Bi ging nhim ting n

Phn: NHIM TING N

CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN

1. Khi nim v cc ngun gy nhim ting n
1.1. Khi nim c bn v m thanh v ting n m thanh l dao ng c hc, c dao ng di hnh thc sng trong mi trng n hi v c thnh gic ca ngi tip thu. Trong khng kh tc m thanh l 343 m/s, cn trong nc l 1450 m/s. Tn s ca m thanh c o bng Hz, l s dao ng trong 1 giy. Tai ngi c th cm nhn c tn s t 16 Hz n 20.000 Hz. Di 16 Hz gi l h m. Trn 20.000 Hz gi l siu m
Tai ngi khng nghe c

Mc tn s nghe chun nht l t 1.000 Hz n 5.000 Hz. n v o ca m thanh l dB: l thang o logarit, cn gi l mc cng m, gi tt l mc m.
L = 10 lg I: Cng m, [W/m2]. I0: Cng m ngng nghe, I0 = 10-12 [W/m2]. Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh c cng v tn s khc nhau, sp xp khng c trt t, gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi nghe, nh hng n qu trnh lm vic v ngh ngi ca con ngi. Hay l nhng m thanh pht ra khng ng lc, khng ng ni, m thanh pht ra vi cng qu ln, vt qu mc chu ng ca con ngi. Nh vy, ting n l mt khi nim tng i, tu thuc tng ngi m c cm nhn ting n khc nhau, mc nh hng s khc nhau. I I0 , [dB]

1.2. Cc ngun gy nhim ting n 1.2.1. Ting n giao thng

Hin nay phng tin giao thng c gii rt ph bin, mi xe khi vn chuyn trn ng ph s gy ra ting n do ng c hot ng, ting ci, ng x, ting rt phanh v s

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Bi ging nhim ting n rung ng ca cc b phn trn xe gy nn. Sau y minh ho ting n do mt s phng tin giao thng gy nn:

Bng 1.1: Mc n ca mt s phng tin giao thng Loi phng tin Xe nh Xe khch nh Xe khch va Xe th thao Mc n 77 dB 79 dB 84 dB 91 dB Loi phng tin Ting ci tu Ting my bay Xe qun s Xe ch rc Mc n 75 105 dB 85 90 dB 120 135 dB 82 88 dB

Ting n giao thng hin nay ch yu l do mt xe trn ng ph ln, tp hp nhiu xe s gy ra hn hp ting n vi nhiu tn s khc nhau. Ring i vi nc ta, cn tn ti nhiu phng tin lc hu, km cht lng gy ra ting n ln. Trong giao thng cn phi k n ting n do my bay, ting n ny khng thng xuyn nhng gy ra rt ln cho khu vc dn c gn sn bay, c bit lc my bay ct cnh v h cnh. Hin nay vic gii quyt vn ting n do my bay gy nn rt phc tp, nn tm thi sn bay thng a ra xa khu dn c mi gim bt c ting n do n gy nn.

1.2.2. Ting n trong xy dng

Vic s dng phng tin c gii ngy cng ph bin, khi c mt cng trnh xy dng c thc thi th ting n ca cc phng tin ny gy ra cho con ngi cng rt ng k. C th minh ho mt s phng tin gy n (o khong cch 15m). Bng 1.2: Mc n ca mt s my mc trong xy dng Loi phng tin My trn b tng My i My ba 1,5 tn Mc n 75 dB 93 dB 80 dB Loi phng tin My khoan My nghin xi mng My ba hi Mc n 87 114 dB 100 dB 100 110 dB

1.2.3. Ting n cng nghip v sn xut

Cng nghip s dng rt nhiu my mc, khi hot ng s gy ra ting n ng k. y cn xut hin nhiu cng ngh gy ra ting n ln, v l ni thng xuyn c s va chm gia cc vt th rn vi nhau, s chuyn ng hn lon gia cc dng kh v hi. Sau y l mt s minh ho mc n (o khong cch 15m).

