nhin liu rn ti 2 ln (cn 0, 4 0,5% ). cc nc M, Nht, c, Trung Quc ngi ta to ra nhiu kiu vi phun t phn cp v gim c lng pht thi NOx xung rt thp, khong 100 200 ppm. 12.7.2. Kh bi ln trong khi Khi t nhin liu rn trong khi bay ra khi l hi c cha nhiu ht bi, l cc ht tro ca nhin liu v cc ht ccbon do chy khng hon ton v c hc. Ty theo kiu bung la m phn tro bi bay theo khi c gi tr khc nhau (bng 12.1). Bng 12.1. Phn tro bi bay theo khi ra khi bung la l hi. Kiu bung la Bung la ghi Bung la phun bt than thi x kh Bung la phun bt than thi x lng Bung la xyclon ng Bung la tng si Phn tro bi bay theo khi, ab ,% 15,0 30,0 75,0 95,0 40,0 55,0 15,0 20,0 20,0 30,0

Tro bi bay theo khi s mi mn cnh qut ca qut khi v ng khi, khi thi vo kh quyn tro bi c hi i vi con ngi v cy c. ngn nga tc hi ni trn ta phi thu gom bi trong cc b kh bi. C nhiu kiu b kh bi nh: xyclon n (loi kh hay loi m), xyclon chm, b kh bi bng in.

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Cc thng s c trng cho s lm vic ca b kh bi l hiu sut hay h s phn ly (lm sch bi v tr lc ca b kh bi v pha khi).
Hnh 12.7. S b kh bi bng in. a-kiu tm; b-kiu ng. 1-khi vo; 2khi ra; 3-in cc thu; 4-in cc pht; 5-cch in; 6-bin tr; 7-my bin th in.

Hiu sut phn ly c xc nh theo cng thc sau: Gl pl = .100, % (12-15) Gl + Gr trong : Gl l khi lng bi thu c trong b kh bi, kg/h; Gr l khi lng bi theo khi i ra khi b kh bi, kg/h; Ni chung pl = 60 99% v tr lc ca bi bng t 20 30 mmH2O n 70 80mmH2O ty theo kiu b kh bi. Di y trnh by s v nguyn l lm vic ca b kh bi bng in (hnh v 12.7). B kh bi bng in gm c cc in cc pht v cc in cc thu c lm bng hp kim. Dng khi ln bi vi tc 1,5 2 m/s c cho i qua gia hai in cc ca in trng do dng in mt chiu in th cao (50 70kV) to ra; cc in cc pht c ni vi cc m cn cc in cc thu c ni vi cc dng ca ngun in v in cc dng c ni t. Di tc dng ca in trng cao th v s phng h quang in s xy ra s ion ha khi. Cc ht bi trong khi s va chm vi cc ion mang in tch m v c tch in. Di tc dng ca lc in trng cc ht bi rn tch in m s dch chuyn n in cc dng v bm ln in cc ny. Bng cch ngt in v dng c

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cu rung lm cho cc ht bi bm ni trn ri vo phu cha ca b kh bi sau thi ra ngoi. Hiu sut ca b kh bi bng in c th t n 99% v cao hn v c kh nng kh c cc ht bi nh hn 2 m . Tr lc ca b kh bi bng in vo khong 20 30 mmH2O.

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