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PHN 1. L THUYT
I. TNG QUAN V AHP
AHP l mt phng php nh lng, dng sp xp cc phng n quyt nh v chn mt phng n tha mn cc tiu ch cho trc. AHP l mt qu trnh pht trin t s sp hng cho mi phng n quyt nh da theo cc tiu ch ca nh ra quyt nh. AHP tr li cc cu hi nh Chng ta nn chn phng n no? hay Phng n no tt nht? bng cch chn mt phng n tt nht tha mn cc tiu ch ca nh ra quyt nh. AHP s dng: Cc php ton n gin Cc tiu ch (do nh ra quyt nh thit lp) u tin cho cc tiu ch (do nh ra quyt nh thit lp) Bng u tin chun: Mc u tin u tin bng nhau (Equally preferred) u tin bng nhau cho n va phi (Equally to moderately preferred) u tin va phi (Moderately preferred) u tin va phi cho n hi u tin (Moderately to strongly preferred) Hi u tin hn (Strongly preferred) Hi u tin cho n rt u tin (Strongly to very strongly preferred) Rt u tin (Very strongly preferred) Rt u tin cho n v cng u tin (Very strongly to extremely preferred) V cng u tin (Extremely preferred) Gi tr s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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II. V D MINH HA
Cng ty Jilley Bean mun chn mt v tr mi m rng hot ng ca cng ty. Cng ty s dng AHP nhm gip xc nh v tr no thch hp xy nh my mi. Cng ty da vo 4 tiu ch: gi tr ti sn (PRICE), khong cc gia cc nh cung cp (DISTANCE), cht lng lao ng (LABOR) v chi ph lao ng (WAGE). Cng ty c 3 v tr (LOCATION) cn xem xt da vo 4 tiu ch trn. u tin ca cc phng n ng vi mi tiu ch: PRICE A B C A 1 1/3 1/2 LABOR A B C A 1 3 1 B 1/3 1 1/7 C 1 7 1 A B C A 1 3 2 B 3 1 5 C 2 1/5 1 A B C DISTANCE A B 1 6 1/6 1 3 9 WAGE B 1/3 1 1/4 C 1/2 4 1
C 1/3 1/9 1
Bc 1
Tnh tng cc gi tr trong mi ct. PRICE B A 3 + + B 1/3 1 + + 5 C 1/2 = 11/6 9 A 1
C 2 + 1/5 + 1 16/5
Bc 2
Chia mi gi tr trong mi ct cho tng cc ct tng ng. PRICE B 3:9 = 3/9 + 1:9 = 1/9 + 5:9 = 5/9 1
A B C
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Bc 3
Tm gi tr trung bnh cho mi hng ca cc phng n. PRICE C 5/8 = .6250 1/16 = .0625 5/16 = .3803
A B C
+ + +
+ + +
= = =
= = =
Bc 4
Lp li cc bc t 1-3 cho cc tiu ch cn li. Ma trn tiu ch: Location A B C Price .5012 .1185 .3803 Distance .2819 .0598 .6583 Labor .1790 .6850 .1360 Wage .1561 .6196 .2243
Bc 5
Sp hng cc tiu ch theo quan trng, s dng cng phng php sp hng cc phng n i vi mi tiu ch. Cc tiu ch Price Distance Labor Wage Price 1 5 1/3 1/4 Distance 1/5 1 1/9 1/7 Labor 3 9 1 1/2 Wage 4 7 2 1
Bc 6
Lp li cc bc t 1-3 cho ma trn bc 5. Cc tiu ch Price Distance Labor Wage Price .1519 .7595 .0506 .0380 Distance .1375 .6878 .0764 .0983 Labor .2222 .6667 .0741 .0370 Wage .2857 .5000 .1429 .0714 Trung bnh hng .1993 .6535 .0860 .0612 1.0000
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Bc 7
Nhn ma trn tiu ch vi vct u tin ca cc tiu ch. Cc tiu ch .1993 .6535 .0860 .0612
Location A B C
A = .1993*.0512 + .6535*.2819 + .0860*.1790 + .0612*.1561 = .3091 B = .1993*.1185 + .6535*.0598 + .0860*.6850 + .0612*.6196 = .1595 C = .1993*.3803 + .6535*.6583 + .0860*.1360 + .0612*.2243 = .5314 Kt qu: Location A B C Gi tr 0.3091 0.1595 0.5314 1.0000
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(pay per year, lng nm) (promotion potential, c hi thng tin) (risk of job loss, ri ro mt vic) (type of work, loi cng vic) (job prestige, a v cng vic) (location, a im lm vic) (hours per week, gi/tun) (weeks of work per year, tun/nm) (distance from home, khong cch)