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Bi ging nhim ting n Bng 1.3: Mc n ca mt s cng ngh sn xut trong cng nghip Loi phng tin Xng dt Xng g My ca Mc n 110 dB 113 114 dB 82 85 dB Loi phng tin Xng rn Xng c My p Mc n 100 120 dB 112 dB 85 dB

1.2.4. Ting n trong sinh hot

Trong sinh hot thng s dng nhiu thit b thu pht m thanh (tivi, cassette, radio, karaoke,... ) ngoi ra ni tp trung ng ngi cng gy ra ting n ng k (hi h, m ci, sn th thao, hi ch,... ). Nhng loi ting n k trn thng c lan truyn theo khng kh ri n vi con ngi, bn cnh nhng ting n do cc hot ng sa cha nh ca th c th lan truyn trong vt th rn nh sn, trn, tng,... Tt c nhng loi ting n ny ph thuc ch yu vo thc ca con ngi gy nn. Bng 1.4: Mc n trong sinh hot ca con ngi Ting ni nh Ting ni chuyn bnh thng Ting ni to Ting khc ca tr Ting ht to Ting ca ct kt 30 dBA 60 dBA 80 dBA 80 dBA 110 dBA 78 dBA

2. Tc hi v cc bin php khc phc ting n

2.1. Tc hi ca ting n
Hin nay ng thi vi qu trnh cng nghip ho, th ho, vn ting n cng tr nn nan gii, ting n vt qu mc cho php, nh hng trc tip n sc kho v cuc sng hng ngy ca con ngi. Ting n 50dB: lm suy gim hiu sut lm vic, nht l i vi lao ng tr c. Ting n 70dB: lm tng nhp th v nhp p ca tim, tng nhit c th v tng huyt p, nh hng n hot ng ca d dy v gim hng th lao ng. Ting n 90dB: gy mt mi, mt ng, tn thng chc nng thnh gic, mt thng bng c th v suy nhc thn kinh. Trang 3

Bi ging nhim ting n C th lit k ra nhng tc hi chnh ca ting n nh sau:

2.1.1. Ting n nh hng n gic ng

Gic ng thng b nh thc khi c ting n bt ng gy nn, con ngi s khng c gic ng ngon khi c ngun n thng xuyn quy nhiu bn cnh, lc ny s nh hng rt ln n sc kho v nng sut cng vic ca ngy hm sau, con ngi s cm thy u oi, mt mi, khng tnh to sn sng cho cng vic ca mt ngy mi. Theo thng k ca ngnh y t cho thy lng thuc an thn, thuc ng c s dng tnh trn u ngi khu vc gn sn bay v cc ng giao thng ln gp 2-3 ln so vi khu vc khng b nhim ting n.

2.1.2. Ting n nh hng n sc kho

Nu tip xc nhiu vi ting n s to ra tm l rt nng n cho c th con ngi, nh hng trc tip n thnh gic, gy ra bnh lng tai, ic ngh nghip; gy ra chng nhc u dai dng, ri lon sinh l, bnh l v suy nhc thn kinh, tim mch, ni tit,... Lc ny con ngi thng mt mi, sinh cu knh, gim tr nh, run mi mt v phn x xng khp gim. Ting n cng mnh (t 120dB tr ln) c th gy chi tai, au tai, thm ch thng mng nh.

2.1.3. Ting n nh hng n nng sut v hiu qu lm vic

Nu lm vic trong mi trng ting n s lm gim mt cch ng k kh nng tp trung ca ngi lao ng, chnh xc ca cng vic s gim, sai st trong cng vic v sn xut tng cao, pht sinh hoc tng cc tai nn lao ng. Thc t nng sut lao ng s gim t 20 40%.

2.1.4. Ting n nh hng n trao i thng tin

Thng tin thng b ting n gy nhiu, che lp, lm cho vic tip nhn thng tin s kh khn hn, chnh xc ca thng tin nhn c s khng cao nh hng n cuc sng sn xut sinh hot ca con ngi; do vy trong trao i thng tin cn phi quy nh gii hn ting n cho php trnh cc nh hng do ting n gy ra.

2.2. Cc bin php khc phc ting n 2.2.1. Qui hoch kin trc hp l
Hin nay ting n trong th thng lan truyn trong khng gian, do vy cn phi c bin php qui hoch kin trc hp l nhm gim ting n ni con ngi sinh sng. Gia ngun gy n v khu dn c cn phi c lp m, c gii cy xanh cch ly (trng cy

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Bi ging nhim ting n 2 bn ng v xung quanh khu cng nghip) v phi c khong cch thch hp gia ngun gy n vi ni sinh hot ca con ngi, ting n s gim i 6dB khi tng khong cch ln gp i. Cng m ti mt im cch ngun mt khong r(m) c xc nh nh sau: L1 = LW - 10.logF - 20.logr - 10.log [dB] LW: mc m do ngun gy nn, [dB]

: gc v tr ca ngun m trong khng gian: = 4 : ngun m t trong khng gian = 2 : ngun m t trong mt phng = : ngun m t trong cnh gc nh din = /2 : ngun m t trong cnh gc tam din
F : h s c hng: F =

Pr2 2 Ptb

Pr : p sut m khong cch r tnh cho mt hng nht nh Ptb: p sut m trung bnh khong cch r tnh cho mi hng Ring i vi cy xanh, sng m khi truyn qua s b phn x i, phn x li nhiu ln lm gim nng lng m mt cch ng k. Cc di cy xanh rng t 10 15m c th gim ting n t 15 18dB. Kh nng gim ting n ca cy xanh khng nhng ph thuc loi cy m cn ph thuc vo cch b tr cy, phi hp cc loi cy c tn, c lm, cc khm cy, bi cy. Khi qui hoch nh my cn sp xp hng gi chnh thi t khu nh ti khu nh my. Khu cng nghip thng phi khoanh vng, tp trung t cui hng gi tin cho vic gii quyt ting n v vn mi trng.

2.2.2. Gim ting n v chn ng ngay ti ngun

Thng cng nhn lm vic trong nh my phi chu ng mc n rt cao, do vy cn phi c bin php khc phc ting n ngay ti ngun, phng php ny khng nhng gim c tc hi ca ting n n cng nhn lm vic trong nh my m cn gim c ting n pht tn ra mi trng xung quanh. V th cn phi ch trng lm tt ngay t khu thit k, ch to, lp t cho n khu vn hnh v s dng, bo dng cc my mc thit b. C th, cn s dng cc phng tin thit b hin i gy t ting n, hin i ho qu trnh cng ngh v thit b, gim bt s lng cng nhn lm vic trong mi trng n, gim thi gian lu li lm vic trong .

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Bi ging nhim ting n

gim ting n do chn ng gy nn i vi my mc thit b cn s dng cc gi b my c l xo, hoc cao su c tnh n hi cao.

2.2.3. S dng cc thit b tiu m, cch m

Thit b tiu m l cc hp rng ng xp, x da,... n s bin nng lng m thnh nng lng nhit, nng lng c hoc dng nng lng khc. Kh nng ht m ca vt liu v kt cu nh gi bng h s ht m:
Eh Et

E h : s nng lng m b lp vt liu hp th Et : s nng lng m i ti lp vt liu

Kh nng ht m ca vt liu ch yu ph thuc vo tnh xp ca vt liu, vt liu cng xp th ht m cng tt. Do vy trong cng nghip, gim ting n pht tn ra bn ngoi ngi ta thng treo cc thit b tiu m ngay ti ngun gy n.

2.2.4. Phng php thng tin gio dc con ngi

Dng cc phng tin thng tin i chng mi ngi bit c cc tc hi ca ting n v phi c trch nhim trong vn ting n do mnh gy nn, tng thm thc t gic, thc tn trng ngi khc, m bo trt t yn tnh trong mi lc mi ni nhm tng hiu qu cng vic, m bo sc kho v cht lng mi trng sng.