Nm cng vic ang xem xt chn la l: A. Chuyn vin my tnh lm ti a phng, 20.000 $/nm, chm thng tin, ri ro mt vic thp, 8-5 gi 5 ngy/tun, 48 tun/nm B. Phn tch h thng thng tin 8 cng ty ln ca 1 thnh ph ln, 30.000$/nm, c hi thng tin va phi, ri ro mt vic cao, 7-6 gi 5 ngy/tun, 50 tun/nm, lng tr thm gi nhiu C. Bn phn mm cng ty quc t nh trong thnh ph k cn, 28.000$/nm, c hi thng tin cao, ri ro mt vic va phi, 7-6 gi 6 ngy/tun, 50 tun/nm, khng tr thm gi D. Phn tch h thng thng tin cng ty ln, xuyn quc gia, 35.000$/nm, c hi thng tin va phi, ri ro mt vic va phi, 9-6 gi 5 ngy tun, 50 tun/nm, tr lng thm gi E. Lp chng trnh bo tr cng ty du kh, ngang quc gia, 28.000$/nm, chm thng tin, ri ro mt vic va phi, 8- gi 5 ngy/tun, 50 tun/nm, tr lng thm gi Nhn din cc tiu ch nh gi phng n (cy tiu ch)
LEVEL 3:
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Lu : b mt nt ang nhp, nhn phm Esc. xa mt nt to xong, chn trnh n Edit > Delete Node hoc nhn phm Delete.
Tip theo, nhp cc tiu ch con ca cc tiu ch REIMB, WORK v PERSONAL. Nhp chn nt tiu ch REIMB, chn Edit > Insert Child of Current Node, nhp PAY, nhn Enter; nhp PRO, nhn Enter; nhp RIS, nhn Enter, ri nhn Esc. Tng t i vi WORK, nhp vo cc tiu ch con TYP v PRE. Tng t i vi PERSONAL, nhp vo cc tiu ch con LOC, HOU, VAC, v DIS.
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So snh cp trong mc 1
Nhp cc gi tr th hin mc quan trng ca thnh phn ny so vi thnh phn khc trong na tam gic phi trn ca ma trn so snh cp. Gi s nhn vin ny so snh cc tiu ch theo tng cp v c kt qu nh bng sau: Mc 1 REIMB WORK PERSONAL UTILITY (Choose the best vacation job) REIMB WORK PERSONAL 1 5 9 1 3 1
Cc kt qu ny s c nhp vo m hnh nh sau: Nhp chn nt Goal, chn trnh n Assessment > Pairwise. Mt trong ba th Pairwise Numerical Comparisons ( ), Pairwise Verbal Comparisons ( ), Pairwise Graphical Comparisons ( ) s c kch hot. Ti (REIMB,WORK), chn mc 5. Ti (REIMB,PERSONAL), chn mc 9. Ti (WORK,PERSONAL), chn mc 3.
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Sau khi nhp xong cc gi tr, chn trnh n Assessment > Calculate hoc chn th Priorities devired from Pairwise Comparisons ( ). Mn hnh Priorities hin ra, cho bit: UTILITY = 0.751 REIMB + 0.178 WORK + 0.070 PERSONAL Inconsistency (ch s khng ng nht) = 0.03
Hnh 7: Mn hnh Priorities cho bit vct Eigen v ch s khng ng nht Tip tc so snh cp trong mc 2
Nhp chn mc tiu con REIMB, chn trnh n Assessment > Pairwise nhp vo cc gi tr th hin mc quan trng gia cc thnh phn trong na tam gic phi trn ca ma trn so snh cp: Mc 2 PAY PRO RIS PAY 1 REIMB PRO 3 1
RIS 5 2 1
Kt qu trong mn hnh Priorities: REIMB = 0.648 PAY + 0.230 PRO + 0.122 RIS Inconsistency (ch s khng ng nht) = 0.00352
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Thc hin tng t i vi tiu ch WORK v PERSONAL: Mc 2 TYP PRE TYP 1 WORK PRE 2 1
WORK = 0.667 TYP + 0.333 PRE Inconsistency (ch s khng ng nht) = 0.00 Mc 2 LOC HOU VAC DIS LOC 1 PERSONAL HOU VAC 3 5 1 2 1
PERSONAL = 0.465 LOC + 0.134 HOU + 0.074 VAC + 0.327 DIS Inconsistency (ch s khng ng nht) = 0.02
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xem cc gi tr a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i ca hm hu ch, chn trnh n Synthesize > With Respect to Goal hoc chn th Synthesis Results ( ). Trong ca s mi, chn Distributive Mode. Hm hu ch tng ng l:
Khai bo cc phng n
Chn trnh n Edit > Alternative > Insert (hoc nhn nt nhn OK. Tip tc, nhp phng n B, C, D, E.