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Bi ging nhim ting n

CHNG II: CHNG N BNG CCH M CHO KT CU

I. nh gi kh nng cch m ca kt cu 1. Cch m khng kh C 2 phng. Phng I c mc n ln hn phng II. Sng m t ngun bc x vo khng kh v ti trn khong cch ngn cch kch thc kt cu dao ng theo tn s ca sng m. Nh vy kt cu ngn cch tr thnh ngun m mi bc x sng m vo phng II. Khi sng m ti trn b mt kt cu th s cng bc phn khc s xuyn qua kt cu. H s xuyn m T0 =
Ex Et
Et
II I 3

khong cch ny dao ng ng thi c 1 b phn s phn x vo khng kh & 1 b

Nu gi R l kh nng cch m th:

E 1 R = 10lg (dB) = 10lg t T0 Ex

Ef

Em

Ex

T: Xc nh bng TN Thc t lng cch m ca kt cu c xc nh bng cng thc: R = L1 - L2 + 10lg

S' (dB) A

Trong : * L1: Mc p sut m ca phng c mc m cao * L2 : Mc p sut ca phng c mc m thp A = iSi: Lng ht m ca phng cch ly (II) S'(m2): Din tch ca b mt ngn cch (3) 2. Cch m va chm: Dng my o mc m trong phng di sn khi ngun m va chm tiu chun tc dng trn sn. My va chm tiu chun, c 5 ba, mi ba nng 500g cho ri t
II
100

40mm 500g

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Bi ging nhim ting n

do trn mt sn vi tc 10 ba trn 1s. T ta tnh c mc p sut m va chm quy i di sau: Lv = LII - 10lg
A0 (dB) A

LII: Mc m trong bnh o phng di sn cc tn s gi tr LII cng nh th sn cch m cng tt. Lng 10lg
A0 l lng cch m tng thm do tc dng ht m ca phng. A

A0: Lng ht m tiu chun A0 = 10m2 A: Lng ht m ca phng di sn 3. Qua thc nghim ta thy rng, sn ton khi & sn rng nu ch c lp chu lc vi lp mt lm sch th khng ngn cch ting n va chm. Do ngn cch ting n v chm thng x l 1 lp m n hi trn mt sn. Nh lp m ny, lng cch m ca sn s c tng thm. II. Tiu chun cch m Phm vi tn s f = 100 3200 hz theo di tn s 1/3 c ta. Ch s cch m khng kh c gi l CK 1. Kt cu ngn cch trong phng cch m khng c truyn m gin tip. 2. Kt cu cch m thc t c truyn m gin tip ng tiu chun cch m khng kh theo ISO. Khi R kt cu cch m tt ch s cch m va chm l CV. Ch s cch m khng kh l CK. l ch s nh gi cch m khng kh & cch
Sz 50 60

R(dB)

lz
Mtt

40

Mxu

30 100 200 400 800 1600 3200

hz

m va chm trong kt cu nh ca ti f = 500hz. xc nh CK, CV ca 1 kt cu no ta v ng L thc ca n. L th kt cu cch m cng ti. Sau khi v c ng thc t ta xc nh sai s da trn ng tiu chun cch m theo 2 iu kin sau: + Theo di tn s: Sai s xu ln nht gia 2 ng (ng thc t & ng tiu chun) max 8dB. + Tng sai s xu gia 2 ng i 32 dB

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Bi ging nhim ting n

III. Cch m khng kh: 1. Kt cu ng nht: L kt cu 1 lp hoc nhiu lp khc nhau nhng gn cht vo nhau, khi dao ng ton kt cu dao ng cng trng thi a. c tnh tn s cch m ca kt cu ng nht: C th phn thnh 3 vng khc nhau

Vng I Cng hng ph thuc cng ca kt cu

Vng II 6 dB/ cta Ph thuc khi lng 1cta

Vng III

nh lng khi lng

+ Vng I: Phm vi tn s rt thp: C th xy ra hin tng cng hng lm gim ng k kh nng cch m ca khng kh. Kh nng cch m ca kt cu ph thuc vo cng. + Vng II: Phm vi tn s trung bnh (& thp). Kh nng cch m khng kh ca kt cu (R) ph thuc vo khi lng ca kt cu: R = 20lg p. f - 47,5 dB Trong : p = f.h[kg/m2]: Khi lng b mt ca kt cu. + [kh/m3]: Khi lng ring ca kt cu. + h (m): Chiu di ca kt cu (m) + f (hz): Tn s Theo nh lut khi lng th khi khi lng tng gp i th kh nng cch m tng 4 6 dB
p1 = 2 => R 6dB p2

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Bi ging nhim ting n

Khi f tng gp i => th kh nng cch m tng 6 dB ta tng 6 dB)

f2 = 2 => R 6 dB (1 c f1

+ Vng III: Phm vi tn s trung bnh v cao. y c th xy ra hin tng c bit gi l hin tng trng sng v kh nng cch m ca kt cu gim i v kt cu b dao ng rt mnh nn tr thnh ngun m cung cp bc x sng m. Tn s xy ra s trng sng gi l tn sng ti hn fgh. Sng m ti kt cu vi gc v bc sng , tn s f v tc trng sng c th n gy ra s dao ng cng bc kt cu un cong ca bn B, th : B =
sin
gc sin

Bn c mc sng un ring. Nu u = B th xy ra trng sng hay u = = 0 900 => sin = 0 1

C2 Ta c cng thc tnh fgh = 1,8C1 h

Vi C = 340 m/s C1: Vn tc truyn sng trong vt liu lm bn mng h(m): Chiu dy ca kt cu. gim kh nng cch m trong phm vi fgh ca 1 kt cu ph thuc vo ni ma st ca vt th. nh: Thp, nhm, gch b tng ng lc trc => R = 10 dB TB: G, tm va trt R = 8dB Ln: Cao su, cht do R = 60dB R

Ni ma st

fgh 500

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Bi ging nhim ting n

Bng tn s gii hn, s liu xc nh cc im B, C Vt liu ca K/C Khi lng ring Tn s gii hn khichiu di 1cm Nhm Btng Gch c (ty loi) Thp G dn (ty loi) Tm trt B tng x Knh Cao su 2500 1000 1200 85000 2700 2300 2000 2500 7800 6000 1000 1300 1800 2000 2500 1000 18000 4000 29 6700/p 43000/p 29 38 37 40 27 6700/p 1900/p 17000/p 21000/p 5300/p 73700/p 850000/p 77000/p 260000/p 5300/p RB & RC (dB) fB (hz) fC (hz)

Trong phm vi 1 c ta ca tn s gii hn, kh nng cch m ca kt cu gim ng k v th phi thu kt cu ngn cch c fgh nm ngoi phm vi tn s tiu chun yu cu ngn cch fgh < 100 hz hoc fgh > 3200 hz bng cch cu to thm sn cng tng thm cng hoc x rnh lm mm kt cu b. Lng ht m trung bnh ca kt cu ng nht: Rtb =
R 1 + R 2 + ....R n n

R1, R2 ....Rn l kh nng cch m ca kt cu ng nht nhng qung cao khc nhau. n: S lng qung cao tnh ton * i vi kt cu ng nht, khi lng P 200 kg/m2 Rtb = 13lgP + 13 dB * i vi kt cu ng nht, khi lng P 200 kg/m2 Rtb = 23lgP - 9dB c. Phng php gn ng lp ng c tnh tn s kh nng cch m khng kh ca kt cu ng nht