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Nhp gi tr ca cc phng n
Chn trnh n Go > Data Grid hoc chn th Data Grid ( ). Nhp chn tng ct tiu ch ri chn trnh n Fomula Type > Direct. Nhp gi tr nh gi cc phng n ng vi tng tiu ch (0/100 l nh nht v 100/100 l ln nht): PAY .487 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.6 PRO .173 0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0 RIS .092 1.0 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 TYP .119 0.4 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.3 PRE .059 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 LOC .033 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 HOU .009 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.0 VAC .005 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 DIS .023 1.0 0.8 0.6 0 0.3
A B C D E
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Price
MPG
Comfort
Style
Car A Car B Car C Car A 13100 18 Deluxe 4-Door Mid-size AM/FM, tape 6-cylinder
Car A Car B Car C Car B 11200 23 Above Average 2-Door Sport AM/FM 4-cylinder turbo
MPG 3 1
Comfort 2 0.25 1
Cc u tin ca ba xe theo tiu ch Price Price Car A Car B Car A 1 0.33333333 Car B 1 Car C Cc u tin ca ba xe theo tiu ch MPG MPG Car A Car B Car A 1 0.25 Car B 1 Car C
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Cc u tin ca ba xe theo tiu ch Comfort Comfort Car A Car B Car A 1 2 Car B 1 Car C Cc u tin ca ba xe theo tiu ch Style Style Car A Car B Car A 1 0.33333333 Car B 1 Car C p s:
Car C 8 6 1
Car C 4 7 1
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PHN 3. BI TP NHM
I. BI TP TNH HUNG
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lin bang v cc yu t nh thit k, cu trc, nng lng, an ton gi v la, thng gi, sc bn, v quy trnh lp dng. Juguar Homes chuyn v thit k v xy dng cc cn h mt v hai tng cao cp. Juguar kinh doanh c 35 nm trong xy dng cc cn h mt gia nh, kinh doanh bt ng sn ti Los Angeles, bang California (CA). Gn y cng ty m rng kinh doanh tt pha ng, vng Virginia. Schult Homes thnh lp nm 1934 v t ho rng cung cp cc sn phm cho khch hng c cht lng, iu luyn v dch v tt, cng ty c quan h vng chc vi cc nh bn l. Schult cho hng nhiu dng m hnh nh, bn v tng nh, gi c p ng nhu cu khch hng. Hiu qu sn xut trong qu trnh ch to ca Schult c th tit kim cho ngi mua nh 30% mi foot vung trn ton b cn nh xy dng trong khi vn cung cp cng tin nghi v hnh thc. Schult c tr s thnh ph Schult bang Missouri (MO). Batchlor Supply kinh doanh xy dng nh gn c 20 nm, c tr s Raleigh bang North Carolina (NC), v l nh bn tim nng cho cng ty Scott Housing. Batchlor Supply t ho v dch v khch hng v gi c rt kinh t.
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II. BI TP T CH
t mt bi ton ra quyt nh a tiu ch da trn kinh nghim thc t ca chnh bn thn anh/ch. Lp m hnh v tm li gii (dng phn mm Expert Choice).
III. BI TP T CHN
Chn mt trong ba cu di y: a) Tm hiu mt cng c h tr quyt nh da trn AHP tng t nh Expert Choice. b) Tm hiu phng php Analytic Network Process (ANP) ca Satty. (Hng dn: tm trn Internet hoc tham kho quyn Saaty T.L. and Vargas L.G., Decision Making with the Analytic Network Process, Springer, 2006 do GV cung cp) c) Tm trn Internet mt tnh hung thc t v vic p dng phng php AHP ri m t li.
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7. Ti mn hnh Registration, nhp Serial Number (c trong tp tin C:\Expert.Choice.v11\crack\Expert.Choice.11.Serial.txt), User Name, Company Name ri nhp OK.
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