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Bi ging nhim ting n

- Dng to - Xc nh khi lng b mt P = h - ng ng tnh, cch m ABCDE - Theo bng xc nh to B &C - T B nghing bn tri v 6 dB/octa - T C v bn phi 10 dB/octa 2.Kt cu nhiu lp: a. i vi kt cu nhiu lp c lp khng kh trung gian Rtb = 23lgP - 9 + 4R'. Vi P = P1 + P2 200 kg/m2 i vi kt cu nhiu lp : Rtb 13lgP + 13 + R dB Vi P = P1 + P2 < 200 kg/m2 & R lng cch m tng thm lm tng kh nng cch m R ca kt cu m khng lm tng khi lng b mt th ngi ta c th cu to kt cu nhiu lp: C th 2 lp, 3 lp. Khi s dng kt cu nhiu lp, ngi ta phi ch trnh hin tng cng hng ca ton b kt cu v c th trnh s hnh thnh sng ng trong cc lp kt cu. trnh hin tng cng hng ngi ta phi to ra s chnh lch v cng trong cc lp kt cu. - Nhi y vt liu + A vo khong cch gia cc lp. 3. nh hng ca khe h, l h n kh nng cch m khng kh R. Khe, l h lm ng k kh nng cch m ca khng kh. Do vy khi cu to cc kt cu cch m, ngi ta phi x l kn cc khe h. 4. Kh nng cch m ca kt cu hn hp (ca, tng) Rth = Rt - 10lg[1 + S0 = Stng + Sca Rt, RC: lng cch m ca tng v lng cch m ca ca
Se (100,1(Rt - Re) - 1)] S t
220 110

R (dB )

6dB /octa 6dB /octa B C 1octa A

38

100

200

400

800

1600

3200

hz

Lp khng kh trung gian

50 100

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Bi ging nhim ting n

5. nh hng kch thc cc khe h: Khi kch thc cc khe h cng ln th nng lng m truyn qua cng nhiu. Do vy khi bt buc phi cu to cc khe h th vi cng 1 din tch ta nn t chc nhiu l nh hn l mt l ln. * Xc nh tng mc m vo phng L = 10lg Si.10 0,1( Li Ri ) - 10lg A
i =1 u

Trong : Si (m2): Din tch b mt th 2 Li (dB). Mc m ca phng pha sau b mt th 2 Ri Kh nng cch m khng kh ca kt cu th i A: Lng ht m ca phng Do vy, v mt nguyn tc khi b tr cc kt cu ngn che ca phng th nguyn tc th nguyn tc phi thit k sau cho kh nng cch m khng kh ca kt cu ph hp vi mc m pha sau ca kt cu IV. Cch m va chm 1. c im ca truyn m va chm Khc vi cch m khng kh, cch m va chm truyn vo bn trong kt cu, c kh nng truyn m nhiu hn so vi khng kh. Do vy qu trnh tt dn ca m va chm rt chm, nn kh nng lan truyn ca n rt xa. 2. Nguyn tc t chc cch m: Khi m va chm truyn theo kt cu => do vy vic tng chiu dy ca kt cu th khng lm tng ng k kh nng cch m va chm. Da vo 2 nguyn tc t chc cch m. a. Lm gin cch ng truyn m hoc lm nng lng m trn ng truyn b. Lm gim hoc trit tiu m v chm ngay trn mt sn (sn btng c hoc rng trn c ph lp mt mm hoc lm sn ni)

-Lp mt mm - Lp B.T -Sn ni - m n hi - B.T.C.L

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Bi ging nhim ting n

3. Cc gii php cch m va chm: a. S dng trn treo Trn treo c th lm bng thch cao, g, vn si p, bng thy tinh

Trn treo b. Sn ni i vi phng c yu cu cch m cao, thng thng ngi ta s dng ng thi cc bin php nu trn. trnh s truyn m gin tip phi tch lp mt sn ni khi tng bng cc m n hi. Khi g chn tng ch lin kt vi lp mt sn ni

- Lp b mt (thm) - Lp n hi - Lp chu lc

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